CRC Handbook Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5080 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, CA 92545 Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1, rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan Gerd Rosenblatt 1177 Miller Avenue Berkeley, CA 94708 Dana L. Roth Millikan Library / Caltech 1-32 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125 Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180

FOREWORD My acquaintance with the CRC Handbook goes back sixty years, for when I was inducted into the wonders of chemistry by an uncle of mine (“Uncle Tungsten”)—I was ten—he lent me his copy of the 23rd (1939) edition. This was not pocket-sized, like the earlier editions he had on his shelf, and indeed contained over 2200 pages, but these were printed on thin India paper, and the whole book, with its soft red morocco cover, fitted easily in the hand. I fell in love with it straightaway—my uncle, seeing this, told me I might keep it—for its tables were so full of information that I thought of it as containing the whole universe between its covers. I was especially attracted to the Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, a hundred and fifty densely-packed pages which, through constant poring over, I got almost by heart. I think I owe the only original idea I had in my chemical boyhood to these tables—for, having been struck by the steadily rising melting points and densities of the transition metals in Groups IV-VI as one went from Period 3 to 6 (Ti, Zr, Hf; V, Nb, Ta; Cr, Mo, W), I was then taken aback to find that the Period 7 analogues of these broke the series. Thorium had a lower melting point and density than hafnium; uranium lower ones than tungsten. Could it be, I wondered, that they were not in fact analogues of hafnium and tungsten, not transition metals at all, but belonged to an interpolated series which resembled the rare-earth metals? To my joy, after the War, I found that this naïf idea of mine, a possibly unjustified leap of the imagination, turned out to be true—but it was entirely due to poring over the tables of the CRC Handbook that I owed it. Although my interests later turned more to biology and then medicine, the CRC Handbook has never lost its enchantment for me. I got the 30th (1947) and the 41st (1959-1960) editions—at this point the Handbook still had its smaller format, but had become almost cubical in shape (the 41st edition had nearly 3500 pages); and then, of course, it morphed into its present, monumental format. While I keep the massive recent editions in my study, I keep my original one, the 23rd edition, on my bedside table, for it is easy to handle (especially when one is reading in bed), and was my most cherished gift as a boy. Indeed, one way and another, whether reading in bed or in my study, I have always had a Handbook near me. While the CRC Handbook is monumental in its scope, a huge, alwaysto-be-relied-upon mine of information, it is also a friendly book, a companion which has given me joy for the greater part of my life. Oliver Sacks New York October 2003

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PREFACE Since the First Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics appeared in 1913, the size and scope have expanded in step with the growth of scientific knowledge. It has not only served as a reference source for professionals and students, but has provided inspiration to many young people as they developed their interest in science. The late Linus Pauling, in his Foreword to the 74th Edition, wrote "I attribute much of my knowledge about substances and their properties to my study of the information that the Handbook provided." In the Foreword to the present edition Oliver Sacks, author of the best seller Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood, describes the strong influence the Handbook had on him from the age of ten. Throughout its history the overall philosophy of the Handbook has been to provide broad coverage of all types of data commonly encountered by physical scientists and engineers. While the Internet has spawned numerous large databases covering narrow areas of science, we feel there is still a need for a concise reference source spanning the full range of the physical sciences and focusing on key data that are frequently needed by R&D professionals, engineers, and students. We hope this Internet version of the CRC Handbook will be a step in continuing to serve these needs. The 85th Edition includes updates and expansions of several tables, such as Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, and Table of the Isotopes. A new table on Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures has been added, as well as tables on Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals and Critical Solution Temperatures of Polymer Solutions. In response to user requests, several topics such as Coefficient of Friction and Miscibility of Organic Solvents have been restored to the Handbook. The latest recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, released in December 2003, are included in this edition. Finally, the Appendix on Mathematical Tables has been revised by Dr. Daniel Zwillinger, editor of the CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae; it includes new information on factorials, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, orthogonal polynomials, statistical formulas, and other topics. This new Internet edition has added 13 new subsections that can be accessed as interactive tables. These include tables on atomic and molecular polarizabilities, diffusion in gases and liquids, vapor pressure and density of mercury, ionic radii in crystals, surface tension, and other topics. All material in the printed Handbook is accessible in the Internet version as interactive tables and/or pdf displays. The Editor appreciates suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of any errors. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor-in-Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press LLC, 2000 N. W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431. Comments may also be sent by electronic mail to [email protected].

The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. Valuable suggestions have been received from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemistry Publisher at CRC Press, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Susan Fox, James Miller, Helena Redshaw, James Yanchak, Robert Morris, and Ronel Decius of the CRC Press staff for all their efforts. David R. Lide October 2004

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, David R. Lide, ed., , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright CRC Press LLC 2005

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CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England K. Fischer LTP GmbH Oppelner Strasse 12 D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany Jean-Claude Fontaine ITODYS CNRS, University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France H. P. R. Frederikse 9625 Dewmar Lane Kensington, Maryland 20895 J.R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 C. R. Hammond 17 Greystone Rd. West Hartford, Connecticut 06107

Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 H. Donald Brooke Jenkins Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL England Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France J. Alistair Kerr School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT England J. Krafczyk DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817 William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Menke DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010

Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 B. N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Thomas G. Trippe Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720 Petr Vany´sek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Institut für Physikalische Chemie Martin Luther University D-06217 Merseburg Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180

Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors Fundamental Physical Constants Standard Atomic Weights (2001) Atomic Masses and Abundances Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 International System of Units (SI) Units for Magnetic Properties Conversion Factors Conversion of Temperatures Conversion Factors for Energy Units Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Periodic Table of the Elements

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STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 1999 and 2001 by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Vocke, R. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1593, 1999. Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 667, 2001. Coplen, T. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 30, 701, 2001. Loss, R. D., Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

Name

Symbol

Atomic No.

Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold

Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au

89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79

Atomic Weight [227.0277] 26.981538(2) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [281] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.96655(2)

1-12

TeamLRN

Footnotes a a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued) Name

Symbol

Atomic No.

Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium

Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te

72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52

Atomic Weight 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.9055(2) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.94(2) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973761(2) 195.078(2) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) [266.1219] 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.9479(1) [97.9072] 127.60(3)

1-13

Footnotes

a gr gmr

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

g g a g a r r g gr gr a g

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued)

a

b

g

m

r

Name

Symbol

Atomic No.

Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Unununium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq Uuu U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

65 81 90 69 50 22 74 112 116 114 111 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic Weight

158.92534(2) 204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] [272.1535] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.409(4) 91.224(2)

Footnotes

g g

a a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material.

1-14

TeamLRN

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses are based on the 1995 evaluation of Audi and Wapstra (Reference 2). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. Natural abundance values are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 3 and 4 for more details). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. An electronic version of these data is available on the Web site of the NIST Physics Laboratory (Reference 5). REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2001. 2. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Nucl. Phys., A595, 409, 1995. 3. Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 1275, 1998. 4. R. D. Vocke (for IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances), Pure Appl. Chem., 71, 1593, 1999. 5. Coursey, J. S., and Dragoset, R. A., Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 2.1). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Compositions/ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Z 1

Isotope 1H 2D 3T

2

3He 4He

3

6Li 7Li

4 5

9Be 10B 11B

6

12C 13C

7

14N 15N

8

16O 17O 18O

9 10

19F 20Ne 21Ne 22Ne

11 12

23Na 24Mg 25Mg 26Mg

13 14

27Al 28Si 29Si 30Si

15 16

31P 32S 33S 34S 36S

17

35Cl 37Cl

18

36Ar 38Ar

Mass in u 1.0078250321(4) 2.0141017780(4) 3.0160492675(11) 3.0160293097(9) 4.0026032497(10) 6.0151223(5) 7.0160040(5) 9.0121821(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093055(5) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.0030740052(9) 15.0001088984(9) 15.9949146221(15) 16.99913150(22) 17.9991604(9) 18.99840320(7) 19.9924401759(20) 20.99384674(4) 21.99138551(23) 22.98976967(23) 23.98504190(20) 24.98583702(20) 25.98259304(21) 26.98153844(14) 27.9769265327(20) 28.97649472(3) 29.97377022(5) 30.97376151(20) 31.97207069(12) 32.97145850(12) 33.96786683(11) 35.96708088(25) 34.96885271(4) 36.96590260(5) 35.96754628(27) 37.9627322(5)

Abundance in %

Z

Isotope 40Ar

99.9850(70) 0.0115(70)

19

39K 40K 41K

0.000137(3) 99.999863(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.632(7) 0.368(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.2297(7) 4.6832(5) 3.0872(5) 100 94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28) 0.02(1) 75.78(4) 24.22(4) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5)

20

40Ca 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 46Ca 48Ca

21 22

45Sc 46Ti 47Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti

23

50V 51V

24

50Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr

25 26

55Mn 54Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe

27 28

59Co 58Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 64Ni

29

63Cu 65Cu

30

64Zn 66Zn 67Zn

1-15

Mass in u 39.962383123(3) 38.9637069(3) 39.96399867(29) 40.96182597(28) 39.9625912(3) 41.9586183(4) 42.9587668(5) 43.9554811(9) 45.9536928(25) 47.952534(4) 44.9559102(12) 45.9526295(12) 46.9517638(10) 47.9479471(10) 48.9478708(10) 49.9447921(11) 49.9471628(14) 50.9439637(14) 49.9460496(14) 51.9405119(15) 52.9406538(15) 53.9388849(15) 54.9380496(14) 53.9396148(14) 55.9349421(15) 56.9353987(15) 57.9332805(15) 58.9332002(15) 57.9353479(15) 59.9307906(15) 60.9310604(15) 61.9283488(15) 63.9279696(16) 62.9296011(15) 64.9277937(19) 63.9291466(18) 65.9260368(16) 66.9271309(17)

Abundance in % 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44) 96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 100 68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.17(3) 30.83(3) 48.63(60) 27.90(27) 4.10(13)

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z

Isotope 68Zn 70Zn

31

69Ga 71Ga

32

70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge

33 34

75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se

35

79Br 81Br

36

78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr

37

85Rb 87Rb

38

84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr

39 40

89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr 94Zr 96Zr

41 42

93Nb 92Mo 94Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 100Mo

43

97Tc 98Tc 99Tc

44

96Ru 98Ru 99Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 104Ru

45 46

103Rh 102Pd 104Pd 105Pd

Mass in u 67.9248476(17) 69.925325(4) 68.925581(3) 70.9247050(19) 69.9242504(19) 71.9220762(16) 72.9234594(16) 73.9211782(16) 75.9214027(16) 74.9215964(18) 73.9224766(16) 75.9192141(16) 76.9199146(16) 77.9173095(16) 79.9165218(20) 81.9167000(22) 78.9183376(20) 80.916291(3) 77.920386(7) 79.916378(4) 81.9134846(28) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.9106103(12) 84.9117893(25) 86.9091835(27) 83.913425(4) 85.9092624(24) 86.9088793(24) 87.9056143(24) 88.9058479(25) 89.9047037(23) 90.9056450(23) 91.9050401(23) 93.9063158(25) 95.908276(3) 92.9063775(24) 91.906810(4) 93.9050876(20) 94.9058415(20) 95.9046789(20) 96.9060210(20) 97.9054078(20) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062546(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(21) 99.9042197(22) 100.9055822(22) 101.9043495(22) 103.905430(4) 102.905504(3) 101.905608(3) 103.904035(5) 104.905084(5)

Abundance in %

Z

Isotope 106Pd

18.75(51) 0.62(3) 60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.84(87) 27.54(34) 7.73(5) 36.28(73) 7.61(38) 100 0.89(4) 9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.35(1) 2.28(6) 11.58(14) 11.49(6) 57.00(4) 17.30(22) 72.17(2) 27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9) 100 14.84(35) 9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31) 9.63(23)

108Pd 110Pd

47

107Ag 109Ag

48

106Cd 108Cd 110Cd 111Cd 112Cd 113Cd 114Cd 116Cd

49

113In 115In

50

112Sn 114Sn 115Sn 116Sn 117Sn 118Sn 119Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn

51

121Sb 123Sb

52

120Te 122Te 123Te 124Te 125Te 126Te 128Te 130Te

53 54

127I 124Xe 126Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 134Xe 136Xe

55 56

133Cs 130Ba 132Ba

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8)

134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba

57

138La 139La

58

136Ce 138Ce 140Ce

1-16

TeamLRN

Mass in u 105.903483(5) 107.903894(4) 109.905152(12) 106.905093(6) 108.904756(3) 105.906458(6) 107.904183(6) 109.903006(3) 110.904182(3) 111.9027572(30) 112.9044009(30) 113.9033581(30) 115.904755(3) 112.904061(4) 114.903878(5) 111.904821(5) 113.902782(3) 114.903346(3) 115.901744(3) 116.902954(3) 117.901606(3) 118.903309(3) 119.9021966(27) 121.9034401(29) 123.9052746(15) 120.9038180(24) 122.9042157(22) 119.904020(11) 121.9030471(20) 122.9042730(19) 123.9028195(16) 124.9044247(20) 125.9033055(20) 127.9044614(19) 129.9062228(21) 126.904468(4) 123.9058958(21) 125.904269(7) 127.9035304(15) 128.9047795(9) 129.9035079(10) 130.9050819(10) 131.9041545(12) 133.9053945(9) 135.907220(8) 132.905447(3) 129.906310(7) 131.905056(3) 133.904503(3) 134.905683(3) 135.904570(3) 136.905821(3) 137.905241(3) 137.907107(4) 138.906348(3) 135.907140(50) 137.905986(11) 139.905434(3)

Abundance in % 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62) 100 0.09(1) 0.09(1) 1.92(3) 26.44(24) 4.08(2) 21.18(3) 26.89(6) 10.44(10) 8.87(16) 100 0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51)

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z

Isotope 142Ce

59 60

141Pr 142Nd 143Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 148Nd 150Nd

61

145Pm 147Pm

62

144Sm 147Sm 148Sm 149Sm 150Sm 152Sm 154Sm

63

151Eu 153Eu

64

152Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd

65 66

159Tb 156Dy 158Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy

67 68

165Ho 162Er 164Er 166Er 167Er 168Er 170Er

69 70

169Tm 168Yb 170Yb 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb

71

175Lu 176Lu

72

174Hf 176Hf 177Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf

Mass in u 141.909240(4) 140.907648(3) 141.907719(3) 142.909810(3) 143.910083(3) 144.912569(3) 145.913112(3) 147.916889(3) 149.920887(4) 144.912744(4) 146.915134(3) 143.911995(4) 146.914893(3) 147.914818(3) 148.917180(3) 149.917271(3) 151.919728(3) 153.922205(3) 150.919846(3) 152.921226(3) 151.919788(3) 153.920862(3) 154.922619(3) 155.922120(3) 156.923957(3) 157.924101(3) 159.927051(3) 158.925343(3) 155.924278(7) 157.924405(4) 159.925194(3) 160.926930(3) 161.926795(3) 162.928728(3) 163.929171(3) 164.930319(3) 161.928775(4) 163.929197(4) 165.930290(3) 166.932045(3) 167.932368(3) 169.935460(3) 168.934211(3) 167.933894(5) 169.934759(3) 170.936322(3) 171.9363777(30) 172.9382068(30) 173.9388581(30) 175.942568(3) 174.9407679(28) 175.9426824(28) 173.940040(3) 175.9414018(29) 176.9432200(27) 177.9436977(27) 178.9458151(27) 179.9465488(27)

Abundance in %

Z

11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

73

Isotope 180Ta 181Ta

74

180W 182W 183W 184W 186W

75

185Re 187Re

76

184Os 186Os 187Os

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(3) 52.19(3) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.06(1) 0.10(1) 2.34(8) 18.91(24) 25.51(26) 24.90(16) 28.18(37) 100 0.14(1) 1.61(3) 33.61(35) 22.93(17) 26.78(26) 14.93(27) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16)

188Os 189Os 190Os 192Os

77

191Ir 193Ir

78

190Pt 192Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt

79 80

197Au 196Hg 198Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg

81

203Tl 205Tl

82

204Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb

83 84

209Bi 209Po 210Po

85

210At 211At

86

211Rn 220Rn 222Rn

87 88

223Fr 223Ra 224Ra 226Ra 228Ra

89 90

227Ac 230Th 232Th

91 92

231Pa 233U 234U 235U

1-17

Mass in u 179.947466(3) 180.947996(3) 179.946706(5) 181.948206(3) 182.9502245(29) 183.9509326(29) 185.954362(3) 184.9529557(30) 186.9557508(30) 183.952491(3) 185.953838(3) 186.9557479(30) 187.9558360(30) 188.9581449(30) 189.958445(3) 191.961479(4) 190.960591(3) 192.962924(3) 189.959930(7) 191.961035(4) 193.962664(3) 194.964774(3) 195.964935(3) 197.967876(4) 196.966552(3) 195.965815(4) 197.966752(3) 198.968262(3) 199.968309(3) 200.970285(3) 201.970626(3) 203.973476(3) 202.972329(3) 204.974412(3) 203.973029(3) 205.974449(3) 206.975881(3) 207.976636(3) 208.980383(3) 208.982416(3) 209.982857(3) 209.987131(9) 210.987481(4) 210.990585(8) 220.0113841(29) 222.0175705(27) 223.0197307(29) 223.018497(3) 224.0202020(29) 226.0254026(27) 228.0310641(27) 227.0277470(29) 230.0331266(22) 232.0380504(22) 231.0358789(28) 233.039628(3) 234.0409456(21) 235.0439231(21)

Abundance in % 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15) 29.524(14) 70.476(14) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1) 100

100 100 0.0055(2) 0.7200(51)

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z

Isotope

236U 238U

93

237Np 239Np

94

238Pu 239Pu 240Pu 241Pu 242Pu 244Pu

95

241Am 243Am

96

243Cm 244Cm 245Cm 246Cm 247Cm 248Cm

97

247Bk

Mass in u

236.0455619(21) 238.0507826(21) 237.0481673(21) 239.0529314(23) 238.0495534(21) 239.0521565(21) 240.0538075(21) 241.0568453(21) 242.0587368(21) 244.064198(5) 241.0568229(21) 243.0613727(23) 243.0613822(24) 244.0627463(21) 245.0654856(29) 246.0672176(24) 247.070347(5) 248.072342(5) 247.070299(6)

Abundance in %

Z

Isotope

249Bk

99.2745(106)

98

249Cf 250Cf 251Cf 252Cf

99 100 101

252Es 257Fm 256Md 258Md

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

259No 262Lr 261Rf 262Db 263Sg 264Bh 265Hs 268Mt 269Uun 272Uuu

*Mass values derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.

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TeamLRN

Mass in u

249.074980(3) 249.074847(3) 250.0764000(24) 251.079580(5) 252.081620(5) 252.082970(50) 257.095099(7) 256.094050(60) 258.098425(5) 259.101020(110)* 262.109690(320)* 261.108750(110)* 262.114150(200)* 263.118310(130)* 264.124730(300)* 265.130000(320)* 268.138820(340)* 269.145140(310)* 272.153480(360)*

Abundance in %

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE Atomic no.

n= Element

K 1 s

L 2 s

p

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

s

M 3 p d

s

N 4 p d

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

1-19

1 2 4 5 5 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

O 5 f

s

p

d

f

s

1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6

1 2

P 6 p d

Q 7 s p

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE (continued) Atomic no. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

n= Element

K 1 s

L 2 s

p

s

M 3 p d

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

N 4 p d 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

O 5 f

s

1 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

p 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

d

f

s

2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

P 6 p d

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 2 1 1 1

1

2

Q 7 s

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

p

1

REFERENCE Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, Web Version 1.2.2, http:// physics.nist.gov/IonEnergy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002.

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INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: 9

[(

)

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ln( p/ Pa ) – B / C i =1

]

i

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990.

Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala

Equilibrium stateb

Temperature T90 (K)

He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au

VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP

Cuc

FP

3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

1-15

t90 (°C)

–270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) (continued) Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 (continued) a

b

c

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.

Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef.or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3He 0.65—3.2 K

4He 1.25—2.1768 K

1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

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4He 2.1768—5.0 K

3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992. t/°C

t90-t68

t90-t48

t/°C

t90-t68

t90-t48

t/°C

t90-t68

t90-t48

-180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.013 -0.016 -0.018 -0.021 -0.024 -0.026 -0.028 -0.030 -0.032 -0.034 -0.036 -0.037 -0.038 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 -0.006 -0.012 -0.016 -0.020 -0.023 -0.026 -0.026 -0.027 -0.027 -0.026 -0.024 -0.023 -0.020 -0.018 -0.016 -0.012 -0.009 -0.005 -0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024

270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710

-0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.041 -0.042 -0.043 -0.045 -0.046 -0.048 -0.051 -0.053 -0.056 -0.059 -0.062 -0.065 -0.068 -0.072 -0.075 -0.079 -0.083 -0.087 -0.090 -0.094 -0.098 -0.101 -0.105 -0.108 -0.112 -0.115 -0.118 -0.122 -0.125 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01

0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41

720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06 -0.08 -0.10 -0.11 -0.13 -0.15 -0.16 -0.18 -0.19 -0.20 -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.24 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.30 -0.35 -0.39 -0.44 -0.49 -0.54

0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1

1-17

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 (continued) t/°C

t90-t68

t90-t48

T/K

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

-0.60 -0.66 -0.72 -0.79 -0.85 -0.93 -1.00 -1.07 -1.15 -1.24 -1.32 -1.41 -1.50 -1.59 -1.69 -1.78 -1.89 -1.99 -2.10 -2.21 -2.32 -2.43 -2.55

2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

T/K

T90-T76

T90-T68

-0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0006 -0.0007 -0.0008 -0.0010 -0.0011 -0.0013 -0.0014 -0.0016 -0.0018 -0.0020 -0.0022 -0.0025 -0.0027 -0.0030 -0.0032 -0.0035 -0.0038 -0.0041

-0.006 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

T90-T76

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T90-T68

T/K

-0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.005 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90-T76

T90-T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 -0.006 -0.031 -0.040 -0.040 -0.055 -0.089 -0.124

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

1

SI base units

Table 1 gives the seven base quantities, assumed to be mutually independent, on which the SI is founded; and the names and symbols of their respective units, called ``SI base units.' ' Definitions of the SI base units are given in Appendix A. The kelvin and its symbol K are also used to express the value of a temperature interval or a temperature difference.

Table 1. SI base units SI base unit Base quantity

Name

length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

2

Symbol

meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela

m kg s A K mol cd

SI deriived units

Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other derived units (including the radian and steradian which are the two supplementary units – see Sec. 3). The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided by amount of substance) is the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol. Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI base units are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units SI derived unit Derived quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number mass density (density) specific volume current density magnetic field strength amount-of-substance concentration (concentration) luminance

2.1

Name

Symbol

square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

m2 m3 m/s m/s 2 m
1 kg/m 3 m 3 /kg A/m 2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter

mol/m 3 cd/m 2

SI de rived units with special names and symbols

Certain SI derived units have special names and symbols; these are given in Tables 3a and 3b. As discussed in Sec. 3, the radian and steradian, which are the two supplementary units, are included in Table 3a.

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 3a. SI derived units with special names and symbols, including the radian and steradian SI derived unit Derived quantity

Special name

plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature(a) luminous flux illuminance (a) (b)

Special symbol

Expression in terms of other SI units

Expression in terms of SI base units

radian steradian hertz newton pascal

rad sr Hz N Pa

N/m2

m  m
1 = 1 m 2  m
2 = 1 s
1 m  kg  s
2 m
1  kg  s
2

joule watt

J W

Nm J/s

m2  kg  s
2 m2  kg  s
3

coulomb

C

volt farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry degree Celsius lumen lux

V F  S Wb T H C lm lx

sA W/A C/V V/A A/V Vs Wb/m2 Wb/A cd  sr lm/m2

m2  kg  s
3  A
1 m
2  kg
1  s4  A2 m2  kg  s
3  A
2 m
2  kg
1  s3  A2 m2  kg  s
2  A
1 kg  s
2  A
1 m2  kg  s
2  A
2 K cd  sr (b) m
2  cd  sr (b)

See Sec. 2.1.1. The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in photometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).

Table 3b. SI derived units with special names and symbols admitted for reasons of safeguarding human health (a) SI derived unit Derived quantity

Special name

Special symbol

Expression in terms of other SI units

Expression in terms of SI base units

activity (of a radionuclide)

becquerel

Bq

absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma

gray

Gy

J/kg

m2  s
2

dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, equivalent dose

sievert

Sv

J/kg

m2  s
2

(a)

s
1

The derived quantities to be expressed in the gray and the sievert have been revised in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU).

2.1.1 Degree Celsius In addition to the quantity thermodynamic temperature (symbol T ), expressed in the unit kelvin, use is also made of the quantity Celsius temperature (symbol t ) defined by the equation t = T
T 0 , where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. To express Celsius temperature, the unit degree Celsius, symbol C, which is equal in magnitude to the unit kelvin, is used; in this case, ``degree Celsius' ' is a special name used in place of ``kelvin.' ' An interval or difference of Celsius temperature can, however, be expressed in the unit kelvin as well as in the unit degree Celsius. (Note that the thermodynamic temperature T0 is exactly 0.01 K below the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.)

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)

2.2

Use of SI derived units with special names and symbols

Examples of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols (including the radian and steradian) are given in Table 4. Table 4. Examples of SI derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols SI derived unit Derived quantity angular velocity angular acceleration dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension heat flux density, irradiance radiant intensity radiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and  rays) absorbed dose rate (a)

Name

Symbol

Expression in terms of SI base units

radian per second radian per second squared pascal second newton meter newton per meter

rad/s rad/s 2 Pa  s Nm N/m

m  m
1  s
1 = s
1 m  m
1  s
2 = s
2 m
1  kg  s
1 m 2  kg  s
2 kg  s
2

watt per square meter watt per steradian watt per square meter steradian joule per kelvin joule per kilogram kelvin joule per kilogram watt per meter kelvin joule per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per cubic meter coulomb per square meter farad per meter henry per meter joule per mole

W/m 2 W/sr

kg  s
3 m 2  kg  s
3  sr
1

W/(m 2  sr) J/K

kg  s
3  sr
1 (a) m 2  kg  s
2  K
1

J/(kg  K) J/kg W/(m  K) J/m 3 V/m C/m 3 C/m 2 F/m H/m J/mol

m 2  s
2  K
1 m 2  s
2 m  kg  s
3  K
1 m
1  kg  s
2 m  kg  s
3  A
1 m
3  s  A m
2  s  A m
3  kg
1  s4  A2 m  kg  s
2  A
2 m 2  kg  s
2  mol
1

joule per mole kelvin coulomb per kilogram gray per second

J/(mol  K) C/kg Gy /s

m 2  kg  s
2  K
1  mol
1 kg
1  s  A m 2  s
3

(a)

The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in radiometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).

The advantages of using the special names and symbols of SI derived units are apparent in Table 4. Consider, for example, the quantity molar entropy: the unit J/(mol  K) is obviously more easily understood than its SI base-unit equivalent, m 2  kg  s
2  K
1  mol
1. Nevertheless, it should always be recognized that the special names and symbols exist for convenience; either the form in which special names or symbols are used for certain combinations of units or the form in which they are not used is correct. For example, because of the descriptive value implicit in the compound-unit form, communication is sometimes facilitated if magnetic flux (see Table 3a) is expressed in terms of the volt second (V  s) instead of the weber (Wb). Tables 3a, 3b, and 4 also show that the values of several different quantities are expressed in the same SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (J/K) is the SI unit for heat capacity as well as for entropy. Thus the name of the unit is not sufficient to define the quantity measured. A derived unit can often be expressed in several different ways through the use of base units and derived units with special names. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to using certain units with special names, or combinations of units, to facilitate the distinction between quantities whose values have identical expressions in terms of SI base units. For example, the SI unit of frequency is specified as the hertz (Hz) rather than the reciprocal second (s
1 ), and the SI unit of moment of force is specified as the newton meter (N  m) rather than the joule (J).

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)

Similarly, in the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated as the becquerel (Bq) rather than the reciprocal second (s
1 ), and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent are designated as the gray (Gy) and the sievert (Sv), respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram (J/kg). 3

SI supplementary units

As previously stated, there are two units in this class: the radian, symbol rad, the SI unit of the quantity plane angle; and the steradian, symbol sr, the SI unit of the quantity solid angle. Definitions of these units are given in Appendix A. The SI supplementary units are now interpreted as so-called dimensionless derived units for which the CGPM allows the freedom of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units.3 Thus the radian and steradian are not given in a separate table but have been included in Table 3a together with other derived units with special names and symbols (seeSec.2.1). This interpretation of the supplementary units implies that plane angle and solid angle are considered derived quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities), each of which has the which has the unit one, symbol 1, as its coherent SI unit. However, in practice, when one expresses the values of derived quantities involving plane angle or solid angle, it often aids understanding if the special names (or symbols) ``radian' ' (rad) or ``steradian' ' (sr) are used in place of the number 1. For example, although values of the derived quantity angular velocity (plane angle divided by time) may be expressed in the unit s
1, such values are usually expressed in the unit rad/s. Because the radian and steradian are now viewed as so-called dimensionless derived units, the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU, Comité Consultatif des Unités) of the CIPM as result of a 1993 request it received from ISO/TC12, recommended to the CIPM that it request the CGPM to abolish the class of supplementary units as a separate class in the SI. The CIPM accepted the CCU recommendation, and if the abolishment is approved by the CGPM as is likely (the question will be on the agenda of the 20th CGPM, October 1995), the SI will consist of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian subsumed into the class of derived units of the SI. (The option of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units, as is convenient, would remain unchanged.) 4

Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units: SI prefixes

Table 5 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. They allow very large or very small numerical values to be avoided. A prefix attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit. For example, one kilometer, symbol 1 km, is equal to one thousand meters, symbol 1000 m or 103 m. When prefixes are attached to SI units, the units so formed are called ``multiples and submultiples of SI units' ' in order to distinguish them from the coherent system of SI units.

Note:

Alternative definitions of the SI prefixes and their symbols are not permitted. For example, it is unacceptable to use kilo (k) to represent 2 10 = 1024, mega (M) to represent 2 20 = 1 048 576, or giga (G) to represent 2 30 = 1 073 741 824.

3

This interpretation was given in 1980 by the CIPM . It was deemed necessary because Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM, which established the SI in 1960 , did not specify the nature of the supplementary units. The interpretation is based on two principal considerations: that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio of two lengths and solid angle as the ratio of an area and the square of a length, and are thus quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities); and that treating the radian and steradian as SI base units – a possibility not disallowed by Resolution 12 – could compromise the internal coherence of the SI based on only seven base units. (See ISO 31-0 for a discussion of the concept of dimension.)

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)

Table 5. SI prefixes Factor

Prefix

10 24 10 21 10 18 10 15 10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1

= = = = = = = =

(10 3 ) 8 (10 3 ) 7 (10 3 ) 6 (10 3 ) 5 (10 3 ) 4 (10 3 ) 3 (10 3 ) 2 (10 3 ) 1

5

Units Outside the SI

Symbol

yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10
1 10
2 10
3 10
6 10
9 10
12 10
15 10
18 10
21 10
24

= = = = = = = =

Prefix

Symbol

deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

3
1

(10 ) (10 3 )
2 (10 3 )
3 (10 3 )
4 (10 3 )
5 (10 3 )
6 (10 3 )
7 (10 3 )
8

d c m  n p f a z y

Units that are outside the SI may be divided into three categories: –

those units that are accepted for use with the SI;

–

those units that are temporarily accepted for use with the SI; and

–

those units that are not accepted for use with the SI and thus must strictly be avoided.

5.1

Units accepted for use with the SI The following sections discuss in detail the units that are acceptable for use with the SI.

5.1.1

Hour, degree, liter, and the like

Certain units that are not part of the SI are essential and used so widely that they are accepted by the CIPM for use with the SI. These units are given in Table 6. The combination of units of this table with SI units to form derived units should be restricted to special cases in order not to lose the advantages of the coherence of SI units. Additionally, it is recognized that it may be necessary on occasion to use time-related units other than those given in Table 6; in particular, circumstances may require that intervals of time be expressed in weeks, months, or years. In such cases, if a standardized symbol for the unit is not available, the name of the unit should be written out in full.

Table 6. Units accepted for use with the SI Name

Symbol

冧 冧

minute hour time day degree minute plane angle second liter metric ton (c)

Value in SI units

min h d  ' " l, L (b) t

1 min 1h 1d 1 1' 1" 1L 1t

= = = = = = = =

60 s 60 min = 3600 s 24 h = 86 400 s (/180) rad (1/60)=(/10 800) rad (1/60)' =(/648 000) rad 1 dm3 = 10
3 m3 10 3 kg

(b)

The alternative symbol for the liter, L, was adopted by the CGPM in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l and the number 1 . Thus, although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the symbol to be used in the United States is L . The script letter ᐉ is not an approved symbol for the liter.

(c)

This is the name to be used for this unit in the United States; it is also used in some other English-speaking countries. However, ``tonne' ' is used in many countries.

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)

5.1.2

Neper, bel, shannon, and the like

There are a few highly specialized units not listed in Table 6 that are given by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and which are also acceptable for use with the SI. They include the neper (Np), bel (B), octave, phon, and sone, and units used in information technology, including the baud (Bd), bit (bit), erlang (E), hartley (Hart), and shannon (Sh).4 It is the position of NIST that the only such additional units that may be used with the SI are those given in either the International Standards on quantities and units of ISO or of IEC . 5.1.3

Electronvolt and unified atomic mass unit

The CIPM also finds it necessary to accept for use with the SI the two units given in Table 7. These units are used in specialized fields; their values in SI units must be obtained from experiment and, therefore, are not known exactly.

Note :

In some fields the unified atomic mass unit is called the dalton, symbol Da; however, this name and symbol are not accepted by the CGPM, CIPM, ISO, or IEC for use with the SI. Similarly, AMU is not an acceptable unit symbol for the unified atomic mass unit. The only allowed name is ``unified atomic mass unit' ' and the only allowed symbol is u.

Table 7. Units accepted for use with the SI whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name

Symbol

electronvolt unified atomic mass unit (a) (b)

eV u

Definition (a) (b)

The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum; 1 eV = 1.602 177 3310
19 J with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 000 4910
19 J . The unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12 C; 1 u = 1.660 540 2 10
27 kg with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 001 010
27 kg .

5.1.4

Natural and atomic units

In some cases, particularly in basic science, the values of quantities are expressed in terms of fundamental constants of nature or so-called natural units.The use of these units with the SI is permissible when it is necessary for the most effective communication of information. In such cases, the specific natural units that are used must be identified. This requirement applies even to the system of units customarily called ``atomicunits' ' used in theoretical atomic physics and chemistry, inasmuch as there are several different systems that have the appellation ``atomic units.'' Examples of physical quantities used as natural units are given in Table 8. NIST also takes the position that while theoretical results intended primarily for other theorists may be left in natural units, if they are also intended for experimentalists, they must also be given in acceptable units.

4 The symbol in parentheses following the name of the unit is its internationally accepted unit symbol, but the octave, phon, and sone have no such unit symbols. For additional information on the neper and bel, see Sec. 0.5 of ISO 31-2. The question of the byte (B) is under international consideration.

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 8. Examples of physical quantities sometimes used as natural units Kind of quantity

Physical quantity used as a unit

action electric charge energy length length magnetic flux magnetic moment magnetic moment mass mass speed

Planck constant divided by 2 elementary charge Hartree energy Bohr radius Compton wavelength (electron) magnetic flux quantum Bohr magneton nuclear magneton electron rest mass proton rest mass speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum

5.2

Symbol

h e Eh a0 C

0 B N me mp c

Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI

Because of existing practice in certain fields or countries, in 1978 the CIPM considered that it was permissible for the units given in Table 9 to continue to be used with the SI until the CIPM considers that their use is no longer necessary. However, these units must not be introduced where they are not presently used. Further, NIST strongly discourages the continued use of these units except for the nautical mile, knot, are, and hectare; and except for the curie, roentgen, rad, and rem until the year 2000 (the cessation date suggested by the Committee for Ineragency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination or CIRRPC, a United States Government interagency group). 5

Table 9. Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI (a) Name nautical mile knot ångström are(b) hectare(b) barn bar gal curie roentgen rad rem (a) (b) (c)

Symbol

Value in SI units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10
10 m 1 a = 1 dam2 = 10 2 m2 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 4 m2 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10
28 m2 1 bar=0.1 MPa=100 kPa=1000 hPa=10 5 Pa 1 Gal = 1 cm/s 2 = 10
2 m/s 2 1 Ci = 3.71010 Bq 1 R = 2.5810
4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10
2 Gy 1 rem = 1 cSv = 10
2 Sv

Å a ha b bar Gal Ci R rad (c) rem

See Sec. 5.2 regarding the continued use of these units. This unit and its symbol are used to express agrarian areas. When there is risk of confusion with the symbol for the radian, rd may be used as the symbol for rad.

5

In 1993 the CCU (see Sec. 3) was requested by ISO/TC 12 to consider asking the CIPM to deprecate the use of the units of Table 9 except for the nautical mile and knot, and possibly the are and hectare. The CCU discussed this request at its February 1995 meeting.

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)

Appendix A. A.1

Definitions of the SI Base Units and the Radian and Steradian

Introduction

The following definitions of the SI base units are taken from NIST SP 330; the definitions of the SI supplementary units, the radian and steradian, which are now interpreted as SI derived units (see Sec. 3), are those generally accepted and are the same as those given in ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992. SI derived units are uniquely defined only in terms of SI base units; for example, 1 V = 1 m 2  kg  s
3  A
1. A.2

Meter (17th CGPM, 1983)

The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. A.3

Kilogram (3d CGPM, 1901)

The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. A.4

Second (13th CGPM, 1967)

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom. A.5

Ampere (9th CGPM, 1948)

The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2  10
7 newton per meter of length. A.6

Kelvin (13th CGPM, 1967)

The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. A.7

Mole (14th CGPM, 1971)

1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. In the definition of the mole, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. Note that this definition specifies at the same time the nature of the quantity whose unit is the mole. A.8

Candela (16th CGPM, 1979)

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540  10 12 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of ( 1/ 683) watt per steradian. A.9

Radian

The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. A.10

Steradian

The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.

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CONVERSION FACTORS The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this Section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI Prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g., 1 calth = 4.184 J 1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J Thus, 1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example: 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10-2 or 0.035 239 07 Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103 or 3 386.389 A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: (1) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 (2) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 (3) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 (4) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

REFERENCE Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

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Factors in boldface are exact To convert from

to

Multiply by

abampere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+01 E+01

abfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abhenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abmho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+09 Eⴚ09 E+09

abohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 acceleration of free fall, standard (g n ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.046 873

Eⴚ09 Eⴚ08

acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.233 489 ampere hour (A ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6

E+03 E+03

ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanometer (nm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . astronomical unit (AU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eⴚ10 Eⴚ01 E+02 E+11 E+05 E+02

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.495 979 1.013 25 1.013 25

9.806 65 atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barn (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . biot (Bi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit IT (BtuIT )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit th (Btuth )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (39 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (59 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (60 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . .

E+03

E+04 E+01

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.589 873 1.589 873 1.0 1.055 056

E+05 E+02 Eⴚ28 E⫺01 E+02 E+01 E+03

1.054 350 1.055 87 1.059 67 1.054 80 1.054 68

E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03

1.730 735

E+00

1.729 577

E+00

British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.442 279 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.441 314 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.192 204

9

E+00

E⫺01 E⫺01 E+02

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm 2 ). 11 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for International Table used in this listing is subscript ‘‘IT’’. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript ‘‘th.’’ Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btu th , is based on the thermochemical calorie, cal th , where cal th = 4.184 J exactly. 10

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

To convert from

to

British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth /⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h). . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min) . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb). . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb) . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ h)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

Multiply by 5.188 732

E+02

3.725 895

E+04

3.723 403

E+04

1.899 101

E+03

1.897 830

E+03

1.899 101

E+03

1.897 830 2.930 711

E+03 E⫺01

2.928 751

E⫺01

5.678 263

E+00

5.674 466 1.757 250

E+00 E+01

2.326 2.324 444

E+03 E+03

4.1868

E+03

4.184

E+03

4.1868

E+03

4.184 1.055 056 1.054 350

E+03 E+03 E+03

2.044 175

E+04

2.042 808

E+04

1.135 653

E+04

1.134 893

E+04

3.154 591

E+00

3.152 481

E+00

1.891 489

E+02

1.135 653

E+04

1.134 893

E+04

1.634 246

E+06

To convert from

to

Multiply by 3

bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907

E⫺02

bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907

E+01

calorie IT (calIT) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie th (calth) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (cal) (mean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (15 ⬚C) (cal 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (20 ⬚C) (cal 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1868 4.184

E+00 E+00

4.190 02 4.185 80 4.181 90

E+00 E+00 E+00

4.1868 4.184 4.190 02

E+03 E+03 E+03

4.184 4.1868 4.184

E+02 E+03 E+03

4.1868

E+03

4.184 4.1868 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 4.184

E+03 E+03 E+03 E⫺02 E+00 E+04

6.973 333

E+02

4.184 1.550 003 2.0 2.0 1.333 22 1.333 22 1.333 224 1.333 224 9.806 38

E+04 E+03 Eⴚ04 Eⴚ01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+01

9.806 65 1.0 1.0 2.011 684 5.067 075 5.067 075 1.55 3.624 556 2.831 685 4.719 474 4.719 474 2.831 685

E+01 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ06 E+01 E⫺10 E⫺04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02

calorieIT , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ⭈ s ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram (calIT /g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram (calth /g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram kelvin [cal IT /(g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram kelvin [cal th / (g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per minute (calth /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per second (calth /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter (calth /cm2). . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square inch (cd/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water (4 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water, conventional (cmH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centipoise (cP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centistokes (cSt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square millimeter (mm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W). . . . . . . cord (128 ft 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot (ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per second (ft3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

The kilogram calorie or ‘‘large calorie’’ is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix ‘‘kilo’’ is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

To convert from

to

Multiply by

cubic inch (in3) 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.638 706 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.731 177 cubic mile (mi3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.168 182 cubic yard (yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.645 549

E⫺05 E⫺07 E+09 E⫺01

cubic yard per minute (yd3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.274 258 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882

E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01

cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 curie (Ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . becquerel (Bq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

E+02 E+10

darcy15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared (m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.869 233 day (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.64

E⫺13 E+04

day (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.616 409 debye (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb meter (C ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641

E+04 E⫺30

degree (angle) (⬚). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.745 329 E⫺02 degree Celsius (temperature) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = t / ⬚C+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature) 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t / ⬚C ≈ t / deg. cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval) 16 . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = (t / ⬚F ⫺ 32) / 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = (t / ⬚F + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu th). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /BtuIT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.761 102 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /Btuth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.762 280 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(BtuIT ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(Btuth ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu IT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.265 651 E⫺04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu th) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.269 175 E⫺04 degree Rankine (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T / K = (T / ⬚R) / 1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺07 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per meter (g/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺04 dyne (dyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ05

dyne centimeter (dyn ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ07 Eⴚ01

electronvolt (eV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.602 177

E⫺19

EMU of capacitance (abfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of current (abampere). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of electric potential (abvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+09 E+01 Eⴚ08

EMU of inductance (abhenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ09

14

The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E⫺05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 15

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

To convert from

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Multiply by

EMU of resistance (abohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ09

erg (erg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ07

erg per second (erg/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ07

erg per square centimeter second |1obrkt㜸1ru|/ (cm2 ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of capacitance (statfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of current (statampere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of electric potential (statvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of inductance (stathenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of resistance (statohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.0

Eⴚ03

1.112 650 3.335 641 2.997 925 8.987 552 8.987 552

E⫺12 E⫺10 E+02 E+11 E+11

faraday (based on carbon 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.828 804 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . femtometer (fm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 foot (ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 foot (U.S. survey) (ft)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 006

E+04

footcandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391 footlambert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.063 666

E+00 Eⴚ15 E+00 E⫺05 E+01 Eⴚ01 E⫺01 E+01 E+00

4.063 666 2.988 98

E+04 E+01 E+03

2.988 98 2.989 067 2.989 067 8.466 667 5.08 3.048

E+00 E+03 E+00 E⫺05 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ01

3.048 4.214 011 1.355 818 3.766 161 2.259 697 1.355 818

Eⴚ01 E⫺02 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺02 E+00

8.630 975 franklin (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641

E⫺03 E⫺10

gal (Gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.0 4.546 09 4.546 09

Eⴚ02 Eⴚ03 E+00

3.785 412 3.785 412 4.381 264 4.381 264

E⫺03 E+00 E⫺08 E⫺05

1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per joule (L / J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) (gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020

E⫺09

foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per hour (ft/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per minute (ft/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second (ft/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second squared (ft/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot foot foot foot foot foot

poundal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (ft ⭈ lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per hour (ft ⭈ lbf/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per minute (ft ⭈ lbf/min) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per second (ft ⭈ lbf/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the fourth power (ft 4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per joule (m3 /J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the ‘‘moment of section’’ or ‘‘area moment of inertia’’ of a plane section about a specified axis.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E⫺06 E⫺05 E⫺02

To convert from

to

Multiply by

gamma (␥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ09

gauss (Gs, G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ04

gilbert (Gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (angle) (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram (mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.957 747 1.420 653 1.420 653 1.182 941 1.182 941 1.570 796 9.0 6.479 891 6.479 891

E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02 Eⴚ01 Eⴚ05 E+01

1.711 806 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram per liter (mg / L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.711 806 gram-force per square centimeter (gf / cm 2). . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 gram per cubic centimeter (g / cm 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E⫺02 E+01 E+01

hectare (ha) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (550 ft ⭈ lbf/s) (hp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (boiler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (electric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (metric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (U.K.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (water). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (long, 112 lb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (short, 100 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.0 7.456 999 9.809 50 7.46 7.354 988 7.4570 7.460 43 3.6 3.590 170 5.080 235 4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water, conventional (inH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.54 2.54 3.386 38 3.386 38 3.376 85

Eⴚ02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03

3.376 85 3.386 389 3.386 389 2.490 82 2.4884

E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02

2.490 889 inch per second (in/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.162 314

E+03

E+02 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E⫺07

E+02 kayser (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal meter (m ⫺1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 kelvin (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = T / K ⫺ 273.15 E+03 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 kilogram-force meter (kgf ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

E+00 E+00

To convert from

to

Multiply by

kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+04

kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+01

kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2). . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+00

kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+06

kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megapascal (MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+00

kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ⭈ s 2 /m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E+00

kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.777 778 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65

E⫺01 E+00

kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6

E+06

kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megajoule (MJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222

E+00 E+03

kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222

E+00

kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.144 444

E+06 E+03 E⫺01

lambert 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.183 099 langley (cal th /cm 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 light year (l.y.)19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.460 73 liter (L) 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+03 E+04 E+15 Eⴚ03

lumen per square foot (lm/ft 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391

E+01

maxwell (Mx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ08 E+00

microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (␮m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 micron (␮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Eⴚ08 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ06

micron (␮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (␮m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54

E+00 Eⴚ05 Eⴚ02

mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.817 477 mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.625 mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344

E⫺04 Eⴚ02 E+03

mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347

E+00 E+03

E+00 mile, nautical 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.852 E+03 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per cubic meter (m/m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per liter (km /L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E⫺01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km) . . . . . . . .divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4704 Eⴚ01 mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 E+00

18

The exact conversion factor is 10 4 /␲. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995 , page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name ‘‘liter’’ as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name ‘‘International nautical mile.’’ 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 19

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

To convert from

to

Multiply by

mile per minute (mi/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.682 24

E+01

mile per second (mi/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+03 E+02

millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.333 224 9.806 65

Eⴚ01 E+02 E+00

2.908 882 6.0

E⫺04 E+01

minute (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.983 617

E+01

oersted (Oe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere per meter (A/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.957 747 ohm centimeter (⍀ ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

E+01 Eⴚ02

ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426

E⫺09

ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm square millimeter per meter (⍀ ⭈ mm 2 / m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426

E⫺03

ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E⫺02 E+01 E⫺02 E+01

millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter of water, conventional (mmH 2 O)13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (angle) (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.834 952 2.834 952 3.110 348 3.110 348

ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306

E+01

ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353

E⫺05 E+01

ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . millinewton meter (mN ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz / in3) . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz / gal) . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon(U.S.)(oz / gal). . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz / ft2). . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz / in2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard (oz / yd2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.780 139 7.061 552 7.061 552 1.729 994

E⫺01 E⫺03 E+00 E+03

6.236 023

E+00

6.236 023 7.489 152 7.489 152 3.051 517

E+00 E+00 E+00 E⫺01

4.394 185 3.390 575

E+01 E⫺02

parsec (pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.085 678 8.809 768 8.809 768 1.555 174 1.555 174

E+16 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03 E+00

5.721 35

E⫺11

5.745 25

E⫺11

1.453 22

E⫺12

1.459 29

E⫺12

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

E⫺05

To convert from

to

phot (ph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multiply by 1.0 4.233 333 4.233 333 4.217 518

E+04 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03

pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.217 518 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765

E+00

pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778

E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01

point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poise (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.514 598 3.514 598 1.0

E⫺04 E⫺01 Eⴚ01

4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.732 417 poundal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.382 550 poundal per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164

E⫺01 E⫺01 E⫺01 E+00

poundal second per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound foot squared (lb ⭈ ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (lbf)24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot (lbf ⭈ ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot per inch (lbf ⭈ ft/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.488 164

E+00

4.214 011 4.448 222 1.355 818 5.337 866

E⫺02 E+00 E+00 E+01

pound-force inch (lbf ⭈ in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ⭈ in/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.459 390

E⫺01 E+00 E+01

pound-force per inch (lbf/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per kilogram (N/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.788 026 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757

E+02

pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square foot (lbf ⭈ s/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square inch (lbf ⭈ s/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound inch squared (lb ⭈ in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic inch (lb/in3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot (lb/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.894 757

E+00

4.788 026

E+01

6.894 757

E+03

2.926 397 1.601 846

E⫺04 E+01

2.767 990 5.932 764 1.488 164 4.133 789

E+04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺04

pound per foot second [lb/(ft ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264

E+00

E+00 E+01 E+03

E+01 E⫺02

pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264

E+02 E⫺01

pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per joule (kg/J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.689 659 pound per hour (lb/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.259 979

E⫺07 E⫺04

23

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E⫺01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound.

24

If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as g n= 9.806 65 m / s 2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

To convert from

to

Multiply by

pound per inch (lb/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.785 797 pound per minute (lb/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.559 873

E+01 E⫺03

pound per second (lb/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square foot (lb/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per yard (lb/yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.535 924 4.882 428

E⫺01 E+00

7.030 696 4.960 546 6.894 757 6.894 757

E+02 E⫺01 E+03 E+00

quad (10 15 Btu IT ) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529

E+18

rad (absorbed dose) (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gray (Gy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rem (rem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sievert (Sv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ⭈ s) ⫺1 ]. . . . . . . . . . . rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roentgen (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb per kilogram (C/kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.0 1.0 6.283 185 1.047 198 1.0 5.029 210 2.58 1.047 198

Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E+00 E⫺01 E+01 E+00 Eⴚ04 E⫺01

second (angle) (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanosecond (ns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug (slug). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per cubic foot (slug/ft 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per foot second [slug/(ft ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot (ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per hour (ft2 /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per second (ft2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square centimeter (cm2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square yard (yd2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.848 137 9.972 696 1.0 1.0 1.459 390 5.153 788 4.788 026 9.290 304 2.580 64

E⫺06 E⫺01 Eⴚ08 E+01 E+01 E+02 E+01 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ05

9.290 304 6.4516 6.4516 2.589 988 2.589 988

Eⴚ02 Eⴚ04 E+00 E+06 E+00

2.589 998

E+06

2.589 998 8.361 274 3.335 641

E+00 E⫺01 E⫺10

statcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641 statfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.112 650

E⫺10 E⫺12

stathenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statmho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stere (st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stilb (sb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E+11 E⫺12 E+11 E+02 E+00

8.987 552 1.112 650 8.987 552 2.997 925 1.0

1.0 stokes (St) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

E⫺03 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺01

E+04 Eⴚ04

To convert from

to

Multiply by

tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676

E⫺05

tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676

E+01

teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.928 922

E⫺06

teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (EC)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (U.S.)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.928 922 1.0 1.055 06

E+00 Eⴚ06 E+08

1.054 804 2.916 667 2.916 667 8.896 443 8.896 443 1.016 047

E+08 E⫺02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03

1.328 939 1.0 1.0

E+03 E+03 E+03

3.516 853 4.184

E+03 E+09

2.831 685 9.071 847 1.186 553 2.519 958 1.333 224

E+00 E+02 E+03 E⫺01 E+02

unit pole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.256 637

E⫺07

watt hour (W ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square centimeter (W/cm2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square inch (W/in2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt second (W ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6

E+03

1.0 1.550 003 1.0

E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (365 days). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (tropical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.144 3.1536 3.155 815 3.155 693

Eⴚ01 E+07 E+07 E+07

ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long (2240 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton , metric (t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tonne (called ‘‘metric ton’’ in U.S.) (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btu IT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of TNT (energy equivalent) 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short (2000 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torr (Torr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S. natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From

To

Celsius

Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15)

Fahrenheit

Celsius Kelvin Rankine

t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67

Kelvin

Celsius Rankine

t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K

Rankine

Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol q is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature

DESIGNATION OF LARGE NUMBERS 106 109 1012 1015 1018 10100 10googol

U.S.A. million billion trillion quadrillion quintillion googol googolplex

1-46

TeamLRN

Other Countries million milliard billion billiard trillion

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

v: 1 cm-1 v: 1 MHz

Wavenumber v cm-1 ⬟1 ⬟ 3.33564 × 10-5

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10-5 6.626076 × 10-10

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10-4 4.135669 × 10-9

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10-6 1.519830 × 10-10

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10-3 3.990313 × 10-7

Molar energy Em kcal/mol 2.85914 × 10-3 9.53708 × 10-8

Temperature T K 1.438769 4.79922 × 10-5

1 aJ E: 1 eV Eh

⬟ 50341.1 ⬟ 8065.54 ⬟ 219474.63

1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109

1 0.1602177 4.359748

6.241506 1 27.2114

0.2293710 3.674931 × 10-2 1

602.2137 96.4853 2625.500

143.9325 23.0605 627.510

7.24292 × 104 1.16045 × 104 3.15773 × 105

Em: 1 kJ/mol 1 kcal/mol

⬟ 83.5935 ⬟ 349.755

2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

1.660540 × 10-3 6.947700 × 10-3

1.036427 × 10-2 4.336411 × 10-2

3.808798 × 10-4 1.593601 × 10-3

1 4.184

0.239006 1

120.272 503.217

T: 1 K

⬟ 0.695039

2.08367 × 104

1.380658 × 10-5

8.61738 × 10-5

3.16683 × 10-6

8.31451 × 10-3

1.98722 × 10-3

1

Examples of the use of this table:

1 aJ ⬟ 50341 cm-1 1 eV ⬟96.4853 kJ mol-1

The symbol ⬟ should be read as meaning “corresponds to” or “is equivalent to”. E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE ; Eh is the Hartree energy

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi

1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

atmos

Torr

µmHg

9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example:

1-34

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

TeamLRN

1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→

BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1

BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1

Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1

Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1

calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1

calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1

kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1

J s-1 cm-1 K-1

W cm-1 K-1

W m-1 K-1

mW cm-1 K-1

BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1 BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1 Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1 calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1 kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1 J s-1 cm-1 K-1 W cm-1 K-1 W m-1 K-1 mW cm-1 K-1

1 8.33333 × 10-2 0.999331 8.32776 × 10-2 2.41909 × 102 2.41747 × 102 0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789 × 10-2

12 1 11.9920 0.999331 2.90291 × 103 2.90096 × 103 8.05824 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 0.693347

1.00067 8.33891 × 10-2 1 8.33333 × 10-2 2.42071 × 102 2.41909 × 102 0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176 × 10-2

12.0080 1.00067 12 1 2.90485 × 103 2.90291 × 103 8.06363 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 0.693811

4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 4.13102 × 10-3 3.44252 × 10-4 1 0.999331 2.77592 × 10-3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846 × 10-3 2.38846 × 10-4

4.13656 × 10-3 3.44713 × 10-4 4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 1.00067 1 2.77778 × 10-3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006 × 10-3 2.39006 × 10-4

1.48916 0.124097 1.48816 0.124014 3.60241 × 102 3.6 × 102 1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421 × 10-2

1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3

1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3

1.73073 0.144228 1.72958 0.144131 4.1868 × 102 4.184 × 102 1.16222 1 × 102 1 × 102 1 0.1

17.3073 1.44228 17.2958 1.44131 4.1868 × 103 4.184 × 103 11.6222 1 × 103 1 × 103 10 1

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS

↓

→

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm 1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm

Ω cm

1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm 10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-50

TeamLRN

To convert from multiply by appropriate factor to Obtain

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION CONVERSION BETWEEN SI AND OTHER UNITS

Expression in SI units

Special name for SI units

s–1 J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

becquerel gray

TeamLRN

1-39

Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate

A D D·

Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate

W

Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

I U, V

Fluence Fluence rate

φ Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K K·

Lineal energy

y

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared 1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

J m–1

Mass attenuation coefficient Mass energy transfer coefficient Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µ/ρ

m2 kg–1

S/ρ

Power Pressure

P p

Radiation chemical yield Specific energy

G

meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram joule meter squared per kilogram joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

H H·

X X·

µtr/ρ µen/ρ

1 per second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule

Expression in symbols for SI units

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Symbols using special names Bq Gy Gy s–1

J J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Conventional units

Symbol for conventional unit

Value of conventional unit in SI units

curie rad rad

Ci rad rad s–1

3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

electronvolt

eV

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

Sv Sv s–1

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

V

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 A

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

roentgen roentgen

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

m–2 m–2 s–1

cm–2 cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1 rad

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

gray

J m–1

m2 kg–1 m2 kg–1 J m2 kg–1 J s–1 N m–2

watt pascal

gray

0.01 Gy

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued)

Quantity

Symbol for quantity

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued) CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM MBq TO mCi AND µCi MBq

mCi

MBq

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800 700 600

189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6 18.9 16.2

500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

mCi 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08

MBq

µCi

MBq

µCi

30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

810 540 270 240 220 189 162 135 108 81 54

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

27 24 21.6 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM mCi AND µCi TO MBq mCi

MBq

mCi

MBq

200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850 1480 1110 740

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

370 333 296 259 222 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi

MBq

µCi

MBq

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90

37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1 7.4 3.7 3.33

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1

2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

CONVERSION OF ABSORBED DOSE UNITS SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy) 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

CONVERSION OF DOSE EQUIVALENT UNITS 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv) 100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

Conventional = = = = = = = = = = = =

10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad) 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

= = = = = = = = =

1-40

= = = = = = = = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem) 10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R = 8.314472 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa 1 torr (mm Hg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C]

REFERENCE Mohr, P. J., and Taylor, B. N., “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 1998”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1713, 1999. See also http://physics.nist.gov/constants Units of V, T, n V ft3

T K

n mol lb·mol

K

in Hg 0.0867070

in H2O 1.17881

ft H2O 0.0982351

19.3168

998.973

39.3296

534.704

44.5587

0.0236591

1.22353

0.0481706

0.654900

0.0545751

lb·mol

73.99170

0.730242

10.7316

554.984

21.8498

297.058

24.7548

mol

8314.472

82.0574

1205.91

62363.8

2455.27

33380.4

2781.71

3771381

37220.6

546993

282878000

1113690

15141100

1261760

4619.151

45.5875

669.951

34646.5

1364.03

18544.7

1545.39

lb·mol

2095211

20678.1

303885

15715400

618717

8411730

700979

mol

8.314472

0.0820574

1.20591

62.3638

2.45527

33.3804

2.78171

lb·mol lb·mol K

mmHg 2.20236

1.31443

°R mol m3

psi 0.0425864

0.00160990

lb·mol

K

atm 0.00289784

133.1851

°R mol L

kPa 0.2936228 0.1631238

°R mol cm3

Units of P

mol lb·mol

°R mol lb·mol

3771.381

37.2206

546.993

28287.8

1113.69

15141.1

1261.76

4.619151

0.0455875

0.669951

34.6465

1.36403

18.5447

1.54539

2095.211

20.6781

303.885

15715.4

618.717

8411.73

700.979

0.008314472

0.0000820574

0.00120591

0.0623638

0.00245527

0.0333804

0.00278171

3.771381

0.0372206

0.546993

28.2878

1.11369

15.1411

1.26176

0.004619151

0.0000455875

0.000669951

0.0346465

0.00136403

0.0185447

0.00154539

2.095211

0.0206781

0.303885

15.7154

0.618717

8.41173

0.700979

1-54

TeamLRN

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 Group IA

1 H

2

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

13 IIIB IIIA

14 IVB IVA

15 VB VA

3 Li 6.941 2-1

9.012182 2-2 +1 12 +2

4 Be

+2

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

Mg

22.989770 24.3050 2-8-1 2-8-2 +1 20 +2 19

3 IIIA IIIB

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

+2 +4

50 Sn

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

7 VIIA VIIB

8

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration

9 VIIIA VIII

10

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

12 IIB IIB

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

56 Ba

21 Sc

+3

22 Ti

+2 +3 +4

+3

23 V

183.84 -32-12-2

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

106 Sg

(223) -18-8-1

(226) -18-8-2

(227) -18-9-2

(261) -32-10-2

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

58 Ce 140.116 -19-9-2

** Actinides

14 Si

14.0067 2-5 +2 +4 -4

28.0855 2-8-4

32 Ge

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+2 +4

72.64 -8-18-4

50 Sn

7 N

33 As 74.92160 -8-18-5

+2 +4

51 Sb

88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 -18-9-2 -18-10-2 -18-12-1 -18-13-1 -18-13-2 -18-15-1 -18-16-1 -18-18-0 -18-18-1 -18-18-2 -18-18-3 -18-18 -4 -18-18-5 +4 76 +2 57* +3 72 +4 73 +5 74 +6 75 +3 77 +3 78 +2 79 +1 80 +1 81 +1 82 +2 83 +6 +4 +4 +4 +3 +2 +3 +4 La Hf Ta W Re Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi +7 Os

132.90545 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 -18-8-1 -18-8-2 -18-9-2 -32-10-2 -32-11-2 +1 +2 +3 +4 87 88 89** 104 105

* Lanthanides

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4

26.981538 2-8-3 +2 26 +2 24 +2 25 +2 27 +2 28 +2 29 +1 30 +2 31 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 K Ca Co Ni Cu Zn Ga +4 Fe +4 Cr +6 Mn +7 +5 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 +4 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 +6 +5 +3 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In +7 Ru 85.4678 -18-8-1

18 VIIIA

2 He

+1

55 Cs

17 VIIB VIIA

+1 -1

1.00794 1

11 Na

16 VIB VIA

+3 +4

59 Pr

+3

60 Nd

+3

140.90765 144.24 -21-8-2 -22-8-2 +3 +4 91 +5 92 90 +4 +4 Th Pa U +5 +6 232.0381 231.03588 238.02891 -18-10-2 -20-9-2 -21-9-2

61 Pm

186.207 -32-13-2

+3

(145) -23-8-2

93 Np (237) -22-9-2

190.23 -32-14-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Uuu

112 Uub

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(281) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

192.217 -32-15-2

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

+3 +4 +5 +6

+3

+3

204.3833 -32-18-3

+3

+3

207.2 -32-18-4

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

68 Er

Po

At

Rn

(209) -32-18-6

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

(289)

158.92534 162.500 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.04 -27-8-2 -28-8-2 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3 97 +3 98 +3 99 +3 100 +3 101 +2 102 +4 +3

67 Ho

83.798 -8-18-8 +1 0 52 53 54 +5 Te I +7 Xe -1 127.60 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-6 -18-18-7 -18-18-8 +3 84 +2 85 0 86 +5 +4

(289)

+3

69 Tm

70 Yb

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

(247) -27-8-2

(251) -28-8-2

(252) -29-8-2

(257) -30-8-2

(258) -31-8-2

(259) -32-8-2

+2 +3

79.904 -8-18-7

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids Liquids Gases

K-L-M

-L-M-N

71 Lu

103 Lr

-M-N-O

-N-O-P

-O-P-Q

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K-L

+3

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

K

+4 +6 -2

116 Uuh

157 .25 -25-9-2

66 Dy

78.96 -8-18-6

+3 +5 -3

114 Uuq

64 Gd

65 Tb

4.002602 2 +1 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +3 16 +4 17 +1 18 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 S -2 Cl +7 Ar -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8 +3 34 +4 35 +1 36 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 Se -2 Br -1 Kr

208.98038 -32-18-5

+3

Shell 0

-O-P-Q

Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets Definitions of Scientific Terms Thermodynamic Functions and Relations

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NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). In this Handbook the CAS Index Names are used only in the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds”. Other tables use more familiar names which, with a few possible exceptions, conform to one of the IUPAC naming systems. Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Naming Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area.

Inorganic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, edited by Leigh, G.J., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Block, B.P., Powell, W.H., and Fernelius, W.C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.

Organic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, edited by Panico, R., Powell, W.H., and Richer, J.-C., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, edited by Moss, G.P., Smith, P.A.S., and Tavernier, D., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P.H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, edited by Moss, G.P., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1966.

Macromolecular Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, edited by, Metanomski, W.V., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, edited by Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T., and Suter, U.W., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, in press.

Biochemistry International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, edited by McNaught, A.D., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.

General Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.

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NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS See the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds for references. The assistance of Warren H. Powell in preparing this list is gratefully acknowledged. Group H F Cl Br I ClO C1O2 ClO3 C1O4 IO IO2 O O2 HO HO2 S HS S2 SO SO2 SO3 HSO3 S2O3 SO4 Se SeO SeO2 SeO3 SeO4 Te CrO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 N N3 NH NH2 NHOH N2H3 NO NO2 ONO NS NO3 N2O3 P PO PO2 PS PH2O3 PHO3

As prefix in organic compounds

As cation

As anion

As ligand

hydrogen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl

hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate hypoiodite

hydrido fluoro chloro bromo iodo hypochlorito chlorito chlorato

fluoro chloro bromo iodo chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl

oxide peroxide (O22-) hyperoxide (O2-) hydroxide hydrogen peroxide sulfide hydrogen sulfide disulfide

oxo peroxo

iodoso iodyl; iodoxy oxo peroxy

iodosyl iodyl

sulfinyl; thionyl sulfonyl; sulfuryl

hydroxo hydrogen peroxo thio; sulfido thiolo disulfido

hydroxy hydroperoxy thio; thioxo mercapto sulfinyl sulfonyl

sulfoxylate sulfite hydrogen sulfite thiosulfate sulfate selenide

sulfito hydrogen sulfito thiosulfato sulfato seleno

selenite selenate telluride

selenito selenato telluro

nitride azide imide amide hydroxylamide hydrazide

nitrite

nitrido azido imido amido hydroxylamido hydrazido nitrosyl nitro nitrito

nitrate hyponitrite phosphide

nitrato hyponitrito phosphido

seleninyl selenonyl

seleno; selenoxo seleninyl selenonyl

telluro; telluroxo

chromyl uranyl neptunyl plutoryl americyl

nitrosyl nitryl

imino amino hydroxyamino hydrazino; diazanyl nitroso nitro

thionitrosyl

phosphoryl phospho thiophosphoryl

phosphinidyne phosphoroso; phosphinylidyne phosphinothioylidyne; thiophosphorozo

hypophosphite phosphite

2-23

hypophosphito phosphito

NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS (continued) Group PO4 AsO4 VO CO CS CH3O C2H5O CH3S C2H5S CN OCN SCN SeCN TeCN CO3 HCO3 C2O4

As cation

As anion phosphate arsenate

As prefix in organic compounds

phosphato arsenato

vanadyl carbonyl thiocarbonyl

cyanogen

As ligand

carbonyl methanolate ethanolate methanethiolate ethanethiolate cyanide cyanate thiocyanate selenocyanate tellurocyanate carbonate hydrogen carbonate oxalate

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methoxo ethoxo methanethiolato ethanethiolato cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carbonato hydrogen carbonato oxalato

carbonyl thiocarbonyl methoxy ethoxy methylthio ethylthio cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carboxycarbonyl

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds. SUBSTITUENT GROUPS acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl) cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl)

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CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCOC6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2-

cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)

NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2COHOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCO-

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid)

OCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2

picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

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2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC≡CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS H 5

1 3

2

1

3

Spiropentane

2

4

2

4

Cyclopropane

1

1

5 4

3

Cyclobutane

N

N

1

5

2 3

4

1

3

4

4

1

H

N 5 4

2

5

3

4

5 4

5

3

4

N

2 3

5

1

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

N 2H-Imidazole (1,3-Diazole)

N 1,2,3-Triazole

N 1,2,4-Triazole

1,2-Dithiole

O

O

S

S

O

O

1

1

1

5

2

N

3

4

3

4

5

3

4

5 4

N

Thiazole (1,3-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O 3

4

N

1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

2 3

4

N

Oxazole (1,3-Oxazole) O N 5 1 2N

N

1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

2 3

4

Isoxazole (1,2-Oxazole) O 1 5 2N N

5

N

3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole

1

6

2 3

5

1

6

2 3

5

5

3

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O H

5

1

6

2 3

5

1

2N

5

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

3

O

N

1,3,2-Dioxazole

O

1

1

3

2 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

5

1

O 2

5

2S 3

4 S 1,3-Dithiole

3H-1,2-Oxathiole

O

O

N5

2N

1

1

4

1

N 2

5

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

3

2

N N N N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole 1,2,4-Oxadiazole 1,2,5-Oxadiazole 1,3,4-Oxadiazole (Furazan) O O O O 1 1 1 H N 5 1 2S 5 2N H 5 2 5 2

3

4

N

1,2,4-Dioxazole

O 6

2N

5 4

3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole) 1

1

2

S 2S 3

4

N

Pyrrole (Azole)

S

1

N

2 3

2

Thiophene

N

1 2 3

1

H 1 5 4

3

N

1

Furan

N N

2

5

S

Cyclopentane

H

5

2

O

O 2

6

3

5

1

O

1,3,4-Dioxazole

5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole

O 2

O

6

3

1

5

O 2

6

3

5

1

S

1,3-Oxathiole

O 2O

6

3

5

1

2 3

O

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Benzene

Cyclohexane

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

H N

N

1

1

6 5

2

6 5

3 4

2N

N

N

1

1

6 5

3 4

2 3

4

6 5

N

N 6

2

1

5

3

N 3

4

4

N

N

N

Pyridazine

Pyrimidine

Pyrazine

H Piperazine

O

O

O

O

O

1

1

1

6

2N

5

3

6 5

4

2 3

4

6 5

N

2 3

4

6 5

N

2

1

N

6 5

3 4

6 5

N 1

2 3

4

6 5

N

1 6 5

2

2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine O O 1 1 N H 2 6 2 6 5

3 4

3

5

4

3

N

4

N

N

1,4-Oxazine

H 4H-1,4-Oxazine

2H-1,2-Oxazine

5

2

2

6 5

3

4

N

1,2,3-Triazine (v-Triazine) O 1 S

3

N

4

2H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 2N 6 5

3 4

1,2,5-Oxathiazine

3

2

6 5

3 4

N

6 5

2N

4

2

6 5

3 4

1,4-Oxazine O 1 N 2S

3

3

1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) O O 1 1 N H

4

6H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 6 2S

1 6 5

4

N 4H-1,2-Oxazine O

N 2N

N

Pyridine

1

1

2

H 4H-1,4-Oxazine 1,2,5-Oxathiazine O O 1

3

N

4

6 5

3 4

1

2

6 5

N

2 3

4

N

N

1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine

Morpholine

H N

O

1

7

2

6

3 5

S

1

7

2

6

4

Azepine

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

3 5

4

Oxepin

N

1

7

2

6

3 5

4

Thiepin

1

7

2

6

N

3 5

4

4H-1,2-Diazepine

1

7 6 5

4

Indene

O 2 3

6 5

7

1

4

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

2 3

6 5

7

1

4

Benzofuran

2 3

6 5

7

1

2O 3

4

Isobenzofuran

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS (continued) H S 6 5

7

N

1 2

6 5

3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

1 2S 3

7 4

1

7

6 5

N 2 3

4

Benzo[c]thiophene

1

7

6 5

N 2 3

4

2N 3

3 2

4

3H-Indole

Indole

1

7

6 5

5

4

6 7

1

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

1H-Indole

H N 6 5

7

O

1 2N

6 5

3

4

Indazole

O

1 2N

7

3

4

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazine)

3

4

N

Benzoxazole

1 2O 3

7

6 5

7 6

4

2,1-Benzisoxazole

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

Naphthalene

O 8 5

O

1 2 3

7 6

4

5

2H-1-Benzopyran (2H-Chromene) 8 5

1

O

2 3

1

8

7 6

4

5

4

2

1

8

7 6

3

5

2O

4

1

8

7 6

3

5

2O 3

4

7 6

O

O

2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Coumarin) (Chromen-4-one) (Isocoumarin) (Isochromen-3-one)

N 7 6

O

1

8

N N

2 3

7 6

4

N

N

8

1

5

4

1

8

2 3

5

7 6

N

4

N N

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

8

1

7

1

2 3

4

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

5

4

8

1

5

4

7 6

8

1

5

4

7

3

6

2 3

8

1

5

4

7 6

8

1

5

4

7 6

N

8

1

5

4

3

2N 3

Isoquinoline

N 2 3

2

Octahydronaphthalene (Decalin)

Quinoline

N 2 3

2

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) N

O 7 6

6 5

N

1 2

7

6 5

O

O 2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

N

N Cinnoline

Quinazoline

1,8-Naphtyridine

1,7-Naphtyridine

1,5-Naphtyridine

O 7 6

8

1

5

4

1,6-Naphtyridine

O 2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

O

2 3

6 7

N

5

4

8

1

O

3 2

N

7 6

8

1

5

4

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

7 6

8

1

5

4 3

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

3 2

4

N H

2 3

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

O

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

3

1 7 6

5

1

9

8

6 7

2 3

10

4

Anthracene

5 8

9

4

9 8

10

7

Phenanthrene

9

8

7 6

6 5

1 2 3

5

Phenalene

4

Fluorene

H N

N 7 6

9

8

1 2 3

5

7 6

4

1

9

8 5

5 2 3

10

4

6 7

10

8

9

O Carbazole

Xanthene

Acridine R´´

4 1

3 2

3 4

2 1 5

R

N N

1 2

6 3

5

7

4

N 7H-Purine

H

N

14 8 H H 7

10

2 3 4

17

16 15

9

1 8 9

11

12 13

5

6

H

Steroid ring system

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

7 6

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

R´

H

2

R = Nearly always methyl R´ = Usually methyl R´´ = Various groups

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k ,M, etc.) are not listed here, since they should never be used alone, but selected combinations with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. a a0 A Å A AH Ar AAS Abe abs ac Ac AcOH ACT ACTH Ade ADP ads ae AES AF AFM AI AIM Al Ala alc aliph. alk. All Alt am Am AM AMP amu anh, anhyd antilog AO AOM Api APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg

absorption coefficient, acceleration, activity Bohr radius ampere, adenine (in genetic code) ångstrom absorbance, area, Helmholtz energy, mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atomic absorption spectroscopy abequose absolute alternating current acetyl acetic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adenine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) atomic emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence atoms in molecules Alfen number alanine alcohol aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amorphous solid amyl amplitude modulation adenosine 5'-monophosphate atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) anhydrous antilogarithm atomic orbital angular overlap model apiose appearance potential spectroscopy augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine

as, asym ASCII ASE Asn Asp at atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp b B bar bbl bcc BCS BDE Bé BET BeV Bhn Bi BN BNS BO BOD bp bpy Bq BRE BSSE Btu bu Bu Bz Bzl c c c0 C °C C ca. cal

2-29

asymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization energy asparagine aspartic acid atomization standard atmosphere adenosine 5'-triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit average avoirdupois barn magnetic flux density, second virial coefficient, susceptance bar (pressure unit) barrel body centered cubic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy Baumé Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (method) billion electronvolt Brinell hardness number biot bond number nuclear backscattering spectroscopy bond order, Born-Oppenheimer (approximation) biochemical oxygen demand boiling point 2,2'-bipyridine becquerel bond resonance energy basis set superposition error British thermal unit bushel butyl benzoyl benzyl combustion reaction amount concentration, specific heat, velocity speed of light in vacuum coulomb, cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance, heat capacity, number concentration approximately calorie

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) calc CARS CAS RN CAT CBS cc CCD cd c.d. CD CDP CEPA cf. cfm cgs CHF Ci CI CIDEP CIDNP cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const cos cosh COSY cot coth cp cP Cp CP CPA cpd cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU csc ct CT CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw

calculated coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number clear-air turbulence, computerized axial tomography complete basis set cubic centimeter charge-coupled device candela, condensed phase current density circular dichroism cytidine 5'-diphosphate couplet electron pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system coupled Hartree-Fock (method) curie configuration interaction, chemical ionization chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5'-monophosphate coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand concentrated, concentration constant cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy (in NMR) cotangent hyperbolic cotangent candle power centipoise cyclopentadienyl chemically pure coherent potential approximation contact potential difference cycles per second charge conjugation-space inversion-time reversal (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit cosecant carat charge transfer conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5'-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave

cwt Cy cyl Cys d d D D

hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cylinder cysteine day, deuteron distance, density, dextrorotatory debye unit diffusion coefficient, dissociation energy, electric displacement Da dalton DA donor-acceptor (complex) dB decibel dc direct current DE delocalization energy dec decomposes deg degree den density det determinant dev deviation DFT density functional theory diam diameter dil dilute, dilution DIM diatomics in molecules dm decimeter dmf, DMF N,N-dimethylformamide dmso, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNase deoxyribonuclease DNMR dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance DOS density of states doz dozen d.p. degree of polymerization dpl displacement dpm disintegrations per minute dps disintegrations per second dr dram dRib 2-deoxyribose DRIFT diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform DRS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy DSC differential scanning calorimetry DTA differential thermal analysis dyn dyne e electron, base of natural logarithms e elementary charge, linear strain E electric field strength, electromotive force, energy, modulus of elasticity, entgegen (trans configuration) Eh Hartree energy EA electron affinity EAN effective atomic number ECP effective core potential ECR electron cyclotron resonance ED electron diffraction, effective dose EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy EFFF energy factored force field EHMO extended Hückel molecular orbital EHT extended Hückel theory emf electromotive force emu electromagnetic unit system en ethylenediamine

2-30

TeamLRN

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) ENDOR EOS EPMA EPR eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ESCA e.s.d. ESD ESR est esu Et ET Et2O e.u. Eu eV EWG EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext f f F °F F FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO ft ft-lb FT FTIR Fuc Fuc-ol fus g g

electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron probe microanalysis electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis estimated standard deviation electron stimulated desorption electron spin resonance estimate, estimated electrostatic unit system ethyl electron transfer, ephemeris time diethyl ether entropy unit Euler number electronvolt electron withdrawing group extended x-ray absorption fine structure extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external formation reaction activity coefficient, aperture ratio, focal length, force constant, frequency, fugacity farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant, force, angular momentum flavin adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second, foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbitaì foot foot pound Fourier transform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fucose fucitol fusion (melting) gram, gas acceleration due to gravity, degeneracy, statistical weight, Landé g-factor

G G gal Gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS gem GeV GIAO gl GLC Glc GlcN Glc-ol Gln Glu Gly GMP GMT gpm gps gr Gr GTO Gua Gul GUT GVB GWS Gy h h H H H0 ha Ha Hacac HAM hav Hb hcp Hea HEIS HEP HF hfs Him His HMO HOMO hp HPLC Hpz hr HREELS HREM HSAB

2-31

gauss, guanine (in genetic code) electrical conductance, Gibbs energy, gravitational constant, sheer modulus gallon gal, galileo, galactose galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry glow discharge mass spectroscopy geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose glucosamine glucitol glutamine glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5'-triphosphate Greenwich mean time gallons per minute gallons per second grain Grashof number gaussian type atomic orbital guanine gulose grand unified theory generalized valence bond Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray, gigayear helion, hour Planck constant henry enthalpy, Hamiltonian function, magnetic field Hubble constant hectare Hartmann number acetylacetone hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hexagonal closed packed ethanolamine high energy ion scattering high energy physics high frequency hyperfine structure imidazole histidine Hückel molecular orbital highest occupied molecular orbital horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography pyrazole hour high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory)

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) HSE Hz i I IAT i-Bu IC ICP ICR id ID Ido IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO Ile Im imm IMPATT in. INDO INS int I/O IP IPN i-Pr IPR IPTS IR IRAS IRC isc ISE ISS ITP ITS IU j J J k K K kb kcal KE keV kg kgf kJ km Kn

homodesmotic stabilization energy hertz square root of minus one electric current, ionic strength, moment of inertia, nuclear spin angular momentum, radiant intensity international atomic time isobutyl integrated circuit inductively coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance ideal (solution) inside diameter idose inosine 5'-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine imaginary part immersion impact ionization avalanche transit time inch intermediate neglect of differential overlap inelastic neutron scattering, ion neutralization spectroscopy internal input/output ionization potential interpenetrating polymer network isopropyl isotopic perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale infrared reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate intersystem crossing isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5'-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit angular momentum, electric current density joule angular momentum, electric current density, flux, Massieu function absorption index, Boltzmann constant, rate constant, thermal conductivity, wave vector kelvin absorption coefficient, bulk modulus, equilibrium constant, kinetic energy kilobar, kilobase (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number

kPa kt kV kva kW kwh l l L L lat. lb lbf lc LC LCAO LD Le LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER lim LIMS liq lm ln LNDO log long. LST LT LTE LUMO lut lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx m m M M Mr Ma Man MASNMR max MBE MBPT MC MCD MCPF MCSCF

2-32

TeamLRN

kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liquid, liter angular momentum, length, levorotatory liter, lambert Avogadro constant, inductance, Lagrange function latitude pound pound force liquid crystal liquid chromatography linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose Lewis function light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationship limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laboratory information management system liquid lumen logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) longitude local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lutidine lux langley light year lysine lyxose meter, molal (as in 0.1 m solution), metastable (isotope) magnetic dipole moment, mass, molality, angular momentum component, meta (as chemical descriptor) molar (as in 0.1 M solution), metal (in chemical formulas) magnetization, molar mass, mutual inductance, torque, angular momentum component molecular weight (relative molar mass) Mach number mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum molecular beam epitaxy many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) magnetic circular dichroism modified couple pair functional multi-configurational self-consistent field

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) MD Me MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met meV MeV MF mg MHD mi MIM min MINDO MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml mm MM mmf mmHg MO mol mol.wt. mon MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MRI mRNA ms MS MSL Mur mV mW MW Mx n n

N N NA NE NAA NAD NADH NADP NAO NBO nbp Neu

molecular dynamics methyl molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path mesityl metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine millielectronvolt megaelectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile molecules-in-molecules minimum, minute modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap mid-infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter millimeter molecular mechanics magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury molecular orbital mole molecular weight monomeric form metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA millisecond mass spectroscopy mean sea level muramic acid millivolt milliwatt megawatt, microwave, molecular weight maxwell neutron amount of substance, number density, principal quantum number, refractive index, normal (in chemical formulas) newton angular momentum, neutron number Avogadro constant density of states neutron activation analysis nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate natural atomic orbital natural bond order normal boiling point neuraminic acid

NEXAFS ng NIR nm NMR NNDO NO NOE NPA NQR NRA ns NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd OD Oe ORD oz p p P P Pa PA PAS pc PCR PD pdl pe Pe PES PET peth pf pg pH Ph Phe pI pip pK pm PMO PNDO PNRA pol ppb ppm PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro ps PS

2-33

near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram near infrared nanometer nuclear magnetic resonance neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance prompt nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (as chemical descriptor) observed optical density, outside diameter oersted optical rotatory dispersion ounce proton dielectric polarization, electric dipole moment, momentum, pressure, para (as chemical descriptor) poise power, pressure, probability, sound energy flux pascal proton affinity photoacoustic spectroscopy parsec polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal probable error Péclet number photoelectron spectroscopy positron emission tomography petroleum ether power factor picogram negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenyl phenylalanine isoelectric point piperidine negative log of ionization constant picometer perturbational molecular orbital partial neglect of differential overlap prompt nuclear reaction analysis polymeric form parts per billion parts per million Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand, precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) PSD Psi psi psia psig pt PVT py q Q QCD QED Q.E.D. QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. r r R °R R RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS RE Re RED REM rem RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase rRNA ROHF ROM RPA rpm rps RRK RRKM RRS RS Ry s s

photon stimulated desorption psicose pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage pint pressure-volume-temperature pyridine electric field gradient, flow rate, heat, wave vector (phonons) electric charge, heat, partition function, quadrupole moment, radiant energy, vibrational normal coordinate quantum chromodynamics quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantitative structure-activity relationship quasi-stellar object (quasar) quart quadrillion Btu (= 1.0551018 J) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) reaction position vector, radius roentgen, alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance, gas constant, molar refraction, Rydberg constant right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy resonance energy real part radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root mean square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease ribosomal RNA restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg second, solid path length, solubility, spin angular momentum, symmetry number, symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor)

S S SALC SALI SAM SANS Sar sat, satd SAXS s-Bu Sc SCE SCF SCR sd sec sec SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAFS Sh SI SIMS sin SINDO sinh SIPN SLAM sln SMO SMOW SNMS SNU SO sol soln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq sr Sr SSMS St St std, stnd STEM STM STO STP sub Sv t t T

2-34

TeamLRN

siemens area, entropy, probability current density, Poynting vector, symmetry coordinate, spin angular momentum symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy small angle neutron scattering sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering sec-butyl Schmidt number saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field silicon-controlled rectifier standard deviation secant, second secondary (in chemical name) surface sensitive energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscope separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure Sherwood number International System of Units secondary ion mass spectroscopy sine symmetrically orthogonalized INDO method hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy solution semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy solar neutrino unit spin orbital soluble, solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square steradian Strouhal number spark source mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimation, sublimes sievert metric tonne, triton Celsius temperature, thickness, time, transport number tesla

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) T Tag Tal tan tanh t-Bu TCA TCE tcne TCSCF TE TED TEM temp tert TFD TGA theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TM Tol Torr tRNA Trp trs TS tsp Tyr u u U U UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPES UPS ur Ura USP UT UTP UV v V V Val vap VB VCD VHF

kinetic energy, period, term value, temperature (thermodynamic), torque, transmittance tagatose talose tangent hyperbolic tangent tert-butyl trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene tetracyanoethylene two configuration self-consistent field transverse electric transmission electron diffraction, transferred electron device transmission electron microscopy, transverse electromagnetic temperature tertiary (in chemical name) Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermo-gravimetric analysis theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography transverse magnetic tolyl torr transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state teaspoon tyrosine unified atomic mass unit Bloch function, electric mobility, velocity uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference, internal energy uridine 5'-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (theory) uridine 5'-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy urea uracil United States Pharmacopeia universal time uridine 5'-triphosphate ultraviolet reaction rate, specific volume, velocity, vibrational quantum number, vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volt electric potential, potential energy, volume valine vaporization valence band, valence bond vibrational circular dichroism very high frequency

vic VIS vit VSEPR VSLI VUV v/v w W W WAXS Wb We WKB wt w/v w/w x X X XAFS XANES XPES XPS XRD XRF XRS Xyl y, yr Y yd z Z

ZDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε η θ Θ

2-35

vicinal (on adjacent carbon atoms) visible region of the spectrum vitreous valence shell electron pair repulsion very large scale integrated (circuit) vacuum ultraviolet volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) energy density, mass fraction, velocity, work watt radiant energy, statistical weight, work wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (method) weight weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, generally expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) mole fraction X unit, halogen (in chemical formula) reactance x-ray absorption fine structure x-ray absorption near-edge structure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose year admittance, Planck function, Young’s modulus yard charge number (of an ion), collision frequency factor atomic number, compression factor, collision number, impedance, partition function, zusammen (cis configuration) zero differential overlap zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient, degree of dissociation, electric polarizability, expansion coefficient, fine structure constant beta particle photon activity coefficient, conductivity, magnetogyric ratio, mass concentration, ratio of heat capacities, surface tension Gruneisin parameter, level width, surface concentration chemical shift, Dirac delta function, Kronecker delta, loss angle inertia defect, mass defect emittance, Levi-Civita symbol, linear strain, molar absorption coefficient, permittivity overpotential, viscosity Bragg angle, temperature, scattering angle, surface coverage quadrupole moment

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe π Π

compressibility, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, molar absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient absolute activity, radioactive decay constant, thermal conductivity, wavelength angular momentum, ionic conductivity muon chemical potential, electric dipole moment, electric mobility, friction coefficient, Joule-Thompson coefficient, magnetic dipole moment, mobility, permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency, kinematic velocity, stoichiometric number, wavenumber neutrino pion osmotic pressure, Peltier coefficient

ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

2-36

TeamLRN

density, reflectance, resistivity electrical conductivity, cross section, normal stress, shielding constant (NMR), Stefan-Boltzmann constant, surface tension transmittance, chemical shift, shear stress, relaxation time electrical potential, fugacity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, quantum yield, volume fraction, wavefunction magnetic flux, potential energy, radiant power, work function magnetic susceptibility, electronegativity electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency, angular velocity, harmonic vibration wavenumber, statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum, solid angle

DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: • Physical quantities • Units of measure • Classes of chemical compounds and materials • Important theories, laws, and basic concepts. Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. * An asterisk following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term. REFERENCES 1. ISO Standards Handbook 2, Units of Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1992. 2. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Second Edition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 3. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 5. Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67, 1307, 1995. 6. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 7. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 8. Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68, 2287, 1996. 9. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. 10. Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990. 11. ASM Metals Reference Book, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol-1dm3cm-1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5]

Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH<7. In the Brönsted definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton in any type of reaction. The most general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of accepting an electron pair as an acid. Acid dissociation constant (Ka)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction HA + H2O 1 A- + H3O+. The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant. Actinides - The elements of atomic number 89 through 103, e.g., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr. [7] Activation energy* - In general, the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Activity - For a mixture of substances, the absolute activity λ of substance B is defined as λB = exp(µB/RT), where µB is the chemical potential of substance B, R the gas constant, and T the thermodynamic temperature. The relative activity a is defined as aB = exp[(µB-µB°)/RT], where µB° designates the chemical potential in the standard state. [2] Activity coefficient (γ)* - Ratio of the activity aB of component B of a mixture to the concentration of that component. The value of γ depends on the method of stating the composition. For mole fraction xB, the relation is aB = γB xB; for molarity cB, it is aB = γB cB/c°, where c° is the standard state composition (typically chosen as 1 mol/L); for molality

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) mB, it is aB = γBmB/m°, where m° is the standard state molality (typically 1 mol/kg). [2] Activity, of radioactive substance (A) - The average number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state occurring in an amount of a radionuclide in a small time interval divided by that interval. [1] Acyl groups - Groups formed by removing the hydroxy groups from oxoacids that have the general structure RC(=O)(OH) and replacement analogues of such acyl groups. [5] Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. Admittance (Y) - Reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + iB, where G is conductance and B is susceptance. [1] Adsorption - A process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact. [10] Albedo* - The ratio of the light reflected or scattered from a surface to the intensity of incident light. The term is often used in reference to specific types of terrain or to entire planets. Alcohols - Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. [5] Aldehydes - Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [5] Aldoses - Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxyaldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n>1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5] Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, RC≡CR′.

Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as -OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/ mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+-O-. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the αamino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the ß-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10-10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogenbound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N-; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein

both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 1 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10-28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH- ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s-1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the BeerLambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy difference between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula 8πhc ρ= λ5 e hc / λkT – 1

(

)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT-1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan-1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules.

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of Nsubstituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR′, (R′ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3] Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/ dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r – 1 ρN A α = ε r + 2 3Mε 0

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found

in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)-1q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s-1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions) Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the

form

εr –1 ρN A = ε r + 2 3Mε 0

 µ2   α + 3kT   

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T << θD, the heat capacity is proportional to T3. Debye unit (D) - A non-SI unit of electric dipole moment used in molecular physics, equal to 3.335641 × 10-30 C m. Debye-Waller factor (D) - The factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of lattice vibrations. [1] Defect - Any departure from the regular structure of a crystal lattice. A Frenkel defect results when an atom or ion moves to an interstitial position and leaves behind a vacancy. A Schottky defect involves either a vacancy where the atom has moved to the surface or a structure where a surface atom has moved to an interstitial position. Degree of polymerization - The number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. [8] Dendrite - A tree-like crystalline pattern often observed, for example, in ice crystals and alloys in which the crystal growth branches repeatedly. Density (ρ)* - In the most common usage, mass density or mass per unit volume. More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) divided by a length, area, or volume. Density of states (NE, ρ) - The number of one-electron states in an infinitesimal interval of energy, divided by the range of that interval and by volume. [1] Dew point* - The temperature at which liquid begins to condense as the temperature of a gas mixture is lowered. In meteorology, it is the temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface in contact with the air. Diamagnetism - A type of magnetism characterized by a negative magnetic susceptibility, so that the material, when placed in an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction opposite to the field. This magnetization is independent of temperature. Diazo compounds - Compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N +=N-, attached to a carbon atom, e.g., CH 2=N 2 diazomethane. [5] Dielectric constant (ε)* - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called permittivity. [1] Dienes - Compounds that contain two fixed double bonds (usually assumed to be between carbon atoms). Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated. [5] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Diffusion* - The migration of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles as a result of some type of gradient (concentration, temperature, etc.). Diopter - A unit used in optics, formally equal to m-1. It is used in expressing dioptic power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Dipole moment, electric (p,µ)* - For a distribution of equal positive and

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) negative charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment vector is the positive charge multiplied by the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge distribution. The direction is given by the line from the center of negative charge to the center of positive charge. Dipole moment, magnetic (m,µ) - Formally defined in electromagnetic theory as a vector quantity whose vector product with the magnetic flux density equals the torque. The magnetic dipole generated by a current I flowing in a small loop of area A has a magnetic moment of magnitude IA. In atomic and nuclear physics, a magnetic moment is associated with the angular momentum of a particle; e.g., an electron with orbital angular momentum l exhibits a magnetic moment of -el/ 2me where e is the elementary charge and me the mass of the electron. [1] Disaccharides - Compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. [5] Dislocation - An extended displacement of a crystal from a regular lattice. An edge dislocation results when one portion of the crystal has partially slipped with respect to the other, resulting in an extra plane of atoms extending through part of the crystal. A screw dislocation transforms successive atomic planes into the surface of a helix. Dispersion - Splitting of a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) of mixed wavelengths into the constituent wavelengths as a result of the variation of refractive index of the medium with wavelength. Dissociation constant* - The equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction in which a compound dissociates into its constituent parts. Dissociation energy (De)* - For a diatomic molecule, the difference between the energies of the free atoms at rest and the minimum in the potential energy curve. The term bond dissociation energy (D0), which can be applied to polyatomic molecules as well, is used for the difference between the energies of the fragments resulting when a bond is broken and the energy of the original molecule in its lowest energy state. The term bond strength implies differences in enthalpy rather than energy. Domain - A small region of a solid in which the magnetic or electric moments of the individual units (atoms, molecules, or ions) are aligned in the same direction. Domain wall - The transition region between adjacent ferromagnetic domains, generally a layer with a thickness of a few hundred ångström units. Also called Bloch wall. Doppler effect - The change in the apparent frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) when the source of the wave is moving relative to the observer. Dose equivalent (H) - The product of the absorbed dose of radiation at a point of interest in tissue and various modifying factors which depend on the type of tissue and radiation. [1] Drift velocity - The velocity of charge carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) moving under the influence of an electric field in a medium which subjects the carriers to some frictional force. Dyne (dyn) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of force, equal to 10-5 N. Ebullioscopic constant (Eb)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a nondissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tb = Eb m, where m is the molality of the solute. Eddy currents - Circulating currents set up in conducting bulk materials or sheets by varying magnetic fields. Effinghausen effect - The appearance of a temperature gradient in a current carrying conductor that is placed in a transverse magnetic field. The direction of the gradient is perpendicular to the current and the field. Eigenvalue - An allowed value of the constant a in the equation Au = au, where A is an operator acting on a function u (which is called an

eigenfunction). In quantum mechanics, the outcome of any observation is an eigenvalue of the corresponding operator. Also called characteristic value. Einstein - A non-SI unit used in photochemistry, equal to one mole of photons. Einstein temperature (θV) - In the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θV = hν/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and ν is the vibrational frequency of the crystal. Einstein transition probability - A constant in the Einstein relation Aij + Bijρ for the probability of a transition between two energy levels i and j in a radiation field of energy density ρ. The Aij coefficient describes the probability of spontaneous emission, while Bij and Bji govern the probability of stimulated emission and absorption, respectively (Bij = Bji). Elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. [10] Elastic modulus - See Young’s modulus. Electric charge (Q) - The quantity of electricity; i.e., the property that controls interactions between bodies through electrical forces. Electric current (I) - The charge passing through a circuit per unit time. [1] Electric displacement (D) - A vector quantity whose magnitude equals the electric field strength multiplied by the permittivity of the medium and whose direction is the same as that of the field strength. Electric field strength (E) - The force exerted by an electric field on a point charge divided by the electric charge. [1] Electric potential (V) - A scalar quantity whose gradient is equal to the negative of the electric field strength. Electrical conductance - See Conductance Electrical resistance - See Resistance Electrical resistivity - See Resistivity. Electrochemical series* - An arrangement of reactions which produce or consume electrons in an order based on standard electrode potentials. A common arrangement places metals in decreasing order of their tendency to give up electrons. Electrode potential* - The electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is the standard hydrogen electrode and that on the right is the electrode in question. [2] Electrolysis - The decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample. Electromotive force (emf) - The energy supplied by a source divided by the charge transported through the source. [1] Electron* - An elementary particle in the family of leptons, with negative charge and spin of 1/2. Electron affinity* - The energy difference between the ground state of a gas-phase atom or molecule and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spin (s) - The quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron volt (eV)* - A non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration through a potential difference of 1 V. [1] Electronegativity* - A parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom or group of atoms to attract electrons from the same molecular entity. [3] Electrophoresis - The motion of macromolecules or colloidal particles in an electric field. [3] Emissivity (ε)* - Ratio of the radiant flux emitted per unit area to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature. Also called emittance. [1] Emu - The electromagnetic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the emu of current (sometimes called the abampere). Enantiomers - A chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers. Energy (E,U)* - The characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Energy gap* - In the theory of solids, the region between two energy bands, in which no bound states can occur. Enols, alkenols - The term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR′=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R′ = H) or ketones (R′ not equal to H). [5] Enthalpy (H)* - A thermodynamic function, especially useful when dealing with constant-pressure processes, defined by H = E + PV, where E is energy, P pressure, and V volume. [1] Enthalpy of combustion* - The enthalpy change in a combustion reaction. Its negative is the heat released in combustion. Enthalpy of formation, standard* - The enthalpy change for the reaction in which a substance is formed from its constituent elements, each in its standard reference state (normally refers to 1 mol, sometimes to 1 g, of the substance). Enthalpy of fusion* - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to liquid state. Enthalpy of sublimation - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to gas state. Enthalpy of vaporization* - The enthalpy change in the transition from liquid to gas state. Entropy (S)* - A thermodynamic function defined such that when a small quantity of heat dQ is received by a system at temperature T, the entropy of the system is increased by dQ/T, provided that no irreversible change takes place in the system. [1] Entropy unit (e.u.) - A non-SI unit of entropy, equal to 4.184 J/K mol. Ephemeris time - Time measured in tropical years from January 1, 1900. Epoxy compounds - Compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers. [5] Equation of continuity - Any of a class of equations that express the fact that some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) cannot be created or destroyed. Such equations typically specify that the rate of increase of the quantity in a given region of space equals the net current of the quantity flowing into the region. Equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equilibrium constant (K)* - For a chemical reaction aA + bB 1 cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is defined by: K=

aC c ⋅ a D d aA a ⋅ aB b

where ai is the activity of component i. To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations. The equilibrium constant

is related to ∆rG°, the standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction, by RT lnK = -∆rG°. Equivalent conductance - See Conductivity, electrical Erg (erg) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J. Esters - Compounds formally derived from an oxoacid RC(=O)(OH) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking, with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. [5] Esu - The electrostatic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the esu of charge (sometimes called the statcoulomb or franklin). Ethers - Compounds with formula ROR, where R is not equal to H. [5] Euler number (Eu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Eu = ∆p/ρv2, where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity. [2] Eutectic - The point on a two-component solid-liquid phase diagram which represents the lowest melting point of any possible mixture. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single temperature without change of composition. Excitance (M) - Radiant energy flux leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of that element. [1] Exciton - A localized excited state consisting of a bound electron-hole pair in a molecular or ionic crystal. The exciton can propagate through the crystal. Exosphere - The outermost part of the earth’s atmosphere, beginning at about 500 to 1000 km above the surface. It is characterized by densities so low that air molecules can escape into outer space. Expansion coefficient - See thermal expansion coefficient. Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extinction coefficient - See Absorption coefficient, molar F-Center - See Color center Fahrenheit temperature (°F) - The temperature scale based on the assignment of 32°F = 0°C and a temperature interval of °F =(5/9)°C; i.e., t/°F = (9/5)t/°C + 32. Farad (F)* - The SI unit of electric capacitance, equal to C/V. [1] Faraday constant (F)* - The electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions; i.e., F = NAe, where NA is Avogadro’s constant and e is the elementary charge. [1] Faraday effect* - The rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light by a medium placed in a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light beam. The effect can be observed in solids, liquids, and gasses. Fatty acids - Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. [5] Fermat’s principle - The law that a ray of light traversing one or more media will follow a path which minimizes the time required to pass between two given points. Fermi (f) - Name sometimes used in nuclear physics for the femtometer. Fermi level - The highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. Sometimes called Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is the surface in momentum space formed by electrons occupying the Fermi level. Fermi resonance - An effect observed in vibrational spectroscopy when an overtone of one fundamental vibration closely coincides in energy with another fundamental of the same symmetry species. It leads to a splitting of vibrational bands. Fermi-Dirac distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribu-

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) tion which takes into account the Pauli exclusion principle. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT+1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. The distribution is applicable to a system of fermions. Fermion - A particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. Specifically, any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Examples are the electron, proton, neutron, muon, etc. Ferrimagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two nonequivalent sublattices with unequal magnetic moments, leading to a nonzero magnetic susceptibility. Ferrite - A ferrimagnetic material of nominal formula MFe2O4, where M is a divalent metal; widely used in microwave switches and other solid state devices. Ferroelectricity* - The retention of electric polarization by certain materials after the external field that produced the polarization has been removed. Ferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic materials can retain their magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility. Fick’s law - The statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e., J = -D(dc/dx), where D is called the diffusion coefficient. Field - A mathematical construct which describes the interaction between particles resulting from gravity, electromagnetism, or other physical phenomena. In classical physics a field is described by equations. Quantum field theory introduces operators to represent the physical observables. Field emission microscopy (FEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Field ion microscopy (FIM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Fine structure - The splitting in spectral lines that results from interactions of the electron spin with the orbital angular momentum. Fine structure constant (α)* - Defined as e2/2hcε0, where e is the elementary charge, h Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and ε0 the permittivity of a vacuum. It is a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles. First radiation constant (c1)* - Constant (= 2πhc2) in the equation for the radiant excitance Mλ of a black body: Mλ =

c1λ–5 ∆λ

e c2 / λT – 1

where λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature, and c2 = hc/k is the second radiation constant. Flash point - The lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. [10] Fluence (F) - Term used in photochemistry to specify the energy per unit area delivered in a given time interval, for example by a laser pulse. [2] Fluorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of fluorine and carbon. [5] Fluxoid - The quantum of magnetic flux in superconductivity theory, equal to hc/2e, where h is Planck’s constant, c the velocity of light, and e the elementary charge. Force (F) - The rate of change of momentum with time. [1] Force constants (f, k)* - In molecular vibrations, the coefficients in the expression of the potential energy in terms of atom displacements from their equilibrium positions. In a diatomic molecule, f = d2V/dr2, where V(r) is the potential energy and r is the interatomic distance. [2]

Fourier number (Fo) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fo = at/l2, where a is thermal diffusivity, t is time, and l is length. [2] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) - A technique for obtaining an infrared spectrum by use of an interferometer in which the path length of one of the beams is varied. A Fourier transformation of the resulting interferogram yields the actual spectrum. The technique is also used for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. Fractals - Geometrical objects that are self-similar under a change of scale; i.e., they appear similar at all levels of magnification. They can be considered to have fractional dimensionality. Examples occur in diverse fields such as geography (rivers and shorelines), biology (trees), and solid state physics (amorphous materials). Franck-Condon principle - An important principle in molecular spectroscopy which states that the nuclei in a molecule remain essentially stationary while an electronic transition is taking place. The physical interpretation rests on the fact that the electrons move much more rapidly than the nuclei because of their much smaller mass. Franklin (Fr) - Name sometimes given to the unit of charge in the esu system. Fraunhofer diffraction - Diffraction of light in situations where the source and observation point are so far removed that the wave surfaces may be considered planar. Fraunhofer lines - Sharp absorption lines in the spectrum of sunlight, caused by absorption of the solar blackbody radiation by atoms near the sun’s surface. Free radical - See Radicals. The term “free radical” is often used more broadly for molecules that have a paramagnetic ground state (e.g., O2) and sometimes for any transient or highly reactive molecular species. Freezing point - See Melting point Frequency (ν)* - Number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. [1] Fresnel diffraction - Diffraction of light in a situation where the source and observation point are sufficiently close together that the curvature of the wave surfaces must be taken into account. Froude number (Fr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fr = v/(lg)1/2, where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity. [2] Fugacity (fB) - For a gas mixture, the fugacity of component B is defined as the absolute activity λB times the limit, as the pressure p approaches zero at constant temperature, of pB/λB. [2] Fullerenes - Compounds composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal example is [60]fullerene, where the atoms and bonds delineate a truncated icosahedron. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms. [5] Fulvalenes - The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fulvenes - The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fundamental vibrational frequencies* - In molecular spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational frequencies obtained when the vibrational energy is expressed in normal coordinates. They determine the primary features of the infrared and Raman spectra of the molecule. γ - Name sometimes used for microgram. γ-rays* - Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energy greater than about 0.1 MeV (wavelength less than about 1 pm). g-Factor of the electron* - The proportionality factor in the equation

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) relating the magnetic moment µ of an electron to its total angular momentum quantum number J, i.e., µ = -gµBJ, where µB is the Bohr magneton. Also called Landé factor. Gal - A non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 0.01 m/s. Also called galileo. Gallon (US) - A unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. Gallon (UK, Imperial) - A unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L. Gauss (G) - A non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B) equal to 10-4 T. Gaussian system of units - A hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, which combines features of both the esu and emu systems. Gel - A colloidal system with a finite, but usually rather small, yield stress (the sheer stress at which yielding starts abruptly). [3] Genetic code* - The set of relations between each of the 64 codons of DNA and a specific amino acid (or other genetic instruction). Gibbs energy (G)* - An important function in chemical thermodynamics, defined by G = H-TS, where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs free energy and, in older literature, simply “free energy”. [2] Gibbs phase rule - The relation F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases. Glass transition temperature* - The temperature at which an amorphous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one. [10] Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Gluon - A hypothetical particle postulated to take part in the binding of quarks, in analogy to the role of the photon in electromagnetic interactions. Glycerides - Esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups. [5] Glycols - Dihydric alcohols in which two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. Also called diols. [5] Grain (gr) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg. Grain boundary - The interface between two regions of different crystal orientation. Grashof number (Gr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2, where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity. [2] Gravitational constant (G)* - The universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles, F = Gm1m2/r2, where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses. [1] Gray (Gy)* - The SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to J/kg. [1] Gregorian calendar - The modification of the Julian calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XII which specified that a year divisible by 100 is a leap year only if divisible by 400. Grignard reagents - Organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon-magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg + MgX2). [5] Gruneisen parameter (γ) - Defined by γ = αV/κ cV ρ, where αV is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient, κ is the isothermal compressibility, cV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, and ρ is the mass density. γ is independent of temperature for most crystalline solids. [1] Gyromagnetic ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called magnetogyric ratio. Hadron - Any elementary particle that can take part in the strong

interaction. Hadrons are subdivided into baryons, with odd half integer spins, and mesons, which have zero or integral spin. Hall effect* - The development of a transverse potential difference V in a conducting material when subjected to a magnetic field H perpendicular to the direction of the current. The potential difference is given by V = RH BJt, where B is the magnetic induction, J the current density, t the thickness of the specimen in the direction of the potential difference, and RH is called the Hall coefficient. Halocarbon - A compound containing no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and one or more halogens. In common practice, the term is used mainly for compounds of no more than four or five carbon atoms. Halogens - The elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. [7] Hamiltonian (H) - An expression for the total energy of a mechanical system in terms of the momenta and positions of constituent particles. In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator appears in the eigenvalue equation Hψ= Eψ, where E is an energy eigenvalue and ψ the corresponding eigenfunction. Hardness* - The resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is measured on various scales, such as Mohs, Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers. [10] Hartmann number (Ha) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Ha = Bl(κ/η)1/2, where B is magnetic flux density, l is length, κ is electric conductivity, and η is viscosity. [2] Hartree (Eh)* - An energy unit used in atomic and molecular science, equal to approximately 4.3597482 × 10-18 J. Hartree-Fock method - A iterative procedure for solving the Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in which the equation is solved for each electron in an initial assumed potential from all the other electrons. The new potential that results is used to repeat the calculation and the procedure continued until convergence is reached. Also called self-consistent field (SCF) method. Heat capacity* - Defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/ ∂T)p; that at constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V , where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1] Heat of formation, vaporization, etc. - See corresponding terms under Enthalpy. Hectare (ha) - A unit of area equal to 104 m2. [1] Heisenberg uncertainty principle - The statement that two observable properties of a system that are complementary, in the sense that their quantum-mechanical operators do not commute, cannot be specified simultaneously with absolute precision. An example is the position and momentum of a particle; according to this principle, the uncertainties in position ∆q and momentum ∆p must satisfy the relation ∆p∆q ≥ h/4π, where h is Planck’s constant. Heitler-London model - An early quantum-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom which introduced the concept of the exchange interaction between electrons as the primary reason for stability of the chemical bond. Helicon - A low-frequency wave generated when a metal at low temperature is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and a circularly polarized electric field. Helmholz energy (A) - A thermodynamic function defined by A = E-TS, where E is the energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Hemiacetals - Compounds having the general formula R2C(OH)OR′ (R′ not equal to H). [5] Henry (H)* - The SI unit of inductance, equal to Wb/A. [1]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Henry’s law * - An expression which applies to an ideal dilute solution in which one or more gasses are dissolved, viz., pi = Hixi, where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its mole fraction in the solution, and Hi is the Henry’s law constant (a characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature). Hermitian operator - An operator A that satisfies the relation ∫ um*Aundx = (∫ un*Aum dx)*, where * indicates the complex conjugate. The eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real, and eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. Hertz (Hz) - The SI unit of frequency, equal to s-1. [1] Heterocyclic compounds - Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole, bicyclo[3.3.1]tetrasiloxane. [5] Heusler alloys - Alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets. Holography - A technique for creating a three-dimensional image of a object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system. Homopolymer - A polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or hypothetical) monomer. [8] Hooke’s law - The statement that the ratio of stress to strain is a constant in a totally elastic medium. Horse power - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 746 W. Hubble constant - The ratio of the recessional velocity of an extragalactic object to the distance of that object. Its value is about 2 × 10-18 s-1. Huckel theory - A simple approximation for calculating the energy of conjugated molecules in which only the resonance integrals between neighboring bonds are considered. Also called CNDO method (complete neglect of differential overlap). Hume-Rothery rules - A set of empirical rules for predicting the occurrence of solid solutions in metallic systems. The rules involve size, crystal structure, and electronegativity. Hund’s rules - A series of rules for predicting the sequence of energy states in atoms and molecules. One of the important results is that when two electrons exist in different orbitals, the state with their spins parallel (triplet state) lies at lower energy than the state with antiparallel spins (singlet). Hydrazines - Hydrazine (diazane), H2NNH2, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. When one or more substituents are acyl groups, the compound is a hydrazide. [5] Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. [5] Hydrolysis - A reaction occurring in water in which a chemical bond is cleaved and a new bond formed with the oxygen atom of water. Hyperfine structure - Splitting of energy levels and spectral lines into several closely spaced components as a result of interaction of nuclear spin angular momentum with other angular momenta in the atom or molecule. Hysteresis* - An irreversible response of a system (parameter A) as a function of an external force (parameter F), usually symmetric with respect to the origin of the A vs. F graph after the initial application of the force. A common example is magnetic induction vs. magnetic field strength in a ferromagnet. Ideal gas law - The equation of state pV = RT, which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant. Ideal solution - A solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law, which states that the vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xipi*, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i.

Ignition temperature* - The lowest temperature at which combustion of a material will occur spontaneously under specified conditions. Sometimes called autoignition temperature, kindling point. [10] Imides - Diacyl derivatives of ammonia or primary amines, especially those cyclic compounds derived from diacids. Also used for salts having the anion RN2-. [5] Impedence (Z) - The complex representation of potential difference divided by the complex representation of current. In terms of reactance X and resistance R, the impedance is given by Z = R + iX. [1] Index of refraction (n)* - For a non-absorbing medium, the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium. [1] Inductance - The ratio of the electromagnetic force induced in a coil by a current to the rate of change of the current. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Inertial defect - In molecular spectroscopy, the quantity Ic-Ia-Ib for a molecule whose equilibrium configuration is planar, where Ia, Ib, and Ic are the effective principal moments of inertia. The inertial defect for a rigid planar molecule would be zero, but vibration-rotation interactions in a real molecule lead to a positive inertial defect. Insulator - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is less than 10-6 S/m and increases with temperature. Intercalation compounds - Compounds resulting from reversible inclusion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The host compound, a solid, may be macromolecular, crystalline, or amorphous. [5] International System of Units (SI)* - The unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes. [1] International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)* - The official international temperature scale adopted in 1990. It consists of a set of fixed points and equations which enable the thermodynamic temperature to be determined from operational measurements. [9] Ion - An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge. [3] Ion exchange - A process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species. [3] Ion neutralization spectroscopy (INS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Ionic strength (I) - A measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by I = 1/2Σi zi2mi, where zi is the charge of ionic species i and mi is its molality. For a 1-1 electrolyte at molality m, I = m. Ionization constant* - The equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a substance in solution dissociates into ions. Ionization potential* - The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous phase. More properly called ionization energy. [3] Irradiance (E) - The radiant energy flux incident on an element of a surface, divided by the area of that element. [1] Isentropic process - A thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the system does not change. Ising model - A model describing the coupling between two atoms in a ferromagnetic lattice, in which the interaction energy is proportional to the negative of the product of the spin components along a specified axis.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Isobar - A line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isochore - A line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isoelectric point* - The pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point. Isomers - In chemistry, compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. In physics, nuclei of the same atomic number Z and mass number A but in different energy states. [3] Isomorphs - Substances of different chemical nature but having the same crystal structure. Isotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising only one species of repeating unit which has chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to its adjacent constitutional units. [8] Isotherm - A line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isothermal process - A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change. Isotones - Nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z. [3] Isotopes - Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of specific Z and A. [3] Jahn-Teller effect - An interaction of vibrational and electronic motions in a nonlinear molecule which removes the degeneracy of certain electronic energy levels. It can influence the spectrum, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the substance. Johnson noise - Electrical noise generated by random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor or semiconductor. Also called thermal noise. Josephson effect - The tunneling of electron pairs through a thin insulating layer which separates two superconductors. When a potential difference is applied to the superconductors, an alternating current is generated whose frequency is precisely proportional to the potential difference. This effect has important applications in metrology and determination of fundamental physical constants. Joule (J)* - The SI unit of energy, equal to N m. [1] Joule-Thomson coefficient (µ) - A parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by µ = (∂T/ ∂p)H, where H is enthalpy. Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Julius Caeser in 46 B.C. which divided the year into 365 days with a leap year of 366 days every fourth year. Julian date (JD) - The number of days elapsed since noon Greenwich Mean Time on January 1, 4713 B.C. Thus January 1, 2000, 0h (midnight) will be JD 2,451,543.5. This dating system was introduced by Joseph Scaliger in 1582. Kaon - One of the elementary particles in the family of mesons. Kaons have a spin of zero and may be neutral or charged. Kelvin (K)* - The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. [1] Kepler’s laws - The three laws of planetary motion, which established the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and the relation between orbital dimensions and the period of rotation. Kerr effect* - An electrooptical effect in which birefringence is induced in a liquid or gas when a strong electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of an incident light beam. The Kerr constant k is given by n1-n2 = kλE2, where λ is the wavelength, E is the electric field

strength, and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively. Ketenes - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is connected by a double bond to an alkylidene group: R2C=C=O. [5] Ketones - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). [5] Kilogram (kg)* - The SI base unit of mass. [1] Kinetic energy (Ek, T) - The energy associated with the motion of a system of particles in a specified reference frame. For a single particle of mass m moving at velocity v, Ek = 1/2mv2. Kirchhoff’s laws - Basic rules for electric circuits, which state (a) the algebraic sum of the currents at a network node is zero and (b) the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero. Klein-Gordon equation - A relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation. Klein-Nishima formula - An expression for the scattering cross section of a photon by an unbound electron, based upon the Dirac electron theory. Knight shift - The change in magnetic resonance frequency of a nucleus in a metal relative to the same nucleus in a diamagnetic solid. The effect is due to the polarization of the conduction electrons in the metal. Knudsen number (Kn) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Kn = λ/l, where λ is mean free path and l is length. [2] Kondo effect - A large increase in electrical resistance observed at low temperatures in certain dilute alloys of a magnetic metal in a nonmagnetic material. Kramers-Kronig relation - A set of equations relating the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of a medium Lactams - Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lactones - Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lagrangian function (L) - A function used in classical mechanics, defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy for a system of particles. Lamb shift - The small energy difference between the 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom, which results from interactions between the electron and the radiation field. Laminar flow - Smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small values of the Reynolds number. Landé g-factor - See g-Factor of the electron Langevin function - The mathematical function L(x) = (ex+e-x)/(ex-e-x)1/x, which occurs in the expression for the average dipole moment of a group of rotating polar molecules in an electric field: µav = µL(µE/ kT), where µ is the electric dipole moment of a single molecule, E is the electric field strength, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Lanthanides - The elements of atomic number 57 through 71, which share common chemical properties: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. [7] Larmor frequency (νL) - The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in an applied magnetic field. In particular, a nucleus in a magnetic field of strength B has a Larmor frequency of γB/2π, where γ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus. Laser* - A device in which an optical cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, stimulated emission occurs, producing a highly monochromatic, coherent beam of light.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lattice constants* - Parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them. Lattice energy* - The energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero. Laue diagram - A diffraction pattern produced when an x-ray beam passes through a thin slice of a crystal and impinges on a detector behind the crystal. Lenz’s law - The statement that the current induced in a circuit by a change in magnetic flux is so directed as to oppose the change in flux Leonard-Jones potential - A simple but useful function for approximating the interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules separated by a distance r by writing the potential energy as U(r) = 4ε{(r0/r)12 (r0/r)6}, where ε and r0 are adjustable parameters. In this form the depth of the potential well is ε and the minimum occurs at 21/6r0 . The (1/r)12 term is often replaced by other powers of 1/r. Lepton - One of the class of elementary particles that do not take part in the strong interaction. Included are the electron, muon, and neutrino. All leptons have a spin of 1/2. Lewis number (Le) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Le = a/D, where a is thermal diffusivity and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Ligand field theory - A description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands. Light year (l.y.) - A unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum. Its approximate value is 9.46073 × 1015 m. Lignins - Macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly. [5] Ligroin - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90-140°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Lipids - A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [5] Lipoproteins - Clathrate complexes consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding, in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. [5] Liter (L)* - A synonym for cubic decimeter. [1] Lithosphere* - The outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust. Lorentz contraction - The reduction in length of a moving body in the direction of motion, given by the factor (1-v2/c2)1/2 , where v is the velocity of the body and c the velocity of light. Also known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction. Lorentz force - The force exerted on a point charge Q moving at velocity v in the presence of external fields E and B. It is given (in SI units) by F = Q(E + v × B). Loss angle (δ) - For a dielectric material in an alternating electromagnetic field, δ is the phase difference between the current and the potential difference. The function tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the power dissipated in the dielectric to the power stored. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

Lumen (lm)* - The SI unit of luminous flux, equal to cd sr. [1] Luminous flux (Φ) - The intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen. [1] Lux (lx)* - The SI unit of illuminance, equal to cd sr m-2. [1] Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation - A relation between the phonon frequencies and dielectric constants of an ionic crystal which states that (ωT/ωL)2 = ε(∞)/ε(0), where ωT is the angular frequency of transverse optical phonons, ωL that of longitudinal optical phonons, ε(0) is the static dielectric constant, and ε(∞) the dielectric constant at optical frequencies. Lyman series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1-1/n2), where n = 2,3,4,… and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 1↔2), which is often called the Lyman-α line, falls at a wavelength of 1216 Å, and the series converges at 912 Å, the ionization limit of hydrogen. Mach number (Ma) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ma = v/c, where v is velocity and c is the speed of sound. [2] Macromolecule - A molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [8] Madelung constant* - A constant characteristic of a particular crystalline material which gives a measure of the electrostatic energy binding the ions in the crystal. Magnetic field strength (H) - An axial vector quantity, the curl of which is equal to the current density, including the displacement current. [1] Magnetic induction (B) - An axial vector quantity such that the force exerted on an element of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic induction. [1] Magnetic moment - See Dipole moment, magnetic. Magnetic susceptibility (χm, κ)* - Defined by χm = (µ-µ0)/µ0, where µ is the permeability of the medium and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetization (M) - Defined by M = (B/µ0)-H, where B is magnetic induction, H magnetic field strength, and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetogyric ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called gyromagnetic ratio. Magneton - See Bohr magneton, Nuclear magneton. Magnetostriction* - The change in dimensions of a solid sample when it is placed in a magnetic field. Magnon - A quantum of magnetic energy associated with a spin wave in a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystal. Mantle - The layer of the earth between the crust and the liquid outer core, which begins about 2900 km below the earth’s surface. Maser - A device in which a microwave cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, the device can serve as an amplifier or oscillator at that frequency. Mass (m)* - Quantity of matter. Mass can also be defined as “resistance to acceleration”. Mass defect (B) - Defined by B = Zm(1H) + Nmn - ma, where Z is the atomic number, m(1H) is the mass of the hydrogen atom, N is the neutron number, mn is the rest mass of the neutron, and ma is the mass of the atom in question. Thus Bc2 can be equated to the binding energy of the nucleus if the binding energy of atomic electrons is neglected. [1] Mass excess (∆) - Defined by ∆ = ma - Amu, where ma is the mass of the

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) atom, A the number of nucleons, and mu the unified atomic mass constant (mu = 1 u). [1] Mass fraction (wB) - The ratio of the mass of substance B to the total mass of a mixture. [1] Mass number (A) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass spectrometry - An analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge ratio and detected by a suitable detector. The ions may be produced by electron impact on a gas, a chemical reaction, energetic vaporization of a solid, etc. [6] Massieu function - A thermodynamic function defined by J = -A/T, where A is the Helmholz energy and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Matthiessen’s rule - The statement that the electrical resistivity ρ of a metal can be written as ρ = ρL+ρi, where ρL is due to scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations and ρi to scattering by impurities and imperfections. If the impurity concentration is small, ρi is temperature independent. Maxwell (Mx)* - A non-SI unit of magnetic field strength (H) equal to 10-8 Wb. [1] Maxwell’s equations - The fundamental equations of electromagnetism. In a form appropriate to SI units, they are: curl H = ∂D/∂t + j div B = 0 curl E = -∂B/∂t div D = ρ where H is the magnetic field strength, B the magnetic induction, E the electric field strength, D the electric displacement, j the current density, ρ the charge density, and t is time. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the fraction of molecules f(v) in a gas that have velocity v within a specified interval. It takes the form 2 3/ 2 f (v) = 4 π( M / 2 πRT ) v 2 e – Mv / 2 RT where M is the molar mass, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Mean free path* - The average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions. Meissner effect - The complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor. Melting point* - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). Mercaptans - A traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used. [5] Meson - Any elementary particle that has zero or integral spin. Mesons are responsible for the forces between protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mesosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere (about 50 km above the surface) to 80-90 km. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. Metal - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction band) is only partially filled with electrons. The electrical conductivity of metals generally decreases with temperature. Metallocenes - Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bonded to and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl ligands which lie in parallel planes. [5] Meter (m)* - The SI base unit of length. [1] Methine group - In organic compounds, the -C= group. [5] Mho - An archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).

Micelle - A particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules (typically, 10 to 100 molecules) in solution. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center. At the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the previously dissolved molecules aggregate into a micelle. Micron (µ) - An obsolete name for micrometer. Mie scattering - The scattering of light by spherical dielectric particles whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. Milky way - The band of light in the night sky resulting from the stars in the galactic plane. The term is also used to denote the galaxy in which the sun is located. Miller indices (hkl) - A set of indices used to label planes in a crystal lattice. [2] Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr. Mobility (µ)* - In solid state physics, the drift velocity of electrons or holes in a solid divided by the applied electric field strength. The term is used in a similar sense in other fields. Molality (m) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per kilogram of solvent. Thus a 0.1 molal solution (often written as 0.1 m) has m = 0.1 mol/kg. Molar mass - The mass of one mole of a substance. It is normally expressed in units of g/mol, in which case its numerical value is identical with the molecular weight (relative molecular mass). [1] Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc Molar refraction (R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = Vm[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability α of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NAα/3ε0 , where NA is Avogadro’s constant and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity (c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per liter of solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction (xB) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight (Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia (I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum (p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of γ-rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the γ emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C6 to C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 80-120°C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature (TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperature gradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other constitutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many permanent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such paths increasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8] Neutrino - A stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2. Neutron* - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Neutron number (N) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Newton (N)* - The SI unit of force, equal to m kg s-2. [1] Nitriles - Compounds having the structure RC≡N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC≡N. [5] Nitrosamines - N-Nitroso amines: compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolatable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant. [5] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)* - A widely used technique in which the resonant absorption of radiofrequency radiation by magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field is measured. The results give important information on the local environment of each nucleus. Nuclear magneton (µN)* - The unit of nuclear magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πmp, where h is Planck’s constant, mp the proton mass, and e the elementary charge. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear spin (I) - The quantum number that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular nucleus. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by [I(I+1)]1/2 h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Nucleic acids* - Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose. [5] Nucleon - A collective term for the proton and neutron. Nucleosides - Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives (rarely, other glycosyl derivatives) of certain pyrimidine or purine bases. They are thus glycosylamines or N-glycosides related to nucleotides by the lack of phosphorylation. [5] Nucleotides - Compounds formally obtained by esterification of the 3′ or

5′ hydroxy group of nucleosides with phosphoric acid. They are the monomers of nucleic acids and are formed from them by hydrolytic cleavage. [5] Nuclide - A species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A. [3] Nusselt number (Nu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Nu = hl/k, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, l is length, and k is thermal conductivity. [2] Nyquist theorem - An expression for the mean square thermal noise voltage across a resistor, given by 4RkT∆f where R is the resistance, k the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature, and ∆f the frequency band within which the voltage is measured. Octanol-water partition coefficient (P)* - A measure of the way in which a compound will partition itself between the octanol and water phases in the two-phase octanol-water system, and thus an indicator of certain types of biological activity. Specifically, P is the ratio of the concentration (in moles per liter) of the compound in the octanol phase to that in the water phase at infinite dilution. The quantity normally reported is log P. Oersted (Oe) - A non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747 A/m. Ohm (Ω)* - The SI unit of electric resistance, equal to V/A. [1] Ohm’s law - A relation among electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R, viz., I = V/R. The resistance is constant at constant temperature to high precision for many materials. Olefins - Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carboncarbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes. [5] Oligomer - A substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units. [8] Oligopeptides - Peptides containing from three to nine amino groups. [5] Onsager relations - An important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear dependence of flux on driving forces. Optical rotary power - Angle by which the plane of polarization of a light beam is rotated by an optically active medium, divided by path length and by concentration of the active constituent. Depending on whether mass or molar concentration is used, the modifier “specific” or “molar” is attached. [2] Orbital - A one-electron wavefunction. Atomic orbitals are classified as s-, p-, d,- or f-orbitals according to whether the angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, or 3. Molecular orbitals, which are usually constructed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, describe the distribution of electrons over the entire molecule. Oscillator strength (f) - A measure of the intensity of a spectroscopic transition, defined by 2 8π 2 Meν µ ij f= 2 3he where ν is the frequency, µij the transition dipole moment, me the mass of the electron, e the elementary charge, and h Planck’s constant. Osmosis - The flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must be

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic coefficient (φ) - Defined by φ = ln aA/(MAΣmB), where MA is the molar mass of substance A (normally the solvent), aA is its activity, and the mB are molalities of the solutes. [1] Osmotic pressure (Π) - The excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution Π = cBRT , where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. [1,2] Ostwald dilution law - A relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz., 1 1 Λc = + Λ Λo K Λo

( )

2

where c is the solute concentration, K is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the solute, and Λ° is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. Ounce (oz) - A non-SI unit of mass. The avoirdupois once equals 28.34952 g, while the troy ounce equals 31.10348 g. Overpotential (η) - In an electrochemical cell, the difference between the potential of an electrode and its zero-current value. Oximes - Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes. [5] Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5] Ozonides - The 1,2,4-trioxolanes formed by the reaction of ozone at a carbon-carbon double bond, or the analogous compounds derived from acetylenic compounds. [5] Pair production - A process in which a photon is converted into a particle and its antiparticle (e.g., an electron and positron) in the electromagnetic field of a nucleus. Paraffins - Obsolescent term for saturated hydrocarbons, commonly but not necessarily acyclic. Still widely used in the petrochemical industry, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons, and stands in contradistinction to naphthenes. [5] Paramagnetism* - A type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in removed. In the simplest approximation (Curie’s law) the susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. Parity - The property of a quantum-mechanical wave function that describes its behavior under the symmetry operation of coordinate inversion. A parity of +1 (or even) is assigned if the wave function does not change sign when the signs of all the coordinates are changed; the parity is -1 (or odd) if the wave function changes sign under this operation. Parsec (pc) - A unit of distance defined as the distance at which 1 astronomical unit (AU) subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. It is equal to 206264.806 AU or 3.085678 × 1016 m. Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Partition function (q, z) - For a single molecule, q = Σi giexp(εi/kT), where εi is an energy level of degeneracy gi, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature; the summation extends over all energy states. For a system of N non-interacting molecules which are indistinguishable, as in an ideal gas, the canonical partition function Q = qN/ N!. Pascal (Pa)* - The SI unit of pressure, equal to N/m2. [1]

Paschen series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/9-1/n2), where n = 4,5,6,… and RH is the Rydberg constant. The first member of the series (n = 3↔4), which is often called the Pα line, falls in the infrared at a wavelength of 1.875 µm. Paschen-Back effect - In atomic spectroscopy, the decoupling of electron spin from orbital angular momentum as the strength of an external magnetic field is increased. Pauli exclusion principle - The statement that two electrons in an atom cannot have identical quantum numbers; thus if there are two electrons in the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be of opposite sign. Pearson symbol - A code for designating crystallographic information, including the crystal system, the lattice type, and the number of atoms per unit cell. Péclet number (Pe) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pe = vl/a, where v is velocity, l is length, and a is thermal diffussivity. [2] Peltier effect - The absorption or generation of heat (depending on the current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. Peptides - Amides derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. [5] Permeability (µ) - Magnetic induction divided by magnetic field strength; i.e. µ = B/H. The relative permeability µr = µ/µ0, where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Permittivity (ε) - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called dielectric constant. [1] Peroxides - Compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2-2 [5] Peroxy acids - Acids in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group; e.g. CH3C(=O)OOH peroxyacetic acid, PhS(=O)2OOH benzeneperoxysulfonic acid. [5] Petroleum ether - The petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35-60°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. pH* - A convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by pH = -log [c(H+)/mol L-1)], where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions.The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration. [2] Phenols - Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. [5] Phonon - A quantum of energy associated with a vibrational mode of a crystal lattice. Phosphines - PH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RPH2, R2PH and R3P (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. [5] Phosphonium compounds - Salts (and hydroxides) [R4P]+X- containing tetracoordinate phosphonium ion and the associated anion. [5] Phosphonium ylides - Compounds having the structure R3P+-C -R 2 1 R3P=CR 2. Also known as Wittig reagents. [5] Phosphoresence - The process by which a molecule is excited by light to a higher electronic state and then undergoes a radiationless transition to a state of different multiplicity from which it decays, after some delay, to the ground state. The emitted light is normally of longer wavelength than the exciting light because vibrational energy has been dissipated.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Photoelectric effect - The complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. Photon - An elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Pinacols - Tetra(hydrocarbyl)ethane-1,2-diols, R2C(OH)C(OH)R2, of which the tetramethyl example is the simplest one and is itself commonly known as pinacol. [5] Pion - An elementary particle in the family of mesons. Pions have zero spin and may be neutral or charged. They participate in the strong interaction which holds the nucleus together. pK* - The negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K. For pKa, see Acid dissociation constant. Planck constant (h)* - The elementary quantum of action, which relates energy to frequency through the equation E = hν. Planck distribution - See Black body radiation Planck function - A thermodynamic function defined by Y = -G/T, where G is Gibbs energy and T thermodynamic temperature. [2] Plasma - A highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Plasmon - A quantum associated with a plasma oscillation in the electron gas of a solid. Point group* - A group of symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, etc.) that leave a molecule invariant. Every molecular conformation can be assigned to a specific point group, which plays a major role in determining the spectrum of the molecule. Poise (P) - A non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to 0.1 Pa s. Poiseuille’s equation - A formula for the rate of flow of a viscous fluid through a tube:

(

)

p12 – p2 2 πr 4 dV = 16lηp0 dt where V is the volume as measured at pressure p0; p1 and p2 are the pressures at each end of the tube; r is the radius and l the length of the tube; and η is the viscosity. Poisson ratio (µ) - The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit (i.e., where Hooke’s law is valid). [10] Polariton - A quantum associated with the coupled modes of photons and optical phonons in an ionic crystal. Polarizability (α)* - The change in dipole moment of a molecule produced by an external electric field; specifically, α ab = ∂p a / ∂E b , where p a is the dipole moment component on the a axis and E b is the component of the electric field strength along the b axis. [2] Polymer - A substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. [8] Polypeptides - Peptides containing 10 or more amino acid residues. See also Peptides. [5] Polysaccharides - Compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also called glycans. [5] Porphyrins - Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups

to form a macrocyclic structure (porphyrin is designated porphine in Chemical Abstracts indexes). [5] Positron - The antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge. Positronium - The hydrogen-like “atom” formed from a positron nucleus and an electron. Its lifetime is very short because of annihilation of the positron and electron. Potential - See Electric potential Potential energy (Ep, V, U) - The portion of the energy of a system that is associated with its position in a force field. Pound (lb) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 0.4535924 kg. Power (P) - Rate of energy transfer. For electrical circuits, this is equal to the product of current and potential difference, P = IV. [1] Poynting vector (S) - For electromagnetic radiation, the vector product of the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength. [1] Prandtl number (Pr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pr = η/ρa, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Pressure* - Force divided by area. [1] Proteins - Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having molecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). See also Peptides. [5] Proton* - A stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Pulsar - A neutron star which rotates rapidly and emits electromagnetic radiation in regular pulses at a frequency related to the rotation period. Purine bases* - Purine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Pyrimidine bases* - Pyrimidine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Q-switching - A technique for obtaining very high power from a laser by keeping the Q factor of the laser cavity low while the population inversion builds up, then suddenly increasing the Q to initiate the stimulated emission. Quad - A unit of energy defined as 1015 Btu, equal to approximately 1.055056 × 1018 J. Quadrupole moment - A coefficient of the third term (after monopole and dipole) in the power series expansion of the electric potential of an array of charges. A nucleus of spin greater than 1/2 has a nonvanishing nuclear quadrupole moment which can interact with the electric field gradient of the surrounding electrons. Molecular quadrupole moments have an influence on intermolecular forces. Quality factor (Q) - The ratio of the absolute value of the reactance of an electrical system to the resistance; thus a measure of the energy stored per cycle relative to the energy dissipated. Quantum yield - In photochemistry, the number of moles transformed in a specific process, either physically (e.g., by emission of photons) or chemically, per mole of photons absorbed by the system. [3] Quark - An elementary entity which has not been directly observed but is considered a constituent of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Quasar - An extragalactic object emitting electromagnetic radiation at a very high power level and showing a very large red shift, thus indicating that the object is receding at a speed approaching the speed of light. Quasicrystal - A solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity. Quaternary ammonium compounds - Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having a carbon-nitrogen double bond (i.e. R2C=N+R2Y-) are more accurately called iminium compounds. [5]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Quinones - Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds. [5] Racemic mixture - A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers (optical isomers); such a mixture is not optically active. Rad - A non-SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to 0.01 Gy. Radiance (L) - The radiant intensity in a given direction from an element of a surface, divided by the area of the orthogonal projection of this element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. [1] Radiant intensity (I) - The radiant energy flux leaving an element of a source within an element of solid angle, divided by that element of solid angle. [1] Radicals - Molecular entities possessing an unpaired electron, such as ·CH3, ·SnH3, ·Cl. (In these formulas the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is possible). [5] Raman effect - The inelastic scattering of light by a molecule, in which the incident photon either gives up to, or receives energy from, one of the internal vibrational modes of the molecule. The scattered light thus has either a lower frequency (Stokes radiation) or higher frequency (anti-Stokes radiation) than the incident light. These shifts provide a measure of the normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule. Rankine cycle - A thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the working fluid (e.g., a steam engine or a heat pump). Rankine temperature - A thermodynamic temperature scale based on a temperature interval °R = (5/9) K ; i.e., T/°R = (9/5)T/K = t/°F + 459.67. Raoult’s law - The expression for the vapor pressure pi of component i in an ideal solution, viz., pi = xi pi0, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi0 the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Rare earth elements - The elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). [7] Rayleigh number (Ra) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa, where l is length, g is acceleration of gravity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, T is temperature, ρ is density, η is viscosity, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Rayleigh scattering - The scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is characterized by a scattered intensity which varies as the inverse fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh wave - A guided elastic wave along the surface of a solid; also called surface acoustic wave. Reactance (X) - The imaginary part of impedance. For an inductive reactance L and a capacitive reactance C in series, the reactance is X = Lω-1/(Cω), where ω is 2π times the frequency of the current. [1] Red shift - A displacement of a spectral line toward longer wavelengths. This can occur through the Doppler effect (e.g., in the light from receding galaxies) or, in the general theory of relativity, from the effects of a star’s gravitational field. Reflectance (ρ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is reflected to that of the incident radiation. Also called reflection factor. [1] Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Relative humidity* - The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. [10] Relative molar mass - See Molecular weight. Rem - A non-SI unit of dose equivalent, equal to 0.01 Sv. Resistance (R) - Electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies

to direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance. [1] Resistivity (ρ) - Electric field strength divided by current density when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ρ = RA/L. [1] Reynolds number (Re) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Re = ρvl/η, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity. [2] Rheology - The study of the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Rheology addresses such phenomena as creep, stress relaxation, anelasticity, nonlinear stress deformation, and viscosity. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) - Naturally occurring polyribonucleotides. See also nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleotides. [5] Ribonucleotides - Nucleotides in which the glycosyl group is a ribosyl group. See also nucleotides. [5] Roentgen (R) - A unit used for expressing the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or γ radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. A roentgen is defined as 2.58 × 10-4 C/kg. Rotational constants - In molecular spectroscopy, the constants appearing in the expression for the rotational energy levels as a function of the angular momentum quantum numbers. These constants are proportional to the reciprocals of the principal moments of inertia, averaged over the vibrational motion. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Rydberg constant (R∞)* - The fundamental constant which appears in the equation for the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms; i.e., En = hcR∞ Z2µ/n2, where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, Z the atomic number, µ the reduced mass of nucleus and electron, and n the principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, …). Rydberg series - A regular series of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, with the spacing between successive lines becoming smaller as the frequency increases (wavelength decreases). The series eventually converges to a limit which usually corresponds to the complete removal of an electron from the atom or molecule. Sackur-Tetrode equation* - An equation for the molar entropy Sm of an ideal monatomic gas: Sm = Rln(e5/2 V/NAΛ3), where R is the molar gas constant, V is the volume, and NA is Avogadro’s number. The constant Λ is given by Λ = h/(2πmkT)1/2, where h is Planck’s constant, m the atomic mass, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. Salinity (S)* - A parameter used in oceanography to describe the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. It is defined in terms of electrical conductivity relative to a standard solution of KCl. When expressed in units of parts per thousand, S may be roughly equated to the concentration of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salt - An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. Scanned probe microscopy (SPM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Schiff bases - Imines bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom: R2C=NR′ (R′ not equal to H). Considered by many to be synonymous with azomethines. [5]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Schmidt number (Sc) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sc = η/ρD, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Schottky barrier - A potential barrier associated with a metal-semiconductor contact. It forms the basis for the rectifying device known as the Schottly diode. Schrödinger equation - The basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form: –(h / 2 m)∇ 2 ψ + Vψ = Eψ

where ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a function of the spatial coordinates, E is an energy eigenvalue, ∇2 is the Laplacian operator, \ is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, and m is the mass. Second (s)* - The SI base unit of time. [1] Second radiation constant (c2)* - See First radiation constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Seebeck effect - The development of a potential difference in a circuit where two different metals or semiconductors are joined and their junctions maintained at different temperatures. It is the basis of the thermocouple. Selenides - Compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of H2Se. [5] Semicarbazones - Compounds having the structure R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2, formally derived by condensation of aldehydes or ketones with semicarbazide [NH2NHC(=O)NH2]. [5] Semiconductor - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity. Semiquinones - Radical anions having the structure -O-Z-O⋅ where Z is an ortho- or para-arylene group or analogous heteroarylene group; they are formally generated by the addition of an electron to a quinone. [5] SI units* - The International System of Units adopted in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. [1] Siemens (S)* - The SI unit of electric conductance, equal to Ω-1. [1] Sievert (Sv)* - The SI unit of dose equivalent (of radiation), equal to J/ kg. [1] Silanes - Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2. Silanes may be subdivided into silane, oligosilanes, and polysilanes. Hydrocarbyl derivatives are often referred to loosely as silanes. [5] Silicones - Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H). [5] Siloxanes - Saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbors by single oxygen atoms). [5] Skin effect - The concentration of high frequency alternating currents near the surface of a conductor. Slater orbital - A particular mathematical expression for the radial part of the wave function of a single electron, which is used in quantummechanical calculations of the energy and other properties of atoms and molecules. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Snell’s law - The relation between the angle of incidence i and the angle

of refraction r of a light beam which passes from a medium of refractive index n0 to a medium of index n1, viz., sin i/sin r = n1/n0. Solar constant* - The mean radiant energy flux from the sun on a unit surface normal to the direction of the rays at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. The value is approximately 1373 W/m2. Solar wind - The stream of high velocity hydrogen and helium ions emitted by the sun which flows through the solar system and beyond. Soliton - A spatially localized wave in a solid or liquid that can interact strongly with other solitons but will afterwards regain its original form. Solubility* - A quantity expressing the maximum concentration of some material (the solute) that can exist in another liquid or solid material (the solvent) at thermodynamic equilibrium at specified temperature and pressure. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others. Solubility product constant (Ksp)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparsely soluble salt into its constituent ions. Space group* - A group of symmetry operations (reflections, rotations, etc.) that leave a crystal invariant. A total of 230 space groups have been identified. Spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Specific gravity - Ratio of the mass density of a material to that of water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged. Specific heat - Heat capacity divided by mass. See Heat capacity. Specific quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc. Specific rotation [α]θλ- For an optically active substance, defined by [α]θλ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l. Here θ is the Celsius temperature and λ the wavelength of the light at which the measurement is carried out. Also called specific optical rotatory power. [2] Spin (s, I)* - A measure of the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which it possesses independent of its orbital motion. The symbol s is used for the spin quantum number of an electron, while I is generally used for nuclear spin. Spiro compounds - Compounds having one atom (usually a quaternary carbon) as the only common member of two rings. [5] Stacking fault - An error in the normal sequence of layer growth in a crystal. Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) - A standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements. Standard reduction potential (E°) - The zero-current potential of a cell in which the specified reduction reaction occurs at the right-hand electrode and the left-hand electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode. Also called Standard electrode potential. Standard state - A defined state (specified temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) for tabulating thermodynamic functions and carrying out thermodynamic calculations. The standard state pressure is usually taken as 100,000 Pa (1 bar), but various standard state temperatures are used. [2] Stanton number (St) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by St = h/ρvcp, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, ρ is

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) density, v is velocity, and cp is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [2] Stark effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external electric field. Statistical weight (g) - The number of distinct states corresponding to the same energy level. Also called degeneracy. Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)* - Constant in the equation for the radiant exitance M (radiant energy flux per unit area) from a black body at thermodynamic temperature T, viz. M = σT4. [1] Stibines - SbH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: R3Sb. RSbH2, R2SbH, and R3Sb (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary stibines, respectively. [5] Stochastic process - A process which involves random variables and whose outcome can thus be described only in terms of probabilities. Stoichiometric number (ν) - The number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products. [2] Stokes (St) - A non-SI unit of kinematic viscosity, equal to 10-4 m2/s. Stokes’ law - The statement, valid under certain conditions, that the viscous force F experienced by a sphere of radius a moving at velocity v in a medium of viscosity η is given by F = -6πηav. Strain - The deformation of a body that results from an applied stress. Stratosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Stress - Force per unit area (pressure) applied to a body. Tensile stress tends to stretch or compress the body in the direction of the applied force. Sheer stress results from a tangential force which tends to twist the body. Strong interaction - The short range (order of 1 fm) attractive forces between protons, neutrons, and other hadrons which are responsible for the stability of the nucleus. Strouhal number (Sr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sr = lf/v, where l is length, f is frequency, and v is velocity. [2] Structure factor - In x-ray crystallography, the sum of the scattering factors of all the atoms in a unit cell, weighted by an appropriate phase factor. The intensity of a given reflection is proportional to the square of the structure factor. Sublimation pressure - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a solid at a specified temperature. Sulfides - Compounds having the structure RSR (R not equal to H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. In an inorganic sense, salts or other derivatives of hydrogen sulfide. [5] Sulfones - Compounds having the structure, RS(=O)2R (R not equal to H), e.g. C2H5S(=O)2CH3, ethyl methyl sulfone. [5] Sulfonic acids - HS(=O)2OH, sulfonic acid, and its S-hydrocarbyl derivatives. [5] Sulfoxides - Compounds having the structure R2S=O (R not equal to H), e.g. Ph2S=O, diphenyl sulfoxide. [5] Superconductor - A material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc. The effect can occur in pure metals, alloys, semiconductors, organic compounds, and certain inorganic solids. Superfluid - A fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point). Supernova - A star in the process of exploding because of instabilities which follow the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel.

Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Surface tension (γ,σ)* - The force per unit length in the plane of the interface between a liquid and a gas, which resists an increase in the area of that surface. It can also be equated to the surface Gibbs energy per unit area. Surfactant - A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and accordingly is positively adsorbed at the liquid-vapor or other interfaces. [3] Susceptance (B) - Imaginary part of admittance. [1] Svedberg - A non-SI unit of time, used to express sedimentation coefficients, equal to 10-13 s. Syndiotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units which have chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. In this case the repeating unit consists of two configurational base units that are enantiomeric. [8] Tacticity - The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. In a tactic macromolecule essentially all the configurational repeating units are identical with respect to directional sense. See Configurational repeating unit, Isotactic, Syndiotactic. [8] Tautomerism - Isomerism of the general form G-X-Y=Z 1 X=Y-ZG, where the isomers (called tautomers) are readily interconvertible; the atoms connecting the groups X, Y, Z are typically any of C, H, O, or S, and G is a group which becomes an electrofuge (i.e., a group that does not carry away the bonding electron pair when it leaves its position in the molecule) or nucleofuge (a group that does carry away the bonding electrons when leaving) during isomerization. The commonest case, when the electrofuge is H+, is also known as prototropy. A common example, written so as to illustrate the general pattern given above, is keto-enol tautomerism, such as H-O-C(CH3)=CH-CO2Et (enol) 1 (CH3)C(=O)-CH2-CO2Et (keto) In some cases the interconversion rate between tautomers is slow enough to permit isolation of the separate keto and enol forms. [5] Tensile strength* - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load a body can bear before breaking to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. [11] Terpenes - Hydrocarbons of biological origin having carbon skeletons formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. [5] Terpenoids - Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a methyl (or other) group. [5] Tesla (T)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux density (B), equal to V s/m2. [1] Thermal conductivity* - Rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient. [1] Thermal diffusivity - Thermal conductivity divided by density and by specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [1] Thermal expansion coefficient (α)* - The linear expansion coefficient is defined by αl = (1/l)(dl/dT); the volume expansion coefficient by αV = (1/V)(dV/dT). [1] Thermionic emission - The emission of electrons from a solid as a result of heat. The effect requires a high enough temperature to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the electrons to exceed the work function of the solid. Thermodynamic laws - The foundation of the science of thermodynamics:

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw. Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work. Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero. Thermoelectric power - For a bar of a pure material whose ends are at different temperatures, the potential difference divided by the difference in temperature of the ends. See also Seeback effect. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Thermosphere - The layer of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (typically 80-90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300-500 km region. Thiols - Compounds having the structure RSH (R not equal to H). Also known by the term mercaptans (abandoned by IUPAC); e.g. CH3CH2SH, ethanethiol. [5] Thomson coefficient (µ, τ) - The heat power developed in the Thomson effect (whereby heat is evolved in a conductor when a current is flowing in the presence of a temperature gradient), divided by the current and the temperature difference. [1] Tonne (t) - An alternative name for megagram (1000 kg). [1] Torque (T) - For a force F that produces a torsional motion, T = r × F, where r is a vector from some reference point to the point of application of the force. Torr - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with millimeter of mercury. Townsend coefficient - In a radiation counter, the number of ionizing collisions by an electron per unit path length in the direction of an applied electric field. Transducer - Any device that converts a signal from acoustical, optical, or some other form of energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa) while preserving the information content of the original signal. Transistor - A voltage amplifier using controlled electron currents inside a semiconductor. Transition metals - Elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively. [7] Transition probability* - See Einstein transition probability. Transmittance (τ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor. [1] Tribology - The study of frictional forces between solid surfaces. Triple point* - The point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The corresponding temperature and pressure are called the triple point temperature and triple point pressure. Troposphere - The lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending to 10-15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude and season. Tunnel diode - A device involving a p-n junction in which both sides are so heavily doped that the Fermi level on the p-side lies in the valence band and on the n-side in the conduction band. This leads to a currentvoltage curve with a maximum, so that the device exhibits a negative resistance in some regions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

Umklapp process - A process involving the interaction of three or more waves (lattice or electron) in a solid in which the sum of the wave vectors does not equal zero. Unified atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. [1] Universal time (tU , UT) - Mean solar time counted from midnight at the Greenwich meridian. Also called Greenwich mean time (GMT). The interval of mean solar time is based on the average, over one year, of the time between successive transits of the sun across the observer’s meridian. Vacancy - A missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. Van Allen belts - Two toroidal regions above the earth’s atmosphere containing protons and electrons. The outer belt at about 25,000 km above the surface is probably of solar origin. The inner belt at about 3000 km contains more energetic particles from outside the solar system. Van der Waals’ equation* - An equation of state for fluids which takes the form:  1 a  pVm = RT  – 2 V b V –  m m  where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces, respectively. Van der Waals’ force - The weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. Van’t Hoff equation - The equation expressing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction: d ln k ∆ r H o = dT RT 2

where ∆rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Also called van’t Hoff isochore. Vapor pressure* - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature. Varistor - A device that utilizes the properties of certain metal oxides with small amounts of impurities, which show abrupt nonlinearities at specific voltages where the material changes from a semiconductor to an insulator. Velocity (v) - Rate of change of distance with time. Verdet constants (V)* - Angle of rotation of a plane polarized light beam passing through a medium in a magnetic field, divided by the field strength and by the path length. Virial equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure p, molar volume Vm, and temperature T of a real gas in the form of an expansion in powers of the molar volume, viz., pVm= RT(1+BVm-1+CVm-2+ …), where R is the molar gas constant. B is called the second virial coefficient, C the third virial coefficient, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature. Viscosity (η)* - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = η A(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move a planar surface of area A at velocity v relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematic viscosity (symbol ν) is defined as η divided by the mass density. Volt (V)* - The SI unit of electric potential, equal to W/A. [1] Volume fraction (φj) - Defined as Vj/ΣiVi, where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing. [2]

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Watt (W)* - The SI unit of power, equal to J/s. [1] Wave function - A function of the coordinates of all the particles in a quantum mechanical system (and, in general, of time) which fully describes the state of the system. The product of the wave function and its complex conjugate is proportional to the probability of finding a particle at a particular point in space. Weak interaction - The weak forces (order of 10-12 of the strong interaction) between elementary particles which are responsible for beta decay and other nuclear effects. Weber (Wb)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to V s. [1] Weber number (We) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by We = ρv2l/γ, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and γ is surface tension. [2] Weight - That force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of gravity. [1] Wiedeman-Franz law - The law stating that the thermal conductivity k and electrical conductivity σ of a pure metal are related by k = LσT, where T is the temperature and L (called the Lorenz ratio) has the approximate value 2.45 × 10-8 V2/K2. Wien displacement law - The relation, which can be derived from the Planck formula for black body radiation, that λmaxT = 0.0028978 m K, where λmax is the wavelength of maximum radiance at temperature T. Wigner-Seitz method - A method of calculating electron energy levels in a solid using a model in which each electron is subject to a spherically symmetric potential. Wittig reagents - See phosphonium ylides. Work (W) - Force multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force. [1] Work function (Φ)* - The energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance. It is thus the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the interior of a solid to a point just outside the surface. [1]

X unit (X) - A unit of length used in x-ray crystallography, equal to approximately 1.002 × 10-13 m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Yield strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation (often chosen as 0.2% for metals) from proportionality of stress and strain. [11] Young’s modulus (E) - In tension or compression of a body below its elastic limit, the ratio of stress to corresponding strain. Since strain is normally expressed on a fractional basis, Young’s modulus has dimensions of pressure. Also called elastic modulus. [11] Zeeman effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external magnetic field. Zener diode - A control device utilizing a p-n junction with a well defined reverse-bias avalanche breakdown voltage. Zeotrope - A liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See Azeotrope. Zero-point energy - The energy possessed by a quantum mechanical system as a result of the uncertainty principle even when it is in its lowest energy state; e.g., the difference between the lowest energy level of a harmonic oscillator and the minimum in the potential well. Zeta potential (ζ) - The electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential. Zwitterions - Neutral compounds having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign. Some chemists restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). [5]

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THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS p = pressure V = volume ni = amount of substance i xi = ni/Sj nj = mole fraction of substance i Energy Entropy Enthalpy Helmholtz energy Gibbs energy Isobaric heat capacity

T = temperature

U S H = U + pV A = U – TS G = U + pV –TS Cp = (∂H/∂T)p

CV = (∂U/∂T)V a = V–1(∂V/∂T)p kT = –V–1(∂V/∂p)T kS = –V–1(∂V/∂p)S kT –kS = Ta2V/Cp Cp – CV = Ta2V/kT Gibbs-Helmholtz equation H = G – T(∂G/∂T)p Maxwell relations (∂S/∂p)T = –(∂V/∂T)p (∂S/∂V)T = –(∂p/∂T)V Joule-Thomson expansion mJT = (∂T/∂p)H = –{V – T(∂V/∂T)p}/Cp fJT = (∂H/∂p)T = V – T(∂V/∂T)p Partial molar quantity Xi = (∂X/∂ni)T,p,njπi Chemical potential mi = (∂G/∂ni)T,p,njπi Perfect gas [symbol pg] pV = (Si ni)RT mi pg = miq + RT ln(xi p/pq) Fugacity fi = (xip)exp{(mi – mi pg)/RT} Activity coefficient gi = fi/(xifiq) Gibbs-Duhem relation 0 – SdT – Vdp + Sinidmi [Superscript q in above equations indicates standard state] Isochoric heat capacity Isobaric expansivity Isothermal compressibility Isentropic compressibility

Notation for chemical and physical changes (X = H, S, G, etc.): Chemical reaction DrX Formation from elements DfX Combustion Dc X Fusion (cryÆliq) DfusX Vaporization (liqÆgas) DvapX Sublimation (cryÆgas) DsubX Phase transition DtrsX Solution DsolX Mixing DmixX Dilution DdilX

2-60

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Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds

  

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acetyl acetic anhydride ethyl acetate acid acetone alcohol (ethanol) alkali amorphous anhydrous aqueous bipyramidal blue black boiling point brown bright butyl 1-butanol benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals carbon tetrachloride cyclohexane decomposes density dilute dioxane dark dimethylformamide dimethyl sulfoxide efflorescent ethyl ethanol diethyl ether explodes flakes

flr fum gl gr gran grn hex HOAc hp hx hyd hyg i iiso lf lig liq lo mcl Me MeCN MeOH misc, msc mp n nd oct oran orth os pa peth Ph PhCl PhNH2 PhNO2 pl pow

fluorescent fumes, fuming glacial gray granular green hexagonal acetic acid heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble isoisooctane leaves ligroin liquid long monoclinic methyl acetonitrile methanol miscible melting point refractive index needles octahedra, octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents pale petroleum ether phenyl chlorobenzene aniline nitrobenzene plates powder

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TeamLRN

 

No. 1 2 3 4

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Abate Abietic acid Abscisic acid Acacetin

Temephos

C16H20O6P2S3 C20H30O2 C15H20O4 C16H12O5

3383-96-8 514-10-3 21293-29-8 480-44-4

466.469 302.451 264.318 284.263

30 mcl pl (al-w) 173.5 cry (chl-peth) 160 ye nd (95% al) 263

C18H28N2O4 C16H16N2O4S

37517-30-9 77-46-3

336.426 332.374

cry pa ye nd (eth) lf (dil al)

C12H10 C12H8 C12H6O2 C19H15NO6 C4H10NO3PS

83-32-9 208-96-8 82-86-0 152-72-7 30560-19-1

154.207 152.192 182.175 353.325 183.166

C19H22N2OS C4H5NO4S C2H4O C8H10N2 C2H5NO C2H5NO C8H9NO

61-00-7 33665-90-6 75-07-0 935-07-9 107-29-9 60-35-5 103-84-4

326.455 163.153 44.052 134.178 59.067 59.067 135.163

C4H6N4O3S2

59-66-5

222.246

C8H17O4PS2 C2H4O2

919-54-0 64-19-7

272.322 60.052

liq

C8H10N2O C4H6O3 C10H11NO2

114-83-0 108-24-7 102-01-2

150.177 102.089 177.200

C4H6O3 C10H14O5

541-50-4 21282-97-3

102.089 214.215

hex pr (eth) liq pr or nd (bz or lig) cry (eth) liq

C14H20ClNO2 C15H20N2O4S C2H6N2O C2H5NO2 C12H10O C12H10O C3H6O C4H7NO

34256-82-1 968-81-0 1068-57-1 546-88-3 941-98-0 93-08-3 67-64-1 75-86-5

269.768 324.396 74.081 75.067 170.206 170.206 58.079 85.105

C9H10N4O4 C6H12N2

1567-89-1 627-70-3

238.200 112.172

C4H9N3S C2H3N

1752-30-3 75-05-8

131.199 41.052

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

5 Acebutolol, (±) 6 Acedapsone 7 8 9 10 11

Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene 1,2-Acenaphthylenedione Acenocoumarol Acephate

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Acepromazine Acesulfame Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone Acetaldoxime Acetamide Acetanilide



19 Acetazolamide 20 Acethion 21 Acetic acid

1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene Acenaphthalene Nicoumalone Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester

Ethanal Acetaldehyde oxime Ethanamide N-Phenylacetamide N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide Ethanoic acid

22 Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide 23 Acetic anhydride 24 Acetoacetanilide 25 Acetoacetic acid 26 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Acetochlor Acetohexamide Acetohydrazide Acetohydroxamic acid 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin

2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate

N-Hydroxyacetamide

2-Propanone

35 Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone 36 Acetone (1-methylethylidene) Dimethyl ketazine hydrazone 37 Acetone thiosemicarbazide 38 Acetonitrile Methyl cyanide

ye nd (HOAc) cry (ace aq)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

2509 sub 120

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, chl vs EtOH

121 290 93.4 91.8 261 198 88

sl H2O 279 280 sub

1.22220 0.898716 1.480020

1.604895

123.2 -123.37 99.5 nd 45 trg mcl (al-eth) 80.16 114.3

1.3520

20.1 15040, 13521 115 222.0 304

0.783418

1.331620

0.965620 0.998685 1.219015

1.426420 1.4278

1371.5 117.9

1.1820 1.044625

1.372020

139.5

1.08220

1.390120

dec 100 1000.8

1.122

1.456020

260.5

16.64

hyg cry

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs bz; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc; s lig i H2O

2300.5

oran oil nd (bz) vol liq or gas

ye liq cry (EtOH aq)

Solubility

1.32

130.0 -74.1 86 36.5

1340.4 188 67 90 34 56 -94.7 -19

s bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, s bz, tol sl H2O

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl, tfa; s bz vs H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, acid, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.527220

sl H2O i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl; s py s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

13725 297 302 56.05 8223

1.117121

1.628022

0.784525 0.93219

1.358820 1.399220

ye nd or pl (al) 128 liq -12.5

133

0.839020

1.453520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl EtOH, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace

ye cry liq

81.65

0.785720

1.344230

s ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

nd (lig, dil al) liq

176 -43.82

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Name

OH O

S O O P O

S Abate

HO

OH

H COOH

O

O

Abietic acid

N H

O O

OH

Abscisic acid

O

O OH

Acacetin

O Acebutolol, (±)

O O

O HN

NH O

O

O

N O

O

Acedapsone

Acenaphthene

O



TeamLRN

H N

Acenaphthylene

1,2-Acenaphthylenedione

N

N

Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone

Acetaldoxime

Acetamide

O P

Acetanilide

N H

S

O

H

O

S

S O P S O

N O

S Acepromazine

O

H N OH

Acethion

Acetic acid

S

O O

Acesulfame

O

O

Acetazolamide

O

N

H N

Acephate

O

N N

O H2N S O

O

NH2

OH

O

Acenocoumarol

H N

O

H Acetaldehyde

N O

S

O

OH

O

O N H

Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide

O

O

O

Cl

O

H N

O

O

O

O

Acetic anhydride

Acetoacetanilide

O

O OH

O

Acetoacetic acid

O

H N O

O

2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate

Acetochlor

N O

N

O

NH O N

O

O H N S O

N 2-Acetonaphthone

Acetone

Acetone cyanohydrin

O

N

O N H

NH2

Acetohydrazide

N H

Acetohydroxamic acid

O

O

Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone

N

N

Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazone

N HN

S NH2

Acetone thiosemicarbazide

OH

N Acetonitrile



1-Acetonaphthone

O

Acetohexamide

OH O

O

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S O P O O

H N

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

39 Acetophenone

Methyl phenyl ketone

C8H8O

98-86-2

120.149

mcl pr or pl

20.5

202

1.028120

1.537220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl

40 41 42 43 44

Methylphenyl ketazine Acetophos

C16H16N2 C8H17O5PS C4H7NO2 C5H9NO3 C8H8ClNO3S

729-43-1 2425-25-4 625-77-4 97-69-8 121-60-8

236.311 256.257 101.105 131.130 233.673

C9H9NO3

89-52-1

179.172

Acetylcysteine α-Acetylbutyrolactone 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone

C9H9NO3 C8H15NO6 C8H15NO6 C15H13NO C15H13NO C8H15NO3 C9H10O2 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O4 C2H3BrO C2H3ClO C7H16BrNO2 C7H16ClNO2 C7H16INO2 C8H12O2 C7H10O2 C5H9NO3S C6H8O3 C8H8O3

556-08-1 7512-17-6 3615-17-6 53-96-3 28322-02-3 57-08-9 100-06-1 577-56-0 586-42-5 586-89-0 644-31-5 506-96-7 75-36-5 66-23-9 60-31-1 2260-50-6 874-23-7 1670-46-8 616-91-1 517-23-7 490-78-8

179.172 221.208 221.208 223.270 223.270 173.210 150.174 164.158 164.158 164.158 180.158 122.948 78.497 226.112 181.661 273.112 140.180 126.153 163.195 128.126 152.148

Ethyne

C2H2

74-86-2

26.037

C4H9NO2 C2H3FO C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

142-26-7 557-99-3 1188-37-0 543-24-8

103.120 62.042 189.166 117.104

C7H11NO4 C5H6N2O C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S

33996-33-7 2466-76-4 507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7

173.167 110.114 169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248

No.

Name



46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene 4-(Acetylamino)fluorene 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid 4-Acetylanisole 2-Acetylbenzoic acid 3-Acetylbenzoic acid 4-Acetylbenzoic acid Acetyl benzoylperoxide Acetyl bromide Acetyl chloride Acetylcholine bromide Acetylcholine chloride Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene N-Acetylethanolamine Acetyl fluoride N-Acetylglutamic acid N-Acetylglycine

72 73 74 75 76 77 78

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine

N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine

ε-Acetamidocaproic acid

Acetozone Ethanoyl bromide Ethanoyl chloride

Ethanoyl fluoride Aceturic acid Oxaceprol Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine

79 125 nd (bz), pr (bz- 149 chl) nd (HOAc) 187.5 nd (HOAc)

cry (ace aq) cry (dil al) br cry (bz) cry (ace) pl (peth) nd (w), pr (bz) nd (w) wh nd (lig) liq liq hyg cry hyg

256.5 205 128 193 200 104.5 38.5 114.5 172 208 37 -96 -112.8 146 150 163 -11

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil al or w) col gas

205.3

vol liq or gas pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

-80.7 (triple point) 63.5 -84 199 206

730.005 223.5

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa dec alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

1.081841

1.54741

1.662516 1.105120

1.448620 1.388620

11218, 10114 1.078225 7320 1.043125

1.513820 1.490620

s ctc

1075

1.184620

1.458520

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH

-84.7 sp

0.37725 (p>1 atm) 1.107925 1.03225

258 1112 1112 sub 13019 76 50.7

1668 20.8

108 132.5 265 dec 114.5 105.5

2.067320 1.152313

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth

sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl 1.467420

132 104.5

 

68 69 70 71

Acetylsulfanilyl chloride

120 liq nd (eth)

1.549120 1.523118

msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS 2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Acetophenone azine Acetoxon N-Acetylacetamide N-Acetyl-L-alanine 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride 45 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

O O S Cl

N

N

O

O Acetophenone

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O H N

NH

OH

N H

O

NH

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO HO

O OH

O O

OH

HO

HO

HN

NH

HO O

N H

O

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose



TeamLRN

HO HO

HN

OH

HO

O O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

O

O

OH

H N

O

O

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

2-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O

O 3-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O

Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O Br

O

4-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O

O O

O

Acetyl bromide

Cl Acetyl chloride

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

O

I N

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

O O O

HS

O

OH

O

O 2-Acetylcyclopentanone

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

O

O

OH

NH O

H

HO

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

Acetylene

OH

N H

H

O HO

O F

N-Acetylethanolamine

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

O

N-Acetylglycine

O

O N N

COOH

O trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O O

N O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O I

Acetyl iodide

N

C

S

Acetyl isothiocyanate

S

O

HO NH2

N H

OH

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

O

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

HO

OH

H N

OH

OH

S

OH HN

HN O N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O P S O

O

HO

No.

Name



87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone 91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone 92 (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane 93 (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 94 4-Acetylphenyl acetate 95 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine 96 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester 98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan 105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine 106 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester 107 N-Acetyl-L-valine 108 Acid Fuchsin 109 Acifluorfen 110 111 112 113

Aconine Aconitine 9-Acridinamine Acridine

bp/˚C

208

2202

-25 -13.6 109

195; 114.561 1.066325 239 0.968425 270

1.450225 1.473125

msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl

14.5 186

15250, 11812 1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

Mol. Wt.

Aspidospermine

C22H30N2O2

466-49-9

354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

C6H11NO2 C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

1696-20-4 131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

129.157 309.271 105.050 180.158

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4 C10H10O4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3 881-68-5

180.158 259.054 194.184

C10H10O3 C5H8O3 C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3 C12H15NO3

2243-35-8 592-20-1 56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8 3618-96-0

178.184 116.116 349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279 221.252

C2H5O5P C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2 C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3 C11H13NO4

590-54-5 618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8 1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4 537-55-3

140.032 127.184 141.168 662.436 166.239 289.177 246.261 223.226

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9 S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0

251.279 159.183 585.539

80.5 164

50594-66-6

361.658

150

C25H41NO9 C34H47NO11 C13H10N2 C13H9N

509-20-6 302-27-2 90-45-9 260-94-6

499.596 645.737 194.231 179.217

92-62-6 578-95-0 107-02-8

Aceneuramic acid Acetylsalicylic acid

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Acetoxyacetone Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

3-Acetyl NAD

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

Aminacrine Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

114 3,6-Acridinediamine 115 9(10H)-Acridinone

Proflavine

C13H11N3 C13H9NO

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

 

CAS RN

nd or pr (al) nd (peth) liq liq

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

nD

Solubility sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl

exp 60; 2270 1.2415 nd (w), mcl tab (w)

135

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

nd (al)

188.5 60 78

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

orth pl

49

270 171; 6311

1.116965 1.075720

1.503665 1.414120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

84.7 121.5

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq

s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93 91

-13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5 153

s H2O, EtOH, alk

sl H2O, EtOH

132 204 241 106(form a); 110(form b) 285 >300

344.86

209.246 195.216

amor orth lf ye nd (ace or al) orth nd or pr (al) ye nd (al or w) ye lf (al)

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

1.00520

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz

0.84020

s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl

1.401720

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

79 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H) -dione 83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

Physical Form

Synonym

O

N

N

N

H O

O

O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

O

O

O

1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

OH

HO O O

OH

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

4-Acetylmorpholine

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

O N

O O

O

Acetyl nitrate

2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

HO

4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

O

O

O O

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

Sn O

Sn O

O O

O O

Br

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

O

O

O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

NH2 N

N



TeamLRN

O CH2O P O O OH

HN

HN O

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

O P OH O OH

Acetyl phosphate

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

O

O

S

HO

N H

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

HN

OH H

N HO O

O

Aconine

O

OH H OH

H

HN

HN

O

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

NH

O S NaO O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

N-Acetyl-L-valine

4-Acetylthioanisole

HO Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

O O N O

Acifluorfen

OH O

O

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

OH

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

O

O OH

O

I N

3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

H2N OH

O

OH OH

O

O HN

S

OH OH

O N

O

O

HN

O

O

O

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O O

H H

N OH

HO

O H

O

O OH

O

NH2

O

O Aconitine

N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N 3,6-Acridinediamine

NH2

N H 9(10H)-Acridinone

O Acrolein

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

N

N

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

NH

O

OH O

H

No.

Name

Acrylamide Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Acyclovir Adenine Adenosine Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 Adenosine 3’-phosphate 127 Adenosine 5’-triphosphate 128 S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 129 5’-Adenylic acid 130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride 132 Adipic acid



133 Adiponitrile 134 Adrenalone 135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

2-Propenamide 2-Propenoic acid Propenenitrile

C3H5NO C3H4O2 C3H3N C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5 C10H13N5O4 C10H12N5O6P

79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 59277-89-3 73-24-5 58-61-7 60-92-4

71.078 72.063 53.063 225.205 135.128 267.242 329.206

liq cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

C10H15N5O10P2

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

s H2O

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2 C6H10O4

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8 334-25-8 50-42-0 124-04-9

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222 145.156 347.879 146.141

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec 161.5 113.5 152.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

C6H8N2 C9H11NO3 C14H23NO

111-69-3 99-45-6 25394-57-4

108.141 181.188 221.339

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

pl (+3.5w) (aq AcOEt)

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C15H20O2 C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6 C14H8O4

338-69-2 56-41-7 107-95-9 546-43-0 116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2 72-48-0

89.094 89.094 89.094 232.319 190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910 240.212

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

1H-Purin-6-amine β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 cAMP 3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen phosphate) Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl)phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

1,6-Hexanedioic acid Hexanedinitrile N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid 2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R) 2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S) 3-Aminopropanoic acid

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Sodium alizarinesulfonate

lf (bz)

nd (w) cry mcl pr (w, ace, lig) nd (eth) nd ye oil

cry cry (dil al)

orth pr or nd (w) nd (w, al) orth (w) nd, orth pr (al) nd cry (HOAc) cry oran or red tcl nd or pr (al) oran-br nd (dil HOAc)

1 235 dec 23

1.051120 0.800725

nD

Solubility

1.422420 1.391120

vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sub 220

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

337.5

1.36025

295

0.967620

1620.5

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig 1.438020 1.513425

sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

268 287.5 245 207 dec

vs H2O

206

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz

40 300 dec

1000.02 sub 250

314 dec 297 dec 200 dec 76 99 166.5 141 104 289.5

sub sub 250

253 dec

1.13325 1.42425

1.43222 1.43719

275

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.19525

 

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

den/g cm-3

Mol. Wt.

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

D-Alanine L-Alanine β-Alanine Alantolactone Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin Alizarin

bp/˚C 192.6 141 77.3

CAS RN

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]hydrazide] Ajmaline

143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151

mp/˚C 84.5 12.5 -83.48 225 360 dec 235.5 219

Mol. Form.

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

117 118 119 120 121 122 123

Physical Form

Synonym

NH2 NH2 O H

N NH2

Acrylamide

Acrylic acid

Acrylonitrile

Acyclovir

HO

O

O

O

O

HO P O P O P O O

OH

HO P O

OH

OH

N

N

N

N

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

HO

O

N

Adrenalone

O

O H

Adipic acid

O O

O

NH2

H N

HO

H O

O

OH O

O

H O

O Aflatoxin B1

N

Adiphenine hydrochloride

O

O

Affinin

HO

O

O H

H O

OH Adiponitrile

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O O

O

O

H

O

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

H N

HO

N

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

H N

Aflatoxin B2

O

O

O

Aflatoxin G1

OH N H

Agaritine

O

HO O N H Me

N

H

O

O Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

OH NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

O

O N

S

OH

Alantolactone

SO3Na

Cl Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

OH O Alizarin

N

O

N H

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O OH

Cl

N H

O O

O

Cl

S

OH β-Alanine

Cl

O

O

O

OH

NH2

Cl

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

NH2 HO

O

O

HO

Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

HCl

O

HO P

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate



TeamLRN

HO

OH

OH

OH

N

N

O

OH

OH

O

N

N

NH2

OH

O

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

N

S

O

O

O

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

NH2

N

N

N

N

N

Adenosine

O

HO P O

HO

OH OH

NH2

NH2

N

N H

Adenine

NH2 N

O

N

N

OH

O P N

OH

N

N

HO P O

NH2

O

OH

Alizarin Red S

O N O

HO O

N N Alizarin Yellow R

OH

OH OH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

OH

O

N

N

O

O

N

N O

N

N N

N

N

N

HO

N

N

O NH

N

N

N

H 2N O

NH2

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) amino]-9,10-anthracenedione

C21H15NO3

81-48-1

329.349

flat viol nd

C16H16O5 C4H8N4O4

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) nd

149 170 dec

157 Allantoin

C4H6N4O3

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

158 Allene

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

col gas

-136.6

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione 162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

cry (aq, ac, +w) nd (bz, ac)

190

C21H34O2 C5H4N4O

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8 C5H8O2 C7H10O3 C6H8O2 C3H6O C3H7N C9H11N C9H10 C10H12O C10H10O2 C7H12O2 C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4 591-87-7 1118-84-9 999-55-3 107-18-6 107-11-9 589-09-3 300-57-2 936-58-3 583-04-0 2051-78-7 2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

180.155 160.085 286.156 100.117 142.152 112.127 58.079 57.095 133.190 118.175 148.201 162.185 128.169 101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N C5H10O C4H6O2 C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4 557-31-3 1838-59-1 4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148 86.132 86.090 152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089

No.

Name

154 Alizurol purple 155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine Allyl ethyl ether Allyl formate Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate

2-Propen-1-ol 2-Propen-1-amine Allylphenylamine 2-Propenylbenzene

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

cry

185 350

cry (w) tcl pr (eth) orth pr (w+2)

128 162 dec 254 dec

liq

-85

liq liq

-129 -88.2

liq

-40

sub 140

-34.4

103.5 196; 66.514 121 97.0 53.3 219; 10612 156 228.5 142; 44.515

hyg liq

cry (tol)

nD

Solubility s H2SO4

dec

liq liq

den/g cm-3

-110.7

111 109.5 dec 268; 16317 190 156 125 155 110 63.5 67.6 83.6 207.5 154 186

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

57 88

1.4168

sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

0.927520 1.036620 0.944120 0.854020 0.75820 0.973625 0.892020 1.00418 1.056915 0.901720

1.404920 1.439820 1.432020 1.413520 1.420520 1.56320 1.513120 1.528921 1.517820 1.415820

0.896420 1.136 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425 0.765120 0.946020 1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020 1.388120

 

D-Allose Alloxanic acid Alloxantin Allyl acetate Allyl acetoacetate Allyl acrylate Allyl alcohol Allylamine N-Allylaniline Allylbenzene α-Allylbenzenemethanol Allyl benzoate Allyl butanoate Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4d]pyrimidin-4-one

bp/˚C

1.494520 1.433220

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]acetic acid

mp/˚C

O

OH

OH O

OH COOH O

O H2N

OH O

Alizurol purple

N H

Alkannin

OH

O H

O

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

H H H H

O

H

N N

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

N H

Allopurinol

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose



TeamLRN

Allyl alcohol

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

N-Allylaniline

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxanic acid

O

O

Alloxantin

O

Allyl acetate

Allyl acetoacetate

O

α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allylbenzene

O

O

O

O

Allyl benzoate

H2N

Allyl butanoate

HO O

O

Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

O Allyl formate

1-Allylcyclohexanol

O Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

1-Allylcyclohexene

Allylcyclopentane

O

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

H N

O Si

O

Allyl carbamate

N

N

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

HO

H N

Allyldiethylamine

Allyldimethylamine

O

O O Allyl glycidyl ether

S

Allicin

O

Allyl chloroformate

O

Allethrin

O

O

Cl

H Allene

H

O S

O

C H

O OH H N HO O O N

O

O

Allylamine

O

Si Cl

N H

NH2

OH

O Allyl acrylate

O H

H

O

OH

H N

O

N H Allantoin

OH H HN

HO

NH2

Allantoic acid

H

O

N H

H2N

H N

O Allyl hexanoate

O Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

N

C

Allyl isocyanate

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O HN

O

O

No.

Name

194 Allyl isothiocyanate 195 Allyl methacrylate 196 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

99.155 126.153 164.201

liq

-80 -7.5

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

vs bz, eth, EtOH

liq

152 6750, 5530 253.2

93-28-7 2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

206.237 142.196 155.099 102.132

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276 154 119.5 158.5

1.080620

1.520520

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S

1745-81-9 501-92-8 1746-13-0 2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

134.174 134.174 134.174 114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

liq

-6 15.8

1.024615 1.020315 0.981120 0.914020

1.518120 1.544118 1.522320 1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

165 78

1.21720

1.593678

C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O C5H8O C21H22O9 C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3 C20H27N C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10 S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2 C8H10ClNO C10H18ClN C6H11NO4 C3H8N2O2

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9 3917-15-5 1415-73-2 15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7 150-59-4 23109-05-9 915-67-3

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119 84.117 418.395 261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243 281.435 918.970 604.472

117.5 10050, 8228 85

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

66

0.790020

1.406220

834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4 540-61-4 6011-14-9 5468-37-1 665-66-7 626-71-1 515-94-6

227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081 56.066 92.527 171.624 187.710 161.156 104.108

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Eugenol

C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

C12H14O3 C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si C5H10O2

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate Allyl 3-methylbutanoate Allylmethyldichlorosilane 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208

2-Allylphenol 4-Allylphenol Allyl phenyl ether Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea Allyl vinyl ether Aloin A Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide Alverine α-Amanitin Amaranth dye

226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235

Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide Aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride Adamantanamine hydrochloride 2-Aminoadipic acid 3-Aminoalanine 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid

Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether

Chavicol 2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl)amine

35

nd (al)

85

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

149.3 103 189 207 dec 103.5

220 238 191.7 123 111 7913

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl vs ace, EtOH vs H2O

19720 wh pow liq/wh solid hyg wh solid oil nd dk red pow

cry hyg nd (chl)

145 140 119

2007 13510, 940.5 1660.3

254 dec s H2O 88 73.5 44.5 67.5 5815

hyg cry (al) cry (al-eth) pl (w) hyg rosettes

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

165 dec 194 dec 360 dec 207.0 110

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

 

197 198 199 200

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Physical Form

Synonym

OH OH

O

O O

O

OH

O N

S

C

Cl Si

O O

O

Allyl methacrylate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

O O O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

OH O

S

H2N

S

Allyl propyl disulfide

N H

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

O

Cl Cl Si Cl

NH2

Allylthiourea

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

2-Allylphenol

Allyl phenyl ether

O

O O Si O

Allyltrichlorosilane

4-Allylphenol

N H

Si

Allyltriethoxysilane

Allyltrimethylsilane

NH2

O

Allylurea

Allyl vinyl ether

OH

OH O

HO

S S

HO

Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

H

O O N

OH



TeamLRN

OH HO Aloin A

H

O

O

O

O

Alphaprodine

O

HO H H H

Alstonidine

Alstonine

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

D-Altrose

O

O Al

OH

O H3C(CH2)16

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

O

Al

O (CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

OH NaO

CH2OH HN H HO

O

O Al

O

O Al

CONH

Aluminum isopropoxide

S NHCO

OH N H

H2N

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

NH2

2-Aminoacetamide

H2N

N

Aminoacetonitrile

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

N N

N H Ametryn

NH2

N HCl

S

Amaranth dye

NH2

O H 2N

N

NH

O

Amminetrimethylboron

OH N

α-Amanitin

Alverine

H B NH3

O

H

O

ONa

S

CONH2

O

Aluminum ethanolate

CONH

O

O

OC

CO

N OC H

N

O

CONH H

O S

OH HCl

HCl α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

OH O

O NH2

OH

2-Aminoadipic acid

O

NH2 NH2 3-Aminoalanine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Allyl isothiocyanate

O OH

No.

Name

Physical Form

bp/˚C sub sub

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl

127 40.5 29 71.5 110.5 dec 183 292 dec 200 dec 360

>360 802

sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1-Aminoanthraquinone 2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2 C14H9NO2

82-45-1 117-79-3

223.227 223.227

C12H11N3 C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H7NO4

60-09-3 529-23-7 1709-44-0 556-18-3 88-68-6 2835-68-9 2835-06-5 1197-55-3 99-31-0

197.235 121.137 121.137 121.137 136.151 136.151 151.163 151.163 181.147

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO C6H8N2O2S C6H7NO3S C6H7NO3S C6H7NO3S

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1 63-74-1 88-21-1 121-47-1 121-57-3

137.179 122.167 123.152 172.205 173.190 173.190 173.190

C6H6FNO2S C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

98-62-4 137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

175.181 125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 260 261 262 263

C7H6N2 C13H11NO C12H14N2O5 C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

873-74-5 1137-41-3 4271-30-1 61-78-9 90-41-5

118.136 197.232 266.249 194.186 169.222

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth) nd (dil al or CCl4) pr or pl (w) lf (dil al) cry (w) pr or nd (w) lf (dil al)

C12H11N C12H11N C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

2243-47-2 92-67-1 5794-88-7 116-81-4

169.222 169.222 216.033 382.187

nd lf (dil al) nd red nd (w)

31.5 53.5 219.5

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

2835-81-6 1492-24-6

103.120 103.120

304 dec 292 dec

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

2835-82-7 56-12-2

103.120 103.120

C4H11NO C4H11NO

13054-87-0 13325-10-5

89.136 89.136

lf (w) lf (dil al), cry (al) nd (al) pr or nd (al) lf (MeOH-eth) liq

238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246



247 248 249 250 251 252 253

4-Aminoazobenzene 2-Aminobenzaldehyde 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 4-Aminobenzaldehyde 2-Aminobenzamide 4-Aminobenzamide α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 2-Aminobenzenemethanol 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

254 255 256 257

4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride 2-Aminobenzenethiol 4-Aminobenzenethiol 2-Aminobenzonitrile

4-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzophenone N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 2-Aminobiphenyl

264 265 266 267

3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

Sulfanilamide Orthanilic acid Metanilic acid Sulfanilic acid p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

p-Aminohippuric acid

p-Biphenylamine 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 1-Amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2sulfonic acid

γ-Aminobutyric acid

ye cry (+1/4w) pl pl (w) pr(al), pl(w) nd (al)

lf (dil al) pr (+ 1/2w) nd, pr (w +1) orth pl or mcl (w+2)

108 61 83.5 165.5 >320 dec dec 288

nD

sub 255 sub

269 273

Solubility

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

1.0825

1.48525

68.5 26 46 51

234 14317 263

54.3

289

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl

24613

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

87.0 124 173 198.5 51

1.460620

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz

194.3 203 dec -1.0

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz 178 205; 12534

0.916220 0.96712

1.448925 1.462520

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

 

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±) 273 4-Amino-1-butanol

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

red nd (al) red nd (al, HOAc) oran mcl nd (al) silv lf nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C 253.5 304.5

Synonym

O

NH2

O

O O

NH2 H2N

O

NH2

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

4-Aminobenzaldehyde

2-Aminobenzamide

OH

OH O

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)



TeamLRN

OH O S O

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

OH

NH2

NH2 NH2

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

OH O S O

OH

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneethanol

2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

F O S O

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

N

O

O

O N H

H2N

O S OH O

H N

OH

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

2-Aminobenzonitrile

4-Aminobenzonitrile

NH2 NH2

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

2-Aminobiphenyl

O NH2

NH2

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

HO H2N

O

NH2

4-Aminobenzenethiol

O

3-Aminobiphenyl

4-Aminobiphenyl

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

O OH

O

2-Aminobenzenethiol

OH

OH

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

NH2

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

O

O

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

4-Aminobenzophenone

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

SH NH2

NH2

2-Aminobenzenemethanol

N SH

NH2

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

4-Aminobenzamide

NH2 O S O

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

OH

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

NH2 O OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H2N

O

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH NH2 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

H2N

OH

4-Amino-1-butanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

NH2

N N

O

O 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Carbutamide

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

2032-59-9 591-07-1 121-59-5

208.257 102.092 260.079

cry

Carbarsone

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C7H9AsN2O4

nd (w)

94 218 174

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone

C10H12N2O5S C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline 2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic acid

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO C7H8ClNO3S

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5 88-51-7

171.582 171.582 231.677 221.662

2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline Cycloleucine

C6H6ClNO C6H11NO2 C8H10N2O3S

95-85-2 52-52-8 22252-43-3

143.571 129.157 214.241

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5 C14H7Br2NO2

488-43-7 3416-24-8 81-49-2

181.187 179.171 381.020

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO C6H5Cl2NO C6H5Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3 527-62-8 5930-28-9

206.027 266.122 178.016 178.016

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

297

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

dk red nd (al) pr (chl)

169

Chloramben

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

144.5

1.54425

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz

1.5615

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sub 180

sub

221

s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

ye nd short nd (w)

280 dec 211 188 100.5

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

140 330 dec 241 dec

sl DMSO

cry (al-w)

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

red nd (xyl)

226

long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

200 ≈80 95.5 168

sl DMSO sub 70 sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

370 ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

 

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6Hpurin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

vs bz, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide 277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl) amino]phenyl]arsonic acid 278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone 288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 296 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol 298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

Physical Form

Synonym

O H N O S

OH O As OH

H N O

N

O NH2

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

O O

Br

H N O

NH2

O

S

O

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid



TeamLRN

Cl

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

O

O

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

OH

OH NH2

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

Cl

Cl

S

H H H

O 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

H2N

N

H N

N O

N

N

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

N H

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone



N

O

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Cl

NH2 N N

N N

O HO

Cl

OH

S

N

O

Cl 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

NH2 O

H2N

HO H2N

Cl

O N

H

H2N NH2

Cl

Br

H2N 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

OH

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

OH O S O

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Cl

O

O

Cl

NH2

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

OH O S O

O

NH2

H2N

Cl

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

Cl

N

O

NH2

NH2 O S O

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

H

O

O [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

S

HO

O

NH2

H HO H H

N H

H N

NH2

O

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

HO

O

H

OH

O

O

HN

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

H2N

NH2

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

HO

H2N

Br

O

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

H N

O

N

O N

OH NH2

N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

N 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

O

N

O

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N H

O

No. 305 306 307 308 309

312 313 314 315

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine Aminometradine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O C9H13N3O2

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2 642-44-4

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134 195.218

N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine Dopamine hydrochloride

C5H14N2O C8H12ClNO2

123-84-2 62-31-7

C9H13NO



316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid 319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid 321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid 329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

cry (+1w, w)

328 97 -12.5 51 143

118.177 189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

198.5

s H2O

Tyramine

C4H12N2O C8H11NO

111-41-1 51-67-2

104.150 137.179

N-(3-Aminopropyl)ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4 C6H12N2 C6H13NO2 C6H15NO C14H9NO3

115-70-8 542-32-5 2432-74-8 60-32-2 4048-33-3 116-85-8

119.163 161.156 112.172 131.173 117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

C7H9N3O2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3

6946-29-8 548-93-6 65-49-6

167.165 153.136 153.136

nd (al) lf (w) nd, pl (al-eth)

195 253.5 150 dec

C7H7NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3

89-57-6 589-44-6 924-49-2

153.136 119.119 119.119

vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

2-Aminoadipic acid 5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide p-Aminosalicylic acid Mesalamine γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid

dec 110 221

1.057220 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

943

pl or nd (bz, w) 164.5 , cry (al)

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth

239; 10510 20625

0.983725

1.028620

873

cry (EtOH, w) liq lf (eth)

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

37.5 205 dec

15210

1.473820

1.486320

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth

11816 205 57 216.5

283 216 218

vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH 13730 s EtOH, ace

189 dec sl chl >300 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth

 

330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine pyrimidinone 333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic naphthalenedisulfonic acid acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid naphthalenesulfonic acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide

mcl pr (w) orth (eth-al)

i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

310 311

Name

O

H2N

O S OH O

O

NH2 H2N

OH 1-Aminoethanol

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

OH

H2N

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

OH OH

HCl

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

HO

NH2 H2N

HCl NH2

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

HO

H2N

O

OH

NH2



TeamLRN

OH

H2N

N H

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

H2N

OH

N H

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

N H

NH2

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

O

NH2

O

OH

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

OH O S O

O

H N

NH2 OH

O

O

OH

H2N

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

6-Aminohexanenitrile

6-Amino-1-hexanol

HO

OH

O

O

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

HO

NH2

HO

N H

O

OH O

NH2 O HO

5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

N

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

S

S

OH

H2N

HO OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH O S O

OH

O OH NH2 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O

O N

NH2 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

N

H2N N

N

O

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

OH

H2N

NH2

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

NH2 O

NH2

OH

O

NH2

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

OH

NH2

H2N

6-Aminohexanoic acid

HO O

O

NH2 OH

N H

NH2

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

H2N

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

NH2 N

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Canavanine

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone

C7H6INO2 C8H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

5326-47-6 2518-24-3 68-41-7 82-28-0

263.033 162.146 102.092 237.254

220 dec 269.5 155 dec 205.5

Phenylethanolamine 4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C8H11NO C10H13NO2

7568-93-6 1078-21-3

137.179 179.216

56.5 252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO C7H9NO

625-04-7 95-84-1

115.173 123.152

349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol 350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol

C7H9NO C7H9NO

2835-96-3 2835-99-6

123.152 123.152

351 352 353 354 355

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H11NO C5H7N3O

1066-51-9 115-69-5 144-90-1 124-68-5 554-01-8

111.038 105.136 103.120 89.136 125.129

No.

Name

337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-Lhomoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

343 344 345 346 347 348

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R) 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-Amino-4-methylphenol



(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)pyrimidinone 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione 7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine

lt ye nd

cry (w), orth (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) pr (dil al) cry (bz) cry cry (w) pr (w+1/2)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O

105

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth

16017

vs H2O; s EtOH

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O

136 176.5 179 309 110 182 25.5 270 dec

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

sub

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

15110

vs H2O; s EtOH

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

265

0.96925

1.490420

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

Amido-G-Acid

C10H7NO2 C10H9NO6S2

2348-81-4 86-65-7

173.169 303.311

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO3S C10H9NO3S

81-16-3 84-86-6

223.248 223.248

365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S C10H9NO3S C10H9NO3S

84-89-9 81-05-0 86-60-2

223.248 223.248 223.248

368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364

45.5

250.14 sub

ye lf (dil al)

mcl pr or nd (w+4)

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207 274

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

>300

1.670325

dec

s DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth i H2O, EtOH, eth vs HOAc

 

sc(hot w) wh nd (w+1/2) red-br cry wh cry nd(w) nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

vs gl HOAc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

339 340 341 342

mp/˚C

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

NH2

H N

NH2

I 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

OH

O

NH2 N H O

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

O

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

OH O S O

O

NH2

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

OH

NH2 β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Amino-4-methylphenol

NH2



TeamLRN

H2N

α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

O OH P OH

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N HO

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

NH2

O

O 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH O S O

OH

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O S O OH

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

O

HO

OH O S O

S

O

O O

NH2

4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

NH2

OH O S O

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

H2N NH2

2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

NH2

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

O

OH O S O

OH O S O

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

H2N S

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

O

N H

NH2

O NH2

OH NH2

OH O S O

OH O S O

O

OH

N

O

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

N H

NH2

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

H2N

H2N

O

O

O

No.

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 5-Amino-1-naphthol 1-Amino-2-naphthol

Bronner acid 1,7-Cleve’s acid 1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene

C10H9NO3S C10H9NO3S C10H9NO C10H9NO

93-00-5 119-28-8 83-55-6 2834-92-6

223.248 223.248 159.184 159.184

C10H9NO C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4

118-46-7 619-17-0 616-79-5

159.184 182.134 182.134

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

C8H17NO2 C2H5N3O2 C4H5NO3 C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

644-90-6 515-96-8 557-24-4 106-60-5 2921-14-4

159.227 103.080 115.088 131.130 218.592

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2 C5H13NO C6H7NO

551-16-6 660-88-8 2508-29-4 95-55-6

216.257 117.147 103.163 109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

391 392 393 394

p-Aminoacetanilide Arsanilic acid

C6H7NO C8H10N2O C8H10N2O C6H8AsNO3

123-30-8 102-28-3 122-80-5 98-50-0

109.126 150.177 150.177 217.055

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

Phenacylamine m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C8H9NO

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone 400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]acetamide 402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine

369 370 371 372

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol 374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid 375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

381 382 383 384 385



386 387 388 389

2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±) Aminooxoacetohydrazide cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 5-Aminopentanoic acid 5-Amino-1-pentanol 2-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone 397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

8-Amino-β-naphthol

Semioxamazide Maleamic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

silvery lf (bz, eth) nd (w, al) oran pr (dil al) lf (al), ye nd (w, dil al)

oran pr (+w)

dk red pl or nd (w, al) lf (w) cry (al) cry (EtOH)

cry (w) lf (dil al)

170 150 dec 206 269 269

sub

270 221 dec 172.5 118 152.5

sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO

11012 sub

dec 221.5 sub 153

123

16411

wh pl (w) nd or pl (bz) nd (w) mcl nd (w, al)

187.5 88 166.5 232

1100.3

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

613-89-8 99-03-6

135.163 135.163

20 98.5

251 289.5

99-92-3 38237-74-0 70-69-9

135.163 177.243 149.189

106 74.5 140

294; 19515 1613

p-Aminopropiophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO C9H11NO

ye cry pa ye pl (al), lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) cry (bz-peth) pl (al, w), nd (w)

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth

203.5 187.8 146 205.8 131

Solubility i cold H2O; sl hot H2O sl EtOH; s eth sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid

208 157 dec 38.5 174

Penicin

den/g cm-3

lf nd or pr (w)

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

0.948817 1.32825

1.461817

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

267 1.957110

1.616020

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO

183

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk

220 dec

vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

O

OH

OH O S

NH2

OH

O S

O

O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

N

1-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N

N NH2 O

O O

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol



TeamLRN

O

HO

NH2

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

HO

OH

O

O 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

OH

O O

OH

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

O

NH2 H 2N

O

4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

O

N H

NH2

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

H

OH

S OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

N O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol

H2N

H2N

N

OH

N O

O O

OH O N

NH2

O N

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

NH2

NH2 O

O

NH2

8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

NH2

OH

OH

5-Aminopentanoic acid

5-Amino-1-pentanol

2-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2

NH2 3-Aminophenol

NH2

NH2

4-Aminophenol

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

NH2

NH2 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

H2N

NH

NH2

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

O NH O S O

O O

O

O H2N

NH2 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH2 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

NH2 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O S O

N S

NH2

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

OH O

H 2N

O

NH2

No.

Name

403 4-Aminophthalimide

414 415 416 417 418



419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

den/g cm-3

nD

1.175220

1.491025

20

20

Mol. Wt.

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione

C8H6N2O2

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

C3H9NO2

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 185; 8820 174.5 187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.4396 1.450220 1.461720 1.447920

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz

151-18-8 6168-72-5 156-87-6 1674-56-2 5897-76-7 105-83-9

70.093 75.109 75.109 75.109 165.232 145.246

Hydroxyamphetamine Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO C6H17N3

3690-04-8 1518-86-1 56-18-8

302.372 151.205 131.219

pr (bz) cry (bz)

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

16617-46-2 5345-47-1 3167-49-5

108.102 138.124 138.124

cry (w)

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

249.289

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

173 296 dec 312

sl H2O

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C4H4N4 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2

192

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w)

>400

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

cry (w), wh pow 255 dec

sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

134.5

vs H2O, bz, EtOH

Sulfaquinoxaline

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

247.5

sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk

Carzenide Acetylsulfanilamide

C7H7NO4S C8H10N2O3S

138-41-0 121-61-9

201.201 214.241

291 dec 219.5

i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS C3H6N2OS C3H4N2OS2 C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

556-90-1 591-08-2 1438-16-0 507-47-1 1918-02-1

116.141 118.157 148.206 164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2

2432-99-7

201.307

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl alcohol

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

Acetylthiourea 3-Aminorhodanine Chloral ammonia Picloram

pl (bz-eth)

pr or lf (w) nd (HOAc)

12.4 0.9 79.5

181 125.5 -14

15150

0.9584

Solubility

C3H6N2 C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C10H15NO C7H19N3

3-Aminopropionitrile

 

426 4-Amino-N-2quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl) phenyl]acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone 431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide 432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid

bp/˚C

CAS RN

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

243.0 pr or nd (w) 256 dec pr (w), orth (al) 165 101.5 nd (al) 73 218.5 189.0

dec 100

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO vs bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

411 412 413

3-Aminopropanenitrile 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±) 3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine Aminopropylon 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine Aminopterin 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 406 407 408 409 410

Physical Form

Synonym

O H 2N

OH NH HO O

NH2

NH2

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

3-Aminopropanenitrile

2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

OH

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

H N

O

O N

NH2

HO

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H2N

N

OH



TeamLRN

N

O N

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

H2N

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O S NH O

H2N

N

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O S NH O

H2N

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH

N

N

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

O

O

NH2

OH O

Aminopterin

OH

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

N

OH

N H

N NH2

O N H

N

N

N

Aminopropylon

N H

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O

N

H2N

NH2

NH

O

N H

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

N

O

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2 O O S HN O

O H2N O

O

N NH H2N

O

N H

O S NH O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

HN

O N

N N

H N

N

O S O

O S O

NH2

NH2

N

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

N N S

S

NH2 N S

O

S NH2

2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

H2N

NH2 N

N H

O

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

S

S

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

Cl Cl

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

Cl

Cl



O

OH

Cl

OH

N

NH2

N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

H2N

OH O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4-Aminophthalimide

H2N

OH

N

OH

OH

NH2

No.

Name

436 Amiton 437 Amitraz Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

443 Amolanone 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453



454 455 456 457

Amoxicillin Amphecloral Amphotericin B Ampicillin Ampyrone Amygdalin Anacardic acid Anagyrine Androstane Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β) Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β) 5α-Androstane-3,17-dione 5β-Androstane-3,17-dione Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione 459 Anemonin

460 461 462 463 464

Anhalamine Anhalonidine Anhalonine 2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol Anilazine

N-Methylbis(2,4-xylyliminomethyl) amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H) -pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3-phenyl2(3H)-benzofuranone

Etiocholanic acid Epiandrostanediol

4-Androstene-3,17-dione Adrenosterone trans-1,7Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2]dodeca-3,9diene-2,8-dione

Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol 2,4-Dichloro-6-(o-chloroanilino)-striazine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

78-53-5 33089-61-1

269.342 293.406

liq

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

cry

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17 C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O C20H27NO11 C22H32O3 C15H20N2O C19H32 C20H32O2

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3 69-53-4 83-07-8 29883-15-6 11034-77-8 486-89-5 24887-75-0 438-08-4

365.404 264.579 924.080 349.405 203.240 457.428 344.487 244.332 260.457 304.467

cry (w)

C19H32O2 C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

1852-53-5 846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

292.456 288.424 288.424 286.408

nd (ace aq) cry (MeOH) cry (ace-hx)

C19H24O3 C10H8O4

382-45-6 508-44-1

300.392 192.169

nd (al) orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz)

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3 C12H15NO3 C6H12O3 C9H5Cl3N4

643-60-7 17627-77-9 519-04-0 104-80-3 101-05-3

209.242 223.268 221.252 132.157 275.522

nd (al) 187.5 oct cry (bz, eth) 160.5 rhom nd 86 <-50 160

solid hyg cry

ye pr (DMF) cry pa ye cry (bz) cry (ace) pe ye glass lf (ace-MeOH) nd (gl HOAc)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

760.01 86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl 1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O 170 dec 200 dec 109 224.5 35.5 50 228.5 223 135 135 143(form a); 173(form b) 222 158

i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs eth, EtOH, peth s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth

26512, 2124 600.003 sub 160

sub

1400.02 265

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

144-14-9 62-53-3

352.469 93.127

cry oily liq

83 -6.02

184.17

1.021720

467 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

o-Anthranilic acid

C7H7NO2

118-92-3

137.137

lf (al)

146.5

sub

1.41220

468 469 470 471 472 473

m-Anthranilic acid p-Anthranilic acid

C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H8BrN C6H8ClN C6H8N2O3 C12H16N2O4S

99-05-8 150-13-0 542-11-0 142-04-1 542-15-4 542-16-5

137.137 137.137 174.039 129.588 156.139 284.331

Benzenamine hydrochloride

lf or nd orth

1.5125 1.37420 1.22154 1.3564 1.3774

1.586320

s H2O s H2O, ctc, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; vs chl, py sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, tfa; vs ace; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz, chl

 

C22H28N2O2 C6H7N

173 188.2 286 198 190 dec

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH, bz, chl, eth, peth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH

1.15420 1.820

Benzenamine

mcl pr (w)

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157 43.4

Solubility

1.465527

465 Anileridine 466 Aniline

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid Aniline hydrobromide Aniline hydrochloride Aniline nitrate Aniline sulfate (2:1)

nD

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl; sl DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

438 439 440 441 442

Synonym

3

O O

N

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe

O O P S O

3NH4

O

N

N

N

F F F F F F

O

O

N

O

Amitraz

Amitriptyline

O

OH

OH

O

OH OH

N

N O

O

O

O Amolanone

Ammonium propanoate

OH

CH3

Cl

Cl Cl

O

O

N O

NH2 OH Amphecloral

H2N

S

NH2

HO

Amoxicillin

Amobarbital

H

NH

O

N

H

O

O

H S

NH4

N H

OH H

NH2

O

OH

OH OH O

O NH

O

Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

O

HO

NH4

F F F F F F F F

Ammonium ferric oxalate

HO

NH

O

F

Amphotericin B

N

OH

O Ampicillin

N

Ampyrone

OH

COOH



TeamLRN

N

O

OH

O O

HO

O

O HO OH

HO HO HO

O

H

5α-Androstane-3,17-dione

H

O O

H

O

O

5β-Androstane-3,17-dione

Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

O NH

O

H

Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β)

Anemonin

O NH

O

NH O

OH

OH

Anhalamine

Anhalonidine

O

Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β)

Androstane

O

H

H

HO

H

O

O O

H

H Anagyrine

O

H

O

H

O Anacardic acid

O

H

N

H

H

N

OH

Amygdalin

O

OH

HO Anhalonine

OH O

O

2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol

NH2 Cl O N

N

HO N NH2

O Cl

N

N H

HO

HO

O

O

O NH2

HBr

NH2

HCl

NH2 HNO3

NH2 0.5 H2SO4

Aniline nitrate

Aniline sulfate (2:1)

NH2 NH2

Cl Anilazine

Anileridine

Aniline

Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

NH2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

Aniline hydrobromide

Aniline hydrochloride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Amiton

O O

 

No.

Name

474 475 476 477

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

Methoxybenzene Octatropine methylbromide

C7H8O C17H32BrNO2 C17H19N3 C34H16O2

100-66-3 80-50-2 91-75-8 116-71-2

108.138 362.346 265.353 456.490

liq cry (ace) cry viol-bl or blk nd (PhNO2)

-37.13 329 122 492 dec

153.7

0.994020

1.517420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz

C14H11N C14H10

613-13-8 120-12-7

193.244 178.229

ye lf (al) tab or mcl pr (al)

238.8 215.76

sub 339.9

C15H9N C15H10O

1210-12-4 642-31-9

203.239 206.239

480 9-Anthracenecarbonitrile 481 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde



482 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

1-Anthroic acid

C15H10O2

607-42-1

222.239

483 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

2-Anthroic acid

C15H10O2

613-08-1

222.239

484 485 486 487

9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile 9,10-Anthracenediol 9,10-Anthracenedione

9-Anthroic acid

C15H10O2 C16H8N2 C14H10O2 C14H8O2

723-62-6 1217-45-4 4981-66-2 84-65-1

222.239 228.248 210.228 208.213

488 489 490 491 492

9-Anthracenemethanol 1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol 1,2,10-Anthracenetriol 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol 1-Anthracenol

C15H12O C14H10O4 C14H10O3 C14H10O3 C14H10O

1468-95-7 476-60-8 577-33-3 1143-38-0 610-50-4

208.255 242.227 226.227 226.227 194.228

C14H10O C14H10O

529-86-2 90-44-8

194.228 194.228

C8H10K2O15Sb2 C12H24N9P3 C15H24N2O C15H10O5

28300-74-5 52-46-0 577-37-7 520-36-5

667.873 387.300 248.364 270.237

C17H21NO2 C18H19NO2 C17H17NO2

500-55-0 641-36-1 58-00-4

271.355 281.350 267.323

314-19-2 77-02-1

493 9-Anthracenol 494 9(10H)-Anthracenone 495 496 497 498

Anthraquinone

Anthrarobin Anthralin

Anthranol Anthrone

Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate Tartar emetic Apholate Aphylline Apigenin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 499 Apoatropine 500 Apocodeine 501 Apomorphine

502 Apomorphine, hydrochloride 503 Aprobarbital 504 L-Arabinitol 505 α-D-Arabinopyranose 506 6-O-α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-DGlucose 507 DL-Arabinose

C17H18ClNO2 5-Isopropyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C10H14N2O3 pyrimidinetrione C5H12O5 C5H10O5 Vicianose C11H20O10 C5H10O5

oran nd (dil HOAc) ye nd (HOAc) ye pr (al) ye lf (al) nd, lf (sub)

br or ye nd ye orth nd (al, bz)

i EtOH, bz, HOAc; s xyl, py, sulf

1.2825

i H2O; s EtOH; i con sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

1.300020

177.5 104.5

i H2O; s bz, HOAc

251.5

sub

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

281

sub

vs HOAc

217 dec 337 dec 180 286

sub

i H2O; s EtOH

160.5 148 ye lf, nd (al-w) 208 ye pl or nd (lig) 179 cry (bz), br nd 158 or lf (al) ye red lf (dil al) 152 nd (bz-lig, 155 HOAc) col cry 148 cry 52.5 ye nd (aq py) 347.5

377

1.43820

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s NaOH

23413

s ace, bz, con sulf, dil alk 2.6 2004

sl H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, py; vs dil alk

62 123.5 195 dec

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk

303.784 210.229

pr (chl) pr (MeOH) hex pl (chlpeth) rods (eth) grn in air mcl pr cry

205 dec 141

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

7643-75-6 608-45-7 14116-69-9

152.146 150.130 312.271

cry (MeOH) nd (dil al)

102.5 155.5 210 dec

1.58525

20235-19-2

150.130

pr, nd (al)

164.5

1.58520

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Anisole Anisotropine methylbromide Antazoline Anthra[9,1,2cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10dione 478 2-Anthracenamine 479 Anthracene

Physical Form

Synonym

Br N N O

N

O

NH2

N

Anisotropine methylbromide

O Antazoline

O

Anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dione

2-Anthracenamine

Anthracene

9-Anthracenecarbonitrile

9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde

N OH HO

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH OH

O

OH

OH

O N 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH

9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile



TeamLRN

O OH OH OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

Sb

O

O O

Sb

O O

1-Anthracenol

9-Anthracenol

9(10H)-Anthracenone

OH

OH OH

9,10-Anthracenedione

9-Anthracenemethanol

1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol

1,2,10-Anthracenetriol

2

O

2K 3H2O

O O

O 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol

O

9,10-Anthracenediol

Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate

OH O

N N N N P P N N N P N N

H

N

N

H

HO

O

O

Apholate

OH

Aphylline

Apigenin

N H

HO

O

N H

HO

HO

HCl O Apoatropine

O

HO

HO Apocodeine

Apomorphine

O

N H

Apomorphine, hydrochloride

N O

N H Aprobarbital

H O

H HO HO

CH2OH OH H H CH2OH

L-Arabinitol

O O

HO OH

O HO HO

O

CH2 O OH

OH

OH OH

OH α-D-Arabinopyranose

OH

OH HO OH 6-O-α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-D-Glucose

OH DL-Arabinose

OH



N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N H

O Anisole

O

No.

Name α-D-Arabinose β-D-Arabinose Aramite Arecaidine

512 513 514 515 516 517

Arecoline D-Arginine L-Arginine L-Arginine, monohydrochloride Artemisin Ascaridole

518 519 520 521 522 523

L-Ascorbic acid Ascorbyl palmitate L-Asparagine D-Asparagine, monohydrate L-Asparagine, monohydrate Aspartame

524 DL-Aspartic acid 525 L-Aspartic acid



526 Aspergillic acid 527 Astemizole 528 Asulam

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-3pyridinecarboxylic acid

8-Hydroxysantonin 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2,3dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene Vitamin C 6-Hexadecanoylascorbic acid α-Aminosuccinamic acid

L-α-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, 2methyl ester L-Aminosuccinic acid

Methyl [(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl]carbamate

529 Atenolol 530 531 532 533 534 535 536

542 543 544 545

Azacyclotridecan-2-one 8-Azaguanine Azaserine Azathioprine

Anthorine

Aluminon Abamectin Quinuclidine 3-Quinuclidinol 4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5triazine-2(1H)-one

6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5yl)thio]-1H-purine

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C15H23ClO4S C7H11NO2

31178-68-4 31178-69-5 140-57-8 499-04-7

150.130 150.130 334.860 141.168

C8H13NO2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H15ClN4O2 C15H18O4 C10H16O2

63-75-2 7200-25-1 74-79-3 1119-34-2 481-05-0 512-85-6

155.195 174.201 174.201 210.662 262.302 168.233

C6H8O6 C22H38O7 C4H8N2O3 C4H10N2O4 C4H10N2O4 C14H18N2O5

50-81-7 137-66-6 70-47-3 5794-24-1 5794-13-8 22839-47-0

176.124 414.533 132.118 150.133 150.133 294.303

nd (w)

191 dec 112 235 215 234 246.5

C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4

617-45-8 56-84-8

133.104 133.104

mcl pr (w) orth lf (w)

277.5 270

C12H20N2O2 C28H31FN4O C8H10N2O4S

490-02-8 68844-77-9 3337-71-1

224.299 458.570 230.241

pa ye rods wh cry

98 149.1 144

C14H22N2O3

29122-68-7

266.336

cry (AcOEt)

147

C22H33NO2 C8H14ClN5 C17H23NO3 C17H24ClN3O C22H23NO6 C19H14O3 C22H23N3O9

466-43-3 1912-24-9 51-55-8 2465-27-2 2825-00-5 603-45-2 569-58-4

343.503 215.684 289.370 321.845 397.421 290.312 473.433

orth bipym

C48H72O14 C8H15N C7H13N C7H13NO C8H12N4O5

71751-41-2 283-24-9 100-76-5 1619-34-7 320-67-2

873.078 125.212 111.185 127.184 244.205

cry (eth) cry (bz) cry

C12H23NO C4H4N6O C5H7N3O4 C9H7N7O2S

947-04-6 134-58-7 115-02-6 446-86-6

197.317 152.114 173.128 277.263

152.5 300 ye-grn orth cry 150 dec ye cry 243 dec

 

537 538 539 540 541

Atisine Atrazine Atropine Auramine hydrochloride Aureothin Aurin Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium salt Avermectin B1a 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol Azacitidine

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

pl (dil al) tab (dil al +1w)

cry liq

orth (w+1)

156 156 -37.3 232 dec

217 dec 244 dec 219 203 3.3

58.5 173 orth nd (dil al) 118.5 ye nd (w) 267 ye pr 158 dk red lf or orth 309 dec red-br pow

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

1952

1.58525 1.62525 1.14320

1.510020

209

1.048520

1.486-20

2600.1 exp; 11515, 390.2

1.010320

1.476920

nD

Solubility vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O, chl; s AcOEt; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, tol; sl chl

1.6525

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, peth

1.54315 1.52315 1.54315

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH

1.662213 1.660313

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s dil HCl, py vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s os

sl H2O, diox, ace; i chl; s MeOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl sub 95

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O vs ace, EtOH, chl i H2O, bz; s EtOH, alk; sl eth, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i peth

152 166500 158 221 229

sub 120

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s ace

vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

508 509 510 511

Synonym

O OH HO

O HO HO

O

O

O S

α-D-Arabinose

β-D-Arabinose

Aramite

H2N

N

N

OH

NH

O

OH

HO

OH OH

O

O Cl

O

Arecaidine

O

N H

Arecoline

O

NH OH

H2N

N H

NH2 D-Arginine

NH OH

H2N

N H

NH2 L-Arginine

O HCl

OH NH2

L-Arginine, monohydrochloride

O

O

H2N

O O

HO

Artemisin

Ascaridole

HO

OH

OH Ascorbyl palmitate

H2N

OH O

L-Ascorbic acid

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH

NH2

H 2O

NH2

O

L-Asparagine

O H2N

OH O

D-Asparagine, monohydrate

NH2

HO

O

H N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH O

O OH O

CH2OH OH O

O

O

H2O

NH2

L-Asparagine, monohydrate

Aspartame

N NH

N

N O O

O

HO



TeamLRN

NH2 OH

NH2 OH

DL-Aspartic acid

F

N

L-Aspartic acid

OH

O O S N O O H

OH O N

O

HO

O

Astemizole

H

Asulam

N

Atenolol

HO

OH

Atisine

HO

OH

O HN N Cl

N N

O

N H

O N

O Atropine

O

O

O

O

Atrazine

HO

NH

OH

H

O

N

ClH

N O

O

O O NH4

O NH4 O

O

O

O

O

O

Auramine hydrochloride

OH

H

N

H2N

H2N

Aspergillic acid

O

O

O H N

Aureothin

Aurin

O NH4

Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium salt

O

NH2 O

O O O OH H

N H

H

N HO

H

OH

N

N

1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol

N

N O

O

OH

O

Avermectin B1a

O

3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]monane

N

N HO

OH

Azacitidine

H

H

N

O H2N Azacyclotridecan-2-one

8-Azaguanine

H O O N O N HO N NH2 Azaserine

N

N

S O N O N N N Azathioprine

N N H

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione

C8H11N3O6

54-25-1

245.189

547 Azetidine 548 2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid

C3H7N C4H7NO2

503-29-7 2517-04-6

57.095 101.105

549 550 551 552 553

2-Azetidinone Azidobenzene 1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene 2-Azidoethanol 1-Azido-4-methylbenzene

C3H5NO C6H5N3 C6H4ClN3 C2H5N3O C7H7N3

930-21-2 622-37-7 3296-05-7 1517-05-1 2101-86-2

71.078 119.124 153.569 87.080 133.151

554 555 556 557 558

(Azidomethyl)benzene Azinphos ethyl Azinphos-methyl 1-Aziridineethanol trans-Azobenzene

trans-Diphenyldiazene

C7H7N3 C12H16N3O3PS2 C10H12N3O3PS2 C4H9NO C12H10N2

622-79-7 2642-71-9 86-50-0 1072-52-2 17082-12-1

133.151 345.377 317.324 87.120 182.220

cis-Diphenyldiazene

C12H10N2

1080-16-6

182.220

C12H8Cl2N2O4S2 C14H20N4 C8H12N4 C8H18N2 C6H14N2 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C4H10N2O C10H8

104115-88-0 2094-98-6 78-67-1 2159-75-3 821-67-0 21650-65-7 20972-43-4 16301-26-1 275-51-4

379.239 244.336 164.208 142.242 114.188 198.219 198.219 102.134 128.171

C13H16F3N3O4

1861-40-1

335.279

C11H9Cl2NO2 C8H12N2O3

101-27-9 57-44-3

258.101 184.192

C4H4N2O3 C14H16ClN3O2 C36H38N2O6

67-52-7 43121-43-3 477-60-1

128.086 293.749 594.696

C20H25NO3 C20H26ClNO3

302-40-9 57-37-4

327.418 363.878

C20H23NO3 C11H13NO4

71626-11-4 22781-23-3

325.402 223.226

C15H14F3N3O4S2 73-48-3 17804-35-2 C14H18N4O3 83055-99-6 C16H18N4O7S

421.415 290.318 410.402

546 6-Azauridine

559 cis-Azobenzene



560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568

3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride 1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile 2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] Azobutane Azopropane cis-Azoxybenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Azoxyethane Azulene

569 Balan

2,2’-Azobis[2-methylpropionitrile]

Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, (E) Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, (Z) Diethyldiazine 1-oxide Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene N-Butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl)aniline

570 Barban 571 Barbital

5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid

572 Barbituric acid 573 Bayleton 574 Bebeerine

Triadimefon

575 Benactyzine 576 Benactyzine hydrochloride

2-(Diethylamino)ethyl benzilate 2-Diethylaminoethyl benzilate hydrochloride

577 Benalaxyl 578 Bendiocarb

1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamate

579 Bendroflumethiazide 580 Benomyl 581 Bensulfuron-methyl

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

158 liq cry (95% MeOH) pa ye oil

-70.0 217 dec

63

73.5 -27.5 20

10615 7011 9620 7540 dec 180; 8010 10823, 7812 1110.001

-29.0

nd

53 73

oran-red mcl lf (al) oran-red pl (peth) red nd (eth)

67.88

Solubility s H2O

168 293

0.843620

1.428725

1.086020 1.263425 1.14624 1.052723

1.558925

1.073019 1.28420 1.4420 1.08825 1.20320

1.534125

1.456020 1.626678

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth vs H2O vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth reac alk

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs py

71

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc, lig

166.5 100

vs eth i H2O; s lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth 6018 114 1.16620 1.159026

87 34.6 liq bl or gr-blk lf (al)

99 66

nd (w) orth pr (w +2) cry (bz, eth, chl-MeOH) cry

75 190 248 82 221

225 dec 187

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, acid; sl chl

1.22025 dec 260

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, lig, tfa s H2O, eth; sl EtOH

1.2220 s EtOH, MeOH, eth; vs ace, chl

51 177.5 79 130

cry

46 dec 270; 12510 1210.5, 1487

1.63320

s H2O; i eth 1.2725 1.2520 i H2O, bz, eth; s EtOH, ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

O H

N

O HO

N N

HO

O

OH

Azetidine

N

N N

N H

H

6-Azauridine

N

N

N

H

2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid

N

Cl

2-Azetidinone

Azidobenzene

1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene

N

N

N O N

OH

N

N N

2-Azidoethanol

1-Azido-4-methylbenzene

N

(Azidomethyl)benzene

N N

S O P S O

Azinphos ethyl

N O

N

N N

S O P S O

N N N

Azinphos-methyl

N N

OH trans-Azobenzene

cis-Azobenzene



TeamLRN

N

N

N N

3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride

N N O

N

N

Azopropane

cis-Azoxybenzene

trans-Azoxybenzene

N

1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile

O N

O N

O N

N

F Azulene

F

N

O H N

F

Cl

O O

Balan

Barban

O O

O N

O

O

N H Barbital

H O

N O

N H

O

H O

Cl

N

OH

N

O O O Bendiocarb

O

S O

N

N Benactyzine

Benactyzine hydrochloride

O

H N N

N H H

O

Bendroflumethiazide

N H

O

O

N

O

S O

H N O O

H N

Benalaxyl

N N

O

Benomyl

N O

O

Bebeerine

F F F O S H2 N O

HO



N H

HCl

O

O

O

O HO

OH

Bayleton

O

H N

O

N

Barbituric acid

O

O

N H

N

2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile]

Cl

Azoxyethane

N

N

O

O N N N

O OH S O N N

1-Aziridineethanol

Azobutane

HO O O S

O Bensulfuron-methyl

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

N HO

O

O

N

No.

591 592 593 594 595

Bensulide Bentazon Benz[c]acridine Benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde hydrazone cis-Benzaldehyde oxime trans-Benzaldehyde oxime Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) hydrazone Benzamide Benz[a]anthracene Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione Benzanthrone Benzene

596 Benzeneacetaldehyde 597 Benzeneacetamide 598 Benzeneacetic acid



599 600 601 602

Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide Benzeneacetic anhydride Benzeneacetonitrile Benzeneacetyl chloride

603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610

Benzenearsonic acid Benzeneboronic acid Benzenebutanoic acid Benzenebutanol Benzenecarboperoxoic acid Benzenecarbothioamide Benzenecarbothioic acid Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride 611 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

621 1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

Physical Form

mp/˚C

397.514 240.278 229.276 106.122 120.152 121.137 121.137 196.247 208.258

nd (dil al) liq lf pr nd (eth) nd (lig), pr ye pr (al)

34.4 138 132 -57.1 16 36.5 35 157.0 93

55-21-0 56-55-3 2498-66-0 82-05-3 71-43-2

121.137 228.288 258.271 230.260 78.112

mcl pr or pl (w) 127.3 lf (al) 160.5 170.5 170 orth pr or liq 5.49

C8H8O C8H9NO C8H8O2

122-78-1 103-81-1 103-82-2

120.149 135.163 136.149

C8H10N2O C16H14O3 C8H7N C8H7ClO

937-39-3 1555-80-2 140-29-4 103-80-0

150.177 254.280 117.149 154.594

C6H7AsO3 C6H7BO2 C10H12O2 C10H14O C7H6O3 C7H7NS C7H6OS C7H9ClN2

98-05-5 98-80-6 1821-12-1 3360-41-6 93-59-4 2227-79-4 98-91-9 1670-14-0

202.040 121.930 164.201 150.217 138.121 137.203 138.187 156.612

C6H8N2

95-54-5

108.141

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H24NO4PS3 C10H12N2O3S C17H11N C7H6O C7H8N2 C7H7NO C7H7NO C13H12N2 C14H12N2

741-58-2 25057-89-0 225-51-4 100-52-7 5281-18-5 622-32-2 622-31-1 588-64-7 588-68-1

[6]Annulene

C7H7NO C18H12 C18H10O2 C17H10O C6H6

Phenylacetaldehyde α-Phenylacetamide Phenylacetic acid

Benzyl cyanide Phenylacetyl chloride

12-Azabenz[a]anthracene Benzenecarboxaldehyde Benzylidene hydrazine

Benzoic acid amide 1,2-Benzanthracene

Perbenzoic acid

o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine

Phthaloyl chloride

C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10Cl2N2 C6H10Cl2N2 C6H10Cl2N2 C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C8H6O2

108-45-2 106-50-3 615-28-1 541-69-5 624-18-0 88-95-9 99-63-8 100-20-9 643-79-8

108.141 108.141 181.062 181.062 181.062 203.023 203.023 203.023 134.133

C8H6O2

626-19-7

134.133

lf, pl (peth)

33.5 157 76.5

pr or nd (eth) liq

115.5 73.3 -23.8

cry (w) lf (w) mcl pl (peth) ye pl (HOAc) orth pr (w +2) brsh ye lf (w) pl (chl) orth (al) wh pl (bz, eth)

158 dec 219 52 42 117 24 169 102.1 66.0 141.1 250 dec

den/g cm-3

bp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.22420

178.8 14014 200 11910

1.040125

1.546320

1.111120 1.14520

1.590820

290 438

1.0792130

80.09

0.876520

1.501120

195

1.027220

1.525520

265.5

1.2286

19512 233.5 170250, 10524

1.020515 1.168220

pr(eth) nd or pl (lig) ye cry or nd (lig) nd (dil al)

1.521420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

8610

1.2820

1.604020

257

89.5

246; 13613

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl tfa s H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH

285 267

281.1 276 258; 1259 830.8

vs eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth

290 14014 10014

15.5 43.5 83.5 55.8

vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, liq NH 3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ctc, CS 2 i H2O; vs EtOH sl EtOH, eth, lig; s ace; vs bz, chl sl bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i lig vs eth, chl

1.521125 1.532520

1.0096

58

1.6339

58

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O s H2O

 

612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620

Synonym

1.408920 1.388017

1.568420 1.57047

sl H2O, EtOH; s eth s eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; s ace, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590

Name

O O O S N H

S

O

N S O N O H

O P O S

Bensulide

N

Bentazon

N

Benz[c]acridine

Benzaldehyde

NH2

N OH

Benzaldehyde hydrazone

cis-Benzaldehyde oxime

N

OH

N

trans-Benzaldehyde oxime

H N

Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone

N

N

O

NH2 O

O Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)hydrazone



TeamLRN

H N

Benzamide

Benz[a]anthracene

Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione

NH2 O

Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide

Benzanthrone

N

O

Benzeneacetic anhydride

O

Benzeneacetonitrile

Benzene

Benzeneacetyl chloride

Benzenearsonic acid

Benzeneacetaldehyde

OH O

Benzeneacetamide

OH B OH

O As OH OH

Cl

O

O

NH2 O

Benzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

O Benzeneboronic acid

Benzenebutanoic acid

Benzenebutanol

NH2 O

OOH

S

NH2

NH2

OH

O

NH2

NH2

HCl Benzenecarboperoxoic acid

Benzenecarbothioamide

Benzenecarbothioic acid

Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride

Cl

NH2 NH2

Cl

O

1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

NH2 1,4-Benzenediamine

O

2HCl 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

O O

NH2 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

1,3-Benzenediamine

O Cl

Cl 2HCl

NH2 1,2-Benzenediamine

Cl

O

2HCl NH2

NH2

NH2

NH

S

SH

NH2

O 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

O Cl

O

O

1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

No.

Name

622 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde 623 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide 624 1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide

Benzeneseleninic acid Benzeneselenol Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfinyl chloride Benzenesulfonamide Benzenesulfonic acid

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Phthalamide

C8H6O2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O2

623-27-8 88-96-0 3010-82-0

134.133 164.162 164.162

Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phthalate

C20H30O6

117-83-9

366.448

Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate

C14H18O6

117-82-8

282.289

Diallyl phthalate

C14H14O4

131-17-9

246.259

Dipropyl phthalate

C14H18O4

131-16-8

250.291

m-Xylene diamine

1-Amino-2-phenylethane Phenethyl alcohol Mellitic acid

Thiobenzyl alcohol 5-Phenylvaleric acid Hydrocinnamic aldehyde Hydrocinnamonitrile Hydrocinnamic acid Hydrocinnamyl alcohol Phenprobamate

Phenylseleninic acid

Besylic acid

C8H12N2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C13H10O3 C6H6O6S2 C6H4Cl2O4S2 C6H6S2 C6H6S2 C8H11N C8H12ClN C8H10O C12H6O12 C7H10ClN C7H7ClO2S C7H7FO2S C7H8S C11H14O2 C11H16O C9H10O C9H9N C9H12S C9H10O2 C9H12O C10H13NO2 C9H9ClO

1477-55-0 612-14-6 626-18-6 589-29-7 635-67-6 1205-91-0 136-36-7 98-48-6 585-47-7 17534-15-5 626-04-0 64-04-0 156-28-5 60-12-8 517-60-2 3287-99-8 1939-99-7 329-98-6 100-53-8 2270-20-4 10521-91-2 104-53-0 645-59-0 24734-68-7 501-52-0 122-97-4 673-31-4 645-45-4

136.194 138.164 138.164 138.164 194.184 194.184 214.216 238.238 275.130 142.242 142.242 121.180 157.641 122.164 342.169 143.614 190.648 174.193 124.204 178.228 164.244 134.174 131.174 152.256 150.174 136.190 179.216 168.619

C6H6O2Se C6H6Se C6H6O2S C6H5ClOS C6H7NO2S C6H6O3S

6996-92-5 645-96-5 618-41-7 4972-29-6 98-10-2 98-11-3

189.07 157.07 142.176 160.621 157.191 158.175

Physical Form nd (w) cry nd (w), pl (HOAc)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

117 222 322.3

246 dec

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth

270 23010

-60.0

1.159620

1614 liq

pl (eth, peth) nd (bz) nd (w) nd (al) pl (w, al)

-31.0

304.5 247 1453 15613 1401 1429

64.8 57 117.5 64.5 123.5 134.5

1.076720 1.052

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

20

vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, lig

1.161018

0.873125

hyg cry 61.8 28.5 lf 27 liq <0 pl or lf (al) 218.5 liq -27 nd (al) 287 dec 258.3 pr (eth), nd (bz) 93 92.0 liq -30 pl (w), pr (peth) 57.5 mcl liq

47 -1

nd (w)

48 <-18 102

19510.5 238.5 245 195

0.964025

1.529025

218.2

1.020220

1.532520

194.5 19030 15520, 15018 224; 11728 261; 14125 12123, 10910 279.8 235

1.05820

1.515120

0.972520 1.019020 1.001620 1.0125 1.071249 0.99525

1.515620

dec 225; 10510 124.5 pr (w) pl (peth) lf, nd (w) nd (bz)

84 38 156 65

183.6; 8425 dec 711.5

 

657 658 659 660 661 662

Mol. Form.

1.526628 1.549420 1.535725

1.13521 1.9320 1.486515 1.346925

1.347025

vs EtOH, eth, bz; s AcOEt vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, sulf vs H2O, EtOH vs eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s os vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2; vs bz s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl s eth, CS2 sl H2O; i bz; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i peth s eth, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl bz; s HOAc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



625 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2butoxyethyl) ester 626 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2methoxyethyl) ester 627 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl ester 628 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester 629 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine 630 1,2-Benzenedimethanol 631 1,3-Benzenedimethanol 632 1,4-Benzenedimethanol 633 1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate 634 1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate 635 1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate 636 1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid 637 1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride 638 1,2-Benzenedithiol 639 1,3-Benzenedithiol 640 Benzeneethanamine 641 Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride 642 Benzeneethanol 643 Benzenehexacarboxylic acid 644 Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride 645 Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride 646 Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride 647 Benzenemethanethiol 648 Benzenepentanoic acid 649 Benzenepentanol 650 Benzenepropanal 651 Benzenepropanenitrile 652 Benzenepropanethiol 653 Benzenepropanoic acid 654 Benzenepropanol 655 Benzenepropanol carbamate 656 Benzenepropanoyl chloride

Synonym

H2N

O

O O

H 2N

O

O NH2 O

O 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide

NH2

O

O

1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide

O O

O O

O O

O

O

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester

O

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ester

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl ester

O O

OH

NH2

O

OH

OH

O O

O

O O

OH

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester

OH

1,3-Benzenedimethanamine

O

O

1,2-Benzenedimethanol

HO

1,3-Benzenedimethanol

O

1,4-Benzenedimethanol

1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate



TeamLRN

SH

O S Cl

NH2

O

NH2

1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride

1,2-Benzenedithiol

OH

HOOC

1,3-Benzenedithiol

Benzeneethanamine

Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride

Benzeneethanol

Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride

Benzenemethanethiol

OH Benzenepropanol

OH

Benzenepentanoic acid

O

Benzenepentanol

O

O

O NH2

Benzenepropanol carbamate

Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride

Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride

O

N OH

SH

O S O Cl

HCl

Benzenehexacarboxylic acid

O O S O F

Se

OH

SeH

Benzenepropanenitrile

O

OH

SH

O Benzenepropanal

S

OH

O

S

Benzenepropanethiol

Cl

NH2 O S O

Benzenepropanoic acid

OH O S O

Cl Benzenepropanoyl chloride

Benzeneseleninic acid

Benzeneselenol

O

1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid

NH2

COOH COOH

HCl

SH

1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate

COOH COOH

HOOC

SH

O

OH

1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate

O Cl S O SH

OH S

NH2

O

O HO S O

O

O

Benzenesulfinic acid

Benzenesulfinyl chloride

Benzenesulfonamide

Benzenesulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

O O

O O

No.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

dec 251 203.5

1.347015 1.328620

1.493218

169.1 18016

1.077520

1.589320

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Benzenesulfonyl chloride Benzenesulfonyl fluoride 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid Benzenethiol 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

Phenylsulfonyl chloride Phenylsulfonyl fluoride Pyromellitic acid Phenyl mercaptan Hemimellitic acid Trimellitic acid

C6H5ClO2S C6H5FO2S C10H6O8 C6H6S C9H3Cl3O3 C9H6O6 C9H6O6

98-09-9 368-43-4 89-05-4 108-98-5 4422-95-1 569-51-7 528-44-9

176.621 160.166 254.150 110.177 265.477 210.140 210.140

4-(Chloroformyl)phthalic anhydride

C9H6O6 C9H3ClO4

554-95-0 1204-28-0

210.140 210.571

C18H18O6

2694-54-4

330.332

Pyrogallol Hydroxyhydroquinone

C6H6O3 C6H6O3

87-66-1 533-73-3

126.110 126.110

Phloroglucinol

C6H6O3 C12H12O6 C20H26O2 C27H42ClNO2 C14H12N2O4 C12H12N2 C14H10O2 C7H7N3

108-73-6 613-03-6 85-95-0 121-54-0 2130-56-5 92-87-5 134-81-6 934-32-7

126.110 252.219 298.419 448.081 272.256 184.236 210.228 133.151

C7H6N2

51-17-2

118.136

C9H7N3 C12H7NO2

4414-88-4 81-83-4

157.172 197.190

C22H14 C22H14 C10H2O6

194-69-4 196-78-1 89-32-7

278.346 278.346 218.119

C6H5BO2 C7H7NO2 C7H6O2 C8H6O3

274-07-7 14268-66-7 274-09-9 120-57-0

119.914 137.137 122.122 150.132

12 42

C8H6O4 C9H11NO2 C8H9NO2

94-53-1 1484-85-1 2620-50-0

166.132 165.189 151.163

229

C8H8O3 C7H6O3 C12H10O4

495-76-1 533-31-3 136-72-1

152.148 138.121 218.205

670 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 671 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2anhydride, 4-chloride 672 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl ester 673 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 674 1,2,4-Benzenetriol



675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682

mp/˚C 14.5

Synonym

1,3,5-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate Benzestrol Benzethonium chloride Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid p-Benzidine Benzil 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine

683 1H-Benzimidazole 684 1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile 685 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)dione 686 Benzo[c]chrysene 687 Benzo[g]chrysene 688 1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran1,3,5,7-tetrone 689 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole 690 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine 691 1,3-Benzodioxole 692 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde 693 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid 694 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine 695 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine

N,N’’-Methenyl-o-phenylenediamine

Benzo[a]triphenylene

Piperonal Piperonylic acid

Piperinic acid

pr (al) nd (w) cry (al) cry (HOAc) pr or nd (w+1)

276 -14.93 36.3 200 219

1.54620

380 66

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.16420

<-30 lf or nd (bz) pl (eth), lf or pl (w) lf or pl (w +2) cry (al) pl (chl/eth) nd nd (w) ye pr (al) pl (w) orth bipym pl (w) nd (chl-al) nd (AcOH) nd (AcOH)

133 140.5

309

1.4534

218.5 99 164 165 (hyd) 300 dec 120 94.87 224

sub 300

1.4625

170.5

>360

nd (al), ye nd (sub)

401 347

1.561134

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, NH3; s ace; i bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s ace s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s ace, chl, EtOH sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; i bz; s dil alk

1.084102

208.4 300 126.5 114.5 285.3

37

nd (peth)

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

58 64.9 215.8

88156, 5050 14416 172.5; 7727 263

1.270020

1.507020

1.06425

1.539820

16620, 1011 13913, 1000.07 15716

1.22520 1.21425

sub

sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl 1.562020 1.563520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig vs EtOH

 

696 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol 697 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol 698 trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)2,4-pentadienoic acid

3,3’-Dicarboxybenzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine Diphenylethanedione

tcl pr (w+2) liq

Solubility

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

663 664 665 666 667 668 669

Physical Form

Name

Cl O S O

Cl

COOH COOH

F O S O

Cl

OH

O

Benzenethiol

O

O

OH

OH OH

HO HO

O

1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride

HO

1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

OH

O

O

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

O

1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

HO O O

O

O O O

OH

O

Cl

O

1,2,4,-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride, 4-chloride



TeamLRN

Cl O

O N

O

O

O

OH

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl ester

HO

OH

1,2,3-Benzenetriol

1,2,4-Benzenetriol

OH

1,3,5-Benzenetriol

O

O

HO

O

OH

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

O

HO

O 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate

Benzestrol

O

OH

N

N

N

N H

N H

NH2 H 2N

Benzethonium chloride

NH2

H2N

Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid

O

N H

NH2 p-Benzidine

O

Benzil

1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine

1H-Benzimidazole

N

1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile

O

NH O

O

O

H2N

O

Benzo[c]chrysene

Benzo[g]chrysene

O

O

O 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione

1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran-1,3,5,7-tetrone

1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole

O

O

O 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine

O HO

O

O

B H 1,3-Benzodioxole

O 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde

O O O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid

H2N

O O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine

H2N

O O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine

HO

O O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol

HO

O O

1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol

HO

O

O O

trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid

OH O

O

Cl O

COOH Benzenesulfonyl fluoride

O

SH

HOOC Benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

No.

Name

699 7,8-Benzoflavone 700 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 701 Benzo[j]fluoranthene



704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718

11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benzofuran 2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid 2(3H)-Benzofuranone 3(2H)-Benzofuranone 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone Benzofurazan, 1-oxide Benzohydrazide Benzoic acid Benzoic anhydride Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Benzophenone

719 Benzophenone hydrazone 720 Benzophenone, oxime 721 3,3’,4,4’Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride 722 Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide 723 Benzopurpurine 4B

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2-Phenyl-4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran4-one Benz[e]acephenanthrylene Dibenzo[a,jk]fluorene

C19H12O2

604-59-1

272.297

ye pl (al)

157

sl EtOH, chl; s sulf

C20H12 C20H12

205-99-2 205-82-3

252.309 252.309

168 166

i H2O; msc bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc

C20H12 C17H12

207-08-9 238-84-6

252.309 216.277

nd (bz) ye pl (al) nd (HOAc) pa ye nd (bz) pl (ace or HOAc)

C17H12 C8H6O C9H6O3 C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C10H8O2 C6H4N2O2 Benzoic acid, hydrazide C7H8N2O Benzenecarboxylic acid C7H6O2 C14H10O3 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, (±) C14H12O2 Phenyl cyanide C7H5N 1,12-Benzperylene C22H12 Tetrahelicene C18H12 Diphenyl ketone C13H10O

243-17-4 271-89-6 496-41-3 553-86-6 7169-34-8 1646-26-0 480-96-6 613-94-5 65-85-0 93-97-0 579-44-2 100-47-0 191-24-2 195-19-7 119-61-9

216.277 118.133 162.142 134.133 134.133 160.170 136.108 136.151 122.122 226.227 212.244 103.122 276.330 228.288 182.217

C13H12N2 C13H11NO C17H6O7

5350-57-2 574-66-3 2421-28-5

196.247 197.232 322.226

nd (al)

C13H12N2O C34H26N6Na2O6 S2 C9H8O C14H4O6

532-96-7 992-59-6

212.246 724.716

254-04-6 81-30-1

132.159 268.178

C9H6O2 C9H6O2 C9H6O2 C20H12 C20H12

491-31-6 91-64-5 491-38-3 50-32-8 192-97-2

146.143 146.143 146.143 252.309 252.309

C13H9N C13H9N

85-02-9 230-27-3

179.217 179.217

C6H4O2 C6H4N2S C7H6N2S C7H6N2S

106-51-4 273-13-2 136-95-8 533-30-2

108.095 136.174 150.201 150.201

2,3,1’,8’-Binaphthylene

Coumarone Coumarilic acid

Diphenyl ketoxime 4,4’-Carbonyldiphthalic anhydride

C.I. Direct Red 2, disodium salt 1,2-Chromene 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride Isocoumarin Coumarin

731 Benzo[f]quinoline 732 Benzo[h]quinoline

β-Naphthoquinoline

733 734 735 736

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

p-Benzoquinone 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole 2-Benzothiazolamine 6-Benzothiazolamine

2,3-Benzopyrene 1,2-Benzpyrene

2-Aminobenzothiazole 6-Aminobenzothiazole

217 189.5

480 405

212 <-18 192.5 50 102.5 76 71.5 115 122.35 42.5 137 -13.99 272.5 68 47.9 (α); 26 (β) 97.3 144 216

401 174 312.5 249 15215 12611

pr (al), nd (w) br pow

168

314

nd (al)

450

132102, 9113 sub 320

pl (bz) orth pym (eth) nd (peth w)

47 71 59 181.1 181.4

286 301.7 sub

94 52

352; 2038 339; 23347

115 43 132 87

sub 206

nd (w) red nd (al)

pl (w) mcl lf or nd pr (eth) liq ye-grn lf (bz) (α) orth pr (al); (β) mcl pr

pa ye nd (bzMeOH) lf (peth or w) lf (eth), pl (peth) ye mcl pr (w) pl (w), lf (w) pr (w)

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl

1.091325

1.561517

i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH

1.223614 vs bz s H2O 1.28080

dec 267 249.2 360 344; 19412 191.1

1.265915 1.98915 1.31020 1.009315

1.504132 1.576715

305.4

1.11118

1.607719

1.528920

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz

22755 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ac, H2SO4 1.099316

0.93520 1.290020

311

1.586924

i H2O i H2O; s Na2CO3, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 s H2O, EtOH, alk; vs eth, chl, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs chl i H2O

1.234020

sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.31820

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, chl

 

724 2H-1-Benzopyran 725 [2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone 726 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one 727 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 728 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one 729 Benzo[a]pyrene 730 Benzo[e]pyrene

bp/˚C

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, con HCl i H2O, eth; s EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

702 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 703 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene

Synonym

O O O Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[j]fluoranthene

N

O

2(3H)-Benzofuranone

3(2H)-Benzofuranone

O

O N H

N O

O O

11H-Benzo[a]fluorene

O

O O

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

O 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone

Benzofurazan, 1-oxide

OH

O

NH2

Benzofuran

O

2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid

OH

N

O O

Benzohydrazide

Benzoic acid

Benzoic anhydride

O

OH N

Benzoin

O

O

Benzonitrile

O O

O

H N



TeamLRN

NH2 N

O

11H-Benzo[b]fluorene

O Benzo[ghi]perylene

Benzo[c]phenanthrene

Benzophenone

Benzophenone hydrazone

Benzophenone, oxime

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

SO3Na

N

SO3Na

O

Benzopurpurine 4B

2H-1-Benzopyran

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,3’,4,4’-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride

O N H

Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide

O O O

O

[2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4-def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one

O

2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one

O N

N N Benzo[a]pyrene

Benzo[e]pyrene

Benzo[f]quinoline

O Benzo[h]quinoline

p-Benzoquinone

H N

N S

N 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole

S

S 2-Benzothiazolamine

N NH

NH2

H 2N

S

6-Benzothiazolamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7,8-Benzoflavone

OH

O

O

No.

Name

737 Benzothiazole 738 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione

744 745 746 747

Solubility

1.637920

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2; s ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, DMSO



C7H5NS C7H5NS2

95-16-9 149-30-4

135.187 167.252

C7H4NNaS2

2492-26-4

189.234

C7H5NOS C7H7N3S C13H9NOS C8H6S

934-34-9 615-21-4 3411-95-8 95-15-8

151.186 165.216 227.281 134.199

pr (dil al), nd nd or lf (al) lf

139 202.8 131 32

C9H6O2S C6H5N3 C22H14 C7H4O4S

6314-28-9 95-14-7 215-58-7 81-08-3

178.208 119.124 278.346 184.170

nd (w) nd (chl or bz) nd (al, HOAc) nd or pr (bz)

240.5 100 205 129.5

C8H5NO3

118-48-9

163.131

243 dec

C7H5NO C7H5NOS C7H5NO2 C13H9NO2

273-53-0 2382-96-9 59-49-4 835-64-3

119.121 151.186 135.121 211.216

pr (al, gl HOAc) cry (al) pr (dil al) nd (w)

C10H11NO3 C14H11NO4

1205-02-3 13898-58-3

193.199 257.242

C7H5N3O C14H10O3 C14H10O3

582-61-6 85-52-9 611-95-0

147.134 226.227 226.227

C14H12N2O2 C19H14O C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C13H16O C16H19NO4 C17H14FeO C7H5FO C9H9NO3 C7H5IO C22H28ClNO2

787-84-8 2128-93-0 618-32-6 98-88-4 712-50-5 519-09-5 1272-44-2 455-32-3 495-69-2 618-38-2 63990-84-1

240.257 258.313 185.018 140.567 188.265 289.327 290.137 124.112 179.172 232.018 373.916

C18H23NO4

529-38-4

317.381

pr (eth)

109

C14H10O4 C12H15NO

94-36-0 776-75-0

242.227 189.253

orth (eth), pr tcl

105 49

Thianaphthene

1-Oxa-3-azaindene

Benzoylpas Benzazide

4-Phenylbenzophenone Benzoic acid, bromide Benzoic acid, chloride Cyclohexyl phenyl ketone

Benzoic acid, fluoride Hippuric acid Benzoic acid, iodide

 

2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide 4-Benzoylbiphenyl Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl cyclohexane Benzoylecgonine Benzoylferrocene Benzoyl fluoride N-Benzoylglycine Benzoyl iodide 2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride 769 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1R(exo,exo)] 770 Benzoyl peroxide 771 1-Benzoylpiperidine

nD

Benzosulfonazole 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

749 750 751 752

758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768

den/g cm-3 1.246020 1.4220

Mol. Wt.

Thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid 1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene

753 N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine 754 4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 755 Benzoyl azide 756 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid 757 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid

bp/˚C 231

CAS RN

Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Benzotriazole Benzo[b]triphenylene 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1dioxide 748 2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione Benzoxazole 2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione 2(3H)-Benzoxazolone 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol

mp/˚C 1.0 181

Mol. Form.

Cocaethylene

pa ye mcl nd(al, MeOH)

sl H2O

31 196 138 123.5

pink nd (al, HOAc) pl, pr or lf (eth) 165.5 260.5 pl (ace) tcl nd (w+1) nd (HOAc), pl (al) mcl lf (w) nd (al) liq liq nd (peth) nd (w) liq pr (w or al) nd

32 129.0 199 242.3 101.5 -24 -0.4 59.5 195 110.0 -28 191.5 1.5 183.5

360 1793 221

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.148432

1.637437

20415 18418

s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, tol, DMF i H2O; vs bz vs bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl

182.5

1.175420

1.559420

335; 23030 338

i H2O; s EtOH, sulf sl H2O, ace, EtOH; vs eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

dec

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, DMSO

exp

1.168035

vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl chl sl H2O, tfa, bz; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

sub

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl; s MeOH 420; 1560.1 218.5 197.2; 719 16418

1.57015 1.212020

1.586825 1.553720

msc eth msc eth; s bz, ctc, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH

154.5 12820

1.140020 1.37120 1.74618

vs EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; i peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

vs eth, EtOH

exp 320.5

1.543

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

739 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium salt 740 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone 741 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone 742 2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol 743 Benzo[b]thiophene

Physical Form

Synonym

N

H N

S

S

N SH

S S

Benzothiazole

2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione

S

H N

S N Na

S

HO N

N OH

O

S

S

2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium salt

2(3H)-Benzothiazolone

NH NH2

S

S Benzo[b]thiophene

N H

OH

Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

O O

O S O O

N 1H-Benzotriazole

Benzo[b]triphenylene

2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol

N H

3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide

N O

O

2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

Benzoxazole

HO H N

N S

OH

O

O 2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione

N O

O 2(3H)-Benzoxazolone



TeamLRN

O

OH

N H

O

O

O

O

HO

H N

N SH

2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol

O OH

N H

O

N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine

4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH O

HO

O N

N

O

O

O

N H

O N

Benzoyl azide

2-Benzoylbenzoic acid

4-Benzoylbenzoic acid

O

H N

O Br

O Cl

O

2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide

4-Benzoylbiphenyl

Benzoyl bromide

Benzoyl chloride

Benzoyl cyclohexane

O OH N

O

O

Fe O

F

N H

O Benzoylecgonine

Benzoylferrocene

O

O

Benzoyl fluoride

OH

OH

O

I

N

O

N-Benzoylglycine

Benzoyl iodide

2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride

O O O

O N

O

O

O

N O

O 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1R-(exo,exo)]

Benzoyl peroxide

ClH

1-Benzoylpiperidine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

S

2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone

O O

N

No.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Benzenemethanol

C18H19NO4 C17H21N C22H25N3O C22H32N2O5 C15H14ClN3O4S3 C9H11NO C9H10O2 C10H10O2 C7H8O

3483-82-7 156-08-1 53-89-4 63-12-7 91-33-8 588-46-5 140-11-4 2495-35-4 100-51-6

313.349 239.356 347.453 404.499 431.938 149.189 150.174 162.185 108.138

781 Benzylamine

Benzenemethanamine

C7H9N

100-46-9

107.153

782 783 784 785 786

N4-Benzylsulfanilamide

C13H14N2O2S C9H13NO C13H13N C13H13N C16H16O2

104-22-3 104-63-2 1135-12-2 103-32-2 618-68-8

262.327 151.205 183.249 183.249 240.297

C14H12N2 C14H12O2

621-72-7 120-51-4

208.258 212.244

C19H16 C11H14O2 C19H20O4 C9H9ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C16H14O2

613-42-3 103-37-7 85-68-7 140-18-1 501-53-1 78277-23-3

244.330 178.228 312.360 184.619 170.594 238.281

C19H30O2 C9H13N C15H17N C9H12O C8H8O2 C18H16O4 C11H12O4 C22H21NO2

140-25-0 14321-27-8 92-59-1 539-30-0 104-57-4 538-64-7 581-55-5 524-96-9

290.440 135.206 211.303 136.190 136.149 296.318 208.211 331.408

C15H11NO2 C10H15N C8H7NS C11H12O2 C12H16O2 C8H10O C8H12N2 C11H14O2 C7H7NO2

2142-01-0 102-97-6 622-78-6 2495-37-6 103-38-8 538-86-3 10309-79-2 103-28-6 935-05-7

237.254 149.233 149.214 176.212 192.254 122.164 136.194 178.228 137.137

N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester Benzphetamine Benzpiperylon Benzquinamide Benzthiazide N-Benzylacetamide Benzyl acetate Benzyl acrylate Benzyl alcohol

4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamide 2-[Benzylamino]ethanol 4-Benzylaniline N-Benzylaniline α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid

787 2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole 788 Benzyl benzoate



789 790 791 792 793 794

4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl Benzyl butanoate Benzyl butyl phthalate Benzyl chloroacetate Benzyl chloroformate Benzyl trans-cinnamate

795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802

Benzyl dodecanoate Benzylethylamine N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl formate Benzyl fumarate Benzylidene diacetate Benzylimidobis(p-methoxyphenyl) methane 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione Benzylisopropylamine Benzyl isothiocyanate Benzyl methacryalate Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate Benzyl methyl ether 1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzyl nitrite

803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811

N-Phenylbenzenemethanamine

Bendazol

Butyl benzyl phthalate Carbobenzoxy chloride Benzyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Benzyl laurate N-Ethylbenzenemethanamine Ethylbenzylaniline

Toluene-α,α-diol, diacetate

N-Isopropylbenzenemethanamine (Isothiocyanatomethyl)benzene

1-Methyl-2-phenylmethylhydrazine Benzyl isobutyrate

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.551519

vs eth, EtOH, MeOH, chl

i H2O; s alk vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz; sl chl

119.5 1270.02 cry (al) cry cry (EtOH) liq

182 dec 131 236 61 -51.3

liq

-15.4

1572 213 228 205.31

1.055020 1.057320 1.041924

1.523220 1.514320 1.539620

185; 9012

0.981320

1.540120

171 34.5 37.5 90

225; 15412 300 306.5 23518

1.06525 1.03825 1.029865

1.543020

mcl (lig) pr pl (peth HOAc) nd (w) nd (bz) nd or lf

187 21

323.5

1.112125

1.568020

lf

85

285110 239 370 1479, 850.4 10320 dec 350; 2445 21012 194 288; 18522 186 203; 8410 2105 220

1.1710 1.011120 1.11925 1.22234 1.19525 1.10915

liq oily liq pr

39 8.5

pa ye oil

35

cry pow pl (eth) pa ye cry

59 46 90

ye nd (al)

116

ye oil

liq liq

-52.6

oil

200; 9310 243 14450 245; 13625 170 11720 228; 11420 8135

0.942925 0.934217 1.00155 0.947820 1.08120

1.611825

1.492020 1.542618 1.519020

1.481224 1.511720 1.594323 1.495520 1.515420

1.1120

vs eth, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, chl

1.34318 0.89225 1.124616

1.502520 1.604915

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth

0.998315 0.963420

1.488420 1.500820

i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.015918 1.07525

1.488320 1.498925

s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

Synonym

772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780

Name

O

O

HO

O

O O

HN

O N

O O

N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

N H

Benzphetamine

N N

H2N

O

S

NH S O O

S O O

O

Benzpiperylon

N

Benzquinamide

N H

Benzthiazide

N-Benzylacetamide

NH2 O S O O

O

O

O

NH2

OH

HN Benzyl acetate

Benzyl acrylate

Benzyl alcohol

Benzylamine

4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamide

H N

OH

N H

NH2

2-[Benzylamino]ethanol

4-Benzylaniline

N-Benzylaniline

O N



TeamLRN

O

N H O

O

O

O

Cl

O

O

OH

α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid

2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole

O O

O

O O

Benzyl benzoate

O Cl

O

Benzyl trans-cinnamate

O O

Benzylethylamine

O

O

Benzylidene diacetate

O

Benzyl methacryalate

O

Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate

N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline

Benzylimidobis(p-methoxyphenyl)methane

O Benzyl methyl ether

O

Benzyl ethyl ether

O

Benzyl formate

N H

O 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

O O

O

N

O O

O

Benzyl chloroacetate

O

N

O Benzyl fumarate

Benzyl butyl phthalate

N

N H Benzyl dodecanoate

O O

Benzyl butanoate

O

O

Benzyl chloroformate

4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl

N H

H N

1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine

N

Benzylisopropylamine

Benzyl isothiocyanate

O O Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate

C

O Benzyl nitrite

N

O

S

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N CH3

Cl

N

No. 812 813 814 815 816

821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830

N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamine Benzyloxycarbonylglycine Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-leucine Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-Lphenylalanine 2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol Benzylpenicillin sodium 2-Benzylphenol 4-Benzylphenol



842 843 844 845

Berberine chloride dihydrate Bergenin Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Betaine

846 847 848 849 850 851

Betaine, hydrochloride Betamethasone Bethanidine Betonicine Betulaprenol 9 9,9’-Bianthracene

831 832 833 834

Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether o-Benzylphenol p-Benzylphenol

Benzyl nicotinate N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-proline

3-(Benzyloxy)-L-alanine p-(Benzylsulfonamido)benzoic acid

α-Thiocyanatotoluene

Beryllium acetylacetonate 1-Carboxy-N,N,Ntrimethylmethanaminium, inner salt

Nonaisoprenol

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C22H24N2O7 C13H16N2O5 C10H11NO4 C16H22N2O5 C19H20N2O5

33605-72-0 2650-64-8 1138-80-3 1421-69-8 1170-76-9

428.435 280.276 209.199 322.356 356.372

cry

C9H12O2 C16H17N2NaO4S C13H12O C13H12O

622-08-2 69-57-8 28994-41-4 101-53-1

152.190 356.372 184.233 184.233

oil nd (BuOH aq)

C13H12O C11H16N2 C12H17N C12H17N C10H12O2 C12H11N C12H11N C13H11NO2 C11H11N C13H15NO4

946-80-5 2759-28-6 2905-56-8 31252-42-3 122-63-4 101-82-6 2116-65-6 94-44-0 2051-97-0 1148-11-4

184.233 176.258 175.270 175.270 164.201 169.222 169.222 213.232 157.212 249.263

lf (al)

C14H12O3 C10H13NO3 C7H8O3S C14H13NO4S

118-58-1 4726-96-9 100-87-8 536-95-8

228.243 195.215 172.202 291.323

C13H12O2S C13H12S C8H7NS C10H16ClN C8H10N2O C17H22ClNO C20H19NO5

3112-88-7 831-91-4 3012-37-1 56-93-9 538-32-9 13928-81-9 2086-83-1

232.298 200.299 149.214 185.694 150.177 291.816 353.369

C20H22ClNO6 C14H16O9 C10H14BeO4 C5H11NO2

633-65-8 477-90-7 10210-64-7 107-43-7

407.845 328.272 207.228 117.147

C5H12ClNO2 C22H29FO5 C10H15N3 C7H13NO3 C45H74O C28H18

590-46-5 378-44-9 55-73-2 515-25-3 13190-97-1 1055-23-8

153.608 392.460 177.246 159.183 631.069 354.443

mp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

256

40

286.5 14612 245 270; 15017 221 277; 14916 288; 18031 1703 247

320

12.5 12.4 15 78.5

Solubility s DMSO s ace

<-75 215 21 84

16.8 nd

bp/˚C

122 134.5 121 100 126 1.064020 1.41

1.523320 1.599420

312 322

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i ace, eth, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc, chl

1.543028 1.522720 1.533725

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl

1.578520 1.581820

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth

1.018320

1.565524 1.531020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl chl

1.179920

1.580520

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

0.962516 0.997020 1.033520 1.0670 1.061220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

218 dec hyg cry 229.5 nd (al) lf (al) pr (al) nd (al) cry (ace) red-ye nd (w+6) cry (chl) ye cry cry (MeOH) pr or lf (al) mcl cry (al) cry (AcOMe) cry (aq MeOH) pr (dil al, +1w) oil or cry

146 43.5 43 243 148 135 145

238 108 293 dec 227.5 232 dec 196 252 dec 41 321.3

vs EtOH 1.1261

153

19727 232 dec 200

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 vs H2O; s ace vs ace, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, EtOH 270

1.16820 vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O

vs EtOH s chl

 

835 836 837 838 839 840 841

Benzyl phenyl ether 1-Benzylpiperazine 1-Benzylpiperidine 4-Benzylpiperidine Benzyl propanoate 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Benzylpyridine Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate 1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, (S) Benzyl salicylate O-Benzyl-L-serine Benzylsulfonic acid 4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acid (Benzylsulfonyl)benzene (Benzylthio)benzene Benzyl thiocyanate Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride Benzylurea Bephenium chloride Berberine

Synonym

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

817 818 819 820

Name

O O O

HN H N O

O

O

OH O

O

O NH2

N H

O

O

OH

O

O

N H

O

Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamine

N H

O

OH

O

H N

N H

OH

O

O

HO

Benzyloxycarbonylglycine

Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-leucine

Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-phenylalanine

S OH

N O

N

N

O

2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol

O

O

H N

H N

H

O

O

OH

O

O Na

N H

HO

Benzylpenicillin sodium

2-Benzylphenol

4-Benzylphenol

Benzyl phenyl ether

1-Benzylpiperazine

1-Benzylpiperidine

4-Benzylpiperidine

OH O

O



TeamLRN

2-Benzylpyridine

OH S

OH O

O-Benzyl-L-serine

OH

Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

S

O

HO

O

O

O

N

4-Benzylpyridine

H N

O

NH2

O

N

N Benzyl propanoate

O

O

O

O

O

N

N

1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole

O O S

O

Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, (S)

Benzyl salicylate

N

S

N

S

O

Benzylsulfonic acid

4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acid

(Benzylsulfonyl)benzene

(Benzylthio)benzene

Benzyl thiocyanate

Cl

Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride

O O N O N H

O

N

O

Cl

O

Cl N

O O

Berberine

O HO O

O Betaine

O

N

HCl

Betaine, hydrochloride

O

O

HO

F O Betamethasone

H

H

O

OH OH

HO Berberine chloride dihydrate

OH OH

N H Bethanidine

Bergenin

O O Be O O Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate

HO

N

H N

O

O

Bephenium chloride

O

HO

2H2O

NH2

Benzylurea

O

N H

O

N

OH

H O

Betonicine

9

Betulaprenol 9

9,9’-Bianthracene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame

O

No.

Name

865 866 867 868

Bifenthrin Biguanide Bikhaconitine Bilirubin

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Durindone Red

C16H8O2S2

522-75-8

296.364

C7H12 C7H12 C7H10O C7H10 C8H9N

279-23-2 286-08-8 497-38-1 498-66-8 95-11-4

96.170 96.170 110.153 94.154 119.164

C8H10O

5453-80-5

122.164

C8H12O C12H20O C10H18 C10H18O C10H16O C14H9Cl2NO5

95-12-5 90-42-6 1636-39-1 4884-25-7 4884-24-6 42576-02-3

124.180 180.286 138.250 154.249 152.233 342.131

C23H22ClF3O2 C2H7N5 C36H51NO11 C33H36N4O6

82657-04-3 56-03-1 6078-26-8 635-65-4

422.868 101.111 673.790 584.662

Norcarane

2-Cyclohexylcyclohexanone 2-Hydroxybicyclopentyl Methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2nitrobenzoate Imidodicarbonimidic diamide 3-Deoxypseudaconitine



Dehydrobilirubin

C33H34N4O6

114-25-0

582.646

870 Binapacryl 871 1,1’-Binaphthalene

1,1’-Binaphthyl

C15H18N2O6 C20H14

485-31-4 604-53-5

322.313 254.325

Coenzyme R Diepoxybutane Diphenyl

C20H14 C20H14O2 C10H16N2O3S C4H6O2 C12H10

612-78-2 602-09-5 58-85-5 1464-53-5 92-52-4

254.325 286.324 244.310 86.090 154.207

C14H12O2 C13H9N C13H9ClO C12H12N2 C12H12N2 C12H14Cl2N2

5728-52-9 2920-38-9 14002-51-8 1454-80-4 492-17-1 531-85-1

212.244 179.217 216.662 184.236 184.236 257.158

C14H10O4

482-05-3

242.227

884 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol

C12H10O2

1806-29-7

186.206

885 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol 886 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol 887 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid

C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H10O6S2

1079-21-6 92-88-6 5314-37-4

186.206 186.206 314.333

872 873 874 875 876

2,2’-Binaphthalene [1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol Biotin 2,2’-Bioxirane Biphenyl

877 878 879 880 881 882

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride 883 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

Felbinac

o,o’-Diphenic acid

br nd (xyl) red mcl nd (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

359

sub

87.5

105.3 116.5 170 96 8410

89.5 45 13

liq

-32

liq

20 -13 85

pr or nd (al)

69 136 164

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O, EtOH; sl chl, CS 2; s bz, xyl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

0.85325

1.456420

0.99925

1.488520

7120

1.01825

1.489320

10320 264

0.969625

1.487725

235.5 232.5

0.978515 0.974521

1.488417 1.4763

s ctc, CS2

red mcl pr or pl (chl) dk grn pl or pr (MeOH) (i) pl(HOAc) (ii) orth (peth) bl flr pl (al) nd (al), cry (w) nd (w) lf (dil al)

pr or nd (al) nd (dil al)

mcl pr or lf (w) cry (HOAc)

nd (dil al) pr

1.2125 dec 142

vs H2O; s EtOH; i bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

>300 70 160 187.9 220 232 dec 2.0 68.93

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl, CS 2

>360; 24012

1.2720 1.300020

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2

452

144 256.1

160.5 88 111 81 54.5 >300

19020 1602 1624 363

233.5

sub

109

320

97.5 278 dec 72.5

>200

1.11320 1.0420

1.43520 1.58877

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc, MeOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.309020

s H2O, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.342020

 

869 Biliverdine

Physical Form

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl peth, chl vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, eth vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

852 ∆2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene3,3’-dione 853 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 854 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane 855 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 856 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 857 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2carbonitrile 858 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2carboxaldehyde 859 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol 860 [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 861 1,1’-Bicyclopentyl 862 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol 863 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one 864 Bifenox

Synonym

O S

O O

S

H N

O ∆2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene-3,3’-dione

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbonitrile

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde

OH H

OH

Cl

O Cl

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol

[1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one

OH O

1,1’-Bicyclopentyl

O

H



TeamLRN

N H

H O

NH2

Biguanide

[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one

OO

OO

NH HN

NH HN

NH HN

NH N

O

O

O

HO

OH

HO

O

O

N O O

O

Biliverdine

Binapacryl

1,1’-Binaphthalene

H H N O

S O

N H H

[1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol

O

Biotin

Cl N

HO

O

Bilirubin

OH

HO

O O N

O

OH OH

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile

O Bifenthrin

O

Bikhaconitine

2,2’-Binaphthalene

O

F3C

NO2

Bifenox

O

N

H2N

O

O

O H

NH NH

[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol

O

Cl

O

H

H

OH

O

O

2,2’-Bioxirane

H2N NH2

Biphenyl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid

H2N H2N

O [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride

H

H2N

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine

NH2

2HCl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride

HO

OH OO

HO OH

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol

OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol

HO

OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol

O HO S O

O S OH O

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H18Cl4N4

7411-49-6

360.110

C12H10O4 C14H13NO C14H12O

531-02-2 4075-79-0 92-91-1

218.205 211.259 196.244

C20H14N2O

852-38-0

298.337

C10H8N2 C10H8N2 C10H8N2 C10H8N2 C10H8N2 C18H12N2 C22H24N2O4

366-18-7 581-50-0 581-47-5 581-46-4 553-26-4 119-91-5 91-96-3

156.184 156.184 156.184 156.184 156.184 256.301 380.437

C22H19NO4 C13H12Cl2N2 C13H26N2 C4H13N3 C6H18N4

603-50-9 101-14-4 1761-71-3 111-40-0 112-24-3

361.391 267.153 210.358 103.166 146.234

C12H12N2S2 C12H12N2S2 C14H16N2 C12H12N2O2S C12H12N2OS C10H24N2O2

1141-88-4 722-27-0 621-95-4 80-08-0 119-59-5 7300-34-7

248.366 248.366 212.290 248.300 232.300 204.310

C10H26N4

71-44-3

202.340

29

C10H30Cl4N4

306-67-2

348.184

301.5

C4H8Br2O C8H8Br2

5414-19-7 91-13-4

231.914 263.958

915 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

C8H8Br2

626-15-3

263.958

916 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

C8H8Br2

623-24-5

263.958

C5H10Br2O2

3296-90-0

261.940

C6H16Br2OSi2

2351-13-5

320.169

C12H8Br2O C22H42O8 C20H34O4

2050-47-7 141-17-3 2781-00-2

327.999 434.563 338.482

888 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride 889 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol 890 N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide 891 1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone

911 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4butanediamine 912 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride 913 Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether 914 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

α,α’-Dipyridyl 2,3’-Bipyridyl 2,4’-Bipyridyl 3,3’-Bipyridyl γ,γ’-Dipyridyl N,N’-Bis(acetoacetyl)-3,3’dimethylbenzidine 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) Diethylenetriamine Triethylenetetramine

Dapsone 4,4’-Sulfinyldianiline 1,4-Butanediol bis(3-aminopropyl) ether Spermine

Bromex

Pentaerythritol dibromide

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

pl or nd (w+2) cry (dil MeOH) pr (ace), cry (al)

310 172.8 121

326

vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl chl

1.25100

168 pr (peth)

nd (w+2) pl or lf (al)

72 61.5 68 114 196 212

273.5 295.5 281 291.5 305

1.14020

1.622320

1.161420

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz sl DMSO

133.5 s ctc ye hyg liq

pl (w) cry (95% al) pr (w, al) liq

15 -39 12 93 85 137 175.5 175 dec

320 207 266.5

0.9275 0.956920

1.481025 1.497120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH

sub

1353

msc H2O, EtOH; i eth; s lig s H2O, EtOH, acid

0.9620

1.461920

1505 s H2O

orth (chl)

95

11532, 9212 1294.5

1.845220 1.98825

nd (chl), pr (ace) mcl pr (al), cry (chl, bz) nd (bz)

77

13720

1.95925

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, peth, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, lig

144.5

245

2.01225

i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz

233; 10315

1.391825

339

1.825 1.125

lf (al) liq cry

1.513127

113

60.5 79

1.471925 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth; sl chl

 

917 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3propanediol 918 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 919 Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether 920 Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate 921 1,4-Bis(α-(tert-butyldioxy)isopropyl) benzene

Diresorcinol

bp/˚C

245 dec

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



892 2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl1,3,4-oxadiazole 893 2,2’-Bipyridine 894 2,3’-Bipyridine 895 2,4’-Bipyridine 896 3,3’-Bipyridine 897 4,4’-Bipyridine 898 2,2’-Biquinoline 899 4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl 900 Bisacodyl 901 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 902 Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane 903 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 904 N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine 905 Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide 906 Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide 907 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane 908 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone 909 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide 910 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane

Synonym

OH

HO H2N

N N

NH2

H 2N

NH

NH2

4HCl

OH

HO

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride

O

O

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol

O

N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide

N

1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone

2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole

N

N

2,2’-Bipyridine

N

2,3’-Bipyridine

O

N

HN N N

N 2,4’-Bipyridine

N

N

Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane

N

4,4’-Bipyridine

H N

H 2N

O

H2N

N H

NH2

NH2

H N

Bisacodyl

H2N

S S

N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

H2N

Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone

NH2

NH2

Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane

H2N

NH2

NH2

H2N

O

O

4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl

Cl

Cl

O

O

H2N

S S

Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide

H2N

O

H2N

Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide

NH2

NH2

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide

O S

O S O

H2N

N

2,2’-Biquinoline

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine



TeamLRN

NH2

H2N

O

N

3,3’-Bipyridine

NH

1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane

H N

1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane

NH2

N H

NH2

O

N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine

Br Br H N

H 2N

NH2

N H

4HCl

Br

N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride

O

Br Br

Br

Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether

Br Br Br

1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

Br

1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

OH

1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol

O

Si

O

Si

Br

1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

Br

O Br

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether

O

O

O Br

OH

O

O

O O

Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate

O

O

O

O

1,4-Bis(α-(tert-butyldioxy)isopropyl)benzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C25H36O2

88-24-4

368.553

cry

123

C14H8Cl2O4 C6H12Cl2O2 C5H10Cl2O2 C10H13Cl2N C5H8Cl2O3 C6H12Cl3O3P

94-17-7 112-26-5 111-91-1 553-27-5 623-97-2 6294-34-4

311.118 187.064 173.037 218.123 187.021 269.490

pr cry (bz)

141

Dichloroethyl ether Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride

C4H8Cl2O C5H12Cl3N

111-44-4 55-86-7

143.012 192.515

liq hyg nd

-51.9 111.5

Carmustine

C5H9Cl2N3O2

154-93-8

214.049

lt ye pow

31

Mustard gas

C4H8Cl2S C6H12Cl2O4S2

505-60-2 3944-87-4

159.078 283.193

934 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 935 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 936 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2

612-12-4 626-16-4 623-25-6

175.056 175.056 175.056

cry (MeOH/ HOAc) mcl (lig) cry pl (al)

937 Bis(chloromethyl) ether 938 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane 939 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3propanediol 940 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 941 Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane 942 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide 943 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione 944 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol 945 1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine 946 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane 947 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone 948 N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea 949 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethanol 950 Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether 951 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether 952 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide 953 Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride 954 Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride 955 1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene 956 Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

C2H4Cl2O C5H8Cl2O C5H10Cl2O2

542-88-1 78-71-7 2209-86-1

114.958 155.022 173.037

liq liq cry

C6H16Cl2OSi2

2362-10-9

231.267

C13H10Cl2O2 C12H8Cl2S2 C14H8Cl2O2 C14H12Cl2O C12H10Cl2N2 C13H10Cl2 C12H8Cl2O2S C13H10Cl2N2S C14H9Cl5O

555-89-5 1142-19-4 3457-46-3 80-06-8 782-74-1 101-76-8 80-07-9 1220-00-4 115-32-2

269.123 287.228 279.119 267.150 253.126 237.124 287.162 297.202 370.485

C6H12Cl2O C6H8N2O C6H8N2S C10H10Cl2Ti

629-36-7 1656-48-0 111-97-7 1271-19-8

171.064 124.140 140.206 248.959

C10H10Cl2Zr

1291-32-3

292.316

C8H6Br4 C14H6Cl4O4

13209-15-9 133-14-2

421.750 380.008

Name

922 Bis(3-tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2hydroxyphenyl)methane 923 Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide 924 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane 925 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 926 N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline 927 Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate 928 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2chloroethylphosphonate 929 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 930 Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride 931 N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-Nnitrosourea 932 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 933 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane

Synonym

Aniline mustard



Pentaerythritol dichlorohydrin

Di(4-chlorophenoxy)methane

2,2’-Dichlorohydrazobenzene

Di(p-chlorophenyl)thiourea

3-Chloropropyl ether

pr

45 8

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

232 215.0 16414 241 170.25

1.19520

1.459225

s ctc

1.350620

1.46120 1.48825

178.5

1.2220

1.45120

216

1.274120

55 34.2 100

1.39325 1.30220 1.41725

-41.5 18.7 83

239.5 251.5 dec 245; 13516 106 10127 15912

1.32315 1.29525

1.43521

liq

-90

204; 9221

1.04520

1.439820

cry (peth)

70.5 72.8 197.8 70 87 55.5 147.9 176 77.5

1916

1800.1

289

216; 90.511 1615, 1110.5 1631.5 25810

red cry

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz

vs H2O, EtOH

13.5 205

nd cry (petr)

sl eth; s EtOH, MeOH i H2O

1.531320

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl HOAc msc EtOH, eth

vs ace, bz s chl i H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz

18818 25010

1.36517

s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O, os

1.13620 1.050420 1.60

1.415820 1.440520 1.504720

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, bz; s chl, EtOH, tol

1800.5 mcl

116.5 106

sl H2O; vs chl; i lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

No.

 

OH

Cl

OH O O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O Bis(3-tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane

Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide

O

O

Cl

Cl

1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane

O

O

Cl

Cl

Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl O O P O

O Cl

O Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate

Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-chloroethylphosphonate

Cl

Cl

O

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

N H

HCl

Cl

N

Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride

N N

Cl Cl

O

N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea

Cl

S

Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide

Cl Cl



TeamLRN

Cl

O O S

S

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane

1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

O

Cl

Cl

Bis(chloromethyl) ether

O

OH

3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane

2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediol

OH

O Cl Si

Cl

O

Si

Cl

O

Cl

O

1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

H H N N

Cl Cl

1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine

Cl

Cl

S S

Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane

Cl

Cl

Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane

Cl

Cl

O

Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide

H N

O S O

Cl Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone

O

S N

Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether

Ti

Cl3C

H N S

Cl

N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea

Cl Zr Cl

Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione

Cl Cl

OH

Cl

Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide

Cl

O Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether

Cl

Br

Cl O O

Br

N

N

Cl

Cl

Br

Cl

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

Br

N

OH

Cl

Cl O O

Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride

Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride

1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene

Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

 

No.

Name



964 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]methane 965 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]methanethione 966 Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol 967 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol 968 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) triphenylmethane 969 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper 970 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel 971 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4benzenediol 972 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol 973 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane 974 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene 975 Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate 976 Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether 977 N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl) ethanimidamide monohydrochloride 978 Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichloride 979 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 980 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine 981 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate 982 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether 983 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 984 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate 985 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate 986 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 987 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate 988 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate 989 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate 990 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane 991 Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1oxide 992 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2ethylenediamine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H14Cl4OSi2

2943-70-6

300.157

C12H6Cl4O C21H28N2O C10H20N2NiS4 C10H20N2S4Zn C2H2F4O C8H20N2O

28076-73-5 90-93-7 14267-17-5 14324-55-1 1691-17-4 3033-62-3

307.987 324.459 355.232 361.948 118.030 160.257

cry (eth) lf (al)

C17H22N2

101-61-1

254.370

pl or tab (al, lig) 91.5

C17H20N2S

1226-46-6

284.419

pl

C17H22N2O C7H18N2O C23H26N2

119-58-4 5966-51-8 129-73-7

270.369 146.230 330.465

C6H12CuN2S4 C6H12N2NiS4 C16H26O2

137-29-1 15521-65-0 79-74-3

303.978 299.125 250.376

Phenacaine hydrochloride

C16H26O C26H24P2 C12H14O4 C16H22O6 C6H14O3 C18H23ClN2O2

120-95-6 1663-45-2 101-90-6 605-54-9 5648-29-3 620-99-5

234.376 398.417 222.237 310.342 134.173 334.841

cry (w+1)

Cupriethylenediamine dichloride

C4H16Cl2CuN4

15243-01-3

254.649

dk bl cry

C22H42O4 C16H35N C25H48O4 C16H34O C16H35O4P C16H35O3P C16H35O2PS2 C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C20H37NaO7S

103-23-1 106-20-7 103-24-2 10143-60-9 298-07-7 3658-48-8 5810-88-8 117-81-7 122-62-3 577-11-7

370.566 241.456 412.647 242.440 322.420 306.421 354.552 390.557 426.673 444.559

Sulfonethylmethane

C24H38O4 C8H18O4S2 C24H34N2O3

6422-86-2 76-20-0 2587-42-0

390.557 242.357 398.538

Disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine

C16H16N2O2

94-93-9

268.310

2,2’,4,4’-Tetrachlorodiphenyl ether Michler’s ethyl ketone

Difluoromethyl ether 2,2’-Oxybis[N,Ndimethylethanamine] Michler’s Base 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) thiobenzophenone 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol

2,5-Di-tert-pentylhydroquinone

Diphos Diglycidyl resorcinol ether

2,2’-Diethyldihexyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite Di-sec-octyl phthalate Docusate sodium

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

14950, 11711 1.221320

nD

Solubility

1.466020

71 95.3 2020.02 1780.05 2 8015

col gas liq

1.4320

dec 390; 1833

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s acid

204 102.0 181.5

0.878820

1.441820

1.218330 1.122921

1.540820

nd or lf (al, bz) 102

i H2O, EtOH, lig; sl eth; s bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O vs bz, eth

2060.01 2080.002 180 26.0 143.5 42.5 34

1470.4 345 140.6

191

vs H2O, EtOH, chl s EtOH 2145 16121 2375 269; 14413 1550.015 1501

0.92225

1.447420

vs ace, eth, EtOH

0.91525

1.44625 1.432520

0.97525 0.9325

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc sl H2O; s bz, hx

1.442020

-55 -48

384 2565

0.98125 0.91225

1.485320 1.45125

76

383 dec

1.19985

-67.8 -78 visc liq liq cry liq

16922

waxy solid

pl (w)

125.5

s bz, hp, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, EtOH s peth, ctc, eth, ace

s chl s chl sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

957 1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 958 Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether 959 4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone 960 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel 961 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc 962 Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 963 Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

Synonym

O

Si

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Si

Cl

S

Cl

N Cl

Cl

1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

O

N

Cl

S

Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether

4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone

Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane

S

S Zn

S

Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel

F

N S

O F

Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc

F N

F

Bis(difluoromethyl) ether

N

O

Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

OH

N

N

S N

N

N

N

Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanethione

S

OH

N

N

N

Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol

S Cu

N

N

N

S

1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)triphenylmethane

S N

S

S

Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper

S Ni

N

N S

Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel

OH OH

O

O P

O

P

O O

O 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene

O

Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate

O

O

Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether



TeamLRN

2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4-benzenediol

O

O

O

OH

O

O

H N

H H N N Cu N N H H

N

O

O

2

O

O

2Cl

O

O

H N

O

Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichloride

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate



N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

O O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate

O O

O

O

OH

O

P

P O

O

O

O

H

O

P

S

O O

SH

O O

O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate

O O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate

O

O O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate

O

O

O

O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate

O S O

S O O

2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane

O

N N

HO

N

N

OH

O Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1-oxide

N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine



O O Na OO S O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

S

N

S Ni

N

No.

Name

1006 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate



CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C23H32O2

119-47-1

340.499

nd (peth)

131

Fenticlor

C12H8Cl2O2S

97-24-5

287.162

Triethanolamine hydrochloride

C6H16ClNO3

637-39-8

185.649

Butylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

C8H19NO2 C4H10O2S2 C16H33NO3

102-79-4 1892-29-1 120-40-1

161.243 154.251 287.438

N-Ethyldiethanolamine

C6H15NO2 C6H16N2O2

139-87-7 4439-20-7

133.189 148.203

ye liq

Bicine Methyldiethanolamine Diethanol-m-toluidine

C6H13NO4 C5H13NO2 C11H17NO2

150-25-4 105-59-9 91-99-6

163.172 119.163 195.259

nd (al) liq

3-(Aminopropyl)diethanolamine

C7H18N2O2

4985-85-7

162.230

2,2’-Thiodiethanol

C4H10O2S

111-48-8

122.186

liq

-10.2

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 1,4benzenedicarboxylate

C12H14O6

959-26-2

254.235

cry (w)

109.5

C6H14O2S2 C15H14O5

5244-34-8 131-54-4

182.304 274.269

C5H10N2O3

136-84-5

146.144

cry (MeOH)

101

Bisphenol C

C17H20O2

79-97-0

256.340

nd (xyl)

140

Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate

C17H20O8

4986-89-4

352.336

1007 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane 1008 Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) methanone 1009 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2imidazolidone 1010 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) propane 1011 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester 1012 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester 1013 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane 1014 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

Pentaerythritol triacrylate

C14H18O7

3524-68-3

298.289

Bisphenol B Bisphenol AD

C16H18O2 C13H12O2

77-40-7 620-92-8

242.313 200.233

1015 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

Bisphenol A

C15H16O2

80-05-7

228.287

1016 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate 1017 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

Bisphenol A dimethacrylate

C23H24O4

3253-39-2

364.435

Bisphenol S

C12H10O4S

80-09-1

250.270

1018 Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide 1019 Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate 1020 Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide 2-Methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ethanamine

C4H10S3 C9H14O3 C6H15NO2

3570-55-6 64057-79-0 111-95-5

154.317 170.205 133.189

C14H14N2O3

1562-94-3

258.272

nD

Solubility

174

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, gl HOAc

cry (al)

179.5

vs H2O

waxy solid

26 38.7

275; 8035 1603.5

0.968120

1.462520

s chl

-50 97.5

247 1361

1.013520

1.466320

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O

194 dec -21 64.5

247 1601

1.04325

1.468520

1.179325

1.521120

vs H2O; i EtOH vs H2O sl chl

1601

64.8 139.5

282

1700.5

msc H2O, EtOH, chl, AcOEt; s eth; sl bz

s H2O, EtOH, bz, peth

1.18525

17.3

1.18020

cry or fl

120.5 162.5

sub

153

2204, 2223

vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

73 nd (w), orth bipym

1.366315

240.5 -11 201.3

135 663

18

25

1.183 0.94325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO 20

1.5982 1.437120 s ctc

ye nd (al)

 

1021 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1oxide

2,2’-Dihydroxy-4,4’dimethoxybenzophenone 1,3-Dimethylolethyleneurea

den/g cm-3

bp/˚C

1.171111

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

993 Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5methylphenyl)methane 994 Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfide 995 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochloride 996 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine 997 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide 998 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide 999 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine 1000 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine 1001 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine 1002 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine 1003 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3methylaniline 1004 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3propanediamine 1005 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

Mol. Form.

Synonym

OH

OH

OH

O

OH S

Cl Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)methane

N

HO

Cl

Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfide

N

HCl

OH

OH

OH

N

HO

2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochloride

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine

HO

HO

N

N H

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine

HO

N

S

S

OH

OH

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide

OH OH

OH OH

N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine

N

HO

N

HO

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine

H2N

OH

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylaniline

N

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

HO

S

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

OH



TeamLRN

O

O

O

O

OH O

OH

HO

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

S

S

OH

O

1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane

OH

O

Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone

HO

1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidone

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane

O

O O

O O

O

N

HO

O

N

OH

O

O O

O

O

O O OH

O

HO

2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester

2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

HO

OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

HO

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

O

O O S

O O

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

HO

O OH

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

HS

S

SH

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

O

N H

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

O

OH

N N O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O H N

OH

HO

No.

Name



1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane Bis(methylthio)methane 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane Bismuth acetate Bismuth subsalicylate Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol 2,2’-Bithiophene Bixin

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H14O4 C16H14N2O2

1226-42-2 2475-44-7

270.280 266.294

1,3-Diisopropenylbenzene Di-p-Tolyl disulfide p-Tolyl ether Dicumyl peroxide Di-p-tolylmercury 2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl-5phenyloxazole) Di-p-tolyl sulfide

C12H14 C14H14S2 C14H14O C18H22O2 C14H14Hg C26H20N2O2

3748-13-8 103-19-5 1579-40-4 80-43-3 537-64-4 3073-87-8

158.239 246.391 198.260 270.367 382.85 392.449

liq nd or lf (al)

C14H14S

620-94-0

214.326

nd (al)

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S C15H16N2S C15H30N2 C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2 C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4 C12H8N2O4S2 C12H8N2O4S2 C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4 C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

599-66-6 137-97-3 64168-11-2 1618-26-4 1723-94-0 22306-37-2 14882-18-9 1155-00-6 537-91-7 100-32-3 736-30-1 587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

246.325 256.366 238.412 108.226 200.278 386.111 362.093 308.333 308.333 308.333 272.256 302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

pr(bz), nd(w,al) 159 nd (al, sub) 13.7

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3 C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S C8H6S2 C25H30O4

68-36-0 32315-10-9 10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7 492-97-7 6983-79-5

312.836 296.748 542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052 166.264 394.504

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

Nitrophenide 4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl 4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Triphosgene Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

Dehydrotestosterone

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

133

cry (EtOH)

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

47.5 51 40 245.7 232 57.3

75 250

bl-viol cry

198.5 84 182 181.8 312 dec 167

nd (bz/EtOH)

222

ye nd (al,bz)

231 21220 285 1000.2

109 79

liq

ye cry

26 230

viol pr (ace)

188 33 198

cry (eth) ye oil

0.925 1.11451

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

sl chl >300; 17516

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH, chl

406 21550 148 285; 16025

0.896225

1.480425 vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

2550.1

296.5

cry (bz, eth) cry (eth, peth)

Solubility sl EtOH, chl sl chl

1.01815

1.573

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

vs EtOH, peth

1.7325 260

165 163

i H2O

vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

 

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

16017

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1022 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione 1023 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 1024 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene 1025 Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide 1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2yl)benzene 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Synonym

O O HN

O O

O

S

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

N O

1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

H N

H N

N

N

O

O Bi

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

O N O O O N S S

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

O O N

O N O S

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

S

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O N O

S

S

O N O

S

Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide



TeamLRN

Br

O N O

Cl Cl

Br Br

NH2

F

Cl

H N

Cl

H N

OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

F

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

F

F

F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

F

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N O

O

O

O Co

O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cl

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

O

F

F

O O

O Cl Cl

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

O O N OO N

F

F F

H N O

N O

F F

S

S

O N O

F F

Si

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O

S N OO N O O

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

O

Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

HO OH OH HO Cl

S Cl

Cl Cl

Bithionol

O S

S

2,2’-Bithiophene

OH

O Bixin

O

O

O

OH O

N H

O

H

O

Boldenone

O O

Bismuth acetate

S

F F F

O

O Bi O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

O

O

Br

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

Bis(methylthio)methane

O

N

O

Br O

N H

S

H N

O N O

Cl Br

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

N

S

O

Hg

O

O O S

S

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

Boldine

O Bomyl

O P O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N O

O

S

O HN

O

No. 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067

Name Borane carbonyl Borneol, (±) l-Bornyl acetate Bornylamine Bornyl chloride

1073 Brodifacoum 1074 Bromacil 1075 Bromadiolone 1076 1077 1078 1079

Bromal hydrate Bromdian N-Bromoacetamide Bromoacetic acid



1080 Bromoacetone 1081 α-Bromoacetophenone 1082 1083 1084 1085

1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099

2-Bromoanisole 3-Bromoanisole 4-Bromoanisole 2-Bromobenzaldehyde 3-Bromobenzaldehyde 4-Bromobenzaldehyde Bromobenzene 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

1086

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

CH3BO C10H18O C12H20O2 C10H19N C10H17Cl

13205-44-2 6627-72-1 5655-61-8 32511-34-5 464-41-5

41.845 154.249 196.286 153.265 172.695

C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O C27H34N2O4S C26H20N4Na2O8 S2 C31H23BrO3 C9H13BrN2O2 C30H23BrO4

109-63-7 633-03-4 3051-11-4

141.927 482.635 626.569

56073-10-0 314-40-9 28772-56-7

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2 C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

Physical Form col gas lf (lig)

nd

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-137 208 27 163 132

-64 sub 223.5

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.01120 0.98225

1.462620

dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

liq small gold cry ye cry (w)

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

523.417 261.115 527.406

off-wh pow

230 158 205

507-42-6 79-94-7 79-15-2 79-08-3

298.756 543.871 137.963 138.948

mcl pr (w+1)

C3H5BrO C8H7BrO

598-31-2 70-11-1

136.975 199.045

Butallylonal

C14H11BrO C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

135-73-9 598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

275.140 201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN

615-36-1 591-19-5 106-40-1

172.023 172.023 172.023

C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H5BrO C7H5BrO C7H5BrO C6H5Br C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

578-57-4 2398-37-0 104-92-7 6630-33-7 3132-99-8 1122-91-4 108-86-1 1878-68-8 16532-79-9 5798-79-8

187.034 187.034 187.034 185.018 185.018 185.018 157.008 215.045 196.045 196.045

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil

Tetrabromobisphenol A

ω-Bromoacetophenone 2-Bromo-4’-phenylacetophenone

Phenyl bromide

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

ye-wh pow

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry liq nd (al) orth pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al)

vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl 1.5525

53.5 179 103.5 50

dec

2.566140

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5 50.5

138; 31.58 13518

1.63423 1.64720

1.469715

148.5 4.7

2.31222

1.544920

131.5

orth bipym nd (60% al)

181 32 18.5 66.4

229 251 dec

1.57820 1.579320 1.4970100

1.611320 1.626020

1.3

216 211; 10516 215 230 234 672 156.06 sub

1.501820 1.456420

1.572720 1.563520 1.564220 1.592520 1.593520

1.495020

1.559720

dec 242; 13312

1.53929

13.5 21.5 lf (dil al) liq nd (w) pa ye cry (al) ye cry (dil al)

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

127

col gas

cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace

58 -30.72 116 48.0 29

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

 

1087 1088 1089

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl Bromoacetyl bromide Bromoacetylene 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline

2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate 1071 Brilliant Green 1072 Brilliant Yellow

Synonym

H 3B

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

l-Bornyl acetate

Bornylamine

HO

N

O Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

OH

OH

Br

N

Br O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Brodifacoum

O

Bromacil



TeamLRN

OH

OH

Br O

HO Br

Br

Br

O

O

Br Br

HO

OH

Bromadiolone

OH Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

O

Br

O Br

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

Bromoacetylene

OH

NH2

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

N H

Br

O

Br

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

2-Bromoaniline

3-Bromoaniline

Br 4-Bromoaniline

N Br

2-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br

OH

Br Br

NH2

NH2

NH O

O

α-Bromoacetophenone

Bromoacetone

O

O

Br

Br

Bromoacetic acid

Br

Br

O

O

O O

N H

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

NH O

O

Br

O

2-Bromoanisole

Boron trifluoride etherate

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

Brilliant Green

O

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

N N

HSO4

O

Bornyl chloride

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br Bromobenzene

O

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Br 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

N α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

Cl

NH2

O

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

O

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl) 111.5

sub

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

76

15315

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol 1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C6H5BrS C7H5BrO2

106-53-6 88-65-3

189.073 201.018

tcl or mcl pl (eth) lf (al) mcl pr (w), nd

73 150

230.5 sub

1.526083 1.92925

1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid 1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2

585-76-2 586-76-5

201.018 201.018

155 254.5

>280

1.84520 1.89420

1106 1107 1108 1109

2-Bromobenzonitrile 3-Bromobenzonitrile 4-Bromobenzonitrile 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C7H4BrN C7H4BrN C7H4BrN C20H11Br

2042-37-7 6952-59-6 623-00-7 21248-00-0

182.018 182.018 182.018 331.205

55.5 39.5 114 223

252 225 236

1110 1111 1112 1113 1114

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride 2-Bromobiphenyl 3-Bromobiphenyl 4-Bromobiphenyl

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

7154-66-7 586-75-4 2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

219.463 219.463 233.103 233.103 233.103

11 42 0.8

243 246; 181125 297 300; 17117 310

p-Bromobenzyl bromide 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane

C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C6H6Br2N2

3433-80-5 823-78-9 589-15-1 35691-65-7

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

Butyl bromide

No.

Name

Synonym

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol 1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137

4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Bromo-2-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

nd (w, al) cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

pl (al)

91.5

249.931 249.931 249.931 265.933

cry (al, lig) nd or lf nd (al)

31 42 63 52

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

5787-31-5 584-98-5 5332-06-9 2385-70-8

137.018 196.985 148.002 167.002

liq

-112.65 161

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4 C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C10H13BrO C10H13Br C8H6BrClO

2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2 32620-08-9 23074-36-4 5162-44-7 4784-77-4 3017-68-3 3017-71-8 1200-03-9 3972-65-4 41011-01-2

167.002 151.002 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 229.113 213.114 233.490

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

-2.0 33

liq liq

-100.3 -133.4

liq liq cry (al)

-111.5 -114.6 41 19 40

nd

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1.596320 1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

0.932725

12919 12212

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS 2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325 1.496720 1.564120

1.436620

1.326515 1.320915 1.320915 1.323020 1.337125 1.341615 1.332315

1.453620 1.452720 1.452720 1.462220 1.482220 1.463119 1.460216

1.228620

1.543620

206 dec 217; 12725 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 94.7 88 98.5 104.5 93.9 85.6 15418 231.5 397.5

 

1122 1123 1124 1125

mcl nd (dil al) nd (eth), lf (w), mcl pr nd (w)

bp/˚C

1.481820

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



1115 1116 1117 1118

p-Brosyl chloride

mp/˚C

Cl O S O

OH

HO

SH HO

Br

HO

O

N

O

N

N

O

Cl

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

OH 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

Cl

Br 2-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

Br

4-Bromobenzoic acid

2-Bromobenzonitrile

3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

O

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

Br Br

Br

Br

N

Br

N

Br 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride





TeamLRN

O

Br

Br

Br 2-Bromobiphenyl

3-Bromobiphenyl

Br

4-Bromobiphenyl

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

Br OH Br

Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

1-Bromobutane

O Br

2-Bromobutane, (±)

Br OH Br

O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

N

4-Bromobutanenitrile

OH

O Br

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

4-Bromobutanoic acid

Br

3-Bromo-2-butanone

cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br



Br Br Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br Br

2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

O

Br

Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

O

Cl cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Br

Br Br

O

No. 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143

1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155



1156

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Bromochlorodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Bromocresol Green

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane 1159 Bromocyclohexane trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 2-Bromocyclohexanone 3-Bromocyclohexene Bromocyclopentane 1-Bromodecane 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline Bromodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone 1175 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C4H8BrCl CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

694-80-4 108-37-2 106-39-8 6940-78-9 353-59-3 126-06-7

191.453 191.453 191.453 171.464 165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH2BrCl C7H6BrCl C8H6BrClO

593-96-4 107-04-0 593-98-6 74-97-5 589-17-3 536-38-9

143.410 143.410 147.374 129.384 205.480 233.490

C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C2HBrClF3

3017-96-7 109-70-6 3017-95-6 2310-98-7 354-06-3

157.437 157.437 157.437 157.437 197.381

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide Cyclohexyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br C6H11Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5 108-85-0

540.222 177.082 163.055

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br C5H9Br C10H21Br C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2 C6H3BrCl2 CBrCl2F CHBrCl2 C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3 137-43-9 112-29-8 2623-95-2 19752-55-7 18282-59-2 353-58-2 75-27-4 1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4 1511-62-2 5061-21-2

179.054 177.038 161.039 149.029 221.178 251.161 225.898 225.898 181.819 163.829 241.897 197.070 228.129 130.920 164.986

C7H6BrNO3 C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2

5798-94-7 25245-34-5 2859-78-1

232.032 217.060 217.060

Halon 1211

Halon 1011 p-Bromobenzyl chloride p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

liq -12.3 liq -21.5 nd or pl (al, eth) 68 col gas

-159.5 162

liq liq liq nd (al, peth) nd

-16.7 -115 -87.9 50 96.5

liq

-58.9

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

204 196 196 175; 6310 -3.7

1.638725 1.630220 1.57671 1.48920

1.580920 1.577120 1.553170 1.488520

i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

83 107 36 68.0 236

1.66710 1.739220 1.97710 1.934420

1.466020 1.490820 1.414425 1.483820

118 143.3 117 95 52.5

1.53120 1.596920 1.53720 1.49520 1.857425

1.474520 1.486420 1.479520 1.457520 1.373820

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

sl H2O; s peth

218.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

241.5 liq

-56.5

pl (hx)

81.5

liq pr (al) pr liq liq nd nd or pr

cry (al) oil

-29.2 2.0 83 25 -57 71.5 38 -145

10140, 7512 166.2

1.308020 1.335920

1.499620 1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611 137.5 240.6 1402 232 237 52.8 90

1.34025 1.389020 1.387320 1.070220 1.191224

1.508525 1.532020 1.488620 1.455720 1.459524

 

1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174

Synonym

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

170; 6618 270 -14.6 13020

1.28320

1.438720

1.5516 1.820

1.505920

262; 13010 254.5

1.445 1.70225

1.570020 1.574320

232 dec

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149

Name

Br Br

N

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

Br

Br

O

Cl

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

Cl

Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Br

Cl

Cl

H

H

F

Cl

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Br Br

Cl

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Br

Br OH

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

HO

Cl

Br

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

Br Cl

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

OH OH

Br



TeamLRN

HO

Cl

Cl

Br

Br

F F

Br F

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

Br

O Br Br

Bromocycloheptane

Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

2-Bromocyclohexanone

Cl Br

O

Br

Cl Br

OH Br

Br 3-Bromocyclohexene

Bromocyclopentane

Cl

Br

1-Bromodecane

Cl

2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

N

OH

F Br

4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br Cl O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

O

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

Br

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

O

Bromodichloromethane

O Br

OH OH

H Cl

O

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

O 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

O

Br

No.

Name

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline



1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene α-Bromodiphenylmethane 1-Bromododecane 2-Bromododecanoic acid Bromoethane 2-Bromoethanol Bromoethene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane 2-Bromoethyl acetate 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (1-Bromoethyl)benzene (2-Bromoethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane Bromofluoromethane 2-Bromofuran 3-Bromofuran 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1-Bromoheptadecane 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

trans-Geranyl bromide

C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C10H17Br

7252-83-7 586-77-6 583-70-0 556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6 583-71-1 6138-90-5

169.017 200.076 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 217.146

C5H11Br C6H4BrN3O4

630-17-1 1817-73-8

151.045 262.018

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br C12H25Br C12H23BrO2 C2H5Br C2H5BrO C2H3Br C8H9BrO C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

584-48-5 776-74-9 143-15-7 111-56-8 74-96-4 540-51-2 593-60-2 583-19-7 588-96-5 589-10-6

247.003 247.130 249.231 279.214 108.965 124.964 106.949 201.060 201.060 201.060

C4H9BrO C4H7BrO2 C2H7Br2N C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO C4H3BrO C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Br

592-55-2 927-68-4 2576-47-8 585-71-7 103-63-9 1973-22-4 2725-82-8 1585-07-5 1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4 762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3 22037-28-1 1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9 1974-04-5 998-93-6

153.017 167.002 204.892 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998 126.955 112.929 146.970 146.970 174.981 319.364 179.098 179.098 179.098

Lauryl bromide Ethyl bromide Ethylene bromohydrin Vinyl bromide

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide

Heptyl bromide 2-Heptyl bromide 4-Heptyl bromide

 

1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197

Mol. Form.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

liq

55 -17

lf or pl liq

9 -0.2

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

153.5

liq pl liq

75 45 -9.5 32 -118.6

vol liq or gas

-139.54 2.0 39

liq

-13.8 174.0

liq liq

-55.9 -67.9

liq liq nd (w)

-43.5 -57 83 64.5

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) liq

83.5 29.6 -56.1 47

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

149 264 205 204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813 214.5 10112, 470.005 106 sub

1.43020 1.3220100 1.341920 1.36220

1.445020

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

18420, 1522 276 1582 38.5 150; 514 15.8 223 231 dec 240; 12820 127.5 162.5 219; 9211 219; 10518 199.3 202 204 212 8916 154 150 151.5 71.5 19 103 103 201; 11216 349 178.9 166 161; 8472

1.358218 1.370820 1.094022

1.550120 1.546222 1.555220 1.551418 1.553020 1.502720

1.199720

1.437020

1.039920 1.147474 1.460420 1.762920 1.493320 1.422320 1.407125 1.355520

1.458320 1.458524 1.423920 1.491520 1.438020

1.38520 1.51420

1.444720 1.45723

1.353525 1.364320 1.354820 1.349320 1.342320 1.235720

1.554325 1.537220 1.547220 1.546520 1.544520 1.489920

1.551720

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315 1.704425

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015 1.423620

1.650020 1.660620

1.498020 1.495820

0.991620 1.140020 1.127720 1.135120

1.462520 1.450220 1.450320 1.449520

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185

Synonym

N

Br Br

Br

Br Br

O

Br

Br

O

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

O N

Br

NH2

O N

Br Br

O

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene

O

2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

Br

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

Br

trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O OH

N

Br

O

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

α-Bromodiphenylmethane

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

OH

Br

Bromoethane

2-Bromoethanol

Br



TeamLRN

Br Br O

O

Br

O

Br Bromoethene

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

O

Br

2-Bromoethyl acetate

HBr H2N

Br

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br

Br Br

(2-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br

Br N

F Br

O 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene

1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

N-(2-Bromoethyl) phthalimide

F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

F

F

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

Br

F H

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

Br

O Br

Br Br

O

H Br

Bromofluoromethane

O

Br

2-Bromofuran

O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br 1-Bromoheptane

Br 2-Bromoheptane

Br 4-Bromoheptane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

No.

1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

1232 1233 1234

Hexyl bromide

p-Bromomandelic acid Bromosaligenin

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate



Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

Isopentyl bromide tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2 C8H7BrO3

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1 3377-86-4 3377-87-5 2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1 7021-04-7

305.337 335.320 165.071 165.071 165.071 195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018 231.044

C7H7BrO2 C7H5BrO3 C8H7BrO3

2316-64-5 89-55-4 2973-76-4

C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br C9H6BrN CH3Br C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H7Br C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C7H6BrCl C3H8BrClSi C7H13Br C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br C8H9Br C8H9Br

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; s eth

liq

18 52.8 -83.7

1.447820 1.483225 1.447220

2.0 35

1.174420 1.165820 1.179920 1.281033

cry (peth)

155.3 143; 7890 142 240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

1.230620

1.526220

nd (al), lf (eth)

105.5 119

203.034 217.017 231.044

lf (bz) nd (w, dil al) pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

113 169.8 167.0

583-55-1 591-18-4 589-87-7 557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8 1532-97-4 74-83-9 6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6 583-75-5 100-39-0 6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5 107-82-4 507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

282.904 282.904 282.904 220.835 198.017 199.087 208.055 94.939 138.991 124.964 186.050 186.050 171.035 215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045 151.045 151.045 181.028 149.029

9.5 liq -9.3 pr or pl (eth-al) 92

611-17-6 16532-02-8 13905-48-1 2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2 89-92-9 620-13-3

205.480 187.539 177.082 177.082 189.025 193.125 185.061 185.061

nd liq cry (peth) col gas

lf cry (al) liq

-22.5 41.5 -93.68

26 59.5 -1.5 226.3 96.5 114

liq

-112

nd (lig)

74

pr

21

 

1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255

1-Bromohexadecane 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1-Bromohexane 2-Bromohexane 3-Bromohexane 2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene Bromoiodomethane 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 4-Bromoisoquinoline Bromomethane 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane Bromomethoxymethane 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline (Bromomethyl)benzene 4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

Synonym

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz

sub 100

257; 12015 252; 12018 252 139.5 226 218.7 282.5 3.5 110 87 240 240 201

2.257025

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

1.675520 1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

1.421820 1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920

1.438025

1.575220

119 120.4 108

1.220520 1.207120 1.19718

1.445220 1.442020 1.4421

dec 131; 5040 10910 131 181; 6011 7626 8820 6710 217; 10816 212.5

1.293015

1.493015

1.37525 1.267615 1.28320

1.463025 1.497920 1.490730 1.547420

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl

1.381123 1.371123

1.573020 1.566020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

1304 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231

Name

Br

Br O

Br

O Br

OH

1-Bromohexadecane

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

Br

Br

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

OH

Br

Br

O

O

O

6-Bromohexanoic acid

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

Br Br

Br Br

I 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

O

H

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

Bromoiodomethane

C

N N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

4-Bromoisoquinoline



TeamLRN

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

H

I

I

3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

Br

Br

I

OH

O

Br H

O

Bromomethane

Br

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

O

Br

Br

Bromomethoxymethane

N

N

Br

Br

H

OH

NH2

NH2

H

O

Br

O

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

OH

OH OH

Cl

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

Br Br

Br

Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br

Cl

OH

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

Br

Br

Br

O 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

Br

Br F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Br O

OH

3-Bromohexane

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene 1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C8H9Br C11H9Br C11H9Br

104-81-4 3163-27-7 939-26-4

185.061 221.093 221.093

nd (al) cry (peth, al) lf (al)

35 56 56

1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO C13H11BrO C9H9BrO

3958-57-4 100-11-8 772-33-8 82584-73-4 25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0 51632-16-7 619-41-0

216.033 216.033 232.032 136.975 165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034 263.129 213.070

nd or pl (al) nd (al)

59.3 99.5 148 -40

220 1.32425 18318, 16710 213100, 16714 16213

nd (peth) oil nd or lf (al)

56.5

137 141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

51

15714

C9H6BrNO2

5332-26-3

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

C4H9Br

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

Name

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±) 1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane



1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287

Synonym

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

2-(Bromomethyl)-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl bromide 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid α-Bromoisobutyric acid 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Naphthyl bromide

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene 1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline 1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene 1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane, (±) 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1 3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

137.018 167.002 229.898 135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

liq cry (peth)

C10H7Br C12H5BrO3

580-13-2 81-86-7

207.067 277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

C6H5BrN2O2 C6H4BrNO2

875-51-4 577-19-5

217.020 202.006

C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2

585-79-5 586-78-7

202.006 202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br C8H17Br C8H17Br C8H15BrO2

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0 111-83-1 60251-57-2 17696-11-6

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391 193.125 193.125 223.108

 

1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301

p-Nitrobromobenzene

liq

1.61514 1.162420 1.168320 1.183520 1.542225

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1.484120 1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt 91.1

1.27215 20

1.434820 20

1.4278 1.496960 1.406714 1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.4278

pl or orth lf (al) 55.9 222

281.5

1.60525

1.638260

orth pr (bz-lig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

84

130

111.5 43

sub 258

1.624580

56 127

265 256

1.703620 1.94825

orth orth or mcl pr (al)

6.1

149; 7140 liq cry (al) liq

131.5 -29.0 28.2 -55.0

nd (peth)

38.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

73.3 199; 11524 163 91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

oily liq

-16.2 48.5

den/g cm-3

221.4; 884 362; 21010 200.8 188.5 1472

vs ace, CS2

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1.597920

1.488020 1.084525 0.984820 1.107225 1.087825

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc

1.452225 1.463120 1.450325 1.444225

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

No.

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

O

O

Br

O

O

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

Br

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane



OH

N

O

Br N Br

Br

Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane

2-Bromo-2-methylpentane

3-Bromo-3-methylpentane

2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane



TeamLRN

Br

Br O 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

NH2 O N

Br

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

Br

O

O N

O

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

1-Bromonaphthalene

Br

N O

Br

Br

Si

Br

O

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

Br

Br

O

Br

2-Bromonaphthalene

N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

OH

O

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

Br

Br

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

O

N

Br

O

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

O N

NO2 OH

Br O

Bromonitromethane

HO

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

OH Br 1-Bromononane

Br

Br 1-Bromooctadecane

1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Br

No.

Name

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

322 137 -21 129.8

1.067520 1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.461120 1.449020

i H2O; s ace; vs chl

1.444720

117.4 118.6 11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360 194.5 236.5 238

1.207520 1.21420 1.398920

1.441320 1.444120 1.478020

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.258120 1.409310 1.492420

1.464020



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Pentyl bromide

C15H31Br C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

629-72-1 344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

291.311 246.960 198.917 151.045

C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C19H10Br4O5S

107-81-3 1809-10-5 5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1 95-56-7 591-20-8 106-41-2 115-39-9

151.045 151.045 162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125 173.007 173.007 173.007 669.960

p-Bromoacetophenone (p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO C8H7BrO C8H7BrO C6H7BrN2

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8 2142-63-4 99-90-1 589-21-9

249.102 245.188 214.060 199.045 199.045 187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone 1325 Bromophos 1326 Bromophos-ethyl

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

301.135

90-90-4 2114-00-3 2104-96-3 4824-78-6

261.113 213.070 317.999 394.049

lf (al) ye cry pale-ye liq

54

1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C13H9BrO C9H9BrO C8H8BrCl2PS C10H12BrCl2O3P S C3H7Br

106-94-5

122.992

liq

-110.3

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

C3H4BrN C3H5BrO2 C3H5BrO2 C3H7BrO C3H7BrO C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br

2417-90-5 10327-08-9 590-92-1 627-18-9 19686-73-8 563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6 590-15-8 557-93-7 106-95-6

133.975 152.975 152.975 138.991 138.991 215.871 171.420 120.976 120.976 120.976 120.976

pr pl (CCl4)

25.7 62.5

1302 1303 1304 1305

1-Bromopentadecane Bromopentafluorobenzene Bromopentafluoroethane 1-Bromopentane

1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315

2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol Bromophenol Blue

1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

3-Bromopropanenitrile 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±) 3-Bromopropanoic acid 3-Bromo-1-propanol 1-Bromo-2-propanol 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride cis-1-Bromopropene trans-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene

Bromphenol Blue 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

liq liq

-88.0 -95.5 -126.2 40.0

pr (al)

hex pr (HOAcace)

64.5 5.6 33 66.4 279 dec 18.72

nd (60% al) lf (al) nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

168 7.5 50.5 108

1263.5 12625

s chl

1.58920

1.84015

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

1.608420 1.514520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc

1.64725

1.575520 1.647

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

71.1

1.353720

1.434320

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

9225, 697 203.5 14145 105185, 8022 146.5 153 132 57.8 63.2 48.4 70.1

1.615220 1.700020 1.4825 1.537420 1.558530 2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.480020 1.475320

1.396516 1.39820

13319 257; 13011

138 82.5

liq

-113

liq liq

-126 -119

350 247.5 1410.01 1220.004

1.483425 1.480120

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1.446716 1.469720

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2

 

1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339

9-Phenanthryl bromide

liq col gas liq

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

mp/˚C 19 -31

Synonym

F F

Br

F

F

F F F

Br

F Bromopentafluorobenzene

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Bromopentafluoroethane

O

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

Br

OH

N

1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanoic acid

5-Bromo-1-pentene

OH Br

Br

O Br O

OH Br

O S O O

Br Br 9-Bromophenanthrene

2-Bromophenol

O

HN

O

OH

OH

OH

Si

3-Bromophenol

Br 4-Bromophenol

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

Br

Br

Br

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

Br

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone



TeamLRN

HN

NH2

O

O

O

O

S O P O Cl

O

S O P O Cl

Br Cl

Cl O

Br (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

Br

Br

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

N Br

Br

Br Bromophos

Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

Br 2-Bromopropane

Br 3-Bromopropanenitrile

Br O OH 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

Br

O OH

3-Bromopropanoic acid

Br

OH Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

Br 1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Cl Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

Br Br cis-1-Bromopropene

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

F F

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br C5H4BrN C5H4BrN C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

637-59-2 106-96-7 109-04-6 626-55-1 1120-87-2 51-20-7

199.087 118.960 157.997 157.997 157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN C4H4BrNO2 C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS C4H3BrS C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br C7H7Br

5332-24-1 5332-25-2 128-08-5 112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4 872-31-1 76-59-5 95-46-5 591-17-3

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378

1343 Bromopropylate 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349



1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Bromopyridine 3-Bromopyridine 4-Bromopyridine 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3-Bromoquinoline 6-Bromoquinoline N-Bromosuccinimide 1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene 3-Bromothiophene Bromothymol Blue 2-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

2-Thienyl bromide Bromthymol Blue

Triphenylmethyl bromide

nd (al, eth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.61320

vs EtOH vs eth

1.544025 1.492220 1.573420 1.569420 1.569420

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.664120

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.5920

77

liq liq

-40.1 -27.3 0.5 310

208.055 208.055 177.985 277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036 163.036 624.381 171.035 171.035

ye oil

13.3 24 174 5.6

liq liq

201 -27.8 -39.8

106-38-7

171.035

cry (al)

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C9H11Br CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2 C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6 401-78-5 402-43-7 576-83-0 560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1 98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006 225.006 225.006 199.087 229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188 183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

C8H7Br C8H7Br

2039-88-5 2039-86-3

183.046 183.046

cry (bz)

nd (al)

liq vol liq or gas col gas col gas

liq nd (liq)

liq

1.310625 1.57919 1.633720 1.6450 1.64500

275 281

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420 1.73520

1.586820 1.591920

181.7 183.7

1.423220 1.409920

1.556520 1.551020

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

-5.65 6.2 -49.3 -93.9

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5 151.5 160 225 5610 23015 258.8 18818 8614, 713 552 dec 219; 10820 209.2; 9820 9220

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

-172 1

liq

219.5; 11725 89 193; 7513 173; 6918 290.4

2.09825 1.017020 1.8225

94.5

 

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid (1-Bromovinyl)benzene (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide 4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

Physical Form

-1 17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7 -52.8

307 171 1034 150 159.5

1.580020 1.65225 1.61325 1.60725 1.319110 2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl 1.481720 1.471620 1.470525 1.551020 1.480820 1.455225

1.402523 1.432210 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

1.416020 1.405920

1.592720 1.593320

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

Synonym

O HO O

Br

Br

Br

Br H2N

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

Br

O

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

Br

Br

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

Br

N

3-Bromo-1-propyne

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

N

3-Bromopyridine

4-Bromopyridine

N N H

H Br

O 3-Bromoquinoline



TeamLRN

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br

6-Bromoquinoline

Br

N-Bromosuccinimide

1-Bromotetradecane

Br

Br

2-Bromothiazole

O

Br

S

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

Br Si

Br Cl

Cl

2-Bromothiophene

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

4-Bromotoluene

Br

Br

Cl

Bromothymol Blue

S

Br

S

Br Br

O S O O

S

N

O

N Br

N

N

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromothiophene

Br

O

Bromotrichloromethane

1-Bromotridecane

F Bromotriethylsilane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Br Br F

Br

F F

F

Br

Br

F

F

F F

F

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F

1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br

Br

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Br

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

Br

OH 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

NO2 NO2

Br

O

1-Bromoundecane

Br O 2N

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O Br

No. 1381 1382 1383 1384

Name 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene Brompheniramine Brucine Brucine hydrochloride

1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1387 Bufotalin 1388 Bulbocapnine 1389 sec-Bumeton 1390 BUSAN 72A 1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene 1393 1,3-Butadiene



1394 1395 1396 1397

1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1,3-Butadiyne Butalbital

1398 Butanal 1399 Butanal oxime 1400 Butanamide 1401 Butane 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418

Butanedial 1,4-Butanediamine 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1,2-Butanediol, (±) 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate 1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate 2,3-Butanedione 2,3-Butanedione monooxime Butanedioyl dichloride 1,4-Butanedithiol

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one, sulfate, heptahydrate 5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6-methoxy1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate Methylallene Divinyl

Diacetylene 5-Isobutyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

Butyramide

Putrescine

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane

Busulfan Diacetyl Succinyl chloride Tetramethylenedithiol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

7.7

212; 10320 1500.5

1.398420

1.594720

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H7Br C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4 C23H27ClN2O4

2039-82-9 86-22-6 357-57-3 5786-96-9

183.046 319.239 394.463 430.924

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113

nd (w)

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

nd (MeOH)

84

C26H36O6 C19H19NO4 C10H19N5O

471-95-4 298-45-3 26259-45-0

444.560 325.359 225.291

cry (+1 al) pr (al)

223 dec 199.5 87

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2 106-99-0

311.847 54.091 54.091

vol liq or gas col gas

<-5 -136.2 -108.91

C6H8O2 C10H10 C4H2 C11H16N2O3

1515-76-0 16939-57-4 460-12-8 77-26-9

112.127 130.186 50.059 224.256

vol liq or gas pr

2.3 -36.4 138.5

C4H8O C4H9NO

123-72-8 110-69-0

72.106 87.120

liq liq

C4H9NO C4H10

541-35-5 106-97-8

87.120 58.122

C4H6O2 C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4 C12H18O4 C12H18O4 C6H14O6S2 C4H6O2 C4H7NO2 C4H4Cl2O2 C4H10S2

638-37-9 110-60-1 333-93-7 26171-83-5 107-88-0 110-63-4 6982-25-8 628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8 1189-08-8 2082-81-7 55-98-1 431-03-8 57-71-6 543-20-4 1191-08-8

86.090 88.151 161.073 90.121 90.121 90.121 90.121 174.195 198.216 202.248 226.269 226.269 246.301 86.090 101.105 154.980 122.252

178

s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz 1860.8 i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

dec

5840 7611 10.3

1.07025 0.6760 0.614925 (p>1 atm 0.94525 0.928620 0.73640

-96.86 -29.5

74.8 154

0.801620 0.92320

1.384320

lf (bz) col gas

114.8 -138.3

216 -0.5

1.4087130 1.332620

lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

0.8850120 0.57325 (p>1 atm) 1.06520 0.87725 1.002420 1.005320 1.017120 1.003320 1.047915 1.10525 1.125

1.437820 1.440120 1.446020 1.431025 1.425115

cry (eth)

liq cry liq pr (chl), lf (w) pl or lf liq

<-50 20.4 7.6 12

116 -1.2 76.8 20 -53.9

156.5 10.9 -4.41

dec 170; 589 158.5 sub 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 229 830.3 266; 15511 290 1334, 760.027 88 185.5 193.3 195.5

1.42051 1.4292-25 1.469020 1.608925 1.41895

1.426218 1.496920

1.02520

1.461120 1.449525 1.456020

0.980818

1.395120

1.374820 1.00210

1.468320 1.529020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, ace msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl

vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk s eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1386 Bucolome

Synonym

 

O N

Br

H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

N

H H

Brompheniramine

O

N

O

H

O

Brucine

H O

N

Brucine hydrochloride

O

N

H O

H

O

O

H

N

H2SO4.7H2O

H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

O O O H OH HO

HO

O

HN

N H

O

O

N O

O Bulbocapnine

O

S

N H

S

sec-Bumeton

C

S

BUSAN 72A

Butachlor

O

1,2-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate



TeamLRN

Bufotalin

N

N

N

O

H

Cl

N

O

N

O N O (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene

1,3-Butadiyne

N H

H O

O

N

O

Butalbital

Butanal

O

NH2

OH

Butanal oxime

Butanamide

Butane

NH2

H2N

O Butanedial

NH2 2HCl

H2N

1,4-Butanediamine

1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride

OH OH

OH OH

OH

1,2-Butanediol, (±)

O

HO

1,3-Butanediol

O

O

OH

OH

1,4-Butanediol

O

O

O

2,3-Butanediol

O

O 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O

1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O

O

O

O

S O O

O

O

O

O

O O

1,4-Butanediol diacetate

O

O

1,4-Butanediol diacrylate

O

O

O O S O

1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate

1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

O O 2,3-Butanedione

O

N OH

2,3-Butanedione monooxime

Cl Cl

Butanedioyl dichloride

HS

SH 1,4-Butanedithiol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

NH

H O

H

O Br

HCl

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-111.9

0.793620

13.5 236.5 121.5 61

1.384220 1.455920 1.464020

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz

liq lf (w) cry (ace) bipym tetr pr

117.6 7510 1354 330.5

1.45120

90.187 90.187 106.120 254.755

liq liq

-115.7 -165

cry

107-92-6 106-31-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3

88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121 72.106

liq liq liq liq liq

C8H16N2

5921-54-0

140.226

C4H9NO C8H16O4 C4H7ClO C24H31N3OS C6H10N4O3S2

96-29-7 1338-23-4 141-75-3 653-03-2 16790-49-1

87.120 176.211 106.551 409.587 250.298

liq col liq liq

-29.5

cry

261 dec

C4H6O

123-73-9

70.090

liq

-76

C4H8

106-98-9

56.107

col gas

1442 cis-2-Butene

C4H8

590-18-1

56.107

1443 trans-2-Butene

C4H8

624-64-6

1444 trans-2-Butenedinitrile

C4H2N2

764-42-1

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propyl cyanide

C4H7N C4H9ClO2S C4H8O3S C8H10O8 C4H10O4 C4H6N4O12

109-74-0 2386-60-9 1633-83-6 1703-58-8 149-32-6 7297-25-8

69.106 156.631 136.170 234.160 122.120 302.111

1425 1426 1427 1428

Butanenitrile 1-Butanesulfonyl chloride 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*) 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 1,2,4-Butanetriol Butanilicaine

C4H10S C4H10S C4H10O3 C13H19ClN2O

109-79-5 91840-99-2 3068-00-6 3785-21-5

1429 1430 1431 1432 1433

Butanoic acid Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone

C4H8O2 C8H14O3 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O

1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424



1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 2-Butanone peroxide 1437 Butanoyl chloride 1438 Butaperazine 1439 Butazolamide

1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Erythritol Erythrityl tetranitrate Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 2-(Butylamino)-N-(2-chloro-6methylphenyl)acetamide Butyric acid Butyric anhydride Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol Methyl ethyl ketone

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile cis-2-Butenoic acid trans-2-Butenoic acid

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i eth, bz vs EtOH 1.444020 1.436620 1.468820

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH

46

98.5 0.841620 85.0 0.829520 19018, 17212 1.1820 1450.001

-5.1 -75 -88.6 -88.5 -86.64

163.75 200 117.73 99.51 79.59

0.952825 0.966820 0.809520 0.806320 0.799925

1.398020 1.407020 1.398820 1.397820 1.378820

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

171.5

0.840420

1.451120

152.5 exp 110 102 2750.05

0.923220

1.441020

1.027720

1.412120

102.2

0.851620

1.436620

-185.34

-6.26

1.396220

col gas

-138.88

3.71

1.3931-25

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

56.107

col gas

-105.52

0.88

1.3848-25

s bz

78.072

nd (bz-peth)

96.8

186

0.58825 (p>1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.4349111

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide Isocrotonic acid Crotonic acid

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6O2 C4H6O2

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1 503-64-0 107-93-7

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090 86.090 86.090

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol

C4H6O2 C8H10O3 C4H8O

625-38-7 623-68-7 4088-60-2

86.090 154.163 72.106

-89

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq nd or pr (peth) mcl pr or nd (w, lig) liq

-51.5 -87 15 71.5 -35

20

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119 169 184.7

20

1.0698 1.070020 1.40820

1.4782 1.475520 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120 1.026720 0.960477

1.422520 1.406020 1.445020 1.424977

s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig

169 247; 12919 123

1.009120 1.039720 0.866220

1.423920 1.474520 1.434225

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth s H2O

 

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol

1.33120

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

COOH

Butanenitrile

Cl

O S O O

1-Butanesulfonyl chloride

H N

1,4-Butane sultone

OH

N H

O

HOOC

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

O

O

Butanilicaine

Butanoic acid

COOH COOH

CH2OH OH OH CH2OH

H H

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol

CH2ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2

HO SH

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)

O

1-Butanethiol

N OH

O Butanoic anhydride

OH

1-Butanol

2-Butanone

OH

2-Butanethiol

1,2,4-Butanetriol

O O N

N

O

2-Butanol

OH

SH

2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone

O O

OH

2-Butanone oxime

2-Butanone peroxide



TeamLRN

N

O H N

N

Cl O

S

Butanoyl chloride

O Butaperazine

S

O

S

O NH2

N

N N

N

O

Butazolamide

trans-2-Butenal

1-Butene

cis-2-Butene

trans-2-Butene

HO

trans-2-Butenedinitrile

OH

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol

Cl O HO

OH

trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol

O

O Cl

trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride

N

HO

N cis-2-Butenenitrile

trans-2-Butenenitrile

3-Butenenitrile

O

O

O

O

N

cis-2-Butenoic acid

OH trans-2-Butenoic acid

OH 3-Butenoic acid

O 2-Butenoic anhydride

OH cis-2-Buten-1-ol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl O S O

N

H H

 

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

trans-2-Buten-1-ol 3-Buten-1-ol 3-Buten-2-ol 3-Buten-2-one 2-Butenoyl chloride (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

trans-Crotyl alcohol

C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H6O C4H5ClO C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

504-61-0 627-27-0 598-32-3 78-94-4 10487-71-5 1005-64-7 1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

72.106 72.106 72.106 70.090 104.535 132.202 132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

C11H15N2NaO2S 510-90-7 C11H16ClN3O4S 2043-38-1

1466 Buthalital sodium 1467 Buthiazide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

<-30

121.2 113.5 97 81.4 124.5 198.7 176 177 5.1

0.852120 0.842420

1.428820 1.422420

vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.86420 1.090520 0.901920 0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.408120 1.46018 1.542020 1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

liq

-43.1

liq col gas cry

-70

262.304 353.846

194

i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s bz s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

221.5

2



1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477

Buthiobate Butonate Butoxyacetylene 4-Butoxyaniline 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde 2-Butoxyethanol 2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol 2-Butoxyethyl acetate

1478 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 1479 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5trichlorophenoxy)acetate 1480 4-Butoxy-Nhydroxybenzeneacetamide 1481 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene 1482 4-Butoxyphenol 1483 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy) propyl]morpholine 1484 1-Butoxy-2-propanol 1485 Butralin 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494

N-Butylacetamide Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate tert-Butylacetic acid Butyl acetoacetate Butyl acrylate tert-Butyl acrylate Butylamine

i H2O; s os

0.820020

1.4067

vs eth, EtOH

0.901520 0.989020

1.419820 1.438920

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; vs os s H2O

372.590 327.527 98.142 165.232 178.228 118.174 206.280 203.302 176.253 160.211

C14H18Cl2O4

1929-73-3

321.197

1591

1.23220

2,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester

C14H17Cl3O4

2545-59-7

355.642

1641

1.28020

Bufexamac

C12H17NO3

2438-72-4

223.268

10519-06-9 122-94-1 140-65-8

164.244 166.217 293.401

229.5 1254 1966

0.920525

1.497020

s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Pramoxine

C11H16O C10H14O2 C17H27NO3 C7H16O2 C14H21N3O4

5131-66-8 33629-47-9

132.201 295.335

171.5; 7120 1350.5

0.88220

1.416820

s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH

C6H13NO C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H14O3 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N

1119-49-9 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 1070-83-3 591-60-6 141-32-2 1663-39-4 109-73-9

115.173 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 158.195 128.169 128.169 73.137

229 126.1 112 95.1 190 12750, 858 145 120; 6260 77.00

0.896025 0.882520 0.874820 0.866520 0.912420 0.967125 0.889820 0.87925 0.741420

1.438825 1.394120 1.388820 1.385520 1.409620 1.413720 1.418520 1.411020 1.403120

Lethane 384 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester

4-tert-Butyl-N-sec-butyl-2,6dinitroaniline

1-Butanamine

32

1.59626

51308-54-4 126-22-7 3329-56-4 4344-55-2 5736-88-9 111-76-2 143-22-6 112-56-1 124-16-3 112-07-2

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

ye oil

1.086525

C21H28N2S2 C8H14Cl3O5P C6H10O C10H15NO C11H14O2 C6H14O2 C10H22O4 C9H17NO2S C9H20O3 C8H16O3

Denmert

liq

-74.8

liq col liq liq

-90

nd (ace)

60

liq liq liq

0.93120

s ctc

154

65.5

liq liq

1290.5 104 1324 14810 168.4 278 1220.25 230 192

-78 -98.9 6.5 -35.6 -64.6 -49.1

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465

Name

H2N O OH

OH

OH

trans-2-Buten-1-ol

3-Buten-1-ol

O

3-Buten-2-ol

O Cl

3-Buten-2-one

O

N H

S

O H2N

S

S O

O

Buthalital sodium

3-Butenylbenzene

1-Buten-3-yne

Butethamine hydrochloride

S

Cl

H N

Cl

Na+

2-Butenylbenzene

S

N

NH

(trans-1-Butenyl)benzene

O NH

O

O

Buthiazide

Buthiobate

O

O

NH2 Cl Cl

P O O

O

Butonate

O

Butoxyacetylene

O

4-Butoxyaniline

OH

O

4-Butoxybenzaldehyde

O

2-Butoxyethanol

O

O



TeamLRN

O

Cl

O

O

O

OH

O

2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol

O

O

O

S

O

O

N

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate

O O

1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol

O

2-Butoxyethyl acetate

Cl 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

O

O

OH

O

Cl

H N

Cl 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate



H N

4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide

O O

N-Butylacetamide

O O Butyl acetate

O

OH

N

O

O

Cl

O 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene

O O

sec-Butyl acetate

tert-Butyl acetate

tert-Butylacetic acid

O N

NH O N

O OH

4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholine

O OH

O

O

4-Butoxyphenol

O O

O

O

O O

Butyl acetoacetate

1-Butoxy-2-propanol

Butralin

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

O

O

2-Butenoyl chloride

HCl

N H

O O

Butyl acrylate

O tert-Butyl acrylate

NH2 Butylamine



No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502

sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butylamine hydrochloride Butyl 4-aminobenzoate 2-(Butylamino)ethanol 2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole

2-Butanamine, (±)2-Methyl-2-propanamine 1-Butanamine hydrochloride Butamben

C4H11N C4H11N C4H12ClN C11H15NO2 C6H15NO C6H15NO C10H19NO2 C11H14N2S2

33966-50-6 75-64-9 3858-78-4 94-25-7 111-75-1 4620-70-6 3775-90-4 95-31-8

73.137 73.137 109.598 193.243 117.189 117.189 185.264 238.372

1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513

2-sec-Butylaniline 4-Butylaniline 4-sec-Butylaniline 4-tert-Butylaniline N-Butylaniline N-tert-Butylaniline 2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione tert-Butyl azidoformate 4-Butylbenzaldehyde 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene

C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C18H16O2 C5H9N3O2 C11H14O C11H14O C10H14

55751-54-7 104-13-2 30273-11-1 769-92-6 1126-78-9 937-33-7 84-47-9 1070-19-5 1200-14-2 939-97-9 104-51-8

149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 264.319 143.144 162.228 162.228 134.218

C10H14

36383-15-0

C10H14 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C11H17N C11H16O C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H13ClO C11H13ClO C16H18 C6H11BrO2 C8H16O2 C8H12O4 C5H11NO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H15ClSi C5H9ClO2 C11H14ClNO2

1514 sec-Butylbenzene, (±) tert-Butylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol Butyl benzoate 2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-Butylbenzoyl chloride 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl tert-Butyl bromoacetate Butyl butanoate Butyl cis-2-butenedioate Butyl carbamate

1531 1532 1533 1534 1535

Butyl chloroacetate tert-Butyl chloroacetate Butylchlorodimethylsilane Butyl chloroformate N-Butyl-4-chloro-2hydroxybenzamide

tert-Butyl carbonazidate

2-Phenylbutane

Monobutyl maleate

Buclosamide

liq cry (al or bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

<-72 -66.94 213 58

62.73 44.04

0.724620 0.695820 0.98220

1.393220 1.378420

0.890720 0.881820

1.443720

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth

44

1738 199; 9111 176.5; 7214 10212

s chl

108

pa ye ye rd (peth) liq

17 -14.4

12016 261 238; 11815 241 243.5 215; 9519

0.957420 0.94520 0.94915 0.952515 0.932320

1.536029 1.538020 1.534120 1.527020

99

liq liq

-87.85

7370 1237 10711, 13025 0.970 183.31 0.860120

134.218

liq

-82.7

173.3

0.862120

1.490220

98-06-6 98-29-3 1948-33-0 3378-72-1 877-65-6 136-60-7 1077-58-3 7498-54-6 98-73-7 28788-62-7 1710-98-1 54532-97-7 5292-43-3 109-21-7 925-21-3 592-35-8

134.218 166.217 166.217 163.260 164.244 178.228 178.228 178.228 178.228 196.673 196.673 210.314 195.054 144.212 172.179 117.147

liq

-57.8 54.3 128

169.1 285; 16022

0.866520

1.492720

0.92825 1.00020

1.495125 1.517920 1.494025

590-02-3 107-59-5 1000-50-6 592-34-7 575-74-6

150.603 150.603 150.722 136.577 227.688

unstab >80

liq pl (dil al) nd (peth) nd (dil al)

-22.4 80.5 128.8 164.5

liq

-9.65

liq oil pr

-91.5 53

755 236; 14020 250.3

15526 266; 13520 291.2 7325 166 dec 204; 10814 183 150; 5010 139 142

1.05125 1.00725 0.967620 0.870020 1.0925

1.5265 1.527020 1.489820

1.535120 1.536420 1.560420 1.443020 1.407520

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc vs bz, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl s ctc, CS2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz s tfa

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs EtOH vs EtOH, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs EtOH; sl chl

1.070420 0.87620 1.07425

1.429720 1.426020 1.514520 1.411420

91.5

 

1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530

N-tert-Butyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide

Physical Form

vs eth, EtOH dec H2O msc eth; s ace; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Name

O

NH2

NH2

tert-Butylamine

Butylamine hydrochloride

NH2 Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

2-(Butylamino)ethanol

2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol

O

H N

N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate

4-sec-Butylaniline

H N

4-tert-Butylaniline

N-Butylaniline

O

N-tert-Butylaniline

O

O

2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione



TeamLRN

tert-Butylbenzene

HO HO HO

O

O

O

4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol

O

N

tert-Butyl azidoformate

4-Butylbenzaldehyde

N H

OH sec-Butylbenzene, (±)

N

OH

OH

Butylbenzene

N

OH

OH

4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde

2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole

O

O 4-Butylaniline

2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O

Cl

N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine

4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol

Cl

O O

O

Br

Butyl benzoate

S HN

S

O

NH2

2-sec-Butylaniline

N

O

H N

OH

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2

H N

H N

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

4-Butylbenzoyl chloride

4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride

2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl

O O

O

tert-Butyl bromoacetate

Butyl butanoate

H N

O

OH HO

O

O O O Butyl cis-2-butenedioate

H2N

O O

Butyl carbamate

Cl

O O

Butyl chloroacetate

Cl

O

tert-Butyl chloroacetate

Cl Si Butylchlorodimethylsilane

O Cl

O Butyl chloroformate

Cl N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

sec-Butylamine

NH2 HCl

O

No.



1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572

N-Butylcyclohexanamine

2,4-D Butyl ester N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine Musk ketone

N-Ethyl-1-butanamine

Ethyl tert-butyl ether

Butethal

2-Methyl-2-propanethiol

1,1-Dimethylethyl formate

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C8H18CrO4 C18H32O7 C7H11NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H18O C10H21N C18H24O4 C9H18 C6H10Cl2O2 C12H14Cl2O3 C8H14O2 C6H15N C12H18 C14H18N2O5

54819-86-2 27387-79-7 1189-85-1 77-94-1 5459-58-5 1678-93-9 7058-01-7 3178-22-1 13491-79-7 937-05-3 21862-63-5 98-53-3 10108-56-2 84-64-0 2040-95-1 29003-73-4 94-80-4 104-50-7 927-62-8 98-19-1 81-14-1

164.630 164.630 230.223 360.443 141.168 140.266 140.266 140.266 156.265 156.265 156.265 154.249 155.281 304.382 126.239 185.048 277.143 142.196 101.190 162.271 294.303

C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C12H15N3O6

1879-09-0 17696-37-6 879-97-0 81-15-2

178.270 178.270 178.270 297.263

C10H12N2O5 C26H54 C26H54 C16H32O2 C6H15N C12H18 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C12H18O C9H20O2 C10H16N2O3

1420-07-1 55282-16-1 13475-76-8 106-18-3 13360-63-9 7364-19-4 628-81-9 2679-87-0 637-92-3 96-70-8 115-84-4 77-28-1

240.212 366.707 366.707 256.424 101.190 162.271 102.174 102.174 102.174 178.270 160.254 212.245

ye solid

C6H14S C6H14S C5H11NO C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

638-46-0 14290-92-7 2425-74-3 592-84-7 589-40-2 762-75-4

118.240 118.240 101.147 102.132 102.132 102.132

liq liq liq liq

red cry (peth)

mp/˚C

-5 -20

liq

-74.73

liq

-41.2 45 83 83 48 208.3

col liq liq

-108 9

liq ye cry

-18 135.5

pl, nd (al)

22.3 71.2 82.4 110 126 208

liq liq

-38.4 -124

liq

-94 23 43.8 128.5

wh cry

-95.1 -88.9 16 -91.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

184 10422, 926

1.025320 1.037020

1.426320 1.432120

vs eth vs H2O, eth reac H2O

23322 231; 11515 180.9 179.3 171.5 13995 11215 11215 909

1.04320 1.001020 0.790220 0.813120 0.812720 0.90225

1.446020 1.420020 1.440820 1.446720 1.446920

i H2O i H2O; s ace i H2O

≈2055 156.6 193.5 1331 13220 95 207

1.07625 0.784620 1.182020

1.431620 1.442020

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

0.979619 0.720620 0.866820

1.445119 1.397020

s EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s ctc vs chl

249 264 248

0.91780 0.93980 0.91680

1.518320 1.531120

i alk s alk s alk i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

24410 242.510 18018 107.5 211 92.3 81 72.6 250 262

0.805820 0.804120

1.450320 1.449920

0.739820 0.864120 0.749520 0.750320 0.73625

1.404020

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.381820 1.380220 1.375620

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

0.92750

1.458725

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH

0.837620

1.449210

vs EtOH; s chl

0.903 0.895820 0.884620 0.872

1.433020 1.388720 1.386520 1.379020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth

144.3 120.4; 56109 202 106.1 97 82

 

1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578

Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate tert-Butyl chromate Butyl citrate Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone Butylcyclohexylamine Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate Butylcyclopentane Butyl dichloroacetate Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate 5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone Butyldimethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5dinitroacetophenone 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6trinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane Butyl dodecanoate Butylethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether sec-Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyl ethyl sulfide tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide N-tert-Butylformamide Butyl formate sec-Butyl formate tert-Butyl formate

Synonym

liq

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556

Name

O

O O Cr O O

O

O Cl

Cl Butyl 2-chloropropanoate

O Butyl 3-chloropropanoate

O O

O

O

OH

tert-Butyl chromate

O

N

O

O

Butyl citrate

OH

Butyl cyanoacetate

O

Butylcyclohexane

sec-Butylcyclohexane

O

OH

O

O O



H N

Cl

cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone

Butylcyclohexylamine

O Cl

O 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate

Butylcyclopentane

Butyl dichloroacetate

O

OH OH

O O



TeamLRN

Cl

tert-Butylcyclohexane

O

O O

Cl Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

OH



O

O

N

5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

O N

O N

O

N

O

O

O

Butyldimethylamine

O N

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

N O

N O

O

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone

2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol

4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol

OH

O

N

O

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

5-Butyldocosane

11-Butyldocosane

OH

O O Butyl dodecanoate

OH HO

O

H N

O

Butylethylamine

1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene

O

Butyl ethyl ether

sec-Butyl ethyl ether

tert-Butyl ethyl ether

2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol

2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

O N O

N H

H O

5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

S

H N

tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide

N-tert-Butylformamide

O

S Butyl ethyl sulfide

O

O Butyl formate

O

O

sec-Butyl formate

O

O

tert-Butyl formate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

O

No.



1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621

Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether 2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol 2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide 4-Butylmorpholine 1-Butylnaphthalene 2-Butylnaphthalene

1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602

Butyl enanthate Butyl caproate Monobutyl succinate Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylparaben Butyl ricinoleate

1-Isothiocyanatobutane 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±) 2-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane

N-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-tert-Butyltoluene 3-tert-Butyltoluene 4-tert-Butyltoluene Butyl o-toluate Butyl p-toluate

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H14O2 C11H22O2 C10H20O2 C4H13ClN2 C8H14O4 C4H10O2 C11H16O2 C11H14O3 C11H14O3 C22H42O3

2426-08-6 5454-28-4 626-82-4 7400-27-3 5150-93-6 75-91-2 25013-16-5 2052-14-4 94-26-8 151-13-3

130.185 186.292 172.265 124.612 174.195 90.121 180.244 194.227 194.227 354.566

C4H9ClO C8H18O C8H18O C5H9NO C5H9N C7H16O C5H9NS C5H9NS C5H9NS C7H14O3 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C11H16O C12H16N2O5

507-40-4 17071-47-5 33021-02-2 111-36-4 2769-64-4 17348-59-3 592-82-5 116724-11-9 590-42-1 34451-18-8 97-88-1 585-07-9 5396-38-3 83-66-9

108.566 130.228 130.228 99.131 83.132 116.201 115.197 115.197 115.197 146.184 142.196 142.196 164.244 268.265

C11H16O2 C11H16O2 C5H13N C11H16 C11H16 C11H16

121-00-6 88-32-4 110-68-9 1074-92-6 1075-38-3 98-51-1

180.244 180.244 87.164 148.245 148.245 148.245

C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C5H12O C5H12O C11H16O C11H16O C11H16O C11H16O C5H12S C5H12S C8H17NO C14H16 C14H16

15706-73-7 109-19-3 628-28-4 116783-23-4 2409-55-4 88-60-8 2219-82-1 98-27-1 628-29-5 6163-64-0 1005-67-0 1634-09-9 1134-62-9

158.238 158.238 88.148 88.148 164.244 164.244 164.244 164.244 104.214 104.214 143.227 184.277 184.277

Physical Form liq liq

wax liq

mp/˚C -67.5 -64.3 192.5 8.6 6 51 -5.9 68.5

ye liq liq liq

liq

-88

10.5

pa ye lf (al)

19.0 85

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

169; 7526 226.2 208

0.91820 0.863820 0.865320

1.420420 1.415220

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth

136.53 1.073220 dec 89; 3617 0.896020 268 271 1.072820

1.436020 1.401520

27513

0.905822

1.456622

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s peth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH vs eth

77.5 151 112.0 115 120 87.6 168 159.5 140 7710 160 135.2 238 18516

0.958318 0.76315

1.40320 1.407721

i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH

0.88020 0.7820 0.736525 0.954620 0.94412 0.918710 0.974427 0.893620

1.406020

0.938320

1.503920

1.511520

1.50120

1.424020

vs eth, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

18450 65 liq liq liq

liq

liq liq liq liq liq

-50.3 -41.4 -52

-115.7 51.5 46.5 31 27.5 -97.8 -57.1 -19.8 -2.5

91 200.4 189.3 190

0.763715 0.889720 0.865720 0.861220

179

0.862020

70.16 59.1 237 12711 230 237; 13220 123.4 98.9 213.5 289.3 292

0.739225 0.741520 0.924775 0.92280 0.924080 0.96520 0.842620

1.413520 1.405825 1.373620 1.368025 1.496975 1.525020 1.519520 1.523020 1.447720

0.906820 0.973820 0.967320

1.445120 1.581920 1.577720

1.507620 1.494420 1.491820

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, EtOH

 

1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608

Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl heptanoate Butyl hexanoate tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride Butyl hydrogen succinate tert-Butyl hydroperoxide tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R) tert-Butyl hypochlorite Butyl isobutyl ether tert-Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl isocyanate Butyl isocyanide tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Butyl isothiocyanate sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±) tert-Butyl isothiocyanate Butyl lactate Butyl methacrylate tert-Butyl methacrylate 1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol Butylmethylamine 1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

Synonym

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588

Name

OH O

O O O

O

O

Butyl glycidyl ether

O

Butyl heptanoate

Butyl hexanoate

O

OH

O

NH2 HCl

OH

O

OH

O

tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride

Butyl hydrogen succinate

O

O

tert-Butyl hydroperoxide tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O O O OH

OH Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)

O

Cl

tert-Butyl hypochlorite

N

O Butyl isobutyl ether

tert-Butyl isobutyl ether

C

O N

O

Butyl isocyanate

C

Butyl isocyanide

tert-Butyl isopropyl ether

OH O



TeamLRN

O

N

C

N

S

Butyl isothiocyanate

C

N S

C

O O

S

O

OH

sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±) tert-Butyl isothiocyanate

Butyl lactate

O

Butyl methacrylate

O O

O

N O

N O

O O

tert-Butyl methacrylate 1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

OH O H N

O 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

Butylmethylamine

O O

1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene

1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

O

O

Butyl 2-methylbutanoate

Butyl 3-methylbutanoate

Butyl methyl ether

O sec-Butyl methyl ether

OH OH OH

OH

N S S

2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol

2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol

2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol

4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol

Butyl methyl sulfide

O tert-Butyl methyl sulfide

4-Butylmorpholine

1-Butylnaphthalene

2-Butylnaphthalene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

H N

O

No.

Name

1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666

5-Butylnonane Butyl nonanoate Butyl octanoate 2-Butyl-1-octanol Butyl oleate tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl palmitate Butyl pentanoate sec-Butyl pentanoate 4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate 2-Butylphenol 2-sec-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol 3-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-Butylphenol 4-sec-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) [(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone Butyl phenyl ether N-Butylpiperidine Butylpropanedioic acid Butyl propanoate sec-Butyl propanoate N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide Butyl propyl ether 4-tert-Butylpyridine 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid Butyl stearate Butyl thiocyanate 2-Butylthiophene Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate Butyl trichloroacetate Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine Butyl pelargonate

Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate Butyl levulinate Butyl hexadecanoate

Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide

4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol

Butoxybenzene Butylmalonic acid Butyl propionate N-tert-Butylacrylamide

Fusaric acid 1-Thiocyanobutane Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate

2,4,5-T Butyl ester

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H9NO3 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C8H18N2O2

928-45-0 544-16-1 540-80-7 924-43-6 3817-11-6

119.119 103.120 103.120 103.120 174.241

C13H28 C13H26O2 C12H24O2 C12H26O C22H42O2 C8H14O3 C9H16O3 C20H40O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C14H23N C11H14O3 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C30H39O4P C13H18O2 C12H17NO C12H16O C10H14O C9H19N C7H12O4 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H13NO C7H16O C9H13N C10H13NO2 C22H44O2 C5H9NS C8H12S C9H12O2S C11H16O3S C6H9Cl3O2 C12H13Cl3O3

17312-63-9 50623-57-9 589-75-3 3913-02-8 142-77-8 1694-31-1 2052-15-5 111-06-8 591-68-4 116836-32-9 2961-47-9 614-45-9 3180-09-4 89-72-5 88-18-6 4074-43-5 585-34-2 1638-22-8 99-71-8 98-54-4 78-33-1 3101-60-8 91-49-6 943-27-1 1126-79-0 4945-48-6 534-59-8 590-01-2 591-34-4 107-58-4 3073-92-5 3978-81-2 536-69-6 123-95-5 628-83-1 1455-20-5 56053-84-0 778-28-9 3657-07-6 93-79-8

184.361 214.344 200.318 186.333 338.567 158.195 172.221 312.531 158.238 158.238 205.340 194.227 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 494.602 206.281 191.269 176.254 150.217 141.254 160.168 130.185 130.185 127.184 116.201 135.206 179.216 340.583 115.197 140.246 184.255 228.308 219.493 311.588

Physical Form

mp/˚C

pa ye liq

liq

-38 -42.9

ye cry

-26.4

cry (dil al) liq

16.9 -92.8

liq

-20 16 -6.8

liq nd (peth)

nd (lig)

42.3 22 61.5 98

liq

24.5 17.7 -19.4

pr (w) liq

104.5 -89

cry (bz)

128

liq

-41 97 27

 

Butyl nitrate Butyl nitrite tert-Butyl nitrite sec-Butyl nitrite 4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol

Mol. Form.

28.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

133 78 63 68.5 1150.01

1.022830 0.911425 0.867020 0.872620

1.401323 1.376220 1.36820 1.371020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH, chl

217.5 12320 240.5 246.5; 13215 22715 71.511 237.5

0.763518 0.852025 0.862820 0.89120 0.870415 0.975620 0.973520

1.427318 1.426225 1.423225

vs ace, eth, EtOH

185.8 174.5 265; 18150 750.2 235 228; 11621 223 248 240 248 241 237

0.871015 0.860520 0.887825 1.02125 0.97520 0.980425 0.978320 0.97420 0.97622 0.98620 0.90880

1.516525 1.518221 1.4787114

16714, 1450.5 281 263; 13720 210 176

1.03625 0.991220 0.963520 0.935120 0.824520

1.514520 1.514620 1.51815 1.496920 1.446720

146.8 133

0.875420 0.865720

1.401420 1.395220

118.1 196.5

0.77720 0.91525

1.495820

343 186 181.5 580.15 1656 204 337

0.85425 0.956315 0.953720

1.432850 1.436020 1.509020

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.131920 1.277820

1.505020 1.452525

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

1.448025 1.418020 1.429020 1.431250 1.412820 1.407020 1.484625 1.499020 1.518025 1.520025 1.516020

vs EtOH sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, alk; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk i EtOH; sl eth, bz sl chl s eth, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; i peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ctc, CS2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



1622 1623 1624 1625 1626

Synonym

O

N O

O N

O

Butyl nitrate

O O

Butyl nitrite

N

O

O

tert-Butyl nitrite

N N

O

N

sec-Butyl nitrite

O

O

O

O

Butyl nonanoate

Butyl octanoate

O

tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate

O O

O

Butyl 4-oxopentanoate

Butyl palmitate

Butyl pentanoate

OH OH

OH O

O

OH O

O

HO

OH

OH

O

N

sec-Butyl pentanoate

4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine

tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate

2-Butylphenol



TeamLRN

O O P O O

OH

2-sec-Butylphenol

2-tert-Butylphenol

3-Butylphenol

3-tert-Butylphenol

4-Butylphenol

4-sec-Butylphenol

O O

O

O

O N

O

OH OH

N

O O

O 4-tert-Butylphenol

4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1)

[(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane

N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide

1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone

H N

O O

N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide

S

C

Butyl thiocyanate

N

Butyl propyl ether

4-tert-Butylpyridine

O

S N

S 2-Butylthiophene

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

Butyl propanoate

O

O

O O S O

Butylpropanedioic acid

O

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

N-Butylpiperidine

OH

N O

O

sec-Butyl propanoate

Butyl phenyl ether

Butyl stearate

O Cl Cl

O Cl Butyl trichloroacetate

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

O Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Butyl oleate

O

O O

2-Butyl-1-octanol

5-Butylnonane

O O

O

OH

O

OH

4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol

O

O

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680

Butyltrichlorosilane Butyl trifluoroacetate Butylurea sec-Butylurea tert-Butylurea 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene Butyl vinyl ether tert-Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne 2-Butynediamide 2-Butynedinitrile 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

Trichlorobutylsilane

C4H9Cl3Si C6H9F3O2 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C12H16 C6H12O C6H12O C4H6 C4H6 C4H4N2O2 C4N2 C4H2O4 C4H6O2

7521-80-4 367-64-6 592-31-4 689-11-2 1118-12-3 1746-23-2 111-34-2 926-02-3 107-00-6 503-17-3 543-21-5 1071-98-3 142-45-0 110-65-6

191.559 170.129 116.161 116.161 116.161 160.255 100.158 100.158 54.091 54.091 112.087 76.056 114.057 86.090

1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 2-Butynoic acid 2-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-2-ol 3-Butyn-2-one 3-Butynylbenzene γ-Butyrolactone Cacotheline γ-Cadinene Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Caffeine

1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne

C8H10O4 C4H4O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H4O C10H10 C4H6O2 C21H21N3O7 C15H24 C10H20CdN2S4 C8H10N4O2

1573-17-7 590-93-2 764-01-2 927-74-2 2028-63-9 1423-60-5 16520-62-0 96-48-0 561-20-6 39029-41-9 14239-68-0 58-08-2

170.163 84.074 70.090 70.090 70.090 68.074 130.186 86.090 427.408 204.352 408.950 194.191

1693 1694 1695 1696 1697

Calactin Calcium ascorbate Calcium citrate Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate

19-Oxogomphoside

20304-47-6 5743-27-1 7693-13-2 156-62-7 139-06-0

1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706

Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate Calcium lactate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium thioglycollate Calotoxin Calotropin Calusterone Camphene, (+)

C29H40O9 C12H14CaO12 C12H10Ca3O14 CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6 S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4 C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4 C4H6CaO4S2 C29H40O10 C29H40O9 C28H48O C10H16

299-28-5 1319-91-1 814-80-2 19372-44-2 814-71-1 20304-49-8 1986-70-5 17021-26-0 5794-03-6

(1-Methylpropyl)urea p-tert-Butylstyrene 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane 2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane Ethylacetylene Dimethylacetylene Cellocidin

Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate 4’β-Hydroxy-19-oxogomphoside

2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1R)-

Physical Form

mp/˚C

tab (w), nd (bz) 97.0 pr (w) 169 176 dec liq -36.9 liq -92 liq -112 col gas -125.7 vol liq or gas -32.2 cry (dil MeOH) 217 dec 20.5 183 dec pl (bz, AcOEt) 50

pl (eth, peth) liq liq liq

78 -1.1 -63.6 -1.5

liq ye cry

-43.61 >300 255 238

532.623 390.310 498.433 80.102 396.535

wh cry wh nd (w+1), hex pr (sub) small pr (ace) tricl cry (w) cry (w) col hex cry cry

430.373 971.023 218.217 238.294 222.297 548.622 532.623 400.680 136.234

cry wh-ye pow wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH) pr (w) cry (EtOH) pl (EtOH) cry (ace) nd

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

148.5 102

1.160620 1.026822

1.436320 1.35322

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl

9914 94 75 8.08 26.9

0.8920 0.788820 0.769120 0.67830 0.691020

1.402620 1.392220 1.396220 1.392120

76.5

0.970825

1.464725

s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1.480420

238 12210 203 148 129 106.5 84 190 204

0.964120 0.937020 0.925720 0.861820 0.879320 0.925820 1.129620

1.461120 1.453020 1.440920 1.420720 1.407020 1.520820 1.434120

12612

0.918215

1.316620

sub 90

1.2319

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

271 ≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340 sub

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH dec H2O vs H2O

2.29

i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH dec 220 dec 268 221 157.5 52

s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O, EtOH; i eth 161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Name

 

O Cl Cl Si Cl

F F

Butyltrichlorosilane

H N

NH2

O

O

F Butyl trifluoroacetate

Butylurea

O

HO

H N

NH2

sec-Butylurea

O O

tert-Butylurea

HO

OH

NH2 O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

O

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

1-Butyne

OH

O

2-Butyne

OH

O

OH H2N

NH2

N

2-Butynediamide

N

O

2-Butynedinitrile

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

2-Butynoic acid

2-Butyn-1-ol

3-Butyn-1-ol

3-Butyn-2-ol

3-Butyn-2-one

O O H

O

CH2O

N H

O



TeamLRN

O

O

O

O

O

S O

O

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

OH

H N

2

3Ca

O 2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

HO

N

N

O S

O

2

Calcium cyanamide

N

O

S

Ca

2

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

O

H

O

Caffeine

2

O O

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

O HS

O

Ca 2

Calcium thioglycollate

HO

H

OH H O

O

O

H

O

H Calotoxin

OH H OH

OH

2

2

Ca

Calcium iodobehenate

O

HO

Calcium ascorbate

O

O

O

2

Calactin

O

2

OH H O

HO HO H

I

Calcium gluconate

HO

Ca2

O

2

2

HO

H

Ca

Calcium cyclamate

O

OH O

O

OH H O

OH N

N

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

H HO H H

N

N

Cd S

γ-Cadinene

Cacotheline

S

N

H

O

OH

O

H

O

O

O

O

N

H

N H H

O

H

O

H Calotropin

O Calusterone

Camphene, (+)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

H N

O

No.

Name

1707 Camphene, (-)

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid 1709 Camphor, (±) 1710 Camphor, (+)

1712 Camphoric acid, (±) 1713 1714 1715 1716

d-Camphorsulfonic acid Canadine, (±) Cannabidiol Cannabinol

vs eth

5794-04-7

136.234

C11H16O3 C10H16O

18530-30-8 21368-68-3

196.243 152.233

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

pr (eth, 50% al) 127.5 wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl 178.8

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

178.6

0.985318

C10H16O4

5394-83-2

200.232

pr, lf

202

1.186

C10H16O4S C20H21NO4 C21H30O2 C21H26O2

3144-16-9 29074-38-2 13956-29-1 521-35-7

232.297 339.386 314.462 310.430

pr (HOAc) mcl nd (al) rods (peth) pl, lf (peth)

195 dec 134 67 77

1882 1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

lf (lig) mcl pl or sc (peth)

69.3 65

270 2150.01

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (±) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1S) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR) DL-Tetrahydroberberine 6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol



113.157 305.412

1721 Capsanthin

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’-one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

C6H15ClN2O2 CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P C12H11NO2 C12H9N C14H11NO2 C9H9N3O2

51-83-2 463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6 63-25-2 86-74-8 524-80-1 10605-21-7

182.648 79.486 93.172 141.021 201.221 167.206 225.243 191.186

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3 C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N C11H8N2 CO2

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6 22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3 244-69-9 124-38-9

333.465 219.194 164.158 186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023 168.195 44.010

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline Carbamyl chloride

Dibenzopyrolle Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole Carbonic anhydride

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc

sub 207.4

0.99025

1.04040

1.5462

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH

1.540420

vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln pl or lf lf (AcOEt)

145 246.3 215 300 dec

1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45 1650.01

orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas nd col gas

91 164.5 123.5 69.5 151 -90 225 -56.56 tp

1.41725

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

1.18 -13 dec -78.5 sp

1.352 0.72025 (p>1 atm)

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O

 

105-60-2 404-86-4

Carbetapentane N-Carbethoxyphthalimide Carbic anhydride Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride γ-Carboline Carbon dioxide

Solubility

1.456454

C10H16

C6H11NO C18H27NO3

1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741

nD

2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1S)-

6-Hexanelactam

Carbachol Carbamic chloride Carbamodithioic acid Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate Carbaryl Carbazole 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid Carbendazim

den/g cm-3 0.844650

Mol. Wt.

1719 Caprolactam 1720 Capsaicin

1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732

bp/˚C 158

CAS RN

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

mp/˚C 52

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1711 Camphor, (-)

Physical Form

Synonym

O N

O O

COOH O

Camphene, (-)

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O

Camphor, (±)

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

O

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

Canadine, (±)

O O OH

O

OH O

HO

O

O Cannabidiol

O

Cannabinol

Canrenone

Cantharidin



TeamLRN

O

O

OH

HO

Cl O Cl Cl

H

Captafol

O

N H

HO

Caprolactam

Capsaicin

OH

N

N S

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

N H

O

H

N S

O O

O

Cl

O O

SH

Captan

Captopril

N

O

NH2

O

H2N

O Carbachol

Cl

Carbamic chloride

O O S H2N

O SH

H2N

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbaryl

O

N

O N

O O

O N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

O Carbic anhydride

O

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O O

O Carbimazole

N H

O

S

N

NH

OH

Carbazole

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N N H

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

O

N H

O OH P O OH

O

Carbendazim

O Carbofuran

F F

N

O Carbetapentane

O

H N

O

O

O

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H

O C O

γ-Carboline

Carbon dioxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O O S O OH

OH

HO

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2 CH2O3 CH6N4O CO C7H4ClNO4

506-80-9 75-15-0 463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0 7693-46-1

169.93 76.141 62.025 90.085 28.010 201.565

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

1750 1751

Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbonic acid Carbonic dihydrazide Carbon monoxide Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester Carbonothioic dichloride Carbonothioic dihydrazide

Thiophosgene 1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CCl2S CH6N4S

463-71-8 2231-57-4

114.982 106.151

1752 1753 1754 1755 1756

Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon suboxide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride

Carbonyl selenide Carbonyl sulfide 1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

COSe COS C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

1603-84-5 463-58-1 504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

106.97 60.075 68.031 187.818 98.916

1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771

Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonyl dicyanide N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) Carisoprodol Carminic acid

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4 C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5 C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

353-49-1 1115-12-4 530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0 34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3 498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

82.461 80.044 162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158 246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226 136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749



1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene 1776 β,ψ-Carotene

γ-Carotene

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

2.682320 1.263220

1.845420 1.631920

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02 80

-191.5 16019

1.61620 0.7909-19

Solubility s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

32.8 6311 red liq nd, pl (w) nd, pl (w) col gas; unstab col gas col gas

-122 -138.8 -107

col gas

-127.78

col gas liq cry (bz) col gas

-148 -36 119 -111.2

nd (w) cry nd

1.50815

1.544220

1.02817 1.1140 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

1.24-87 1.45380

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

1.391920

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

73 170 dec -21.5 -50 6.8 64.5 8

94 184.5 281 167 206 147

dec H2O sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc

1.410020

reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

92 136 dec

sl ace vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

197 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

171; 123200 cry red mcl pr (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), hyg

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O

1.4693

1.0020

vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

1.0020

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl

 

260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red red br hex 183 pr (bz-MeOH) red pr (bz153 MeOH), viol pr (eth)

0.854930

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

Cl O

O

O

Cl O

HO

S C S Carbon disulfide

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

NH2 C O

Carbonic dihydrazide

O

Carbon monoxide

S H2N

N H

N H

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

O C Se

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

O

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

O

O

NH2

N

Br

Cl

Br

Carbonyl bromide

N

Carbonyl chloride

S

Cl Cl

Cl

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

S N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

F

Cl

F

Carbonyl fluoride

Cl

Carbonothioic dichloride

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

O

O

O Cl

F

O

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

O Cl

Cl Cl

S

S O P O

Carbophenothion

HO O



TeamLRN

OH O

O

N

S

S

N

O

H N

O

O OH

OH O

O

O

Carbosulfan

HO

Carboxin

2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

N H

NH

O

O H 2N

O

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

OH

OH

NH2

H N

O

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

OH O

OH O S

NH2

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O Carisoprodol

OH

OH O

O

OH HO

OH OH

OH OH O Carminic acid

β-Carotene

N

O Carnitine

N

H2N

NH O

N H α-Carotene

Carnosine

β,ψ-Carotene

3-Carene, (+)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Se C Se Carbon diselenide

O

O

O

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4 C7H16ClN3O2S2 C10H16O C10H14O C10H14O C15H24 C12H11NO4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1 22042-59-7 10395-45-6 6485-40-1 2244-16-8 87-44-5 477-89-4

365.468 478.708 273.804 152.233 150.217 150.217 204.352 233.220

C24H39NO4 C12H16N2O

468-76-8 486-86-2

405.572 204.267

C15H24 C15H26O C14H14N8O4S3 C12H22O11 C18H32O16 C16H17N3O4S C18H19N3O6S C19H17N3O4S2 C16H16N2O6S2 C17H17N3O6S2 C37H38N2O6 C16H19N3O4S C12H17NO3

469-61-4 77-53-2 25953-19-9 13360-52-6 33404-34-1 15686-71-2 3577-01-3 50-59-9 153-61-7 21593-23-7 481-49-2 38821-53-3 17397-89-6

204.352 222.366 454.508 342.296 504.437 347.389 405.425 415.486 396.437 423.463 606.707 349.405 223.268

C32H49NO9 C17H19NO3 C5H9NO2S2 C21H19NO5

62-59-9 495-91-0 505-34-0 34316-15-9

591.733 285.338 179.261 365.380

C20H19NO5 C10H6N2OS2 C2H3Cl3O2 C14H19Cl2NO2

476-32-4 2439-01-2 302-17-0 305-03-3

353.369 234.297 165.403 304.213

Caroverine Carpaine Cartap hydrochloride Carvenone, (S) (R)-Carvone (S)-Carvone Caryophyllene Casimiroin

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (R) p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (S) 6-Methoxy-9-methyl-1,3dioxolo[4,5-h]quinolin-8(9H)-one



1791 Cassaine 1792 Caulophylline α-Cedrene Cedrol Cefazolin β-Cellobiose Cellotriose Cephalexin Cephaloglycin Cephaloridine Cephalothin Cephapirin Cepharanthine Cephradine Cerulenin

1806 1807 1808 1809

Cevadine Chavicine Cheirolin Chelerythrine

1810 1811 1812 1813

Chelidonine Chinomethionat Chloral hydrate Chlorambucil

Kafocin

2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10dodecadienamide, (2R,3S)-

 

1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805

Stylophorine

Physical Form red pr or nd (peth) ye pr (MeOH) orth (chl-eth) ye or viol pr (eth-MeOH) garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) dk red nd (bzMeOH) oranred (bz-peth) red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

196

sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

160

vs bz, chl

160

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

168

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS 2

215.5

69 121 180 25.2 <15

fl (eth) cry (w+2), nd (al, bz) oil

bp/˚C

175 2270.06

2020.01

233 231 231 12213.5

0.928920 0.959320 0.96520 0.907520

1.480520 1.498820 1.498920 1.498620

142.5 137

sl i-PrOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz sl chl s EtOH, ace, chl, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH

262.5; 12512

nd (ace aq) cry (dil al)

86 200 dec 225 dec 208

cry cry (w) cry

≈220 dec

0.947990

1.482490 s DMF, py; sl MeOH; i chl, bz, eth s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz

s H2O

cry (ace aq) ye amor pow col cry (w) wh nd

160 155 150 141 dec 94

flat nd (eth)

213 dec

cry (eth) cry (chlMeOH) mcl pr (al)

47.5

2003 207

vs eth, EtOH, peth vs EtOH, chl vs chl

135.5 170 57 65

2200.002

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

sl H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace; i peth

dec 96

1.908120

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790

Name

N N

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

H N

O

O

O

O

O

O O

Caroverine

NH2

S

NH2

N

N H

N

S

O Cartap hydrochloride

Carpaine

O

O

O

O

O

(R)-Carvone

(S)-Carvone

HCl

Carvenone, (S)

N

HO O H

N

H

OH



OH N

O H H

O

HO

O

Caryophyllene

N

H O

H

Casimiroin

O

Cassaine

H

H

α-Cedrene

Caulophylline

HO

Cedrol

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO

O HO

 N N N N

O OH NH H O

HO

S S

N

β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

O

S

O

HO

OH



TeamLRN

NH2

H

NH2 O

O O Cephalexin

S

O H

HN

S

S

N

O

HO

Cephalothin

N

N H

O

O O

H OH Cevadine

H OH

N

H

NH

S

N

O

N

O

O

O

O

Cephaloridine

O H

NH

N H

O

NH2

S

O

N O

O

Cephapirin

S

S

NH2

O

Cepharanthine

OH

O Cerulenin

Cephradine

O

H

OH

OH H

H

O OH Cephaloglycin

O

O

O

OH

O O

O O

OH

S

N

O O

O

H

N H

N

O

H

O

NH

S

N

HO

O

Cellotriose

O HN

ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

OH

OH β-Cellobiose

O β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH O

O

OH

HO Cefazolin

HO

HO

O

O

OH

O

O

OH

HO

N N

OH

OH OH OH

HO

O

O

O H

O

O

O

O

N Chavicine

O S

O

N Cheirolin

C

O S

O H

N

N

N

OH S O

O O

O Chelerythrine

Chelidonine

S N Chinomethionat

Cl Cl

OH Cl

Chloral hydrate

Cl

N Chlorambucil

Cl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

No.

Name

1814 Chloramine B 1815 Chloramine T

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

N-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide sodium N-Chloro-4methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium

C6H5ClNNaO2S

127-52-6

213.618

pr (w)

190

sl EtOH; i chl, eth

C7H7ClNNaO2S

127-65-1

227.645

pr (hyd)

180 (hyd)

s H2O; i bz, chl, eth

C11H12Cl2N2O5

56-75-7

323.129

150.5

C27H42Cl2N2O6 C6H2Cl2O4

530-43-8 87-88-7

561.537 208.984

pa ye pl or nd (w) cry (bz) red lf (w+2)

C13H10Cl2S

103-17-3

269.189

C9H6Cl8 C9H10BrClN2O2

2550-75-6 13360-45-7

397.768 293.544

pow

C11H10ClNO2

1967-16-4

223.656

cry

C18H21ClN2 C10H6Cl8 C11H17Cl3N2O2 S C10H6Cl6 C10H13ClN2 C9H4Cl6O4

82-93-9 57-74-9 5588-20-5

300.826 409.779 347.689

oil

3734-48-3 6164-98-3 115-28-6

338.873 196.676 388.844

cry (EtOH)

C9H2Cl6O3 C12H14Cl3O4P C14H9ClO3

115-27-5 470-90-6 2464-37-1

370.828 359.569 260.672

235

C10H8ClN3O

1698-60-8

221.643

205

C15H15ClN4O6S C5H12ClO2PS2

90982-32-4 24934-91-6

414.821 234.705

C5H13Cl2N C11H12ClNO3S C14H15Cl2N C2H3ClO C2H4ClNO C2H3ClO2 C4H4Cl2O3 C10H10ClNO2 C3H5ClO C2H2ClN C8H7ClO

999-81-5 80-77-3 494-03-1 107-20-0 79-07-2 79-11-8 541-88-8 101-92-8 78-95-5 107-14-2 532-27-4

158.069 273.736 268.182 78.497 93.512 94.497 170.979 211.645 92.524 75.497 154.594

C10H10ClNO2 C2H2Cl2O C2HCl

140-49-8 79-04-9 593-63-5

211.645 112.942 60.482

1816 Chloramphenicol

1819 Chlorbenside 1820 Chlorbicyclen 1821 Chlorbromuron 1822 Chlorbufam

2,5-Dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1-Chloro-4[[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]thio]benzene N’-(4-Bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-Nmethoxy-N-methylurea 1-Methyl-2-propynyl(3chlorophenyl)carbamate

1823 Chlorcyclizine 1824 Chlordane 1825 Chlordantoin



1826 Chlordene 1827 Chlordimeform 1828 Chlorendic acid 1829 Chlorendic anhydride 1830 Chlorfenvinphos 1831 Chlorflurecol 1832 Chloridazon 1833 Chlorimuron-ethyl 1834 Chlormephos 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845

Chlormequat chloride Chlormezanone Chlornaphazine Chloroacetaldehyde 2-Chloroacetamide Chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic anhydride 4-Chloroacetoacetanilide Chloroacetone Chloroacetonitrile α-Chloroacetophenone

9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid, 2chloro-9-hydroxy3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4chloro-2-phenylChloromethyl O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate

N-Acetoacetyl-4-chloroaniline Chloromethyl cyanide ω-Chloroacetophenone

nD

Solubility

sub

vs ace, EtOH, chl

90 283.5

vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O 1.421020

75 105 96

1742 1.6920

45.5

106

sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, ace 1400.12 1751

1.6025 s CS2

cry (w)

155 35 232

1560.4

1.10525

1.588525

vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.5244

sl H2O; misc os

1.435155

sl EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc

1700.05 1.49620

186 830.1

oil

cry pl (peth) liq mcl pl pr (bz) liq pl(dil al), rhom, lf (peth) liq col gas

239 dec 117 55 -16.3 121 63 46 132 -44.5

2105 85.5 225 189.3 203

1.404340 1.549720 1.1520 1.193020 1.32415

1.420225

56.5

119 126.5 247

218 -22 -126

106 -30

1.420220

1.453020

1.19

 

1846 4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide 1847 Chloroacetyl chloride 1848 Chloroacetylene

1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

den/g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, peth

msc eth; s ace, ctc sl EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1817 Chloramphenicol palmitate 1818 Chloranilic acid

bp/˚C

OH O

O

Na O N S Cl

O N S Cl

Na

OH

O

O

Cl O

Cl

H N

O

Cl HO

O

N O

Cl

OH

O

Chloramine T

Cl

O

Chloramphenicol

O

Chloramphenicol palmitate

Chloranilic acid



Cl

H

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

H N Cl Cl

Cl S

Cl

Cl

Cl

Chlorbenside

Br

Chlorbromuron



TeamLRN

Cl H

Cl

Cl

Chlordene

Chlordimeform

Cl

Cl

N

Chlorcyclizine

O Cl

Cl

O

Chlorendic acid

O

Cl

O

Cl

Chlorendic anhydride

Cl

O

N S

Cl H

Cl

Chlordane

Cl Cl

Chlordantoin

Cl

Cl Cl O Cl Cl

N

Cl Cl Cl Cl H

Cl Chlorbufam

OH OH

N

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O

Cl Cl O Cl N

Cl

O

O

Chlorbicyclen

Cl Cl Cl H

Cl

N

H N

Cl

O O P O O

O HO

Chlorfenvinphos

H2N OH

Cl

O N

Chlorflurecol

N

Chloridazon

O

S O

O H N

O H N

O O

N

Cl

N

S O P O S

N

Cl

Cl

O Chlorimuron-ethyl

Chlormephos

Cl N

S N

Cl

O O

Chlormequat chloride

O

Cl Cl

Cl

Chlormezanone

Chlornaphazine

O Cl

O O

Chloroacetic anhydride

Cl

Cl

O O

O

4-Chloroacetoacetanilide

Cl

O Cl Chloroacetone

Cl

N

Chloroacetonitrile

O NH2

2-Chloroacetamide

Cl

OH

Chloroacetic acid

O

O

O Cl

α-Chloroacetophenone

Cl

Chloroacetaldehyde

H N H N

O

4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide

Cl

Cl

Chloroacetyl chloride

Cl Chloroacetylene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Chloramine B

H N

HO

N O

Cl

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1849 9-Chloroacridine 1850 2-Chloroaniline 1851 3-Chloroaniline

C13H8ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN

1207-69-8 95-51-2 108-42-9

213.663 127.572 127.572

nd (al) liq liq

121 -1.9 -10.28

sub 208.8 230.5

1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860

4-Chloroaniline 2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 2-Chloroanisole 3-Chloroanisole 4-Chloroanisole 1-Chloroanthracene 1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

C6H6ClN C6H7Cl2N C6H7Cl2N C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C14H9Cl C14H7ClO2 C14H7ClO2

106-47-8 137-04-2 141-85-5 766-51-8 2845-89-8 623-12-1 4985-70-0 82-44-0 131-09-9

127.572 164.033 164.033 142.583 142.583 142.583 212.674 242.658 242.658

orth pr pl (w, aq al) pl liq

70.5 235 222 -26.8

232

1.42919 1.50518

1.554687

198.5 193.5 197.5

1.191120 1.175912 1.20120 1.1707100

1.548020 1.536520 1.539020 1.6959100

1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867

2-Chlorobenzaldehyde 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 2-Chlorobenzamide Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H6ClNO C6H5Cl C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2

89-98-5 587-04-2 104-88-1 609-66-5 108-90-7 2444-36-2 1878-65-5

140.567 140.567 140.567 155.582 112.557 170.594 170.594

211.9 213.5 213.5

1.248320 1.241020 1.19661

1.566220 1.565020 1.55561

131.72

1.105820

1.524120

1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880

4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol

C8H7ClO2 C8H6ClN C8H6ClN C8H6ClN C8H6Cl2O C7H5ClO3 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H5ClO2 C6H5ClO2 C6H5ClO2 C6H5ClO2

1878-66-6 2856-63-5 1529-41-5 140-53-4 2912-62-1 937-14-4 95-83-0 5131-60-2 615-66-7 4018-65-9 2138-22-9 95-88-5 615-67-8

170.594 151.594 151.594 151.594 189.039 172.566 142.586 142.586 142.586 144.556 144.556 144.556 144.556

251 261; 13510 265.0 12023, 11014

1.173718 1.180630 1.177830 1.19625

1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886

2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H7ClS C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

89-97-4 4152-90-3 104-86-9 6258-66-8 17849-38-6 873-76-7

141.599 141.599 141.599 158.649 142.583 142.583

C6H6ClNO2S C6H6ClNO2S C6H5ClO3S

6961-82-6 98-64-6 98-66-8

191.636 191.636 192.620

Name



1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene 1-Chloro-3-methoxybenzene 1-Chloro-4-methoxybenzene

Phenyl chloride

4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 2-Chloro-p-phenylenediamine

p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

lf (HOAc) ye nd (to or al) pa ye nd (al, HOAc) nd pr pl orth nd (w) liq nd (w) pl (dil al), nd (lig) nd (w)

pl (bz-lig) lf (w) pl or nd nd cry (lig) lf (bz-peth) red lf (chl), nd (bz)

lf or nd (dil al) nd (w), pl (bz or bz-lig) lf (al) pr or pl (eth) nd (w+1)

<-18 83.5 163 211 12.4 17.5 47.5 141.8 -45.31 96 77.5 105.5 24 11.5 29 92 dec 76 91 64 48.5 90.5

1.216120

nD 1.589520 1.594120

sub sub

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; msc eth; s bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; vs tol; s PhNO2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, ctc, EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.543720 s ctc 1.544020 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, lig vs EtOH

108

11011 13910.5 257 263

19.5 73 75

722 892 10913 11317 230 235

188 146 67

den/g cm-3

14725

vs lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz

1.20225

1.559425 1.557025 1.556625 1.589320 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, EtOH

 

1887 2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1888 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1889 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

Synonym

vs EtOH vs bz, eth s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

No.

O

NH2 Cl

NH2

NH2 Cl

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

HCl

Cl

3-Chloroaniline

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroaniline

2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride

3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride

2-Chloroanisole

O

O

Cl

O

NH2

Cl O

4-Chloroanisole

2-Chlorobenzaldehyde

OH

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

3-Chlorobenzaldehyde

Cl

4-Chlorobenzaldehyde

2-Chlorobenzamide

Chlorobenzene



TeamLRN

OH Cl

4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

NH2

NH2

Cl

Cl

Cl 3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

OH Cl

OH

NH2

OH

4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine

NH2 Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol

NH2 NH2

SH Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol

Cl

4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol

Cl 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol

2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol

O O S NH2 Cl

2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide

Cl

2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

O O S NH2

O O S OH

Cl

Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol

Cl

OH

4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol

OH

OH

4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine

OH

OH 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine

Cl

3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid

Cl

NH2 Cl

NH2

Cl

α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride

OH

Cl

Cl 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH NH2

O

O

N

N

O

O

Cl

N

O

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

O

Cl

1-Chloroanthracene

OH

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

3-Chloroanisole

O

O

1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

Cl



O

2-Chloroaniline

O

O

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide

Cl 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9-Chloroacridine

NH2 HCl

NH2

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C6H4Cl2O2S C6H5ClS C6H5ClS C6H5ClS C16H14Cl2O3 C6H4ClO2P C7H5ClO2

98-60-2 6320-03-2 2037-31-2 106-54-7 510-15-6 1641-40-3 118-91-2

211.066 144.622 144.622 144.622 325.186 174.522 156.567

1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907

C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H4ClN C7H4ClN C7H4ClN C13H9ClO C7H5ClN2S C7H5ClN2S C7H4ClNS C6H4ClN3 C8H4ClNO3

535-80-8 74-11-3 873-32-5 766-84-7 623-03-0 5162-03-8 19952-47-7 95-24-9 615-20-3 94-97-3 4743-17-3

156.567 156.567 137.567 137.567 137.567 216.662 184.646 184.646 169.632 153.569 197.576

pr (w) tcl pr (al-eth) nd

1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928

3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzonitrile 3-Chlorobenzonitrile 4-Chlorobenzonitrile 2-Chlorobenzophenone 4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 2-Chlorobenzothiazole 5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole 6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine2,4(1H)-dione 5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine 2-Chlorobenzoxazole 5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine 3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol 4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 4-Chlorobutanal 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 4-Chlorobutanenitrile 2-Chlorobutanoic acid

C7H5ClN2O C7H4ClNO C7H4ClNO2 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C13H11Cl C10H5ClN2 C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H10ClN C12H9ClO C4H5Cl C4H5Cl C4H5Cl C4H7ClO C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H6ClN C4H7ClO2

61-80-3 615-18-9 95-25-0 609-65-4 618-46-2 122-01-0 831-81-2 2698-41-1 2051-60-7 2051-61-8 2051-62-9 135-68-2 85-97-2 25790-55-0 627-22-5 126-99-8 6139-84-0 109-69-3 53178-20-4 628-20-6 4170-24-5

168.580 153.566 169.566 175.012 175.012 175.012 202.679 188.613 188.652 188.652 188.652 203.667 204.651 88.536 88.536 88.536 106.551 92.567 92.567 103.551 122.551

pl (bz)

1929 1930 1931 1932

3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chloro-1-butanol 1-Chloro-2-butanol

C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H9ClO C4H9ClO

625-68-3 627-00-9 928-51-8 1873-25-2

122.551 122.551 108.566 108.566

2-Chlorophenyl phenyl ketone

5-Chloroisatoic anhydride Zoxazolamine Chlorzoxazone

4-Amino-4’-chlorodiphenyl 2-Phenyl-6-chlorophenol

Chloroprene Butyl chloride (±)-sec-Butyl chloride

α-Butylene chlorohydrin

mcl pr (w)

nd (al) pl (chl-lig)

cry (ace) liq

wh cry mcl (dil al) lf (lig or al) cry (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

51

14115 205.5 206 206 1570.07 8020 sub

1.275210 1.263713 1.191120 1.281620 1.465020 1.54420

sub

1.49625

61 37 30 140.2 158 243 46.3 41 95 54 204 200 24 158 280 dec 184.5 7 191.5 -4 16 7.5 96 34 16 78.8 134 6

liq

-130

liq liq

-123.1 -131.3

cry (eth)

16 16

232 10015 223; 955 330

nD

Solubility

1.548020

vs eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl

1.571220 s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; sl CS2 sl H2O, bz, ctc, CS2; s EtOH, eth i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH; sl eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.113317

248

1.371510

1.633810

201.5

1.345318

1.567820

vs ace, eth, EtOH

vs EtOH

238 225 222 299; 1478 312 274 284.5 292.9; 14610 dec 317 88 68 59.4 5113 78.4 68.2 192 189627, 10115 11622 19622, 680.2 8416 141

1.377020 1.124720

1.572616 1.567720 1.575620

vs EtOH, MeOH s ctc

1.149932 1.157925

1.618125

1.2425 0.989120 0.960620 0.95620 1.1068 0.885720 0.873220 1.093415 1.179620

1.623730 1.477520 1.471220 1.458320 1.44668 1.402320 1.397120 1.441320 1.44120

sl chl vs ace sl H2O; s bz, diox, EtOAc, ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc eth, ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.189820 1.223620 1.088320 1.06825

1.422120 1.464220 1.451820 1.440020

s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth

 

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Chlorobenzenethiol 3-Chlorobenzenethiol 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Chlorobenzilate 2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole 2-Chlorobenzoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896

O O S Cl

O

SH

O

SH

SH

HO

O

O

OH

O

Cl

O

OH

OH

Cl P Cl

Cl

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride

2-Chlorobenzenethiol

Cl

Cl

3-Chlorobenzenethiol

O

Cl

4-Chlorobenzenethiol

Chlorobenzilate

Cl

2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole

2-Chlorobenzoic acid

3-Chlorobenzoic acid

Cl 4-Chlorobenzoic acid

N N

O Cl

Cl

O

Cl N

N

Cl

2-Chlorobenzonitrile

3-Chlorobenzonitrile

4-Chlorobenzonitrile

2-Chlorobenzophenone

4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine

2-Chlorobenzothiazole



TeamLRN

O

Cl

Cl

N

N

2-Chlorobenzoxazole

Cl

2-Chlorobiphenyl

3-Chlorobiphenyl

2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

HO

4-Chlorobiphenyl

N

Cl

N

Cl Cl

6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone

5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole

O

Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine

O

Cl

N H

Cl

O

Cl

NH2 O

O

H N

N H

S

6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine

O

N Cl

S

Cl

S

N

N

NH2

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl



N

o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

Cl Cl

NH2 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine

1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene

3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol

C

Cl

4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene

1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

O Cl

O 4-Chlorobutanal

Cl 1-Chlorobutane

Cl 2-Chlorobutane

Cl

OH N

4-Chlorobutanenitrile

Cl 2-Chlorobutanoic acid

Cl

O

O OH

3-Chlorobutanoic acid

Cl

OH

4-Chlorobutanoic acid

Cl

Cl OH 4-Chloro-1-butanol

OH 1-Chloro-2-butanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

No.

1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

2-Chlorocyclohexanone 1-Chlorocyclohexene Chlorocyclopentane 2-Chlorocyclopentanone 3-Chlorocyclopentene 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol 1-Chlorodecane 10-Chloro-1-decanol 2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide

1948 1949



1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H7ClO C4H6Cl2O C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C10H13Cl C6H15ClSi C16H19ClSi C10H13ClO C4H5Cl C4H10Cl3N

4091-39-8 4635-59-0 2211-70-3 563-52-0 927-73-1 4628-21-1 4894-61-5 2211-69-0 2211-68-9 3972-56-3 18162-48-6 58479-61-1 98-28-2 21020-24-6 821-48-7

106.551 140.996 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 168.663 150.722 274.861 184.662 88.536 178.488

HN1

C6H13Cl2N

538-07-8

170.080

Mechlorethamine

C5H11Cl2N

51-75-2

156.053

2-Chlorobenzyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzyl chloride

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C3H8Cl2Si C4H6Cl2

611-19-8 620-20-2 104-83-6 1719-57-9 1871-57-4

161.029 161.029 161.029 143.088 124.997

C7H6Cl2S

7205-90-5

193.094

C8H6Cl2O

937-20-2

189.039

C27H45Cl C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C6H11Cl

910-31-6 939-58-2 14473-90-6 940-62-5 542-18-7

405.099 182.604 182.604 182.604 118.604

C6H9ClO C6H9Cl C5H9Cl C5H7ClO C5H7Cl C11H13ClO C10H21Cl C10H21ClO C8H12ClNO

822-87-7 930-66-5 930-28-9 694-28-0 96-40-2 13347-42-7 1002-69-3 51309-10-5 93-71-0

132.587 116.588 104.578 118.562 102.563 196.673 176.727 192.726 173.640

Cyclohexyl chloride

Cyclopentyl chloride

Dowicide 9

Allidochlor

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

115 173.5 58.5 64.5 75 84.1 85 70.6 62.8 213 125 1200.06 1148 68.5

1.055425 1.258120 0.910715 0.897820 0.921120 0.942620 0.929520 0.923920 0.913820 1.007518

1.421920 1.461620 1.416521 1.414920 1.423320 1.439020 1.435020 1.424020 1.419020 1.512320

s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl

1.0720

1.567520

1.421825

1.421825

-34

6612

1.086123

1.465325

-60

8718, 645

liq

-17

1.26990 1.269515

1.553020 1.555420

nd (dil al)

31

liq

-14

217 216; 11025 223 115.5 138

1.086520 1.178220

1.436020 1.4753

21.5

12812

1.34625

1.605520

nd (al)

101.5

270

s EtOH, bz, MeOH

nd (al, ace)

96 212 165 249.5 -43.81

142

1.00020

1.462620

8215 142.5 114 8719, 7312 4040, 2730 18318 225.9 18715 1161, 920.7

1.16020 1.036119 1.005120 1.18525 1.038825

1.482520 1.479720 1.451020 1.475020 1.470826

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs CS 2 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s eth, bz, diox; sl ctc s eth, ace, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc

0.869620 0.963025 1.08825

1.438020 1.457820 1.493225

liq liq

mp/˚C

-117.3 -105.8 89.5

215.0 col liq

liq

23

liq liq

-31.3 12.5

 

1957 1958 1959 1960 1961

3-Chloro-2-butanone 4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-1-butene 4-Chloro-1-butene cis-1-Chloro-2-butene trans-1-Chloro-2-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 1-Chloro-4-tert-butylbenzene Chloro-(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane Chloro(tert-butyl)diphenylsilane 2-Chloro-4-tert-butylphenol 3-Chloro-1-butyne 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl) ethanamine, hydrochloride 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-Nethylethanamine 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-Nmethylethanamine 1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane 3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1propene 1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl) thio]benzene 2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3β) trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Chlorocyclohexane

Synonym

i H2O sl H2O; msc ctc, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs EtOH sl ctc vs EtOH, chl

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

Name

Cl O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O 3-Chloro-2-butanone

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride

2-Chloro-1-butene

3-Chloro-1-butene

Cl

4-Chloro-1-butene

Cl

Cl

cis-1-Chloro-2-butene

trans-1-Chloro-2-butene

cis-2-Chloro-2-butene

Si

Cl Cl Cl

Si Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-2-Chloro-2-butene

1-Chloro-4-tert-butylbenzene

Cl

Chloro-(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane

Chloro(tert-butyl)diphenylsilane

2-Chloro-4-tert-butylphenol

H N

Cl

HCl

3-Chloro-1-butyne

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)ethanamine, hydrochloride

Cl



Cl N

N

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylethanamine

1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene



TeamLRN

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene

1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl O Cl

Cl Si

Cl

Cl

Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane

S

Cl

3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl)thio]benzene

Cl

2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3β)

O O

O

OH OH

Cl trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH Cl

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid

Chlorocyclohexane

2-Chlorocyclohexanone

1-Chlorocyclohexene

Chlorocyclopentane

Cl

O

HO

O

Cl Cl 2-Chlorocyclopentanone

3-Chlorocyclopentene

Cl 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol

Cl 1-Chlorodecane

Cl

OH 10-Chloro-1-decanol

N 2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



OH

 

No.

Name

Synonym

2007 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline 2008 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H14ClN3O CHBr2Cl C3H7Cl3Si

58-25-3 124-48-1 18171-59-0

299.754 208.280 177.533

C13H8Cl3NO2

642-84-2

316.568

C6H13ClO2 C7H15ClO2 C6H12ClNO C6H15Cl2N

621-62-5 35573-93-4 2315-36-8 869-24-9

152.619 166.646 149.618 172.096

C2HClF2O2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2HClF2 CHClF2 C9H9ClO C12H9AsClN C8H10ClNO2 C4H9ClO2 C12H14ClNO4

76-04-0 75-68-3 338-65-8 359-10-4 75-45-6 145-94-8 578-94-9 97-50-7 97-97-2 4433-79-8

130.478 100.495 100.495 98.479 86.469 168.619 277.581 187.624 124.566 271.697

C2H6AlCl C17H20Cl2N2S

1184-58-3 69-09-0

92.504 355.325

C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C4H11Cl2N

698-01-1 6848-13-1 698-69-1 95-72-7 615-60-1 4584-46-7

155.625 155.625 155.625 140.610 140.610 144.043

C10H13Cl C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H11ClSi C5H13Cl2N

515-40-2 1124-06-7 1123-63-3 88-04-0 768-33-2 17256-39-2

168.663 156.609 156.609 156.609 170.712 158.069

C5H11Cl C5H9ClO2 C2H7ClSi C6H4ClN3O4

753-89-9 13511-38-1 1066-35-9 3531-19-9

106.594 136.577 94.616 217.567

C6H4ClN3O4 C6H3ClN2O4

5388-62-5 97-00-7

217.567 202.552

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq liq

236.2 -20 -48

120 149

2.45120 1.236920

1.548220 1.46120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

157.4 8425 19225

1.018020 0.995119

1.417020 1.426820

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz

247

200 hyg col gas

25 -130.8

col gas col gas nd (peth) ye cry

-138.5 -157.42 92 195 91

sl H2O 122 -9.1 35.1 -18.5 -40.7

1.355920 1.10725

s chl i H2O; s bz

1.4909-69

sl H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1.65

i H2O; sl ctc, bz, xyl

127.5

1.06820

126

0.996

205 232 231 187 194

1.106720 1.0480100 1.058915 1.068215

223; 10518

246 195; 8216

1.415020

107 hyg liq

nd (al) liq

-21 195 dec

35.5 0.8 -6 201.0

silv-grn nd (lig) 74.5 nd (w) 83 115

sl EtOH, eth, bz, ctc s chl reac H2O; s hx s H2O; i eth, bz; vs chl, EtOH

1.557820

vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz s EtOH i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz sl H2O

1.04720

1.524720

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, peth sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, bz, peth; s EtOH, eth

1.03220

1.508220 s chl

liq liq ye cry (DMF aq) oran-ye nd (al) ye orth (eth) nd (al) ye cry

-20 41.5 -111 157 147 53

84.3 11010 34.7

0.866020

1.404420

0.852

1.383020

315

1.498275

1.585760

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs ctc

s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



1971 Chlorodiazepoxide 1972 Chlorodibromomethane 1973 Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane (Dichloromethyl) dimethylchlorosilane 1974 5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2- 3’,4’,5-Trichlorosalicylanilide hydroxybenzamide 1975 2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane 1976 3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane 1977 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide 1978 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1979 Chlorodifluoroacetic acid 1980 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Refrigerant 142b 1981 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1982 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 1983 Chlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 22 1984 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ol Chlorindanol 1985 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine Phenarsazine chloride 1986 5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline 1987 2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1988 N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)3-oxobutanamide 1989 Chlorodimethylaluminum Dimethylaluminum chloride 1990 2-Chloro-10-(3Aminazin hydrochloride dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochloride 1991 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1992 3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1993 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1994 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1995 4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene 1996 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1997 (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene Neophyl chloride 1998 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 1999 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 2000 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Chloroxylenol 2001 Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 2002 1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2propanamine, hydrochloride 2003 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane 2004 3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid 2005 Chlorodimethylsilane 2006 2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline

Mol. Form.

H N

N

Cl

OH O N

Cl

O

Br H

Cl

N H

Br

Cl

Chlorodibromomethane

Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane

Cl

Cl

N

N

2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide

Cl

OH

F

2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride

O

5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

Chlorodifluoroacetic acid

2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane

H N

Cl

O

 Cl

As



TeamLRN

O

Cl 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine

O

5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline

Chlorodifluoromethane

O

2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane

O

Cl Al

O

N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Chlorodimethylaluminum

N

N N

1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene

O

O

Cl

7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ol

Cl F

NH2

H N

OH

H F

Cl

F

O

3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane

F Cl

F

F F

O

Cl O

O

F

Cl

Cl

HCl

Cl

Cl

F

O

Cl

Cl

N

N

HCl

Cl

Cl Cl

S 2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochloride

2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Cl

Cl

3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

OH

2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene

4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene

OH

OH

Si

Cl HCl

2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochloride

(2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol

4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol

4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

O O N

Cl HCl

1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2-propanamine, hydrochloride

Cl 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane

Cl

OH

3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid

H Si Cl Chlorodimethylsilane

O N

NH2 Cl O

O

N

O

2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline

O N

NH2 O N

Cl

Chlorodimethylphenylsilane

Cl

O N

O

Cl 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline

O

N

O

O

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene



Cl

N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Chlorodiazepoxide

Cl Si

Cl

No.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

88

315

1.686716

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol; sl chl

1.7422

vs eth, EtOH, chl

Mol. Wt.

2009 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene

C6H3ClN2O4

606-21-3

202.552

2010 2011 2012 2013

C10H5ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O5 C5H2ClN3O4 C7H2ClF3N2O4

2401-85-6 88-87-9 2578-45-2 393-75-9

252.611 218.551 203.541 270.550

C3H3ClO3 C14H11ClO C13H11Cl C12H25Cl C2H5Cl

3967-54-2 447-31-4 90-99-3 112-52-7 75-00-3

122.507 230.689 202.679 204.780 64.514

C2H4Cl2O2S C2H5ClO C9H11ClO3S

1622-32-8 107-07-3 80-41-1

163.023 80.513 234.699

C2H3Cl C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C4H9ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C6H9ClO3 C2H7Cl2N C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

75-01-4 622-61-7 622-86-6 7081-78-9 628-89-7 542-58-5 54527-68-3 870-24-6 672-65-1 622-24-2 89-96-3 620-16-6 622-98-0

62.498 156.609 156.609 108.566 124.566 122.551 164.586 115.990 140.610 140.610 140.610 140.610 140.610

liq liq liq

-82.7 -55 -62.6

Lomustine

C3H4Cl2O2 C9H16ClN3O2

627-11-2 13010-47-4

142.969 233.695

ye pow

90

Dibenamine Dibenamine hydrochloride

C16H18ClN C16H19Cl2N

51-50-3 55-43-6

259.774 296.235

oily liq cry

194

Semustine

C4H11ClSi C4H9ClO C3H4ClNO C10H18ClN3O2

6917-76-6 628-34-2 1943-83-5 13909-09-6

122.669 108.566 105.523 247.722

C6H8ClNS C6H12ClNO C6H13Cl2NO

533-45-9 3240-94-6 3647-69-6

161.653 149.618 186.079

C4H9ClS

693-07-2

124.632



2019 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride 2020 2-Chloroethanol 2021 2-Chloroethanol, 4methylbenzenesulfonate 2022 Chloroethene 2023 1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene 2024 (2-Chloroethoxy)benzene 2025 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane 2026 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol 2027 2-Chloroethyl acetate 2028 2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate 2029 2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride 2030 (1-Chloroethyl)benzene 2031 (2-Chloroethyl)benzene 2032 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 2033 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 2034 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 2035 2-Chloroethyl chloroformate 2036 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1nitrosourea 2037 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine 2038 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochloride 2039 Chloroethyldimethylsilane 2040 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 2041 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 2042 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 2043 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole 2044 N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine 2045 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride 2046 1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane

Chloroethylene carbonate

Lauryl chloride Ethyl chloride

Ethylene chlorohydrin

Vinyl chloride

β-Chloroethyl acetate 2-Chloroethanamine hydrochloride

Clomethiazole

ye nd (al, HOAc) ye nd (bz) pa ye cry

146.5 81 66.5 57

liq vol liq or gas

110 68.5 16 -9.3 -138.4

213; 12218 dec 1403 263.2 12.3

liq

-67.5

201.5 128.6 21021

col gas

-153.84 21 28

liq nd (al)

nD

1.504

1.454020

1.14025 0.867320 0.890225 (p>1 atm 1.55520 1.201920

1.595120 1.443420 1.367620

0.910620 1.125420

1.370020 1.525220

0.965520 1.1825 1.17820 1.205521

1.405320 1.452920 1.423420 1.443020

10550 197.5; 9220 178.4 183.8 184.4

1.06925 1.056920 1.052920 1.045520

1.527620 1.521820 1.519520 1.517520

155

1.384720

1.448320

-13.8 213 218.5 93.5 180; 805 145 198; 12019

1.492020 1.441920

146.3

cry

Solubility

s EtOH; sl chl; i alk s chl i H2O; vs EtOH; msc ace, ctc; s bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; msc eth

msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl i H2O; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s ace, bz, ctc, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, peth; s HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH

1693 i H2O; s EtOH, dil acid 89.5 107.5 4417

0.867520 0.989520

927 421

1.23325

157

1.066325

64 dec

oil 185

1.410520 1.411320

sl H2O; msc eth; s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol 2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone Chlorodiphenylmethane 1-Chlorododecane Chloroethane

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Name

 

O

N

O

O N

Cl Cl

O

O N

O

OH O N

O O

O N

O

2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene

O N

N

O Cl

F F

O

Cl

N

4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol

2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine

O

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene

O N

Cl

N O

F

O O

O

2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

O

Cl O

Cl

4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one

O O S O

2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone

Cl

Cl O

Cl Cl Chlorodiphenylmethane

1-Chlorododecane

Cl

Chloroethane

O

O S

Cl

Cl

2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride

Cl

OH

2-Chloroethanol

2-Chloroethanol, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Chloroethene

1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene



TeamLRN

Cl O

O

Cl O

Cl

O 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane

2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol

Cl Cl

Cl

O

2-Chloroethyl acetate

(2-Chloroethoxy)benzene

Cl

O

Cl

O

OH

Cl

O

2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate

NH2 HCl

2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride

(1-Chloroethyl)benzene

(2-Chloroethyl)benzene

1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl O Cl 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene

1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene

N N

H N Cl

O

O Cl

O

2-Chloroethyl chloroformate

N

N

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea

N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine

N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochloride

Cl

O O

Cl

2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether

C

N N

H N N

Cl

2-Chloroethyl isocyanate

Cl

O 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea

Cl

S

5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole

N O N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine

Cl Si Chloroethyldimethylsilane

Cl

O N

HCl

N

HCl

O 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N O

O

No.

2058 2059



2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076

2-Chlorohexane 3-Chlorohexane 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3one, (17β) 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobutane Chloroiodomethane 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

3-Chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene

Refrigerant C317 Heptyl chloride

Heptamethylene chlorohydrin Hexyl chloride 2-Hexyl chloride 3-Hexyl chloride Clostebol

Iodochlorhydroxyquin

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-70 45.0 -43

108 227.0 137.6 127.6 130 16.2 52.8 -9.1 154 229.5 1366

1.049520

1.437820

vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

1.223330 1.22125 1.499015

1.491830 1.4911 1.499015

i H2O; s ace, bz

1.174720

1.377520

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs chl

1.19125

1.502620

1.2225

1.525520

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H7ClO C6H5ClFN C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF C7H6ClF C6H3ClFNO2 C10H10ClFO

110-75-8 367-21-5 348-51-6 625-98-9 352-33-0 1615-75-4 762-50-5 593-70-4 443-83-4 350-30-1 3874-54-2

106.551 145.562 130.547 130.547 130.547 82.504 82.504 68.478 144.574 175.545 200.636

C4HClO3 C4ClF7

96-02-6 377-41-3

132.502 216.485

C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15ClO C16H33Cl C6H13Cl

629-06-1 1001-89-4 999-52-0 998-95-8 55944-70-2 4860-03-1 544-10-5

134.647 134.647 134.647 134.647 150.646 260.886 120.620

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C6H13ClO C19H27ClO2

638-28-8 2346-81-8 2009-83-8 1093-58-9

120.620 120.620 136.619 322.869

C7H5ClO2 C8H7ClO3

635-93-8 492-86-4

156.567 186.593

pl (al)

100.3 120.3

10512

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk vs bz, EtOH

C7H5ClO3 C7H5ClO3 C13H9ClO2 C8H7ClO3

3964-58-7 321-14-2 85-19-8 19463-48-0

172.566 172.566 232.662 186.593

nd (w) nd (w, al)

171 174.8 95.3 165

sub

sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz; sl ace i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc

C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C4H8ClI CH2ClI C3H6ClI C9H5ClINO C7H4ClNO C7H4ClNO C9H11Cl

615-41-8 625-99-0 637-87-6 10297-05-9 593-71-5 6940-76-7 130-26-7 3320-83-0 2909-38-8 2077-13-6

238.453 238.453 238.453 218.464 176.384 204.437 305.499 153.566 153.566 154.636

0.7

234.5 230 227 116; 8919 109 171

1.951525 1.925520 1.88627 1.785 2.42220 1.90420

200; 11543 11343 191.1

1.034120

liq liq liq vol liq or gas

-26.8

col gas

-135.1 41.5

33 -39.1

196 25

1.537525 1.60215

1.498020

liq or gas liq

-69.5

cry (peth, bz)

11 17.9 -94.0

160.4 6132, 4619 144; 4820 144 15020 326.6 135.1

0.876220 0.867220 0.869020 0.871020 0.999815 0.863520 0.878120

1.426420 1.422120 1.422820 1.423720 1.453725 1.450320 1.420020

122.5 123 10712

0.869421 0.868420 1.024120

1.414222 1.416320 1.455020

liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; vs eth; s bz, chl, HOAc vs bz, eth vs bz, eth vs EtOH, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

189

tetr

lf (ace, al) liq

ye br nd (al)

liq

57

178.5 30.5 -74.4

1.633125

1.540020 1.582220 1.547220

 

2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086

2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene 2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1butanone 3-Chloro-2,5-furandione 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4heptafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloroheptane 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 7-Chloro-1-heptanol 1-Chlorohexadecane 1-Chlorohexane

Synonym

1.516820

i H2O; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, PhNO2; sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH; s HOAc sl ctc sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057

Name

Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

F Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline

1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene

F

F

F

F

2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether

H

Cl

1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene

1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene

1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl

Cl

F

1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane

F H

F

Chlorofluoromethane

1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene

 Cl

O

N

O

O

O

F

2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene

F F

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone

Cl F

O

O

F F

Cl

3-Chloro-2,5-furandione

Cl

Cl

F F 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane

Cl

1-Chloroheptane

2-Chloroheptane

3-Chloroheptane

4-Chloroheptane

OH



TeamLRN

H Cl

Cl Cl

OH

Cl

7-Chloro-1-heptanol

1-Chlorohexadecane

1-Chlorohexane

O O

2-Chlorohexane

OH

O Cl O

3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Cl

2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone

Cl

 N

H

1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene

I 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene

I

Cl Cl

1-Chloro-4-iodobutane

I

I H

Chloroiodomethane

I

Cl

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

N

C

3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

O

N

C

1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene

O Cl

Cl

OH 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

I

Cl OH

Cl

Cl

OH

4-Chloro-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Cl

I

4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)

OH O

OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

6-Chloro-1-hexanol

OH

OH

OH

Cl

OH

3-Chlorohexane

OH O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F

No.

Name

Synonym

2087 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene 2088 1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene 2089 Chloromethane



2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120

4-Chloro-2-anisidine Chloromethyl ethyl ether

N-Methyl-2-amino-5chlorobenzophenone

p-Chloro-o-toluidine

Benzyl chloride

Isopentyl chloride

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C9H11Cl

2621-46-7

154.636

liq

-12.3

198.3

1.020820

1.511720

C7H4ClNS CH3Cl

2131-55-7 74-87-3

169.632 50.488

nd (al) col gas

46 -97.7

249.5 -24.09

0.91125 (p>1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

93-50-5 95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil al) 52 nd (dil al) 84

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, ctc; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5 95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

240 220 215; 9710 245 243 244 239; 14038

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py

C7H7Cl C8H10ClN

100-44-7 39191-07-6

126.584 155.625

179 884

1.100420

1.539120 1.535025

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H7ClO2 C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H9Cl C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1674-30-2 3391-10-4 20850-43-5 107-84-6 594-36-5 631-65-2 503-60-6 1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

156.609 156.609 170.594 106.594 106.594 106.594 104.578 102.563 90.552 154.636

12817, 12111 12115 13414 98.9 85.6 91.5 109 76 88 215.5; 11020

1.192620

s EtOH; vs eth s ctc

1.31225 0.875020 0.865320 0.87820 0.927320 0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

1.552320 1.550520 1.566020 1.408420 1.405520 1.448520

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

C9H13ClSi C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

1833-51-8 144-79-6 4288-84-0

184.738 232.781 152.619

225 295 182; 8720

1.024025 1.127720 1.091020

1.574220 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

260

vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7

 

2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline (Chloromethoxy)ethane 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane [(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene 1-(Chloromethoxy)propane Chloromethyl acetate 5-Chloro-2-(methylamino) benzophenone 4-Chloro-N-methylaniline 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline 3-Chloro-4-methylaniline 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione (Chloromethyl)benzene 3-Chloro-Nmethylbenzenemethanamine α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol 4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol 5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

CAS RN

lf (al)

1 26 30.3 26 170.5

liq

-45

liq liq

20.5 -104.4 -73.5

liq liq

-61 -90.9

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097

Methyl chloride

Mol. Form.

Cl

N

C

S NH2 O

NH2

H H 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Chloromethane

NH O

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

HN

5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH2

Cl O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

O

O

O

NH2

Cl

O O

Cl

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

3-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylaniline

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline

5-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl



Cl

OH

OH

N H



TeamLRN

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

(Chloromethyl)benzene

O

Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane

Cl

Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

Si Cl

Cl

Cl

Si

Cl

2-Chloro-3-methylbutane

1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

Cl

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Cl F

Cl

F 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl Cl

OH O

Cl

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

O Cl

No.

Name

2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene



2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

bp/˚C 258.5

nd

24.5

liq

-103.5

pr lf (al) cry (lig)

32 48.5 50.0

262.5 198; 9020 195.5 201; 9020 59.5 122 291.5 16920 1254

171.582 171.582

pa ye nd (lig) pl or nd (al)

46 71

17334

1.557762 1.564762

83-42-1 13290-74-9 89-60-1 121-86-8 89-59-8 25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7 94-74-6

171.582 171.582 171.582 171.582 171.582 120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 200.618

nd (dil al) ye cry

37.8 42.5 7 66.5 38

238 249 261; 11811 260 242; 115.511 113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

1.537769

1.255980 0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

1631-82-9 2565-58-4 17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0 507-20-0

156.685 130.468 195.603 106.551 92.567 92.567

113100

1.04320

1.517120

90 68.5 50.9

1.05315 0.877320 0.842020

1.416016 1.398420 1.385720

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C6H7Cl2N

513-37-1 563-47-3 6959-48-4

90.552 90.552 164.033

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

123-09-1

158.649

Mol. Wt.

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C2H5ClO C4H7ClO C11H9Cl C11H9Cl C7H6ClNO2

824-94-2 552-45-4 620-19-9 104-82-5 107-30-2 598-09-4 86-52-2 2506-41-4 612-23-7

156.609 140.610 140.610 140.610 80.513 106.551 176.642 176.642 171.582

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8 100-14-1

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C9H9ClO3

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol MCPA

 

2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid Chloromethylphenylsilane (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Isobutyl chloride tert-Butyl chloride Dimethylvinyl chloride

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

CAS RN

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

Physical Form

63

Mol. Form.

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, S,S- C7H7ClO2S dioxide C7H7ClS

nd (al) mcl nd

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth) pl (bz, to)

55.5 51 67 120

1.26120 1.06325 1.06420 1.051220 1.06310 1.101120 1.181320

nD

1.58020 1.541025 1.534520 1.5380 1.39720 1.431020 1.638020 1.555762

1.557220 1.547069 1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH vs eth i H2O; s ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

100

nd (bz/MeNO2)

90 135.5

liq liq

-130.3 -25.60

hyg

143.8

col gas

-135 98

7; -4563

10510

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol 2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether 2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene 2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene 2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

Synonym

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

Cl

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene

O

Cl

O N

O

N O

Cl 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

Cl Cl



TeamLRN

O

N

O N

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

O

O

OH Cl

2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

Cl

4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

OH

2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

Cl SiH

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol

O O Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylphenol

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methylphenol

O O

OH

4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

OH

Cl

Cl (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

O

Cl Chloromethylphenylsilane

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH

Cl

2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

O

Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol

N O

O

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

OH Cl

N

Cl

N

OH OH

O

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

O N

Cl

O

Cl



Cl

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N O N-Chloromethylphthalimide

Cl O 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

Cl Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

HCl

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

H Si Cl H Chloromethylsilane

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

Cl Cl

O

Chloromethyl methyl ether

No.

mp/˚C

Mol. Wt.

C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7ClO C8H8Cl2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2

542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1 90-13-1 91-58-7 604-44-4 2675-77-6 121-87-9 6283-25-6 89-63-4

110.606 96.579 122.669 162.616 162.616 178.615 207.055 172.569 172.569 172.569

2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569

2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid 2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid 2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid 2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2 C6H6ClN3O2

100-00-5 42389-30-0

157.555 187.584

pa ye orth pr (al) mcl pr

C6H5ClN2O4S C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-09-6 97-08-5

236.633 256.064

ye cry (EtOH)

175 60.8

C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C2H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2

99-60-5 2516-96-3 96-99-1 598-92-5 619-08-9 89-64-5 611-07-4 600-25-9 594-71-8

201.565 201.565 201.565 109.512 173.554 173.554 173.554 123.539 123.539

nd (w) nd or pr (w) nd or pl (w)

141.8 166.5 182.8

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

nd (w) liq

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2

162.700 178.699 288.940



2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane

1-Naphthyl chloride

1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene

oily liq pl (dil al), lf nd (chl, aq al) ye nd (w) ye nd (lig) dk oran-ye pr (dil al) ye nd or pr (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2)ye lf (al, bz)

mcl nd

-2.5 58.0 120.5 134 108 121 116.5

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925 1.188025 1.137771

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520 1.632620 1.607913

s EtOH, eth, ace

127.8

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig

103

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

315.3

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py

81.3 64.5 32.1

245.5

1.368242

44.4

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2

82 167

242

1.297990

1.5376100

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS 2

124.5

1.60818 1.64518 1.283720

1.422420

sub 142 dec 134; 5750

1.20720 1.220

1.425120 1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6

205.2 14714 352

0.870620

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420

wh nd (50% al) 111 ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w) 41 -21.5

liq

bp/˚C 140; 6030 105 98.5 259; 106.55 256

0.861620

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane Chloro(methylthio)methane (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 4-Chloro-1-naphthol Chloroneb 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175

Name

 

NH2

O

OH Cl

S

NH2 O N

Cl N O

(Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline



TeamLRN

O N

O

O

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

O O

N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

N O

N O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

N

Cl O

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

O

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

OH Cl

N O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

OH

O

N O

O

Cl

O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

Cl



O N

O N

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

Cl

N

N

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O

Cl

O

5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

O

N O

OH

O N

O

Chloroneb

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl O

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl O S O

Cl

N O

O

OH

O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

OH O N

O

O N

O

O

N

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

O Cl N O

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH O N

O

Cl

N O

Cl

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

O

O

4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

Cl Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

O NH2 O N

O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

1-Chloronaphthalene

NH2

N O

O

Cl

5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

F

O F

F Cl

O

Cl

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Chloro(methylthio)methane

NH2

Cl

Cl

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

O

Cl

Si

Cl

Cl

Cl

F

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

1-Chlorononane

Cl

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208

1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 8-Chloro-1-octanol Chloropentafluoroacetone Chloropentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane

Octyl chloride

C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5 C2ClF5 C5H11Cl

111-85-3 628-61-5 23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0 76-15-3 543-59-9

148.674 148.674 164.673 182.476 202.509 154.466 106.594

2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

2-Chloropentane, (+) 3-Chloropentane 5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide 4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione

C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

29882-57-3 616-20-6 1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8 108-43-0 106-48-9 4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

106.594 106.594 136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556 128.556 128.556 423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236

2238 2239 2240 2241

sec-Pentyl chloride

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-57.8

0.873420 0.865817

1.430920 1.427321 1.456325

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

col gas

-133

col gas liq

-99.4 -99.0

183.5 172; 7528 13919 8 117.96 -39.1 108.4

1.56825 1.5678-42 0.882020

1.425620 1.2678-42 1.412620

liq liq

-137 -105 18

0.869820 0.873120 1.341625

1.406920 1.408220 1.455520 1.451820 1.437520 1.436120 1.463920 1.432220 1.552420 1.556540 1.557940

nd (w, al) cry (w) pr or nd (w)

9.4 32.6 42.8 261 198.5 148.5 110 156.5

cry

78

grn-br cry

Ovex

C9H9ClO3 C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C13H11ClO C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

101-10-0 587-65-5 533-17-5 588-07-8 539-03-7 119-56-2 80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

200.618 169.609 169.609 169.609 169.609 218.678 268.715 182.646 303.161

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone Pyrimethamine

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C12H13ClN4

99-02-5 99-91-2 58-14-0

154.594 154.594 248.711

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

Cloprop

 

2237

Refrigerant 115 Pentyl chloride

Physical Form

cry nd (dil HOAc) nd

col cry

113 88.3 79 179 59 62 19.5 86.5

20 233.5 dk red nd (al)

145.5

97.0 97.5 230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9 214 220

1.052320 1.21018 0.898820 1.263420 1.24545 1.265140

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH vs eth vs ace, eth, chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

284.5 21419 100 sub

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

1.5

333 333

1.38522

1314

1.33 1.13725

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace

21422

1.39314

s EtOH; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace

244; 12930 232

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Name

Cl

F Cl

Cl

Cl

1-Chlorooctane

F Cl

OH

2-Chlorooctane

O

8-Chloro-1-octanol

2-Chloropentane, (+)

3-Chloropentane

F

F

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

5-Chloro-1-pentanol

Cl

Cl Cl

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

O

Cl 4-Chlorophenol

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

OH

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine



TeamLRN

Cl

S O O

O

O

H N

O

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chloro-2-pentene

Cl

OH

2-Chlorophenol

Cl Cl

OH

Cl

1-Chloropentane

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

Cl

Chloropentafluoroethane

OH OH

Cl

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

Cl

OH

F

F

O OH

HO

F

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

OH

H N O

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

Cl 4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O S O O

Cl

Cl

O

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

O

Cl (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

O

O N

N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

O H N

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

O

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

H N

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

Cl

OH

OH

OH

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N Cl 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

H2N 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

Cl

F F F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

O

Cl

F

F

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

134-85-0 1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

216.662 184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

C9H9ClO C9H5ClO2

6285-05-8 7396-28-3

168.619 180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5 C55H70MgN4O6

4206-75-1 80-00-2 14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8 519-62-0

142.659 252.716 180.595 186.662 893.490 907.473

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

nd or pl bl blk hex pl bl-blk or grn pow cry (EtOH)

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone 2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257

Chlorophenylsilane 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea α-Chlorophyll β-Chlorophyll



2258 Chloropropamide

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

31.3

11645 11716

liq

den/g cm-3

nD

106.5 nd (al) nd or lf (w) lf (peth) lf (eth), cry (al, peth) cry (HOAc, bzpeth)

s EtOH; i eth, lig

77.5 102 77 126 49.5

332

37.3 144.5

13531, 1142

s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc

1134

162.5

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc 1.068320

1.534020

94 123 146 152.3 125

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH

128

i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2

96-24-2

110.540

ye liq

1.32518

1.480920

2263 2264 2265 2266 2267

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid

Glycerol β-chlorohydrin Clonitrate β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H7ClO2 C3H5ClN2O6 C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2

497-04-1 2612-33-1 542-76-7 598-78-7 107-94-8

110.540 200.534 89.524 108.524 108.524

1.321920 1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.483120

41

dec 213; 11611 14618, 12414 192.5 175.5 185 dec 204

2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275

2-Chloro-1-propanol 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H4Cl2O C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl

78-89-7 627-30-5 127-00-4 625-36-5 16136-84-8 16136-85-9 557-98-2 107-05-1

94.540 94.540 94.540 126.969 76.525 76.525 76.525 76.525

liq liq vol liq or gas liq

-134.8 -99 -137.4 -134.5

133.5 165 127 144 32.8 37.4 22.6 45.1

1.10320 1.130920 1.11320 1.330713 0.934720 0.934920 0.901720 0.937620

1.439020 1.445920 1.439220 1.454920 1.405520 1.405420 1.397320 1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

1.092620

1.585120

Isopropenyl chloride Allyl chloride

2-Chloroacrylic acid

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

-51

 

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

sl ye liq liq

Solubility

1.436020 1.438020

vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Physical Form

Synonym

N

C

O O H N

NH2 Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

O

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

Cl

Cl

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O S O

O

Cl 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

Chlorophenylsilane

Cl

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

SiH2

OH

Cl

OH Cl

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

N N N N

Cl

Cl

H N

NH2 S

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O



TeamLRN

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl

Cl O

O

O α-Chlorophyll

Cl

OH

HO

OH

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

O

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

O

3-Chloropropanenitrile

2-Chloropropanoic acid

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

Cl trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropanal

Cl 2-Chloropropene

Cl

1-Chloropropane

2-Chloropropane

OH

Cl

3-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl

OH

OH

2-Chloro-1-propanol

O

Cl Cl

O

OH

Cl N

O Cl

Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

NO2

O

O

Cl

O

3-Chloropropene

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

Cl

OH

3-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl 1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O

OH OH

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

O

No.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

1492

1.1830

1.538820

pow

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

1.20515

1.532020 1.530420



Mol. Wt.

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2 C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7 87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6 109-09-1 626-60-8 626-61-9 2942-59-8 5326-23-8 7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4 611-35-8 612-57-7 611-33-6 130-16-5 2039-87-4

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509 154.558 129.548 128.560 113.546 113.546 113.546 157.555 157.555 150.006 319.872 163.604 163.604 163.604 163.604 179.603 138.595

2302 3-Chlorostyrene 2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl C8H7Cl

2039-85-2 1073-67-2

138.595 138.595

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide 2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C4H4ClNO2 C14H29Cl

128-09-6 2425-54-9

133.534 232.833

pl (CCl4)

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil 2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene 2313 5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2 C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS C5H3ClOS C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6 148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5 7283-96-7 86-39-5 95-49-8

136.476 136.476 265.911 295.831 295.724 118.585 146.595 246.712 126.584

C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C3H4ClN5 C7H4Cl4

108-41-8 106-43-4 3397-62-4 2136-89-2

126.584 126.584 145.551 229.919

3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cloxyquin

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

nd (w) pl oil liq

-78 176 dec 220 137

-43.5 >175 dec 198 dec

12711 170 148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH

sub 210 90 nd (aq al) 38 cry 34.5 pr (eth), nd (al) 43.8 liq -20 cry (al) 130 liq -63.1

266; 15322 262; 13015 263 288.5

1.283414

1.611056 1.640814

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

15.9

636 192

1.103320 1.086820

1.562520 1.566020

150 4.9

296.8

1.6525 0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350 15510, 1925

1.725 1.175125

250

liq

350 dec -71.9

liq

153.5 -35.8

liq

-47.8 7.5 >330 29.4

1.246425 1.25125

1.634225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex

128.3 77.55

1.286320

1.548720 1.603625

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

161.8 162.4

1.07520 1.069720

1.521419 1.515020

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc

 

2316 2317 2318 2319

Propargyl chloride 6-Chloropurine

Solubility

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

mp/˚C 41 73

CAS RN

Chloropropham Chloropropylate (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 3-Chloro-1-propyne 6-Chloro-1H-purine 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride Chloroquine 2-Chloroquinoline 4-Chloroquinoline 6-Chloroquinoline 8-Chloroquinoline 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2-Chlorostyrene

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301

Name

Cl

O O

HO H N

Cl

Cl

O

Cl Cl

Cl

Chloropropylate

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

O

Cl

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

NH2

N

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Cl

O

N

3-Chloropyridine

N

4-Chloropyridine

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

HCl N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

Chloroquine

Cl

N

N

2-Chloroquinoline

4-Chloroquinoline

Cl O

N

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline





TeamLRN

Cl Cl

N N

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

Cl

O

Cl

N

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

HN

Cl

OH

N

2-Chloropyridine

Si



Cl

N

Cl

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Cl Cl

NH2

N

HN

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

2-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

4-Chlorostyrene

O

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N Cl N

Cl H2N

N

S

S

O O

O O

S

Cl

Cl

F

F

Cl

F

F

F

F

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Cl

N N

Cl Chlorothalonil

Cl Cl

2-Chlorothiophene

Cl

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

O NH

F

F

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

N

Chlorothiazide

Cl

N

Cl 1-Chlorotetradecane

N

N

NH2

Cl N

S

Cl

S 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

2-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

4-Chlorotoluene

N

N

S

N

Chlorothen

Cl

N

O

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

NH2

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O Chloropropham

O O Si O

O

No.

Mol. Wt.

C7H4Cl4 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N C7H5ClF3N C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl

5216-25-1 4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6 320-51-4 88-16-4 98-15-7 98-56-6 460-35-5 6111-88-2

229.919 198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570 195.570 180.555 180.555 180.555 132.512 148.674

C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

1066-45-1 88-88-0

199.266 247.549

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi C15H15ClN2O2

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4 C16H19ClN2 C20H23ClN2O4 C10H14ClN C17H19ClN2S

54749-90-5 886-74-8 132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9 50-53-3

313.692 245.660 274.788 390.861 183.678 318.864

C18H18ClNS C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8 C14H11ClN2O4S C8H9ClNO5PS C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

113-59-7 2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5 77-36-1 500-28-7 21923-23-9 15545-48-9

315.861 350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879 338.765 297.653 361.245 212.675

2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene



2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350

Chlorozotocin Chlorphenesin carbamate Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine maleate Chlorphentermine Chlorpromazine

2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359

Chlorprothixene Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline Chlorthalidone Chlorthion Chlorthiophos Chlortoluron

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

Picryl chloride

Triphenyltin chloride

N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl]N,N-dimethylurea

Chloroprophenpyridamine 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10Hphenothiazine-10-propanamine

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea

Physical Form liq

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas col gas col gas

liq liq liq liq

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

mp/˚C -51 123 dec

-105.5 -158.2 -181 36.5 -6 -56 -33 -106.5 -26 38.5 83 2.3

nd or pr (bzpeth)

113.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

245 156

1.446320 1.03020

1.399920

vs ace, eth vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325 13227 152.2 137.5 138.5 45.1 dec 147; 4416 148

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

1.254030 1.331125 1.334025 1.325320 0.874620

1.451325 1.443825 1.443130 1.335020 1.430820

1.79720 dec 134; 5640 310

1.676920

1.450020

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

12313 83.5

1.267828 0.874420

1.4910228 1.414120

151 cry cry (bz) oily liq

s chl s ctc, os

147 dec 90

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

132.5 231; 1012 2020.8

liq

pale ye cry

gold-ye wh pow or cry ye cry

97 42 43 176 168.5 225 dec 21

cry

147

1250.1 1500.001

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene Chlorotriethoxysilane Chlorotriethylplumbane Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoromethane 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Synonym

 

Mol. Form.

2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335

Name

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O Si Cl O

Cl

F Pb Cl

F

Si Cl

F F

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Chlorotriethoxysilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethylsilane

Cl

F

Cl

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

F F

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

NH2

Cl

Cl Cl F

F F

F F

Chlorotrifluoromethane

F

Cl

Cl

F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F F

F

F F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N

F

F F

F

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

O N O

Sn Cl Chlorotrimethylstannane

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotriphenylmethane

1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl Sn

Chlorotriphenylsilane

Chlorotriphenylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Chlorotrinitromethane

F F

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

Sn Cl

Chlorotripropylstannane

HO



TeamLRN

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Cl

N O O

Cl

Cl Si

Cl Cl

F

F

O OH

OH H N

Cl Si

Cl

N

ON

Chloroxuron

N

Cl

N

HO

OH O O

Chlorpheniramine maleate

N

N N

Chlorphentermine

Cl

O O O O S N N H H

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

Cl

OH H

O

H

OH NH2

HO OH O HO O Chlortetracycline

Chlorpheniramine

N Cl

Cl

Cl

S

Cl

S

Chlorpromazine

Chlorprothixene

O

HO S NH

Cl

Chlorthalidone

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Cl

Chlorpyrifos

N

O O N O

Cl Chlorthion

O P O S

O

H N

Cl

N O

Cl S Chlorthiophos

S O P O

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

O O P S O

NH2

O O

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

NH2

Chlorphenesin carbamate

N N

N O

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

Cl

O

O

HN

O

O

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

OH

OH

Cl Chlortoluron

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl NH2

No.

Name

2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Cholanic acid

C24H42 C24H40O2

548-98-1 25312-65-6

330.590 360.574

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

C27H44

747-90-0

368.638

Physical Form pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

90 163.5

1900.001

80

7-Dehydrocholesterol

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3 β,5α) 2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H44O C27H48

128-33-6 481-21-0

384.637 372.670

Coprostane Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol Epicholesterol

C27H48 C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O C27H46O

481-20-9 80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2 474-77-1

372.670 388.669 388.669 386.653 386.653

C29H48O2 C34H50O2 C43H76O2

604-35-3 604-32-0 601-34-3

428.690 490.760 625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

C24H40O5

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6 C2CrO4

617-12-9 13007-92-6 814-90-4

226.182 220.056 140.015

148 dec 130

C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10 S2 C14H4N4O12

21679-31-2 548-80-1

349.320 513.366

cry col orth cry ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow

517-92-0

420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

C9H10NO3PS C17H22O2

2636-26-2 505-75-9

2366 2367 2368 2369 2370

Cholestane, (5β) Cholestanol Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3 β) Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)



2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate 2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate 2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate 2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol 2377 Cholic acid

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl 2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

Phosphorylcholine

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B

Chromium acetylacetonate

2385 Chrysamminic acid

1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitro9,10-anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

 

2388 Ciafos 2389 Cicutoxin

2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt 2391 Cimetidine

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6-diyne1,14-diol Direct Blue 6

C32H20N6Na4O14 2602-46-2 S4 51481-61-9 C10H16N6S

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH),nd sc or pl (eth-al, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (eth-MeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

nD

s EtOH, chl, HOAc 260

13

0.925

100

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

150.5 110 80

1600.001 2501

72 141.5 185.5 132 141.5 115.5 151.3 79.3

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

1.06720

sub

1.77

208 300

345

1.34

ye pl or lf

exp

dec

210.5 255.5

448

243.219 258.356

lf (al) red bl fl or orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye liq pr (eth/peth)

932.752

dk bronze pow

252.339

cry

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

198

15 54

142

vs eth, chl vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

s chl 2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

81.5 148.5

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

vs bz, eth, chl i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

0.9413200

46.3 nd or pl (al) orth or tcl lf (al) nd (eth)

Solubility

1200.09 dec

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

1.27420 1.540432

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3 β)

den/g cm-3

O OH H HO

HO Cholane

Cholan-24-oic acid

Cholesta-3,5-diene

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

H

H

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Cholestane, (5α)

HO

H

HO

H

Cholestane, (5β)

HO

H

Cholestanol

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H

O

O

H O

O

O O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate



TeamLRN

O

H

O O

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

Cholest-4-en-3-one

O HO

OH

O

H

H HO

HO

H

Cholesterol

OH

HO

Cholic acid

O N

O Cr

O

OH OH O

N

O Na O3S Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Cl

Choline chloride

O O

N

O

O

O N

O OH

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

OH O

OH O N

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

CO

O

Chorismic acid

O

CO

SO3 Na

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chromium carbonyl

O

NH2

NH2



O O S O

OH

H2N

4 Na

HO N

N O

S

O N

N

6-Chrysenamine

N O O

O C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

S

O

Chrysene

O S O O

N

Ciafos

S

H N

H N N

N H

N Cimetidine

2

O

Chromium(II) oxalate

O

O

Chrysamminic acid

O Cr

CO

O

OH

Cicutoxin

Cl

N

N

Chromotrope 2B

OH

O O P OH OH

OH

P

S O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2392 Cinchonamine

C19H24N2O

482-28-0

296.406

2393 2394 2395 2396 2397

Cinchonidine Cinchonine Cinchotoxine trans-Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamedrine

C19H22N2O C19H22N2O C19H22N2O C9H8O C19H23NO

485-71-2 118-10-5 69-24-9 14371-10-9 90-86-8

294.390 294.390 294.390 132.159 281.392

2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404

cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate Cinnamyl cinnamate Cinnamyl formate Cinnoline Cinoxate

C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C16H15NO2 C18H16O2 C10H10O2 C8H6N2 C14H18O4

102-94-3 140-10-3 87-29-6 122-69-0 104-65-4 253-66-7 104-28-9

148.159 148.159 253.296 264.319 162.185 130.147 250.291

mcl pr (w) mcl pr (dil al) cry nd (al) pa ye cry (lig) col liq

42 133 64 44 0 38 -25

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral β-Citraurin

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O C30H40O2

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5 650-69-1

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233 432.638

red-viol cry

390

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

C6H8O7

2414 Citric acid 2415 Citric acid monohydrate

2416 2417 2418 2419

Citrinin Citrulline Citrus Red 2 C.I. Vat Blue 6

2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow 2422 2423 2424 2425

Clemastine fumarate Clindamycin Cloconazole Clofentezine

2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E)

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo-4pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine 7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5tetrazine

orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al) pr nd (al, eth) nd or pr (eth) ye liq

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

186 210.5 265 59 -7.5 75

Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

246

1.049720

300

1.24754

252 1140.3 1852

1.619520

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

1.15654 1.08625 1.10225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.56720

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH i H2O, os

1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132 1.489820

147

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig

155.109

pl (bz-peth), cry (al) ye pow

>300 dec

s H2O, alk; sl HCl

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

C13H14O5 C6H13N3O3 C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

518-75-2 372-75-8 6358-53-8 130-20-1

250.247 175.185 308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

178 dec 222 156

C24H12O2 C28H19N5Na2O6 S4 C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

128-66-5 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

14976-57-9 18323-44-9 77175-51-0 74115-24-5

459.963 424.983 310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7

242.698 255.741

dec

1.66520 1.542

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

2413 Citrazinic acid

Synonym

 

NH HO

OH

H

HO

N

H

O

N

N H H

Cinchonamine

N Cinchonine

Cinchonidine

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

O

O

O

N

Cinnamyl cinnamate

Cinnamyl formate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O O

O

Cinoxate

O P O O O

O

N H O Cinquasia Red

O

Cinnoline

OH

cis-Cinnamic acid

H N O

N

Ciodrin

NH2 O

O

N

Cinnamedrine

O

O

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

OH O

N Cinchotoxine

N

N OH H N

O

O N H

N

O N

O

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

N N

HN

HN

O

O

O N N

NH O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12



TeamLRN

O

O

Cisapride

OH

O COOH

O

HOOC HO

HO β-Citraurin

N

Citral

OH

OH

COOH OH Citric acid

Citrazinic acid

O

HO

HOOC

COOH H2O COOH Citric acid monohydrate

O O

O N H

HO NH2

OH Citrinin

NH2

Citrulline

O O

Cl O N

O

O HN

N

N NH O

S

OH O

O

Cl Clemastine fumarate

Clayton Yellow

N O

HO

N

O

Cl

N

OH

N N

S OH Clindamycin

HO

O

Cl

Cl NH N

OH N SO3 Na

O C.I. Vat Yellow 4

C.I. Vat Blue 6

N S

SO3 Na

Cl

Citrus Red 2

N N HN

O N

Cl Cloconazole

Clofentezine

O

H N

O Cl

Cl Clofibrate

O O

Cloforex

O O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

O

O

N

O N

O

O

OH

N

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

C12H14ClNO2

81777-89-1

239.698

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3 C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

911-45-5 1622-61-3 4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

405.959 315.711 230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2 C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8 C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4 C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4 C18H21NO3

120-32-1 23593-75-1 5786-21-0 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2 486-39-5 21040-59-5 76-57-3

218.678 344.836 326.824 341.947 171.982 356.257 303.354 285.338 343.418 299.365

C18H24NO7P C21H36N7O16P3 S C21H27N7O14P2 C21H28N7O17P3

52-28-8 85-61-0

397.361 767.535

53-84-9 53-59-8

663.425 743.405

2448 Colchiceine 2449 Colchicine

C21H23NO6 C22H25NO6

477-27-0 64-86-8

385.411 399.437

2450 Colistin A 2451 Collinomycin

C53H100N16O13 C27H20O12

7722-44-3 27267-69-2

1169.47 536.441

2452 Columbin 2453 Conessine 2454 Congo Red

C20H22O6 C24H40N2 C32H22N6Na2O6 S2 C8H17NO C8H17NO C16H22O8 C19H24N2O2 C29H42O10 C15H24 C12H18CuO6 C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8 C24H12 C21H30O4

546-97-4 546-06-5 573-58-0

358.385 356.588 696.663

3238-62-8 495-20-5 531-29-3 464-86-8 508-75-8 3856-25-5 14284-06-1 527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8 191-07-1 50-22-6

143.227 143.227 342.341 312.406 550.637 204.352 321.813 453.841 261.762 576.069 300.352 346.461

2428 Clomazone 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433

Clomiphene Clonazepam Clonidine Clopidol Clopyralid

2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443

Clorophene Clotrimazole Clozapine Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cocaine Coclaurine Codamine Codeine

3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

2444 Codeine phosphate 2445 Coenzyme A



2446 Coenzyme I 2447 Coenzyme II

2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466

Conhydrine Conhydrine, (+) Coniferin Conquinamine Convallatoxin Copaene Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper phthalocyanine Coronene Corticosterone

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.19220

wh cry cry pow

cry ye cry oran cry ye liq or gas mcl pr (al) pl (al) pr (bz, eth) orth cry (w, dil al, eth) lf or pr (dil al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow gray-wh pow

117 237.5 137 >320 151 48.5 148 183.5 51 dec ≈-30 240 98 220.5 127 157.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 s os

10 1870.1

1.502298

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS 2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O

25022, 1401.5 1.3225

227 dec

s H2O s H2O

pa ye nd (diox) ye pl (w + 1/2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow oran pr (chlMeOH) nd (MeOH) lf or pl (ace) pow

195.5 125.5 >360

nd (peth) lf (eth) nd (w+2) ye tetr pr (eth/MeOH)

121 121 186 123 238

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry ye nd (bz) nd (al, pl) (ace)

192 156 284 dec

1.2425

178.5 156

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

281

226 226

248.5

437.4 181

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth

1660.1

0.899620

sub 525

1.37125

1.489420

sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

Synonym

H N

Cl O

O O

O

N

N

O

N

N

N O

Clomazone

Clonazepam

CO

N

O

O HO

O NH2



TeamLRN

N

N

N H

N H

O HO

O O O O P P OH OH

Clorophene

Clotrimazole

HO

O

Coclaurine

N

O

Codamine

Codeine

O O O P OH OH

NH2 O N

O

O

O

O NH

NH

HO

OH

Coenzyme A

OH

Coenzyme I

O O

O

O HO

O

O

OH Colchiceine

Coenzyme II

O

O

O HO

O

O

O O

OH

Codeine phosphate

N

N

HO

OH

O N

O

O O O O P P OH O O

HO

H HO

N

N

O

NH2

N

NH2 N

N

O O O O P P OH O O

N

N

N

HO

O

H2PO4

O

O

O

H

Cocaine

Clozapine

O N H

OH

Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

N H

Cl

O N H H

O

NH2

HS

O

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

O

N

O

N

O

Cl

Cl

OH

Clopyralid

O O

O

CO

Cl

N H

O

N

Cl

Cl

Clopidol

O

N

HO

HO

O

Colchicine

O

O

Collinomycin O O

OH

O OH O

H

H

O

H

O

O

H

N N

H H

OH

N

N

HO

N

SO3Na

O

H N H

SO3Na

Conessine

O O O

H

N

Columbin

NH2

NH2

N H

Congo Red

OH

Conhydrine

N H

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

O H N

OH O O HO HO

OH

Coniferin

OH

OH

Conquinamine

Convallatoxin

N H

H HO H H

O O

O Cu

O H

Copaene

O O

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

O N Cu

Cu

N

2

O

O

N

N

HO

N N

Cu O

O

N O

2

Copper(II) gluconate

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

Copper phthalocyanine

Coronene

Corticosterone

OH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H OC Co

Cl

N

Co

O O C C OC CO Co Co CO OC CO CO

Cl

Clonidine

O O

Cobalt carbonyl

Cl

N H

Cl

Clomiphene

OH

O

N

Cl

N

Cl

OH

H N

Cl

N

 

No. 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472

Name

Synonym

Corybulbine Corycavamine Corydaline Corydine Corynantheine Cotarnine

3,9-Dihydroxy-6H-benzofuro[3,2c][1]benzopyran-6-one

2475 Creatine 2476 Creatinine

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C21H25NO4 C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4 C20H23NO4 C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

518-77-4 521-85-7 518-69-4 476-69-7 18904-54-6 82-54-2

355.429 367.396 369.454 341.402 366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

C4H9N3O2 C4H7N3O

57-00-1 60-27-5

131.133 113.118



2477 o-Cresol

2-Methylphenol

C7H8O

95-48-7

108.138

2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

m-Cresol p-Cresol o-Cresolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein complexone Cresol Red p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

3-Methylphenol 4-Methylphenol

C7H8O C7H8O C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12 C21H18O5S C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

108-39-4 106-44-5 596-27-0 2411-89-4 1733-12-6 78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

108.138 108.138 346.376 636.602 382.430 340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495

Crystal Violet Cubebin Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α) Curcumin

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6 C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O C21H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3 6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4 458-37-7

407.979 356.369 558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421 368.380

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

C13H24N2O C19H17NO3

454-14-8 529-92-0

224.342 307.343

Metalphthalein o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

Cromoglicic acid Cryptocavine Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline Turmeric

2496 Curine 2497 Cuscohygrine 2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)ethyl]-4methoxyquinoline

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

Cyanogenamide

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O

107-91-5

84.076

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide

Physical Form nd (al) pr (eth, al) pr (al) tetr pr (eth) nd (bz), cry (eth) cry rods mcl pr (w+1) orth pr (w+2) lf (w)

pr cry (al) ye cry pow red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry pr or pl (bz) nd (chl-MeOH) grn pow nd (al, bz) cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

mp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

1.474

303 dec 300 dec

1.3325

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl

31.03

191.04

1.032735

1.538635

12.24 34.77 223 186 >300 -40 87 241 dec 60 223

202.27 201.98

1.033920 1.018540

1.540120 1.531220

168 -86 121.5

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

93 385 dec

215 dec 131.5 181 207.5 163.5 pr (eth) 202 pa ye amor pow 135 dec oran ye pr, orth 183 pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chl221 MeOH) oil (α) wh or ye nd 92(α form); (peth); (β) 111(β form) amber pr ye pow 92 nd 45.56

unstab liq or gas pl (w)

bp/˚C

237.5 149 136 149 165.5 132 dec

1.20825 1434

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1180.01 1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, HOAc vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

0.973320

1.483220

2120.25 14019

1.28220

1.441848

23

1.14020

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2 vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

Mol. Form.

HO

O

O N

O

N

O

H

O N

O

H

O

O

O

O

O

Corybulbine

Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

N

N H H

N H

O

O H

O

N

O O

O

Corydaline

Corydine

Corynantheine

Cl

S O P O O

O

O

OH

Cotarnine

Coumaphos

HO

HO OH

OH

O

NH2 HN

O

HO

O

O

N

N

O

O

Coumestrol

NH2

OH

OH

OH

H

OH

N

N

OH

HO

N

O

OH

O

O NH

N Creatinine

o-Cresol

m-Cresol

p-Cresol

N

O

O

Creatine

o-Cresolphthalein

O



TeamLRN

O

O

O

Cresol Red

N

N p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

HO O

Cl

O Cromolyn

O

HO

O O OH

HO

O

O N

O

Crufomate

Cryptopine

Cl

OH

O

Crystal Violet

Cubebin

O N

O OH

N N

HO

O

H

HO O

O

N

N

Cucurbitacin C

Cupferron

Cupreine

O

O

N H H

NH4

OH

Cucurbitacin B

O

O

H

O H

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

O

Crimidine

H

O

HO

N N

HO

OH

O

O O P O O

O H

O S O O

OH

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

N

HO

OH O

O

H OH

HO

OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Curcumin

O

O OH O O OH Curine

Cl

N

H N

O

O

N N

N Cuscohygrine

O Cusparine

N S Cyamemazine

N

N H2N

N

Cyanamide

N H

N N

NH2 N H

Cyanazine

N

HO

N

Cyanic acid

N

O

2-Cyanoacetamide



O N H

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH O

No.

Name

Synonym

2504 Cyanoacetic acid Cyanoacetohydrazide Cyanoacetylene 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522

Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanoguanidine Cyanomethylmercury (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

2523 2524 2525 2526 2527

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine Cycloate

Cyacetacide

Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide Methylmercurynitrile

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trione 2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester

2528 Cyclobarbital Cyclobutanamine Cyclobutane Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid Cyclobutanol Cyclobutanone

2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544

Cyclobutene Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene Cyanocyclobutane

Hydroxycyclobutane

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

Mol. Wt.

C3H3NO2

372-09-8

85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C5H7NO2 C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1 619-65-8 39201-33-7 106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

99.091 51.047 147.132 147.132 113.116 125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

CFN CIN C2H4N4 C2H3HgN C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S C3H3N3O3

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5 2597-97-9 1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

45.016 152.922 84.080 241.64 177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2 C11H21NOS

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8 1134-23-2

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381 215.356

C12H16N2O3

52-31-3

236.266

C4H9N C4H8 C5H7N C5H8O2 C6H8O4 C4H8O C4H6O

2516-34-9 287-23-0 4426-11-3 3721-95-7 5445-51-2 2919-23-5 1191-95-3

71.121 56.107 81.117 100.117 144.126 72.106 70.090

C4H6 C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30 C42H70O35 C48H80O40

822-35-5 12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3 7585-39-9 17465-86-0

54.091 572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843 1134.984 1297.125

Physical Form

pr (al) nd (w) hyg cry

col gas nd col vol liq or gas col gas nd (al, eth) cry (chl) cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

66

dec 160; 10815

114.5 5 219 219 45 83 -27.83 52 -6.5 -82 146.7 211 92 178 199.5 58 >330

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.386825

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

2.8418 1.40414

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

1.7525

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

subl

sub 72.8

nd (ace aq) cry (peth)

154 dec 52 106 11.5

lf (w)

173

vol liq or gas

-90.7

liq pr (w, eth)

-1.0 158.0

liq

-50.9

col gas nd (MeOH)

amor pow hx pl or nd mcl cry (w) sq pl or rods

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

19314 14510

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc

82 12.6 149.6 190; 742

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

1.059920

1.440020

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs ace; s bz, peth

s EtOH vs bz, eth, chl vs cold H2O; i hot H2O

260 dec

 

2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535

CAS RN

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Mol. Form.

O O H N

OH N

N

O

O O

NH2

O Cyanoacetohydrazide

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N

O N

OH

4-Cyanobenzoic acid

4-Cyanobutanoic acid

O

S P O N

N

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

Cyanofenphos

O

O O H 2N N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

N

Cyanogen fluoride

N N

HO



TeamLRN

F N F

H 2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Hg

Cyanoguanidine

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

N

O

OH O

N

N

N

O

HO

O

OH

Cyanuric fluoride

Cycasin

Cyclandelate

Cyclizine

Cycloate

O O

OH

HO

O

OH

O 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

OH

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutene

OH

OH

N

OH

OH

4-Cyanothiazole

H O

Cyanuric acid

Cyclobutanamine

O OH

4

Cyclobutane

Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

O

1,2-Cyclodecanedione

O

HO

HO

5

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O OH

O

OH

OH

OH 6

O

O

α-Cyclodextrin

β-Cyclodextrin

Cyclodecanone

HO

O

OH

OH OH

Cyclodecanol

OH

O

OH

OH O

Cyclodecane

O OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

N

NH2

O

Cl

O

O

O

OH

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

Cl

Cyclochlorotine

O

O

OH

N H

S

OH

NH O O O H N N H

OH

N H

 O

O

N

H

Cyclobarbital

H N HO

N

O S

OH F

N

O

N

Cyanomethylmercury

N

O

O O N

N

I

H

N

H N

OH

N

N

N Br

N Cyanogen

O γ-Cyclodextrin

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cyanoacetic acid

OH

OH

No.

Name

Synonym

Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane 1,2-Cycloheptanedione Cycloheptanol Cycloheptanone 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

2559 2560 2561 2562

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Cycloheptene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene



2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573

2581 2582 2583 2584 2585

1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime Cyclohexaneethanol Cyclohexanemethanamine Cyclohexanemethanol Cyclohexanepropanoic acid

 

2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580

Cyclohexaneacetic acid Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol 1,2-Cyclohexanedione 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 1,4-Cyclohexanedione

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Suberone Tropilidene

C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14 C7H10O2 C7H14O C7H12O C7H8

294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5 3008-39-7 502-41-0 502-42-1 544-25-2

168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186 126.153 114.185 112.169 92.139

1,4-Dihydrobenzene

C7H6O C7H12 C6H8 C6H8

539-80-0 628-92-2 592-57-4 628-41-1

106.122 96.170 80.128 80.128

C6H4O2 C6H6N2O2

583-63-1 105-11-3

108.095 138.124

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

C8H14O2 C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

5292-21-7 766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5 1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

142.196 109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169 114.188 114.188 172.179

C8H18N2 C8H16O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2

2579-20-6 105-08-8 1792-81-0 6995-79-5 765-87-7 504-02-9 637-88-7

142.242 144.212 116.158 116.158 112.127 112.127 112.127

C6H10N2O2 C8H16O C7H15N C7H14O C9H16O2

492-99-9 4442-79-9 3218-02-8 100-49-2 701-97-3

142.155 128.212 113.201 114.185 156.222

CDT

Civetone

Hexahydrobenzene

Cyclohexyl cyanide

Hexahydrobenzoic acid cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane

1,2-Dioxocyclohexane Dihydroresorcinol Tetrahydroquinone Nioxime

Cyclohexylcarbinol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nd (al)

60.4

0.8280

liq

59 -17

nD

Solubility

liq

-8.46 -40 7.2

liq; cub cry (80¯C)

-79.5

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4 10817 185 178.5 117; 60.5122

liq liq liq

-7 -56 -89 -49.2

11315, 846 115 80.5 85.5

1.09522 0.822820 0.840520 0.847120

1.617222 1.455220 1.475520 1.472520

red pl or pr pa ye nd (w)

≈65 dec 240 dec

vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth s eth, ace, bz; i peth s H2O

6.59

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

nd (HCO2H) liq

33 11

mcl pr liq

31.5

245 184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5 402 8015, 412 sub 300

1.042318 0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422 0.95220 0.95120

1.477520 1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020 1.495120

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ace

220 283; 16710 12015

0.94520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH

13220

1.0297101 1.1820 1.118721 1.086191 1.086191

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

208 160 183 276.5

0.922920 0.8725 0.929720 0.91225

liq

pr (w)

mcl pr (ace) cry (peth) pr (bz) mcl pl (w),nd (peth) nd (w, HOAc)

liq

32.5 -110.4

14.8 312.5 <-70 43 100 143 40 105.5 78

194

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

vs bz, chl vs bz, chl

0.809820 1.058322 0.955420 0.950820 0.887519

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620 1.468922 1.4070520 1.460820 1.534320

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl

0.86825

sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i chl

1.499520 1.4576102

192

-43 16

s H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl

1.464120 1.463020 1.464420 1.463820

s H2O, ace, chl; sl tfa s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558

Mol. Form.

OH

O NH2 O

Cyclododecanol

Cyclododecanone

O

1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene

OH

cis-Cyclododecene

trans-Cyclododecene

O

cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one

1,3-Cycloheptadiene

Cycloheptanamine

O

O

Cycloheptane

1,2-Cycloheptanedione

N

Cycloheptanol

Cycloheptanone

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

OH



TeamLRN

N

1,3-Cyclohexadiene

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

N O

O

O

Cycloheptene

OH

O

3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one

O

Cl

O

OH

OH

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime

Cyclohexane

O

Cyclohexaneacetic acid

Cyclohexanecarbonitrile

OH

Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride

Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

OH OH

NH2

NH2

NH2

OH

NH2

NH2

O cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

N

O

1,3-Cyclohexanedione

1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol

OH cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol

OH

N O

OH

1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol



O

1,2-Cyclohexanedione

NH2

OH

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

O

O

OH

O OH

OH

NH2

OH

OH

Cyclohexanemethanol

Cyclohexanepropanoic acid

O 1,4-Cyclohexanedione

1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime

Cyclohexaneethanol

Cyclohexanemethanamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cyclododecane

No.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2586 Cyclohexanethiol 2587 Cyclohexanol

Cyclohexyl mercaptan Cyclohexyl alcohol

C6H12S C6H12O

1569-69-3 108-93-0

116.224 100.158

2588 2589 2590 2591

Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanone oxime Cyclohexanone peroxide Cyclohexene

Pimelic ketone

C6H10O C6H11NO C12H22O5 C6H10

108-94-1 100-64-1 78-18-2 110-83-8

98.142 113.157 246.300 82.143

2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603

1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene 2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone 3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3cyclohexenecarboxylate 4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine Cycloheximide Cyclohexyl acetate Cyclohexyl acrylate Cyclohexylamine

1-Cyanocyclohexene

C7H9N C7H10O C7H10O C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C8H10O4 C6H10O C6H8O C12H14 C12H18O C8H12O C14H20O2

1855-63-6 1192-88-7 100-50-5 636-82-8 4771-80-6 88-98-2 822-67-3 930-68-7 771-98-2 1502-22-3 932-66-1 2611-00-9

107.153 110.153 110.153 126.153 126.153 170.163 98.142 96.127 158.239 178.270 124.180 220.308

C11H13N C15H23NO4 C8H14O2 C9H14O2 C6H13N

70644-46-1 66-81-9 622-45-7 3066-71-5 108-91-8

159.228 281.349 142.196 154.206 99.174

C6H14ClN C13H16N2S2

4998-76-9 95-33-0

CDTA

C12H17N C12H16 C13H16O2 C10H18O2 C10H16O2 C7H11ClO2 C12H22 C10H21N C8H17N C12H14N2O5 C14H24N2O9

N-Ethylcyclohexanamine Hexazole

C8H14O C8H17N C10H17N3

2609 Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride 2610 2-(Cyclohexylaminothio) benzothiazole 2611 N-Cyclohexylaniline 2612 Cyclohexylbenzene 2613 Cyclohexyl benzoate 2614 Cyclohexyl butanoate 2615 3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid 2616 Cyclohexyl chloroformate 2617 Cyclohexylcyclohexane 2618 Cyclohexyldiethylamine 2619 Cyclohexyldimethylamine 2620 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 2621 (1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid monohydrate 2622 1-Cyclohexylethanone 2623 Cyclohexylethylamine 2624 4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4H-1,2,4triazole

Tetrahydrobenzene

Cyclohexanamine Cyclohexanamine hydrochloride

Cicrotoic acid

N,N-Diethylcyclohexanamine N,N-Dimethylcyclohexanamine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

hyg nd

25.93

158.8 160.84

0.978220 0.962420

1.492120 1.464120

liq hex pr (lig) cry or long nd liq

-27.9 90 79 -103.5

155.43 206

0.947820

1.450720

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl chl

82.98

0.811020

1.446520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

8112 6918 105 241 234.5

0.969420 0.969220 1.10920 1.082020

1.500520 1.474520 1.490220 1.481420

s EtOH, eth s ace, MeOH; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, ace

164 170 252 1163 201.5 1537, 1090.6

0.992315 0.962025 0.993920

s EtOH, ace vs EtOH; s ace vs MeOH

0.965520

1.479025 1.488320 1.571820 1.507020 1.488120

226

1.022225

1.546625

173; 9675 183; 8820 134

0.96820 1.027520 0.819120

1.44220 1.467320 1.462515

279; 19273 240.1 285 213

1.015520 0.942720 1.042920 0.95720

1.561020 1.532920 1.520020

pr (w)

1.0 38 17 173.0

liq liq

-53 -11 73

liq

pl (al)

22.1 119

liq

-17.8

135.635 264.409

nd (w, al-eth)

206.5 103

1821-36-9 827-52-1 2412-73-9 1551-44-6 25229-42-9 13248-54-9 92-51-3 91-65-6 98-94-2 131-89-5 13291-61-7

175.270 160.255 204.265 170.249 168.233 162.614 166.303 155.281 127.228 266.249 364.349

mcl pr pl

16 7.07 <-10

pr (aq-MeOH)

85.5

823-76-7 5459-93-8 4671-03-8

126.196 127.228 179.262

4

cry cry (w)

pr (eth)

87.527 238 192; 8520 162

vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ctc

0.844325

104 215

89.5

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O; s bz, DMF

180.5 164 22710

0.917620 0.8680

1.456516

i H2O; s eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, chl

 

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Synonym

2604 2605 2606 2607 2608

Name

SH

OH

HO

Cyclohexanol

O

N

Cyclohexanone

HO

N

OH HO

Cyclohexanone oxime

O

O

O O

O

O

OH

Cyclohexanone peroxide

OH OH

O

Cyclohexene

OH

1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile

1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

O

3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

O

O

O 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

O

2-Cyclohexen-1-ol

2-Cyclohexen-1-one

1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene

2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone

1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone

OH

O



TeamLRN

H NH2 O

O

N

3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3-cyclohexenecarboxylate

4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine

N H

O

O

O

Cycloheximide

NH2

HCl

N

O

S

O

Cyclohexyl acetate

Cyclohexyl acrylate

Cyclohexylamine

Cyclohexylamine, hydrochloride

S HN

2-(Cyclohexylaminothio)benzothiazole

O

H N

O

O O

N-Cyclohexylaniline

Cyclohexylbenzene

O

Cyclohexyl benzoate

O N

OH

N

3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid

COOH COOH N

O Cyclohexyldimethylamine

HOOC

Cl

N

O

O Cyclohexyl butanoate

N

N

O

OH

O

COOH

Cyclohexyl chloroformate

Cyclohexyldiethylamine

H N N

O

2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

Cyclohexylcyclohexane

(1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate

1-Cyclohexylethanone

Cyclohexylethylamine

N N

4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cyclohexanethiol

O

No.

Name

Mol. Wt.

2625 Cyclohexyl formate

C7H12O2

4351-54-6

128.169

2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638

C6H12O2 C8H11N C12H18O C7H11NO C9H19N C7H11NS C6H11ClMg C10H16O2 C7H15N C10H18O2 C12H16O C12H16O C20H31NO

766-07-4 4435-18-1 1011-12-7 3173-53-3 1195-42-2 1122-82-3 931-51-1 101-43-9 100-60-7 1129-47-1 119-42-6 1131-60-8 144-11-6

116.158 121.180 178.270 125.168 141.254 141.234 142.909 168.233 113.201 170.249 176.254 176.254 301.466

C9H16O2 C6H13NO3S C9H18 C9H16O C8H12 C8H12 C8H17N C8H16 C8H16O C8H14O C8H8 C8H10 C8H14 C8H14 C8H12 C27H41NO2 C15H30 C15H30O C15H28O C5H6 C5H10

6222-35-1 100-88-9 293-55-0 3350-30-9 1073-07-0 111-78-4 5452-37-9 292-64-8 696-71-9 502-49-8 629-20-9 1871-52-9 931-87-3 931-89-5 1781-78-8 4449-51-8 295-48-7 4727-17-7 502-72-7 542-92-7 287-92-3

156.222 179.237 126.239 140.222 108.181 108.181 127.228 112.213 128.212 126.196 104.150 106.165 110.197 110.197 108.181 411.621 210.399 226.398 224.382 66.102 70.133

C7H12O2 C6H9N C6H10O C6H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O C8H14O2

1123-00-8 4254-02-8 872-53-7 3400-45-1 5057-98-7 5057-99-8 3637-61-4 140-77-2

128.169 95.142 98.142 114.142 102.132 102.132 100.158 142.196

2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667

Cyclopentaneacetic acid Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Cyclopentanemethanol Cyclopentanepropanoic acid

Isocyanatocyclohexane N-Isopropylcyclohexanamine Isothiocyanatocyclohexane

N-Methylcyclohexanamine

Trihexphenidyl

Cyclamic acid

Aminocyclooctane

[8]Annulene

11-Deoxojervine Exaltol Pyropentylene Pentamethylene

Cyanocyclopentane Cyclopentanoic acid

 

CAS RN

Physical Form

mp/˚C

-20 cry (MeOH aq)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

162

1.00570

1.443020

420.1 10722

1.01920 0.948315

1.464525 1.438225

i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc, HCOOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH

172 6212 221

0.9825 0.85925 1.033920

1.455120 1.448020 1.537520

210 147 204

0.962620 0.866023 0.94890

1.457820 1.456020

193; 9335

0.935920

1.440320

178.4 14824, 9412 145 150.5 190 149 9916 196 140.5 145.5 138 143 158

0.846325 0.956020 0.875420 0.88320 0.92825 0.834920 0.974020 0.958120 0.920620 0.897125 0.847220 0.848320 0.86820

1.466620 1.472920

17711, 1450.3 1200.3 41 49.3

0.836461 0.93020 0.889525 0.802120 0.745720

1.459261 1.455598 1.463760 1.444020 1.406520

1.021618 0.912 0.937120 1.052720

1.452318 1.441020 1.443220 1.453220

0.933220 1.010017

1.457920 1.457020

56.5

hyg liq

nd (lig) nd (bz)

liq liq liq

liq liq liq liq nd (EtOH) nd (MeOH) cry (MeOH)

56.5 133 114

169.5 11 34 -53 -56.4 -48 14.59 25.1 29 -2.4 -83 -12 -59

liq liq

237 61.3 80.5 63 -85 -93.4

pl liq

13.5 -76

liq

-7 30 54.7

294; 1334

228 170; 6710 133.5 212; 10411 12429, 10010 226; 13621 163 15826, 13112

1.490525 1.480420 1.458620 1.487120 1.469420 1.538120 1.503525 1.469820 1.474125 1.485020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs alk s EtOH vs bz i H2O; s bz, lig s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, chl; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s MeOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile 2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone Cyclohexyl isocyanate Cyclohexylisopropylamine Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride Cyclohexyl methacrylate Cyclohexylmethylamine Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1piperidinepropanol Cyclohexyl propanoate Cyclohexylsulfamic acid Cyclononane Cyclononanone 1,4-Cyclooctadiene cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene Cyclooctanamine Cyclooctane Cyclooctanol Cyclooctanone 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene 1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene cis-Cyclooctene trans-Cyclooctene Cyclooctyne Cyclopamine Cyclopentadecane Cyclopentadecanol Cyclopentadecanone 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane

Synonym

N O

O

O

C

O

S N

H N

OH

Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide

Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile

2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone

Cyclohexyl isocyanate

C

N Mg

Cyclohexylisopropylamine

Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate

Cl

Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride

N H N

O O

OH

OH

O

HO

O

Cyclohexyl methacrylate

Cyclohexylmethylamine

Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate

2-Cyclohexylphenol



TeamLRN

Cyclononane

O α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol

4-Cyclohexylphenol

NH2

O

Cyclononanone

1,4-Cyclooctadiene

cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene

H N

O

Cyclooctanamine

OH

Cyclooctane

Cyclohexylsulfamic acid

O

Cyclooctanol

Cyclooctanone

OH

H H N

Cyclohexyl propanoate

O S OH O

1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene

1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene

O

O H HO cis-Cyclooctene

trans-Cyclooctene

Cyclooctyne

N

Cyclopamine

O

Cyclopentadecane

HO

O

OH

Cyclopentadecanol

Cyclopentadecanone

OH

OH OH

Cyclopentanecarbonitrile

Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde

Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol

Cyclopentane

OH OH

O Cyclopentaneacetic acid

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol

OH Cyclopentanemethanol

O Cyclopentanepropanoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cyclohexyl formate

O

No.

Name

2668 Cyclopentanethiol 2669 Cyclopentanol 2670 Cyclopentanone

2677 2678 2679 2680

Cyclopentanone oxime Cyclopentene 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, (S) 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (R) 2-Cyclopenten-1-one 3-Cyclopenten-1-one N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine Cyclopenthiazide

2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688

Cyclopentobarbital Cyclopentylamine Cyclopentylbenzene 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide Cyclophosphamide Cycloposine Cyclopropane

2689 2690 2691 2692 2693

Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

2676

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Cyclopentyl mercaptan Cyclopentyl alcohol Adipic ketone

C5H10S C5H10O C5H8O

1679-07-8 96-41-3 120-92-3

102.198 86.132 84.117

1-Cyanocyclopentene Chaulmoogric acid

C5H9NO C5H8 C6H7N C6H8O C18H32O2

1192-28-5 142-29-0 3047-38-9 6140-65-4 29106-32-9

99.131 68.118 93.127 96.127 280.446

Hydnocarpic acid

C16H28O2

459-67-6

252.392

1-Pyrrolidinylcyclopentene

Cyclopentanamine



Cyclophosphane Trimethylene Cyclopropyl cyanide Formylcyclopropane

2694 Cyclopropanemethanol 2695 Cyclopropanone 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702

Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropylbenzene Cyclopropyl methyl ether Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Cyclothiazide

HMX

N’-Cyclooctyl-N,N-dimethylurea

liq liq

liq liq liq pl or lf (al, HOAc)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-17.5 -51.90

132.1 140.42 130.57

0.955020 0.948820 0.948720

1.453020 1.436620

0.772020

1.422520

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc, hx; msc eth vs H2O, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth

0.97021

1.487217

57.8 -135.0 -32 68.5

196 44.2 8130 146 24720

vs eth, chl

60.5

C5H6O C5H6O C9H15N C13H18ClN 3O4 S2 C12H14N2O3 C5H11N C11H14 C10H14O C6H12S C7H15Cl2N2O2P C33H51NO7 C3H6

930-30-3 14320-37-7 7148-07-4 742-20-1

82.101 82.101 137.222 379.883

76-68-6 1003-03-8 700-88-9 825-25-2 7133-36-0 50-18-0 23185-94-6 75-19-4

234.250 85.148 146.229 150.217 116.224 261.086 573.761 42.080

C4H5N C4H5ClO C4H6O C4H6O2 C5H6O4

5500-21-0 4023-34-1 1489-69-6 1759-53-1 598-10-7

67.090 104.535 70.090 86.090 130.100

C4H8O C3H4O

2516-33-8 5009-27-8

72.106 56.063

C3H4 C3H7N C9H10 C4H8O C5H8O C4H8N8O8 C14H16ClN 3O4 S2 C11H22N2O C22H18Cl2FNO3 C5H12NO3PS2

2781-85-3 765-30-0 873-49-4 540-47-6 765-43-5 2691-41-0 2259-96-3

40.064 57.095 118.175 72.106 84.117 296.156 389.878

gas liq liq liq liq cry

2163-69-1 68359-37-5 60-51-5

198.305 434.287 229.258

cry

vs EtOH, chl, peth 136; 40 2817 10515

liq

12

0.989

15

1.4629

15

vs eth, EtOH

1.512820

238 cry (w, dil al) liq

139.5 -82.7

col gas

43 268 -127.58

liq pr or nd (chl) pr (w +1)

18.5 140.5

108 219 13525 156.2

0.868920 0.946220 1.017918

1.472825 1.528020 1.521518

sl H2O; vs EtOH s ace, bz, chl vs eth

vs H2O; sl bz, chl, diox, EtOH

135.1 119 100 183

0.61725 (p>1 atm) 0.894620 1.151620 0.938 1.088520

124

0.91125

dec -36 50.5 173.6; 8037 44.7 111.3 exp

0.824020 0.931720 0.810020 0.898420

-32.81

1.3799-42

s H2O, bz, peth; vs EtOH, eth

1.422920

s eth, hx; sl ctc

1.429820 1.439020

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, eth sl ctc

stable only at low temp. -35.39 -31 -119 -68.3 286 234 138 60 52

1.421020 1.528520 1.380220 1.425120

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s bz, ace; vs MeOH

 

2703 Cycluron 2704 Cyfluthrin 2705 Cygon

Cyclopropanamine

Physical Form

1170.1

1.27765

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2671 2672 2673 2674 2675

Synonym

SH

OH

O

N

N

OH

O

OH O

Cyclopentanethiol

Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanone

Cyclopentanone oxime

Cyclopentene

1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile

1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde

O

N

H2N 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (R)

2-Cyclopenten-1-one

3-Cyclopenten-1-one

N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine

NH2

NH

O S

S O

O

NH N H

O

Cyclopenthiazide

O

Cyclopentobarbital

Cyclopentylamine

H H N



TeamLRN

O H

HO O

P

O

NH

N

O

O N S

Cl Cl

O Cyclopentylbenzene

O

2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone

Cl

Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide

O

O

O

Cyclopropyl methyl ether

Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde

OH

O

O

Cyclopropyl methyl ketone

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

NO2 N

Cl

N O2N

N NO2

O S H2N O

Cycloposine

OH

O

Cyclopropane

Cyclopropanecarbonitrile

NH2

O

OH

1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

O2N N

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine

OH

Cyclophosphamide

HO Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride

HO HO

Cyclopropanemethanol

HN NH

Cyclopropene

N

O

Cl

O

O

S O O

N Cycluron

Cyclopropylamine

Cyclopropylbenzene

F

Cl

O

H N

Cyclothiazide

Cyclopropanone

Cyfluthrin

O O S P S O Cygon

N H

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O

H N

Cl

OH

2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, (S)

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,2Dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Stannane, tricyclohexylhydroxy-

C23H19ClF3NO3

91465-08-6

449.850

49.2

C18H34OSn C22H19Cl2NO3 C9H14ClN5 C21H21N C6H10N6

13121-70-5 52315-07-8 22936-86-3 129-03-3 66215-27-8

385.172 416.297 227.694 287.399 166.183

cry (EtOH aq) cry

196 70 167 113 220

C4H14Cl2N2S2 C2H7NS C3H7NO5S C3H7NO2S

56-17-7 60-23-1 13100-82-8 52-90-4

225.203 77.149 169.157 121.159

nd (MeOH) cry (sub) cry cry (w)

218 dec 99.5 260 dec 240 dec

C5H12ClNO2S C3H8ClNO2S C6H12N2O4S2

868-59-7 52-89-1 56-89-3

185.673 157.620 240.300

125.8 cry 175 dec hex pl or pr (w) 260 dec

C9H13N3O5 C9H13N3O5

147-94-4 65-46-3

243.216 243.216

pr (EtOH aq) nd (dil al)

212 230 dec

C9H14N3O8P C9H14N3O8P C9H14N3O8P C11H14N2O C29H37NO5 C30H37NO6 C28H33NO7 C4H5N3O

85-94-9 84-52-6 63-37-6 485-35-8 14930-96-2 22144-77-0 36011-19-5 71-30-7

323.196 323.196 323.196 190.241 479.608 507.618 495.565 111.102

orth nd pr nd (ace) nd (ace/peth)

239 dec 233 dec 233 dec 153 219 270 207 322 dec

C6H10N6O

4342-03-4

182.182

C62H86N12O16 C15H10O4

50-76-0 486-66-8

1255.416 254.238

C6H12N2O3

1596-84-5

160.170

2733 Dantrolene 2734 Datiscetin

C14H10N4O5 C15H10O6

7261-97-4 480-15-9

314.253 286.236

2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742

C15H26O2 C27H29NO10 C5H10N2S2 C12Br10O C12Cl10 C10H18 C10H18 C12F10

887-08-1 20830-81-3 533-74-4 1163-19-5 2051-24-3 2051-25-4 1647-16-1 434-90-2

238.366 527.520 162.276 959.167 498.658 138.250 138.250 334.112

2706 Cyhalothrin 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711

Cyhexatin Cypermethrin Cyprazine Cyproheptadine Cyromazine

2712 2713 2714 2715

Cystamine dihydrochloride Cysteamine L-Cysteic acid L-Cysteine

N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6triamine

Propanoic acid, 2-amino-3mercapto-, (R)-

2716 L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride 2717 L-Cysteine, hydrochloride 2718 L-Cystine 2719 Cytarabine 2720 Cytidine



2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728

2’-Cytidylic acid 3’-Cytidylic acid 5’-Cytidylic acid Cytisine Cytochalasin B Cytochalasin D Cytochalasin E Cytosine

Zygosporin A

2729 Dacarbazine

5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)-1Himidazole-4-carboxamide

2730 Dactinomycin 2731 Daidzein

7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H1-benzopyran-4-one Butanedioic acid, mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide)

2732 Daminozide

Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether 1-Hexyl-1,3-butadiene

 

Daucol Daunorubicin Dazomet Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl 1,3-Decadiene 1,9-Decadiene 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro1,1’-biphenyl

3,3’-Dithiobis(2-aminopropanoic acid) Cytosine arabinoside 4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2(1H) -pyrimidinone Cytidine 2’-monophosphate Cytidine 3’-monophosphate Cytidine 5’-monophosphate Sophorine

mcl or tcl pl (w+1) cry

pa ye pr (50% al)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.2520

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH

dec

vs H2O s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s acid, alk

1.67725

s H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH

s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s bz, ace

2182

s H2O; sl EtOH, chl; i eth

205 245 dec 323 dec

sub

s EtOH, eth

154.5 cry (DMF aq) pa ye nd (al, aq HOAc) cry red nd nd (bz) ye pr (tol) cry (bz)

280 277.5 114 208 106 305 309

67.5

vs ace, eth, EtOH 1282

169 167 206

0.75230 0.7525 1.78520

reac H2O; s EtOH i H2O i H2O vs bz 1.432520

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

OH Cl F F

HN

Cl

Sn O

O

O

F

O

Cl

N

O

O

N

Cyhalothrin

Cl

N Cypermethrin

Cyhexatin

NH2 N

N

N N

N H

Cyprazine

N H

Cyproheptadine

N N

NH2

HCl H2N

Cyromazine

S

S

NH2 HCl

Cystamine dihydrochloride

NH2

O O S HO O

SH

H2N

Cysteamine

O OH

HS

O OH

NH2

HCl HS

O

NH2

L-Cysteic acid

O HS

OH HCl

NH2

L-Cysteine

NH2 HO

NH2

L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride

O S

S

O

L-Cysteine, hydrochloride

O

OH



TeamLRN

HO HO P O O

O

O

N

HO

OH Cytarabine

O O P OH O

OH

Cytidine

2’-Cytidylic acid

OH

OH

O

N H

O

N H

O O

Cytochalasin B

Cytochalasin D

H 2N N N N

N

H

N H Cytisine

O

NH2

NH

O

5’-Cytidylic acid

O

O

H

H

N OH

O

O HO

NH

O

HO

O O

HO

OH

Cytochalasin E

N

N H Dacarbazine

O

Cytosine

O

N

N O

N

N

O NH

N O

N O

O

O HO

O O

N

3’-Cytidylic acid

H

HO

N

O

N

HO HO P O O

O

HO

O

HO

NH2

NH2

N O

N

O

OH

L-Cystine

NH2

HO

HO

N

N

N

O

O

O HN

O O

O

O

N O

HN

H

O

NH N

NH2

O

O

O

N HO

Daidzein

Br Br

N S

Dazomet

Br

S

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br

Br

Br

Decabromobiphenyl ether

Cl Cl

N O Dantrolene

O

HO

Cl Cl Decachlorobiphenyl

O

O

O HO Datiscetin

HO NH2

HO Daucol

F

Daunorubicin

F F

F

F

Cl Cl

OH O

O

Cl

Cl

O

OH

OH

Daminozide

Br

O

N

O

H N

O

OH O

O

O

O

Dactinomycin

N

OH

O OH

O

O

NH

N

OH

F F

Cl 1,3-Decadiene

1,9-Decadiene

F F

F

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

NH2

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2743 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 2744 trans-Decahydronaphthalene

cis-Decalin trans-Decalin

C10H18 C10H18

493-01-6 493-02-7

138.250 138.250

liq liq

-42.9 -30.4

195.8 187.3

0.896520 0.865925

1.481020 1.469520

i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl MeOH

2745 Decahydro-2-naphthol 2746 Decamethonium dibromide

Decahydro-β-naphthol

C10H18O C16H38Br2N2

825-51-4 541-22-0

154.249 418.294

10914

0.99625

1.499220

269 dec

541-02-6 141-62-8 112-31-2 124-18-5 646-25-3 1871-96-1 112-47-0

370.770 310.685 156.265 142.282 172.311 164.247 174.281

cry (MeOH/ ace) liq liq liq liq

No.

Name

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decanal Decane 1,10-Decanediamine Decanedinitrile 1,10-Decanediol

Decamethylene glycol

C10H30O5Si5 C10H30O3Si4 C10H20O C10H22 C10H24N2 C10H16N2 C10H22O2

2754 2755 2756 2757 2758

Decanedioyl dichloride Decanenitrile 1-Decanethiol Decanoic acid 1-Decanol

Caprinitrile Decyl mercaptan Capric acid Capric alcohol

C10H16Cl2O2 C10H19N C10H22S C10H20O2 C10H22O

111-19-3 1975-78-6 143-10-2 334-48-5 112-30-1

239.139 153.265 174.347 172.265 158.281

2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784

2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2-Decanone 3-Decanone 4-Decanone Decanoyl chloride trans-2-Decenal 1-Decene cis-2-Decene trans-2-Decene cis-5-Decene trans-5-Decene 9-Decenoic acid 9-Decen-1-ol 3-Decen-2-one Declomycin Decyl acetate Decylamine Decylbenzene Decylcyclohexane Decylcyclopentane Decyl decanoate Decyl formate 11-Decylheneicosane

C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H19ClO C10H18O C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H18O2 C10H20O C10H18O C21H21ClN2O8 C12H24O2 C10H23N C16H26 C16H32 C15H30 C20H40O2 C11H22O2 C31H64

74742-10-2 1565-81-7 2051-31-2 5205-34-5 693-54-9 928-80-3 624-16-8 112-13-0 3913-81-3 872-05-9 20348-51-0 20063-97-2 7433-78-5 7433-56-9 14436-32-9 13019-22-2 10519-33-2 127-33-3 112-17-4 2016-57-1 104-72-3 1795-16-0 1795-21-7 1654-86-0 5451-52-5 55320-06-4

158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 156.265 156.265 156.265 190.710 154.249 140.266 140.266 140.266 140.266 140.266 170.249 156.265 154.249 464.853 200.318 157.297 218.377 224.425 210.399 312.531 186.292 436.840

Capraldehyde

1-Propylheptyl alcohol Methyl octyl ketone Ethyl heptyl ketone Hexyl propyl ketone Caprinoyl chloride

Caproleic acid Decylenic alcohol Heptylidene acetone Demeclocycline 1-Decanamine

-38 -76 -4.0 -29.6 59.73 7.6 74

210 194 208.5 174.15 14012 20416 19220

0.959320 0.853625 0.83015 0.726625

1.398220 1.389520 1.428720 1.409025

i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl ctc

0.91320

1.447420

i H2O; s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s DMSO; i lig

liq liq nd

-1.3 -17.9 -26 31.4 6.9

22075, 16511 243; 10610 240.6 268.7 231.1

1.121220 0.819920 0.844320 0.885840 0.829720

1.468418 1.429620 1.450920 1.428840 1.437220

liq liq liq liq nd liq liq liq

-1.2 -7.5 -11 8.7 14 1.3 -9 -34.5

0.825020 0.82720 0.826120 0.82420 0.824820 0.825120 0.82420 0.91925

1.432625 1.43420 1.432020 1.433320 1.425520 1.425220 1.424021 1.441020

liq col liq col liq col liq col liq

-66.3

211 213; 10112 210.5 201 210; 9612 203 206.5 95 230; 10711 170.5 174.2 173.3 171; 7320 171 15821, 1424 236 10215.3

0.740820

1.421520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

0.744520 0.740120 0.923815 0.87625 0.847320

1.425820 1.424320 1.450715 1.448020 1.448020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

0.867120 0.793620 0.855520 0.818620 0.811020 0.858620

1.427320 1.436920 1.483220 1.453420 1.448620 1.442320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

0.811620

1.454020

nd (w, dil al)

cry liq liq liq liq

-112 -73 26.5

176 dec -15 17 -14.4 -0.9 -22 9.7

liq 10.0

244 220.5 293 299 279 21915 243 282.010

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753

i eth

 

O H

H

N

Si

O

N

O Si

Br

H

H

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

O

Si

Br OH

Si

Decahydro-2-naphthol

Decamethonium dibromide

Si

O

Si

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Decamethyltetrasiloxane

Decanal



NH2

H2N Decane

OH

HO

N

1,10-Decanediamine

Decanedinitrile

Cl

Cl O

1,10-Decanediol

Decanedioyl dichloride

O N Decanenitrile

SH

OH

1-Decanethiol

Decanoic acid

1-Decanol

2-Decanol

O

O

OH 5-Decanol

2-Decanone

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

Decanoyl chloride





TeamLRN

4-Decanol

3-Decanol

O



OH

OH

OH

OH

O trans-2-Decenal

OH 1-Decene

cis-2-Decene

Cl

OH H

H

trans-2-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH 3-Decen-2-one

OH O HO

trans-5-Decene

9-Decenoic acid

N OH NH2

O 9-Decen-1-ol

O OH

O

O NH2

O

Declomycin

Decyl acetate

Decylamine

Decylbenzene

O O

O Decylcyclohexane

O

Decylcyclopentane

Decyl decanoate

Decyl formate

O 11-Decylheneicosane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O N

No.

Name 1-Decylnaphthalene Decyloxirane Decyl vinyl ether 1-Decyne 5-Decyne Dehydroabietic acid Delphinidin Delphinine Deltamethrin Demecarium bromide Demeton Demeton-S-methyl 2’-Deoxyadenosine 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate 6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid Deoxycholic acid

2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’monophosphate 2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose D-2-Deoxyribose Deserpidine Desethyl atrazine

2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desferrioxamine Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823

Dexpanthenol Dextroamphetamine sulfate Dextromethorphan hydrobromide Diacetone alcohol 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

Systox

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid Floxuridine 2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine Digitalose

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfona te

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

15

379

0.932220

-41 -44 -73 172 >350 199 99 165 dec

10110 174 177; 78.825

0.81220 0.765520 0.769020

1.543520 1.434725 1.434620 1.426520 1.433120

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C20H28 C12H24O C12H24O C10H18 C10H18 C20H28O2 C15H11ClO7 C33H45NO9 C22H19Br2NO3 C32H52Br2N4O4 C8H19O3PS2 C6H15O3PS2 C10H13N5O3 C10H16N5O12P3 C6H8O5 C24H40O4

26438-27-7 2855-19-8 765-05-9 764-93-2 1942-46-7 1740-19-8 528-53-0 561-07-9 52918-63-5 56-94-0 8065-48-3 919-86-8 958-09-8 1927-31-7 528-81-4 83-44-3

268.436 184.318 184.318 138.250 138.250 300.435 338.697 599.712 505.199 716.588 258.339 230.285 251.242 491.182 160.125 392.573

C9H14N3O7P C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

1032-65-1 50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

307.197 246.191 164.156 347.222

pow cry

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5 C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8 C6H10ClN5

488-73-3 6284-40-8 4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1 6190-65-4

164.156 195.214 178.183 134.131 578.652 187.630

pr (w, dil al) cry (MeOH) nd (AcOEt) nd or pr cry

236 128.5 119 90 230.5 136

C25H48N6O8 C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

70-51-9 50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

560.684 266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry (EtOH aq)

139

cry lo nd (H2O)

120 85 157 262

C9H19NO4 C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO C6H12O2 C7H10O4 C10H10O2

81-13-0 51-63-8 125-69-9 123-42-2 869-29-4 6781-42-6

205.252 368.491 352.309 116.158 158.152 162.185

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

liq liq cry (EtOH aq) orth (al) hyg pow oily liq ye liq cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt) cry (al)

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1342 890.15, 1181

168 177

Solubility

1.2020

1.506320

sub 160

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O vs H2O, ace, EtOH

183 dec 150 146.5 s H2O 1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl

1730.02

s H2O

ye-br pow

sl H2O; s DMF

hyg oil wh cry pow liq liq

 

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

1-(Ethenyloxy)decane Octylacetylene Dibutylacetylene 8,11,13-Abietatrien-18-oic acid

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

nd (HOAc)

>300 123 -44 -37.6 32 113.0 328.3

dec

1.2020 1.1525

1.49720

167.9 180 15215

0.938720 1.076020

1.421320 1.419320

1283

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800

Synonym

OH OH HO

O 1-Decylnaphthalene

Decyloxirane

Decyl vinyl ether

Dehydroabietic acid

O

H

NH2

Br

O

HO

O

O

Deltamethrin

O

O P O O

N

Demecarium bromide

S

O O P S O

Demeton

OH

N

N

Br

N

O

Br Delphinine

Br

N

N

N

N

S

O

O

N

O N

N

O O

Delphinidin

NH2

O

N

O

5-Decyne

O

H

H

1-Decyne

OH

O

O

P

O O

O

P

OH

O

OH

N

N

P

O

O

OH

S OH

Demeton-S-methyl

OH

2’-Deoxyadenosine

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

O NH2 O HO

OH

OH O

P

HO

HO

Deoxycholic acid

O

O

N

O

OH

O

N

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

Cl

Deserpidine

O

N

S

HO

HO

N

N H

N H Desmetryne N

N OH

H HO H H

OH OH HO HO OH 2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

O

N H

N

O

Desthiobiotin

O

O N H

O

Dexamethasone

N H Desipramine

O N N S O Na O Dexon

OH HO

H N

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

N

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

O OH O

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O

O

O O 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

O 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

1,4-Diacetylbenzene

O HN

0.5 H2SO4

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O HBr

N

N OH

OH

F

O

OH N

H N

O

O

H

CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

Desferrioxamine

H

NH O

H2N



N O H Desmedipham

N

O

OH 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

Desethyl atrazine

HN O

O

OH

OH OH HO 2-Deoxy-D-glucose

N

OH N H

P

NH2

O

O O

HO

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

O O

O

HO

N

N

N H H

O

OH OH

H2N OH

O

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H

6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

O O

HO

OH

N H

OH

N

O

H

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

HO

HN

O O

F

OH

O



TeamLRN

CH2OH H OH O

O

N

N

HN

NH

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH

OH O

O

OH

OH

O

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4P S2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2 C12H18O7 C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O C10H12O4 C14H14O4

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9

369.412 118.089 393.846

2303-16-4 538-08-9 142-22-3 1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4 2807-54-7 1087-21-4

270.219 122.167 274.267 140.299 146.273 98.142 196.200 246.259

C10H12O4 C8H10O4 C9H15N C10H12N2O3

999-21-3 615-99-6 102-70-5 52-43-7

196.200 170.163 137.222 208.213

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione 2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2 C14H10N2O2

128-95-0 129-44-2

238.241 238.241

2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

2850 2851 2852 2853

C7H8N2O2 C4H10N2O2 C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

535-87-5 305-62-4 1187-42-4 128-94-9

152.151 118.134 108.102 270.240

4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

4,4’-Thiodianiline 3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2S C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4 C15H12N2O3

139-65-1 599-61-1 922-54-3 2872-48-2

216.301 248.300 190.197 268.267

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239



2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836

Diallate Diallylcyanamide Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diallyldimethylsilane Diallyl disulfide Diallyl ether Diallyl fumarate Diallyl isophthalate

2837 2838 2839 2840

Diallyl maleate Diallyl oxalate N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Diallyl sulfide Diallyl trisulfide Diamantane 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2841 2842 2843 2844

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 2856 2857 2858 2859

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

Acetyl peroxide

Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate)

Allyl ether Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

Triallylamine Allobarbital

Congressane

Physical Form orth nd (eth) lf

col liq

liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

173 30 68

27312 6321

1.5625

-4

-6

lf

94 172

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

dk viol nd (py) dk red nd (al, HOAc) red nd (al, HOAc) red-br pr (aqpy) ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w) hyg cry

268 319

1509 14290, 959 1612 137; 6850 10048, 7916 94 1403 1765

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020 1.416320 1.467025

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.07520 1.158220 0.80920

1.469920 1.448120 1.450220

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO 2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc

sub

265 320 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl

250.5

228

sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH 1.4120

178.5

nd (w)

Solubility

12910, 1093 217 155.5

bl nd (xyl)

pl or nd (w) pl (bz) nd (w)

1.1420 0.767920 1.023715 0.826020 1.076820

nD

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH 189 dec 92.5 108.5 168.5 314 dec 235 278

>300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor

Synonym

 

O O

O O

O O

H

N

O

O

O

O Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

Diacetylperoxide

O Cl

S

N O

N N

Cl

Dialifor

Diallate

O

O

Diallylcyanamide

O

O

O

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

O O O S

Si Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

O O

O

O

Diallyl ether

O

O

Diallyl fumarate

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

O

Diallyl maleate

O

O

O

O O

Diallyl oxalate

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH



TeamLRN

O

N N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

O

N H

O

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

NH2

NH2 O

S

S Diallyl sulfide

NH2

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

NH2 H2N

1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2 O N

OH O

H2N NH2 O

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

H2N

N N

NH2

4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

H2N

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

N O

H2N

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

S

H2N

OH

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

O O H2N

O

O S

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

O

NH2

O OH

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH2

O

HO

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

NH2

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

O

NH2

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

N

O

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

mp/˚C

lf nd

79 dec 235 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid

249.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats

42.8 300

i eth, bz sl H2O

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Thionine

C6H8N2O C6H10Cl2N2O C12H10ClN3S

95-86-3 137-09-7 581-64-6

124.140 197.061 263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3) dec



2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino-2,4,6triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14 C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3 224-41-9

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346 278.346

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

ye gas ye cry ye cry (EtOH) pl (dil ace) oran lf or nd (bz)

-145 228 216 189 269.5 197.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl)

233.5

2886 2887 2888 2889 2890

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14 C12H8S C14H8O3

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0 132-65-0 6050-13-1

302.368 302.368 302.368 184.257 224.212

oran pl

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

Benzoyl disulfide

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

C14H14S2 C16H20N2 C14H14O

150-60-7 140-28-3 103-50-4

246.391 240.343 198.260

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzothiophene Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

bp/˚C

870.05 -23

1.108820

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

190.2

cry (EtOH)

315 281.5 ye pl (bz/EtOH) 164.5 nd (dil al, lig) 98.2 nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), sc(chl- 134.5 peth) -26 lf (al) oily lig

71.5 26 1.8

1850.01 i H2O

287

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

2750.05 332.5 sub

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth

dec

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS 2 22

dec 300; 270250

1.0256

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.5781

20

1.563520 1.516820

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2861 2,4-Diaminophenol 2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl) azo]benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

Physical Form

Synonym

 

OH

OH O S O

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl NH2

H2N

NH2 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

O NH2 N O

O

N N H

HO NH2

O OH

O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

O S O OH

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

OH

I

I

N H

OH H2N

I

O

O H2N

N H

N

N

NH2

O

Diatrizoic acid

N

S O P O O

Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

H

Diazinon

Diazomethane

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

O



TeamLRN

N N N

N O

N Dibenz[a,j]acridine

Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

N

NH2

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

N H

Dibenzepin

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

O

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzothiophene

S O

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

O S

S

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Dibenzoyl disulfide

N H Dibenzylamine

S

S

Dibenzyl disulfide

N H

H N

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

O Dibenzyl ether

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,4-Diaminophenol

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2

No.

Mol. Wt.

C20H18O C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S C14H14O2S C14H14OS C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

897-78-9 15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9 620-32-6 621-08-9 1466-67-7 631-64-1

274.356 284.307 262.241 214.326 246.325 230.325 240.300 217.844

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene 2908 o-Dibromobenzene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2 C6H4Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3 583-53-9

250.919 336.022 235.904

Pentaerythritol tetrabromide

C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2 C5H8Br4

108-36-1 106-37-6 3988-03-2 92-86-4 3229-00-3

235.904 235.904 340.010 312.000 387.734

Tribromsalan

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2 C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2 110-52-1 5408-86-6 821-06-7 2219-66-1 514-12-5

215.915 215.915 215.915 215.915 215.915 213.899 211.883 310.025

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2Cl2 CBr2Cl2 C2H2Br2F2 CBr2F2

4101-68-2 75-81-0 683-68-1 594-18-3 75-82-1 75-61-6

300.074 256.751 256.751 242.725 223.842 209.816

pl (al) liq liq



2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922

m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl) propane 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2hydroxybenzamide 1,1-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Benzyl sulfide

1,2-Dibromobenzene 1,3-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobenzene Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

α-Butylene dibromide

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 1,10-Dibromodecane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane Dibromodichloromethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

bp/˚C 19020 1872 1620.1 dec dec 290 dec 210

-2.5 49.5 152 134 169.5 49

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or xyl) 226 7.1 liq pl pl (al) mcl pr (MeOH) cry (ace), nd (lig)

-7 87.43 177 164 163

195250, 13016 169; 6824 15674

sub 225

den/g cm-3

nD

1.13725

1.544720 1.552118

Solubility sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS 2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

1.984320

1.615520

218 218.5 395 357.5 305.5

1.952320 2.26117

1.608317 1.5742

158; 91101 166.3 174 197 161 203; 7414 9215

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020 1.819925 1.789322

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720 1.516725 1.513322

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

80.3 196 93

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

i H2O

145100, 10520 1619, 1284 195 195 150.2 92.5 22.76

1.775920

1.544519

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.33530 2.13520 2.13520 2.4225 2.223820

1.492725 1.566220 1.566220

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

2.59615

227

liq

-65.4

liq liq pl (peth)

-16.5 -24 53.4 61

50

liq vol liq or gas

126 -2.0 28 -26 -26 38 -61.3 -110.1

1.445620

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt

 

2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz) lf (al, w) nd (al) hyg cry

mp/˚C 117.5

s H2O, eth, ace, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Dibenzyl malonate Dibenzyl phosphite Dibenzyl sulfide Dibenzyl sulfone Dibenzyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dibenzylurea Dibromoacetic acid

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903

Name

O O

O O

O

S

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2

N H

Br

N H

Br

Br

O

Br

Br

Dibromoacetic acid

Dibromoacetonitrile

Br

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline



TeamLRN

Br

Br Br

4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br

Br

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

N H

Br

Br

Cl

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Br

Br trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Cl Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

O

N

Br

NH2 Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Cl Br

Br

F F

Br Br

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Cl Br

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br 1,1-Dibromobutane

Br F

Br O

Br

o-Dibromobenzene

Br

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

Br

Br

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br

2,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

OH O

Br

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

Br

NH2

Br

OH

O

Br

Dibenzyl sulfone

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Br

O

Br Br

O

S O

S O

O

Br Cl

Br Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

F

F Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O P

No.

Name

2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane 2937 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethene trans-1,2-Dibromoethene 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949

Dibromofluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dibromoheptane 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Dibromomethane 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Dibromantine

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

Ethylidene dibromide

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2 C2H4Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5 557-91-5

229.941 328.127 187.861

C2H4Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

106-93-4 590-11-4 590-12-5 2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

187.861 185.845 185.845 231.914 245.898 263.958

CHBr2F C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

1868-53-7 42474-21-5 4549-31-9 21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

191.825 257.994 257.994 257.994 257.994 309.830

Ethylene dibromide cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

Heptamethylene dibromide

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O3 C7H3Br2NO CH2Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O

624-20-4 629-03-8 89583-12-0 90-59-5 3147-55-5 1689-84-5 74-95-3 615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5 594-51-4 609-22-3

243.967 243.967 243.967 279.914 295.913 276.913 173.835 249.931 249.931 249.931 229.941 265.930

2962 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 2963 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene 2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2 C6H4Br2N2O2

594-34-3 83-53-4 827-94-1

215.915 285.963 295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0 3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0 19398-53-9 615-58-7

286.047 359.838 272.021 229.941 229.941 229.941 229.941 251.903

2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961

 

1,9-Dibromononane 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromophenol

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid Bromoxynil Methylene bromide 2,5-Dibromotoluene

Octamethylene dibromide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

184; 8026 21515 108.0

1.677520

1.5090

2.055520

1.512820

131.6 112.5 108 8020 89.516 13319

2.168325 2.246420 2.230820 1.732020 1.9120

1.535625 1.542820 1.550518 1.504420

64.9 228 263 10117 10724 72.8

2.42120 1.508620 1.530620 1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.468520 1.498620 1.503420 1.499220 1.501020

36

20

20

Solubility

198 dec

nd (al,HOAc) liq

41 -63

liq liq

9.84 -53 -6.5

liq 75 liq

-78 41.7

liq

-1.2

pa ye pr nd

86 228 190 -52.5 5.6 -9.7 1.0 7 58

liq

nd (peth)

ye nd (al, HOAc) pa ye pr or lf (al) liq

10.5 83 207

103 245.5 8013 sub

1.5774 1.602525 1.602720

97 236 10311 15623 6217 dec 265; 1054 150 310

2.496920 1.812717 1.817625 1.836528 1.671720

15.5

liq

-34.4 -39.5

nd (peth)

38

s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O 1.5024 1.505425 1.504320

vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

1.542020 1.598218 1.596425 1.614720 1.572925

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl

1.782720

1.511920

145 dec -22.5

i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl

s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271 184 146150, 9914 222.3 7521, 6012 238.5

1.422920 1.459425 1.66818 1.622220 1.692825 1.665920 2.070020

1.497125

i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

1.508620 1.510225 1.498720

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943

Synonym

O

Br N N Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Br

Br

1,12-Dibromododecane

1,1-Dibromoethane

H

Br Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

O O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

O

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

Br

Br

(1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

Br

Br

H

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

H

Br

1,2-Dibromoethane

F

Br

Br

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br 1,7-Dibromoheptane

O Br

Br

Br

F Br

Br

3,4-Dibromoheptane

Br

Br

F F F F

Br

2,3-Dibromoheptane

Br

F Br

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

Br

1,2-Dibromohexane

1,6-Dibromohexane

OH

Br

Br

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde



TeamLRN

N HO

Br

O

Br OH Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

Dibromomethane

OH

Br Br

Br

Br

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

NH2 Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

(Dibromomethyl)benzene

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

OH Br

Br

Br F F F F Br

Br Br

Br 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

O

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

O

N

Br

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br 1,9-Dibromononane

Br F F F F

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

OH Br Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

Br

Br Br

1,2-Dibromopentane

Br 1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

Br Br

Br

Br

O

 

No.

2,6-Dibromophenol 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2,2-Dibromopropane 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene 2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene 2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine 2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol 2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane



2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2,5-Dibromothiophene 3,4-Dibromothiophene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate Dibutylamine Di-sec-butylamine 2-Dibutylaminoethanol N,N-Dibutylaniline 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane Dibutyl carbonate Di-tert-butyl carbonate 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nd (w) liq liq

56.5 -55.49 -34.5

255; 16221 141.9 167.3 113 16020, 13812 219 dec 219; 10516

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H4Br2O C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

608-33-3 78-75-1 109-64-8 594-16-1 600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

251.903 201.888 201.888 201.888 231.871 217.887 217.887

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

1,3-Dibromoacetone

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2 C5H3Br2N C9H5Br2NO

816-39-7 13195-80-7 26391-16-2 513-31-5 625-92-3 521-74-4

215.871 199.872 199.872 199.872 236.893 302.950

nd

nd (al) nd (al)

112 196

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3 3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

259.823 241.932 241.932 241.932 241.832 327.912

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

C9H9Br2NO3 C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4 C8H19N C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

300-38-9 85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7 111-92-2 626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

338.980 343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354 129.244 129.244 173.296 205.340

C14H22 C14H22O2 C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3 C9H18O3 C14H20O2

1012-72-2 88-58-4 1185-81-5 542-52-9 34619-03-9 2460-77-7

190.325 222.324 635.722 174.237 174.237 220.308

Propylene dibromide

Broxyquinoline 2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)-2,5cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide Refrigerant 114B2

Halon 2302 Dibromogallic acid

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal N-Butylbutanamine N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

66.5 ye liq

den/g cm-3

nD

1.932420 1.970125 1.88020

1.520120 1.520425

2.12020 2.136420

1.549525

Solubility s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl hyg cry

26

9722 125 131.5 141; 37.711 222 sub

50.4

1908

-110.32 -17.5 -6 4.5

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3 221.5 76

2.167018 1.976720 2.007620 2.034525

1.526020 1.541625

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl

2.14925 2.14223

1.36125 1.630422 1.628820

2.27427

1.419124

i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

150

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

liq

245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4 -62

liq

-32.2

nd (MeOH) cry (aq HOAc) col liq

79.5 213.5

liq liq

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

15815 203.3 179.2 16510 159.6 134 11418 274.8

s chl s ctc 0.831925 0.833920 0.961320 0.767020 0.753420

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920 1.417720 1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

238; 10915

0.985020

1220.3 207 158

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980

Name

Br Br OH Br

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromophenol

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

O P O O Br

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene

2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br N

N

N

OH

3,5-Dibromopyridine

5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Cl

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O F F 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

Br F

H N

O

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

Br

S

F

S

2,5-Dibromothiophene

3,4-Dibromothiophene

Br F

HO

OH OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

O

H N

O

N

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

N

HCl

OH

HO O

Br F

Br



TeamLRN

Br

Br

OH

NH2

Br

N

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O

N

Dibucaine

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O O

O

N H

O Dibutyl adipate

Dibutylamine

H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

OH N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

O

Br

O

Br

O

O

 OH

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O O

O O

Dibutyl carbonate

O

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione



2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

Sn S S

No.

Name

3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027



Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone 3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate Di-tert-butyl malonate Dibutylmercury 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Dibutyl nonanedioate Dibutyl oxalate Di-tert-butyl peroxide 2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphonate Dibutyl phthalate 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine Dibutyl sebacate Dibutyl succinate Di-tert-butyl succinate Dibutyl sulfate Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide

N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine

DBMC

DTBP

Butyl sulfate

mp/˚C

bp/˚C 600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

178.359 178.359 140.266 130.228

oil

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2 C8H18S2 C10H20 C8H18O

629-45-8 110-06-5 692-47-7 142-96-1

-2.5 liq liq

C8H18O C8H18O C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

C9H18O C12H20O4 C11H20O4

815-24-7 105-76-0 1190-39-2

142.238 228.285 216.275

liq

C11H20O4 C8H18Hg C15H24O C15H24O C15H24O C17H32O4 C10H18O4 C8H18O2 C14H22O C14H22O C14H22O C14H22O C8H19O4P C8H19O3P C16H22O4 C13H21N C18H34O4 C12H22O4 C12H22O4 C8H18O4S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S

541-16-2 629-35-6 497-39-2 616-55-7 128-37-0 2917-73-9 2050-60-4 110-05-4 5510-99-6 96-76-4 128-39-2 1138-52-9 107-66-4 1809-19-4 84-74-2 585-48-8 109-43-3 141-03-7 926-26-1 625-22-9 544-40-1 626-26-6 107-47-1

216.275 314.82 220.351 220.351 220.351 300.434 202.248 146.228 206.324 206.324 206.324 206.324 210.208 194.209 278.344 191.313 314.461 230.301 230.301 210.292 146.294 146.294 146.294

liq

-95.2

53.3 44 -13.5

226; 11720 8821 144 140.28

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.93820 0.922620 0.74420 0.768420

1.492320 1.489920 1.427020 1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

0.756 0.765820 0.69

285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.394920

1.446920 1.447025

163.3

liq

liq liq liq

152 280; 14210 251.5

-6

11331, 662 223; 10510 282 269 265 1702 241; 962 111 257.5 263.5 16150, 13320

pr (al) oil oil liq liq liq

-30.5 -40 -42 56.5 39 88

-35 -10 -29.2 36.5

liq liq

-79.7

liq

-9.0

i alk s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, chl s chl

-25.2 <-80 -83

62.1 51 71

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

25

121.1 107.23 189 272

1360.05 230; 13119 340 12020 344.5 274.5 1099 1156 185 165 149.1

 

3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-hexene

Physical Form

69

Mol. Form.

0.824018

1.419420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc

0.982420

1.426220

1.418420 1.777920 0.91280 0.89180 0.893775

1.418429 1.505720

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

0.987320 0.70420

1.423420 1.389020 1.508020 1.508020 1.500120

1.485975

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, peth; i alk sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc ace; s ctc, lig sl ctc; i alk sl EtOH; s ctc; i alk

1.0620 0.98525 1.046520

1.422020 1.491120

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

0.940515 0.975220

1.443315 1.429920

i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

0.838620 0.834820 0.81525

1.453020 1.450620 1.450620

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

s ctc, BuOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide 3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene 3019 Dibutyl ether

Synonym

OH O

O

O Sn O N

S

O

O 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S O

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

Dibutyl ether

O O

O Di-sec-butyl ether

O

H N

Di-tert-butyl ether

O N H

N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol

H N

O

O N

N H

O

N,N-Dibutylformamide

Dibutyl fumarate

N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine

OH

OH OH

O



TeamLRN

O O

O

O O 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Di-tert-butyl ketone

O

O

O

O Dibutyl maleate

O

O

Dibutyl malonate

O

Hg

Di-tert-butyl malonate

Dibutylmercury

2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol

OH

OH OH OH

O O

O O

2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

O

O

O

O

Dibutyl nonanedioate

Dibutyl oxalate

O

Di-tert-butyl peroxide

2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol

O

OH OH

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

O

3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol

O P O O OH

O P O O H

Dibutyl phosphate

Dibutyl phosphonate

O

O O

O O Dibutyl succinate

O

O O

Di-tert-butyl succinate

O

O O N

O Dibutyl phthalate

O

2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine

O S O O O

S

Dibutyl sulfate

Dibutyl sulfide

O

O Dibutyl sebacate

S

S

Di-sec-butyl sulfide

Di-tert-butyl sulfide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064

Dibutyl sulfite Dibutyl sulfone Dibutyl sulfoxide Dibutyl tartrate N,N’-Dibutylthiourea Dibutyltin dichloride Dibutyltin dilaurate Dicapthon Dicentrine Dichlofenthion Dichlofluanid

Butyl sulfite

626-85-7 598-04-9 2168-93-6 87-92-3 109-46-6 683-18-1 77-58-7 2463-84-5 517-66-8 97-17-6 1085-98-9

194.292 178.293 162.293 262.299 188.333 303.845 631.558 297.653 339.386 315.153 333.229

3065 3066 3067 3068

Dichloroacetaldehyde 2,2-Dichloroacetamide Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic anhydride

C8H18O3S C8H18O2S C8H18OS C12H22O6 C9H20N2S C8H18Cl2Sn C32H64O4Sn C8H9ClNO5PS C20H21NO4 C10H13Cl2O3PS C9H11Cl2FN2O2 S2 C2H2Cl2O C2H3Cl2NO C2H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl4O3

79-02-7 683-72-7 79-43-6 4124-30-5

112.942 127.957 128.942 239.869

C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O C2HCl2N C2HCl3O C2Cl2 C7H5Cl2NO4S

513-88-2 534-07-6 3018-12-0 79-36-7 7572-29-4 80-13-7

126.969 126.969 109.942 147.387 94.927 270.091

C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N

608-27-5 554-00-7

162.017 162.017

3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074

1,1-Dichloroacetone 1,3-Dichloroacetone Dichloroacetonitrile Dichloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetylene 4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid 3075 2,3-Dichloroaniline 3076 2,4-Dichloroaniline

Dibutyldichlorostannane

Halazone

3077 3078 3079 3080 3081

2,5-Dichloroaniline 2,6-Dichloroaniline 3,4-Dichloroaniline 3,5-Dichloroaniline 9,10-Dichloroanthracene

C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C14H8Cl2

95-82-9 608-31-1 95-76-1 626-43-7 605-48-1

162.017 162.017 162.017 162.017 247.120

3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090

1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene 4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene 2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C12H8Cl2N2 C12H8Cl2N2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O

82-46-2 82-43-9 1602-00-2 614-26-6 6334-18-5 874-42-0 83-38-5 6287-38-3 10203-08-4

277.103 277.103 251.111 267.110 175.012 175.012 175.012 175.012 175.012

Physical Form

mp/˚C

nd (dil al) pr nd (al) solid ye liq or cry cry (MeOH)

45 32.6 22 78 43 23 53

wh pow

105.3

99.4 13.5 18.0

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

230 291 dec 320

0.995720 0.988547 0.831723 1.090920

1.431020

s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH

13510

1.56720

liq pr (HOAc)

-66 195 dec

nd (lig) pr (ace) nd (dil al) (lig) nd (lig)

24 63.5

252 245

50 39 72 52 213.5

251

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

C7H5Cl2NO C6H4Cl2

2008-58-4 95-50-1

190.027 147.002

3093 m-Dichlorobenzene

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

541-73-1

147.002

liq

1.563420 1.57424

1.465820

1.471640 1.439125 1.459120 1.4279020

sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s MeOH dec H2O, EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, chl; vs HOAc; i peth s EtOH, ace; vs eth; sl bz, ctc, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig sl EtOH, eth, chl; s bz

272 261

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, tol, PhNO 2

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

10515 247.5 240

198 -17.0

180

1.305920

1.551520

-24.8

173

1.288420

1.545920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; msc ace

 

3091 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide 3092 o-Dichlorobenzene

nd or lf (dil HOAc) cry liq

1.43625

1.30418 1.382646 1.36920 1.531516 1.26120

45

252 202.5 189 158 66 73.3 71.8 44 65

s hx, eth, thf i H2O, MeOH; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s ace, tol, xyl, AcOEt s chl s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, MeOH, xyl

90.5 234 194; 10220 dec 215; 10010 120 173.4 112.5 108 33

pr or nd

nd (lig) nd (lig, dil al) ye nd (MeCOEt or CCl4) ye nd (to) ye nd (HOAc) ye nd (ace) ye nd (EtOH) cry (dil al) pr nd (lig)

1.466920 1.445120

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Name

O

O S

O

O S O

O

Dibutyl sulfite

S O

Dibutyl sulfone

OH

S

O

O

N H

OH O

Dibutyl sulfoxide

Dibutyl tartrate

Cl Sn Cl

N H

N,N’-Dibutylthiourea

Dibutyltin dichloride

O Sn O

O

N

N H

O

S O O P O Cl

O O O

O

O Dibutyltin dilaurate

Dicapthon

Cl

S P

N O S OF Cl N S Cl

O O

Dicentrine



TeamLRN

Cl

O Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl OH

O

Cl

Cl

2,2-Dichloroacetamide

Cl

O

Dichloroacetic acid

O

Dichlofenthion

Dichlofluanid

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Cl

Dichloroacetic anhydride

1,1-Dichloroacetone

Cl

O Cl

1,3-Dichloroacetone

NH2

Cl

Cl

Cl

Dichloroacetyl chloride

Cl

O

Cl

Dichloroacetylene

Cl

Cl

Cl

O S O N Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid

O

2,3-Dichloroaniline

Cl

Cl

NH2

NH2 Cl

OH



Cl

Cl

Dichloroacetonitrile

NH2 NH2

Cl

Dichloroacetaldehyde

O

N

O Cl

Cl

O

O

Cl

N N

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichloroaniline

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichloroaniline

2,6-Dichloroaniline

3,4-Dichloroaniline

Cl

9,10-Dichloroanthracene

O Cl N Cl

N O

4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene

O

Cl trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene

O

Cl

2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

O 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

Cl

Cl

O

1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichloroaniline

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

2,6-Dichlorobenzamide

o-Dichlorobenzene

m-Dichlorobenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

No.

Name

3094 p-Dichlorobenzene 3095 3096 3097 3098

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

106-46-7

147.002

mcl pr, lf (ace)

53.09

174

1.247555

1.528520

i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc

C6H6Cl2N2 C6H6Cl2N2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2

20103-09-7 609-20-1 13673-92-2 3428-24-8

177.031 177.031 179.001 179.001

pr (w) nd, pr (dil al) pr pr(chl-CS2) nd(bz-peth)

170 125 83.5 116.5

C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2

137-19-9 824-69-1

179.001 179.001

C6H6Cl2N2O4S2

120-97-8

305.159

C7H7Cl2N C7H6Cl2O C6H5Cl2NO2S C6H4Cl2S C12H10Cl2N2

95-00-1 1777-82-8 473-29-0 5858-18-4 84-68-4

176.044 177.028 226.081 179.067 253.126

ye mcl or pl

59.5 76

nd (w), pr (al)

165

vs eth, EtOH

C12H10Cl2N2

91-94-1

253.126

nd

132.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc

C12H12Cl4N2

612-83-9

326.048

C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H3Cl2N C13H8Cl2O C7H3Cl2F3

50-84-0 50-79-3 50-30-6 51-44-5 51-36-5 1194-65-6 90-98-2 328-84-7

191.012 191.012 191.012 191.012 191.012 172.012 251.108 215.000

nd (w or bz) nd (w) nd (al), pr (w) nd (w, al, bz) nd (al, w) cry (peth) pl (al) liq

C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2

2905-60-4 89-75-8 2905-61-5 3024-72-4 34883-39-1 33146-45-1 2050-67-1 2050-68-2

209.457 209.457 209.457 209.457 223.098 223.098 223.098 223.098

liq

C14H10Cl4

72-54-8

320.041

C14H8Cl4

72-55-9

318.026

C4H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2

1653-19-6 541-33-3 616-21-7 1190-22-3

122.981 127.013 127.013 127.013

2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

3101 4,5-Dichloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 3102 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine 3103 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol 3104 N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide 3105 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol 3106 2,2’-Dichloro-p-benzidine 3107 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine



3108 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 3109 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3110 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3111 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3112 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3113 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3114 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile 3115 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone 3116 3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 2,2’dichloro[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 3,3’dichloro-

Dichlobenil Bis(4-chlorophenyl) ketone 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl

3125 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane 3126 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethene 3127 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene 3128 1,1-Dichlorobutane Butylidene chloride 3129 1,2-Dichlorobutane 3130 1,3-Dichlorobutane

113 172.5

254

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace

1.815024

228.7 12513 15025

1.576225

s chl s chl s EtOH; sl ctc

11550

i H2O; vs EtOH 164.2 154.4 144 208.5 188 144.5 147.5

16.5 liq 25 cry 35.5 nd (dil al) 29 pr or nd (al, to- 149.3 peth) 109.5

sub 301 sub sub 270 353 173.5; 6414

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O, lig, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 1.450020 1.472925

14014 15034, 1117.5 95.41 242 18230, 17115

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl; sl ace

1.589520

s ctc sl ctc i H2O i H2O vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz

 

3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124

Dichlorphenamide

nd or pr w, ace, bz)

320 317

1.44200

1931

sl chl

89 98 113.8 124.1 134

1.182920 1.086320 1.111625 1.115820

1.489020 1.435520 1.445020 1.444520

vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3099 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol 3100 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s H2O; vs EtOH, bz

NH2

Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl

OH Cl

OH

OH

OH

NH2 O S O

OH Cl

Cl

OH

O

Cl NH2

Cl

NH2

2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine

Cl

2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine

NH2

3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

OH

Cl



TeamLRN

OH

O

2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Cl O

Cl

Cl

F

NH2

N

OH

O Cl

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

O O

Cl

H2N 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile

4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl F

O

2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Cl

OH

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

O

Cl

NH2 2,2’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

OH

Cl

Cl

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride

Cl

Cl

F

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl

2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl

3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl

Cl

NH2

4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

Cl

H2N

2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol

O O

Cl NH2 HCl

2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HCl H2N

4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol

Cl O

OH

SH

N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide

Cl Cl

4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

Cl

2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol

O

Cl

Cl N O S O

Cl

2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine

Cl

S

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane

Cl

Cl

2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene

Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl Cl

1,1-Dichlorobutane

Cl 1,2-Dichlorobutane

Cl Cl 1,3-Dichlorobutane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

p-Dichlorobenzene

OH

Cl

No.

3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147



3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Gibbs’ reagent

C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O2 C4H6Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C4H4Cl2 C6H2Cl3NO

110-56-5 4279-22-5 2211-67-8 2419-73-0 760-23-6 10075-38-4 7415-31-8 1476-11-5 110-57-6 821-10-3 101-38-2

127.013 127.013 127.013 159.012 124.997 124.997 124.997 124.997 124.997 122.981 210.445

C7H5Cl3

102-47-6

195.474

C7H5Cl3

94-99-5

195.474

C2H5Cl3Si C2H2AsCl3 C6H2Cl2O2

1558-33-4 541-25-3 615-93-0

163.506 207.318 176.985

C6H2Cl2O2

697-91-6

176.985

C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C10H20Cl2 C12H6Cl2O2 C7H4Cl4

2108-92-1 10498-35-8 2162-98-3 33857-26-0 56961-84-3

153.049 153.049 211.172 253.081 229.919

C2H4Cl4Si C8Cl2N2O2

1558-31-2 84-58-2

197.951 227.004

ye-oran cry

C4H10Cl2Si C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F2

1719-53-5 25915-78-0 1649-08-7 431-06-1 79-35-6 311-81-9 381-71-5

157.114 134.940 134.940 134.940 132.924 132.924 132.924

col liq liq liq vol liq or gas vol liq vol liq

Refrigerant 12 Methoxyflurane

CCl2F2 C3H4Cl2F2O

75-71-8 76-38-0

120.914 164.966

col gas col liq

Dichloroxylenol

C6H12Cl2O C8H8Cl2 C8H16Cl2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C8H8Cl2O

108-60-1 1124-05-6 6223-78-5 118-52-5 133-53-9

171.064 175.056 183.119 197.019 191.055

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Fluorocarbon 1112

liq liq liq liq

liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-37.3 -74 -80 126.5 -61

161 104 119; 5380 15030 116 130; 3420 132; 5350 152.5 155.4 165.5

1.133125 1.104825 1.10525

1.452225 1.4295 1.440925

1.117020 1.160520 1.16020 1.18825 1.18325 1.25820

1.464120 1.473520 1.471920 1.488725 1.487125 1.505820

i H2O; vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs chl

-48 1.0 66 37.5

241

i H2O; s EtOH, ctc

12013

liq 0.1 pa ye mcl pr 162.3 (al) ye orth (lig, bz) 121.8 liq liq

-47 -1.5 15.6 201

cry

1.285820 1.88820

1.450020 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s chl

171 206.9 16728

1.155920 1.202120 0.994525

257

1.51522

149

1.411620

1.480320 1.496720 1.458625

1.470020 vs bz, HOAc, diox

1.050420

1.430920

-101.2 -101.2 -116 -119.6 -93.3

1.416320 1.416320 1.555-20 1.4950 1.4940

1.3619320 1.361920 1.383-20

-158 -35

-29.8 105

1.4320

1.386120

1.10320

1.450520

71 67.5 132 83

vs bz

vs bz, eth, EtOH

dec 129 48.4 46.2 59.6 19 21.1 22

-96.5

lf, nd pr

121.5 190

214.5

 

3164 3165 3166 3167 3168

1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±) 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne 2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5cyclohexadien-1-one 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl) benzene Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 1,10-Dichlorodecane 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl) benzene Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane 2,3-Dichloro-5,6dicyanobenzoquinone Dichlorodiethylsilane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1methoxyethane 2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

Physical Form

Synonym

187 222

sl H2O

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

0.954320 1.520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl, ctc, bz vs eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141

Name

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl Cl

1,4-Dichlorobutane

2,2-Dichlorobutane

2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)

Cl

Cl 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene

cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

Cl

Cl

cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

Cl

Cl

Cl



Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

N

Cl

trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one

O

Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine

O 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl)benzene

1,10-Dichlorodecane

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane

O

N

Cl O

Cl

Cl

O 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione



TeamLRN

Cl

2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzene

O Cl

Cl Cl As

1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Si Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Si Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane

O

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone

Dichlorodiethylsilane

F Cl

1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl Cl F

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

F

F

F

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

Cl

Cl

F

1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene

Cl

Cl

F

cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene

Cl

trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene

Cl

O

Cl Cl F

2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethane

Cl

O

Cl Cl

2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether

Cl 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene

Cl 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane

N Cl

F F

Dichlorodifluoromethane

OH Cl

N O F

Cl F

O

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol

No.

Name

Synonym

3169 Dichlorodimethylsilane 3170 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane 3171 Dichlorodiphenylmethane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C2H6Cl2Si C4H6Cl2O2 C13H10Cl2

75-78-5 95-59-0 2051-90-3

129.061 156.996 237.124

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-16 30

1.06425 1.46820 1.23518

1.403820 1.492820

dec H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox s eth, bz, ctc

1.20425 1.175720 1.245425

1.580020 1.416420 1.442225

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl chl



3172 Dichlorodiphenylsilane 3173 1,1-Dichloroethane 3174 1,2-Dichloroethane

Ethylidene dichloride Ethylene dichloride

C12H10Cl2Si C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

80-10-4 75-34-3 107-06-2

253.199 98.959 98.959

liq liq

-96.9 -35.7

70.3 8110 dec 305; 19021 305 57.3 83.5

3175 2,2-Dichloroethanol 3176 1,1-Dichloroethene 3177 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

Vinylidene chloride cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene

C2H4Cl2O C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2

598-38-9 75-35-4 156-59-2

114.958 96.943 96.943

liq liq

-122.56 -80.0

146 31.6 60.1

1.404025 1.21320 1.283720

1.462625 1.424920 1.449020

3178 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

C2H2Cl2

156-60-5

96.943

liq

-49.8

48.7

1.256520

1.445420

C4H8Cl2O C4H6Cl2O2 C2H5AlCl2 C3H8Cl2Si C20H10Cl2O5 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2HCl2F CHCl2F C7H5Cl2F C3H3Cl2F C7H14Cl2 C4Cl2F6

623-46-1 10140-87-1 563-43-9 4525-44-4 76-54-0 1717-00-6 430-57-9 359-02-4 75-43-4 498-67-9 430-95-5 821-76-1 356-18-3

143.012 156.996 126.949 143.088 401.196 116.949 116.949 114.933 102.923 179.019 128.960 169.092 232.939

145 7933, 3210 11550 101

1.137020

1.443520

1.207 1.004720

1.419720

1.25010 1.381420 1.373216 1.4059 1.313811 1.302625 1.040825

1.360010 1.413220 1.403116 1.37249 1.518011 1.419625 1.456525

C5Cl2F6

706-79-6

244.949

1.654620

1.367620

C3Cl2F6

661-97-2

220.928

C3Cl2F6

662-01-1

220.928

liq

-125.4

35.7

1.57320

C6H18Cl2O2Si3

3582-71-6

277.369

liq

-53

184

1.01820

C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O3

2162-92-7 2163-00-0 90-60-8 320-72-9

155.065 155.065 191.012 207.011

173 204

1.08515 1.067625

C12H6Cl2NNaO2 C8H2Cl2O3 CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O3

620-45-1 942-06-3 75-09-2 1984-59-4 1984-65-2 553-82-2 1918-00-9

290.078 217.006 84.933 177.028 177.028 177.028 221.038

3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191

3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206

2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid

3192 3193 3194 3195

Ethylaluminum chloride 2’,7’-Dichloro-3,6-fluorandiol

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethylene Refrigerant 21

Refrigerant 216

Tillman’s reagent 4,5-Dichlorophthalic anhydride Methylene chloride 2,6-Dichloroanisole Dicamba

liq hyg solid or liq 32

liq liq liq col gas liq

-103.5 -60 -108.8 -135 -26.8

liq

-24.2

32.0 73.8 37.5 8.9 179 78 12435 59.5

liq

-105.8

90.7

reac H2O

34.1

ye orth (HOAc) nd (dil al) orth pr dk grn cry tab or pr (to) liq liq pr cry (pent)

95 220.5

188 -97.2 32 10 28.5 115

sl DMSO i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, HOAc vs EtOH

i H2O 1.303020 dec H2O

sub

vs eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl i H2O sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

313 40

s H2O, EtOH, ace vs eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

10520 232; 12510

1.455525

1.326620

1.424220

 

3196 3197 3198 3199

1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate Dichloroethylaluminum Dichloroethylmethylsilane 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene Dichlorofluoromethane (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4hexafluorocyclobutane 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5hexafluorocyclopentene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

1.543020

1.291

sl chl 1.5725

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

mp/˚C

liq

O

Dichlorodimethylsilane

Cl Cl

Cl Si Cl

Dichlorodiphenylmethane

Dichlorodiphenylsilane

Cl

O Cl Si Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloroethane

Cl

Cl OH

Cl

1,2-Dichloroethane

Cl

2,2-Dichloroethanol

Cl

1,1-Dichloroethene

Cl

Cl

Cl

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

O

O

Cl

Cl Cl

O

Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane

Al Cl

1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate

Cl

Cl

Si Cl Cl

Dichloroethylaluminum

O

Cl

HO

Dichloroethylmethylsilane

O 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein

F



TeamLRN

F Cl

Cl Cl (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene

1,7-Dichloroheptane

F

1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl F

F

F

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane

Cl

Cl Si

Cl F

F

F

F

F F F

Cl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane

F

F

F F

F

1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene

O

Cl

Si O Cl

Cl

1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane

O Na Cl

2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt

F

F

O 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

Cl

HO

O OH

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Cl

3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl F

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

O

H

Cl

1,6-Dichlorohexane

Cl

Cl O

O

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichlorohexane

O

N

Dichlorofluoromethane

Cl F

Cl

OH Si

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene

O F F

Cl

Cl

F

F Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane

H

Cl

F

Cl

Cl Cl

OH

F Cl

F

Cl

O

OH O

H Cl

Dichloromethane

O 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene

Cl 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene

Cl 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

Benzal chloride Dichloramine-T

C7H6Cl2 C7H7Cl2NO2S

98-87-3 473-34-7

161.029 240.108

liq pr(chl-peth)

-17 83

205

1.2625

1.550220

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc

Methyldichloroborane Amylene dichloride Methoxydichloromethane

CH3BCl2 C5H10Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H8Cl2Si CH3Cl2P C4H8Cl2 C5H4Cl2N2 C5H4Cl2N2 CH4Cl2Si C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2

7318-78-7 507-45-9 4885-02-3 17788-00-0 1570-65-6 2432-12-4 149-74-6 676-83-5 594-37-6 1780-31-0 5424-21-5 75-54-7 2050-69-3 2198-75-6 1825-31-6

96.752 141.038 114.958 177.028 177.028 177.028 191.131 116.915 127.013 163.004 163.004 115.035 197.061 197.061 197.061

col gas

11 129 85 236; 774

1.069615 1.27125

1.445018 1.430020

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH

3224 1,5-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

1825-30-5

197.061

3225 1,6-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-72-8

197.061

3226 1,7-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-73-9

197.061

3227 1,8-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-74-0

197.061

3228 2,3-Dichloronaphthalene 3229 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2

2050-75-1 2065-70-5

197.061 197.061

C10H6Cl2 C10H4Cl2O2 C10H6Cl2O C6H4Cl2N2O2

2198-77-8 117-80-6 2050-76-2 99-30-9

197.061 227.044 213.060 207.014

3234 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

3209-22-1

192.000

3235 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 3236 1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2

99-54-7 618-62-2

192.000 192.000

3237 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

89-61-2

192.000

C6H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO3 C3H5Cl2NO2 C9H18Cl2 C8H16Cl2

611-06-3 594-72-9 618-80-4 595-44-8 821-99-8 2162-99-4

192.000 143.957 207.999 157.984 197.145 183.119

Name

3207 (Dichloromethyl)benzene 3208 N,N-Dichloro-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 3209 Dichloromethylborane 3210 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 3211 1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether 3212 2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol 3213 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 3214 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 3215 Dichloromethylphenylsilane 3216 Dichloromethylphosphine 3217 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 3218 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine 3219 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine 3220 Dichloromethylsilane 3221 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene 3222 1,3-Dichloronaphthalene 3223 1,4-Dichloronaphthalene



3230 3231 3232 3233

2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,9-Dichlorononane 1,8-Dichlorooctane

Dichlone 2,4-Dichloro-α-naphthol

Ethide

pl (al) nd (lig) liq pl (al) nd or pr (al) nd or pr (al, ace) nd or lf (al) pr (sub) nd or pr (al, peth) nd or pr (al, HOAc) orth pl (hx) nd (al, sub) orth lf (al) nd or lf (al) pl (eth, bz) pl or lf (al) ye nd (al) nd (al, bz) ye nd (al, HOAc) mcl nd (peth, HOAc) nd (al) mcl pr or lf (HOAc, al) pl or pr (al) pl (AcOEt) nd (al) br nd (w)

58 55 39

vs eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc

26 46.5 -93 36 62.3 67.5

231; 13828 206.5 1250 106.5 235 219 41 296.5 291 288; 14712

107

sub

49

sub

63.5

285.5

1.2611100

1.6092100

s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc

89

sub

1.2924100

1.6236100

s EtOH, peth

120 140.5

285

115.0 195 107.5 191

1.186620 1.30420 1.09320

1.518020 1.494020 1.437020

1.10525 1.314749

1.533849

1.299776

1.622876

s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

1.490020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; s hx, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, acid; sl DMSO

180

61.5

257.5

1.72114

43 65.4

255.5

1.455875 1.4000100

56

267

1.43975

1.439075

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc

34

258.5 123.5

1.479080

1.551270

1.82225 1.31220 1.017325 1.024825

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl s ctc vs eth, chl s ctc

1.458625 1.457225

127 exp 145 260; 13817 241

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

 

3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243

2,7-Dichloronaphthalene 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

Methylphosphonous dichloride 1,2-Dichloroisobutane

pr (peth) nd (w, peth) nd (lig)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

No.

O Cl O S N Cl

Cl

OH Cl Cl

Cl Cl N,N-Dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide

B

Cl

Cl

Cl

Dichloromethylborane

2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane

Cl

Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol

Cl

1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether



OH Cl

Dichloromethylphenylsilane

P

Cl

Cl

Dichloromethylphosphine

Cl

N

1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol

N

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine

Dichloromethylsilane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,5-Dichloronaphthalene

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione

N

O

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol

O

N

N O

O

O

1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene

N

2,6-Dichloronaphthalene

O

1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene

N O

O N

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

2,3-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl Cl

O

2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

1,8-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,7-Dichloronaphthalene

O

Cl

Cl

O

1,7-Dichloronaphthalene

NH2

Cl Cl

1,6-Dichloronaphthalene

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichloronaphthalene

O Cl

1,2-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl



TeamLRN

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl Si H Cl

N

2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine

2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

O

Cl Cl

1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene

1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene

OH Cl

Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene

NO2 Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane

Cl O N O

N

O

2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol

O

Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane

Cl

Cl 1,9-Dichlorononane

O

Cl

Cl 1,8-Dichlorooctane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

(Dichloromethyl)benzene

OH Cl

No.

Name

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

C3HCl2F5

507-55-1

202.938

liq

52

1.5525

Refrigerant 225ca

C3HCl2F5

422-56-0

202.938

liq

45.5

1.5425

1674-33-5 628-76-2 600-11-3 97-23-4 576-24-9 120-83-2 583-78-8 87-65-0 95-77-2 591-35-5 94-75-7 94-82-6

141.038 141.038 141.038 269.123 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 221.038 249.090

liq liq cry (bz, peth) cry (lig, bz) hex nd (bz) pr (bz, peth) nd (peth) nd (bz-peth) pr (peth) cry (bz)

148.3 179 139

1.087220 1.095625 1.078920

2,4-D Butyrac 118

C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C13H10Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C8H6Cl2O3 C10H10Cl2O3

Dichlorprop

C9H8Cl2O3

120-36-5

235.064

C6H5AsCl2 C12H8Cl2O3S C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C7H3Cl2NO C7H3Cl2NO C10H9Cl2NO

696-28-6 97-16-5 2648-61-5 2234-16-4 2476-37-1 2642-63-9 102-36-3 34893-92-0 2164-09-2

222.932 303.161 189.039 189.039 189.039 189.039 188.011 188.011 230.090

C9H6Cl2O2

1201-99-6

217.049

C6H6Cl2Si C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C9H15Cl6O4P

1631-84-1 78-99-9 26198-63-0 142-28-9 594-20-7 75-99-0 616-23-9 96-23-1 78-43-3

177.104 112.986 112.986 112.986 112.986 142.969 128.985 128.985 430.904

C3H3Cl3O C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2

7623-13-4 563-58-6 6923-20-2 7069-38-7 10061-01-5 10061-02-6

161.414 110.970 110.970 110.970 110.970 110.970

Genite

1,2-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene 1,3-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene Dicryl

Phenyldichlorosilane Propylidene chloride Propylene dichloride

2,2-Dichloropropionic acid

cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene

mp/˚C

-72.8 -77.3 177.5 58 45 59 68.5 68 68 140.5 118

210 211 220; 824 253 233 1600.4

nD

Solubility

1.448520 1.454525 1.446420

i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH; sl bz, DMSO

1.65320

117.5 liq amor

nd (peth) cry cry (al-peth)

-19 45.5 20.5 33.5 12 76 42 33 128

sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth 255

1.651620

1.638615

249

1.34016

11812 13512 11212

1.32130

1.568620 1.564020 1.559530

i H2O; s ctc, lig 1.380 vs ace, EtOH

234

liq liq liq visc

-100.53 -99.5 -33.9

vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 s EtOH, bz, ctc i H2O

s DMSO 181 88.1 96.4 120.9 69.3 187.5; 9214 184 176 1900.1

1.22125 1.132120 1.156020 1.178525 1.113620 1.38912 1.360720 1.350617 1.51722

5317 76.5 93 77 104.3 112

1.475720 1.186425 1.181820 1.22420 1.21720

1.481920 1.483720

dec H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth vs H2O, alk, EtOH; s eth, ctc sl H2O, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl

1.476420 1.443025 1.454920 1.447120 1.468220 1.473020

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ctc, MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl

1.428920 1.439420 1.445525 1.414820

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

 



3244 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3pentafluoropropane 3245 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2pentafluoropropane 3246 1,2-Dichloropentane 3247 1,5-Dichloropentane 3248 2,3-Dichloropentane 3249 Dichlorophene 3250 2,3-Dichlorophenol 3251 2,4-Dichlorophenol 3252 2,5-Dichlorophenol 3253 2,6-Dichlorophenol 3254 3,4-Dichlorophenol 3255 3,5-Dichlorophenol 3256 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 3257 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid 3258 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 3259 Dichlorophenylarsine 3260 2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 3261 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone 3262 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3263 1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3264 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3265 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 3266 3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 3267 N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propenamide 3268 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid 3269 Dichlorophenylsilane 3270 1,1-Dichloropropane 3271 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 3272 1,3-Dichloropropane 3273 2,2-Dichloropropane 3274 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 3275 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 3276 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 3277 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 3278 2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride 3279 1,1-Dichloropropene 3280 cis-1,2-Dichloropropene 3281 trans-1,2-Dichloropropene 3282 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 3283 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Mol. Form.

Synonym

HO Cl F

F

Cl

F

F

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane

OH OH

Cl

F F

F F Cl

OH

F F

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloropentane

1,5-Dichloropentane

Cl

2,3-Dichloropentane

Cl

Cl

Dichlorophene

Cl

2,3-Dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenol

OH

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorophenol

2,6-Dichlorophenol

3,4-Dichlorophenol

Cl

O



TeamLRN

O S O O

Cl

Cl

(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl

4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid

O

Cl Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorophenol

O

C

Dichlorophenylarsine

O N

C

O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

Cl

Cl

N

O

Cl

As

OH

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

O

O

O O

2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone

1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

Cl

Cl 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate

Cl

3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate

O HN O

Cl HSi

OH

Cl Cl

Cl N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenamide

Cl Dichlorophenylsilane

Cl OH Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

OH

1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)

Cl

1,3-Dichloropropane

O 2,2-Dichloropropane

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

1,1-Dichloropropane

OH

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl Cl

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl 1,1-Dichloropropene

Cl

Cl

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH OH

No. 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H4Cl2 C4H2Cl2N2 C5H3Cl2N C4H3Cl2N3 C4H2Cl2N2 C9H5Cl2N

78-88-6 141-30-0 2402-78-0 56-05-3 3934-20-1 86-98-6

110.970 148.978 147.990 163.993 148.978 198.049

C9H5Cl2NO

773-76-2

214.048

C8H4Cl2N2 C8H6Cl2 C6Cl2F4

2213-63-0 1123-84-8 1198-59-0

199.037 173.040 218.964

cry (al, bz)

Refrigerant 114a

C2Cl2F4

374-07-2

170.921

col gas

Refrigerant 114

C2Cl2F4

76-14-2

170.921

col gas

C4H12Cl2Si2

4342-61-4

187.215

C4H12Cl2OSi2

2401-73-2

203.214

liq

C4H2Cl2S C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2

3172-52-9 32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0

153.030 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029

liq

3304 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 3305 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 3306 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3307 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 3308 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3309 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 3310 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1Hbenzimidazole 3311 Dichlorovinylmethylsilane 3312 Dichlorvos

C3HCl2N3O3

2782-57-2

197.964

C7H3Cl5

13014-24-9

264.364

Refrigerant 123b 2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C7H3Cl2F3

354-23-4 306-83-2 812-04-4 320-60-5

152.930 152.930 152.930 215.000

Chloroflurazole

C8H3Cl2F3N2

3615-21-2

255.024

C3H6Cl2Si C4H7Cl2O4P

124-70-9 62-73-7

141.072 220.976

3313 Diclofop-methyl

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

Chloroxine

Dichlorocyanuric acid

Refrigerant 123a

Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl ester Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

cry (MeOH), nd (80% al) cry (al)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

10 68.8 87 215 59 93

94 890.2 211

1.21120

1.460320

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl s DMSO

198; 10123 14810

sl chl

179.5 152 8.0

sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 935, 743 157.7

1.24620

1.579820

-56.6

3.4

1.30920

vs bz, eth, EtOH

-92.53

3.5

1.30920

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH

148; 4918

1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

-37.5

138

1.03820

liq

-40.5 6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

162 207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.442220 1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.562620 1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

cry

226.6 25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

-78 -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

liq

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas

1.454820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841 40

nd aq soln only nd (w, lig)

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O

1760.1 400; 1300.1

1.21615

15010

1.125025

290 141

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



3291 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline 3292 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 3293 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6tetrafluorobenzene 3294 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethane 3295 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 3296 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetramethyldisilane 3297 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 3298 2,5-Dichlorothiophene 3299 2,3-Dichlorotoluene 3300 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3301 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 3302 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3303 3,4-Dichlorotoluene

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2,3-Dichloropropene 3,6-Dichloropyridazine 2,6-Dichloropyridine 4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine 2,4-Dichloropyrimidine 4,7-Dichloroquinoline

3290 5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

3314 3315 3316 3317

Synonym

 

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl

N

N

Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

Cl

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

Cl N

NH2

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

Cl Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

N

OH

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

N

Cl

N

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

Cl F

Cl F

F Cl

F F

F

Cl

F

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

Cl F

Cl F

F

F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Si Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

O H

Cl



TeamLRN

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

N

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl F F

Cl

F

F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F F

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O

O

Dichlorvos

Cl

F

O

O Diclofop-methyl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

O O P O O

Cl F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Dicrotophos

OO Dicumarol

O

N H

F

N N

O

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

OH

N

N

F

F

OH

O

O

Cl

F

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Cl

Cl Cl

F

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Si

N Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

S

Cl

N N H Dicyanamide

N o-Dicyanobenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

Cl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

0.99240

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene 3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

p-Phthalodinitrile

623-26-7 849-99-0 101-83-7

128.131 310.429 181.318

nd (w, MeOH)

224 35 -0.1

sub

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C8H4N2 C18H30O4 C12H23N

3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite C12H24N2O2 C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4 C13H24N2S C13H24N2O Dicycloverine hydrochloride C19H36ClNO2 C10H12

3129-91-7 538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7 1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7

228.331 206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418 240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202

cry

10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

Name

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene



Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid 3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Torularhodin

C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

3341 3342 3343 3344

Didodecanoyl peroxide Didodecylamine Didodecyl phosphate Didodecyl phthalate

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N C24H51O4P C32H54O4

105-74-8 3007-31-6 7057-92-3 2432-90-8

398.620 353.669 434.633 502.769

3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350

Dieldrin Dienestrol 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane Diethanolamine Diethatyl, ethyl ester 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C12H8Cl6O C18H18O2 C10H16O2 C4H11NO2 C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

60-57-1 84-17-3 96-08-2 111-42-2 38727-55-8 588-52-3

380.909 266.335 168.233 105.136 311.804 270.326

3351 3352 3353 3354 3355

3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Diethoxybenzene 1,4-Diethoxybenzene 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine

C11H14O3 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6 122-95-2 6346-09-4 1188-33-6

194.227 166.217 166.217 161.243 147.216

3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

liq liq

pr (al) cry (MeOH) cry

182 dec 34.5 -36 57 66 180 233.8 165 32

liq

purp nd (MeOH-eth) wh cry (EtOH aq) pr (eth-peth) nd (ace) wh pl cry (MeOH)

cry (dil al)

cry ye lf (al)

16 2.5 211

dec 256; 1149 1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

nD

Solubility

0.912320

1.484220

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

vs eth, EtOH

0.818720 0.963920 vs py, chl, CS2

162 101 49 53.7 59 22.0 175.5 227.5 242 28 49.5 162

22 pr (peth, dil al) 44 pl (dil al) 72

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

26327 2561

0.938920 1.7525

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH

sub 130 268.8

1.096620

1.477620

dec 279; 20050 219 246 196 129

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

No.

N N O O

N

H N

Dicyclohexyl adipate

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

S S

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

Dicyclohexyl ether

O O

H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H N

H N

H N

O

S

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

O Dicyclohexylmethanone

H

HCl

O O

H P

N

O

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

Dicyclopentadiene

O

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopropyl ketone

O O O O



TeamLRN

HN

O

Didecylamine

Didecyl ether

HO

O N

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

O O

O O O

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

H Didodecyl phthalate

O O P HO O

HN

O 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O Didecyl phthalate

OH N

OH

Didodecyl phosphate

O

O Cl

O Cl

HO

HO

O

Dieldrin

Dienestrol

O

1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

H N Diethanolamine

N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

O

OH Diethatyl, ethyl ester

O O

O

O

O

N

O

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

O O

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

N O

O 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

p-Dicyanobenzene

O

C N

HNO2

O

N

N m-Dicyanobenzene

H N

O

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

148.276 272.415 133.189 118.174 118.174 116.158 104.148 170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201 132.201 130.185 128.169 115.173

liq

-87 -78 -100 -74.0

liq

-66.5

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925 0.825420 0.835125 0.793220 0.831920 0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520 0.820021 0.854315 0.894222 0.913017

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325 1.383420 1.389825 1.364321 1.374818 1.445120 1.469020

s ctc

liq liq liq

114 302; 16715 163 102.25 121.2 68100 88 191.5 218 98 5912 123 114 123.5 139 185.5

1068-90-2 2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6 141-28-6 2049-80-1 109-89-7 660-68-4 3010-02-4 120-21-8 137-58-6

217.219 157.211 180.138 216.231 202.248 200.232 73.137 109.598 112.172 177.243 234.337

cry (al,bz-peth) 96.3 liq

1.100520 1.08120 1.007620 1.009820 0.705620 1.047722 0.866020

1.420026 1.434620 1.427220 1.430520 1.386420

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate Procaine

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate 3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

1.490920

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4 C14H17NO2

6829-40-9 91-44-1

175.183 231.291

12216, 11612 1.10016

1.435316

No.



Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane 1,1-Diethoxyethene Diethoxymethane 2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne N,N-Diethylacetamide

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C5H12O2 C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H14O2 C7H12O2 C6H13NO

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3 105-57-7 629-14-1 2678-54-8 462-95-3 13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5 126-84-1 3054-95-3 10160-87-9 685-91-6

C9H15NO5 C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5 C10H18O4 C10H16O4 C4H11N C4H12ClN C6H12N2 C11H15NO C14H22N2O

3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382

Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide Diethyl acetylphosphonate Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate Diethyl adipate Diethyl 2-allylmalonate Diethylamine Diethylamine hydrochloride (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Acetal Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

N-Ethylethanamine N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

Lidocaine

Butethamate

liq

-19.8

liq lf (al-eth)

-49.8 228.5

ye nd (w) nd (bz, al)

41 68.5

18520 7613 11420 255; 13317 245 222.5; 936 55.5 170 17210 1814

1.402922 1.392419 1.389120 1.400020 1.414020 1.437417

1.426020

128

hyg

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

<-60 61

s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc vs H2O, EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O

163

0.892120

1.441220

221.5; 927 8110

0.942125 0.93720

1.448020 1.437625

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 0.9230

 

65.0

cry (al, bz-lig)

vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; i lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371

Name

O Si O O

Si O O

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

O

1,1-Diethoxyethane

O

O

O

O

1,2-Diethoxyethane

O

O

1,1-Diethoxyethene

Diethoxymethane

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan

O O

H Si O O

O

O

O Diethoxymethylsilane

1,1-Diethoxypentane

O

1,1-Diethoxypropane

O

O

2,2-Diethoxypropane

O

O

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Diethoxymethylphenylsilane

O

O

O

O HN

N

O

O

O

O

O

N

O

O

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

N,N-Diethylacetamide

Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide

O



TeamLRN

O O P O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

Diethyl adipate

Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

N

N H

N H HCl

Diethylamine

Diethylamine hydrochloride

O O

O Diethyl acetylphosphonate

O

N

N (Diethylamino)acetonitrile

4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde

O H N

H N

N

N

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide

N

HCl

O

O

N

O

OH

O

2-Diethylaminoethanol

2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol

OH

N

O

O

2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate

O

O O

N 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2-phenylbutanoate

4-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O

N

O

O

NH2 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

N

H 2N

2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate

O O

2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

N

O O

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride

O

N

OH

7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Diethoxydimethylsilane

O

O Si

O

No.

Name

Synonym

3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol Diethylpropion

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO C7H13N C10H15N C10H15N

622-93-5 4079-68-9 579-66-8 91-66-7

131.216 111.185 149.233 149.233

692-42-2 1696-17-9 135-01-3

134.052 177.243 134.218

Physical Form orth bipym (CS2-lig) liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

78

276; 17015

den/g cm-3

nD

s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl lig

11114 0.860020

1.443920

0.90625 0.930720

1.545220 1.540920

1.5 -38.8

189.5 120 243 216.3

1.133824

1.4709

liq

-31.2

105 1325 184

0.880020

1.503520

liq ye oil

Solubility

s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH



3399 Diethylarsine 3400 N,N-Diethylbenzamide 3401 o-Diethylbenzene

1,2-Diethylbenzene

C4H11As C11H15NO C10H14

3402 m-Diethylbenzene

1,3-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

141-93-5

134.218

liq

-83.9

181.1

0.860220

1.495520

3403 p-Diethylbenzene

1,4-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

105-05-5

134.218

liq

-42.83

183.7

0.862020

1.496720

C10H16N2 C14H16O4 C14H18O4 C11H17O3P C6H12BrNO C7H11BrO4 C8H17NO C11H20O4

93-05-0 5292-53-5 607-81-8 1080-32-6 511-70-6 685-87-0 1114-76-7 133-08-4

164.247 248.275 250.291 228.225 194.069 239.064 143.227 216.275

261 21630, 19614 1.104520 300 1.07615 1102

1.538920 1.487220 1.493020

dec 254 206 238

1.402225 0.888420 0.976420

1.452120 1.440325 1.425020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl chl s ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH, eth

C8H10O4 C16H29N3O8 C5H10ClNO C17H20N2O C5H10O3 C4H10ClO2PS C4H10AlCl C7H11ClO4 C4H10ClO3P C5H10N2 C10H16O4 C10H20 C9H14O4

762-21-0 1642-54-2 88-10-8 85-98-3 105-58-8 2524-04-1 96-10-6 14064-10-9 814-49-3 617-83-4 3779-29-1 78-01-3 1559-02-0

170.163 391.416 135.592 268.353 118.131 188.613 120.557 194.613 172.547 98.146 200.232 140.266 186.205

184200

1.007520

1.442520

s EtOH, eth, ctc

126 453 13470 222 93.5 188 224 179.5 215; 10012

0.969225

1.384520

i H2O; vs EtOH; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s ctc

1.204020 1.20519 0.85420 1.045620

1.432720 1.417020 1.412625 1.433026

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s CS 2

1.05525

1.434518

vs EtOH, eth

C15H28O4 C6H10O5 C9H22NO5P

596-75-8 1609-47-8 2781-11-5

272.381 162.140 255.249

0.945720 1.12020

1.434120 1.396020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, EtOH, lig

liq

15012 9318 1500.01

Diethadione

C8H13NO3

702-54-5

171.194

cry (eth)

97.5

3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4dihydrocollidine

C14H21NO4

632-93-9

267.322

lt bl flr pl (al)

131

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Diethyl benzylidenemalonate Diethyl benzylmalonate Diethyl benzylphosphonate Diethylbromoacetamide Diethyl 2-bromomalonate N,N-Diethylbutanamide Diethyl 2-butylmalonate

3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424

Diethyl 2-butynedioate Diethylcarbamazine citrate Diethylcarbamic chloride N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide Diethyl carbonate O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate Diethylchloroaluminum Diethyl chloromalonate Diethyl chlorophosphonate Diethylcyanamide Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate 1,1-Diethylcyclohexane Diethyl 1,1cyclopropanedicarboxylate Diethyl dibutylmalonate Diethyl dicarbonate Diethyl [(diethanolamino) methyl]phosphonate 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine2,4(3H)-dione Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

3425 3426 3427 3428 3429

Diethyl benzalmalonate

2-Bromo-2-ethylbutanamide Ethyl bromomalonate Pentane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester

Ethyl carbonate Diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride Ethyl chloromalonate Diethoxyphosphoryl chloride

Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester

32

67 -54

cry

0.8 138

cry (al) liq

79 -43

186

liq

-80.6

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH; sl ctc

 

3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; vs chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol 3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline 3398 N,N-Diethylaniline

Mol. Form.

OH NH2

O N

N

2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone

N

OH

3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

N

As H

N

3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne

2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethylaniline

Diethylarsine

N,N-Diethylbenzamide

o-Diethylbenzene

NH2 O

O

N m-Diethylbenzene

p-Diethylbenzene

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

O



TeamLRN

O N

O

O

O

Diethyl 2-butylmalonate

S O P Cl O

O

O

O

Diethyl chloromalonate

Diethyl chlorophosphonate

O Diethyl dibutylmalonate

N

O O

O

Diethyl dicarbonate

NH2

O

Br

Br

Diethylbromoacetamide

Diethyl 2-bromomalonate

N

O

N O

O

Cl

O

Cl

Diethylcarbamic chloride

O

OH O

N

Diethylcarbamazine citrate

O

O P O O

HO Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonate

O

O

O

OH OH

N

O

O

Diethylchloroaluminum

HO

O O P O Cl

Al Cl

Diethyl benzylphosphonate

O

O

OH O

O

Diethyl 2-butynedioate

O

O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate

O

N

O

O

O

Diethyl benzylmalonate

N

O O

N,N-Diethylbutanamide

O

Diethyl benzylidenemalonate

O O

O P O O

O

O

N

O

N

Diethylcyanamide

N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide

O

O O

O Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate

1,1-Diethylcyclohexane

N O

H O

5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione

O O

Diethyl 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate

O

O

O

Diethyl carbonate

O

O

O N H

Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3-(Diethylamino)phenol

N

O

N

No.

Name

3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445



3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate Diethyl ethylmalonate Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate Diethyl ethylphosphonate N,N-Diethylformamide Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

3446 3447 3448

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3 1.7920

71

5113 301; 20840

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Diethyldimethylplumbane

C6H16Pb C13H17NO4

1762-27-2 1149-24-2

295.4 251.279

col liq

C12H17NO4

2436-79-5

239.268

nd (dil al)

137.8

C4H10S2 C16H33NO C4H10O3 C6H8Cl2O5

110-81-6 3352-87-2 111-46-6 106-75-2

122.252 255.439 106.120 231.031

liq

-101.5

liq liq

-10.4

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate

C8H14O5 C18H18O5 C12H26O3 C8H18O3 C12H18O5 C6H14O3 C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3 C10H20O4

628-68-2 120-55-8 112-73-2 112-36-7 2358-84-1 111-96-6 693-21-0 112-34-5 124-17-4

190.194 314.333 218.332 162.227 242.268 134.173 196.116 162.227 204.264

2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl laurate Carbitol Carbitol acetate

C16H32O4 C6H14O3 C8H16O4

141-20-8 111-90-0 112-15-2

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3 C7H16O3 C6H16N2 C6H16N2 C4H10O C10H16O5

Diglycol Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl carbonochloridate

liq liq

18 33.5 -60 -45

liq

-68

liq liq

-68 -32

288.423 134.173 176.211

lt ye hyg liq liq

17.5 -25

112-59-4 111-77-3 6881-94-3 100-36-7 111-74-0 60-29-7 87-13-8

190.280 120.147 148.200 116.204 116.204 74.121 216.231

col liq

-28

liq

-53.3

Diethyl bicarbamate Diethyl phosphate

C9H14O4 C9H16O4 C15H20O4 C6H15O3P C5H11NO C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4 C4H11O4P

1462-12-0 133-13-1 76-67-5 78-38-6 617-84-5 623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7 598-02-7

186.205 188.221 264.318 166.155 101.147 172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170 154.101

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether Oxydiethylene methacrylate Diglyme 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine Ethyl ether 2-Ethoxy-1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl) ethene

liq

syr liq

-116.2

0.8 -24.1

nd (chl), pr (w) 135 syr 95

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

154.0 1662 245.8 1265

0.993120 0.84725 1.119715 1.3920

1.507320 1.454520 1.447220 1.454220

200 28024, 2501 256 188 >200; 1508 162 440.01 231 245

1.106815 1.169015 0.88525 0.906320 1.082120 0.943420

1.434820

0.955320 0.98520

1.430620 1.426220

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH

>270 196 218.5

0.9625 0.988520 1.009620

1.430020 1.421320

msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

0.828020 0.828020 0.713820

1.434020 1.434020 1.352620 1.460020

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

1.040420 1.00620 1.07120 1.025920 0.908019 1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248 1.180020

1.430817 1.416620 1.489625 1.416320 1.432125 1.441220 1.424120 1.419020

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth

258; 192100 193 213; 1244 144 146 34.5 dec 280; 16519 11617, 863 208; 9812 17019 198; 9016 177.5 214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250 dec 203; 870.0001

 

3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455

Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethylene glycol dibenzoate Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol dinitrate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monododecanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Diethyl ether Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

1.423520 1.411520 1.457125 1.409720

1.417020

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth

s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3430 Diethyldimethyllead 3431 Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate 3432 Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4dicarboxylate 3433 Diethyl disulfide 3434 N,N-Diethyldodecanamide 3435 Diethylene glycol 3436 Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate

Physical Form

Synonym

O O

O

O

O

O

O N

N H

Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate

Pb Diethyldimethyllead

O O

S

Cl

O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate

O

O

O

O

Cl

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O

O

O

O

O Diethylene glycol dibenzoate

O O

O N

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

O

O N



TeamLRN

O

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

OH

O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

O

O O

O O

O

O

O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O O

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O

O

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O 3,4-Diethylhexane

O O

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

N H

H N

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

O

N H

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

O O P O OH Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

O

O

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

O

O

Diethyl ether

O P O O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

O

O

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

H N

N H

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

NH2

N

OH

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

O

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol

O O

O

Diethylene glycol diacetate

O

N,N-Diethyldodecanamide

N

O OH N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

HO

Diethyl disulfide

O O

N

S

 

No.

Diethyl iminodiacetate Diethyl isobutylmalonate Diethyl isophthalate Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate Diethyl isopropylmalonate Diethyl ketomalonate Diethyl malate Diethyl maleate Diethyl malonate Diethyl mercury Diethylmethylamine N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene



3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate 3487 Diethyl methylmalonate 3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate 3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine 3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

Synonym

Diethyl nonanedioate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl oxobutanedioate Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate 3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite

mp/˚C

orth cry

247 dec

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4 C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4 C7H10O5 C8H14O5 C8H12O4 C7H12O4 C4H10Hg C5H13N C11H17N C11H17N C12H17NO C11H16

6290-05-7 10203-58-4 636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4 609-09-6 7554-12-3 141-05-9 105-53-3 627-44-1 616-39-7 606-46-2 613-48-9 134-62-3 2050-24-0

189.210 216.275 222.237 200.232 202.248 174.151 190.194 172.179 160.168 258.71 87.164 163.260 163.260 191.269 148.245

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4 C8H14O4 C5H13O3P C10H21N3O

533-32-4 2409-52-1 609-08-5 683-08-9 90-89-1

157.253 186.205 174.195 152.129 199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N C10H14N2O2

84-95-7 2216-15-1

199.292 194.230

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

Diethazine

C13H24O4 C6H10O4 C8H12O5 C9H14O5 C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2 C18H22N2S

624-17-9 95-92-1 108-56-5 105-50-0 1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5 60-91-3

244.328 146.141 188.178 202.204 128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121 298.446

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P

Ethyl isopropylmalonate Ethyl mesoxalate Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

DEET

Diethylcarbamazine

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

Diethyl azelate Diethyl oxalacetate Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

11.5

pa ye grn oil

-30

liq liq

-8.8 -50

liq liq

-196 -60

liq

-74.1

cry

250 dec

58.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

302 176.5; 11614 215 210; 10519 253; 12413 223 200 159; 5716 66 209 229 16019, 1111 205

0.980420 1.123917 1.028218 0.996120 1.141916 1.129020 1.066220 1.055120 2.4320 0.70325 0.928620 0.924216 0.99620 0.874820

1.423620 1.50818 1.448617 1.418821 1.431022

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS 2

1.441620 1.413920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

0.876420 1.046720 1.022520 1.040630

1.442220 1.437720 1.412620 1.410130

211 228 201 194 1103

1.01320 1.22525

87.5

1.2415

285

-18.5 -40.6

liq

-33.1

wh pow

75.5

1.521220 1.502720

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH

77.5

ye nd (lig) pl (al) grn mcl pr (eth) grn lf (ace) liq liq

1.387925 1.515320

1.596120

s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

291.5 185.7 13124 250 146.3 201

0.972920 1.078520 1.13120 1.11320 0.753620 0.81420

1.435120 1.410120 1.456117

-70

237 65 1670.5

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6

236.264

16.5

1.095020

1.497720

vs ace, EtOH

1638-86-4

198.199

dec 205; 16812 235; 621

liq oil

1.03216

1.420620 1.442920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483

Name

O O O O O

O

O

H N

O O

O O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O

Diethyl isophthalate

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Diethyl malate

O

O

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

N

O

N

Hg

Diethyl malonate

Diethyl mercury

Diethylmethylamine

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

HCl NH2 O

O N



TeamLRN

N 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

O

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

N

O O P O

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

N

N

N

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

O

O O

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O Diethyl nonanedioate

O

O O

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

O

O

O

O

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

N

O

O

O

O

O Diethyl oxalate

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

O

N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

N

N O

O

Diethylperoxide

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

O N

O

NH2

NH2

O

O

O O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N O

O O

Diethyl ketomalonate

N

O

OH

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

O

O O

O O

O P

O

S N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

Diethyl phenylmalonate

Diethyl phenylphosphonite



No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

Phenetharbital

C14H16N2O3

357-67-5

260.288

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione N,N-Diethylpropanamide N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Diethylpropanedioic acid 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethyl 2-propylmalonate N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

Piperidione

C9H15NO2 C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4 C7H16O2 C10H18O4 C10H14N2O

77-03-2 1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3 115-76-4 2163-48-6 59-26-7

169.221 129.200 130.231 160.168 132.201 202.248 178.230

3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526

C10H14N2O C9H13NO2 C14H26O4 C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2 C24H28O4 C19H22O2

530-40-5 77-04-3 110-40-7 627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1 130-80-3 18839-90-2

178.230 167.205 258.354 137.08 88.224 268.351 380.477 282.377

C8H14O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10O3S C4H10O2S C4H10OS C8H14O6 C4H10Te C12H14O4 C10H18O4S C5H12N2S C7H19NSi

123-25-1 64-67-5 352-93-2 623-81-4 597-35-3 70-29-1 57968-71-5 627-54-3 636-09-9 673-79-0 105-55-5 996-50-9

174.195 154.185 90.187 138.185 122.186 106.186 206.193 185.72 222.237 234.313 132.227 145.319

3539 3540 3541

N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione Diethyl sebacate Diethyl selenide Diethylsilane trans-Diethylstilbestrol trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfate Diethyl sulfide Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfone Diethyl sulfoxide Diethyl DL-tartrate Diethyl telluride Diethyl terephthalate Diethyl thiodipropionate N,N’-Diethylthiourea N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine Diethyltrisulfide N,N-Diethylurea N,N’-Diethylurea

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7 623-76-7

154.317 116.161 116.161

3542 3543 3544 3545

Diethyl vinylphosphonate Diethyl zinc Difenoconazole Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

682-30-4 557-20-0 119446-68-3 43222-48-6

164.139 123.531 406.262 360.428

Diethylmalonic acid

Nikethamide Isonicotinic acid diethylamide Pyrithyldione

Clinestrol Mestilbol Ethyl succinate

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

Zinc diethyl

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

178

liq

-40.5

nd (w)

104

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

127 dec 61.5 25

pa ye liq pl (bz) pr (MeOH) nd (bz-peth)

90.7 2.5 55 -134.3 170.5 104 117.5

liq oil liq

-21 -24 -103.91

orth pl syr

73.5 14 18.7

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth) 44 78

pl, nd (eth) tab (lig), hyg nd (al) col liq

-72.6 75 112.5

-28 76 157

vs EtOH 85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

240.5 221; 11422 dec 280; 17525 1191

1.05020 0.98920 1.06025

1.457425 1.419720 1.52520

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

305; 18819 108 57

0.964620 1.230020 0.684320

1.430620 1.476820 1.392120

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

217.7 208 92.1 158; 5113 248 10425, 9015 281; 15814 137.5 302 17415, 1212 dec 126.3

1.040220 1.17225 0.836220 1.120 1.35720 1.009222 1.204620 1.59915 1.098945 1.103420

1.420120 1.398920 1.443020 1.431020

0.762720

1.411220

8526 950.02 263

1.108220

1.568913

1.041525

1.461640

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

1900.3

1102 118; 80200 2200.03

1.443820 1.518215

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.465520 s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

 

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl-3,5diphenyl-, methyl sulfate

Physical Form

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Synonym

3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538

Name

O N O

N

H

O

O P H

O O P O H

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

O O HO

OH

Diethylpropanedioic acid

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

O



TeamLRN

Se

N H

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

Diethyl sulfide

O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

Diethyl sebacate

O O

O

O O S O O

O

O

O

S

O

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

S

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O

O S

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

OH

O trans-Diethylstilbestrol

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

O

O

HO

Diethylsilane

N

O

N

N

O

Diethyl selenide

H2N

O

O

N Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N

OH

Si H2

Diethyl phthalate

O

O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

N H

O

O

O

O

O O O

Diethyl succinate

Diethyl sulfate

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te

Diethyl DL-tartrate

Diethyl telluride

O

O

Diethyl terephthalate

S

O S

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

N N

N

O Si N N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

N S

S

S

Diethyltrisulfide

NH2

H N

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

O O P O

Cl O Zn

Diethyl vinylphosphonate

Diethyl zinc

Cl

N

N

O Difenoconazole

Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

SO4 2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

S O P SH O

No.

Name

3546 Diflubenzuron

Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane



3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl) amino]carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C12H8F2 C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3 372-18-9 540-36-3 398-23-2 371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

96.033 129.108 114.093 114.093 114.093 190.189 120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq liq liq liq mcl pr (al) lf (w) liq liq col gas

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 C3H3F5O

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5 1885-48-9

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024 150.047

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4 C13H10O3

522-27-0 886-77-1

220.182 214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4 C41H64O13

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4 71-63-6

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514 764.939

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

C6H10O3 C4H6O5 C23H34O5 C41H64O14 C14H31N C14H30O

2238-07-5 110-99-6 1672-46-4 20830-75-5 2470-68-0 629-64-1

130.141 134.088 390.513 780.939 213.403 214.387

1,2-Difluorobenzene 1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene 4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

Ethylidene difluoride Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime 3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin 3576 Digitoxin

α-Furildioxime

Furfuryl disulfide Furfuryl ether

3577 Digitoxose Diglycidyl ether Diglycolic acid Digoxigenin Digoxin Diheptylamine Diheptyl ether

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine Heptyl ether

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

133 170 94 82.6 89 254.5 99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918 1.157220 1.170120

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118 1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

Solubility

col gas

col gas

-1 -7.5 -47.1 -69.12 -23.55 94.5

-87.5 75.5 -117

-144

-136.8 tp

9.8 -104.8

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6 29 -78.5287 207 -0.4 127; 5534

ye nd (al), cry (bz) hyg pr (peth) ye pr (lig)

10

pr (dil al)

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

1.457114 0.920520 (p>1 atm 1.2425

i H2O; s EtOH

1.514914 1.290420

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012 1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253 255.5

cry (MeOH+eth)

112

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt) trc pl (dil al, py) nd

148 222 249 dec 31.5

reac H2O sl chl

1.372520

166.3 167 60.5

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359 258.5

0.795621 0.800820

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH

 

3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583

mp/˚C 239

1.427520

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

Physical Form

Synonym

NH2

F H N

H N

F

O

Cl

O

F

F

F

F

F F F F

F

OH O

F F F Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene

Diflubenzuron

F

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

F Si F

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F F 1,2-Difluoroethane

F



F 1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

F

1,1-Difluoroethene

F

H H Difluoromethane

F F trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F F cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

O

N

O F

F F

B

F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F F F

Difluoromethylborane

F 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O O

 N

O F

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

O O

O

O

O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

HO

O

O

F

OH

O

OH

N

O



TeamLRN

O

OH

O

S S

O

O 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

O

O

Difurfuryl disulfide

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO O

O

H O

OH HO HO

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

HO

HO

Difurfuryl ether

H

Digitonin

Digitoxigenin

O

O O

O HO

OH O

O

OH

H

O O

O O

O

O O

HO

OH

O O OH

O O OH

O HO

HO

OH

O

Digitoxin

Digitoxose

Diglycidyl ether

Diheptylamine

HO

O O

OH

OH

Diglycolic acid



H N

O

O O

OH

OH

OH

HO

H Digoxigenin

O Diheptyl ether

HO OH Digoxin

O

H

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F

O

F

N O O 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene O

F F Si

O N

F

F F

No.

3594 3595 3596



3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617

Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]benzenoanthracene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2thione 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)one 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4one 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin Dihydrocodeine 16,17-Dihydro-15Hcyclopenta[a]phenanthrene 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine 10,11-Dihydro-5Hdibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)isoquinolinone 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Indanthrene

C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12 C28H14N2O4

3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3 110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0 81-77-6

362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333 314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245 442.422

Cholanthrene Triptycene

C20H14 C20H14

479-23-2 477-75-8

2-Benzimidazolethiol

C7H6N2S

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C 360 298 236; 751 226 348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

liq

70 -13.1

liq

-9

tab or pr bl nd

239.3 111 485 dec

254.325 254.325

pa ye lf (bz-al) cry (cyhex)

174 256

583-39-1

150.201

298

C7H6N2O C8H8O2 C8H8O C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C8H8OS

615-16-7 493-09-4 496-16-2 493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6 491-37-2 13414-95-4

134.135 136.149 120.149 134.174 134.174 148.159 148.159 152.214

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

C10H12N2 C9H13N5O3 C18H23NO3 C17H14

59-98-3 6779-87-9 125-28-0 482-66-6

160.215 239.231 301.381 218.293

C14H13N C15H12O

494-19-9 1210-35-1

195.260 208.255

Corydaldine

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

mcl pr (w, al)

Antipyrine

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

lf or sc (eth, bz) 114

319

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

ye nd (HOAc)

291

94.1 sub

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

ye nd (HCl +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

310 dec

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

Coumaran Isochroman

4-Chromanone 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene

liq

lf

305

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620 0.94120

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

0.841120

1.458620

1.21520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO 2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

vs EtOH

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

-21.5 4 4.8 25 36.5

212; 1036 188.5 11025, 9012 215; 9818 272 16050, 12713

1.18020 1.05825 1.06725 1.07220 1.16918 1.1291100

1.548520 1.549720 1.544420 1.544420 1.556320 1.5750

29

15412

1.248714

1.639520

cry (peth) 67 hyg nd (w) cry (aq, MeOH) 112.5 nd (al, petr) 135.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

s H2O 24815 i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl

30

2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920

175

 

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid

Synonym

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH 1.083620

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593

Name

O O

O O O Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

S

N H

O

Diheptyl sulfide

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O H

O O

O

O

O HN NH O

O

O

O

H O

S

Dihexyl phthalate

Dihexyl sulfide

H N

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

H N S



TeamLRN

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

N H 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

O

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

O

O

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O O

N

N O

O

S

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

N H

S

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

O

OH

O

O

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

N H

O

NH NH2

N

H

N

HO

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

Dihydrocodeine

O

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

NH

O

N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

O

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

O 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

OH OO S O O O

N

N

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

O

O

O S OO OH 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

HO

OH O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

O S

OH

O O

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

O

S O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

Mol. Wt.

3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1Hindole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine 3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol 3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one 3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one 3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2b]oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole 3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one 3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O C9H8O C9H8O

24425-40-9 6351-10-6 1470-94-6 83-33-0 615-13-4 768-22-9

133.190 134.174 134.174 132.159 132.159 132.159

nd (peth) pl (peth)

496-15-1 59-48-3 480-91-1 462-20-4 1078-19-9

119.164 133.148 133.148 208.342 176.212

nd (w) 128 nd (w) 151 ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) 78

229 1.06920 22723, 19517 338; 10318 1450.2 17111

1.592320

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H9N C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2 C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

liq ye nd (bz)

180

128 28080

1.442020

3-Methylcholanthrene

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

197.5 1.06125 13930, 11418

1.5308

69

547-65-9 4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

98.101 114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

liq liq liq

-31

8510 239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.465020

2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone (±)-γ-Valerolactone

C5H6O2 C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc

Lysidine Methimazole

C4H8N2 C4H6N2S

534-26-9 60-56-0

84.120 114.169

hyg lf (al)

107 146

196.5 dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

i H2O

15

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

3647 3648 3649 3650 3651

Adrenochrome

2-Indanone

α-Methylene butyrolactone

5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1phenylpyrazole

Solubility vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O sl DMSO

54.5

0.92725

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

ta, nd (w + 3) nd (al, eth)

orth bipym pr (eth, chl)

37.5 54.8 58 42 59 24.5

34

nd (w+1)

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 248; 13115 220; 12812 253 243; 12912 dec 218 11320, 986

1.094340 1.071269 1.125524

1.006 1.2820

1.120620 1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.56125 1.53867

sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig

≈300 dec 128

 

3652

Sodium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate

nD

216.0

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



CAS RN

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±) 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole2-thione 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)naphthalenone 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1Hpyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3Hpyrazol-3-one

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

3642 3643 3644 3645 3646

Name

OH OO S O

O

O S

O

OH

SO3 Na

O SO3 Na

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O N H

N

OH O

NH

N H

N

NH2

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH N

O

H2N

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

O





TeamLRN

O O

HO 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

N H

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

NH

O

OH SH

O

O

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

N

 O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

NH N

O

O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

N

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

O S OH O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

N H

O

4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

H N

S

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N H

N

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

No.

Name

3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C10H10N2O

89-25-8

174.198

mcl pr (w)

127

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2 C6H5NO3

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9 5006-66-6

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205 139.109

liq liq pl

nd(w)

-101 -8 25 18 103 310 dec

287105, 19117 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex 1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1H-tetrazole

C9H10N2O C7H6N4S

2207-50-3 86-93-1

162.187 178.215

γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S C5H8O C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2 C4H7N C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

50-44-2 110-87-2 3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8 123-33-1 504-07-4 109-96-6 553-03-7 15804-19-0

152.178 84.117 84.117 114.100 70.093 112.087 114.103 69.106 147.173 162.146

2-Thiobarbituric acid

C28H46O C19H23NO3 C3H6N2S C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

67-96-9 561-25-1 1779-81-3 1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

2-Thiouracil

C4H4N2OS

∆ 2-Dialin

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone

2-Pyrazoline Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil 3-Pyrroline Hydrocarbostyril 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

3-Sulfolene

den/g cm-3

nD

0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub 13412 16815

Solubility

1.637

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl

s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

174 cry (bz)

137 145

w pow (w)

219

845

1.438525 sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz

ye pr (w, + l w) 313 dec liq 56.3

86 95 15815 144

0.92119 0.9419 1.411020 1.020017

1.440219

90.5 20145

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

1.479617

i H2O; s alk s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

cry (w) nd (w)

307 275.5

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

398.664 313.391 102.158 86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5 85.3

pl (w)

235 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

222.5

s DMSO

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

nd or lf (bz)

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

 

Dihydrotachysterol Dihydrothebaine 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone 3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

CAS RN

s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3Hpyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1Himidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H) -pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione 3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole 3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole 3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Mol. Form.

Synonym

O

N

N N O

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

O

S

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

O

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

O

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

HCl

O

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

HN N N N

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O

S NH

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

N

N

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

H N

HN

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

NH2



1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

N H

O

O

O

N H

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione



TeamLRN

O O N H

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

N H

NH

NH

N H

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

O

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

N H

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

H N

O

N H

O

HO

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Dihydrotachysterol

O O O H

S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH

N

N

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

S

S

2,3-Dihydrothiophene

2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

S

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

O

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

O NH

N H

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

N

OH

S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

O

O

O

N

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

26.5 200

260; 13213

280

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS 2; s bz

193

sub

360 dec 353.8

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

173

1400.001

108 135

235; 12016 22622

sub

Quinizarin

C12H15N C14H8O4

147-47-7 81-64-1

173.254 240.212

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H8O4 C14H8O4

84-60-6 572-93-0

240.212 240.212

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219



3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

β-Resorcylaldehyde

C7H6O3 C7H6O3

24677-78-9 95-01-2

138.121 138.121

ye red lf (eth) dk red nd pa ye pl (gl HOAc) red or red-ye nd or lf (al) ye nd (al) ye nd (+1w, dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf (bz), nd (al) ye nd nd (eth-lig)

3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Protocatechualdehyde Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7H7NO3

1194-98-5 139-85-5 89-73-6

138.121 138.121 153.136

ye nd (bz) lf (w, to) nd (HOAc)

100.0 153 dec 168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid Gentisic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O4 C7H6O4

303-38-8 89-86-1 490-79-9

154.121 154.121 154.121

pr (w+1), lf (alchl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w) nd or pr (w)

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone Esculetin

C7H6O4 C7H6O4 C7H6O4 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C9H6O4

303-07-1 99-50-3 99-10-5 835-11-0 611-99-4 305-01-1

154.121 154.121 154.121 214.216 214.216 178.142

Daphnetin

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

167 dec 201 dec 239 59.5 nd (lig), cry (w) 210 nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

Hyodeoxycholic acid

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

198.5

sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc

Ursodiol

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

vs EtOH; sl eth

Chenodiol

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

Calcitriol

C27H44O3 C6H4O4

32222-06-3 615-94-1

416.636 140.094

nd (EtOAc+hep) wh cry pow dk ye nd

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl 1.54220

205.5 226 dec 199.5

nd (+w) mcl nd (w+1) pr or nd

 

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α) 3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α) 3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

Protocatechuic acid

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf

1.5244 333 1.133131 sub

sub

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS 2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS 2

963

115 211 212

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

OH

OH

OH O

OH

O OH HO

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH O

OH

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH

OH

HO

OH

N N

O 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

O

OH



TeamLRN

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH O

OH

OH

OH HO

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

OH

HO

OH

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

O O

OH

O

N H OH

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

O

OH

OH OH

OH

OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO

HO

O OH OH

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O O

OH

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

O OH

OH O

O

OH

O

HO HO HO

2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

HO

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O

OH

HO

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

H

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

OH

O OH

O

OH

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

HO

OH H

O OH

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

OH 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O HO

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

No.

Name

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone C9H18O3

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3682-91-5

174.237

pale ye cry



2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol Aloe-emodol

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S C15H10O5

2467-02-9 2664-63-3 481-72-1

200.233 218.271 270.237

Dihydroxymaleic acid Vanilmandelic acid

C4H4O6 C9H10O5

526-84-1 55-10-7

148.071 198.172

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2) sc (bz-eth)

Fraxetin

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

Alizarin Orange

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3f]quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20dione

Mol. Form.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

118.3 151 223.5

363

1.28025

nD

Solubility

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

sub

155 dec 132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

231

vs EtOH

214.8 ye pr (chl) lf or nd (w) ye orth ye hex or mcl nd (sub) nd (dil HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf (HOAc) ye nd (dil al)

130.5

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

266.5

i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py

196

sub

0.9225

vs bz, HOAc

176 dec

s EtOH, eth

283

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk

275

s H2O, EtOH, HOAc

232

320.296

dk red mcl pr (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2)

568-02-5

291.258

br-viol nd (bz)

269

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

244 dec

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

oran nd or pl (HOAc) cry (al)

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid Chrysin

C18H36O4 C15H10O4

120-87-6 480-40-0

316.477 254.238

90 lt ye pr (MeOH) 285.5

Resacetophenone Benzoresorcinol

C8H8O3 C13H10O3

89-84-9 131-56-6

152.148 214.216

nd or lf nd (w)

146 144

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w)

225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

139 234 dec

11-Deoxy-17-hydrocorticosterone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126

215

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS 2 1.18141

i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

vs ace, EtOH, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide 3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid 3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

Synonym

 

HO OH

OH

HO

OH

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

HO

O

O

HO

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH O O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

OH O

O

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

HO

OH

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O OH

OH

OH HO

HO



TeamLRN

O

O

OH

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O

HO

HO

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

O

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

O

O N

OH OH

O OH HO

OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

O

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

N O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH O O

OH

OH OH

HO OH

OH

O HO

OH

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O O O

OH

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

OH

O

O HO Sb OH

O

1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O

OH OH

OH OH

HO OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

OH 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

HO

O

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

O

OH O

OH O

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH

HO

O

OH OH

OH

S

O HO

O

HO

OH

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione 3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

Cortisone

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 3751 3752 3753 3754

Glyceric acid Dihydroxyacetone Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester Xanthurenic acid

C3H6O4 C3H6O3 C13H26O4 C11H22O4 C10H7NO4

6000-40-4 96-26-4 2277-23-8 26402-26-6 59-00-7

106.078 90.078 246.343 218.291 205.168

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

C2I2 C6H5I2N

624-74-8 533-70-0

277.830 344.920

3757 3758 3759

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R) 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid Dihydroxytartaric acid 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoic acid Diiodoacetylene 2,4-Diiodoaniline



3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene 3763 1,4-Diiodobutane 3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2 C4H8I2 C2H4I2

624-38-4 628-21-7 624-73-7

329.905 309.916 281.862

3765 3766 3767 3768 3769

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5 C6H12I2 CH2I2 C6H3I2NO3

590-26-1 38577-97-8 629-09-4 75-11-6 305-85-1

279.846 584.099 337.968 267.836 390.902

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein 1,6-Diiodohexane Diiodomethane 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Hexamethylene diiodide Methylene iodide Disophenol

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

3775 3776 3777 3778

Diisobutyl adipate Diisobutylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum hydride Diisobutylamine

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al C8H19N

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7 110-96-3

258.354 176.664 142.219 129.244

3779 3780 3781 3782

Diisobutyl carbonate Diisobutyl ether Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide

C9H18O3 C8H18O C16H22O4 C8H18S

539-92-4 628-55-7 84-69-5 592-65-4

174.237 130.228 278.344 146.294

Pentamethylene diiodide

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1propanamine 1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

222 nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum pr (peth) cry (peth) ye micry cry (w) nf (dil al + 1w) col or ye nd (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al) ye mcl pr or orth (eth) oran-red pow nd ye nd or lf lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

145

Solubility sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace

1450.8

1.45318

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90 53 40 289

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

114.5 269 dec

vs ace, EtOH

126

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc

81.5 95.5

exp

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

27 40.4

287; 1003 285

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

131.5 5.8 83

285 12515 dec 200

2.349425 3.32520

1.618425 1.87120

-14

72.516

3.062520

9.5 6.1 157

16317, 14110 2.034225 182 3.321120

1.583725 1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.74825

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

1.639125

i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

ye nd (HOAc, xyl) ye nd (w, 70% al)

210

sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk

213

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz

hyg col liq liq liq

-40

liq

0.954319 0.905

-73.5

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5 139.6

-105.5

190 122.6 296.5; 1594 171

0.913820 0.76115 1.049015 0.836310

1.430120 1.450620 1.409020 1.407220

s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

3755 3756

Name

 

O

OH OH

O

O OH

HO O

HO

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O O

OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

OH

N

OH

OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

O

NH2 I

O

OH

I

OH

OH

Dihydroxytartaric acid

OH

I

OH

HO

O HO OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

I

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

2,4-Diiodoaniline

o-Diiodobenzene



TeamLRN

O OH

I

O

I

I

I

I

m-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

p-Diiodobenzene

HO

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

I

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

OH

O I

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

I

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

I I

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

I

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

OH NH2

HO

N OH

O

O

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Cl Al

O

I 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Diisobutyl adipate

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

O O

O H N

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

O

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O

O

H Al

N

O I

I

H

I

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

S

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

Diisobutyl sulfide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO OH O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

HO

HO

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

OH

O

HO

OH

O

No.



3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate Diisooctyl adipate Diisooctyl phthalate Diisopentylamine Diisopentyl ether Diisopentyl phthalate Diisopentyl sulfide Diisopropanolamine Diisopropyl adipate Diisopropylamine 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide Diisopropyl disulfide N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine Diisopropyl ether Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate Diisopropyl phthalate

3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819

Diisopropyl sulfide Diisopropyl tartrate, (±) Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1-butanamine Diisoamyl ether Diisoamyl phthalate 1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

Diisopropyl dixanthogen Bitoscanate 2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

51 95 -50

1038 11714 2534

0.96620

2104 370 188 172.5 dec 334 211 250; 15123 1206.5 83.9 257 204 203.2 210.3 1231

0.767221 0.777720 1.020916 0.832320 0.98920 0.956920 0.715320 0.9425 0.870120 0.855920 0.856820 0.993220

1.423520 1.408520 1.487120 1.452020

147 177 190 68.4 663

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625 0.719225

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720 1.365825 1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713 13012

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920 1.061515

1.410020

120.0 275; 15412

0.814220 1.116620

1.443820

126.1

1.087720

1.437920

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N C10H22O C18H26O4 C10H22S C6H15NO2 C12H22O4 C6H15N C12H19N C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18O2 C13H18N2S2

123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0 1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3 544-01-4 605-50-5 544-02-5 110-97-4 6938-94-9 108-18-9 24544-04-5 577-55-9 99-62-7 100-18-5 98-49-7 95-29-4

160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609 370.566 390.557 157.297 158.281 306.397 174.347 133.189 230.301 101.190 177.286 162.271 162.271 162.271 194.270 266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO C6H14O C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2 C14H18O4

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0 108-20-3 1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2 605-45-8

126.199 150.305 145.243 102.174 180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286 250.291

C6H14S C10H18O6 C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2 C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

625-80-9 58167-01-4 105-65-7 4044-65-9 674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

118.240 234.246 270.456 192.261 84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

-78.1 34 52 nd (ace, HOAc) 132 liq -6.5 orth 112.5 109.5 liq

8615

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

1330.3

C4H6O4S2 C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

2418-14-6 7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

182.219 154.251 138.251 124.225

wh cry (MeOH) 193 42.5 liq -80

cry cry liq col liq

liq

-44

liq cry

-74.6 44.5 -0.6 -61 -45 -57 -63.1 -17 30.1 59.0

liq liq liq liq liq waxy cry

liq

-69

liq

-85.4

cry (MeOH)

70

liq

liq

92

1.115120

nD

Solubility

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720 1.392420 1.533220 1.496020 1.488320 1.489820

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

1.490020

1.426720

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

s chl 217; 642 830.8

1.11420 1.246320

 

3821 3822 3823 3824

Synonym

1.574920

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801

Name

N

C

O

C

N

O O

N C O

O

O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O O

O Diisodecyl phthalate

O O

Diisononyl phthalate

O

Diisooctyl adipate

O O O

O O N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O Diisooctyl phthalate

O OH S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O Diisopentyl phthalate

O

O

OH

O O Diisopropyl adipate

OH

NH2

N



TeamLRN

S N N H

S

Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

O S

S

N

O O P O

OH O

Diisopropyl disulfide

N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

N C N

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

Diisopropyl oxalate

N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

O O P O H

S O P O SH

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

O O O

O

OH

O

S

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S O

O

O

S

S

OH O

S

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

O

O S C N

Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

HO

Diketene

O O

OH

Dilactic acid

O

O

O

O N N Dimefline

P F Dimefox

O N H Dimemorfan

N

SH

OH OH

HO SH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

HS

SH OH

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

HS

O

HS SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

OH SH

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

C

O

No.

Name

3825 Dimetan® 3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol 3828 Dimethisoquin



3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843

Dimethoxane 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3844 3845 3846 3847 3848

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C11H17NO3 C6H10O4S2

122-15-6 55290-64-7

211.258 210.271

cry

46 165

17511

5221-53-4

209.288

nd

102

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2 1201-38-3 93-15-2 523-80-8

174.195 180.200 178.228 222.237

liq cry liq nd

C8H11NO2 C8H11NO2 C8H11NO2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C10H12O4

2735-04-8 102-56-7 6315-89-5 613-45-6 93-02-7 120-14-9 7311-34-4 91-16-7 151-10-0 150-78-7 93-40-3

153.179 153.179 153.179 166.173 166.173 166.173 166.173 138.164 138.164 138.164 196.200

pl (lig)

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2 C16H12N2O4

120-20-7 5763-61-1 93-03-8 119-90-4 91-93-0

181.232 167.205 168.189 244.289 296.277

Veratric acid

C9H10O4 C9H10O4 C9H10O4

91-52-1 1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173 182.173

p-Anisoin Limettin

C9H10O4 C16H16O4 C11H10O4

1132-21-4 119-52-8 487-06-9

182.173 272.296 206.195

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

C14H14O2 C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

2132-80-1 4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

214.260 73.887 132.157 168.148

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6C11H19N3O methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one 2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy]C17H24N2O N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol acetate C8H14O4 C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole C12H14O4

Veratraldehyde Veratrole

Dianisidine

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

visc oil lf or nd (w) cry

nd (w or HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr (al) pr (dil al) pr or nd (al)

nD

1563

21 -2.0 29.5

8610 15614 254.7 294; 17935

s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

1.065520 1.139 1.039620 1.01520

262.0 270 15914 290; 16510 270; 14610 281; 15510 15116 206 217.5 212.6

1.081025 1.052125 1.037555

16414 15612, 1203 298; 17212

1.14325 1.17817

1.548620

s H2O, EtOH

1.431020 1.544120 1.534020 1.536020

msc H2O; s os

1.582721 1.523120

1.546420 1.55517

137 112 108.5 186 dec 181

Solubility

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace

146

33.5 82.5 lf (eth) 87.5 nd (al or lig) 72 52 nd (eth, lig, to) 43 46.3 22.5 liq -52 lf (w) 59 cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

den/g cm-3

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

185.5 114.0 149

sub

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig

lf (bz) vol liq or gas

175 -130.6

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

256

sub 25.9 505 sub

-78

82 286; 16115 1335 13795

dec 200

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625

 

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin 3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3859 Dimethoxydimethylsilane 3860 Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 3861 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 3862 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

CAS RN

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020

i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3829 3830 3831 3832

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

Synonym

O O O S O

O

S O O

N

Dimethipin

Dimethirimol

NH2

O

N

O

O

O

Dimethisoquin

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

O

O

O

2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O

O

O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O

O

O

O

4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O

O O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

O

O

NH2

O

O

Dimethoxane

O

NH2 O

O

O

N

O

O

3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2

OH



TeamLRN

O

O

O O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

OH

O

O

O

O

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

OH

O NH2

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

N C O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O H2N

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

OH

O

O O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

O

O

O

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2

O

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O

O

O

O

O

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

O O H O

B

O O

Dimethoxyborane

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O

O 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O

O O

1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O

NH2

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Dimetan®

N

O

N

N

O

O

O

OH

No. 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867

3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878



3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890

3898 3899 3900 3901

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1,2-Dimethoxyethane (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)isobenzofuranone Dimethoxymethane 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine 2,2-Dimethoxy-N-methylethanamine Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Fagarine Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal Xanthoxylin

C4H10O2 C10H14O2 C13H11NO3 C18H38O2 C10H12O4

110-71-4 101-48-4 524-15-2 2791-29-9 90-24-4

90.121 166.217 229.231 286.494 196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

192.211 194.184

C3H8O2 C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2 C5H13NO2 C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4 C8H9NO4

109-87-5 494-99-5 4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5 122-07-6 3027-21-2 709-09-1 89-39-4

76.095 152.190 152.190 152.190 119.163 119.163 182.292 183.162 183.162

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0 4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

154.163 154.163 180.200 104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

Apiole (Dill)

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

N,N-Dimethylethanamide Acridine Yellow

C10H12O2 C4H10O2 C4H9NO C15H16ClN3

6380-23-0 534-15-6 127-19-5 135-49-9

164.201 90.121 87.120 273.761

C8H14O4 C5H12O7P2 C2H7N C2H8ClN C4H8N2 C10H13NO C16H16N2OS

627-93-0 358-72-5 124-40-3 506-59-2 926-64-7 2124-31-4 518-61-6

174.195 246.092 45.084 81.545 84.120 163.216 284.375

C14H15N3 C14H15N3 C9H11NO C12H12N2OS2

60-11-7 97-56-3 100-10-7 536-17-4

225.289 225.289 149.189 264.365

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3benzodioxole 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene Dimethylacetal N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride Dimethyl adipate 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate Dimethylamine Dimethylamine hydrochloride (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine

Methylal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride 4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Ahistan

4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Ehrlich’s reagent

 

3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-69.20

84.50 193.5

0.863725

1.377025

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

pr (al)

1442 18520

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

142 10 82

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

liq pr (eth)

-105.1 24 21

ye nd (al-w) gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

98 72.5

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

42 220 244 214.0 104 140 12979 23015

0.859320 1.050925 1.047815

1.351320 1.525725 1.523420

0.89725 0.92825

1.397220 1.411520 1.479520

1.1888133 1.1666132

sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf

18

261 19935, 17010 287 86 83 88 270.5

vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl 0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

liq liq red cry pow

-113.2 -18.59

64.5 165

0.850120 0.937225

1.571120 1.366820 1.434125

s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s hot H2O, EtOH

cry cry (MeOH) col gas orth nd (al)

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

-92.18 171

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

nd (w, peth) cry

105.5 144.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

ye lf (al) ye lf (al) lf (w) dp red nd (xyl)

117 102 74.5 270 dec

dec 17617

1.0254100

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3868 3869

Name

O

O

O O

O

N

O

O

O O

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

N O

O

O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

O

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O

O

O N



TeamLRN

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

O O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

O Si O

H N

2,2-Dimethoxy-N-methylethanamine

Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane

O OH

OH

O

O O

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

O

O

O

O

O

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O N

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol

O O

O

O

1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

1,1-Dimethoxypropane

O

2,2-Dimethoxypropane

O O

O

O

O 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene

O

O

O

O O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene

4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene

N

O

Dimethylacetal

H2N

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

HCl NH2

N

2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride

N O O O

O O Dimethyl adipate

O N

O O O P O P OH OH OH

H N

3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

H N HCl

Dimethylamine

Dimethylamine hydrochloride

N N (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile

N

S

4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone

10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10H-phenothiazine

O O NH N N p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

H2N N

N N

2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene

N 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde

N

S S

p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

O O

O

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

O

HO

O

No. 3902 3903 3904 3905

3908 3909 3910 3911 3912

2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimide (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3heptanone 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3hexanone 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

610-16-2 99-64-9 619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 165.189 165.189 267.369

pr, nd (eth) nd (w) nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

72 152.5 242.5 136

sub

Brilliant Oil Yellow

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

Hordenine

C8H15NO2 C10H15NO

2867-47-2 539-15-1

157.211 165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

Dansyl chloride

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

4-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone

C8H11NO C8H11NO C15H15NO

99-07-0 619-60-3 530-44-9

137.179 137.179 225.286

C11H16ClNO

879-72-1

213.704

153.5

C11H13NO

6203-18-5

175.227

139.5

C5H10N2 C5H13NO C5H13NO C5H13NO C5H9N C7H9N5 C17H16N2S

1738-25-6 15521-18-3 3179-63-3 108-16-7 7223-38-3 938-55-6 1628-58-6

98.146 103.163 103.163 103.163 83.132 163.180 280.387

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12ClN C9H12O

87-59-2 95-68-1 95-78-3 87-62-7 95-64-7 108-69-0 611-21-2 696-44-6 623-08-5 121-69-7 5882-44-0 1004-66-6

121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 157.641 136.190

4-(Dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde

N,N-Dimethyl-2-propargylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1H-purin-6-amine

2,3-Xylidine 2,4-Xylidine 2,5-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 3,4-Xylidine 3,5-Xylidine

 

3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N’,N’trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride 3915 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol 3916 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol 3917 [4-(Dimethylamino) phenyl]phenylmethanone 3918 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone, hydrochloride 3919 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2propenal 3920 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile 3921 2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 3922 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 3923 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol 3924 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne 3925 2-Dimethylaminopurine 3926 2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl) benzothiazole 3927 2,3-Dimethylaniline 3928 2,4-Dimethylaniline 3929 2,5-Dimethylaniline 3930 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3931 3,4-Dimethylaniline 3932 3,5-Dimethylaniline 3933 N,2-Dimethylaniline 3934 N,3-Dimethylaniline 3935 N,4-Dimethylaniline 3936 N,N-Dimethylaniline 3937 N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride 3938 2,6-Dimethylanisole

Synonym

orth pr (al), nd (w)

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1653 <-60 146.5

9550 3200.1

117.5

636 17311

0.93820 vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH, chl

8412

1.441325

266.5 16530

1.589526

70 nd (lig) ye lf (al) nd (peth)

ye nd (MeOH)

liq ye lf (lig) pl or pr (lig)

pa ye hyg pl (w, bz)

86 77 92.5

173 150.3 163.5 124.5 80

0.870520 0.882026 0.87225 0.83725 0.779220

221.5 214 214 215 228 220.5 207.5 206.5 210 194.15

0.993120 0.972320 0.979021 0.984220 1.07618 0.970620 0.970920 0.966020 0.934855 0.955720 1.115619 0.961914

1.436020 1.419320 1.419520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth

s H2O s ctc s ctc

263 207 dec <-15 -14.3 15.5 11.2 51 9.8

2.42 90

182.5

1.568420 1.556920 1.559121 1.561020 1.558120 1.564920 1.555725 1.556820 1.558220 1.505314

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig sl H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3906 3907

Name

O O

OH

O

OH

NH

OH N N 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

N

N

4,4’-Dimethylaminobenzophenonimide

O

N

B

(Dimethylamino)dimethylborane

N O

6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone

6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone

Cl O S O

N HO O

N

N

N H

O 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate

N O

3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol

4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol



TeamLRN

4-(Dimethylamino)phenol

O

[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanone

OH

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

N OH 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol

N 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne

N

OH

N

N

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride

N

N

HCl

N

N

3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenal

N

3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile

2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

NH2

N

N

5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

O

N

3-(Dimethylamino)phenol

N

N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O N

N

N

HO

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

OH

OH

N

O

N

N

N H

S

2-Dimethylaminopurine

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole

2,3-Dimethylaniline

2,4-Dimethylaniline

2,5-Dimethylaniline

2,6-Dimethylaniline

NH

NH2 NH2

NH

NH

N

O

N HCl

3,4-Dimethylaniline

3,5-Dimethylaniline

N,2-Dimethylaniline

N,3-Dimethylaniline

N,4-Dimethylaniline

N,N-Dimethylaniline

N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride

2,6-Dimethylanisole

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

N

N

 

No.

Name 3,5-Dimethylanisole 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione Dimethylarsine Dimethylarsinic acid 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963

4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol N,β-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine α,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine α,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenepropanol N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969

2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone 7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine2,4(1H,3H)-dione 2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-1,2ethanediamine N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-N’-2pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2one, (1R) 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2ene-2-ethanol 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl

3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978

Cacodylic acid Isoxylaldehyde

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene

Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine

Phenylpropylmethylamine Phentermine 1-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol α-Cumyl alcohol Benzyl-tert-butanol Dimedazole

Mesitylenic acid Bis(4-methylphenyl) ketone Lumichrome

Dimethylbenzylamine N-Benzyl-N’,N’-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine Tripelennamine

2,3-Dimethyl-2-norbornene

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H12O C16H14 C16H12O2 C2H7As C2H7AsO2 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H11NO C20H16

874-63-5 781-43-1 1519-36-4 593-57-7 75-60-5 15764-16-6 5779-94-2 5779-95-3 611-74-5 57-97-6

136.190 206.282 236.265 105.999 137.998 134.174 134.174 134.174 149.189 256.341

C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C10H15N C10H15N C9H13N C9H12O C9H12O C11H16O C8H11NO2S C9H10N2 C9H10O2

3171-45-7 2836-03-5 2836-04-6 99-98-9 488-87-9 654-42-2 93-88-9 122-09-8 585-32-0 536-50-5 617-94-7 103-05-9 640-61-9 582-60-5 611-01-8

136.194 136.194 136.194 136.194 138.164 138.164 149.233 149.233 135.206 136.190 136.190 164.244 185.244 146.188 150.174

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C15H14O C12H10N4O2

610-72-0 632-46-2 619-04-5 499-06-9 611-97-2 1086-80-2

150.174 150.174 150.174 150.174 210.271 242.233

C9H9NO C9H13N C11H18N2

5676-58-4 103-83-3 103-55-9

147.173 135.206 178.274

C16H21N3

91-81-6

255.358

ye oil

C9H14O

38651-65-9

138.206

liq

C9H14 C11H18O

529-16-8 128-50-7

122.207 166.260

C14H14 C14H14

605-39-0 612-75-9

182.261 182.261

ye nd (al, sub) liq, ign in air liq

pa ye pl (al, HOAc)

mp/˚C 183.6 140.5 -136.1 195 -9 9 44.8 122.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

194; 8915 360.0 sub 36 >200 218 220 221 272.0

0.962715

1.511020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.20829

0.950020

vs ace, bz

128 oil <-20 nd (bz) 53 nd (bz), pr (w) 163 nd (xyl), cry (w) 152.3 oily liq

pr nd pl (dil al) cry (eth) mcl or tcl nd (w) nd (al) nd (lig) pr (al) nd (w, al) orth (al) ye cry (chl)

cry (al)

36 24.5 78.5 205.5 90 132 116 167.3 171.1 96.5 300

-1

19.5 9

218; 9022 270; 13810 263 278.5

0.99522 0.99525 1.03620

207.5 205; 10021 196.5 219 202 12113

0.91525 0.942320 0.966825 0.973520 0.962621 1.34025

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.518125 1.524620 1.532520 1.507721

sub 268 sub 1.06921 274.5; 15517 sub 334

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc, tol i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl

218.5 1.088018 181 0.9150 14530, 12311 0.934320

1.541220 1.501120 1.508920

s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

1400.1

1.57625

misc H2O

209

0.980720

1.478720

vs eth, EtOH

140.5 235; 11010

0.869817 0.97325

1.468817 1.493020

s eth, ace, bz s chl

256 280

0.990620 0.999520

1.575220 1.594620

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948

Synonym

O

O

O

O

9,10-Dimethylanthracene

O

H As

1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione

Dimethylarsine

N

Dimethylarsinic acid

2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

N NH2

N

N

3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

N,N-Dimethylbenzamide

OH H N

NH2 NH2 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

NH2

N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine

OH

N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

NH2

OH

2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol

2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

N,β-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine

O



TeamLRN

α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine

OH

α,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

O O

α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

OH

O

α,α-Dimethylbenzenepropanol

O

3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

N

3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

N

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-N’-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine



N

OH

O

OH

N

N H

N H 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole

2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

O

OH

O

N N

2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid

S

N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide

OH

OH

α,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine

O

OH

NH2

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

OH



NH2

O

O As OH

4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone

NH N H

N H

N

O

7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

O

6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1R)

N

O

2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole

N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine

N

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3,5-Dimethylanisole

O

OH

2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol

2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl

3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl



No.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

295

0.917121

liq liq liq liq

68.8 186; 125100 102 49.73

0.722225 0.906425 0.766820 0.644425

1.439420 1.439125 1.410525 1.368820

86.175

liq

-128.10

57.93

0.661620

1.375020

76-09-5 1639-01-6 595-37-9 1185-33-7 624-95-3 594-60-5 20281-91-8 75-97-8 7065-46-5 563-78-0 558-37-2 563-79-1 793-24-8

118.174 118.240 116.158 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 100.158 134.603 84.159 84.159 84.159 268.397

nd (al,eth) liq liq

43.32

liq liq liq

-157.3 -115.2 -74.19 46

174.4 126.1 186 136.5 143 118.4 120.4 106.1 130; 68100 55.6 41.2 73.3 1641

0.927620 0.828320 0.84415 0.823620 0.812225 0.722925 0.96920 0.680320 0.652920 0.708020

1.414520 1.420820 1.432315 1.417620 1.414820 1.395220 1.421020 1.399520 1.376320 1.412220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

C6H10 C6H6O4

917-92-0 762-42-5

82.143 142.110

liq

-78.2

0.662325 1.156420

1.373620 1.443420

s EtOH, eth, ctc

C2H6Cd

506-82-1

142.480

1.984618

1.5488

s peth

Mol. Wt.

C14H14 C12H12N2 C6H10 C6H13NO C6H15N C6H14

613-33-2 1134-35-6 513-81-5 760-79-2 3850-30-4 75-83-2

182.261 184.236 82.143 115.173 101.190 86.175

mcl pr (eth)

3985 2,3-Dimethylbutane

C6H14

79-29-8

3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998

2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol Pinacol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±) 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Pinacolone 3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-1,4benzenediamine 3999 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne tert-Butylacetylene 4000 Dimethyl 2-butynedioate

C6H14O2 C6H14S C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H11ClO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C18H24N2

4001 Dimethyl cadmium

Diisopropenyl

Neohexane

liq liq liq

-14 <-15 -60 -14 5.6 -52.5

-4.5

37.7 dec 197; 9820 105.5 (exp 150) 167 9810 13712.5 90.5 163.5 sub

liq pr cry

-33 42.5 38 0.5

ye nd

55

C8H8O2

137-18-8

136.149

ye nd (al)

126.0

C8H8O2

527-61-7

136.149

ye nd

72.5

sub

1.047928

C8H16

590-66-9

112.213

liq

-33.3

119.6

0.780920

1.429020

4011 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

2207-01-4

112.213

liq

-49.8

129.8

0.796320

1.436020

4012 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

6876-23-9

112.213

liq

-88.15

123.5

0.776020

1.427020

4013 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

638-04-0

112.213

liq

-75.53

120.1

0.766020

1.422920

4014 trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

2207-03-6

112.213

liq

-90.07

124.5

0.7915

1.428425

Methyl carbonate

 

107.539 123.605 210.227 90.078 70.093 136.149

Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride

1.16421 1.063625

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2 s chl s ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O, CS2; vs EtOH, eth

20

79-44-7 16420-13-6 39589-98-5 616-38-6 1467-79-4 526-86-3

Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride Dimethyl carbate Dimethyl carbonate Dimethylcyanamide 2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4008 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4009 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4010 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane

1.4540

Solubility

C3H6ClNO C3H6ClNS C11H14O4 C3H6O3 C3H6N2 C8H8O2

4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007

1.168

25

nD

1.485220 1.368720 1.408919

vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz; vs lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



mp/˚C 125 171.5 -76 -40 -20 -98.8

CAS RN

4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene N,N-Dimethylbutanamide 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylbutane

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984

Name

O

4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl

N

N

N

4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine

2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine

2,2-Dimethylbutane

OH OH

SH

2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol

OH

OH

O

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol

2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid

O

2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol

OH 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol

Cl O

OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride

2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene



TeamLRN

H N N H 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne

O

O

O

O

N

O

O

Dimethyl carbate

O

N

Cl

Dimethylcarbamic chloride

O

N

O

Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride

Dimethyl cadmium

O O

Cl

Cd

Dimethyl 2-butynedioate

O S

O

N

O

Dimethyl carbonate

Dimethylcyanamide

O

O

2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

O

O 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO

2,3-Dimethylbutane

NH2

N,N-Dimethylbutanamide

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

4015 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

624-29-3

112.213

liq

-87.39

124.4

0.782920

1.423020

4016 trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 4017 Dimethyl trans-1,4cyclohexanedicarboxylate 4018 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione

C8H16 C10H16O4

2207-04-7 3399-22-2

112.213 200.232

liq ndl (eth)

-36.93 71

119.4

0.7715

1.418525

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O s eth

5,5-Dimethyldihydroresorcinol

C8H12O2

126-81-8

140.180

nd (w)

150 dec

Propylhexedrine

C10H21N C8H16O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14 C8H14 C8H12O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C9H19N

101-40-6 767-12-4 1193-47-1 2816-57-1 2979-19-3 4255-62-3 1674-10-8 2808-76-6 1123-09-7 1638-26-2 1192-18-3 822-50-4 2532-58-3 1759-58-6 102-45-4

155.281 128.212 126.196 126.196 126.196 126.196 110.197 110.197 124.180 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 141.254

liq

11.5 -20.5

liq

39 -84.1

liq liq liq liq liq

-69.8 -54 -117.6 -133.7 -134

C7H12 C7H12 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C12H27N C6H12O4Si C2H6N2 C6H8O4 C6H8O4

765-47-9 16491-15-9 1630-94-0 930-18-7 2402-06-4 1120-24-7 2182-66-3 4143-41-3 2033-24-1 4511-42-6

96.170 96.170 70.133 70.133 70.133 185.349 176.243 58.082 144.126 144.126

liq liq vol liq or gas liq vol liq or gas

-90.4 -118 -109 -140.9 -149.6

liq gas

-12.5 -78 94 96.8

Isopropylidene glycerol

C6H12O3

100-79-8

132.157

Dicumene

C14H16O2Si C18H22 C17H14N2O2

3440-02-6 1889-67-4 139-25-3

244.362 238.368 278.305

C26H20N2

4733-39-5

360.450

C14H16Si C15H16N2O C2H6S2 C2H7O2PS2 C14H31NO

778-24-5 611-92-7 624-92-0 756-80-9 1643-20-5

212.363 240.300 94.199 158.180 229.402



4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044

4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053

N,α-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol 2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone 2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane N,αDimethylcyclopentaneethanamine 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane Dimethyldecylamine Dimethyldiacetoxysilane trans-Dimethyldiazene 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5dione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4methanol Dimethyldiphenoxysilane 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane 3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’diisocyanate 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10phenanthroline Dimethyldiphenylsilane N,N’-Dimethyl-N,N’-diphenylurea Dimethyl disulfide O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide

Synonym

Cyclopentamine

N,N-Dimethyl-1-decanamine Bis(acetyloxy)dimethylsilane Azomethane Meldrum’s acid

 

4045 4046 4047

Name

Methyl disulfide O,O-Dimethyl phosphorodithionate

orth (eth)

cry (MeOH)

-23 119.5

sl H2O, eth; s ace, ctc; vs chl, HOAc vs EtOH

205; 8210 185; 99.535 172 175 180; 7225 7314 138 127 208.5 87.5 99.5 91.9 90.8 91.7 171

0.850120 0.912814 0.914520 0.92525 0.90915 0.93220 0.822025 0.79925 0.940020 0.749925 0.768025 0.746825 0.740225 0.744325

1.460020 1.460615 1.448620 1.446020 1.448217 1.453724 1.462020 1.44920 1.481220 1.413620 1.422220 1.412020 1.408920 1.410720 1.450020

105.8 99 20.6 37.0 28.2 234.5 165 1.5

0.792825 0.78020 0.660420 0.688925 0.664825

1.444820 1.433120 1.366820 1.382920 1.371320

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, sulf i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

1.054020 0.7430

1.403020 1.419919

vs ace, EtOH, eth; s ctc, hp

8210

1.06420

1.438320

1315

1.059925

1.533020

s EtOH, eth

15025

s chl 280 dec

pl (al) liq liq hyg nd (tol)

122 -84.67 130.5

277; 17345 350 109.74 564

0.986720

1.564420

1.062520 1.2920

1.528920

vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

No.

O

O O

O cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone

NH

O 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione

N,α-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine

3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol

O

O

O

2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone

O

Dimethyl trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate

O

3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone

4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone

1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene

1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene

3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

H N



TeamLRN

1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane

cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane

trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane

N,α-Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamine

O

O

N 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene

1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane

Dimethyldecylamine

Si

1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene

O

O

N N

Dimethyldiacetoxysilane

trans-Dimethyldiazene

O O

O

O

HO

O

O

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione

cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione

O

O

O

O

O

O

Si

O 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol

Dimethyldiphenoxysilane

2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane

O N

N

2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline

Si Dimethyldiphenylsilane

N

N

N,N’-Dimethyl-N,N’-diphenylurea

S

S

Dimethyl disulfide

S O P O SH O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate

C

N

N

C

O

3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’-diisocyanate

O N N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.836120 0.80325 0.82815 0.886620

1.471825 1.426020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace

liq

-59 -141.5 -24 -70 -60.48 103.5 -62.8

127; 6090 104 120 134 -24.8 185.5 152 153 193 93

126.110 134.77 160.168 103.120 116.119 124.223 128.255

pl or lf (dil al) col cry liq hyg nd (PrOH) nd (to or dil al) liq liq

96 54.5 -42.5 185.5 245.5 -70 -113

223 302 214; 10921

3074-71-3

128.255

liq

-116

C9H20

2213-23-2

128.255

2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3,3-Dimethylheptane 3,4-Dimethylheptane

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20

2216-30-0 1072-05-5 4032-86-4 922-28-1

128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255

4077 3,5-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

926-82-9

4078 4,4-Dimethylheptane

C9H20 C9H16O4 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H18O C9H16O C9H19N C8H14 C8H14 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H12 C4H12N2 C4H12N2 C4H11NO C2H6O C10H14O C7H14O2 C3H7NO C6H8O4 C6H8O

2819-48-9 108-00-9 110-70-3 108-01-0 115-10-6 6669-13-2 7665-72-7 68-12-2 624-49-7 625-86-5

108.181 88.151 88.151 89.136 46.068 150.217 130.185 73.094 144.126 96.127

C6H6O3 C2H6GeS C7H12O4 C4H9NO2 C4H8N2O2 C9H16 C9H20

766-39-2 16090-49-6 1119-40-0 1118-68-9 95-45-4 6709-39-3 1071-26-7

4071 2,3-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

4072 2,4-Dimethylheptane 4073 4074 4075 4076

1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Dimethyl ether (1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl fumarate 2,5-Dimethylfuran

4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070

3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione Dimethyl germanium sulfide Dimethyl glutarate N,N-Dimethylglycine Dimethylglyoxime 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 2,2-Dimethylheptane

Dimethyl heptanedioate 2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane

DMF

Dimethyl pimelate Diisobutylcarbinol Diisobutyl ketone Isometheptene

liq col gas liq liq liq

0.921420 0.89820 0.944525 1.3720 0.888320

1.430020

s EtOH, eth, dil HCl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz

1.430520 1.4062111 1.436320

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.087620

1.424220

sub 234 143 132.7

vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, tol

0.764825 0.710520

1.401620

140.5

0.726020

1.408820

132.9

0.711525

1.403420

136 135.2 137.3 140.6

0.719820 0.708920 0.725420 0.731420

1.403320 1.401120 1.408720 1.410820

128.255

136

0.722520

1.408320

1068-19-5

128.255

135.2

0.722120

1.407620

1732-08-7 13254-34-7 108-82-7 19549-79-2 108-83-8 106-72-9 503-01-5 627-58-7 764-13-6 590-73-8 584-94-1 589-43-5 592-13-2 563-16-6 583-48-2

188.221 144.254 144.254 144.254 142.238 140.222 141.254 110.197 110.197 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229

12010, 801 173 174.5 186 169.4 120100 177 114.3 134.5 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73

1.062520 0.818620 0.811420 0.83618 0.806220

1.430920 1.424220 1.424220 1.428320 1.41221

i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

0.74320 0.757725 0.695320 0.691225 0.696225 0.690125 0.710020 0.715125

1.4399521 1.478520 1.393520 1.401120 1.392925 1.392520 1.400120 1.404120

liq

-102.9

-21

liq oil

-41.5

liq liq

-75.6 14 -121.1

liq liq

-91 -126.1

1.107100

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz

 

4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093

Deanol Methyl ether

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063

Synonym

O H2N

N

N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N H

N

N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

N,N-Dimethylethanolamine

Dimethyl ether

(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene

O O N

O [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane

O

N,N-Dimethylformamide

HO O

O



TeamLRN

O

O

O

O

O

O

Dimethyl fumarate

2,5-Dimethylfuran

O

S Ge

O

3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione

Dimethyl germanium sulfide

N

O N

O Dimethyl glutarate

N

OH

N,N-Dimethylglycine

OH

Dimethylglyoxime

2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene

2,2-Dimethylheptane

2,3-Dimethylheptane

2,4-Dimethylheptane

O

O

O 2,5-Dimethylheptane

2,6-Dimethylheptane

3,3-Dimethylheptane

3,4-Dimethylheptane

3,5-Dimethylheptane

4,4-Dimethylheptane

O Dimethyl heptanedioate

OH OH

OH

O

NH O

2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol

2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene

3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

2,2-Dimethylhexane

2,3-Dimethylhexane

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,4-Dimethylhexane

2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal

2,5-Dimethylhexane

N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine

3,3-Dimethylhexane

3,4-Dimethylhexane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane

H N

No.

Name

4094 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine 4095 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol

4105 4106 4107 4108



4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118

4130

1,1-Dimethylindan 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole 2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3ethanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3methanamine Dimethyl isophthalate 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene 1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole Dimethylmagnesium Dimethyl maleate Dimethyl malonate Dimethylmalonic acid Dimethyl mercury Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2butenedioate Dimethyl methylenesuccinate

4131 Dimethyl methylmalonate 4132 Dimethyl methylphosphonate

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediol

C8H20N2 C8H18O2

23578-35-0 110-03-2

144.258 146.228

C8H18O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C15H22

2370-13-0 16746-86-4 7116-86-1 7145-20-2 3404-78-2 690-92-6 690-93-7 3329-48-4 644-30-4

130.228 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 128.212 202.336

C8H14O2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H10Cl2N2

142-30-3 57-14-7 540-73-8 306-37-6

142.196 60.098 60.098 133.019

C2H7O4P C2H7O3P C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2O2

813-78-5 868-85-9 1739-84-0 930-62-1 77-71-4

126.048 110.049 96.131 96.131 128.130

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

C11H14 C10H11N C10H11N C12H16N2

4912-92-9 875-30-9 91-55-4 61-50-7

146.229 145.201 145.201 188.268

Gramine

C11H14N2

87-52-5

C10H10O4 C15H18 C15H18 C10H22 C5H7NO C2H6Mg C6H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C2H6Hg C7H10O4

α-Curcumene

Dimethyl phosphate

Guaiazulene Cadalene

Magnesium dimethyl Methyl cis-butenedioate Methyl malonate Dimethylpropanedioc acid Dimethyl citraconate

Physical Form pr (AcOEt) fl (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

0.848515 0.89820

1.445920

88.50

184; 638 214 95 110.5 104 121.8 112.2 105.5 100.8 146.5 14019

0.717225 0.70525 0.736625 0.718220 0.708625 0.699525 0.838220 0.880520

1.411320 1.404920 1.426820 1.414020 1.409920 1.406320 1.434220 1.498920

205 63.9 81

0.94720 0.79122 0.827420

1.407522 1.420920

dec 174 170.5 206 267 sub

1.322520 1.200220 1.005111

191 258.5 287

0.91920

Solubility s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl

29

liq

-115.1

liq

-137.4

95 liq, fumes in air -57.20 fumes (air) -8.9 pr (w) 170 dec

pr (dil al)

92 178

nd

142 107.5 46

174.242

nd or pl (ace)

138.5

1459-93-4 489-84-9 483-78-3 13475-79-1 300-87-8 2999-74-8 624-48-6 108-59-8 595-46-0 593-74-8 617-54-9

194.184 198.304 198.304 142.282 97.116 54.374 144.126 132.116 132.116 230.66 158.152

nd(dil al) bl-viol pl (al)

67.5 31.5

liq

-81.7

solid liq liq pr (bz/peth)

220 dec -19 -61.9 192.5

C7H10O4

617-52-7

158.152

C6H10O4 C3H9O3P

609-02-9 756-79-6

146.141 124.075

hyg mcl (MeOH)

38

1.40825 1.403620

i H2O; s bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH s EtOH, py; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s DMSO

1.513525 s eth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i peth 282 16712 294; 14910 157.1 143 subl 202 181.4 subl 93 210.5

1.19420 0.97320 0.966725 0.754525 0.9925

1.516820 1.578525 1.424620 1.442120

 

4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129

2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol 2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol 1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4methylbenzene 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite 1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole 2,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Mol. Form.

1.160620 1.52820

1.441620 1.413520

3.1725 1.115320

1.545220 1.447320

sl H2O, lig; s eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s chl s hot H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

208

1.124118

1.445720

s EtOH, eth, MeOH; vs ace

174 181; 79.520

1.097720 1.168420

1.412820 1.409930

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

sl H2O s EtOH, eth, AcOEt vs oils

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104

Synonym

H2N

HO NH2

OH

OH 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol

2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol

2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene

5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene

2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene

2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene

cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene

HO NH2 N

OH OH trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene

3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol

1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzene

2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol

N H

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

H N

N H

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

H N

2 HCl

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride

O O

N



TeamLRN

O O P O OH

O P O H

Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate

Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite

N

N

NH

N H

1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

O

N H

2,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

N H

N

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

1,1-Dimethylindan

1,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole

2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole

O O N

N

N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine

O Dimethylmagnesium

O O Dimethyl maleate

Dimethyl isophthalate

O

O

O O

N

O

N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3-methanamine

O Mg

O

N H

N H

O

Dimethyl malonate

HO

1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene

1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene

2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane

O

O OH

Dimethylmalonic acid

O Hg Dimethyl mercury

O O O

Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2-butenedioate

O

O O

O Dimethyl methylenesuccinate

O

O O

Dimethyl methylmalonate

O

3,5-Dimethylisoxazole

O O P O Dimethyl methylphosphonate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C10H16O2

4638-92-0

168.233

pr

20.0

245

C7H12O4 C9H13O4PS

1604-11-1 3254-63-5

160.168 248.235

liq

C6H13NO

141-91-3

115.173

liq

C6H14NO4P

597-25-1

195.153

liq

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12

573-98-8 575-41-7 571-58-4

156.223 156.223 156.223

liq

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H13N C12H13N C8H10N2O2 C8H10N2O2 C8H10N2O2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C5H7N3O2 C16H16N2O2

571-61-9 575-43-9 575-37-1 569-41-5 581-40-8 581-42-0 582-16-1 86-56-6 2436-85-3 610-17-3 619-31-8 100-23-2 83-41-0 99-51-4 81-20-9 99-12-7 89-58-7 89-87-2 551-92-8 4584-57-0

156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 171.238 171.238 166.177 166.177 166.177 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 141.129 268.310

p-Tolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide

C8H10N2O3S

80-11-5

214.241

cry

Methyl azelate Myrtenal

C11H20O4 C10H14O

1732-10-1 564-94-3

216.275 150.217

unstab oil

C10H16O C10H16O C10H18 C10H16O2 C10H18O C12H20O2

106-26-3 141-27-5 2436-90-0 459-80-3 106-25-2 141-12-8

152.233 152.233 138.250 168.233 154.249 196.286

4133 trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 4134 Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate 4135 Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate 4136 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine 4137 Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate 4138 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 4139 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 4140 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene



4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163

Guajen

4-Nitro-o-xylene

Dimetridazole

Citronellene Geranic acid Nerol

liq liq lf (al)

viol flr cry dk red nd ye-oran red mcl pr (eth) ye nd (al) nd (al) ye pr (al) nd (al) pa ye liq nd (w)

-88

146.6

nD

Solubility vs eth, EtOH, chl

1.07625 1.27321

1.420020

0.932920

1.446020

msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl chl

i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O

sl H2O; s ace, EtOH, diox, ctc, xyl

961 0.8 -6 7.6

266.5 263 268

1.017920 1.014420 1.016620

1.616620 1.614020 1.612720

82 -16.9 -13.9 65 105 112 97

265 264 263 270 268 262 265 250; 14013 305 14620 282.5

1.002120 1.011520 1.00320 1.00320 1.00320 1.00320 1.042320 1.027960 1.179420 1.31317

1.616620 1.608320

1.140220 1.11215 1.11215

1.544120 1.520220 1.520220

1.13215 1.13515

1.541320 1.547325

52.5 -20 60.5 164.5 15 30.5 15 75 -25 9 138.5 258.3

240 251; 14321 226 274 240.5 247; 12218

1.506020

1.62415 1.644353 1.610220

60 -0.8

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 15620 9915

1.008220

1.436720

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc

12020 229

0.886920 0.888820 0.760120

1.486920 1.489820 1.436220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

225; 12525 13425, 933

0.875620 0.90515

1.474620 1.45220

vs EtOH

 

4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169

1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene 1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene 1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethenyl]aniline N,4-Dimethyl-Nnitrosobenzenesulfonamide Dimethyl nonanedioate 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2carboxaldehyde cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate

Dimethyl 4-morpholinylphosphonate

196

den/g cm-3

oil <-15

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

Synonym

O O P O O

O OH

O

O O

O trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene

Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate

1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene

O

O

2,6-Dimethylmorpholine

Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate

1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene

N N

N N



TeamLRN

2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene

N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine

N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine

O N

O

N O

N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline

O

N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline

N

O

N

N O

O

N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline

O N

O O

1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene

1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

N

N

1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene

O N

1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

N

O

2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene

O

O

O

N,4-Dimethyl-N-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide

O Dimethyl nonanedioate

6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2-carboxaldehyde

O

O trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

O OH

O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

O

O

N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]aniline

O

N O

O

O O S

N

O

O

N N O

O

O

1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene

O N

O

N

O N

3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid

OH cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol

O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene

S

Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate

O O P O N

H N

No.

Name

4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H18O2

105-86-2

182.260

C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H18O4 C10H22O2 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16

15869-87-1 7146-60-3 4032-94-4 15869-89-3 2051-30-1 1072-16-8 15869-92-8 15869-94-0 1732-09-8 107-74-4 29662-90-6 2370-14-1 106-21-8 18479-57-7 151-19-9 78-69-3 3338-55-4 3779-61-1 502-99-8 17202-20-9 3016-19-1

142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 202.248 174.281 172.265 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 136.234 136.234 136.234 136.234 136.234

C10H18O C10H20 C10H18O2 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C12H22O2 C5H10N2O5

106-23-0 4984-01-4 502-47-6 1117-61-9 7540-51-4 6812-78-8 18479-51-1 150-84-5 1854-26-8

154.249 140.266 170.249 156.265 156.265 156.265 156.265 198.302 178.143

nd or orth cry col liq

553-90-2 695-53-4 6921-35-3 1955-45-9 558-30-5 1758-33-4 6189-41-9 815-17-8 2873-97-4

118.089 129.115 86.132 100.117 72.106 72.106 72.106 130.141 169.221

mcl tab

Diacetone acrylamide

C4H6O4 C5H7NO3 C5H10O C5H8O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C6H10O3 C9H15NO2

Dimethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate

C7H10O5

1830-54-2

174.151

Dimethyl suberate

Tetrahydromyrcenol

cis-β-Ocimene trans-β-Ocimene α-Ocimene cis-allo-Ocimene trans-allo-Ocimene Citronellal Citronellic acid Citronellol, (+) Citronellol, (-) Rhodinol Citronellol acetate 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3bis(hydroxymethyl)-2imidazolidinone Dimethadione

2-Methyl-1,2-epoxypropane

mp/˚C

liq

-54.9

liq

-1.6

liq

liq

liq liq

-67.5

-35.4

oil oil

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

dec 229; 11325 155 164.3 156 158.5 160.4 159.9 163.4 160.8 268 265 14013 97 212.5 80.510 202.2 205.1

0.908625

1.465920

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

0.720825 0.737720 0.722625 0.726425 0.731320 0.720225 0.741025 0.732425 1.021720 0.93720

1.408220 1.414620 1.409120 1.411220 1.409720 1.408620 1.418220 1.413920 1.434120 1.459920

s eth, HOAc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl bz, tol

dec 177

0.8420 0.83225 0.802325 0.834722 0.82625 0.79920 0.79920 0.800020

188; 9120

0.811820

1.544620

207.5 154 257; 15723 224; 10810 224; 10810 11412 9414 11510

0.85320 0.739620 0.923421 0.855020 0.85918 0.854920 0.869515

1.447320 1.421220

sl H2O; s EtOH

1.456520 1.457618 1.455620 1.456915

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

163.5

1.171660

1.37982

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

80.6 5815 52 60 56.5 189; 8015

0.83425

1.396520

0.811220 0.822625 0.801025

1.371222 1.380220 1.373620

1.18525

1.443420

1.43825 1.422025 1.437020 1.43325

s eth

1.486220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

hyg cry

liq liq

54.8 76.5

-80 -85 90.5

15025, 770.6

s EtOH, eth vs eth, ace, bz vs eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s chl

 

Dimethyl oxalate 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione 3,3-Dimethyloxetane 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone 2,2-Dimethyloxirane cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2propenamide 4210 Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



4170 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formate 4171 2,2-Dimethyloctane 4172 2,3-Dimethyloctane 4173 2,4-Dimethyloctane 4174 2,5-Dimethyloctane 4175 2,6-Dimethyloctane 4176 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4177 3,4-Dimethyloctane 4178 3,6-Dimethyloctane 4179 Dimethyl octanedioate 4180 3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol 4181 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid 4182 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol 4183 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol 4184 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol 4185 3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol 4186 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol 4187 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene 4188 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene 4189 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene 4190 cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene 4191 trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6octatriene 4192 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal 4193 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene 4194 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid 4195 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (R) 4196 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (S) 4197 3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, (S) 4198 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol 4199 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate 4200 Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea

Synonym

O

O

trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formate

2,2-Dimethyloctane

2,3-Dimethyloctane

2,4-Dimethyloctane

2,5-Dimethyloctane

2,6-Dimethyloctane

2,7-Dimethyloctane

O

O

O

HO

OH

3,4-Dimethyloctane

3,6-Dimethyloctane

OH

OH

O Dimethyl octanedioate

3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol

2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid

2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol

HO OH

HO OH

3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol

2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol

3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol

3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol

cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene

trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene

3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene



TeamLRN

OH

O

OH

O cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal

3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid

HO

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (R)

OH O

OH

OH

O

HO 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (S)

3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, (S)

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol

O

O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone

N

O

O

Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea

Dimethyl oxalate

O O

O

cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

H N

OH O

O 2,2-Dimethyloxirane

3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid

O

O

H N

O O

OH

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate

O

3,3-Dimethyloxetane

HO

O

O

O

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

O O

N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2-propenamide

O O

O

O

Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

93.2 141100 79.2

0.734323 0.896225 0.673920

1.439023 1.441925 1.382220

89.78

0.690825

1.389425

-119.2

80.49

0.672720

1.381520

-134.4

86.06

0.693620

1.390920

125.8

18125, 15620

103.5

126415, 892 989

1.427820 0.918920

133.1 135 139.7 138.7 126 125.6 125.4 84.3 81.6 77.5 80.8 72.5 97.5 83.4 89.3 91.5 80.4 76.7 76.1 83 14

0.80420 0.810320 0.825320 0.83320 0.828820 0.80925 0.812520 0.810820 0.705120 0.694320 0.697420 0.693425 0.682720 0.727720 0.695420 0.709225 0.712425 0.695125 0.688920 0.714220 0.717620 0.86770

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4211 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene 4212 N,N-Dimethylpentanamide 4213 2,2-Dimethylpentane

C7H12 C7H15NO C7H16

1000-86-8 6225-06-5 590-35-2

96.170 129.200 100.202

4214 2,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

565-59-3

100.202

4215 2,4-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

108-08-7

100.202

liq

4216 3,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

562-49-2

100.202

liq

C7H10O3

4160-82-1

142.152

Neocuproine

C7H12O4 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H12 C7H12 C2H6O2 C14H12N2

4839-46-7 1185-39-3 2370-12-9 4911-70-0 625-06-9 3970-62-5 595-41-5 600-36-2 590-50-1 564-04-5 565-80-0 3404-72-6 2213-32-3 3404-73-7 7385-78-6 762-62-9 10574-37-5 625-65-0 4914-91-4 4914-92-5 762-63-0 690-08-4 13361-63-2 999-78-0 690-02-8 484-11-7

160.168 130.185 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 114.185 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 96.170 96.170 62.068 208.258

C24H27O4P C15H22O3

3862-11-1 25812-30-0

410.442 250.334

cry

72 62

2617 1590.02

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s bz

Gemfibrozil

C10H13NO C18H16N2O

2050-43-3 3118-97-6

163.216 276.332

nd (al) red nd (al)

129.3 166

17010

1-(2,4-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol

vs EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH

1-(2,5-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol

C18H16N2O

85-82-5

276.332

nd (al)

153

Diisopropyl ketone

liq

mcl pl, nd (bz) liq

liq

liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq vol liq or gas cry, 1/2w (w, lig)

<-20 -2.5 <-30 <-70 -64 -45 -69 -134.3 -124.1 -134.3 -136.6 -118.3 -127.7 -113.4 -124.2 -135.4 -115.2 -75.7 -82.4 -100 159.5

Solubility vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz; i lig

1.417220 1.422320 1.428720 1.425020 1.403620 1.406520 1.399920 1.403320 1.398620 1.398420 1.399220 1.381820 1.420820 1.404020 1.410420 1.412820 1.402620 1.398220 1.398320 1.407120 1.35030

s chl sl H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH, eth; s tol, HOAc

 

4244 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1) 4245 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2dimethylpentanoic acid 4246 N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide 4247 1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2naphthol 4248 1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2naphthol

Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-pyran2,6(3H)-dione

liq

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



mp/˚C -114 -51 -123.7

Mol. Form.

4217 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydride 4218 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid 4219 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid 4220 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 4221 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 4222 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 4223 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4224 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4225 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4226 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone 4227 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 4228 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 4229 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4230 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4231 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4232 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4233 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4234 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4235 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4236 cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4237 trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4238 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4239 trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4240 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4241 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne 4242 Dimethylperoxide 4243 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline

Synonym

HO

N O

O

N,N-Dimethylpentanamide

2,2-Dimethylpentane

2,3-Dimethylpentane

2,4-Dimethylpentane

O

O

O

3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydride

O

3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid

HO

OH

HO OH

O 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid

3,3-Dimethylpentane

2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol

OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

O

OH

OH

2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone

 O 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene



TeamLRN

O 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

O 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne

4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne

O

Dimethylperoxide

O O O P O O N

N

2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline

HN N O

N

N OH

OH

N OH

O 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1)

5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid

N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide

1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene

OH

No.

Name

4249 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 4250 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 4251 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±) 2,6-Dimethylpiperidine 3,5-Dimethylpiperidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene (2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl) cyclohexanone 4285 1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3methylbutanoate 4286 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,4-Dimethylacetophenone 2,5-Dimethylacetophenone 3,4-Dimethylacetophenone

C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O

89-74-7 2142-73-6 3637-01-2

148.201 148.201 148.201

C13H16O

538-44-3

188.265

4,4-Dimethylphenidone

C11H14O C11H12N2 C11H14N2O

938-16-9 1131-16-4 2654-58-2

162.228 172.226 190.241

Pheniramine

C16H20N2

86-21-5

240.343

Methsuximide

C12H13NO2

77-41-8

203.237

C8H12Si C9H12N2O C2H7P C2H7O2P C2H6ClO2PS

766-77-8 101-42-8 676-59-5 3283-12-3 2524-03-0

136.267 164.203 62.051 94.050 160.560

C10H10O4 C6H14N2 C6H14N2

131-11-3 106-58-1 6284-84-0

194.184 114.188 114.188

C7H15N C7H15N C7H15N C5H10O C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H13N C5H14N2 C5H12O2 C5H9N C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H9ClO C5H9NO C5H13N C11H16 C11H16 C11H20O

2512-81-4 504-03-0 35794-11-7 630-19-3 754-10-9 758-96-3 926-63-6 109-55-7 126-30-7 630-18-2 1679-08-9 75-98-9 75-84-3 3282-30-2 2680-03-7 5813-64-9 2049-95-8 1007-26-7 16587-71-6

113.201 113.201 113.201 86.132 101.147 101.147 87.164 102.178 104.148 83.132 104.214 102.132 88.148 120.577 99.131 87.164 148.245 148.245 168.276

C10H20O2

542-37-0

172.265

C11H16O

3279-27-4

164.244

Fenuron

Dimethyl chlorothiophosphate

3,5-Lupetidine Pivaldehyde

Dimethylpropylamine Neopentyl glycol tert-Butyl cyanide Neopentyl mercaptan Trimethylacetic acid Neopentyl alcohol Pivalic acid chloride N,N-Dimethylacrylamide 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanamine

tert-Pentyl isopentanoate

 

4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284

Mol. Form.

Physical Form liq liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-18.1 -1.5

228 232.5 246.5

1.012115 0.996319 1.009014

1.534020 1.529120 1.541315

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc, HOAc

43

15425

0.950846

1.552325

220 272; 14512.5

0.96326 1.056620

1.508619 1.573819

s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl

18113, 1350.5 1.008125

1.551925

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.499520

i H2O

176

52.5

1210.1 156.5

cry (hx) vol liq or gas cry (bz) hyg liq

132

pa ye liq orth bipym nd or pr (chl)

5.5 -0.59 114

6 liq

nd (bz) liq nd

92

-45

129.13 15 35 52.5

liq

96

25 377 6812

0.889120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 1.322

1.482020

283.7 131 162

1.190520 0.860020

1.513820 1.447420 1.472020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz

127.5 127 144 77.5

0.82415 0.815825 0.85325 0.792317

1.439520 1.437720 1.445420 1.379120

vs H2O, eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s acid

175 66 132 208 106.1 103.7 164 113.5 107 8120 82 192.4 185 12516, 10911

0.926920 0.715220 0.827220

1.386020

0.758625

1.377420

0.90550 0.81220 1.00320 0.96225 0.745520 0.874820 0.858118 0.92025

1.393130

173.5

0.87290

s EtOH, eth s tfa vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

1.413920 1.473020 1.402320 1.495820 1.488418 1.467720

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth vs eth

vs EtOH sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



4252 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3one 4253 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone 4254 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole 4255 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3pyrazolidinone 4256 N,N-Dimethyl-γ-phenyl-2pyridinepropanamine 4257 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 4258 Dimethylphenylsilane 4259 N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea 4260 Dimethylphosphine 4261 Dimethylphosphinic acid 4262 O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate 4263 Dimethyl phthalate 4264 1,4-Dimethylpiperazine 4265 cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine

Synonym

O O

O O

1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

O N N,N-Dimethyl-γ-phenyl-2-pyridinepropanamine



TeamLRN

N

N H

1,4-Dimethylpiperazine

cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine

O

Dimethylphenylsilane

N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine

Dimethylphosphine

N H

4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone

S O P O Cl

O P OH

H P

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea

N

3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole

N O

N

HO

N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine

N H

N H

2,6-Dimethylpiperidine

3,5-Dimethylpiperidine

N 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±)



H2N

N

H N

N

Dimethylphosphinic acid

O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate

H N

N

Dimethyl phthalate

N

2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone

O

1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

O O O

4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-one

H Si

N

N

O

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

2,2-Dimethylpropanal

SH 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile

O

O

2,2-Dimethylpropanamide

N,N-Dimethylpropanamide

O

O

N

OH

N

NH2 O

2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol

OH

OH 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid

2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

Cl 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride

O OH O

N O N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide

NH2 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine

O (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene

(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene

4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)cyclohexanone

1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3-methylbutanoate

2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

O

No.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

lf (eth) pl, nd (sub)

95 51.5 132

pr

15 47.5

cry (peth, al)

107.5

262.5 245 251; 14025 156 155 155.6 137 218

0.9953137 1.02810 0.988720 0.964750 0.956117 0.883916

235 196

1.014914

1.566320

pl (eth)

230 61 182 114

161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84 13322

0.931925 0.930920 0.929720 0.922620 0.928120 0.941920 1.07325

1.505720 1.501020 1.500620 1.495320 1.509620 1.506120 1.570620



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294

4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol 4,6-Dimethyl-2H-pyran-2-one 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole 3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

p-tert-Pentylphenol

C11H16O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2

80-46-6 675-09-2 1004-36-0 5910-89-4 123-32-0 108-50-9 694-48-4 67-51-6

164.244 124.138 124.138 108.141 108.141 108.141 96.131 96.131

4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309

C18H14 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C6H9N3 C6H9N3 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O2

15679-24-0 5407-87-4 5683-33-0 1122-58-3 583-61-9 108-47-4 589-93-5 108-48-5 583-58-4 591-22-0 1073-23-0 767-15-7 461-98-3 1558-17-4 874-14-6

230.304 122.167 122.167 122.167 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 123.152 123.155 123.155 108.141 140.140

4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323

2,7-Dimethylpyrene 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine 2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine 1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 2,4-Dimethylquinoline 2,6-Dimethylquinoline 2,7-Dimethylquinoline 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline Dimethyl sebacate Dimethyl selenide Dimethylsilane Dimethylstearylamine Dimethyl succinate Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride Dimethyl sulfate

C6H9N C6H9N C6H13N C11H11N C11H11N C11H11N C10H10N2 C12H22O4 C2H6Se C2H8Si C20H43N C6H10O4 C2H6ClNO2S C2H6O4S

625-82-1 625-84-3 765-48-0 1198-37-4 877-43-0 93-37-8 2379-55-7 106-79-6 593-79-3 1111-74-6 124-28-7 106-65-0 13360-57-1 77-78-1

95.142 95.142 99.174 157.212 157.212 157.212 158.199 230.301 109.03 60.171 297.562 146.141 143.593 126.132

pa bl flr cry

4324 4325 4326 4327 4328

Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfite 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfoxide

C2H6S C2H6O3S C6H12O2S C2H6O2S C2H6OS

75-18-3 616-42-2 1003-78-7 67-71-0 67-68-5

62.134 110.132 148.223 94.133 78.133

liq

-98.24

liq pr

-1.5 108.9 17.89

2,3-Lutidine 2,4-Lutidine 2,5-Lutidine 2,6-Lutidine 3,4-Lutidine 3,5-Lutidine

Kyanmethin

4-Methylquinaldine m-Toluquinaldine

Methyl selenide 2-Silapropane Dymanthine Dimethylaminosulfonyl chloride

DMSO

liq liq liq liq liq hyg nd (al), pl (bz)

-64 -16 -6.1 -11 -6.6 35 153.5 183 25 123.5

6.5 oil orth pr (eth) orth pr (eth) nd (w+3, ace) lo pr col gas

60 61 106 38 -150 22.9 19 -27

sub 159

nD

1.498020 1.473415

1.488020

Solubility vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH

s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace msc H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; vs chl sl H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O sl EtOH; s eth, chl

168 171; 518 99 265 266.5 264.5

0.923620 0.935320 0.79920 1.061115

1.504820 1.503620

17520, 1445 57 -20

0.988228 1.407715 0.68-80

1.435528

196.4 8016 dec 188; 7615 37.33 126 281 238 189

1.119820

1.419720

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; vs eth

1.332220

1.387420

0.848320 1.212920 1.136220 1.1700110 1.101025

1.443820 1.408320 1.473220 1.4226 1.479320

s H2O, eth, bz, ctc; msc EtOH; i CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, AcOEt

 

Synonym

1.607520

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Physical Form

Name

OH O N O 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

O

N

O

4,6-Dimethyl-2H-pyran-2-one

N

2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one

2,3-Dimethylpyrazine

N N

N

N

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine

2,6-Dimethylpyrazine

N

1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

N H

N N

3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

2,7-Dimethylpyrene

N

NH2

4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine

N

N

N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine

N

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine

N

2,3-Dimethylpyridine

2,4-Dimethylpyridine

NH2



TeamLRN

N

N

2,5-Dimethylpyridine

2,6-Dimethylpyridine

N

N O

3,5-Dimethylpyridine

2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide

N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine

N N

N NH2

N

4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine

2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine

O N

N N

N 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine

1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline

O O

Dimethyl succinate

2,5-Dimethylpyrrole

N

O Cl S O

Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride

Dimethyl sulfate

2,4-Dimethylquinoline

2,6-Dimethylquinoline

H Si

Dimethyl sebacate

O O S O O

N

N

1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine

O O

O O

2,4-Dimethylpyrrole

O

N

2,7-Dimethylquinoline

N

N H

O

N N

N H

O

Se

H

Dimethyl selenide

Dimethylsilane

O

O

S

S O

Dimethyl sulfide

Dimethyl sulfite

N Dimethylstearylamine

S O O 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane

O O S

O S

Dimethyl sulfone

Dimethyl sulfoxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Dimethyl 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, [R-(R*,R*)]-

C6H10O6

608-68-4

178.139

C2H6Te C10H10O4 C10H6Cl4O4 C12H14N4OS

593-80-6 120-61-6 1861-32-1 92-35-3

157.67 194.184 331.965 262.330

Tridemorph Fluometuron

C4H6N2S C14H12S2 C5H7NS C5H7NS C4H9NS C8H14O4S C6H8S C6H8S C6H8S C6H8S C3H8N2S C3H8N2S C19H39NO C10H11F3N2O

27464-82-0 135-58-0 541-58-2 3581-91-7 631-67-4 4131-74-2 632-16-6 638-00-6 638-02-8 632-15-5 6972-05-0 534-13-4 24602-86-6 2164-17-2

114.169 244.375 113.182 113.182 103.186 206.260 112.193 112.193 112.193 112.193 104.174 104.174 297.519 232.201

Pseudoionone

C2H6S3 C13H20O

3658-80-8 141-10-6

126.264 192.297

C3H8N2O C3H8N2O

598-94-7 96-31-1

88.108 88.108

C2H6Zn C10H16N4O3 C20H38N4O4 C26H20N2

544-97-8 644-64-4 119-48-2 93-46-9

95.478 240.259 398.541 360.450

C20H14S2 C21H16N2O C15H17Cl2N3O C11H13F3N4O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4

5586-15-2 607-56-7 83657-24-3 29091-05-2 602-03-9 97-02-9

318.455 312.364 326.221 322.241 183.122 183.122

4362 2,5-Dinitroaniline 4363 2,6-Dinitroaniline

C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4

619-18-1 606-22-4

183.122 183.122

4364 3,5-Dinitroaniline 4365 1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione 4366 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

C6H5N3O4 C14H6N2O6 C14H6N2O6

618-87-1 82-35-9 129-39-5

183.122 298.207 298.207

4329 Dimethyl L-tartrate



4330 4331 4332 4333

Dimethyl telluride Dimethyl terephthalate Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate 2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol

4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347

2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2,7-Dimethylthianthrene 2,4-Dimethylthiazole 4,5-Dimethylthiazole N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide Dimethyl thiodipropionate 2,3-Dimethylthiophene 2,4-Dimethylthiophene 2,5-Dimethylthiophene 3,4-Dimethylthiophene N,N-Dimethylthiourea N,N’-Dimethylthiourea 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]urea Dimethyl trisulfide 6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2one N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea

4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361

Dimethyl zinc Dimetilan Dimorpholamine N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4benzenediamine Di-2-naphthyl disulfide N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea Diniconazole Dinitramine 2,3-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitroaniline

Mesulphen

Physical Form (i) cry (bz) (ii) cry (w) pa ye

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

50(form a); 61(form b)

280

1.30645

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

94 288

1.075141

vs EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth, chl

202.5 1843 146; 7150 158

1.056215 1.069920

1.509120

s H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, peth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

16218, 14818 141.6 140.7 136.5 145

1.155920 1.002120 0.993820 0.985020 0.99325

1.474020 1.519220 1.510420 1.512920 1.520620

1411.3

0.86

ye pr (chl)

141 155 228.8

nd (HOAc,al)

65 123 83.5 74.5

liq

-49

liq

-62.6

cry (w) hyg pl

161.5 62

nD

sub

mcl pr (al, chl) orth bipym (chl-eth) liq, ign in air col solid cry (peth)

nd nd (py, HOAc) cry

ye nd (ace) grn ye tab (al) oran nd (al) gold lf (HOAc) ye nd (al) ye nd (dil al) pa ye nd (xyl)

182.1 106.6 -43.0 69 41.5 235 139.5 296 149 98 128 180.0

vs ace, EtOH 416 14412

0.898420

269

1.255525 1.14225

s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl

1.38610

s eth; msc peth s H2O, chl, EtOH, ace, xyl vs H2O i EtOH, eth, bz

46 20513 2290.4

1.144145 sub

56.7

1.64650 1.61514

138.0 141.5 163 385 312

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i CS 2

164

pa ye oil

Solubility

1.533520

1.455520

s EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs py s H2O, ace, MeOH, xyl i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, HCl vs EtOH i H2O, lig; sl EtOH; s eth, bz

1.60150 sub

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs PhNO 2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

Synonym

O

O

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH O O

O O

Te

OH

Dimethyl telluride

Dimethyl terephthalate

S

N

O N

S 4,5-Dimethylthiazole

O

O

Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate

S

N

N

2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol

S

S 2,7-Dimethylthianthrene

S

N

O

S

Dimethyl thiodipropionate



H N

2,4-Dimethylthiophene



TeamLRN

F

H N

S 3,4-Dimethylthiophene

S

N,N-Dimethylthiourea

N,N’-Dimethylthiourea

N

N

F F

2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine

H N

NH2

O

N

2,4-Dimethylthiazole

S

S 2,5-Dimethylthiophene

S

2,3-Dimethylthiophene

O

N

2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole

O

O

N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide

S

HO

O

S

N N

N

S

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea

S

O

S

Dimethyl trisulfide

H N

NH2

O

Zn

N,N’-Dimethylurea

Dimethyl zinc

O

6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2-one

N,N-Dimethylurea

H N

N N O N

N

N

O

O O

O

N

O N

N

O

H N

N O

HN

H N

OH

Cl

NH

S S

N

Cl

Dimetilan

F

Dimorpholamine

NH2 O N

F

F N O

N

N

O

Dinitramine

O

NH2 O N N O

N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4-benzenediamine

NH2 O N O O

2,3-Dinitroaniline

NH2 O N

O O

O

N

O

2,4-Dinitroaniline

N O 2,5-Dinitroaniline

Di-2-naphthyl disulfide

N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea

O

NH2 O O

O N

NH2 O N

2,6-Dinitroaniline

O

O

N O

N O

3,5-Dinitroaniline

O

N

O

Diniconazole

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

O O

N

O

O

1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Dimethyl L-tartrate

O

N

No.

Name

Synonym

4367 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H4N2O5

528-75-6

196.117

C7H5N3O5 C6H4N2O4

121-81-3 528-29-0

211.132 168.107

4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379

m-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol

C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O6 C6H3ClN2O4S C6H4N2O7S C7H4N2O6 C7H4N2O6 C7H4N2O6 C7H3ClN2O5 C12H8N2O4

99-65-0 100-25-4 519-44-8 528-76-7 89-02-1 610-30-0 528-45-0 99-34-3 99-33-2 2436-96-6

168.107 168.107 200.105 234.617 248.170 212.116 212.116 212.116 230.562 244.203

C12H8N2O4 C4H8N2O4 C12H9N3O4

1528-74-1 4286-49-1 1821-27-8

244.203 148.118 259.217

C12H8N2O5 C12H8N2O4S C2H4N2O4

101-63-3 1223-31-0 600-40-8

260.202 276.268 120.064

4386 1,2-Dinitroethane 4387 Dinitromethane 4388 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene

C2H4N2O4 CH2N2O4 C10H6N2O4

7570-26-5 625-76-3 606-37-1

120.064 106.038 218.166

4389 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene

C10H6N2O4

605-71-0

218.166

4390 4391 4392 4393

C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5

602-38-0 605-69-6 66-56-8 51-28-5

218.166 234.165 184.106 184.106

4394 2,5-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

329-71-5

184.106

4395 2,6-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

573-56-8

184.106

4396 4397 4398 4399

C6H4N2O5 C8H6N2O6 C12H9N3O5 C12H9N3O4

577-71-9 4232-27-3 119-15-3 961-68-2

184.106 226.143 275.216 259.217

C9H9N3O4S2

89-37-2

287.315

C6H6N4O4

119-26-6

198.137

1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride 2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

4380 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl 4381 1,4-Dinitrobutane 4382 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine



4383 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether 4384 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide 4385 1,1-Dinitroethane

1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol 2,3-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol

3,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate 4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol 2,4-Dinitro-N-phenylaniline

4400 2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate 4401 (2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine

4-Nitro-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline Bis(4-nitrophenyl) ether Bis(4-nitrophenyl) sulfide

orth pl (al) nd (al) ye lf (al) ye pr (bz-peth) nd (w+3) nd (w) cry (dil al) mcl pr (al) ye nd (bz) ye mcl pr or nd (al) nd (al) pl (al) ye nd(al)

bp/˚C

72

20015

184 116.5

318; 19430

1.3119120

291; 16714 297; 18334

1.575118 1.62518

90.3 173.5 147.5 99 108 183 166 205 74 126 242.3 33.5 217.5

146.0 oran pl (HOAc) 160.5 ye mcl (bz, MeOH) 39.5 ye nd <-15 ye nd (bz, py- 148 w) hex nd (ace, 219 HOAc) ye orth pl (chl) 173 ye nd (al, chl) 138.8 ye nd (w) 144.5 pa ye pl or lf (w) 114.8 ye mcl pr or nd (w,lig) pa ye orth nd or lf (dil al) tcl nd (w) cry (MeOH) red lf ye red nd (al)

blsh-red (al)

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

nD

sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz

1.56517

1.67220

19612 305

1.4525

17613

185.5

1.34924

955 exp 100 sub

1.459720

sub

1.586020

dec 445

sub

Solubility

1.446820

vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, py; s eth, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, tol sl H2O, EtOH vs bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, peth sl H2O, EtOH, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl ace, lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH i H2O, tol; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, py; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, py

1.68120 1.68324

108 63.5

sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol, chl, py vs bz, eth

134 72.5 195.5 157.8

1.67225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH

152.5

1.5420

s alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz

194

i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Nitromide o-Dinitrobenzene

pa ye pr (al), pl (bz) lf (w) nd (bz), pl (al)

 

4368 3,5-Dinitrobenzamide 4369 1,2-Dinitrobenzene

Physical Form

O

O N

O

O

O

O

HO

O

O

O

O



TeamLRN

O N

N O

N

O N

O

O

3,5-Dinitrobenzamide

2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

O

N O

N

O N

O

O

N

O

N O

O

O

3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

N O

O

O

N O

O

O

N O

Dinitromethane

O

N

O

O

N O

N O

O

O O

2,6-Dinitrophenol

N

N

O

N O

N O

O

N

S

O

O

O

O

OH O N

O 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene

N O

N O

OH O N

O

N

N O

O

2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol

O

O N O 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

N

O

O O

O

N O

1,1-Dinitroethane

OH O N O O

2,3-Dinitrophenol

N

OH O N

O

O

2,4-Dinitrophenol

O

1,2-Dinitroethane

O O

O N

N O

O

N O 2,5-Dinitrophenol

N O N

O H N

O

N

O

O H N

O

3,4-Dinitrophenol

O

O N O

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide

O

O

N O

N

2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

O2N NO2

O

2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether

1,5-Dinitronaphthalene

OH OH O N

O

Cl

O

O N

O

O

2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol

O

1,3-Dinitronaphthalene

O N

S

O

3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride

NO2 NO2

NO2 H H NO2

Cl



N

O

3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine

O

O

O

N O

1,4-Dinitrobutane

N

1,4-Dinitrobenzene

O

N O

H N O

OH O N

OH O

1,3-Dinitrobenzene

HO

O

O

N O

O

N

O

2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

1,2-Dinitrobenzene

HO

N

N

HO O

2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate

N O

4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol

O

N

S

O

N O 2,4-Dinitro-N-phenylaniline

S

O N

H2N O

NH O N

O

O O

N

O

2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate

O

N

O

(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde

N

N O

O

OH O S OO N

O

O O

N

NH2

No.



4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416

1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine 1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid Dinobuton Dinocap Dinonyl adipate Dinonyl ether Dinonyl phthalate Dinoseb

4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435

Dioctadecylamine Dioctylamine Dioctyl ether Dioctyl hexanedioate Dioctyl maleate Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate Dioctyl sulfide Dioctyl terephthalate Dioscorine 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione Dioxathion 1,3-Dioxepane 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3-Dioxol-2-one Dioxybenzone

4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442

Dioxypyramidon Dipentaerythritol Dipentene Dipentylamine Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate Dipentyl ether 2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol

Dessin

Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6dinitroDistearylamine N-Octyl-1-octanamine

Dioctyl decanedioate Octyl sulfide

1,3-Dioxacyclohexane 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane Diglycollic anhydride

1,3-Dioxacyclopentane (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(2hydroxyphenyl)methanone

p-Menthadiene Diamylamine Dipentyl maleate Amyl ether 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4methylphenol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

184 1031 185.5

1.261025 1.35326 1.3025

1.433920 1.465420

s alk i H2O; s eth sl H2O

cry (MeOH) pa ye pl (w) cry (AcOH)

-42 -21.4 53 142 >300 300 207 159.0 266

ye cry (EtOH)

60

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O6 C16H8N2O4 C16H8N2O4 C5H10N6O2 C4H8N4O2 C14H10N2O10S2

601-76-3 6125-21-9 595-49-3 2736-80-3 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 101-25-7 140-79-4 128-42-7

134.091 134.091 134.091 166.089 292.246 292.246 186.172 144.133 430.366

liq

C14H18N2O7 C18H24N2O6 C24H46O4 C18H38O C26H42O4 C10H12N2O5

973-21-7 6119-92-2 151-32-6 2456-27-1 84-76-4 88-85-7

326.302 364.393 398.620 270.494 418.609 240.212

C36H75N C16H35N C16H34O C22H42O4 C20H36O4 C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C16H34S C24H38O4 C13H19NO2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C12H26O6P2S4 C5H10O2 C3H6O2 C3H2O3 C14H12O4

112-99-2 1120-48-5 629-82-3 123-79-5 2915-53-9 117-84-0 2432-87-3 2690-08-6 4654-26-6 3329-91-7 505-22-6 123-91-1 502-97-6 4480-83-5 78-34-2 505-65-7 646-06-0 872-36-6 131-53-3

521.988 241.456 242.440 370.566 340.498 390.557 426.673 258.506 390.557 221.296 88.106 88.106 116.073 116.073 456.538 102.132 74.079 86.046 244.243

C13H17N3O3 C10H22O7 C10H16 C10H23N C14H24O4 C10H22O C17H28O

519-65-3 126-58-9 7705-14-8 2050-92-2 10099-71-5 693-65-2 56103-67-4

263.292 254.278 136.234 157.297 256.339 158.281 248.403

C10H22O2

10508-09-5

174.281

wh pl (bz)

vs EtOH

1360.01 2051 318 413

liq

72.9 35.5 -7.6 9.6

liq 25 18 cry grn-ye pr (eth) liq lf (al, al-chl) cry (bz)

34 -45 11.85 85.4 92.5 -20

2682 297.5 283 1912 2420.002 2204 2180.5 20229, 18010 425 106.1 101.5

78 162; 7332 1721

pr cry (w) liq

105.5 221 -95.5

1972

-55

1.441526 1.432720

vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

1.453920

0.907425 0.84225 1.2162

1.461020

1.028625 1.033720

1.416520 1.422420

s ctc

s H2O, ace, chl, EtOH; sl eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs ace

1.25726

-97.22 22

-69

0.796326 0.806320 0.92225 0.9420

240.5; 12012

liq liq

liq liq

1.435620

1.26545

40

nd liq

0.81

178 202.5 16110 190 283 5814, 389

1.06020 1.3525

1.36615 0.840221 0.777120 0.97420 0.783320 0.93125

 

4443 Di-tert-pentyl peroxide

Synonym

0.80820

1.397420

s chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

s H2O, EtOH s hot H2O 1.472720 1.427220 1.411920 1.495020 1.409520

sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410

Name

O

N

O O

O N O

N

O O

O

O N

O

O2N

1,3-Dinitropropane

HO O2N

NO2

2,2-Dinitropropane

OH NO2

N

O

2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol

O

O

O N

N N N O

O

1,6-Dinitropyrene

O N O

1,8-Dinitropyrene

N N O

N

N N O

Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine

O N O

S O O OH O S HO O

N N O

1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine

4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

O N

O

O N

O

O R'

O

O R

O

N

O

R = NO2, R' = C8H17 and R = C8H17, R' = NO2

O

Dinobuton

O O

O

O

O

O

Dinocap

O

Dinonyl adipate

O N

O

OH

O

Dinonyl ether

Dinonyl phthalate

N

O

Dinoseb

O



TeamLRN

NH Dioctadecylamine

O

O

N H

O

Dioctylamine

Dioctyl ether

O Dioctyl hexanedioate

O O

O O

O

O

O

O

O O Dioctyl maleate

Dioctyl phthalate

N

O

O

O

O O

O

O Dioctyl terephthalate

HO HO

Dioscorine

O

O O

O

O O

O

O O

O

O

Dioctyl sulfide

O P O S

O OH O

S O P S O

O

O

O

O

O

1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione

Dioxathion

HO

O

O

O

N

N O

O Dioxybenzone

Dioxypyramidon

OH O

OH H N

OH Dipentaerythritol

N

OH

O

1,3-Dioxepane 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3-Dioxol-2-one

OH O

S

Dioctyl sebacate

S O

O

O

Dipentene

Dipentylamine

O O

O

Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate

O O Dipentyl ether

2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol

O

Di-tert-pentyl peroxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,1-Dinitropropane

O N

N

 

No.

Name Dipentyl phthalate Dipentyl sulfide Dipentyl sulfoxide Diphenamid

4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453

Diphenidol Diphenolic acid 1,2-Diphenoxyethane N,N-Diphenylacetamide Diphenylacetylene 2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione Diphenylamine Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Diphenylarsinous chloride N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine α,α-Diphenylbenzeneethanol

4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460



4461 α,α-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol 4462 N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’diamine 4463 trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3butadiene 4464 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne 4465 1,1-Diphenylbutane 4466 1,2-Diphenylbutane 4467 1,4-Diphenylbutane 4468 1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene 4469 trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4dione 4470 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 4471 Diphenylcarbamic chloride 4472 Diphenylcarbazone 4473 N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide 4474 Diphenyl carbonate 4475 2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481

Diphenyl chlorophosphonate Diphenyl diselenide Diphenyl disulfide 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-Diphenylethane N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide

Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate

Chlorodiphenylarsine N,N’-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine

Triphenylmethyl mercaptan N,N’-Diphenylbenzidine

Diphenyldiacetylene

Dypnone

Phenyl carbonate sym-Diphenylcarbazide

Phenyl diselenide Phenyl disulfide Dibenzyl

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C18H26O4 C10H22S C10H22OS C16H17NO

131-18-0 872-10-6 1986-90-9 957-51-7

306.397 174.347 190.346 239.312

972-02-1 126-00-1 104-66-5 519-87-9 501-65-5 82-66-6

309.445 286.323 214.260 211.259 178.229 340.371

nd (peth) cry (w) lf (al) wh cry pow mcl pr or pl (al) pa ye mcl (al)

104.5 171.5 98 103 62.5 146.5

C12H11N C14H11NO4 C12H10NNaO3S

122-39-4 579-92-0 6152-67-6

169.222 257.242 271.267

mcl lf(dil al) ye cry (al) ye cry

53.2 296 dec

C26H18 C12H10AsCl C18H16N2 C20H18O

1499-10-1 712-48-1 74-31-7 4428-13-1

330.421 264.582 260.333 274.356

C19H16S C24H20N2

3695-77-0 531-91-9

276.395 336.429

lf or pl

105.8 247

C16H14

538-81-8

206.282

lf (al, HOAc)

154.3

C16H10 C16H18 C16H18 C16H18 C16H16 C16H12O2

886-66-8 719-79-9 5223-59-6 1083-56-3 7614-93-9 959-28-4

202.250 210.314 210.314 210.314 208.298 236.265

C16H14O C13H10ClNO C13H12N4O

495-45-4 83-01-2 538-62-5

222.281 231.677 240.260

C13H10N2 C13H10O3 C13H14N4O

622-16-2 102-09-0 140-22-7

194.231 214.216 242.276

C12H10ClO3P C12H10Se2 C12H10S2 C14H14 C14H14 C14H12N2O2

2524-64-3 1666-13-3 882-33-7 612-00-0 103-29-7 620-81-5

268.632 312.13 218.337 182.261 182.261 240.257

Benzeneacetamide, N,N-dimethyl-αphenyl1,1-Diphenyl-4-piperidinyl-1-butanol C21H27NO C17H18O4 Ethylene glycol diphenyl ether C14H14O2 C14H13NO C14H10 Diphenadione C23H16O3 N-Phenylbenzenamine

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

-51.3 58 135

orth pl (peth) nd(bz-lig) pr (peth)

246.5 44 150 89.5

86.5 27

ye nd (al, bz)

52.5 47.5 111

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

20511 863.7 1201

0.840720

1.456120

s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s eth

1.670

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth vs ace, HOAc

1.1723.3

18212 sub 300

302

1.15822

337 2220.5 22211

1.482016

nd (al, bz) cry (al + 1) cry (HOAc) ye nd nd(al) or orth liq mcl pr (MeOH) lf (bz)

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl

1.633256

287 291; 15211 317 311

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i acid i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl, peth

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs tol, HOAc vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

352

0.992820 0.967320 0.988020 0.999620

1.566420 1.555420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

1.59015 sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc; vs chl; i lig

342.5 lf (al) oran oran nd (bz) pr (al)

0.9657100

1.108015

1.634320

84.5 157 dec

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl

169 83 170

331; 17520 306 dec

63.5 62 -17.9 52.5 254

314272 20211 310 272.6 284 >360

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz

1.121587

1.29625 1.55780 1.35320 0.999720 0.978025

1.550020 1.74320 1.575620 1.547660

s tfa s EtOH, eth, xyl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4444 4445 4446 4447

Synonym

O

O O

O O S

O S

Dipentyl sulfide

Dipentyl sulfoxide

O Dipentyl phthalate

N

OH

N

OH Diphenamid

HO

Diphenidol

OH Diphenolic acid

O O

O O

N

O

OH O H N

H N

O

OH

H N SO3 Na

1,2-Diphenoxyethane

N,N-Diphenylacetamide

Diphenylacetylene

2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

Diphenylamine

Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt

H N

Cl As



TeamLRN

H N SH OH

N H 9,10-Diphenylanthracene

Diphenylarsinous chloride

N H

α,α-Diphenylbenzeneethanol

N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

α,α-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol

N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

O

O trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

O

1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne

O

Cl

O N

N

1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one

Diphenyl chlorophosphonate

Diphenylcarbamic chloride

N

N H

1,2-Diphenylbutane

H N N C

N

N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide

S Se

1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene

O

Diphenylcarbazone

Se

1,4-Diphenylbutane

O O

Diphenyl carbonate

trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione

H N

O N H

N H

2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide

O

H N

S

O Diphenyl diselenide

Diphenyl disulfide

1,1-Diphenylethane

1,2-Diphenylethane

H N



O O P O Cl

1,1-Diphenylbutane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

N H

N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide

No.

Name

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4482 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine 1,2-Dianilinoethane 4483 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R*,R*)(±) 4484 1,1-Diphenylethene 4485 Diphenyl ether

C14H16N2 C14H14O2

150-61-8 655-48-1

212.290 214.260

C14H12 C12H10O

530-48-3 101-84-8

180.245 170.206

4486 4487 4488 4489 4490

Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate N,N-Diphenylformamide 2,5-Diphenylfuran N,N’-Diphenylguanidine 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

C20H27O4P C13H11NO C16H12O C13H13N3 C18H16

1241-94-7 607-00-1 955-83-9 102-06-7 1720-32-7

362.399 197.232 220.265 211.262 232.320

4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501

1,1-Diphenylhydrazine 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone Diphenyl isophthalate Diphenylketene Diphenyl maleate Diphenylmercury Diphenylmethane 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Diphenylmethanethione N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide

C12H12N2 C12H12N2 C15H14N2O C20H14O4 C14H10O C16H12O4 C12H10Hg C13H12 C15H10N2O2 C13H10S C13H12N2

530-50-7 122-66-7 3254-93-1 744-45-6 525-06-4 7242-17-3 587-85-9 101-81-5 101-68-8 1450-31-3 622-15-1

1,3-Diphenylguanidine

Hydrazobenzene Doxenitoin Diphenylethenone Mercuriodibenzene Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Physical Form cry (dil al) nd (w,al),tab (eth)

50.5 131 183 138

den/g cm-3

1.023220 1.066130

2325 1.09025 337.5; 18913 344 dec 170 1.1320

1.19016 1.15816

1.110713

nd (al)

25.4 37 53.5 142

267.5 22615 20410 265.0 1965 17414 >250

69

298; 18020

red-ye liq pl (lig) pr nd

4503 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,Ndimethylethanamine 4504 Diphenyl methylphosphonate 4505 2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1piperidineethanol 4506 2,5-Diphenyloxazole 4507 1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

Diphenhydramine

C17H21NO

58-73-1

255.355

oil

Diphemethoxidine

C13H13O3P C20H25NO

7526-26-3 13862-07-2

248.214 295.419

Dibenzalacetone

C15H11NO C17H14O

92-71-7 538-58-9

221.254 234.292

C24H16N2 C12H10ClP C12H11O3P C20H14O4 C18H21NO C15H16 C15H16 C15H12O2 C15H14O C15H14O C15H14O C15H12O C15H14

1662-01-7 1079-66-9 4712-55-4 84-62-8 467-60-7 1081-75-0 778-22-3 120-46-7 1083-30-3 781-35-1 102-04-5 1210-39-5 778-66-5

332.397 220.634 234.187 318.323 267.366 196.288 196.288 224.255 210.271 210.271 210.271 208.255 194.272

 

nd (lig)

nd (lig) pl or lf (ace, AcOEt)

73

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl tfa i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s ace

22040

184.233

Dibenzoylmethane Phenethyl phenyl ketone 1,1-Diphenylacetone Dibenzyl ketone β-Phenylcinnamaldehyde

277 258.0

tab (lig) tab (al-eth) pl (MeOH)

91-01-0

Phenyl phthalate Pipradrol

8.2 26.87

184.236 184.236 238.284 318.323 194.228 268.264 354.80 168.234 250.252 198.283 196.247

C13H12O

Chlorodiphenylphosphine

22912, 1782 >300

73.5 91 150 202.3

Benzohydrol

4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Diphenylphosphinous chloride Diphenyl phosphonate Diphenyl phthalate α,α-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol 1,3-Diphenylpropane 2,2-Diphenylpropane 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone 1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone 3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal 1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene

bp/˚C

74 122.5

orth (dil al) nd or lf (dil al) mcl nd (al, to) lf (ace)

4502 Diphenylmethanol

4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520

mp/˚C

1.608520 1.578725

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl

1.51025 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc chl, tol; vs eth i H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace; sl bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH; sl bz, DMSO; i HOAc s chl

2.31825 1.00126 1.19770

1.61514

1.575320 1.590650

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s ace, bz, PhNO2 sl EtOH, eth, peth; vs bz, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; s HOAc

1653 35 106.5

20513 1800.1

1.205120

74 113 dec

360 dec

1.0940100

1.6231100

320; 1745 21826 25314

1.229 1.22325

1.636020 1.557520

300; 1231.7 282.5

1.00720 0.998020

i H2O

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl

220 dec hyg ye liq pr (al, lig) cry (hx) liq

lf (EtOH) cry (al, peth) pa ye pr (lig)

12 73 97.5 6 29 70.5 72.5 46 35 44.8 52

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc 1.576020 s EtOH, eth, chl, dil NaOH

360 307; 17410 331 20514 280; 14911

1.536116

s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth

1.588020

i H2O; s EtOH, bz

1.1950 1.025020

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

H N

O O P O O

OH

O N

O

N H

OH

N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine

1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R*,R*)-(±)

1,1-Diphenylethene

Diphenyl ether

Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate

N,N-Diphenylformamide

O O H N

O

H N

H N

NH 2,5-Diphenylfuran

N,N’-Diphenylguanidine

1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

H N

NH2 N

1,1-Diphenylhydrazine

O

N H

N H

1,2-Diphenylhydrazine

O

5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone

O C

Diphenyl isophthalate

S



TeamLRN

O

Hg

O

O

O O Diphenylketene

Diphenyl maleate

Diphenylmercury

C

N

N

C

4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

O O P O

N

O

OH

Diphenylmethane

N

O Diphenylmethanethione

N

H N

N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide

O

N O

OH Diphenylmethanol

2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine

Diphenyl methylphosphonate

2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanol

2,5-Diphenyloxazole

1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

O Cl P N

O

N

4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline

Diphenylphosphinous chloride

N H

O O

O

P OH

OH

O

Diphenyl phosphonate

Diphenyl phthalate

α,α-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol

1,3-Diphenylpropane

2,2-Diphenylpropane

O O

O

O

O

O 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione

1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone

1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone

1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone

3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal

1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4521 trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one

Chalcone

C15H12O

614-47-1

208.255

4522 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine 4523 3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole 4524 1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione

Fenpiprane Phenopyrazone

C20H25N C15H12N2 C15H12N2O2

3540-95-2 1145-01-3 3426-01-5

279.420 220.269 252.268

Phenyl sulfide

C12H10Se C12H12Si C12H12O2Si C16H14O4 C12H10S

1132-39-4 775-12-2 947-42-2 621-14-7 139-66-2

233.17 184.309 216.308 270.280 186.272

4530 Diphenyl sulfone

C12H10O2S

127-63-9

218.271

4531 Diphenyl sulfoxide

C12H10OS

945-51-7

C13H12N2S C12H11N3 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O C2Cl4O2

4532 4533 4534 4535 4536

Diphenyl selenide Diphenylsilane Diphenylsilanediol Diphenyl succinate Diphenyl sulfide

N,N’-Diphenylthiourea 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene N,N-Diphenylurea N,N’-Diphenylurea Diphosgene



4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542

1,2-Dipiperidinoethane 1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane Diploicin Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3propanediol 4543 Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol 4544 Dipropetryn 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552

pa ye lf, pr, nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

59

dec 346

1.071262

nD

41.5 200 233.5

2158

1.3

301.5 13416, 9613

1.35120 0.996920

1.550020 1.580020

lf (al) liq

121 -25.9

330; 222.515 296 1.113620

1.633420

128.5

379

202.271

mcl pr(bz) pl(al) pr(lig)

71.2

34016

102-08-9 136-35-6 603-54-3 102-07-8 503-38-8

228.312 197.235 212.246 212.246 197.832

ye lf or pr (al) tab (al) orth pr (al) liq

154.5 98 189 239 -57

C12H24N2 C11H22N2 C13H26N2 C16H10Cl4O5 C10H14O5 C11H16O4

1932-04-3 880-09-1 16898-52-5 527-93-5 4074-88-8 2223-82-7

196.332 182.306 210.358 424.059 214.215 212.243

liq

-0.5

C12H18O4

13048-33-4

226.269

C11H21N5S

4147-51-7

255.384

18854-56-3 505-84-0 1116-24-1 106-19-4 142-84-7 57-66-9

146.228 132.201 143.227 230.301 101.190 285.360

liq liq

N-Propyl-1-propanamine Probenecid

C8H18O2 C7H16O2 C8H17NO C12H22O4 C6H15N C13H19NO4S C12H19N C9H19NOS

2217-07-4 759-94-4

177.286 189.318

ye lf

EPTC

C7H14O3 C6H14S2 C6H14O3 C20H22O5

623-96-1 629-19-6 25265-71-8 27138-31-4

146.184 150.305 134.173 342.386

sym-Diphenylthiourea Diazoaminobenzene Carbanilide Carbonochloridic acid, trichloromethyl ester 1,1’-Methylenedipiperidine 4,4’-Trimethylenedipiperidine

2-Propenoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3propanediyl ester 2-Propenoic acid, 1,6-hexanediyl ester 6-(Ethylthio)-N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Formaldehyde, dipropyl acetal

67.1 232

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2

cry (al) cry (EtOAc, Diox) ye nd (bz)

1.25220

1.3225 dec 260 dec 128

1.27625 1.23925 1.652514

1.456622

265 230; 12215 329

0.916025 0.926920

1.485325 1.482020

200

1.111025

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, xyl s ctc, CS2 sl DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, oils i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, py, HOAc; i bz vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O 1.459525 1.454225

1.01025 105

liq

-97.3 -15.7 -63 195

 

4553 4554 4555 4556

1,2-Dipropoxyethane Dipropoxymethane N,N-Dipropylacetamide Dipropyl adipate Dipropylamine 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid N,N-Dipropylaniline Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester Dipropyl carbonate Dipropyl disulfide Dipropylene glycol Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate

Physical Form

liq

-85.6

163.2 dec 140.5 209.5 15111 109.3

0.831225 0.834520 0.899217 0.979020 0.740020

1.401325 1.393919 1.441917 1.431420 1.405020

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth; vs ace, bz

242 12720

0.910420 0.954630

1.527120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

168 195.8 230.5 1971

0.943520 0.959920 1.020620

1.400820 1.498120

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

4525 4526 4527 4528 4529

Name

O N O

O N H 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine

3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole

1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione

O

Diphenyl selenide

S

O O S

O S

S

Diphenyl sulfide

Diphenyl sulfone

Diphenyl sulfoxide

N,N’-Diphenylthiourea

O

HO OH Si

O

N H

O Diphenylsilanediol

Diphenyl succinate

H

Se

N

Diphenylsilane

N

H N

N

N H

1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene

O

O

Cl O

Cl

NH2

N

O



TeamLRN

N H N,N-Diphenylurea

O N H

Cl

N,N’-Diphenylurea

Cl O

Cl Cl

N

N

N

N

HO HN

Diphosgene

1,2-Dipiperidinoethane

1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane

H

Si

NH

O Cl

O Cl

1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane

Diploicin

HN O O

O O

O

O

O

O

Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol

O

O

N

O

N H

O

O

Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol

N N

S

O

Dipropetryn

HO

O

1,2-Dipropoxyethane

O

N

O O O

O N

O

Dipropoxymethane

H N

O S O N

Dipropylamine

4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid

O O

N,N-Dipropylacetamide

Dipropyl adipate

N,N-Dipropylaniline

O O

S N

Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester

O O

O

Dipropyl carbonate

S

O O

S

Dipropyl disulfide

HO

O Dipropylene glycol

O

OH Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one

NH

N

No.

Name

Synonym

4574 Disodium hydrogen citrate 4575 Disperse Blue No. 1



4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581

Distearyl thiodipropionate Disulfiram Disulfoton 1,2-Dithiane 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane

4582 Dithianone 4583 Dithiazanine iodide 4584 2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597

3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid 3,3’-Dithiobis-D-valine 2,5-Dithiobiurea 4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione Dithiopyr Dithizone Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide 1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine Ditridecyl phthalate

Sodium acid citrate 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10anthracenedione Dioctadecyl thiobispropanoate

Diphenyl disulfide-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

1,2-Hydrazinedicarbothioamide

1,3-Dithiacyclopentane

1,2-Bis(p-tolyl)ethane

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

C7H16O3

34590-94-8

148.200

liq

-80

188.3

0.95

1.419020

C6H14O C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C8H14O4 C9H15NO3 C10H18O4 C6H14O4S C6H14S C6H14O2S C6H14OS C24H40N8O4 C10H8N2O2S2 C9H10N2 C12H12N2 C12H12Br2N2 C10H12CaN2Na2 O8 C6H6Na2O7 C14H12N4O2

111-43-3 14595-35-8 2432-63-5 615-98-5 512-12-9 925-15-5 598-05-0 111-47-7 598-03-8 4253-91-2 58-32-2 3696-28-4 21211-65-4 2764-72-9 85-00-7 62-33-9

102.174 200.232 200.232 174.195 185.220 202.248 182.238 118.240 150.239 134.239 504.627 252.313 146.188 184.236 344.044 374.268

liq

-114.8

liq

-44.3 42.5 -5.9

90.08 1105 12612 211 1493 250.8 12020 142.9

0.746620 1.012920 1.024520 1.018820

1.380920 1.443520 1.443420 1.415820

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth

1.002020 1.106420 0.81417 1.027850 0.965420

1.425020 1.413520 1.448720 1.445630 1.466320

vs ace, bz, eth vs peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

144-33-2 2475-45-8

236.088 268.271

wh pow (w) red-br nd

149 dec 331

C42H82O4S C10H20N2S4 C8H19O2PS3 C4H8S2 C4H8S2 C4H8S2

693-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 505-20-4 505-23-7 505-29-3

683.163 296.539 274.405 120.237 120.237 120.237

cry

61 71.5 -25 32.5 54 112.3

C14H4N2O2S2 C23H23IN2S2 C14H10O4S2

3347-22-6 514-73-8 119-80-2

296.324 518.476 306.357

nd (ace) 220 grn nd (MeOH) 248 dec 289.5

C6H10O4S2 C10H20N2O4S2 C2H6N4S2 C8H16N2O2S2 C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H4S3 C15H16F5NO2S2 C13H12N4S C15H14N2 C16H18 C15H17N3 C34H58O4

1119-62-6 20902-45-8 142-46-1 103-34-4 557-22-2 4829-04-3 822-38-8 97886-45-8 60-10-6 726-42-1 538-39-6 97-39-2 119-06-2

210.271 296.407 150.226 236.355 106.210 106.210 136.259 401.416 256.326 222.285 210.314 239.316 530.823

158 204.5 214 124.5 77 -50 35 65 167 dec 58.5 85 179

liq liq cry nd cry (MeOH) lf or nd (al) Cation

-102.5 29.5 22.5 163 205 73

802

Solubility

16412

vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.2420

337 pow

nd mcl pr

nd (w)

liq

bl-blk (chl-al) lf (al) cry (dil al) liq

s H2O vs H2O

11717 1080.01, 1281 1.14420 8014, 605 8914 199.5

i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs chl 1.598125 1.598125

s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2, HOAc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s chl 9027 175 307

1.25917

1.597515

s EtOH, eth, xyl

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 22120 17818 2853.5

1.150020 i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth sl H2O, tfa, EtOH; vs eth; s chl

1.1020 0.95225

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4557 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-(2-Methoxyisopropoxy)-2propanol 4558 Dipropyl ether Propyl ether 4559 Dipropyl fumarate 4560 Dipropyl maleate 4561 Dipropyl oxalate 4562 5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione 4563 Dipropyl succinate 4564 Dipropyl sulfate 4565 Dipropyl sulfide 4566 Dipropyl sulfone 4567 Dipropyl sulfoxide 4568 Dipyridamole 4569 Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide Dipyrithione 4570 2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane 4571 Diquat 4572 Diquat dibromide 4573 Disodium calcium EDTA Edetate calcium disodium

Mol. Form.

 

O O

O

O

O

O

OH Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

O O O O

O

Dipropyl ether

O

O

Dipropyl fumarate

O

O NH

O O

Dipropyl maleate

O

Dipropyl oxalate

O O

O O

5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

Dipropyl succinate

OH

N

N HO O O S O O Dipropyl sulfate

N

S

O O S

O S

Dipropyl sulfide

Dipropyl sulfone

Dipropyl sulfoxide

OOC

2Br

2Na

N

N

O

Ca2

COO

HO

Dipyridamole

Disodium calcium EDTA

OH O

NH2 O

S S

N O

N H

N H

Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide

N

2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane

N Diquat

NH2 S

2Na

O

OH

OH

OOC

Diquat dibromide



TeamLRN

N

N

O

N O

OH

2

COO

OH

N

N

N

N

NH2 O

Disodium hydrogen citrate

NH2

O

Disperse Blue No. 1

N

O S

S

S

N

S

O

Distearyl thiodipropionate

Disulfiram

O O S

S O P O S

S

S

Disulfoton

1,2-Dithiane

S

S

S

1,3-Dithiane

1,4-Dithiane

S HO

I

S

S S

N

O

N N

N

S

Dithianone

OH S HO

HO

O S

O

S

S OH

H 2N

NH2 3,3’-Dithiobis-D-valine

N H

H N S

2,5-Dithiobiurea

O

N S S N 4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine

O

S

S

S

1,2-Dithiolane

1,3-Dithiolane

N C N Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide

S F F

S S

S

1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione

O S F

N F

F Dithiopyr

O O

H N NH

1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane

N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine

OH

3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid

O H N

S O

2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid

S

NH2

S

O

S Dithiazanine iodide

O NH2

O

O Ditridecyl phthalate

S N

N

N H

Dithizone

H N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

No.

Name

Diundecyl phthalate Diuron o-Divinylbenzene m-Divinylbenzene p-Divinylbenzene cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane Divinyl ether Divinyl sulfide Divinyl sulfone 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 4609 Djenkolic acid 4610 DMPA



Docosane Docosanoic acid 1-Docosanol 13-Docosenamide 1-Docosene cis-13-Docosenoic acid trans-13-Docosenoic acid 5,7-Dodecadiyne Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Dodecamethylpentasiloxane Dodecanal

4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640

Dodecanamide Dodecane 1,12-Dodecanediamine Dodecanedioic acid 1,12-Dodecanediol Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecanethiol Dodecanoic acid Dodecanoic anhydride 1-Dodecanol 2-Dodecanol 2-Dodecanone Dodecanoyl chloride 1-Dodecene trans-2-Dodecenedioic acid 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride Dodecyl acetate Dodecyl acrylate Dodecylamine

Vinyl sulfide Vinyl sulfone

Behenic acid Erucamide Erucic acid Brassidic acid Dibutylbutadiyne

Lauraldehyde

Lauronitrile Lauric acid Lauryl alcohol Decyl methyl ketone

Traumatic acid

Lauryl 2-propenoate 1-Dodecanamine

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.576720 1.576020 1.583525 1.456320 1.445120 1.398920

liq liq

0.932522 0.929420 0.91340 0.801020 0.781720 0.77320 0.917415 1.17725 0.81120

s ace, bz s ace, bz s ace, bz

-100.6 20 -26 -99.7

8214 12176, 523 9518, 340.2 3838 112.5 28.3 84 234.5 39

254.327 314.169

nd(w) solid

≈325 dec 51.4

1502

629-97-0 112-85-6 661-19-8 112-84-5 1599-67-3 112-86-7 506-33-2 1120-29-2 540-97-6 141-63-9 112-54-9

310.600 340.583 326.599 337.582 308.584 338.567 338.567 162.271 444.923 384.840 184.318

pl(to), cry (eth) nd cry (ace, chl) cry nd (al) pl (al)

43.6 81.5 72.5 94 38 34.7 61.9

liq liq lf

-1.5 -80 44.5

1120-16-7 112-40-3 2783-17-7 693-23-2 5675-51-4 2437-25-4 112-55-0 143-07-7 645-66-9 112-53-8 10203-28-8 6175-49-1 112-16-3 112-41-4 6402-36-4 19780-11-1 112-66-3 2156-97-0 124-22-1

199.333 170.334 200.363 230.301 202.333 181.318 202.399 200.318 382.620 186.333 186.333 184.318 218.763 168.319 228.285 266.375 228.371 240.382 185.349

nd liq

110 -9.57 67.38 128 81.3 4 -6.7 43.8 41.8 23.9 19 21 -17 -35.2 165.5 42 0.7 4 28.3

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C30H50O4 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C10H10 C10H10 C8H12 C8H12 C4H6O C4H6S C4H6O2S C8H18OSi2

3648-20-2 330-54-1 91-14-5 108-57-6 105-06-6 16177-46-1 6553-48-6 109-93-3 627-51-0 77-77-0 2627-95-4

474.716 233.093 130.186 130.186 130.186 108.181 108.181 70.090 86.156 118.155 186.399

C7H14N2O4S2 C10H14Cl2NO2P S C22H46 C22H44O2 C22H46O C22H43NO C22H44 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C12H18 C12H36O6Si6 C12H36O4Si5 C12H24O

498-59-9 299-85-4

C12H25NO C12H26 C12H28N2 C12H22O4 C12H26O2 C12H23N C12H26S C12H24O2 C24H46O3 C12H26O C12H26O C12H24O C12H23ClO C12H24 C12H20O4 C16H26O3 C14H28O2 C15H28O2 C12H27N

cry (EtOH)

mp/˚C 35.5 158 -52.3 31

vol liq or gas

cry (bz, dil al) liq nd (al) lf (al, eth) lf (dil al)

liq cry (al,ace) hyg cry

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth

1.476520 1.412320

sl H2O; vs bz, ctc, ace

368.6 30660 1800.22

0.794420 0.822390

1.445520 1.4270100

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, MeOH; s chl

367 26515 28230, 25610 1038 245 232; 10512 185100, 1002.5 19912 216.32 1353 22225 18912 277; 198100 277; 14315 91.4

0.79425 0.86055 0.858557

1.475820 1.4347100

i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, MeOH

0.967225 0.875520 0.835215

1.401520 1.392520 1.43522

i H2O s ctc, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

0.749520

1.4287110 1.421020

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; sl eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl

1.1525 1.436120 1.458920 1.418382 1.429270

260 252 246.5 14518 213.8

0.824020 0.84420 0.867950 0.853370 0.830924 0.828620 0.819820 0.916925 0.758420

1815 265; 18040 1200.8 259

0.865222 0.872720 0.801520

1.443920

1.440020 1.433020 1.445820 1.430020

 

4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621

1,2-Divinylbenzene 1,3-Divinylbenzene 1,4-Divinylbenzene

Physical Form

bp/˚C

Mol. Form.

1.442120

s tfa s tfa i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; msc bz vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, peth vs eth, EtOH, chl

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608

Synonym

O H N

O O O

Cl

Cl

Diundecyl phthalate

N O

Diuron

o-Divinylbenzene

Divinyl sulfone

O

S

HO

Si

S

OH NH2

NH2

1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

O Cl

Cl

Djenkolic acid

cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane

trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane

O

S

Divinyl ether

Divinyl sulfide

O

S H N P O

OH

DMPA

Docosane

Docosanoic acid

O

O NH2

OH

O OH

OH 1-Docosanol

13-Docosenamide



TeamLRN

Si O 5,7-Dodecadiyne

Si O Si

O

O

Si O Si

Si O

1-Docosene

cis-13-Docosenoic acid

trans-13-Docosenoic acid

O Si

Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

NH2

O

Dodecamethylpentasiloxane

Dodecanal

Dodecanamide

Dodecane

O HO NH2

H2N

OH O

1,12-Dodecanediamine

Dodecanedioic acid

1,12-Dodecanediol

O O

Dodecanenitrile

O O

OH

SH 1-Dodecanethiol

N

OH

HO

OH

OH

Dodecanoic acid

Dodecanoic anhydride

1-Dodecanol

2-Dodecanol

O O

HO Cl

O 2-Dodecanone

Dodecanoyl chloride

O

OH O

O 1-Dodecene

trans-2-Dodecenedioic acid

O

O 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride

O O

NH2

O Dodecyl acetate

Dodecyl acrylate

Dodecylamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Si

p-Divinylbenzene

O

O S O O

m-Divinylbenzene

No.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Dodecylamine, acetate Dodecylamine hydrochloride 4-Dodecylaniline Dodecylbenzene 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dodecylcyclohexane Dodecyl mercaptoacetate Dodecyl methacrylate Dodecyloxirane 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol 4-Dodecyloxy-2hydroxybenzophenone 4-Dodecylphenol 1-Dodecylpiperidine Dodecyl sulfate Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 1-Dodecyne 6-Dodecyne Dodine Dopamine Dothiepin Dotriacontane

1-Dodecanamine, acetate Lauryl amine hydrochloride

C14H31NO2 C12H28ClN C18H31N C18H30 C18H30O3S C18H36 C14H28O2S C16H30O2 C14H28O C14H30O2 C25H34O3

2016-56-0 929-73-7 104-42-7 123-01-3 121-65-3 1795-17-1 3746-39-2 142-90-5 3234-28-4 4536-30-5 2985-59-3

245.402 221.810 261.446 246.431 326.494 252.479 260.436 254.408 212.371 230.387 382.536

C18H30O C17H35N C12H26O4S C20H42O5

104-43-8 5917-47-5 151-41-7 5274-68-0

262.430 253.467 266.397 362.544

C19H30O5 C15H34ClN C12H22 C12H22 C15H33N3O2 C8H11NO2 C19H21NS C32H66

1166-52-5 112-00-5 765-03-7 6975-99-1 2439-10-3 51-61-6 113-53-1 544-85-4

338.438 263.891 166.303 166.303 287.442 153.179 295.442 450.866

C19H21NO

1668-19-5

279.376

56 pl 69.4 (bz,chl,HOAc, eth) oily liq

C27H29NO11 C27H30ClNO11

23214-92-8 25316-40-9

543.519 579.980

cry oran-red nd

C17H22N2O C15H22O2 C23H36O3

469-21-6 2326-89-8 521-12-0

270.369 234.335 360.530

liq cry

C22H22FN3O2 C21H28O2 C10H14N4O4 C9H13NO2

548-73-2 152-62-5 479-18-5 484-93-5

379.427 312.446 254.243 167.205

cry (w) cry (ace/hx)

C9H15NO3 C20H31NO7 C12H10O7

481-37-8 520-68-3 517-82-8

185.220 397.463 266.203

4677 Echitamine

C22H30N2O5

6871-44-9

402.483

4678 Edrophonium chloride

C10H16ClNO

116-38-1

201.693

4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655



4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663

Laurylbenzene

1,2-Epoxytetradecane

Lauryl sulfate 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol

Decylacetylene Dodecylguanidine, monoacetate 4(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Bicetyl

4664 Doxepin 4665 Doxorubicin 4666 Doxorubicin hydrochloride 4667 Doxylamine 4668 Drimenin 4669 Dromostanolone propanoate 4670 4671 4672 4673

Droperidol Dydrogesterone Dyphylline Ecgonidine

4674 Ecgonine 4675 Echimidine 4676 Echinochrome A

Adriamycin Adriamycin hydrochloride

2-Methyl-17-(1-oxopropoxy) androstan-3-one, (2α,5α,17β) Dehydrobenzperidol

2-Ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

69.5 186 41.5 3 12.5 1.5 oil

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

21110 328 >205 331 1713 1424 950.4 1430.8

0.855120

1.482420

0.822320

1.455920

0.86620 0.845

1.440820

0.837820

1.458820

i H2O

43.5 nd (bz) pa ye cry

66

1752 1615, 1150.6

s H2O 24710

liq

96.5 246 dec -19

s ace vs H2O, ace, EtOH, chl 215 210; 10014

0.778820 0.78520

1.434020 1.444220

1720.05 467

0.812420

1.455020

vs ace, eth, EtOH

136 pr

s H2O, MeOH; i ace, bz, chl, eth, peth 1390.5 1100.1

146 (hyd) 170 161.5 228 dec

cry (MeOH) (MeOH-eth) mcl pr 205 glass red nd (Diox-w) 220 dec 206 cry

1550.03, 2650.2

230 204 dec

133 128

162

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ctc; vs bz

i H2O

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, DMF

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sub 120

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, con sulf; i peth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

NH2 HO

OH O S O

NH2 O

Dodecylamine, acetate

NH2 HCl Dodecylamine hydrochloride

4-Dodecylaniline

Dodecylbenzene

4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid

Dodecylcyclohexane

O

O

SH

O Dodecyl mercaptoacetate

O

Dodecyl methacrylate

Dodecyloxirane

OH

O 4-Dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone

2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol

OH

O HO O

O

N

S

O 4-Dodecylphenol

1-Dodecylpiperidine

O

O

O

O

OH

O

HO

OH

OH

Dodecyl sulfate

Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether

Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate



TeamLRN

N NH2 H N N

Cl

NH2 NH

Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride

1-Dodecyne

6-Dodecyne

O

OH

O

O

O

S Dothiepin

OH Dopamine

O

OH

OH

OH O

HO

O

Dodine

OH

N

OH

O

OH

OH O O

O

O

OH O O

O

N

HCl

O

O

H

O HO NH2

O Dotriacontane

HO

Doxepin

NH2

Doxorubicin

N Doxylamine

Doxorubicin hydrochloride

O

H Drimenin

H Dromostanolone propanoate

O O N

HO

O

F

O

N N

H O

N H

H O

Droperidol

Dydrogesterone

O

O OH

N

N N

N

N

OH

Dyphylline

N

O OH

Ecgonidine

O

O OH OH

Ecgonine

O

H O N Echimidine

O

OH O OH OH OH

HO HO

OH OH O Echinochrome A

N H HO

N

N Cl OH

Echitamine

Edrophonium chloride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O HO O

O

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Ethyl [(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetate

C19H16O5

119-41-5

324.327

Icosane 1,18-Octadecanedicarboxylic acid Arachidic acid

C20H60O8Si9 C20H42 C20H38O4 C20H40O2

2652-13-3 112-95-8 2424-92-2 506-30-9

681.455 282.547 342.514 312.531

4684 1-Eicosanol

Arachic alcohol

C20H42O

629-96-9

298.546

4685 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (allcis) 4686 1-Eicosene 4687 cis-9-Eicosenoic acid 4688 trans-9-Eicosenoic acid 4689 11-Eicosenoic acid 4690 Elaidic acid

Arachidonic acid

C20H32O2

506-32-1

trans-9-Octadecenoic acid

C20H40 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C18H34O2

4679 Efloxate 4680 4681 4682 4683

Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Eicosane Eicosanedioic acid Eicosanoic acid



4691 4692 4693 4694

Elaiomycin 1,3-Elemadien-11-ol β-Elemene Embelin

4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703

Emetine Emylcamate Enallylpropymal Endosulfan Endosulfan sulfate Endothall disodium Endrin Enflurane Ephedrine, (±)

4704 d-Ephedrine

4705 l-Ephedrine

4706 Ephedrine hydrochloride 4707 Epichlorohydrin 4708 Epinephrine 4709 Epiquinidine

Elemol 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 6’,7’,10,11-Tetramethoxyemetan 3-Methyl-3-pentanol, carbamate

α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, (R*,S*)(±)α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, [S(R*,S*)]α-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol, [R(R*,S*)]2-(Methylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanol, hydrochloride (Chloromethyl)oxirane D-Adrenaline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

123.7

Solubility s chl

0.917320 0.788620

1.398020 1.442520

0.8240100

1.425100

65.4

307.5; 19816 343 2332 dec 328; 2041 356; 2223

0.840520

1.435020

304.467

-49.5

1631

0.908220

1.482420

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace; s bz, peth i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth

3452-07-1 29204-02-2 506-31-0 2462-94-4 112-79-8

280.532 310.515 310.515 310.515 282.462

341; 1512 2206

0.788230 0.888225

1.444030

i H2O; s bz, peth

pl (al)

28.5 24.5 54 24 45

26715 288100, 23415

0.882625 0.873445

1.449945

vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

C13H26N2O3 C15H26O C15H24 C17H26O4

23315-05-1 639-99-6 33880-83-0 550-24-3

258.356 222.366 204.352 294.386

ye oil cry (al)

52.5

14212 0.934518 12016, 10411 0.874920

1.479825 1.498018 1.493520

oran pl (al)

142.5

C29H40N2O4 C7H15NO2 C11H16N2O3 C9H6Cl6O3S C9H6Cl6O4S C8H10Na2O5 C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C10H15NO

483-18-1 78-28-4 1861-21-8 115-29-7 1031-07-8 145-73-3 72-20-8 13838-16-9 90-81-3

480.639 145.200 224.256 406.925 422.925 232.142 380.909 184.492 165.232

amor pow nd cry (w, dil al)

cry liq nd (eth, peth)

74 57 56.5 106 181 144 dec 245 76.5

56.5 13512

C10H15NO

321-98-2

165.232

pl (w)

40

225

C10H15NO

299-42-3

165.232

pl (w + 1)

40

225

C10H16ClNO

50-98-6

201.693

orth nd

219

C3H5ClO C9H13NO3 C20H24N2O2

13403-37-7 51-43-4 572-59-8

92.524 183.204 324.417

-26 211.5 113

118; 62100

1.181220

1.435825

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; i EtOH; s HOAc, acid vs EtOH; s eth

C4H8O C8H12O2 C16H32O

106-88-7 106-87-6 7320-37-8

72.106 140.180 240.424

liq br (in air) cry (AcOEt) lf (eth) liq

-150 <-55 24.1

63.4 227 17812

0.829720 1.096620 0.846

1.385120 1.478720 1.2240

vs EtOH, ace; msc eth vs H2O

lf (al) cry (bz,al) pl (al)

36.6 125.5 76.5

wax (al), cry (chl)

cry (cyhex)

hyg cry or liq

vs bz i H2O; s eth, peth, bz; sl chl; vs ace s eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl

sl H2O; s os

vs bz, eth, EtOH

351 17712 1060.7

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1.74520 1.43120 1.512125 1.122020

1.302520

vs ace, bz, xyl; s ctc, hx vs os s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.008522

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.020820

 

4710 1,2-Epoxybutane Ethyloxirane 4711 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide 4712 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane Tetradecyloxirane

Physical Form

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

O Si

O

Si

O

O

Si

Si

O

O

Si

O

O

Si

O Efloxate

O

OH OH

O

O

O

Si

Si

O

O

Si

OH

O

Eicosamethylnonasiloxane

Eicosane

Eicosanedioic acid

Eicosanoic acid

O O O

OH

OH

OH 1-Eicosanol

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-cis)

1-Eicosene

cis-9-Eicosenoic acid

trans-9-Eicosenoic acid

OH

O O

OH

N O

OH 11-Eicosenoic acid

Elaidic acid

OH

O

Elaiomycin

β-Elemene

1,3-Elemadien-11-ol





TeamLRN

O

N

N

O

H

O HH

OH

O

HN

HO

O

Embelin

O

Emetine

Cl Cl Cl

NH

NH2

O

O

Cl

O

O

Emylcamate

N

O

Cl Cl Cl

O S O O

Cl Cl

Enallylpropymal

Cl

H

H

O O S O O

Cl Cl

Endosulfan

H

H

Endosulfan sulfate

Cl Cl H Cl

H

O COO Na COO Na

Cl

O H

Endothall disodium

Cl

H Cl

OH

Enflurane

HO H N

O F F

Endrin

HO

OH

F Cl

H

O

F

H N

OH

OH

H N

Ephedrine, (±)

d-Ephedrine

Epiquinidine

O

l-Ephedrine

Ephedrine hydrochloride

O

N

O O

N Epinephrine

H N HCl

F

O HO

OH

H N

1,2-Epoxybutane

1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane

1,2-Epoxyhexadecane

Cl Epichlorohydrin

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

No.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

hyg cry

26.1

1370.5 8524 5310 189; 7510

1.110920 1.04220

1.449020 1.44825

vs bz vs bz, eth, EtOH

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1,2-Epoxyoctadecane 2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane 2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate Equol Ergocornine Ergocorninine Ergocristine Ergocristinine Ergocryptine Ergocryptinine Ergometrinine Ergonovine Ergosine

Hexadecyloxirane

C18H36O C10H16O C6H8O3 C7H10O3 C14H14O3 C31H39N5O5 C31H39N5O5 C35H39N5O5 C35H39N5O5 C32H41N5O5 C33H41N5O5 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C30H37N5O5

7390-81-0 1686-14-2 106-90-1 106-91-2 531-95-3 564-36-3 564-37-4 511-08-0 511-07-9 511-09-1 511-10-4 479-00-5 60-79-7 561-94-4

268.478 152.233 128.126 142.152 230.259 561.673 561.673 609.716 609.716 575.699 587.710 325.405 325.405 547.646

C28H50

511-20-6

386.697

Coproergostane Ergostanol Dehydroergosterol

C28H50 C28H50O C28H42O

511-21-7 6538-02-9 516-85-8

386.697 402.696 394.632

Ergosterol

C28H44O

57-87-4

396.648

Pyrocalciferol

C28H44O

128-27-8

396.648

cry (aq, al) cry (MeOH) lo pr (al) orth (bz) pr (al) pr (al) lo pr (al) pr (ace) pl or nd pr (MeOH, AcOEt) lf or pl (ace, eth- MeOH) nd (ace) nd (MeOH-eth) lf (al) nd (eth) ,pl (al) pl (+w, al) nd (eth) nd (MeOH)

Lumisterol

C28H44O

474-69-1

396.648

nd (ace-MeOH) 118

Campesterol γ-Ergostenol

C28H48O C28H48O

474-62-4 516-78-9

400.680 400.680

4736 Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3β,5α) 4737 Ergotamine

α-Ergostenol

C28H48O C33H55N5O5

632-32-6 113-15-5

400.680 601.821

cry (ace) nd (MeOH) cry (PrOH lf or nd (MeOH) nd (al), pr (bz) pl (ace)

4738 Ergotamine tartrate (2:1) 4739 Ergotaminine

Gynergen

C35H38N5O8 C33H35N5O5

379-79-3 639-81-6

656.706 581.662

C9H15N3O2S

497-30-3

229.299

C20H12N3NaO7S C15H12O6 C6H8O6 C16H19NO3 C37H67NO13 C43H75NO16 C55H103NO15 C24H39NO5 C4H8O4 C4H8O4

1787-61-7 552-58-9 89-65-6 466-81-9 114-07-8 1264-62-6 643-22-1 36150-73-9 583-50-6 533-49-3

461.380 288.252 176.124 273.327 733.927 862.053 1018.405 421.571 120.105 120.105

4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726

Glycidyl acrylate Glycidol methacrylate

Ergometrine

4727 Ergostane, (5α)



4728 Ergostane, (5β) 4729 Ergostan-3-ol, (3β,5α) 4730 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3β,22E) 4731 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,22E) 4732 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,10α,22E) 4733 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,9β,10α,22E) 4734 Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R) 4735 Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3β,5α)

4740 Ergothioneine Eriochrome Black T Eriodictyol Erythorbic acid β-Erythroidine Erythromycin Erythromycin ethyl succinate Erythromycin stearate Erythrophleine D-Erythrose L-Erythrose

3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone, (S) Isoascorbic acid Propiocine

Norcassamidine

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, AcOEt vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl vs ace, chl vs chl s H2O, ace; vs EtOH; sl chl s ace, chl; sl MeOH

85

vs ace, eth, chl

64 144.5 146

2300.5

vs eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

170

2500.01

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, peth; s bz, chl

94

i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs eth, ace, chl

157.5 146

s eth

131 213 dec

sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl

192 dec 252 dec

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s chl; vs py

290 dec

vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl

267 dec 168 99.5 191 222 92 115

 

4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750

orth pl (MeOH) pl (al) nd or lf (dil EtOH) br-blk pow pl or nd (EtOH) gran cry cry (al) cry (w) cry (ace aq) cry glass syr syr

189.5 183 dec 228 dec 175 dec 237 dec 213 dec 245 dec 196 dec 162 dec 228 dec

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH vs EtOH, HOAc s H2O, py; sl ace s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

O O O

O

1,2-Epoxyoctadecane

OH

N

HO

H

HN

N

N

H

H

N

O OH

H

N

N

NH

H

H

N

HO

NH

N

N

H

NH

Ergocryptinine

H N

H

H

HN

N

N

H

O HO NH

NH

Ergocristinine

O

N N H

O OH

N

H

H

NH

NH

Ergometrinine

O

Ergocristine

O O

N HH

H

N

O OH

Ergocorninine

O

N H

H

O

O

NH

N

NH

Ergocornine

HO

N

O

O OH

Ergocryptine

O

HO

O

NH

H

O

O N

HN

N

NH

O

N

O

O OH

Equol

O O

N

Ergonovine

H

H

Ergosine

H

Ergostane, (5α)

Ergostane, (5β)



TeamLRN

H H

HO

HO

H

Ergostan-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3β,22E)

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,22E)

N HO

N

O H N

O OH

H

N

O

O N

HN

O H

O

O OH

1/2

OH OH

HO

N

H

Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R)

N

HN

N

H N

O OH

OH O

HO

H

H

O

O N

HN

HO

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,9β,10α,22E)

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,10α,22E)

O

O O

HO

HO

HO

Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3β,5α)

NH

NH

NH

H

Ergotamine

Ergotamine tartrate (2:1)

N

O

Ergotaminine

O

SH

N H

Ergothioneine

OH O O

O

O N

O Na O S O

HO

OH

HO

β-Erythroidine N

OH

OH

OH N

O

O

OH

O

HO O

O

O

O

O N

O

O O

HO O

HO

OH

Erythorbic acid

OH

O O

HO O

O

O

N

O O

O O

HO O

O

N OH

Erythromycin

Erythromycin ethyl succinate

Erythromycin stearate

N H

OH

O O

O

O

O

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

β-Erythroidine

N

HO

OH

OH

O

O

OH HO

Eriochrome Black T

HO

O

O O OH

Erythrophleine CHO H OH H OH CH2OH

D-Erythrose

HO HO

CHO H H CH2OH

L-Erythrose

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O

O

HN

N

O

2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate

2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane

N

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate

No.

Name

4751 D-Erythrose 4-phosphate 4752 4753 4754 4755

Erythrosine L-Erythrulose Esaprazole Esculin



4757 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17α) 4758 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β) 4759 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8α,17β) 4760 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3benzoate, (17β) 4761 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16α,17β) 4762 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16β,17β) 4763 Estrone 4764 Ethacrynic acid 4765 Ethalfluralin 4766 Ethambutol 4767 Ethane 4768 Ethanearsonic acid 4769 4770 4771 4772

Ethanedial dioxime 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride 1,2-Ethanediol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,3-Dihydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy) butanal

C4H9O7P

585-18-2

200.084

N-Cyclohexyl-1-piperazineacetamide 6-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one Physostigmine sulfate

C20H8I4O5 C4H8O4 C12H23N3O C15H16O9

15905-32-5 533-50-6 64204-55-3 531-75-9

835.893 120.105 225.330 340.283

C30H44N6O8S

64-47-1

648.770

α-Estradiol

C18H24O2

57-91-0

272.383

β-Estradiol

C18H24O2

50-28-2

272.383

Isoestradiol

C18H24O2

517-04-4

272.383

Estradiol benzoate

C25H28O3

50-50-0

376.488

Estriol

C18H24O3

50-27-1

288.382

16-Epiestriol

C18H24O3

547-81-9

288.382

C18H22O2 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H14F3N3O4 C10H24N2O2 C2H6 C2H7AsO3

53-16-7 58-54-8 55283-68-6 74-55-5 74-84-0 507-32-4

270.367 303.138 333.263 204.310 30.069 153.997

C2H4N2O2 C2H8N2 C2H10Cl2N2 C2H6O2

557-30-2 107-15-3 333-18-6 107-21-1

88.065 60.098 133.019 62.068

C16H18O6S2

6315-52-2

Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Ethylene glycol

mp/˚C

den/g cm-3

bp/˚C

nD

stab in aq soln only br pow (Na salt) syr dec dec 112 1900.5 pr (w+2) 205 (pentahydrate) hyg cry (ace141 eth) nd (+1/2 w) 221.5 (80% al) pr (80% al), 178.5

s H2; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py, HOAc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs ace, EtOH, Diox

cry (dil MeOH- 181 chl) 196 lf (al), mcl (dil al) cry (MeOH-bz)

s EtOH, diox

288 dec

1.2725

s EtOH; sl eth, bz, tfa; vs py

1.23625

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, diox

0.5446-89

sl H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH

290

-88.6 21012

178 dec 11.14

sub 117

0.897920

liq

-12.69

197.3

1.113520

1.456520 1.633 1.431820

370.440

cry (bz)

128

liq

18.9 -31

169 190

1.07025 1.104320

1.398525 1.415920

liq orth pr (eth) pl (al)

550.6 dec 360 18820 174

1.093526

73.5 56.6

lf or nd (al-chl) liq ye liq lf cry (eth, ace)

72 -40 -22.3 79 65

Ethylidene diacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate

C6H10O4 C6H10O4

542-10-9 111-55-7

146.141 146.141

4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784

Ethylene glycol diacrylate Ethylene glycol dibenzoate Ethylene glycol didodecanoate Ethylene glycol diformate Ethylene glycol dipalmitate Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol distearate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate

C8H10O4 C16H14O4 C26H50O4 C4H6O4 C34H66O4 C10H14O4 C2H4N2O6 C38H74O4 C30H58O4

2274-11-5 94-49-5 624-04-4 629-15-2 624-03-3 97-90-5 628-96-6 627-83-8 627-84-9

170.163 270.280 426.673 118.089 538.886 198.216 152.062 594.993 482.780

mcl, orth (al)

cry col gas nd (al), orth nd (w) orth pl (w)

Solubility s H2O

260.2 122.5 57 89 -182.79 99.5

4773 1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4methylbenzenesulfonate) 4774 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate 4775 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate 1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate 1,2-Ethanediol, diformate 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate 1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate 1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate

Physical Form

dec 256

260 198.5 24120 20820

1.1930 0.859478 1.05320 1.491820 0.858178 0.860080

1.3580 1.453225

vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH; i eth, bz; s ctc vs H2O msc H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; sl bz

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace vs bz, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4756 Eserine sulfate

Synonym

 

O CHO H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH

HO

I O I

Erythrosine

O O

O

HN

COCH2OH HO H CH2OH

OH

I

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate

H N

HO

O

I

N

L-Erythrulose

OH

OH

Esaprazole

.H2SO4

O

OH N H

O

O

HO

N

O

H

N 2

Esculin

Eserine sulfate

OH

OH

OH O

H

H

OH

O HO

HO

HO

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17α)

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β)

OH H

HO

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8α,17β)

O OH

O

O O

H



TeamLRN

HO

O

HO

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16β,17β)

Estrone

N

O

F F

Cl Ethacrynic acid

N O

F

HO

N

H2N

Ethanedial dioxime

NH2

NH2 2HCl

H2N

1,2-Ethanediamine

HO

1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride

O O

OH As O OH

H H H

Ethane

Ethanearsonic acid

O

S

O

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol

H

OH

O

OH

H H

Ethambutol

O

S OH

H N

N H

O

Ethalfluralin

O N

HO

N

OH

Cl

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16α,17β)

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3-benzoate, (17β)

1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)

O

O

1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate

O 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate

O

O O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate

O 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate

O

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, diformate

1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate

O

O O

O

O O

1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate

O N

O

O

N O

1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate

O

1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH OH

No.

Name

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4785 1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate

Ethylene glycol dithiocyanate

C4H4N2S2

629-17-4

144.218

4786 4787 4788 4789

1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate 1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate 1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate 1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite

Ethylene glycol monoacetate Ethylene glycol monobenzoate Ethylene glycol monostearate Ethylene glycol monosulfite

C4H8O3 C9H10O3 C20H40O3 C2H4O3S

542-59-6 94-33-7 111-60-4 3741-38-6

104.105 166.173 328.530 108.116

4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799

1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid Ethanedithioamide 1,2-Ethanedithiol 1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate Ethanesulfonic acid Ethanesulfonyl chloride Ethanethiol Ethanimidamide Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

1,2-Diphosphonoethane Ethylene disulfonic acid Rubeanic acid Ethylene dimercaptan

Acetamidine hydrochloride

C2H8O6P2 C2H6O6S2 C2H4N2S2 C2H6S2 C6H10O4S2 C2H6O3S C2H5ClO2S C2H6S C2H6N2 C2H7ClN2

6145-31-9 110-04-3 79-40-3 540-63-6 123-81-9 594-45-6 594-44-5 75-08-1 143-37-3 124-42-5

190.029 190.195 120.196 94.199 210.271 110.132 128.578 62.134 58.082 94.543

4800 Ethanol 4801 Ethanolamine

Ethyl alcohol Glycinol

C2H6O C2H7NO

64-17-5 141-43-5

46.068 61.083

4802 Ethanolamine hydrochloride 4803 Ethanolamine O-sulfate 4804 Ethaverine

2-Aminoethanol hydrochloride 2-Aminoethyl sulfate 1-[(3,4-Diethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7diethoxyisoquinoline 1-Chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-ol Phosphonic acid, (2-chloroethyl)19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20yne-3,17-diol, (17α)-

C2H8ClNO C2H7NO4S C24H29NO4

2002-24-6 926-39-6 486-47-5

97.544 141.147 395.492

hyg cry (EtOH)

C7H9ClO C2H6ClO3P C20H24O2

113-18-8 16672-87-0 57-63-6

144.598 144.494 296.404

liq

C9H22O4P2S4 C6H13NO2S C6H13NO2S C11H19N3O

563-12-2 535-32-0 13073-35-3 23947-60-6

384.476 163.238 163.238 209.288

C21H28O2 C6H14NO3PS2 C13H18O5S C16H23NO2

434-03-7 116-01-8 26225-79-6 77-15-6

312.446 243.284 286.344 261.360

13194-48-4

242.340

86-35-1 627-03-2 1676-63-7 927-80-0 442-16-0 94-70-2

204.225 104.105 164.201 70.090 253.299 137.179

4805 Ethchlorvynol 4806 Ethephon 4807 Ethinylestradiol 4808 4809 4810 4811

Ethion D-Ethionine L-Ethionine Ethirimol

4812 4813 4814 4815

Ethisterone Ethoate-methyl Ethofumesate Ethoheptazine

4816 Ethoprop Ethotoin Ethoxyacetic acid 4’-Ethoxyacetophenone Ethoxyacetylene 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine 2-Ethoxyaniline

Ethyl mercaptan

3-Ethylhomocysteine, (R) 3-Ethylhomocysteine, (S) 4(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-butyl-2(ethylamino)-6-methyl-

4-Carbethoxymethyl-4phenylazacycloheptane Phosphorodithioic acid, O-ethyl S,S- C8H19O2PS2 dipropyl ester C11H12N2O2 C4H8O3 C10H12O2 C4H6O Ethacridine C15H15N3O o-Phenetidine C8H11NO

cry (peth) liq nd (EtOH/eth) red cry liq hyg pa ye liq nd or pr (al) hyg lo pr (al) liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

90

dec

1.42000

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs ace

45 60.5 -11

188 15010 1903 173

1.10815 1.110130 0.878060 1.440220

msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl EtOH; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt; sl chl

223 173 170 dec -41.2 -17 -147.88 -35 177.5 -114.14 10.5

nD

Solubility

1.431060 1.446320

vs diox sl H2O, EtOH; s con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs alk

146.1 1381.5 1231 174 35.0

1.23420

1.559020

1.334125 1.35722 0.831525

1.433520 1.453120 1.431020

vs H2O, EtOH vs eth; s CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, dil alk sl H2O; s EtOH, acid vs H2O, EtOH

78.29 171

0.789320 1.018020

1.361120 1.454120

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s bz msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, lig, bz; s chl

85 230 dec 100

s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl 181; 300.1

74

1.0725 1.2

1.47425

i H2O; s os sl chl

cry (H2O) cry (H2O)

cry (tol/hp)

-13 278 dec 273 dec 160

1.2220

1.2125

272 67 71

liq

pr (w)

1650.3

1341

1.14 1.03826

880.2

1.09420

206.5 268 50

1.102120

1.419420

0.800020

1.379620

1.521026

94

pl (eth)

39

ye nd

226 <-21

232.5

1.556020

 

4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822

Ethylsulfonic acid

orth pl or nd (w)

s hot H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Synonym

O O N

S

S

N

1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate

OH

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate

S O

O P OH OH

O HO P OH

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite

O S OH O

O HO S O

1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid

1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid

O S

S

H2N

HS HS

NH2

Ethanedithioamide

SH

S

O

SH

1,2-Ethanedithiol

O

O

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate

S

OH

Ethanesulfonic acid

NH2

Cl

O

NH

SH

Ethanesulfonyl chloride

NH2

Ethanethiol

Ethanimidamide

HCl

HN

H2N

OH

Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

Ethanol

OH

Ethanolamine

O OH



TeamLRN

OH HCl

H2N

Ethanolamine hydrochloride

H2N

O

OH O S O O

N O

Cl

O

Ethanolamine O-sulfate

Ethaverine

Ethchlorvynol

O

O OH

NH2 D-Ethionine

OH

N H

NH2 L-Ethionine

H H

N H

Ethirimol

Ethoprop

Ethotoin

Ethion

H

Ethisterone

O

O O

N H

S O O

Ethoate-methyl

N Ethoheptazine

NH2

NH2

O

O O

O O Ethofumesate

O O

S P O O

O

S

N N H

Ethinylestradiol

O O P S

O

O O S P S O

HO

S

OH N

S

S O P S O

Ethephon

O S

H

O HO P OH Cl

HO

OH

Ethoxyacetic acid

O 4’-Ethoxyacetophenone

O Ethoxyacetylene

O N

7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine

NH2 2-Ethoxyaniline

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate

O

OH

O

O OH

No.

Name

Physical Form

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

m-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine

C8H11NO C8H11NO C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C8H10O C8H12N2O C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10N2O3S2 C12H19NO C7H12O2 C14H19NO

621-33-0 156-43-4 613-69-4 10031-82-0 938-73-8 103-73-1 1197-37-1 134-11-2 619-86-3 452-35-7 1864-92-2 103-75-3 91-53-2

137.179 137.179 150.174 150.174 165.189 122.164 152.193 166.173 166.173 258.316 193.285 128.169 217.307

C4H12OSi C16H16O2 C4H11NO

14857-34-2 574-09-4 110-76-9

104.223 240.297 89.136

liq nd (lig)

4839 2-Ethoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 4840 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate Diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate 4841 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 4842 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acrylate 4843 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4844 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde Ethyl vanillin 4845 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4846 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 4847 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene 4848 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene 4849 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Ethyl tert-pentyl ether 4850 (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile 4851 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 2,3-Epoxypropyl ethyl ether 4852 1-Ethoxynaphthalene 4853 2-Ethoxynaphthalene 4854 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline 5-Nitro-o-phenetidine 4855 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene 4856 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C4H10O2 C9H16O4 C6H12O3

110-80-5 7328-17-8 111-15-9

90.121 188.221 132.157

C7H12O3

106-74-1

144.168

C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C10H12O3 C5H12O2 C9H12O C9H12O C7H16O C6H6N2O C5H10O2 C12H12O C12H12O C8H10N2O3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3

492-88-6 121-32-4 120-25-2 5137-45-1 621-32-9 622-60-6 919-94-8 123-06-8 4016-11-9 5328-01-8 93-18-5 136-79-8 610-67-3 100-29-8

166.173 166.173 180.200 104.148 136.190 136.190 116.201 122.124 102.132 172.222 172.222 182.176 167.162 167.162

4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863

C10H12N2O4 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C10H13NO2 C10H13NO2 C11H15NO3

1777-84-0 94-71-3 621-34-1 622-62-8 581-08-8 62-44-2 539-08-2

224.213 138.164 138.164 138.164 179.216 179.216 209.242

4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835

3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde 2-Ethoxybenzamide Ethoxybenzene 4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Ethoxybenzoic acid 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid 6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide 3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline 2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 4836 Ethoxydimethylsilane 4837 2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 4838 2-Ethoxyethanamine



N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide 2-Ethoxyphenol 3-Ethoxyphenol 4-Ethoxyphenol N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2hydroxypropanamide

Ethenzamide Phenetole

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxyquin Dimethylethoxysilane

Catechol monoethyl ether Resorcinol monoethyl ether Hydroquinone monoethyl ether Phenacetin p-Lactophenetide

nd (w, al) liq

mp/˚C 1.2 21 13.5 133 -29.43 71.5 20.7 198.5 189

bp/˚C 248 254 248 249

den/g cm-3 1.065216

nD 1.552820

1.0821

Solubility vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl msc EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH, ctc sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, bz

0.965120

1.507620

286; 970.6 132; 4216 1242

1.532525 1.439420 1.56925

s EtOH, bz, HOAc

0.965825 1.02625

62

54 19420 107

0.7620 1.101617 0.851220

1.572717 1.410120

liq

-70

135

1.405425

liq

-61.7

156.4

0.925325 1.1325 0.974020

vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

1.405420

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

liq

-47

174

0.98320

1.427420

65.3 77.5 64.5

264 285 16813 103.5 192 188.5 102 16012 128 280.5 282 20514 267 283

nd (w)

mcl pr liq

66 nd pl (al) ye nd (dil al) br ye pr (dil al, eth)

5.5 37.5 96.5 1.1 60

nd (dil al)

124.0 29

pr or lf (w) lf(dil al) mcl pr

66.5 79 137.5 118

169.81 295 21139

217 246; 13110 246.5 >240

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 0.846025 0.94920 0.950918 0.75118

1.384325 1.51320 1.505818

0.970020 1.06020 1.064020

1.432020 1.595325 1.597536

1.190315 1.1176100

1.542520

1.090325 1.10515

1.571

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol, lig, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz; s peth vs ace, bz, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace; vs py s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

Synonym

O

NH2 O

NH2

O O

O

O

4-Ethoxyaniline

2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

S

O

O S NH2 O

O O

4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

2-Ethoxybenzamide

6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide

Ethoxybenzene

O

4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine

2-Ethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O

3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline

OH

O

N N

O

4-Ethoxybenzoic acid

O N H

O

2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran

OH

O Si H

6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

O

Ethoxydimethylsilane

NH2

O

2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone

2-Ethoxyethanamine

O

O O



TeamLRN

O OH

O

O

2-Ethoxyethanol

O

O

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate

OH

O

O O

O

O

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

O

O

O

2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate

O

OH

O 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

NH2 O O N

O

1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane

1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene

2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane

O

O

N

(Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile

(Ethoxymethyl)oxirane

1-Ethoxynaphthalene

2-Ethoxynaphthalene

N O 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline

O

O N O

H N

O O

1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

O

N O 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

O

O O

N

O

OH OH

OH

OH

O O

2-Ethoxyphenol

O HN

HN

O

O

N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide

HN

3-Ethoxyphenol

O

O 4-Ethoxyphenol

N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

O N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3-Ethoxyaniline

NH2

NH2

O

O

O

NH2

No.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

(4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea 3-Ethoxypropanal 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid Ethoxytrimethylsilane Ethoxytriphenylsilane N-Ethylacetamide Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate 4’-Ethylacetophenone Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate Ethyl acrylate

Dulcin

150-69-6 2806-85-1 2141-62-0 15301-40-3 1825-62-3 1516-80-9 625-50-3 141-78-6 141-97-9 937-30-4 1540-29-0 1522-46-9 1540-28-9 610-89-9 140-88-5

180.203 102.132 99.131 253.275 118.250 304.458 87.120 88.106 130.141 148.201 186.248 172.221 172.221 170.205 100.117

lf (dil al), pl (w) 173.5

Ethyl 2-allylacetoacetate Ethyl propenoate

C9H12N2O2 C5H10O2 C5H9NO C11H11NO4S C5H14OSi C20H20OSi C4H9NO C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C10H12O C10H18O3 C9H16O3 C9H16O3 C9H14O3 C5H8O2

liq

-71.2

76 344 205; 10418 77.11 180.8 11411 221.5 201; 9720 224; 9015 208 99.4

4879 Ethylamine

Ethanamine

C2H7N

75-04-7

45.084

vol liq or gas

-80.5

16.5

4880 4881 4882 4883 4884

Ethylamine hydrochloride Ethyl 2-aminoacetate Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate

Ethanamine hydrochloride Glycine, ethyl ester

C2H8ClN C4H9NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2

557-66-4 459-73-4 87-25-2 582-33-2 94-09-7

81.545 103.120 165.189 165.189 165.189

mcl pl (al)

109.5

4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890

Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate 2-(Ethylamino)ethanol 2-Ethylaniline 3-Ethylaniline 4-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline

C4H8N2O3 C4H11NO C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N

626-36-8 110-73-6 578-54-1 587-02-0 589-16-2 103-69-5

132.118 89.136 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180

4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903

2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde N-Ethylbenzamide Ethylbenzene α-Ethylbenzeneacetamide α-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol α-Ethylbenzenemethanol Ethyl benzenesulfonate 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole Ethyl benzoate

C16H12O2 C9H10O C9H11NO C8H10 C10H13NO C10H12O2 C10H11N C8H10O2 C9H12O C8H10O3S C8H10O3S C9H10N2 C9H10O2

84-51-5 4748-78-1 614-17-5 100-41-4 90-26-6 90-27-7 769-68-6 2896-60-8 93-54-9 515-46-8 98-69-1 1848-84-6 93-89-0

236.265 134.174 149.189 106.165 163.216 164.201 145.201 138.164 136.190 186.228 186.228 146.188 150.174

C10H10O4

6951-08-2

194.184

4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878



4904 Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate

Actinoquinol

Ethyl aminobenzoate

Phenylethane α-Phenylbutyramide

α-Ethylbenzyl alcohol

br nd (w)

-83.8 -45

13 nd (w), orth (eth) nd (w, bz) liq liq liq liq

den/g cm-3

nD

0.916520 0.928515

1.406820

0.757320

1.374120

0.9424 0.900320 1.036810

1.433820 1.372320 1.417120

0.952320 0.964818 0.966120 0.989820 0.923420

1.430120 1.425618 1.425520 1.438818 1.406820

0.67725 (p>1 atm) 1.216020 1.027510 1.117420 1.17120

1.366320

92 196.5

dec 169.5 209.5 214; 946 217.5 203.0

0.91420 0.98322 0.989625 0.967920 0.962520

1.44420 1.558422

-43 -64 -2.4 -63.5

221

0.979020

136.19 18516 271 241 16024, 13115 219 15615

0.862625

0.991525 1.216720 1.23

1.516923 1.508120

1.041525

1.500720

149; 5818 268 294; 1605 310

Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH; vs AcOEt

286 dec 65

liq liq

dec 135.2 171

1.424210 1.564620 1.560022

1.555420 1.555920

vs eth, EtOH s alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s chl msc H2O, EtOH; s chl, HOAc s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs ace, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, DMSO; msc EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, acid i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz, tfa vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc

108.8 nd (w) liq cry pl (eth)

70.5 -94.96 86 47.5

pr (chl, bz)

98.5

liq

176.5 -34

212

pr

18.5

285.5; 1356

1.495920

0.97714

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, ctc; sl ace s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

O HN

OH O S O

NH2

O

O 3-Ethoxypropanal

3-Ethoxypropanenitrile

8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

O

O O

Ethoxytrimethylsilane

Ethoxytriphenylsilane

O

O O

O O

N H

O

O

O

O

N-Ethylacetamide

O

O

O

O

O O

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl acetoacetate

4’-Ethylacetophenone

Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate

Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate

Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate

Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate

O O O

O

O



TeamLRN

NH2 HCl

NH2

O Ethyl acrylate

H2N

Ethylamine

Ethylamine hydrochloride

O

O

O

O NH2

NH2

Ethyl 2-aminoacetate

Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate

H 2N

Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate

Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate

NH2 O H2N

NH2

O N H

H N

O

Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate

O

NH2

HN

OH

O

2-(Ethylamino)ethanol

2-Ethylaniline

3-Ethylaniline

4-Ethylaniline

N-Ethylaniline

2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH

 O

4-Ethylbenzaldehyde

N-Ethylbenzamide

O O S O

α-Ethylbenzeneacetamide

Ethylbenzene

α-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid

α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile

4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol

OH O S O N N H

Ethyl benzenesulfonate

OH

N

O

O

OH α-Ethylbenzenemethanol

OH

NH2

N H

4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid

2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole

O

O O

O

O O

Ethyl benzoate

Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

(4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea

O

N

O

O Si

N

O O

O Si

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Wt.

4905 Ethyl benzoylacetate

C11H12O3

94-02-0

192.211

4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920

Ethyl N-benzylglycinate Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate Ethyl bromoacetate Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate Ethyl trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate

C11H15NO2 C13H14O3 C4H7BrO2 C6H9BrO3 C9H9BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H9BrO2 C8H15BrO2 C7H13BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C5H7BrO3 C7H13BrO2 C7H13BrO2 C5H9BrO2

6436-90-4 620-80-4 105-36-2 13176-46-0 5798-75-4 533-68-6 2969-81-5 37746-78-4 25542-62-5 609-12-1 600-00-0 70-23-5 615-83-8 14660-52-7 535-11-5

193.243 218.248 167.002 209.037 229.070 195.054 195.054 193.038 223.108 209.081 195.054 195.012 209.081 209.081 181.028

4921 4922 4923 4924 4925

C5H9BrO2 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C18H34O6

539-74-2 97-96-1 105-54-4 88-09-5 95-08-9

181.028 100.158 116.158 116.158 346.459

4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937

Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate 2-Ethylbutanal Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethylbutanoic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diester 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-1-butene Ethyl cis-2-butenoate Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Ethyl 3-butenoate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acrylate 2-Ethylbutylamine Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Ethyl 2-butynoate Ethyl carbamate

C6H14O C6H11ClO C6H12 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C8H16O2 C9H16O2 C6H15N C7H15NO2 C6H8O2 C3H7NO2

97-95-0 2736-40-5 760-21-4 6776-19-8 623-70-1 1617-18-1 10031-87-5 3953-10-4 617-79-8 591-62-8 4341-76-8 51-79-6

102.174 134.603 84.159 114.142 114.142 114.142 144.212 156.222 101.190 145.200 112.127 89.094

4938 4939 4940 4941

9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine 9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate

C14H14N2 C14H13N C4H7ClO2 C6H9ClO3

132-32-1 86-28-2 105-39-5 638-07-3

210.274 195.260 122.551 164.586

4942 4943 4944 4945

Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate Ethyl chloroformate

C9H9ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C4H6ClFO2 C3H5ClO2

7335-27-5 3153-36-4 401-56-9 541-41-3

184.619 150.603 140.541 108.524

Ethyl 6-bromocaproate

Ethyl 3-bromopyruvate

Ethyl α-bromopropionate

Diethylacetaldehyde Diethylacetic acid

Ethyl isocrotonate Ethyl crotonate

2-Ethyl-1-butanamine

Urethane

Physical Form

orth pl (dil al)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

<0

dec 267; 16720 17750 296; 18017 168.5 11514, 11010 263; 12515 177; 435 192; 8210 10014 12621 186 163 879 191 12935, 10720 dec 160; 7126 179; 6515 118160 121.3 194 1813.5

1.120215

1.531715

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.504120

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

60.5

liq

-18

cry (peth)

33

liq liq

-98 -31.8

<-15 liq

-131.5

<-100 liq liq liq

125 -22

pr (bz, to)

49

nd (al) liq

99 68 -21 -8

liq

-80.6

1.503220 1.527818 1.433217 1.327320 1.354020 1.40216 1.23823 1.276020 1.326320

1.448920 1.528120 1.543817 1.447520 1.455920 1.492520 1.456621 1.449620 1.444620

1.22618 1.308520 1.413520

1.449620 1.454320 1.449020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

1.412318 0.811020 0.873525 0.923920

1.451620 1.402520 1.389825 1.413220

s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth

147 140 64.7 136 138 119 162.5 8020

0.832620 0.982520 0.689420 0.918220 0.917520 0.912220 0.879020

1.422020 1.423420 1.396920 1.424220 1.424320 1.410520 1.410920

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

202; 10015 163 185

0.943426 0.964120 0.986221

1.427826 1.437220 1.414451

19010 144.3 dec 220; 11514 237.5 184 129 95

1.05980 1.158520 1.21825

1.639480 1.421520 1.452020

1.187314 1.075620 1.22520 1.135220

1.431120 1.392720 1.397420

 

CAS RN

vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py; sl lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

vs EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

O

O

O N H

Ethyl benzoylacetate

O

Br

O

Ethyl N-benzylglycinate

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate

Br

O

Ethyl bromoacetate

Br

O Br

O

Ethyl trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate

O

Br

Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate



TeamLRN

O Br

Br Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate

O

O O 2-Ethylbutanal

O O

Ethyl cis-2-butenoate

O

2-Ethylbutanoic acid

9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine

O

O

Cl

2-Ethyl-1-butanol

O

O

2-Ethylbutyl acetate

2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride

NH2

N H

2-Ethylbutyl acrylate

2-Ethylbutylamine

9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole

O Cl

O O

Ethyl chloroacetate

Cl

O

Ethyl N-butylcarbamate

O

O O

Ethyl 2-butynoate

H2N

O

Ethyl carbamate

O O

O

Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate

2-Ethyl-1-butene

O O

O N

O Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate

OH

2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diester

NH2 N

Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate

O O

O

O

Ethyl 3-butenoate

Br

Br

Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate

O

Ethyl trans-2-butenoate

O

O

O

Ethyl butanoate

O

O Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate

O

O

O

OH

O O

Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate

O

O

Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate

Br

O

O

O O

Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate

O

Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate

O

O Br

Br

Br

O

Br

Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate

O

O O

O O

Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate

O O

O

Cl

Cl Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate

Cl O

Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate

O

O F

Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate

Cl

O

Ethyl chloroformate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O

 

No.

Physical Form

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Ethyl chlorosulfinate Ethyl chlorosulfonate S-Ethyl chlorothioformate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate

Ethyl oxalyl chloride Ethyl α-chloropropionate

C4H5ClO3 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C2H5ClO2S C2H5ClO3S C3H5ClOS C11H12O2 C3H5NO

4755-77-5 535-13-7 623-71-2 6378-11-6 625-01-4 2941-64-2 4192-77-2 627-48-5

136.534 136.577 136.577 128.578 144.577 124.589 176.212 71.078

C5H7NO2 C6H7NO2 C18H15NO2

105-56-6 7085-85-0 5232-99-5

113.116 125.126 277.318

C8H11NO3 C4H5NO2 C11H11NO2

94-05-3 623-49-4 4553-07-5

169.178 99.089 189.211

oil

4960 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Ethyl 2-benzylidene-2-cyanoacetate 4961 Ethylcyclobutane

C12H11NO2 C6H12

2025-40-3 4806-61-5

201.221 84.159

4962 Ethylcyclohexane

C8H16

1678-91-7

112.213

4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978

C9H16O2 C8H14 C9H14O2 C10H18O2 C7H14 C8H12O3 C7H12 C5H10 C6H10O2 C12H24O2 C4H6N2O2 C4H6Br2O2 C6H10Br2O2 C6H10Br2O2 C5H8Br2O2 C20H28O3S

3289-28-9 1453-24-3 15111-56-5 5452-75-5 1640-89-7 611-10-9 2146-38-5 1191-96-4 4606-07-9 110-38-3 623-73-4 617-33-4 609-11-0 36847-51-5 3674-13-3 5560-69-0

156.222 110.197 154.206 170.249 98.186 156.179 96.170 70.133 114.142 200.318 114.103 245.898 273.950 273.950 259.925 348.499

C4H6Cl2O2 C2H5AsCl2 C3H5Cl2NO2 C5H8Cl2O2 C8H16O4 C11H20O4 C4H6F2O2 C2H5AsF2

535-15-9 598-14-1 13698-16-3 6628-21-3 6065-82-3 77-25-8 454-31-9 430-40-0

156.996 174.889 157.984 171.022 176.211 216.275 124.087 141.980

4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953

4954 Ethyl cyanoacetate 4955 Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 4956 Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2propenoate 4957 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate 4958 Ethyl cyanoformate 4959 Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate



4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986

Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 1-Ethylcyclohexene Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate Ethyl cyclohexylacetate Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate 1-Ethylcyclopentene Ethylcyclopropane Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Ethyl decanoate Ethyl diazoacetate Ethyl dibromoacetate Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate Ethyl 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1naphthalenesulfonate Ethyl dichloroacetate Ethyldichloroarsine Ethyl dichlorocarbamate Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate Ethyl diethoxyacetate Ethyl diethylmalonate Ethyl difluoroacetate Ethyldifluoroarsine

Ethyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

Ethyl 2-cyano-2-propenoate Etocrilene

Ethyl caprate Diazoacetic ester

Ethyl dibunate

Dichloroethylarsine

mp/˚C

hyg

liq 10

liq liq

-22.5 110.5 52

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

137 147 162 52.544, 3216 152.5; 93100 136 271.5 dec 162; 3012 205 553 1953

1.222620 1.079320 1.108620 1.283720 1.350225 1.19520 1.049120 0.8920

1.417820 1.425420 1.455025 1.41620 1.482020 1.559820 1.378825

1.065420

1.417520

s H2O; vs eth, EtOH

Solubility vs bz, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH

1.00325 1.09120

1.382020 1.501225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

(i) nd (al) (ii) oil 51 liq -142.9

190.5 115.5 dec 275; 16520 18815 70.8

1.107625 0.728420

1.5033 1.402020

liq

-111.3

131.9

0.788020

1.433020

liq

-109.9

liq

-138.4

liq liq

-118.5 -149.2

liq ye orth cry

-20 -22 58.5

0.936220 0.817625 0.968820 0.953714 0.766520 1.078121 0.793625 0.679025 0.960815 0.865020 1.085218 1.899120 1.680020 1.698720 1.796620

1.450115 1.456720 1.457820 1.45114 1.419820 1.451920 1.441220 1.378620 1.419020 1.425620 1.460520 1.501713

nd

196 137 194.5 211 103.5 221; 11016 106.3 35.9 134 241.5 dec 140 194 11330 14952 214.5

vs ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs lig; msc ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

155; 5610 155.3; 7450 6618, 5515 183.5 199 230 100 94.3

1.282720 1.6620 1.30430 1.240120 0.98525 0.964330 1.176520 1.70817

1.438620

liq, fumes in air -38.7

1.496020 1.500720

1.459520 1.448220 1.410020 1.424020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol s eth, bz

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O; misc EtOH, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

O Cl

O O

O

O

O S Cl

Cl Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate

O

N N

Cl

Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate

Ethyl chlorosulfinate

Ethyl chlorosulfonate

Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate

O

Ethyl trans-cinnamate

O

Ethyl cyanoacetate

O

N

O

Ethyl cyanoformate

Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate

Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

O



TeamLRN

O

O

Ethyl cyanate

O

N Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate

O

N

N O

O

O

O

O S

S-Ethyl chlorothioformate

N O

O Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate

Cl

O

N O

O

O

HO

Ethylcyclobutane

Ethylcyclohexane

O

O

O

O O

Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

O

1-Ethylcyclohexene

Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate

Ethyl cyclohexylacetate

Ethylcyclopentane

O

O O

N

O Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate

O

N

Ethyl decanoate

Br O

Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate

Br

Ethyl diazoacetate

O O

Br

Br

Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate

O O S O

O Br

Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate

Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate

O O Cl

O O

Cl Ethyl 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonate

Br

O Br

Ethyl dibromoacetate

Ethylcyclopropane

O

O

O Br

1-Ethylcyclopentene

Ethyl dichloroacetate

Cl As

Cl Cl

Ethyldichloroarsine

N Cl

O

O O

Ethyl dichlorocarbamate

Cl

O

O O

Cl Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate

Ethyl diethoxyacetate

O O

O

O

F O

Ethyl diethylmalonate

O F

Ethyl difluoroacetate

F As

F

Ethyldifluoroarsine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate

O

O

Cl O S O O

O

O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

215.5 dec

1.026120 1.43025

1.449520 1.427

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Thiobutabarbital

C10H16N2O2S

2095-57-0

228.311

695-06-7 1623-14-9 125-33-7

114.142 126.048 218.251

liq hyg cry

Primidone

C6H10O2 C2H7O4P C12H14N2O2 C10H12O4

2524-37-0

196.200

132

sub

VX Nerve agent

C11H26NO2PS

50782-69-9

267.369

lf (HOAc), pr (al) very toxic liq

N,N-Dimethylethanamine

C4H11N C11H15NO2 C10H14 C10H14

598-56-1 10287-53-3 874-41-9 934-74-7

73.137 193.243 134.218 134.218

liq

36.5 19014 188.4 183.6

0.67520 1.0099100 0.876320 0.860825

1.370525

liq liq

-140 66.5 -62.9 -84.3

4997 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 4998 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C10H14 C10H14

2870-04-4 1758-88-9

134.218 134.218

liq liq

-16.2 -53.7

190 186.9

0.886425 0.873225

1.510720 1.504320

4999 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 5000 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C10H14 C10H14

933-98-2 934-80-5

134.218 134.218

liq liq

-49.5 -66.9

194 189.5

0.888125 0.870625

1.511720 1.503120

5001 N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 5002 Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate 5003 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 5004 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 5005 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 5006 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 5007 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine 5008 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole 5009 Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2carboxylate 5010 Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5011 Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5012 Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5013 Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate 5014 O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate 5015 Ethylene 5016 Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid 5017 Ethylene carbonate

C6H16N2

123-83-1

116.204

134.5

0.73825

1.422220

C9H16O3 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C7H14O2 C8H12N2 C8H13N C9H13NO2

17094-34-7 16747-32-3 16747-33-4 1068-87-7 3938-95-2 13360-65-1 517-22-6 2199-44-2

172.221 128.255 128.255 128.255 130.185 136.194 123.196 167.205

liq liq

-99.3

liq liq

-122.4 -89.5

pr cry (al)

0 125

8317 133.8 144.7 136.7 118.4 180.5 199; 9616 13510.5

0.9718 0.743820 0.750825 0.736520 0.85620 0.965724 0.91320

1.412320 1.422120 1.413120 1.390620 1.501424 1.496120

C9H13NO2

2199-51-1

167.205

78.5

291

vs eth, EtOH

C9H13NO2

2199-52-2

167.205

cry (eth-lig, peth) orth (al)

117.5

291; 13015

vs EtOH

C9H13NO2

2199-53-3

167.205

cry (dil al)

111.3

Vinylene carbonate

C7H10O4 C3H6OS2 C2H4 C4H8N2S4 C3H4O3

615-79-2 151-01-9 74-85-1 111-54-6 96-49-1

158.152 122.209 28.053 212.380 88.062

unstab liq col gas unstab liq mcl pl (al)

EDTA EDTA disodium

60-00-4 C10H16N2O8 C10H18N2Na2O10 6381-92-6

292.242 372.237

cry (w)

245 dec 242 dec

N,N’-Dioctadecanoylethanediamine

C38H76N2O2

593.022

cry (EtOH)

149



Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate

Xanthogenic acid Ethene

110-30-5

-18 281.5

vs eth, EtOH

1.503820 1.498120

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc

s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH, ace

vs eth, EtOH, chl

18 -53 -169.15

214 25 -103.77

1.125120

1.475717

vs eth, EtOH

0.5678-104

1.363-100

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace; s eth

36.4

248

1.321439

1.414850

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt

 

5018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 5019 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate 5020 N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide

Ethyl pivaloylacetate

169

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4987 5-Ethyldihydro-5-sec-butyl-2-thioxo4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione 4988 5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 4989 Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate 4990 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)pyrimidinedione 4991 Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6methylbenzoate 4992 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosphonothioate 4993 Ethyldimethylamine 4994 Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate 4995 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 4996 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

O

O NH

O

N H

S

O

O

5-Ethyldihydro-5-sec-butyl-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

O HO P OH O

5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

O NH

O

Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate

O

N H

HO

5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate

O

O N

S

N

N

O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate

Ethyldimethylamine

Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate

4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O O

N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate

3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane

3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane



TeamLRN

3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O

H N

N 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene

1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene

O O

N O

3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane

N

Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

O

O

O N H

N H

3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine

3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole

N H

O

Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate

Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

O O

O

O

N H

O

N H

Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

O

Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

H

S O

O

Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate

SH

O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate

H

H

H

Ethylene

H N

HS S

S N H

Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid

O

HOOC

HOOC

N N

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

N N

COOH

HOOC

NH

COO Na

COOH Na

COOH

2H2O

OOC

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate

SH

NH O N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide

O O

O

Ethylene carbonate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O P

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Aziridine

C2H5N C20H32O C4H12N2 C6H12O3 C7H14O3 C14H17NO3

151-56-4 965-90-2 110-72-5 817-95-8 763-69-9 16357-59-8

43.068 288.467 88.151 132.157 146.184 247.290

5027 5028 5029 5030

Ethyleneimine Ethylestrenol N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Ethyl ethoxyacetate Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)quinolinecarboxylate Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate Ethyl ethylcarbamate Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate 2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline

C8H14O3 C5H11NO2 C10H20O2 C16H19N

607-97-6 623-78-9 2983-37-1 64653-59-4

158.195 117.147 172.265 225.329

5031 5032 5033 5034 5035

O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride Ethyl fluoroacetate Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate N-Ethylformamide Ethyl formate

C4H10ClOPS C4H7FO2 C9H9FO2 C3H7NO C3H6O2

1497-68-3 459-72-3 451-46-7 627-45-2 109-94-4

172.613 106.096 168.164 73.094 74.079

5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047

2-Ethylfuran Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate γ-Ethyl L-glutamate Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate 3-Ethylheptane 4-Ethylheptane Ethyl heptanoate 2-Ethylheptanoic acid 4-Ethyl-4-heptanol Ethyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate 2-Ethylhexanal 3-Ethylhexane

C6H8O C7H8O3 C7H13NO4 C6H5F7O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20O C8H12O2 C8H16O C8H18

3208-16-0 614-99-3 1119-33-1 356-27-4 15869-80-4 2216-32-2 106-30-9 3274-29-1 597-90-0 2396-84-1 123-05-7 619-99-8

96.127 140.137 175.183 242.092 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.238 144.254 140.180 128.212 114.229

5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal Ethyl 3-hexenoate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 2-Ethylhexylamine 2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite Ethyl hexyl ether 2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

C8H18O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H15ClO C8H14O C8H14O2 C10H20O2 C11H20O2 C8H19N C20H30O4 C8H19O4P C20H27O3P C8H18O C15H22O3

94-96-2 123-66-0 149-57-5 104-76-7 760-67-8 645-62-5 2396-83-0 103-09-3 103-11-7 104-75-6 85-69-8 1070-03-7 15647-08-2 5756-43-4 118-60-5

146.228 144.212 144.212 130.228 162.657 126.196 142.196 172.265 184.276 129.244 334.450 210.208 346.400 130.228 250.334

5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026

EEDQ

Ethyl 2-ethylcaproate

Ethyl 2-furanoate



Ethyl oenanthate

Ethyl sorbate

Ethohexadiol

Ethyl hydrosorbate

2-Ethyl-1-hexanamine Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate Forstab 1-Ethoxyhexane Octisalate

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

liq cry

-77.9 77

56

0.83225

129 158 166; 485 1260.1

0.83725 0.970220 0.949020

198.0; 8010 176 9028 336603, 17310 350.7 120 210 198 54.4

0.984716 0.981320 0.858625

56.5

29 liq mcl pr (w)

26

liq

-79.6

lf or pr

34.5 191

liq

-114.9

liq liq

-66.1

<-100

liq liq

-40 -67

liq

-70

liq

-80 -90

nD

msc H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 1.438520 1.403920 1.406520

s EtOH, eth, ace s chl

1.421425 1.421520 1.412325 1.555025

msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.1520 1.091220 1.14625 0.955220 0.920820

1.375520 1.486420 1.432020 1.360920

92.5 196.8

0.901820 1.117421

1.440320 1.479721

95 143.0 141.2 187 15331 182 195.5 163 118.6

1.39420 0.722525 0.724125 0.881720

1.301120 1.409320 1.409620 1.410020 1.425527 1.433220 1.495120 1.414220 1.401820

vs H2O vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz sl H2O sl H2O; s eth, ace

244 167 228; 12013 184.6 10140, 6711 175 166.5 199 12560 169.2

0.932522 0.87320 0.903125 0.831925 0.93925 0.855420 0.895720 0.871820 0.88025

1520.15 143 19021

1.05420 0.772220 1.01

0.835020 0.950620 0.854020 0.713620

1.449720 1.407320 1.424120 1.430020 1.433520 1.425520 1.420420 1.433225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl; s acid

i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O sl H2O s H2O, bz

col liq liq

liq

Solubility

1.520727 1.400820

vs eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

OH H

O

H O

H N

N H Ethyleneimine

Ethylestrenol

N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

Ethyl ethoxyacetate

Ethyl formate

2-Ethylfuran

O

O

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate

Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate

F F O

NH2

O

γ-Ethyl L-glutamate

Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate

F

O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride

O

HO

O

F F

O O

N H

F

Ethyl fluoroacetate

Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate

O O

O F

O

N-Ethylformamide

F F

O

Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate

3-Ethylheptane

4-Ethylheptane

Ethyl heptanoate



TeamLRN

OH

O OH

O

OH

O

OH

O O

2-Ethylheptanoic acid

4-Ethyl-4-heptanol

Ethyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

O 2-Ethylhexanal

3-Ethylhexane

O

O OH

O 2-Ethylhexanoic acid

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride

2-Ethyl-2-hexenal

O O O

NH2 O 2-Ethylhexylamine

2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate

Ethyl hexanoate

O O

Cl

OH

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

O O P OH OH 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate

O O

O

O Ethyl 3-hexenoate

2-Ethylhexyl acetate

O P O O

2-Ethylhexyl acrylate

O

O OH

O 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite

Ethyl hexyl ether

2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

S O P Cl

2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline

O

O

O

Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate

N H

Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate

O

N

O O

O

Ethyl ethylcarbamate

O

O

O

O N H

O

NH2

O

No.

Name

5063 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate 5064 2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol 5065 Ethylhydrazine 5066 Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate 5067 Ethyl hydrogen adipate Ethyl hydrogen fumarate Ethyl hydrogen succinate Ethyl hydroperoxide Ethyl hydroxyacetate Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±) Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate



5076 α-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acid 5077 N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine 5078 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal 5079 Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate 5080 Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R) 5081 Ethylidenecyclohexane 5082 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene 5083 1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole 5084 Ethyl iodoacetate 5085 Ethyl isobutylcarbamate 5086 Ethyl isocyanate 5087 Ethyl isocyanide 5088 N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 5089 Ethyl isopentyl ether 5090 Ethylisopropylamine 5091 1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene 5092 Ethyl isopropyl ether 5093 N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine 5094 Ethyl isopropyl sulfide 5095 Ethyl isothiocyanate 5096 Ethyl lactate 5097 Ethyl laurate 5098 Ethyl levulinate 5099 Ethyl mercaptoacetate 5100 Ethyl methacrylate 5101 Ethyl methanesulfonate 5102 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene 5103 α-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H22O2 C10H22O2

688-84-6 1559-35-9

198.302 174.281

C2H8N2 C3H8N2O2 C8H14O4

624-80-6 4114-31-2 626-86-8

60.098 104.108 174.195

C6H8O4 C6H10O4 C2H6O2 C4H8O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C6H12O3 C6H10O3

2459-05-4 1070-34-4 3031-74-1 623-50-7 7781-98-8 120-47-8 35608-64-1 91890-87-8

144.126 146.141 62.068 104.105 166.173 166.173 132.157 130.141

Cyclobutyrol

C10H18O3

512-16-3

186.248

N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine

C4H11NO C8H16O2 C10H12O4 C20H38O3

3710-84-7 496-03-7 617-05-0 55066-53-0

89.136 144.212 196.200 326.514

C8H14 C9H12 C5H8N2 C4H7IO2 C7H15NO2 C3H5NO C3H5N C10H9NO2 C7H16O C5H13N C11H16 C5H12O C8H19N C5H12S C3H5NS C5H10O3 C14H28O2 C7H12O3 C4H8O2S C6H10O2 C3H8O3S C9H12O C10H14O2

1003-64-1 16219-75-3 7098-07-9 623-48-3 539-89-9 109-90-0 624-79-3 5022-29-7 628-04-6 19961-27-4 18970-44-0 625-54-7 7087-68-5 5145-99-3 542-85-8 2676-33-7 106-33-2 539-88-8 623-51-8 97-63-2 62-50-0 1515-95-3 5349-60-0

110.197 120.191 96.131 214.002 145.200 71.078 55.079 175.184 116.201 87.164 148.245 88.148 129.244 104.214 87.144 118.131 228.371 144.168 120.171 114.142 124.159 136.190 166.217

Ethylene glycol mono(2-ethylhexyl) ether Ethyl carbazate

Butanedioic acid, monoethyl ester Ethyl hydrogen peroxide

Ethylparaben

Ethyl ricinoleate

5-Ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

Isobutyl urethane

N-Ethyl-2-propanamine

Ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

12018, 11014 0.88025 227.7

cry hyg cry (eth, peth)

46 29

pr or nd liq

70 8 -100

pl (bz) cry (dil al)

74 117

cry (eth-peth)

81.5 10

nd (dil al)

44

liq oil <-65

nd (al)

liq liq liq liq

<-66 79

-122.2 -5.9 -26 -10

nD

Solubility

1.43625

101 dec 198; 939 285 0.979620

1.431120

14716 17242, 1193 95 160

1.110987 1.146620 0.933220 1.082623 1.0680131

1.432720 1.380020 1.418020

1.01720 1.047015

1.418220 1.43613

s EtOH, ace; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl, tfa; vs EtOH, eth; i CS 2 s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.001018

1.468018

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

133 13850, 1019 292 25813

0.866920

1.419520

0.918020

1.461822

136 146 208 179 11030 60 79 285.5 112.5 69.6 193 54.1 126.5 107.5 131.5 154.5 271; 15415 205.8 157 117 8610 198 14320

0.82225 0.893 0.99925 1.817313 0.943220 0.903120 0.740220

1.461820 1.490020

297.5 185; 7615 dec 173; 6815 16424

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth, peth

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

1.507913 1.428820 1.380820 1.362220

0.768821 0.88820 0.72025 0.74225 0.824620 0.999020 1.032820 0.861820 1.011120 1.096415 0.913520 0.962415

msc H2O s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

1.387225 1.50820 1.369825 1.413820

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

1.513020 1.412420 1.431120 1.422920 1.458220 1.414720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

1.512020 1.527720

vs bz, eth s ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5068 5069 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075

Synonym

 

O O

O

H2N

2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol

H2N

N H

Ethylhydrazine



2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate

O

O

OH

HO

N H

O

O O

Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate

O O

Ethyl hydrogen adipate

Ethyl hydrogen fumarate

O

O

O HO

O O

O

O

O Ethyl hydrogen succinate

HO

OH

Ethyl hydroperoxide

OH O O

OH

Ethyl hydroxyacetate

Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate

Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

O HO

OH



TeamLRN

O α-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acid

Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±)

Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate

OH

O

OH

N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine

OH

O

O

N OH

O O

OH

O O

OH

2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal

Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate

Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)

O N

Ethylidenecyclohexane

5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene

O

O

N

I

1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole

N H

O Ethyl iodoacetate

N O

Ethyl isobutylcarbamate

N

N C O Ethyl isocyanate

O

C

Ethyl isocyanide

N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

O N

N H

O Ethyl isopentyl ether

Ethylisopropylamine

1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene

Ethyl isopropyl ether

O

Ethyl isopropyl sulfide

Ethyl isothiocyanate

Ethyl lactate

OH O

O

N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine

OH

N C S

S

O

Ethyl laurate

O

O

O Ethyl levulinate

O

O HS

O

Ethyl mercaptoacetate

O Ethyl methacrylate

O O S O Ethyl methanesulfonate

O 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene

O α-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

O HO

No.



5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5120 5121 5122 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5135 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146 5147

Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine 5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2thiobarbituric acid Ethylmethylamine Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride 2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline N-Ethyl-α-methylbenzeneethanamine N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene Ethyl trans-2-methyl-2-butenoate Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Ethyl N-methylcarbamate Ethyl methyl carbonate trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane Ethyl methyl ether 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-Ethyl-2-methyl-2-propen-1-amine Methallatal

C10H12O3 C10H12O3 C9H12O2 C11H14O3 C7H12O3 C6H13N C10H14N2O2S

7335-26-4 94-30-4 2785-89-9 14062-18-1 609-14-3 18328-90-0 115-56-0

180.200 180.200 152.190 194.227 144.168 99.174 226.295

C3H9N C3H10ClN C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C11H17N C9H13NO2S C10H12N2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C11H18N2O3

624-78-2 624-60-2 24549-06-2 94-68-8 102-27-2 622-57-1 613-97-8 457-87-4 80-39-7 5805-76-5 87-24-1 94-08-6 108-64-5 19889-37-3 7357-93-9 5837-78-5 638-10-8 76-74-4

59.110 95.571 135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206 163.260 199.270 160.215 164.201 164.201 130.185 130.185 98.186 128.169 128.169 226.272

N-Methylethanamine N-Methylethanamine hydrochloride

N-Ethyl-4-toluidine N-Ethylamphetamine

Ethyl isovalerate

2,3-Diethylpentane Ethyl 4-methylcaproate

105-40-8 623-53-0 6236-88-0 16747-50-5 930-89-2 930-90-5 2613-66-3 2613-65-2 53778-43-1 126-39-6 540-67-0 16789-46-1 3074-76-8 3074-77-9 3074-75-7 1561-10-0 7152-15-0 609-26-7 1067-08-9

103.120 104.105 126.239 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 84.159 116.158 60.095 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.195 114.229 114.229

liq

mp/˚C 7.5 -7

liq

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

261 269.5 236.5 13970 187 104.7

1.112420 1.103820 1.093118 1.09725 0.994120 0.753

1.522420 1.525420

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.507520 1.418520 1.422120

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O

160.5 36.7 pl (al-eth) liq

128 -33 <-15

64 51 <-10 liq

-99.3 <-20

231 216 221 217 204 10514

1.087420 0.96825 0.94825 0.926315 0.939116 0.9255

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl 1.552520 1.545620 1.545120

liq liq liq liq liq

-14 -80.8 -143.8 -106 -105.9

liq liq

-108 -130.2

col gas

-113

liq liq liq

-9 -114.9 -90.9

s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

1.498625 s EtOH

296 227; 11318 232 135.0 207 89 156 153.5

1.07325 1.032521 1.026918 0.865620 0.715020 0.920020 0.919921

1.50722 1.508918 1.396220 1.425020 1.41020 1.434020 1.434520

20

20

130

 

C4H9NO2 C4H8O3 C9H18 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C6H12 C6H12O2 C3H8O C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C8H14O3 C8H18 C8H18

Physical Form

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 170 107.5 149 121.6 128 121.2 121 121 56.8 118 7.4 138 140.6 140 133.8 180 173 115.66 118.27

1.0115 1.01220 0.779820 0.776725 0.785220 0.764925 0.772420 0.761920 0.696825 0.936020 0.72510 0.731020 0.737125 0.742020 0.719525 0.870820 0.9825 0.719320 0.727420

1.4183 1.377820 1.430420 1.427220 1.429320 1.421920 1.420320 1.418620 1.388720

vs H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

1.34204 1.410620 1.414020 1.413420 1.406320 1.405120 1.25020 1.404020 1.407820

s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110

Name

OH O

O O

O O

O

Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate

4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol

Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate

H N

Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate

N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine

H N

H N

O

H N

N H

S

5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid

H N

N

N HCl H

N H Ethylmethylamine

Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride

2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-α-methylbenzeneethanamine

NH O S O O



TeamLRN

N

O

N N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide

O

O O

O

OH O

1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate

Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid

2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

O NH

O

O

O

O O

O

O

Ethyl trans-2-methyl-2-butenoate

Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate

N H

O

N H

5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O O

Ethyl N-methylcarbamate

O

Ethyl methyl carbonate

trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane

1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane

O O cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane

trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane

cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane

trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane

O

O O

3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane

3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane

3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane

4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane

1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane

Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate

2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane

O Ethyl methyl ether

O O

Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

NH

O O

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate

O

O

O

No.

Name

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-112.9

163; 5210 109.5 1181.5

0.870520 0.726220

1.405020 1.414020 1.554020

s ctc

273.5

1.04420

1.518220

0.86820

1.386918

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H16O2 C8H16 C11H17NO

25415-67-2 19780-66-6 91-88-3

144.212 112.213 179.259

Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate

C12H14O3

77-83-8

206.237

Bemegride Ethyl isobutanoate

C8H13NO2 C6H12O2 C7H10N2 C8H11N C8H11N C7H11NO2

64-65-3 97-62-1 13360-64-0 529-21-5 536-88-9 77-67-8

155.195 116.158 122.167 121.180 121.180 141.168

pl (w, ace-eth) liq liq

cry (ace-eth)

64.5

C3H8S C6H13NO C16H32O2 C12H13N C12H12 C12H12 C14H14O2 C2H5NO3 C2H5NO2 C4H7NO4 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C14H14NO4PS

624-89-5 100-74-3 124-06-1 118-44-5 1127-76-0 939-27-5 2122-70-5 625-58-1 109-95-5 626-35-7 612-22-6 100-12-9 618-98-4 99-77-4 2104-64-5

76.161 115.173 256.424 171.238 156.223 156.223 214.260 91.066 75.067 133.104 151.163 151.163 195.172 195.172 323.304

liq

-105.93

597-09-1 2531-80-8 759-73-9 123-29-5 15403-89-1 544-35-4

149.146 147.130 117.107 186.292 122.207 308.499

nd (w)

Ethyl linoleate

C5H11NO4 C5H9NO4 C3H7N3O2 C11H22O2 C9H14 C20H36O2

Ethyl linolenate

C20H34O2

1191-41-9

306.483

C20H38O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22S C20H38O2 C8H14O3 C7H12O3 C10H10O3

6114-18-7 5881-17-4 15869-86-0 106-32-1 3698-94-0 111-62-6 13984-57-1 4949-44-4 1603-79-8

310.515 142.282 142.282 172.265 174.347 310.515 158.195 144.168 178.184

3-Ethyl-4-picoline 4-Ethyl-2-picoline Ethosuximide

N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea

1-(Ethylthio)octane Ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate

Ethyl phenylglyoxylate

liq

126.5 -88.2

12.3 liq liq oil liq ye vol liq or gas

-13.9 -7.4 88.5 -94.6

liq liq

-12.3 -12.3 47 57 36

liq liq ye or col

57.5 100 dec -36.7

5.8

liq liq

-43.1

 

5179 Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15octadecatrienoate 5180 Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate 5181 3-Ethyloctane 5182 4-Ethyloctane 5183 Ethyl octanoate 5184 Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide 5185 Ethyl oleate 5186 Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate 5187 Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate 5188 Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

sub 100 110.1 7956 198 179

66.7 138.5 295 305; 19116 258.6 258 22220, 11813 87.2 18 10625, 836 232.5 245.5 297 186.3; 1538

0.928617 0.913025

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O

0.842220 0.899620 0.857325 1.065215 1.008220 0.992220

1.440420 1.440020 1.436220 1.647715 1.606220 1.599920

1.108420 0.89915 1.195320 1.120720 1.119220

1.385220 1.341810 1.425020 1.535620 1.545520

1.2725

1.597830

dec 190.5

s chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace

1.421020

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig; sl eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s dil alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc

227.0 143.6 272180, 21212 21815

0.865720 0.86 0.886520

1.422020 1.463020

0.891920

1.469420

vs eth, EtOH

21815 166.5 163.7 208.5 10914 21615, 20713 221.5 191 256.5

0.866425 0.735925 0.734325 0.86618

1.448025 1.415620 1.415120 1.417820

vs eth, EtOH

0.872020 0.98925 1.012020 1.122225

1.451520 1.427720 1.423020 1.519025

vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs bz, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



5148 Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate 5149 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 5150 2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl) amino]ethanol 5151 Ethyl 3-methyl-3phenyloxiranecarboxylate 5152 4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione 5153 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate 5154 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine 5155 3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine 5156 4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine 5157 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 5158 Ethyl methyl sulfide 5159 N-Ethylmorpholine 5160 Ethyl myristate 5161 N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine 5162 1-Ethylnaphthalene 5163 2-Ethylnaphthalene 5164 Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate 5165 Ethyl nitrate 5166 Ethyl nitrite 5167 Ethyl nitroacetate 5168 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene 5169 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene 5170 Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate 5171 Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate 5172 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate 5173 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 5174 Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate 5175 N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea 5176 Ethyl nonanoate 5177 5-Ethyl-2-norbornene 5178 Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate

Synonym

N

O

O

OH

O

O O

O Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate

3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene

2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl)amino]ethanol

O

Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenyloxiranecarboxylate

N H

O

4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione

Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate

3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine

4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine

O

O

O

O

S

3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Ethyl methyl sulfide

N-Ethylmorpholine

Ethyl myristate

N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine

O

O

O

O



TeamLRN

O 1-Ethylnaphthalene

O

2-Ethylnaphthalene

Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate

O

O

Ethyl nitrate

N

O

O

Ethyl nitrite

O N

O

N O

O

Ethyl nitroacetate

O

O

1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene

N O

N O

1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene

O

Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate

O O O

O

O N

N

O

Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate

S

O

P

HO

O

OH N O O

N O

Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate

2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

O

O N

O O

N

O N

O

NH2

O

O

Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea

Ethyl nonanoate

5-Ethyl-2-norbornene

O O

O

O O

Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate

Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate

Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate

3-Ethyloctane

O O O Ethyl octanoate

O O

S Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide

O

O

O O

Ethyl oleate

4-Ethyloctane

Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate

O

O O

Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate

O Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N H

N

N

N 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine

NH

N O

N

O

No.

Name

5189 Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate 5190 Ethyl palmitate 5191 3-Ethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione Ethyl pentanoate 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl 2-pentynoate 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl phenoxyacetate N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide Ethyl phenylacetate 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol Ethyl phenylcarbamate

5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231

Ethyl N-phenylformimidate Ethyl N-phenylglycinate 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate Ethyl phenyl sulfone Ethylphosphonic acid Ethyl phosphorodichloridate 5-Ethyl-2-picoline Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate 1-Ethylpiperidine Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate 1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol N-Ethyl-1-propanamine Ethylpropanedioic acid Ethyl propanoate Ethyl propyl ether 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl 2-propynoate 2-Ethylpyrazine 2-Ethylpyridine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

Ethyl pyruvate

C5H8O3 C18H36O2 C7H16

617-35-6 628-97-7 617-78-7

116.116 284.478 100.202

liq nd liq

-50 24 -118.55

155 19110 93.5

1.059615 0.857725 0.698220

1.405220 1.434734 1.393420

C7H12O2 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H16O C7H10O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C10H12O3 C10H13NO C10H12O2 C10H15NO C9H11NO2

1540-34-7 539-82-2 597-49-9 3404-71-5 4038-04-4 816-79-5 17952-11-3 55314-57-3 90-00-6 620-17-7 123-07-9 2555-49-9 529-65-7 101-97-3 92-50-2 101-99-5

128.169 130.185 116.201 98.186 98.186 98.186 116.201 126.153 122.164 122.164 122.164 180.200 163.216 164.201 165.232 165.189

liq liq

-91.2 -12.5

liq

-127.5

0.953119 0.877020 0.840722 0.707920 0.691725 0.720420 0.762220 0.96225 1.014625 1.028320

1.440819 1.412020 1.429420 1.40520 1.398220 1.414820 1.392720

55 -29.4

178.5 146.1 142 94 84.1 96 117.6 6718 204.5 218.4 217.9 247; 1103 260 227

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

wh nd (w) pl (dil al)

53

dec 237

1.106430

1.537630

C9H11NO C10H13NO2 C16H18 C11H14O2 C11H10O2 C8H10O2S C2H7O3P C2H5Cl2O2P C8H11N C7H14N2O2 C7H15N C8H15NO2 C10H19NO2 C7H15NO C5H13N C5H8O4 C5H10O2 C5H12O C10H15N C10H15N C5H12S C5H6O2 C6H8N2 C7H9N

6780-49-0 2216-92-4 7439-15-8 2021-28-5 2216-94-6 599-70-2 6779-09-5 1498-51-7 104-90-5 120-43-4 766-09-6 1126-09-6 19653-33-9 13444-24-1 20193-20-8 601-75-2 105-37-3 628-32-0 7399-50-0 35182-51-5 4110-50-3 623-47-2 13925-00-3 100-71-0

149.189 179.216 210.314 178.228 174.196 170.229 110.049 162.940 121.180 158.198 113.201 157.211 185.264 129.200 87.164 132.116 102.132 88.148 149.233 149.233 104.214 98.101 108.141 107.153

1.527920

58

214; 8710 273.5 294 247.2 265; 1281.6 16012 3358 6210 178.3 237 130.8 10010 217; 13950 9415 81 1800.05 99.1 63.21 195.4 217; 8012 118.6 120 112200 148.6

1.005120

lf (dil al) cry

s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH

1.02850 1.014720 1.05525 1.141020

1.495420 1.552020

vs eth, EtOH s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH

Ethyl valerate

Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester Phenylurethane

Ethyl phenylacetylenecarboxylate

Ethylphosphoric acid dichloride 1-Carbethoxypiperazine

Ethyl propionate

(Ethoxycarbonyl)acetylene

liq nd

liq

lf (dil al) hyg pl or nd

18 -4 45.0

42 61.5

col oil

pr (w+1) liq liq

114 -73.9 -127.5

liq

125.5 -117

liq

-63.1

1.095830 0.993860 1.033320

1.536720 1.523925 1.508020 1.498020

0.720417

1.433820 1.497120 1.476025 1.448020 1.459120 1.452525 1.477714 1.385825

0.884325 0.738620 0.898120 0.908525 0.837020 0.964516

1.383920 1.369520 1.485025 1.4090525 1.446220 1.410520

0.950225

1.496420

0.920220 0.823720 0.962725

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace s H2O, eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i ace; sl tfa sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs eth, EtOH, HOAc

s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

 

s H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207

Synonym

O

O

O O

O

O O

O

O Ethyl palmitate

3-Ethylpentane

3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione

OH

Ethyl pentanoate

3-Ethyl-3-pentanol

2-Ethyl-1-pentene

3-Ethyl-1-pentene

OH OH

O

O O

O 3-Ethyl-2-pentene

O

OH

Ethyl pentyl ether

O

N

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-pentynoate

2-Ethylphenol

3-Ethylphenol

4-Ethylphenol

Ethyl phenoxyacetate

N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide

Ethyl phenylacetate

O



TeamLRN

N

OH

H N

O

N

H N

O

O

O

O O S

O O

O

O 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol

Ethyl phenylcarbamate

Ethyl N-phenylformimidate

HO

Ethyl phosphorodichloridate

O

O

5-Ethyl-2-picoline

Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate

Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate

O

N

N

N H

O

Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate

1-Ethylpiperidine

O

N

O

Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate

Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate

Ethyl propanoate

N

O Ethyl propyl ether

2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine

4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine

S Ethyl propyl sulfide

1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol

N-Ethyl-1-propanamine

N

O

N O

Ethylpropanedioic acid

H N

O

O OH

Ethyl phenyl sulfone

OH

N N

Ethylphosphonic acid

1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane

H N

O Cl P Cl O

O HO P OH

O

Ethyl N-phenylglycinate

O Ethyl 2-propynoate

N 2-Ethylpyrazine

N 2-Ethylpyridine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate

No.

Name

5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251 5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264

Ethyl salicylate Ethyl silicate Ethyl stearate 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Ethyl sulfate 2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide, inner salt Ethyl tartrate 2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran 5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine S-Ethyl thioacetate (Ethylthio)acetic acid (Ethylthio)benzene Ethyl thiocyanate 2-(Ethylthio)ethanol 1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene 2-Ethylthiophene Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate 3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 2-Ethyltoluene

5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272

3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyl trifluoroacetate Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

5273 Ethyltrimethoxysilane

Ethionamide Ethyl 2-picolinate Ethyl nicotinate

N-Ethylmaleimide 2-(4-Diethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid

Ethyl octadecanoate

Ethylsulfonylethyl alcohol Woodward’s Reagent K Ethyl tartrate, acid

Thiophenetole

3-Ethylrhodanine

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H9N C7H9N C8H10N2S C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C7H10BrN C6H9N C6H7NO2 C7H16N2 C17H19N3O2

536-78-7 536-75-4 536-33-4 2524-52-9 614-18-6 1570-45-2 1906-79-2 617-92-5 128-53-0 26116-12-1 76058-33-8

107.153 107.153 166.243 151.163 151.163 151.163 188.065 95.142 125.126 128.215 297.352

C9H10O3 C8H20O4Si C20H40O2 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C2H6O4S C4H10O3S C11H11NO4S

118-61-6 78-10-4 111-61-5 7564-63-8 7525-62-4 3454-07-7 540-82-9 513-12-2 4156-16-5

166.173 208.329 312.531 132.202 132.202 132.202 126.132 138.185 253.275

C6H10O6 C6H12O C4H7N3S C4H8OS C4H8O2S C8H10S C3H5NS C4H10OS C9H12S C6H8S C7H8O2S C5H7NOS2 C9H12

608-89-9 1003-30-1 14068-53-2 625-60-5 627-04-3 622-38-8 542-90-5 110-77-0 622-63-9 872-55-9 2810-04-0 7648-01-3 611-14-3

178.139 100.158 129.184 104.171 120.171 138.230 87.144 106.186 152.256 112.193 156.203 161.246 120.191

C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O3S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5F3O2 C6H7F3O3 C3H5F3O3S C9H10O5

620-14-4 622-96-8 80-40-0 515-84-4 383-63-1 372-31-6 425-75-2 831-61-8

120.191 120.191 200.254 191.441 142.077 184.113 178.130 198.172

C5H14O3Si

5314-55-6

150.249

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

165 168.3

0.953925 0.941720

1.502120 1.500920

s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

243 224 219.5

1.119420 1.107020 1.009115

1.510420 1.502420 1.501720

cry (al)

-76.9 -90.5 163 1 8.5 23 111.5

129.5

0.900920

1.484120

cry (bz)

45.5

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

5916, 4010

0.88725

1.466520

15010 168.8 19910 187.3; 6812 190.0 192.3; 8620 dec 280

1.132620 0.932020 1.05720 0.901725 0.894520 0.888425 1.365720

1.529620 1.392820 1.434940 1.538020 1.535120 1.537620 1.410520

109

0.857019

1.414719

116.4 16483, 1095 205 146 184 220 134 218

0.979220 1.149720 1.021120 1.00723 1.016620 0.999620 0.993020 1.162316

1.458321

165.2

0.880720

1.504620

161.3 162 17315 167.5 61 132 115

0.864520 0.861420 1.16648 1.383620 1.19420 1.258615 1.37400

1.496620 1.495920

0.948820

1.383820

liq liq ye cry in air

135

liq liq liq liq

45 -82.5 33 -75.5 -101 -49.7

i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s ctc dec H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace

vs H2O sl chl

dec 207 90

vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

200.8 -8.5 liq liq

liq liq liq

-85.5 -100

35.5 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 34.5

liq

-39.1

mcl pr (w+2 1/ 2) nd (chl)

163.0 124.3

 

3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate N-Ethylpyridinium bromide 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine Ethyl Red

Mol. Form.

1.567020 1.468415 1.486720 1.55520 1.512220 1.524820

1.450520 1.30820 1.378315

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth s eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt vs EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242

Synonym

NH2

S

O

N N

4-Ethylpyridine

O

O

2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide

O N

N

O

N

N

Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate

O

N

Br

Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate

N-Ethylpyridinium bromide

1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole

1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

HO O

N

O O Si O O

OH O

N N

NH2

N

O

O O

1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine

Ethyl Red

Ethyl salicylate

Ethyl silicate

Ethyl stearate



TeamLRN

O O O S O OH 4-Ethylstyrene

Ethyl sulfate

OH

S O O

2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol

O

O S O O

N N

OH OH O

2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide, inner salt

3-Ethylstyrene

OH

O

N

2-Ethylstyrene

S

O

Ethyl tartrate

2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran

O NH2

5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine

S S-Ethyl thioacetate

O O S

S OH

(Ethylthio)acetic acid

S

N

S

S (Ethylthio)benzene

Ethyl thiocyanate

S S

OH

2-(Ethylthio)ethanol

1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene

2-Ethylthiophene

N

O

3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

O O S O

O O Cl Cl

3-Ethyltoluene

4-Ethyltoluene

Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate

O

O O

Cl

Ethyl trichloroacetate

F F

O F

Ethyl trifluoroacetate

F F

O

O O

F

Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate

F F

S

S

O Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

O

O S

O

F

Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

2-Ethyltoluene

HO

OH OH

Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

O Si O O Ethyltrimethoxysilane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

N 3-Ethylpyridine

O

O

No.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Ethyltrimethylplumbane

C11H16 C11H16 C5H14Pb C9H15N C6H11O3P

17851-27-3 3982-67-0 1762-26-1 520-69-4 824-11-3

148.245 148.245 281.4 137.222 162.123

C13H26O2 C13H24O2 C3H8N2O C4H8O C31H42ClN3 C9H8O C10H9NO2

627-90-7 692-86-4 625-52-5 109-92-2 2390-59-2 4187-87-5 3567-38-2

214.344 212.329 88.108 72.106 492.138 132.159 175.184

C8H13N C8H12O C9H13NO2 C7H10O C10H10O C2H4Si C32H38N4 C9H12N4O3 C12H22O6

30389-18-5 78-27-3 126-52-3 17356-19-3 127-66-2 1066-27-9 448-71-5 519-37-9 1954-28-5

123.196 124.180 167.205 110.153 146.185 56.139 478.671 224.216 262.299

C29H32O13 C10H17N2O4PS C10H18O C13H12O3

33419-42-0 38260-54-7 470-82-6 532-48-9

588.556 292.291 154.249 216.232 960.806

5300 Evodiamine 5301 Famotidine

C34H24N6Na4O14 314-13-6 S4 518-17-2 C19H17N3O 76824-35-6 C8H15N7O2S3

303.357 337.446

5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313

C10H16NO5PS2 C15H24 C15H24 C15H24O2 C15H26O C15H26O C17H28O2 C8H6N2O4 C13H22NO3PS C17H12Cl2N2O C20H19ClN4 C60H78OSn2

325.342 204.352 204.352 236.351 222.366 222.366 264.403 194.145 303.358 331.195 350.845 1052.680

5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294

1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Ethyltrimethyllead 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Ethyl undecanoate Ethyl 10-undecenoate N-Ethylurea Ethyl vinyl ether Ethyl Violet α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol α-Ethynyl-α-methylbenzenemethanol Ethynylsilane Etioporphyrin Etofylline Etoglucid

5295 5296 5297 5298

Etoposide Etrimfos Eucalyptol Euparin

5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285

Trimethylolpropane phosphite Ethyl undecylate

1-Phenylpropargyl alcohol Carfimate

Ethinamate

Silylacetylene



Oxirane, 2,2’-(2,5,8,11tetraoxadodecane-1,12-diyl)bis-

Cineole 1-[6-Hydroxy-2-(1-methylvinyl)-5benzofuranyl]ethanone

5299 Evan’s Blue

Famphur α-Farnesene β-Farnesene Farnesic acid 2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol 2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol Farnesol acetate Fenadiazole Fenamiphos Fenarimol Fenbuconazole Fenbutatin oxide

2-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol

Distannoxane, hexakis(2-methyl-2phenylpropyl)-

52-85-7 502-61-4 18794-84-8 7548-13-2 3790-71-4 106-28-5 29548-30-9 1008-65-7 22224-92-6 60168-88-9 114369-43-6 13356-08-6

Physical Form liq liq col liq lf (eth)

liq nd (bz, al-eth) liq gray-viol cry pr cry (al)

cry (peth) nd

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-13.5 -15.5

213 212.4 2710.5 214; 11035

0.88320 0.88320 1.8820

1.507520 1.507420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

66.5 53.7 -15 -38 92.5 -115.8

13114 264.5 dec 35.5

0.863320 0.882715 1.213018 0.758920

1.428520 1.444925

22 86.5

11412

1.065520

1.550820

6520 174 1203 157.5 217.5; 10212 -22.5

0.91325 0.987320

1.481720 1.482220 1.444121 1.475120

1962

1.131220

176.4

1.19520 0.926720

31.5 97 27 52.3

col gas

col liq cry (MeOH)

s chl

362 158 -13 ≈243 -1.7 0.8 121.5

0.96225 1.031420

1.376720

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth; i CS 2 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s hx

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 1.462220 s MeOH 1.458620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s eth, bz, chl; sl NaOH s H2O, EtOH, acid

ye lf (al) cry

28 163

i EtOH, chl; vs DMF; s HOAc; sl MeOH

53

oil oil oil cry

112 49 118 125 138

13012 1219 20416 15612, 1200.3 16010, 1373 16810 1800.1

0.841020 0.836320

1.483620 1.489920

i H2O; s eth, ace; msc peth, lig vs ace, eth, chl

0.890820 0.88820

1.487720 1.487720

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

1.1520

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

Synonym

5274 5275 5276 5277 5278

Name

O N H

Pb

O O 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Ethyltrimethyllead 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

N

O

O

O

P

N H

O

O

Ethyl undecanoate

Ethyl 10-undecenoate

NH2

N-Ethylurea

Cl

N

NH2

O

HO

H2N

O

O

OH

HO

H 2N

SiH3

N

Ethyl vinyl ether

α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol α-Ethynyl-α-methylbenzenemethanol Ethynylsilane

Ethyl Violet

O O

H OH O

OH

NH N

HO

O N HN

N



TeamLRN

O

N

N

O

N

O

O

S O O

O O

O

Etoposide

S O

S

N

N

HO

Etrimfos

Eucalyptol

O

O

N

N

N

OH NH2 O OH S O N H H N

S O O OH

S O OH

Euparin

Evan’s Blue

Evodiamine

α-Farnesene

NH2

Famotidine

O

O S O N

OH

β-Farnesene

Famphur

Farnesic acid

OH

OH

2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol

2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol

N Cl

N N O

OH

O

O

Farnesol acetate

N

O

NH2

N

O

N O

N

O

P

NH2 S

O

O

NH2 OH

O HO S O

O

P

O

O O

O

Etoglucid

N O S O NH2

H O

Etofylline

Etioporphyrin

O

O

Fenadiazole

O O

P

OH

H N

N N

Cl

Sn O Sn

Cl

O

S

N

Fenamiphos

N

Fenarimol

N Fenbuconazole

Fenbutatin oxide

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

OH

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-ol, endo-(±)

C10H18O

36386-49-9

154.249

C10H16O C12H16F3N C9H12NO5PS C18H16ClNO5 C17H19NO4

18492-37-0 458-24-2 122-14-5 82110-72-3 79127-80-3

152.233 231.257 277.234 361.777 301.338

C22H23NO3 C11H17O4PS2 C22H28N2O C10H15O3PS2 C25H22ClNO3 C9H18FeN3S6

64257-84-7 115-90-2 437-38-7 55-38-9 51630-58-1 14484-64-1

349.423 308.354 336.469 278.328 419.901 416.494

C10H10Fe C12H22FeO14

102-54-5 299-29-6

186.031 446.140

C6H10FeO6

5905-52-2

233.984

C19H34 C23H36N2O2

2221-95-6 98319-26-7

262.473 372.544

C15H10O6

528-48-3

286.236

Trifluoromethylthiazide

C27H33N9O15P2 C20H14O3 C19H20F3NO4 C17H10F6N4S C12H13ClF3N3O4 C26H23F2NO4 C21H29FO5 C8H6F3N3O4S2

146-14-5 519-95-9 79241-46-6 37893-02-0 33245-39-5 70124-77-5 127-31-1 148-56-1

785.550 302.323 383.362 416.343 355.697 451.463 380.450 329.277

1,2-(1,8-Naphthylene)benzene

C24H30F2O6 C16H10

67-73-2 206-44-0

452.488 202.250

C13H11N C13H10 C14H10O2 C13H12N2

153-78-6 86-73-7 1989-33-9 525-64-4

181.233 166.218 210.228 196.247

5346 9H-Fluorene-9-methanol 5347 9H-Fluoren-9-ol

C14H12O C13H10O

24324-17-2 1689-64-1

196.244 182.217

5348 9H-Fluoren-9-one

C13H8O

486-25-9

180.202

5314 α-Fenchol, (±) 5315 5316 5317 5318 5319

(±)-Fenchone Fenfluramine Fenitrothion Fenoxaprop-ethyl Fenoxycarb

5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325

Fenpropathrin Fensulfothion Fentanyl Fenthion Fenvalerate Ferbam

5326 Ferrocene 5327 Ferrous gluconate

Ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamate

Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioatoS,S’)-, (OC-6-11)Dicyclopentadienyl iron

5328 Ferrous lactate



5329 Fichtelite 5330 Finasteride

18-Norabietane Proscar

5331 Fisetin 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339

Flavine adenine dinucleotide Florantyrone Fluazipop-butyl Flubenzimine Fluchloralin Flucythrinate Fludrocortisone Flumethiazide

5340 Fluocinolone acetonide 5341 Fluoranthene 5342 5343 5344 5345

9H-Fluoren-2-amine 9H-Fluorene 9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid 9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine

FAD

Cythrin

2,2’-Methylenebiphenyl 2,7-Diaminofluorene

Physical Form

oily liq cry (AcOEt)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

39

199.5

0.942040

6.1

193.5 0.949215 11012 1180.05, 1641 1.322725 2000.001

85 53

1400.01

1.1525 1.20220

870.01 dec

1.24620 1.1525

47 87.5 7.5

nD

Solubility vs eth, EtOH

1.470220

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

sl H2O, hx; s eth; vs ace, tol

180 dec 172.5 ye-gray pow (w) grn-wh pow (hyd) cry wh cry lt ye nd (dil al, + 1 w) ye cry (w) ye cry (HOAc) pale ye liq ye cry

249

s H2O; i EtOH 46 252

23643

1.505220 sl H2O; s chl, EtOH, MeOH, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth

208 5 119 42

s EtOH, MeOH sl H2O 1080.35

261 dec 306

cry (ace/hx) pa ye nd or pl (al) pl or nd (dil al) lf (al)

266 dec 110.19 130.3 114.77 226 166

1.18922 sl H2O; i bz, tol; s MeOH, EtOH, DMF

384

1.2520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2

295

1.2030

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, chl

105.0 156.0 84

341.5

1.130099

1.630999

sl H2O, peth, EtOH; s eth, ace; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs tol; sl ctc

 

hex nd (w, peth) ye orth bipym (al, bz-peth)

0.938022

330

cry (EtOH) cry

nd (w), pr (bz), pl (eth)

i H2O s H2O; i EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

H N O OH

O

O F

α-Fenchol, (±)

F

F

(±)-Fenchone

O

N O

Fenfluramine

S P

O

N

O

O

O

O

O

Cl

O Fenitrothion

O

H N

O

O

N

O

Fenoxaprop-ethyl

O

O

Fenoxycarb

Fenpropathrin

O S

O

P

O

S O

S

O N

S

O

O

N

O

S Fensulfothion

Fentanyl

P

S

S S

O

Cl

N

N

Fenthion

H HO H H

Fe

N

O

O

S

Fenvalerate

Fe

Ferbam

Ferrocene

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Fe2

Ferrous gluconate

O N

O

N N CH2 OH OH OH O

2

Ferrous lactate



TeamLRN

OH

N

H

Fe 2

O

H N

O

O OH

H O

HO

N H H

Fichtelite

O OH

O

O

OH NH2

O P O P O OH OH

O Florantyrone

N

N

O

O O HO

OH Finasteride

O N

N

Fisetin

OH

N

O F

O

Flavine adenine dinucleotide

F F

Fluazipop-butyl

Cl O F F

N N F

O

N

F

F

S

O N

N

O N

HO O

HO

F Flubenzimine

O

F

N

F

F

F

F

O

Fluchloralin

O

F N

O

Flucythrinate

Fludrocortisone

OH

NH2

9H-Fluoren-2-amine

9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid

S O

OH O

H

N NH

O

F O

O O

F

Flumethiazide

OH H2N

9H-Fluorene

OH

HO

F F F O S H2N

H

O

O

Fluoranthene

O

Fluocinolone acetonide

OH

O

NH2

9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine

9H-Fluorene-9-methanol

9H-Fluoren-9-ol

9H-Fluoren-9-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N S

No.

Name

Synonym

5349 Fluorescein Fluorescein sodium 2-Fluoroacetamide Fluoroacetic acid Fluoroacetyl chloride Fluoroacetylene 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde Fluorobenzene 4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine 4-Fluorobenzenemethanol 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid

5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382

2-Fluorobenzonitrile 4-Fluorobenzonitrile 2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane Fluorocyclohexane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 5-Fluorocytosine

5383 1-Fluorodecane 5384 Fluorodifen 5385 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 5386 Fluoroethane 5387 2-Fluoroethanol 5388 Fluoroethene 5389 1-Fluoroheptane

CI Acid Yellow 73 Fluoroacetic acid amide Fluoroethanoic acid Fluoroethyne

Butyl fluoride sec-Butyl fluoride Cyclohexyl fluoride 4-Amino-5-fluoro-2hydroxypyrimidine Decyl fluoride 2-Nitro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dinitrophenyl fluoride Ethyl fluoride Ethylene fluorohydrin Vinyl fluoride

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C20H12O5

2321-07-5

332.306

red orth pr

315 dec

C20H10Na2O5 C2H4FNO C2H3FO2 C2H2ClFO C2HF C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C7H5FO C7H5FO C7H5FO C6H5F C8H7FO2 C8H6FN C8H6FN C7H8FN C7H7FO C6H4ClFO2S C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2

518-47-8 640-19-7 144-49-0 359-06-8 2713-09-9 348-54-9 372-19-0 371-40-4 446-52-6 456-48-4 459-57-4 462-06-6 405-50-5 326-62-5 459-22-3 140-75-0 459-56-3 349-88-2 445-29-4 455-38-9 456-22-4

376.270 77.057 78.042 96.487 44.027 111.117 111.117 111.117 124.112 124.112 124.112 96.102 154.139 135.139 135.139 125.144 126.128 194.611 140.112 140.112 140.112

ye pow

C7H4FN C7H4FN C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C12H9F C12H9F C4H9F C4H9F C6H11F C6H9F C4H4FN3O

394-47-8 1194-02-1 393-52-2 1711-07-5 403-43-0 321-60-8 324-74-3 2366-52-1 359-01-3 372-46-3 694-51-9 2022-85-7

121.112 121.112 158.557 158.557 158.557 172.197 172.197 76.112 76.112 102.149 100.133 129.092

C10H21F C13H7F3N2O5

334-56-5 15457-05-3

160.272 328.200

C6H3FN2O4 C2H5F

70-34-8 353-36-6

186.097 48.059

C2H5FO C2H3F C7H15F

371-62-0 75-02-5 661-11-0

64.058 46.043 118.192

108 35.2

nd liq gas pa ye liq

-196 -34.6

pa ye liq liq

-0.8 -44.5

liq liq cry (chl)

-10 -42.18 86 86.0

pl or nd nd (a) lf (w) pr (w), mcl pr (w) nd (peth) liq

pr liq vol liq or gas

23 30 126.5 124 185

34.8 2.0 -30 9 73.5 74.2 -134 -121.4 13

bp/˚C

sub 168 72; 23105 -105 exp 175; 5512 188 182; 8519 175 173 181.5 84.73 1642 232; 10210 228; 11918 183 210 1069

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s py, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, glycerol, dil acid s H2O, ace; sl chl s H2O, EtOH

1.369336

1.151321 1.156119 1.172520 1.17825 1.1725 1.181019 1.022520

1.542120 1.543620 1.519520 1.523420 1.520620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth

1.468430

sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

1.05925 1.139020

1.500920 1.500220 1.513920 1.508020 vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl sl H2O; s eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth

1.46025 1.47425 1.47925 9322 188.8 9115 189 8220 248 253 32.5 25.1 101 96.5

1.107055 1.32825 1.30425 1.34225 1.245225 1.24725 0.778920 0.755925 0.927920

1.492555 1.536520 1.528520 1.529620

1.339620

sl chl; s peth

s EtOH, eth, chl, peth; sl lig sl EtOH; s eth, gl HOAc vs EtOH

1.414620 1.444125

i H2O; s py

wh cry

296 dec

liq

-35 94

186.2

0.819420

1.4085

vs eth

col gas

25.8 -143.2

296 -37.7

1.569020 1.265620

s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq col gas liq

-26.4 -160.5 -73

103.5 -72 117.9

1.471854 0.718220 (p>1 atm 1.104020

1.364718

0.806220

1.385420

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; vs peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370

Mol. Form.

 

O

O O

NH2

O

HO

O

OH

Na O

O Na

O

Fluorescein

Fluorescein sodium

F

NH2

2-Fluoroacetamide

OH

Fluoroacetic acid

F

F

Fluoroacetylene

2-Fluoroaniline

NH2

F

F

F



TeamLRN

3-Fluorobenzaldehyde

OH

O

Fluorobenzene

Cl O S O

OH

F

3-Fluorobenzoic acid

4-Fluorobenzoic acid

O

Cl

F 2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride

Fluorocyclohexane

1-Fluorocyclohexene

O

O O

5-Fluorocytosine

F 1-Fluorodecane

N O

F Fluorodifen

F F

O

N

2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O N

F

O

N N H

N

4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride



F

F

F

3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride

O F

2-Fluorobenzoic acid

F

NH2 F

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride

Cl

F

4-Fluorobenzonitrile

4-Fluorobenzenemethanol

Cl

F 2-Fluorobenzonitrile

4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine

O O

F

F

F

4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile

N N

F

OH F

2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile

F F

2-Fluorobenzaldehyde

F

4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

4-Fluoroaniline

O

O

F

4-Fluorobenzaldehyde

F

3-Fluoroaniline

N

O

O

Cl

Fluoroacetyl chloride

N

O

F

F

O F

F

F 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

1-Fluorobutane

2-Fluorobutane

O

O

1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

F Fluoroethane

F

OH

2-Fluoroethanol

F

F Fluoroethene

1-Fluoroheptane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O F

O

NH2

NH2

No.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

104.165 221.998 221.998 153.177 153.177 34.033

liq liq liq

-103 -41.5 -27

0.799520

1.373820 1.591020 1.527022 1.618620

s eth, bz s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

col gas

27 -141.8

91.5 188.6 183 227 228 -78.4

1.167425

sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

321-28-8 456-49-5 459-60-9 452-71-1 350-50-5 446-34-4 353-61-7 321-38-0 323-09-1 1493-27-2 402-67-5 350-46-9 463-11-6 592-50-7 367-12-4 372-20-3 371-41-5 450-95-3 403-42-9 460-13-9

126.128 126.128 126.128 125.144 110.129 155.127 76.112 146.161 146.161 141.100 141.100 141.100 132.219 90.139 112.101 112.101 112.101 138.139 138.139 62.086

liq liq liq

0.55725 (p>1 atm) 1.548917 1.10425 1.178118 1.126318 1.022825 1.438025

1.496917 1.487620 1.488618 1.536318 1.489225

i H2O; s eth, ctc

1.132220

1.593920

1.328518 1.325419 1.330020 0.811620 0.790720 1.12025 1.23825 1.188956 1.15220 1.138225 0.759620 (p>1 atm

1.548917 1.526215 1.531620 1.394620 1.359121.514420 1.514020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

420-26-8 430-51-3 19184-10-2 20327-65-5 1184-60-7 818-92-8 372-48-5 372-47-4 95-52-3 352-70-5 352-32-9 488-98-2 392-85-8 401-80-9 402-44-8 420-56-4 51-21-8

62.086 76.069 60.070 60.070 60.070 60.070 97.091 97.091 110.129 110.129 110.129 213.464 164.101 164.101 164.101 92.187 130.077

gas

-9.4 77 ≈-20

1.028820

1.370020

-24 -3 125 107 115 115 116.6 9512, 755 114.5 101.5 103.5 16.4 sub 190

1.128020 1.130 1.004113 0.997420 0.997520 1.45325 1.29325 1.302117 1.29325

1.457420 1.472020 1.470420 1.469120 1.469920 1.543220 1.404025

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395

1-Fluorohexane 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene Fluoromethane

Hexyl fluoride

C6H13F C6H4FI C6H4FI C7H4FNS C7H4FNS CH3F

373-14-8 348-52-7 352-34-1 404-72-8 1544-68-9 593-53-3

5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415

1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene 4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline (Fluoromethyl)benzene 2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene 2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane 1-Fluoronaphthalene 2-Fluoronaphthalene 1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluorooctane 1-Fluoropentane 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone 1-Fluoropropane

C7H7FO C7H7FO C7H7FO C7H8FN C7H7F C7H6FNO2 C4H9F C10H7F C10H7F C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C8H17F C5H11F C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C8H7FO C8H7FO C3H7F

5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432

2-Fluoropropane 1-Fluoro-2-propanone cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Fluorotrimethylsilane 5-Fluorouracil

C3H7F C3H5FO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C5H4FN C5H4FN C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H4Cl3F C7H4F4 C7H4F4 C7H4F4 C3H9FSi C4H3FN2O2

Methyl fluoride

3-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene tert-Butyl fluoride

o-Fluoronitrobenzene m-Fluoronitrobenzene p-Fluoronitrobenzene Octyl fluoride Pentyl fluoride

Propyl fluoride Isopropyl fluoride Fluoroacetone

5-Fluoro-2,4(1H,3H)Pyrimidinedione

-39 -35 -45 14.2 -35 53.2

liq nd (al) col gas liq nd (al) ye liq ye cry ye nd liq liq

-9 61 -6 41 21 -64 -120 16.1 13.7 48 29 -45 -159

pl liq col gas

col gas col gas col gas col gas liq liq liq liq

154.5 159; 5114 157 9416 140; 4014 973 12.1 215; 8011 212; 9016 dec 215 199; 8619 205 142.3 62.8 151.5 178 185.5 9012 196 -2.5

1.952315 1.2725

s eth s eth, ace, bz, ctc s ctc

vs eth, EtOH s H2O sl H2O; s ace, peth

1.520020 1.508125 1.311520

i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O

≈-20

 

Synonym

liq liq vol liq or gas cry (w, MeOHeth)

-62 -87 -56

-81.5 -41.7 283

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

1.402520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Physical Form

Name

F F

F F I

N

F

I 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene

F

1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene

S

1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene

O

NH2

N

H

1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

F

O

Fluoromethane

1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene

1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene

O F

F F

F

O N

O

F

F

1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene

4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline

(Fluoromethyl)benzene

2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene

2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane

1-Fluoronaphthalene

F



TeamLRN

F

O

F

F

F

O

1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene

1-Fluorooctane

F

1-Fluoropentane

O

O

F N

1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

OH

O

1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene

2-Fluoronaphthalene

OH

OH N O

O

H

F

O

F

F

H

2-Fluorophenol

F

F

3-Fluorophenol

4-Fluorophenol

2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone

1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone

F F F 1-Fluoropropane

F

O F

2-Fluoropropane

1-Fluoro-2-propanone

F

cis-1-Fluoropropene

F

F

F trans-1-Fluoropropene

2-Fluoropropene

N

3-Fluoropropene

F

2-Fluoropyridine

N 3-Fluoropyridine

2-Fluorotoluene

F F F

F 3-Fluorotoluene

Cl

Cl Cl

F

F

F F

F 4-Fluorotoluene

O F

F 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F Si Fluorotrimethylsilane

N N H

H O

5-Fluorouracil

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Fluorohexane

C

N C S

No. 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438

Name Fluoxetine Fluoxymesterone Fluphenazine Fluprednisolone Flurandrenolide Flurazepam

5441 5442 5443 5444

Fluvalinate Folic acid Folinic acid Folpet

Fludroxycortide

[(4-Amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2pyridyl)oxy]acetic acid Vitamin Bc 5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2[(trichloromethyl)thio]-

5445 Fomesafen 5446 Fomocaine 5447 Fonofos



5448 Formaldehyde 5449 Formaldehyde oxime 5450 Formamide

4-[3-[4-(Phenoxymethyl) phenyl]propyl]morpholine Phosphonodithioic acid, ethyl-, Oethyl S-phenyl ester Methanal Methanamide

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C17H18F3NO C20H29FO3 C22H26F3N3OS C21H27FO5 C24H33FO6 C21H23ClFN3O

54910-89-3 76-43-7 69-23-8 53-34-9 1524-88-5 17617-23-1

309.326 336.440 437.520 378.434 436.513 387.878

C19H14F3NO C7H5Cl2FN2O3

59756-60-4 69377-81-7

329.315 255.030

C26H22ClF3N2O3 C19H19N7O6 C20H23N7O7 C9H4Cl3NO2S

102851-06-9 59-30-3 58-05-9 133-07-3

502.912 441.397 473.440 296.558

5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470

Formothion 2-Formylbenzoic acid 3-Formylbenzoic acid 4-Formylbenzoic acid 3-Formylbenzonitrile 4-Formylbenzonitrile 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid Formylferrocene Formyl fluoride N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide Fosetyl-Al Fosthietan Fraxin DL-Fructose L-Fructose

cry (ace/hx) wh rods (eth/ peth)

nD

Solubility

210 251 80 155 232 >450

ye-oran nd (w) cry (w + 3)

944-22-9

246.329

CH2O CH3NO CH3NO

50-00-0 75-17-2 75-12-7

30.026 45.041 45.041

col gas

CH4N2O2S C11H16ClN3O2 CH2O2

1758-73-2 23422-53-9 64-18-6

108.120 257.717 46.026

nd (al) pow

816-90-0 485-72-3

174.154 268.264

2540-82-1 119-67-5 619-21-6 619-66-9 24964-64-5 105-07-7 519-05-1 12093-10-6 1493-02-3 122-85-0 39148-24-8 21548-32-3 524-30-1 6035-50-3 7776-48-9

257.267 150.132 150.132 150.132 131.132 131.132 210.183 214.041 48.016 163.173 354.105 241.268 370.308 180.155 180.155

N-(Iminomethyl)-L-glutamic acid C6H10N2O4 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H- C16H12O4 1-benzopyran-4-one C6H12NO4PS2 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H5NO C8H5NO Opianic acid C10H10O5 C11H10FeO Fluoroformaldehyde CHFO C9H9NO2 Aluminum tris(O-ethylphosphonate) C6H18AlO9P3 C6H12NO3PS2 C16H18O10 α-Acrose C6H12O6 C6H12O6

den/g cm-3

2510.3

C10H15OPS2

5454 N-Formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid 5455 Formononetin

bp/˚C

270

311.419

Aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid

mp/˚C

oil

C15H10ClF3N2O6 72178-02-0 S C20H25NO2 17692-39-6

5451 Formamidinesulfinic acid 5452 Formetanate hydrochloride 5453 Formic acid

Methanoic acid

Physical Form

438.762

vs py, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O

1.2820

220 col cry

1.2925

250 dec 245 dec 177

53

2391.1 1300.1

1.1625

-92 1.3 2.49

-19.1 10915 220

0.815-20 1.13325 1.133420

1.447220

144 dec 201 dec 8.3

101

1.22020

1.371420

dec

1.36120 1.40425

1.554120

s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth, ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace; i bz, chl vs H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; s MeOH; sl ace, hx, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, tol

90 256.5 visc ye oil nd (w)

nd (w) col gas pr (w) ye oil ye nd (al) nd wh cry

25.5 98 175 247 76.5 100.5 150 118.5 -142.2 158.0 >300

210 13312 700.1 -26.5

1.1950-30 vs H2O, bz 1.325

205 130 102

sl H2O; misc os s H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth

1.534825

s ace, chl, MeOH, tol

1.66516 s H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5439 Fluridone 5440 Fluroxypyr

Synonym

H N

O

HO

F

H

N

F F Fluoxetine

O

NH2 Cl F

N

O

O Cl

N N

Flurandrenolide

Cl

Fluroxypyr

H2N H N

O

H N O

F

F

O

N

OH

F

OH

O

Fluvalinate

F

N

F

Fluprednisolone

N

HN

F F

F

O

O

N H2N

O N

Cl

Fluphenazine

O

O

N

H

F

Fluoxymesterone

O

HO

H F F

S

O

O

OH OH

HO

H

N

O

H N

N O

Fluridone

H N

N

OH

Flurazepam

O O

OH

Folic acid

O

O

H N

N S

OH

O

Cl O Cl Cl

OH

Folinic acid

Folpet



TeamLRN

O Cl

O O

F F

O O S N H

O S

O

O

NO2

N

F

P

S

Fomesafen

Fomocaine

HO

O O

H

Fonofos

H

NH

H

Formaldehyde

O

N

O OH O HN

O

O

OH O NH

HO

S O P S O

O

N-Formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid

O

OH

O

Formylferrocene

H

O

Formyl fluoride

H

Formetanate hydrochloride

3-Formylbenzoic acid

OH

Formic acid

N

OH

O

OH O

O O

2-Formylbenzoic acid

O

O 4-Formylbenzoic acid

HO O PH

O

O N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide

Formamidinesulfinic acid

3-Formylbenzonitrile

O

O 4-Formylbenzonitrile

6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

HO F

N

O

HN

O

N

O

NH2

N

Formothion

O

S O

HCl

N

O

Fe

NH2 Formamide

OH

O

Formononetin

H

H

Formaldehyde oxime

HO

N H

Al 3

Fosetyl-Al

O N P O O

3

S S

O

HO O

O HO

OH HO

HO OH

Fosthietan

O

O

Fraxin

OH OH

OH DL-Fructose

OH OH

OH O OH OH

L-Fructose

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F F

O

N

HO

N

OH

OH

N

 

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5471 β-D-Fructose

β-Levulose

C6H12O6

53188-23-1

180.155

5472 D-Fructose 6-phosphate 5473 Fucoxanthin

Hexose monophosphate

C6H13O9P C42H58O6

643-13-0 3351-86-8

260.135 658.905

5474 Fulminic acid

Carbyloxime

CHNO

506-85-4

43.025

5475 Fulvene 5476 Fumaric acid

trans-2-Butenedioic acid

C6H6 C4H4O4

497-20-1 110-17-8

78.112 116.073

C8H8O4

484-89-9

168.148

5477 Fumigatin



5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487

Furan 2-Furanacetic acid 2-Furancarbonitrile 2-Furancarbonyl chloride 3-Furancarboxaldehyde 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 2-Furanmethanamine 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate

5488 5489 5490 5491

2-Furanmethanethiol 2-Furanmethanol acetate 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one

5492 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone 5493 2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate 5494 3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1one 5495 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone 5496 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone 5497 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal 5498 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile 5499 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid 5500 Furazolidone 5501 Furethidine 5502 Furfural 5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508

Furfuryl alcohol Furfuryl propanoate Furoin Furonazide Furosemide Fursultiamine

3-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione Oxacyclopentadiene

2-Furoic acid Dehydromucic acid Furfurylamine

Furfuryl valerate

2-Furfuryl methyl ketone 2-Furanacrylonitrile 2-Furanacrylic acid 3-[[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) methylene]amino]-2-oxazolidinone 2-Furaldehyde 2-Furanmethanol 2-Furanmethanol, propanoate 1,2-Di-2-furanyl-2-hydroxyethanone

C4H4O C6H6O3 C5H3NO C5H3ClO2 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C6H4O5 C5H7NO C9H10O5

110-00-9 2745-26-8 617-90-3 527-69-5 498-60-2 88-14-2 488-93-7 3238-40-2 617-89-0 613-75-2

68.074 126.110 93.084 130.530 96.085 112.084 112.084 156.093 97.116 198.172

C5H6OS C7H8O3 C8H10O2 C8H8O2

98-02-2 623-17-6 699-17-2 623-15-4

114.166 140.137 138.164 136.149

Physical Form

mp/˚C

pr or nd (w) orth pr (al)

103 dec

red pl (eth) hex pl (dil al)

168

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.6020

vs H2O, ace; s EtOH, MeOH, py vs H2O vs eth, EtOH s eth

unstable in pure form nd, mcl pr or lf (w) br nd or pl (peth) liq lf(peth)

287 dec

-85.61 68.5

liq

-1.0

53.3

oil 39.5

C6H6O2 C10H14O3 C13H10O2

1192-62-7 36701-01-6 717-21-5

110.111 182.216 198.217

cry (lig)

C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H6O2 C7H5NO C7H6O3 C8H7N3O5

3194-15-8 6975-60-6 623-30-3 7187-01-1 539-47-9 67-45-8

124.138 124.138 122.122 119.121 138.121 225.159

cry

C21H31NO4 C5H4O2

2385-81-1 98-01-1

361.476 96.085

C5H6O2 C8H10O3 C10H8O4 C12H11N3O2 C12H11ClN2O5S C17H26N4O3S2

98-00-0 623-19-8 552-86-3 3460-67-1 54-31-9 804-30-8

98.101 154.163 192.169 229.234 330.743 398.543

0.824120 1.63520

1.492020

20

20

116

mcl nd or lf (w) 133.5 nd (w) 122.5 nd (w), lf (al) 342 nd or pl (ethpeth)

756 sub 165

33 47

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 31.5 1020.4 147 173 145; 7143 231 sub 105 sub 145.5 220 157 179 203 dec 229; 11310 175 228; 821 317

0.9514

1.082220 1.32425 1.11020

1.479820 1.531020 1.494520

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O, bz, MeOH, peth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, AcOEt; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.490820

1.131920 1.117520 1.036119 1.049657

1.532920 1.432720 1.469617 1.578845

i H2O; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth

20

1.098 1.028420 1.114020

1.5017

1.062628 1.10420

1.492225 1.503520

8814 179.5 13514 96 286

liq

28 -38.1

2100.5 161.7

1.159420

col-ye liq

-14.6

171 195

1.129620 1.108520

nd (al)

138.5 202.3 204 dec 132 dec

col pr

1.4214

1.740020 1.099520

28 29 54 38 141 255

nd (w)

i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, con sulf

1.582425

1.29

1.521920 1.526120 1.486920

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth

s eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl chl vs tol vs eth, EtOH

s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O, EtOH, chl; s eth, MeOH

sl H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

O HO P O OH

O OH HO HO

OH

O OH HO

β-D-Fructose

OH O O

O

OH

OH

O

HO O

N O

OH

D-Fructose 6-phosphate

Fucoxanthin

OH O

Fulminic acid

Fulvene

Fumaric acid

O O

O O OH Fumigatin

OH

O

O

O

Furan

O

2-Furanacetic acid

N

2-Furan carbonitrile

O

Cl

O

O

O 2-Furancarbonyl chloride

OH

OH

O

O

O

3-Furancarboxaldehyde

HO

2-Furancarboxylic acid

OH

O O

3-Furancarboxylic acid

NH2

O

O

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid

2-Furanmethanamine



TeamLRN

O

O O

O SH

O

O

O

O 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate

O

2-Furanmethanethiol

O

O

O 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone

O

O

O

O

2-Furanmethanol acetate

O

4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one

O O

1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone

O

2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate

3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

O O

O

O O

O

O

1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone

1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone

O

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal

O

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile

O O

Furfuryl propanoate

OH Furoin

N

O

O

OH H N

O

O O

O Furazolidone

O N

N N

O

Furethidine

Furfural

O

OH N

O

O



O

Furfuryl alcohol

O

N O

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid

H N

O O

O

O

N

O

OH

OH

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

H

O

O S H2N O

N Furonazide

O

S

S

N

NH2

Cl

Furosemide

N

Fursultiamine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2-(2-Furanyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)2-propenamide

C11H8N2O5

18819-45-9

248.192

cry

154

C17H22O8 C6H10O8 C6H14O6 C6H10O6

23255-69-8 526-99-8 608-66-2 2782-07-2

354.352 210.138 182.171 178.139

cry pr (w) cry (dil MeOH) nd (w+1), nd (al)

182 255 dec 189.5 112

C6H12O6 C12H22O12

3646-73-9 96-82-2

180.155 358.296

C6H12O6

59-23-4

180.155

C6H10O7 C17H21NO3 C20H21NO3

685-73-4 357-70-0 525-68-8

194.139 287.354 323.386

5520 Gallamine triethiodide 5521 Gallein

C30H60I3N3O3 C20H12O5

65-29-2 2103-64-2

891.528 332.306

5522 5523 5524 5525 5526

Ganciclovir Gardol Gelsemine Gelsemine, monohydrochloride Genistein

C9H13N5O4 C15H28NNaO3 C20H22N2O2 C20H23ClN2O2 C15H10O5

82410-32-0 137-16-6 509-15-9 35306-33-3 446-72-0

255.231 293.378 322.401 358.862 270.237

5527 5528 5529 5530 5531

β-Gentiobiose trans-Geraniol Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate Geranyl acetate Germine

C12H22O11 C10H18O C14H24O2 C12H20O2 C27H43NO8

554-91-6 106-24-1 2345-26-8 16409-44-2 508-65-6

342.296 154.249 224.340 196.286 509.632

5532 Gibberellic acid 5533 Gitoxigenin

C19H22O6 C23H34O5

77-06-5 545-26-6

346.374 390.513

5534 Gitoxin 5535 d-Glaucine

C41H64O14 C21H25NO4

4562-36-1 475-81-0

780.939 355.429

Palatinose Helicin

C6H10O8 C6H14O6 C18H26O12 C6H12O7 C6H12O6 C12H22O11 C13H16O7

87-73-0 50-70-4 7208-47-1 526-95-4 492-61-5 13718-94-0 618-65-5

210.138 182.171 434.392 196.155 180.155 342.296 284.262

Skimmin

C15H16O8

93-39-0

324.283

Name

5509 Furylfuramide, (E) 5510 5511 5512 5513

Fusarenon X Galactaric acid Galactitol D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactone

5514 α-D-Galactopyranose 5515 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-Dgluconic acid 5516 D-Galactose 5517 D-Galacturonic acid 5518 Galanthamine 5519 Galipine



5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542

D-Glucaric acid D-Glucitol D-Glucitol, hexaacetate D-Gluconic acid β-D-Glucopyranose 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) benzaldehyde 5543 7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2H-1benzopyran-2-one

Mucic acid Dulcose

Lactobionic acid

Lycoremine 2-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4methoxyquinoline

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 6-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose

D-Tetrahydroxyadipic acid Sorbitol Sorbitol hexaacetate

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

2771

1.4720

nD

Solubility

s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, bz vs H2O

167 syr pl or pr (al)pr or nd (w+1) nd (w) cry (bz) pr (al, eth) nd (peth) br-red pow (+1.5w) red (anh) cry (MeOH) cry (ace) nd(eth), pr(dil al) cry (EtOH)

170

vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz; s py

166 (β) 126.5 115.5

s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs ace, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

147.5 >300

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, EtOH

250 dec sl H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH

178 326 301 dec 192 <-15

230 13613 11512

0.889420 0.899715 0.916315

1.476620 1.457620 1.462420

s hot H2O, hot MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

pr or cry (MeOH) cry (EtOAc) pr (AcOEt) pr (+w, dil al) pr (chl-MeOH) pl, pr (eth, AcOEt) nd (45% al) nd (w) pr (w) nd (al-eth) cry (hot EtOH)

220

s bz, MeOH, alk, acid

234 234

vs ace, EtOH, MeOH i H2O; sl eth; s chl

285 dec 120

vs ace, EtOH, chl

125.5 111 100.8 131 149

nd (w)

175

s H2O vs H2O, EtOH

cry (w + 1)

220

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl

2953.5

1.48920 1.3020

1.333020

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, ace sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s chl, AcOEt s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

No.

 

O

H

O N O

O

O

O HO HO

NH2

COOH OH H H OH COOH

H

O

H HO HO H

OH

H O

O

O

Furylfuramide, (E)

Fusarenon X

H HO HO H

Galactaric acid

CH2OH OH H H OH CH2OH

O OH

H

O

OH

O

O O

Na

O

OH

Gallein

Ganciclovir

Gardol

O O

OH

OH O

OH

O OH



TeamLRN

O

OH

HO

N HCl H

Gelsemine

OH

HO

H O

N H

O

N

Gallamine triethiodide

H N

H

H O

N

N

O

I

N

N

N

H2N

O

O

D-Galacturonic acid

OH HO

HO

O

Gelsemine, monohydrochloride

OH β-Gentiobiose

Genistein

O

O

OH trans-Geraniol

O

Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate

Geranyl acetate

O O

H

OH OH

N

O O

O

H

O

H H O HO HO

H

H

HO OH OH

OH H OH

O

O O

H H

O HO

Germine

OH H O

OH

OH

Gibberellic acid

O N H

O

OH

O O OH

OH HO

H

O

HO

H Gitoxigenin

H HO H H

O

OH Gitoxin

d-Glaucine

COOH OH H OH OH COOH

D-Glucaric acid

HO H HO H H

CH2OH OH H OH OH CH2OH

D-Glucitol

H AcO H H

CH2OAc OAc H OAc OAc CH2OAc

D-Glucitol, hexaacetate

H HO H H

COOH OH H OH OH CH2OH

D-Gluconic acid

O

HO O OH OH HO OH β-D-Glucopyranose

HO

O OH

O

HO

OH O HO

HO

O O

OH

O

OH HO 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose

O

O

O

OH

OH HO

HO OH 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)benzaldehyde

OH 7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO

Galipine

H N

H

OH

O

Galanthamine

O

OH

O

N

D-Galactose

CHO OH H H OH COOH

O

I

N

O

N

4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid

O

OH

O

OH

α-D-Galactopyranose

H HO HO H

I O

O

OH OH

D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactone

O OH CH2OH

O OH

OH

CHO OH H H OH CH2OH

H HO HO H

HO

HO

O

HO OH OH H CH2OH

Galactitol

N

HO

O

COOH OH

HO

No.

Name

5544 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2methylpropanenitrile 5545 1-[4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) phenyl]ethanone 5546 α-D-Glucose 5547 α-D-Glucose pentaacetate

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Linamarin

C10H17NO6

554-35-8

247.245

nd (w, al)

145

Picein

C14H18O7

530-14-3

298.289

nd (w+1), nd (MeOH)

195.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; i chl

pl or nd (al)

146 dec 113.3

sub

5548 β-D-Glucose pentaacetate

C16H22O11

604-69-3

390.339

nd (al)

134

sub

5549 α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate 5550 D-Glucuronic acid 5551 D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone

C6H13O9P C6H10O7 C6H8O6

59-56-3 6556-12-3 32449-92-6

260.135 194.139 176.124

165 177.5

1.7620

C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4

617-65-2 6893-26-1

147.130 147.130

nd (al) mcl pl (w) cry (al) orth (al,w) lf (w)

199 dec 213 dec

1.460120 1.53820

C5H9NO4 C5H10ClNO4 C5H10N2O3 C5H8O4 C10H17N3O6S C20H32N6O12S2

56-86-0 138-15-8 56-85-9 110-94-1 70-18-8 27025-41-8

147.130 183.591 146.144 132.116 307.323 612.631

orth (dil al) orth pl (w) nd (w, dil al) nd (bz) cry (50% al) cry (EtOH aq)

160 dec 214 dec 185 dec 97.8 195 179

C13H15NO2 C3H8O3

77-21-4 56-81-5

217.264 92.094

cry (eth) syr, orth pl

84 18.1

C5H10O4 C7H14O4 C3H6N2O7 C39H72O5

93713-40-7 557-25-5 623-87-0 2465-32-9

134.131 162.184 182.089 620.986

1-Monoolein α-Glycerophosphoric acid Decanoic acid glycerol triester Trielaidin Trilaurin Triisovalerin Triolein Tripalmitin Tristearin Trimyristin 1-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-2propanone Aminoacetic acid

C21H40O4 C3H9O6P C33H62O6 C57H104O6 C39H74O6 C18H32O6 C57H104O6 C51H98O6 C57H110O6 C45H86O6 C3H7O6P

111-03-5 5746-57-6 621-71-6 537-39-3 538-24-9 620-63-3 122-32-7 555-44-2 555-43-1 555-45-3 57-04-5

356.541 172.073 554.841 885.432 639.001 344.443 885.432 807.320 891.479 723.161 170.058

pl (al) syr cry (peth)

C2H5NO2

56-40-6

Ethyl aminoacetate hydrochloride

C4H10ClNO2 C2H6ClNO2 C26H43NO6

623-33-6 6000-43-7 475-31-0

L-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride L-Glutamine Glutaric acid Glutathione Glutathione disulfide



5560 Glutethimide 5561 Glycerol 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576

Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL) Glycerol 1-butanoate Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis Glycerol 1-oleate L-Glycerol 1-phosphate Glycerol tridecanoate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol tristearate Glycerol tritetradecanoate Glycerone phosphate

5577 Glycine 5578 Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride 5579 Glycine, hydrochloride 5580 Glycocholic acid

(S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid 2-Aminoglutaramic acid Pentanedioic acid L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine disulfide 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-acetate, (±) 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,3-dinitrate

pr (w), cry (eth) 26 cry (eth/EtOH) 50.1 35

1.274020

sub 175

1.53820

dec 303

1.42915

1.4188106

290

1.261320

1.474620

158165, 1303 1.206020 280; 11710 1.12918 14815, 1160.6 1.52320

1.415720 1.453120 1.471520

2393 dec

0.942020

1.462620

0.898655 0.998420 0.91515 0.875270 0.855990 0.884860

1.440460 1.435420 1.467615 1.438180 1.439580 1.442860

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace, AcOEt; s py sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, peth, eth; s bz; msc chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO, MeOH; i bz sl H2O, eth; i EtOH, CS2, lig sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, MeOH sl H2O vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl, lig vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; s DMF

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl dec H2O

32

nd (al) col-ye oil nd (eth)

-4 66.5

332.5 23718 315

wh-ye solid

58.5

311

75.067

mcl or trg pr (dil al)

290 dec

139.581 111.528 465.622

144 hyg orth nd (w) 200.5 nd (w) 166.5

1.16120

vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth; vs ace, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl i H2O, EtOH; sl bz, ctc; s ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, ace, bz dec H2O vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; sl ace, py vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

180.155 390.339

5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559

1.5620

18

26655-34-5 604-68-2

5552 DL-Glutamic acid 5553 D-Glutamic acid

Solubility vs ace

C6H12O6 C16H22O11

D-Glucuronolactone

nD

 

O

HO O O

O O

N

OH

AcO

HO

HO

HO

OH 1-[4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethanone

OH 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanenitrile

O OAc

OAc

OH

OH

HO

O

O

HO

HO

AcO

OH OH

OAc OAc α-D-Glucose pentaacetate

α-D-Glucose

O

OAc

AcO

H HO H H

O OH HO O P OH OH OH α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate

AcO OAc β-D-Glucose pentaacetate

O C

CHO OH H OH OH COOH

O

HO O

D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone

D-Glucuronic acid

O H N

HO

O OH

OH

O

O

OH O

OH

O

NH2 DL-Glutamic acid

OH

OH

O

O

NH2

NH2

D-Glutamic acid

L-Glutamic acid

OH

OH

O

O

NH2 HCl

OH

O

O OH

O

NH2

NH2

L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride

OH

O

L-Glutamine

H N

HO

O

OH

HN SH

S

S

O

H2N

NH2

O

N H

NH

O

Glutaric acid

O NH2

O

O

OH

HN

OH O

OH O Glutathione disulfide

Glutathione

O O OH

O N H



TeamLRN

O

O

HO

OH OH Glycerol

Glutethimide

HO

O

O

HO

O

OH

O

Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL)

O OH Glycerol 1-oleate

O O

O

O

O

O O

O O

O

O

O

O

O Glycerol tridecanoate

Glycerol trielaidate

Glycerol trilaurate

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O O

Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate

Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate

O

HO

O

O N

OH

Glycerol 1-butanoate

O

O HO O P OH OH OH L-Glycerol 1-phosphate

O

OH

O

O

O N

O O

O Glycerol trioleate

Glycerol tripalmitate

Glycerol tristearate

O

O

O

HO

O O

N H

H

O O Glycerol tritetradecanoate

O HO O P OH O OH Glycerone phosphate

O

O H2N Glycine

OH

HCl H2N

O O

Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride

HCl H2N

OH

Glycine, hydrochloride

HO

H

OH Glycocholic acid

OH O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH OH

No.

Name Glycocyamine Glycogen Glycolaldehyde Glycolic acid

5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591

N-Glycolylneuraminic acid Glycopyrrolate Glycylalanine L-Glycylasparagine N-Glycylglycine N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine N-Glycyl-L-leucine

5592 5593 5594 5595

N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine N-Glycylserine, (DL) Glycyrrhizic acid Glyodin

5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602

Glyoxal Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) Glyoxylic acid Glyphosate Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Glyphosine Grayanotoxin I

N-(Hydroxyacetyl)neuraminic acid N-Alanylglycine 2-(Aminoacetamido)acetic acid

1H-Imidazole, 2-heptadecyl-4,5dihydro-, monoacetate 2,2’-Benzoxazoline Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)Glycine, N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)-

5603 Griseofulvin, (+)

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H7N3O2 (C6H10O5)x C2H4O2 C2H4O3

352-97-6 9005-79-2 141-46-8 79-14-1

117.107 162.140 60.052 76.051

C11H19NO10 C19H28BrNO3 C5H10N2O3 C6H11N3O4 C4H8N2O3 C6H11N3O4 C8H16N2O3

1113-83-3 596-51-0 1188-01-8 1999-33-3 556-50-3 556-33-2 869-19-2

325.270 398.334 146.144 189.169 132.118 189.169 188.224

C11H14N2O3 C5H10N2O4 C42H62O16 C22H44N2O2

3321-03-7 687-38-7 1405-86-3 556-22-9

222.240 162.144 822.931 368.596

266 198 dec pl or pr (HOAc) 220 dec

C2H2O2 C14H12N2O2 C2H2O3 C3H8NO5P C6H17N2O5P C4H11NO8P2 C22H36O7

107-22-2 1149-16-2 298-12-4 1071-83-6 38641-94-0 2439-99-8 4720-09-6

58.036 240.257 74.035 169.074 228.183 263.080 412.517

ye pr

C17H17ClO6

126-07-8

352.766

pl or nd (w) wh pow pl orth nd (w) lf (eth)

nd (EtOH aq) nd (dil al) pl (dil al) pl (dil al)

97 79.5

15 202 orth pr (w+1/2) 98 230 dec cry wh cry 268 cry (AcOEt/ C5H12) oct or orth cry 220 (bz) trg pr (al) 91

489-86-1

222.366

5605 Guanabenz 5606 Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)

C8H8Cl2N4 C20H40N6O8S

5051-62-7 22195-34-2

231.083 524.632

C10H22N4 CH5N3 CH6ClN3 CH6N4O3 C2H12N6O4S C3H9N3O3S C4H9N3O2 C5H5N5O

55-65-2 113-00-8 50-01-1 506-93-4 594-14-9 543-18-0 353-09-3 73-40-5

198.309 59.071 95.532 122.084 216.219 167.186 131.133 151.127

C10H13N5O5

118-00-3

283.241

226 50 182.3 217 292 dec cry (EtOH, ace) 227 cry (EtOH) 210 360 dec nd or pl (aq NH3) nd (w) 239 dec

C10H15N5O11P2

146-91-8

443.201

amorp solid

C10H14N5O8P

85-32-5

363.221

hyg cry

5615 Guanosine 5616 Guanosine 5’-diphosphate 5617 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate

Aminomethanamidine

Taurocyamine N-Amidino-β-alanine

2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-β-Dribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one Guanosine 5’-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 5’-Guanylic acid

nD

Solubility

1.366100

1.477219

100

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

s H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 1.03520

C15H26O

Guanethidine Guanidine Guanidine monohydrochloride Guanidine mononitrate Guanidine, sulfate (2:1) 2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid 3-Guanidinopropanoic acid Guanine

den/g cm-3

186 192.5 237 dec 216 263 dec 246 dec 256 dec

5604 Guaiol

5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614

bp/˚C

282

wh solid cry (MeOH/ EtOH) wh cry (MeOH) cry orth bipym (al) lf (w)

50.4

1.1420

1.382620

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O s H2O

dec 288; 16517

0.9074

100

1.4716

100

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth

228 dec 214

190 dec

1.35420 dec

sub

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth; s alk, acid sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs HOAc

sl H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



5581 5582 5583 5584

Synonym

 

O

O

NH

O O

NH2 HN

HO

OH OH OH

OH OH

N H

HO OH

O

Glycocyamine

x

O

HO

Glycogen

OH

HO

OH

OH O

O OH

Glycolic acid

N-Glycolylneuraminic acid

O

H N

H2N

O

H N

H2N

Br

N

HO

O

Glycolaldehyde

O O

OH NH2

O

OH

O

O

Glycopyrrolate

Glycylalanine

L-Glycylasparagine

OH O H HO

O O O OH

OH

H N

H2N

O

H2N

O

O

H N

N H

O

OH

H2N

OH

H2N

O

O

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

O

H N

OH

N-Glycyl-L-leucine

N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine

O O OH

OH HO

O

O

OH

OH

N-Glycylserine, (DL)

Glycyrrhizic acid

OH



TeamLRN

N-Glycylglycine

H N

H2N

HO HO O

O

H N

O

O

N H

OH O

N H

Glyoxal

Glyodin

O

O O

O

H3CCOOH

H

N

Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil)

HO

OH

Glyoxylic acid

O

OH

P N OH H

HO

O

Glyphosate

NH3

O

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

OH O P OH OH

N

Glyphosine

OH

HO

O

NH

O O Cl

HO HO

O

O

OH

N

O

O O

OH

Cl

Grayanotoxin I

Griseofulvin, (+)

H N

Cl

Guaiol

O NH2

N H

NH2

N

H2SO4

O

NH Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)

NH2

NH HNO3 NH2

Guanidine mononitrate

H2N

NH2

H2SO4 2

Guanidine, sulfate (2:1)

HN

N H

O OH S O

2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid

NH2 HN

N H

OH O

3-Guanidinopropanoic acid

H H2N

O

H N

N

N

N

Guanine

NH2

NH H2N

Guanethidine

N

N

H2N HO

N

N O

HO

NH2

Guanidine

NH H 2N

NH2

OH

Guanosine

H H2N O O HO P O P O OH OH

O

N N

N

H

N

H2N O HO P O OH

O

HO

HCl

Guanidine monohydrochloride

O

O

NH

H N

NH

2

Guanabenz

H

H2N

O

P N OH H

O HO P OH

OH

Guanosine 5’-diphosphate

N

N

N

N O

HO

OH

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5’-Guanylic acid, disodium salt

C10H12N5Na2O8 P C37H35N2NaO6 S2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C21H23ClFNO2 C13H14N2O

5550-12-9

407.185

4680-78-8

690.803

dk grn pow

4205-23-6 6027-89-0 52-86-8 304-21-2

180.155 180.155 375.865 214.262

syr syr

C12H10N2

486-84-0

182.220

C13H12N2O

442-51-3

212.246

HC Blue No. 1 HC Blue No. 2 Hectane Hederagenin Helenalin Helminthosporal Helvolic acid Hematein Hematin

C11H17N3O4 C12H19N3O5 C100H202 C30H48O4 C15H18O4 C15H22O2 C33H44O8 C16H12O6 C34H33FeN4O5

2784-94-3 33229-34-4 6703-98-6 465-99-6 6754-13-8 723-61-5 29400-42-8 475-25-2 15489-90-4

255.271 285.296 1404.67 472.700 262.302 234.335 568.697 300.262 633.495

5635 Hematoporphyrin 5636 Hematoxylin 5637 Hemin

C34H38N4O6 C16H14O6 C34H32ClFeN 4 O4 C21H44 C31H64 C10H5Cl7 C10H5Cl7O C12H3Cl7 C3HCl7 C70H142 C27H56

14459-29-1 517-28-2 16009-13-5

598.689 302.278 651.941

629-94-7 630-04-6 76-44-8 1024-57-3 52663-71-5 3849-33-0 7719-93-9 593-49-7

296.574 436.840 373.318 389.317 395.323 285.211 983.876 380.734

5618 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt 5619 Guinea Green B 5620 5621 5622 5623

D-Gulose L-Gulose Haloperidol Harmaline

5624 Harman 5625 Harmine



5626 5627 5628 5629 5630 5631 5632 5633 5634

5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645

Heneicosane Hentriacontane Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane Heptacontane Heptacosane

5646 Heptadecanal 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652

1-Heptadecanamine Heptadecane Heptadecanenitrile Heptadecanoic acid 1-Heptadecanol 2-Heptadecanone

C.I. Acid Green 3

4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4b]indole

Untriacontane

C17H34O

629-90-3

254.451

Margaric acid Margaryl alcohol Pentadecyl methyl ketone

C17H37N C17H36 C17H33N C17H34O2 C17H36O C17H34O

4200-95-7 629-78-7 5399-02-0 506-12-7 1454-85-9 2922-51-2

255.483 240.468 251.451 270.451 256.467 254.451

C17H34O

540-08-9

254.451

C17H34

6765-39-5

238.452

5653 9-Heptadecanone 5654 1-Heptadecene

Hexahydroaplotaxene

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

tab (MeOH) orth pr (al) bl flr orth cry (hp) orth (al), pr (MeOH) blk cry dk bl-blk cry pr (al) cry (EtOH) nd (dil HOAc) red-br cry br pow (py) deep red cry ye cry long blades (gl HOAc) cry (w) lf (AcOEt) wh cry cry

cry (al, bz) lf (AcOEt) nd (peth), cry (al)

Solubility sl H2O s H2O; sl EtOH

dec dec

vs H2O vs H2O

151.5 230

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py

236.5 273 100 110 117 333 226 58 212 dec 250 dec >200

sub

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s py

sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 1170.015 sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, diox i H2O, eth, bz, chl; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O, eth; s EtOH, alk; sl py, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O, eth; s alk, EtOH

172.5 140 >300 40.01 67.9 95.5 160 117.5 11 107 59.23

356.5 458

0.791920 0.78168 1.579

1.444120 1.427890

249 647 442

1.792134

1.542721

i H2O vs chl

0.779660

1.434565

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth

26

36

204

hex lf cry (al) pl (peth) lf (al), cry (ace) pl (dil al)

49 22.0 34 61.3 53.9 48

336 302.0 349 227100 324 320

0.851020 0.778020 0.831520 0.853260 0.847520 0.804948

pl (MeOH)

53

251.5; 1421.5 300

0.814048

11.5

i H2O; sl EtOH; s peth sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

vs bz, eth

0.785220

1.451020 1.436920 1.446720 1.434260

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, peth; vs bz, eth sl EtOH; s MeOH

1.443220

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; msc lig

 

Margaric aldehyde

mp/˚C 195 dec

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

H2N O O P O O

2Na

N

N

N

N

O O S O

O Na O S O

O H

N

Cl

N

O

HO

CHO OH OH H OH CH2OH

H H HO H

OH Guinea Green B

D-Gulose

CHO H H OH H CH2OH

HO F

N

O

L-Gulose

N

N H

O Haloperidol

Harmaline

H H N

N H

N

O

N

N H

Harman

HO

N

N O

HO

Harmine

H N O

HO

N O

N

HO

HC Blue No. 1

H

COOH OH

O

O HO H3C(CH2)98CH3

HC Blue No. 2

O

CH2OH

Hectane

O

OH

Hederagenin

Helenalin

OH O



TeamLRN

H

OH

O

HO

N

OH N

O

O

O

H

N

N

N

N HN

HO

O OH

Helvolic acid

HO

O

Hematein

HO

Cl Cl

HO

O

HO

Cl H

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl H

O

Cl Cl

O

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl

1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane

O Heptacosane

HO Hemin

Cl

Cl

Heptachlor epoxide

HO

Hematoxylin

Cl Cl

Heptachlor

Cl H

H3C(CH2)68CH3 Heptacontane

N

O OH

O

Hematoporphyrin

Cl H

Cl Hentriacontane

O

Hematin

Cl

Heneicosane

N

OH

OH HO

O Helminthosporal

Cl

H

O O

N

Fe

O

O

OH

HO

OH

NH N

Fe

NH2

Heptadecanal

1-Heptadecanamine

OH

Heptadecane

OH

O

N Heptadecanenitrile

Heptadecanoic acid

1-Heptadecanol

O O 2-Heptadecanone

9-Heptadecanone

1-Heptadecene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt

HO HO H HO

No.

5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Heptadecylbenzene trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal 1,6-Heptadiene 1,6-Heptadiyne Heptafluorobutanoic acid Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2dimethyl-3,5-octanedione Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane Heptanal Heptanal oxime 2-Heptanamine 4-Heptanamine Heptane

1-Phenylheptadecane

C23H40 C7H10O C7H12 C7H8 C4HF7O2 C8F14O3 C4H3F7O C4ClF7O C10H11F7O2

14752-75-1 4313-03-5 3070-53-9 2396-63-6 375-22-4 336-59-4 375-01-9 375-16-6 17587-22-3

316.564 110.153 96.170 92.139 214.039 410.062 200.055 232.484 296.182

C3F7I C3HF7 C16H34 C7H22O2Si3 C7H14O C7H15NO C7H17N C7H17N C7H16

677-69-0 431-89-0 4390-04-9 1873-88-7 111-71-7 629-31-2 123-82-0 16751-59-0 142-82-5

295.925 170.029 226.441 222.506 114.185 129.200 115.217 115.217 100.202

C7H18N2 C7H10N2 C7H12O4

646-19-5 646-20-8 111-16-0

130.231 122.167 160.168

C7H16O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H10Cl2O2 C7H13N C7H16S C7H10O3 C7H14O2 C14H26O3 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H13ClO C7H12O C7H14 C7H14

629-30-1 96-04-8 7424-54-6 142-79-0 629-08-3 1639-09-4 626-53-9 111-14-8 626-27-7 111-70-6 52390-72-4 26549-25-7 589-55-9 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 2528-61-2 2463-63-0 592-76-7 6443-92-1

132.201 128.169 128.169 197.059 111.185 132.267 142.152 130.185 242.354 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 114.185 148.630 112.169 98.186 98.186

5673 1,7-Heptanediamine 5674 Heptanedinitrile 5675 Heptanedioic acid 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695

1,7-Heptanediol 2,3-Heptanedione 3,5-Heptanedione Heptanedioyl dichloride Heptanenitrile 1-Heptanethiol 2,4,6-Heptanetrione Heptanoic acid Heptanoic anhydride 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol, (±) 3-Heptanol, (S) 4-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone Heptanoyl chloride 2-Heptenal 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene

Perfluoroisopropyl iodide Refrigerant 227ea

Heptaldehyde Enanthaldoxime Tuaminoheptane

Pimelic acid

Acetyl valeryl Dipropionylmethane

Heptyl mercaptan Enanthic acid Heptyl alcohol

Dipropylcarbinol Methyl pentyl ketone Ethyl butyl ketone Dipropyl ketone Butylacrolein

Physical Form

liq liq liq liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

32

397 84.5 90 112 121 106.5 95 38.5 465

0.854620 0.88125

1.481020 1.531520

0.816417 1.65120 1.66520 1.60020 1.5520 1.27325

1.45117 1.29525 1.28520 1.29420 1.28820 1.376620

-85 -17.5 -43

38

col gas

-131

liq pl (al)

-43.4 57.5

liq

-90.55

pr (w)

25.32 -31.4 106 22.5

liq liq lf liq liq liq

-64 -43 49 -7.17 -12.4 -33.2

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-70 -41.2 -35 -39 -33 -83.8

liq

-118.9

 

Synonym

38 -16.4 246.3 142 152.8 195 142 139.5 98.4 224 15514 272100, 21210 262 144; 4613 175; 7930 13715 183; 7110 176.9 12110 222.2 269.5 176.45 159 157; 6618 156 151.05 147 144 125.2 166 93.64 98.4

Solubility

i H2O; s bz, HOAc s H2O, eth, tol; i peth s EtOH, ace

1.329820

0.819420 0.813225 0.858355 0.766519 0.76720 0.679525

1.381820 1.411320 1.421020 1.419919 1.417220 1.385525

0.94918 1.32915

1.447220

0.956925 0.91918 0.94520

1.452025 1.415018

vs eth, EtOH

0.810620 0.842720 1.059940 0.912425 0.932120 0.821920 0.816720 0.822720 0.818320 0.811120 0.818320 0.817420 0.959020 0.86417 0.697020 0.70820

1.410430 1.452120 1.493020 1.417020 1.433515 1.424920 1.421020 1.420120 1.420520 1.408820 1.405720 1.406920 1.434518 1.446817 1.399820 1.40620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth; sl ctc; vs lig

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5662 5663

Name

F F

F

trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal

F F

F F

OH

F

F F

F F

F F 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol

F F

Cl

O

F F

N

F

F F

F F

F F

O

F

F

O

O

F F

F F

F 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane

2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane

NH2 H2N

OH

Heptanal oxime

F F

Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride

F I

NH2

F

F F

2-Heptanamine

4-Heptanamine

Heptane

NH2 1,7-Heptanediamine



TeamLRN

Heptanal

F

F F O

Heptafluorobutanoic acid

Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane

O

6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione

O

1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane

1,6-Heptadiyne

F F

F F

O

Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride

O Si H Si O Si

F

1,6-Heptadiene

F

F F

OH

O HO N

N

OH O

Heptanedinitrile

Cl

O

HO

O

O

1,7-Heptanediol

1-Heptanethiol

OH

Heptanoic acid

O 2-Heptanone

O Heptanenitrile

OH 1-Heptanol

OH 2-Heptanol, (±)

3-Heptanol, (S)

1-Heptene

cis-2-Heptene

Cl O

4-Heptanone

N

Heptanedioyl dichloride

OH

O 3-Heptanone

O

O

Heptanoic anhydride

O 4-Heptanol

O

3,5-Heptanedione

O O

OH 2,4,6-Heptanetrione

2,3-Heptanedione

O

O

SH

O

O

OH

Heptanedioic acid

Cl

Heptanoyl chloride

O 2-Heptenal

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F F

F F

F F

O Heptadecylbenzene

F

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5696 trans-2-Heptene

C7H14

14686-13-6

98.186

liq

-109.5

98

0.701220

1.404520

5697 cis-3-Heptene

C7H14

7642-10-6

98.186

liq

-136.6

95.8

0.703020

1.405920

5698 trans-3-Heptene

C7H14

14686-14-7

98.186

liq

-136.6

95.7

0.698120

1.404320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc

5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712

C7H12O2 C7H14O C7H14O C9H18O2 C7H17N C13H20 C11H22O2 C13H26 C12H24 C11H20O2 C8H16O2 C12H24O2 C12H22O2 C7H12

1119-60-4 3521-91-3 33467-76-4 112-06-1 111-68-2 1078-71-3 5870-93-9 5617-41-4 5617-42-5 104-67-6 112-23-2 5451-80-9 713-95-1 628-71-7

128.169 114.185 114.185 158.238 115.217 176.298 186.292 182.345 168.319 184.276 144.212 200.318 198.302 96.170

liq

-6.5

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-50.2 -18 -48 -57.5 -30 -53

liq liq liq

-46.4 -12 -81

226 152.1 178; 7510 193 156 240; 10910 225.8 244 224 286 178.1 245.2 1010.03 99.7

0.951514 0.838422 0.851620 0.875015 0.775420 0.856720 0.863720 0.810920 0.801020 0.949420 0.878420 0.862320

1.440414 1.434720 1.446020 1.415020 1.425120 1.486520 1.423120 1.448420 1.442120 1.451220 1.414020 1.425415

0.732820

1.408720

112

0.74425

1.423020

0.733625

1.418920

Name

6-Heptenoic acid 1-Hepten-4-ol trans-2-Hepten-1-ol Heptyl acetate Heptylamine Heptylbenzene Heptyl butanoate Heptylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane 5-Heptyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone Heptyl formate Heptyl pentanoate 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one 1-Heptyne

Synonym

1-Heptanamine

4-Hydroxyundecanoic acid lactone

5-Dodecanolide



5713 2-Heptyne

1-Methyl-2-butylacetylene

C7H12

1119-65-9

96.170

5714 3-Heptyne

1-Ethyl-2-propylacetylene

C7H12

2586-89-2

96.170

liq

-130.5

107.2

5715 Hesperetin

C16H14O6

520-33-2

302.278

227.5

sub 205

5716 Hesperidin

C28H34O15

520-26-3

610.561

5717 Hexabromobenzene 5718 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl 5719 1,2,5,6,9,10Hexabromocyclododecane 5720 Hexabromoethane 5721 Hexabutyldistannoxane 5722 Hexacene

C6Br6 C12H4Br6 C12H18Br6

87-82-1 59080-40-9 3194-55-6

551.488 627.584 641.695

pl (dil al + 1/2 w) wh nd (dil MeOH, HOAc) mcl nd (bz) cry (ctc) cry

C2Br6 C24H54OSn2 C26H16

594-73-0 56-35-9 258-31-1

503.445 596.105 328.405

C3Cl6O C6Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6

116-16-5 118-74-1 38380-07-3 33979-03-2 38411-22-2 35065-27-1 87-68-3 58-89-9

264.749 284.782 360.878 360.878 360.878 360.878 260.761 290.830

Hexachloroacetone Hexachlorobenzene 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)

Perchlorobenzene

Lindane

dk bl-grn cry (sub) liq nd (sub) cry cry cry (hx) cry liq nd (al)

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth vs eth, EtOH

262

vs py, EtOH, HOAc

327 160 167

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

orth pr (bz)

 

5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730

Bis(tributyltin) oxide

s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s bz, chl vs EtOH

45 380 -1.0 228.83 151 112.5 114.2 103.5 -21 112.5

dec 200 1802 sub

3.82320

203 325

1.743412 2.04423

1.511220 1.569123

sl H2O; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl; vs bz i H2O i H2O i H2O

215 323.4

1.55625

1.554220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz

1.863

sl EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

No.

OH

O

OH OH

O trans-2-Heptene

cis-3-Heptene

trans-3-Heptene

6-Heptenoic acid

1-Hepten-4-ol

O

trans-2-Hepten-1-ol

Heptyl acetate

O O Heptylbenzene

O

O

Heptyl butanoate

Heptylcyclohexane

Heptylcyclopentane

5-Heptyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

O O

O

O

Heptyl formate

O

Heptyl pentanoate

O

6-Heptyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

1-Heptyne

2-Heptyne

3-Heptyne

CH3 O OH O

OH O



TeamLRN

OH HO HO

Br

O O O

HO

O

Br

OH

Br

Br

Br Br

Hesperidin

Br Br

Br Br

Br

OH

Hesperetin

Br Br

O

HO

O OH

Br

Br

OH

O

Hexabromobenzene

Br Br

Br

2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl

1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane

Cl Sn

Br Br Br

O

Sn

O Cl Cl

Br Br Br

Hexabromoethane

Hexabutyldistannoxane

Cl Cl

Cl

Hexacene

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl

Hexachloroacetone

Hexachlorobenzene

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2 Heptylamine

No.

Name



5742 5743 5744 5745

Hexacosanoic acid 1-Hexacosanol Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane Hexadecanal

5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751

Hexadecanamide Hexadecane Hexadecanedioic acid Hexadecanenitrile 1-Hexadecanethiol Hexadecanoic acid

5752 Hexadecanoic anhydride 5753 1-Hexadecanol 5754 5755 5756 5757 5758 5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767

3-Hexadecanone Hexadecanoyl chloride 1-Hexadecene cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid Hexadecyl acetate Hexadecylamine Hexadecylbenzene Hexadecyldimethylamine Hexadecyl hexadecanoate Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, (S) 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

α-Hexachlorocyclohexane

C6H6Cl6

319-84-6

290.830

cry

158

β-Hexachlorocyclohexane

C6H6Cl6

319-85-7

290.830

cry (bz, al, xyl)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

600.50

1.8919

nD

Solubility

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc

δ-Lindane

C6H6Cl6

319-86-8

290.830

pl

141.5

60

Perchlorocyclopentadiene

C5Cl6 C12H2Cl6O2

77-47-4 57653-85-7

272.772 390.861

ye grn liq cry

-9 285

239; 480.3

1.701925

C12H2Cl6O2

19408-74-3

390.861

cry

243

C2Cl6 C13H6Cl6O2 C3Cl6 C60H122 C26H54

67-72-1 70-30-4 1888-71-7 7667-80-3 630-01-3

236.739 406.904 248.750 843.611 366.707

orth (al-eth) nd (bz) liq

186.8 tp 166.5 -72.9 99.3 56.1

184.7 sp

2.09120

209.5

1.763220

1.509120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl liq HF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, dil alk i H2O; s ctc, chl

412.2

0.778360

1.435760

vs bz, lig, chl

C26H52O2 C26H54O C16H48O6Si7 C16H32O

506-46-7 506-52-5 541-01-5 629-80-1

396.690 382.706 533.147 240.424

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

Cetyl mercaptan Palmitic acid

C16H33NO C16H34 C16H30O4 C16H31N C16H34S C16H32O2

629-54-9 544-76-3 505-54-4 629-79-8 2917-26-2 57-10-3

255.439 226.441 286.407 237.424 258.506 256.424

orth pl (dil al) liq pl (eth), nd (peth) lf lf (HOAc) pl (al) hex cry (lig) nd (al)

Cetyl alcohol

C32H62O3 C16H34O

623-65-4 36653-82-4

494.832 242.440

lf (peth) fl (AcOEt)

64 49.2

C16H32O C16H31ClO C16H32 C16H30O2 C18H36O2 C16H35N C22H38 C18H39N C32H64O2 C27H40O3

18787-64-9 112-67-4 629-73-2 373-49-9 629-70-9 143-27-1 1459-09-2 112-69-6 540-10-3 531-84-0

240.424 274.869 224.425 254.408 284.478 241.456 302.537 269.510 480.849 412.605

lf (peth)

43 12 2.1 0.5 -18.5 46.8 27

C19H38O3 C20H38O2 C19H40O3

35274-05-6 2495-27-4 506-03-6

314.503 310.515 316.519

C21H38BrN

140-72-7

384.438

Perchloroethane

Cerotic acid

Cetane

1-Cetene Palmitoleic acid 1-Hexadecanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-hexadecanamine Cetyl palmitate Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate Cetyl lactate Chimyl alcohol

mcl, tcl or orth (bz) cry (eth)

lf

lf

88.5 80 -78 35 107 18.12 126.6 31 19 62.5

mcl lf grn-wh fl

54 72.5

wax

41 24 64

lf (hx)

0.36

1.565820

0.8198100

1.4301100

30520 dec 270 20029

0.901220

1.396520

23612 286.86

1.000020 0.770125

1.432925

333 1250.5 351.5

0.830320

1.445020

0.852762

1.4334560

312

0.838883 0.818750

1.436468 1.428379

0.901625 0.781120

1.451420 1.441220

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; msc eth; s ctc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; vs chl vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace s chl vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth

0.857425 0.812920 0.854720

1.443820 1.449620 1.481320

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, CS 2

0.98920

1.439870

vs eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc

18417, 1402 19920 284.9 1821 222205 322.5 385 330.0

21910, 1701 1832 1200.005

1.441040 0.8720 vs ace, peth, chl

61

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5731 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 5732 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) 5733 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β) 5734 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene 5735 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5736 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5737 Hexachloroethane 5738 Hexachlorophene 5739 Hexachloropropene 5740 Hexacontane 5741 Hexacosane

Synonym

 

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)

O

Cl

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl

Cl

Hexachloroethane

Hexachloropropene

OH Hexacontane

Hexacosane

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

OH

Hexacosanoic acid



Si

O

Cl Cl Cl

H3C(CH2)58CH3 1-Hexacosanol

O

O

O

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Hexachlorophene

Si

Cl

O

Cl

Cl Cl

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

Si

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)

Cl

O

NH2

O

Si

OH OH

Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane

Hexadecanal

Hexadecanamide

Hexadecane

SH

N

O Hexadecanedioic acid

Hexadecanenitrile

1-Hexadecanethiol



TeamLRN

O O

O

O O OH

O

Cl

OH O

OH

Hexadecanoic acid

Hexadecanoic anhydride

1-Hexadecanol

3-Hexadecanone

Hexadecanoyl chloride

1-Hexadecene

cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid

O O

NH2 N

Hexadecyl acetate

Hexadecylamine

Hexadecylbenzene

Hexadecyldimethylamine

O

O

O O

O

O OH

OH Hexadecyl hexadecanoate

Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate

O O

O

OH OH

Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate

3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, (S)

Br

N 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

No.

Name

5768 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride 5769 Hexadecyl stearate



5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800 5801 5802 5803 5804

Hexadecyltrichlorosilane Hexadecyl vinyl ether 1-Hexadecyne trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal 1,2-Hexadiene cis-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,3-Hexadiene cis-1,4-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene 2,4-Hexadienoic acid

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Cetylpyridinium chloride Cetyl stearate

C21H38ClN C34H68O2

123-03-5 1190-63-2

339.987 508.903

C16H33Cl3Si C18H36O C16H30 C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H8O2

5894-60-0 822-28-6 629-74-3 142-83-6 592-44-9 14596-92-0 20237-34-7 7318-67-4 7319-00-8 592-42-7 6108-61-8 5194-50-3 5194-51-4 110-44-1

359.878 268.478 222.409 96.127 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 112.127

C6H10O C6H7ClO C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C18H30 C12H30OSi2 C12H30O13P4 C36H42Br2N2 C5H2F6O2 C6F6 C4F6 C4F6 C4F6 C2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C6H13N C5H12N2 C13H16O2

111-28-4 2614-88-2 821-08-9 628-16-0 2809-69-0 604-88-6 994-49-0 757-58-4 317-52-2 1522-22-1 392-56-3 685-63-2 692-50-2 697-11-0 76-16-4 431-63-0 690-39-1 920-66-1 111-49-9 505-66-8 126-15-8

98.142 130.572 78.112 78.112 78.112 246.431 246.536 506.253 662.539 208.059 186.054 162.033 162.033 162.033 138.011 152.038 152.038 168.037 99.174 100.162 204.265

C15H24

483-76-1

204.352

C15H24

523-47-7

204.352

C8H10O3

85-42-7

154.163

1-(Ethenyloxy)hexadecane Sorbinaldehyde Propylallene

Biallyl

Sorbic acid Sorbic alcohol Divinylacetylene Bipropargyl Dimethyldiacetylene

Ethyl tetraphosphate

Perfluorobenzene

Perfluoroethane Refrigerant 236ea Refrigerant 236fa Hexamethylenimine

Hexahydrophthalic anhydride

Physical Form wh pow lf or pl (eth, HOAc)

liq

mp/˚C

16 15 -16.5

liq

-102.4

liq liq liq liq liq nd (dil al) nd (w) nd

-138.7 -140.7

liq liq pr (sub) mcl pr (al or bz)

-88 -6 67.8 129

hyg cry (PrOH)

-40 188

col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas liq hyg liq

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

80 57

-96.1 -44.9 134.5 30.5

5.03 -132 -117.4 -60 -100.05 -93.6 -2.0 40.5 -80

32

269 1602 284 174; 7630 76 73.1 73.2 66.3 65.0 59.4 85 83.5 82.2 dec 228; 15350 7612 8222 85 86 129.5 298 233; 12930 dec 150

nD

Solubility

1.441070

vs H2O, chl vs ace, eth, chl

0.82127 0.796520 0.89820 0.714920 0.703325 0.699525 0.69525 0.69525 0.687825 0.729825 0.718525 0.710125 1.20419

1.444425 1.444020 1.538420 1.428220 1.437920 1.440620 1.404920 1.410420 1.404220 1.460620 1.456020 1.451020

0.896723 1.066619 0.785120 0.804920

1.498120 1.554520 1.503520 1.438023

0.8305130 0.845720 1.291727

1.4736130 1.434020 1.427327

1.48520 1.618420 1.553-20

1.333320 1.377720 1.378-20

1.602-20 1.590-78 1.50260 1.43430 1.460021 0.864322

1.298-20

1.463120

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.1020

1.525420

i H2O

12512

0.916015

1.508915

274; 13611

0.923020

1.505920

54.15 80.26 6 -24.6 5.5 -78.1 6.1 -1.0 59 138 169 307

14518

vs bz vs eth, chl

vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace i H2O; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, sulf; vs eth, bz vs ace, bz, EtOH

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth

 

2,4-Hexadien-1-ol trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne 1,5-Hexadiyne 2,4-Hexadiyne Hexaethylbenzene Hexaethyldisiloxane Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Hexafluorenium bromide Hexafluoroacetylacetone Hexafluorobenzene 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne Hexafluorocyclobutene Hexafluoroethane 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol Hexahydro-1H-azepine Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde 5805 cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S) 5806 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1α,4aβ,8aα)] 5807 Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

Mol. Form.

vs eth, lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783

Synonym

O

Cl Si Cl Cl

O

N Cl 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride

Hexadecyl stearate

Hexadecyltrichlorosilane

1-Hexadecyne

C 1,2-Hexadiene

cis-1,3-Hexadiene

O OH trans-1,3-Hexadiene

cis-1,4-Hexadiene

trans-1,4-Hexadiene

1,5-Hexadiene

cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene

2,4-Hexadienoic acid

O

O

Si

Cl

2,4-Hexadien-1-ol

trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride

1,5-Hexadien-3-yne

1,5-Hexadiyne

2,4-Hexadiyne

Hexaethylbenzene

Hexaethyldisiloxane



TeamLRN

OH

Si

F

Br N

O O O O P P P P O O O O O O O O O

F F

Hexafluorenium bromide

F F

F F

F

F

F

F

F F

Hexafluorocyclobutene

F F

Hexafluoroethane

F

O

F

F

F F

Hexafluoroacetylacetone

F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

F

Hexafluorobenzene

F

1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene

1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane

F

F

F F

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane

F F

F

F

F

F

F

F

1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne

NH

OH F F

F F

F F

F

F



F

O

Br

Hexaethyl tetraphosphate

F

N

F F

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol

N H

N H

Hexahydro-1H-azepine

Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine

H

O O

O O 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde

H cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S)

H 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1α,4aβ,8aα)]

O Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal

O Hexadecyl vinyl ether

No.

Name



5814 2,2,4,4,6,6Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane 5815 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane 5816 Hexamethyldisilane 5817 Hexamethyldisilathiane 5818 Hexamethyldisilazane 5819 Hexamethyldisiloxane 5820 Hexamethylenediamine carbamate 5821 Hexamethylene diisocyanate 5822 Hexamethylenetetramine 5823 Hexamethylolmelamine 5824 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide 5825 Hexamethylphosphorous triamide 5826 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane 5827 Hexanal 5828 Hexanamide 5829 Hexane 5830 Hexanedial 5831 Hexanediamide 5832 1,6-Hexanediamine 5833 Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide 5834 1,2-Hexanediol 5835 1,6-Hexanediol 5836 2,5-Hexanediol 5837 1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate 5838 2,3-Hexanedione 5839 2,4-Hexanedione 5840 2,5-Hexanedione 5841 3,4-Hexanedione 5842 Hexanedioyl dichloride 5843 1,6-Hexanedithiol 5844 Hexanenitrile 5845 1-Hexanethiol 5846 2-Hexanethiol

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

C6H14N2

4318-37-0

114.188

154

0.911120

1.476920

C7H12N2

3001-72-7

124.183

967, 812

1.00525

1.519020

C3H6N6O6

121-82-4

222.116

C21H21N3

91-78-1

315.412

Rufigallol

C14H8O8

82-12-2

304.209

Mellitene

C12H18

87-85-4

162.271

C6H21N3Si3

1009-93-4

219.508

C6H18O3Si3 C6H18Si2 C6H18SSi2 C6H19NSi2 C6H18OSi2 C7H16N2O2 C8H12N2O2 C6H12N4 C9H18N6O6 C6H18N3OP C6H18N3P C30H62

541-05-9 1450-14-2 3385-94-2 999-97-3 107-46-0 143-06-6 822-06-0 100-97-0 531-18-0 680-31-9 1608-26-0 111-01-3

222.462 146.378 178.443 161.393 162.377 160.214 168.193 140.186 306.275 179.200 163.201 422.813

C6H12O C6H13NO C6H14 C6H10O2 C6H12N2O2 C6H16N2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C14H22O4 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H8Cl2O2 C6H14S2 C6H11N C6H14S C6H14S

66-25-1 628-02-4 110-54-3 1072-21-5 628-94-4 124-09-4 1071-93-8 6920-22-5 629-11-8 2935-44-6 6606-59-3 3848-24-6 3002-24-2 110-13-4 4437-51-8 111-50-2 1191-43-1 628-73-9 111-31-9 1679-06-7

100.158 115.173 86.175 114.142 144.171 116.204 174.201 118.174 118.174 118.174 254.323 114.142 114.142 114.142 114.142 183.033 150.305 97.158 118.240 118.240

Cyclonite

Dimethylsiloxane cyclic trimer

(6-Aminohexyl)carbamic acid Methenamine Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine Squalane Caproaldehyde

Hexamethylenediamine

Hexamethylene glycol Diisopropanol Hexamethylene methacrylate Acetylbutyryl Propionylacetone Acetonylacetone Bipropionyl

Capronitrile Hexyl mercaptan

orth cry (ace)

mp/˚C

144 red rhom, redye nd (sub) orth pr or nd (al) liq

1.8220

205.5 185; 6029

i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, MeOH; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, tol

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, alk

165.5

263.4

1.063025

-10

188

0.919620

64.5 13.5

134 113.5 162.5 125 99

1.120020 0.724722 0.85120 0.774125 0.763820

12210, 941 sub

1.052820 1.331-5

1.458520

232.5

1.0320

1.457920

liq cry

-66 150

orth (al)

>250 137

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 1.44820

1.422920

i H2O i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; dec alk

1.409020 1.377420

i H2O

liq

-38

350

0.811515

1.453015

liq cry (ace) liq

-56 101 -95.35 -8 220 39.13 181.8 45 41.5 43

131 255 68.73 939

0.833520 0.99920 0.660625 1.00319

1.403920 1.4200110 1.372725 1.435020

pl orth bipym pl

cry (eth)

oil liq liq

-5.5 -10

liq liq liq liq

-21 -80.3 -81 -147

Solubility

205 224; 871.5 208 218; 861 128 160 194 130 12612 237; 11815 163.65 152.7 142

0.961020 0.99825 0.93419 0.95920 0.737020 0.94121

1.443120 1.457925 1.447520

1.451620 1.423220 1.413021

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz vs H2O s EtOH, eth s chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; msc bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, bz

s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl

0.988625 0.805120 0.842420 0.834520

1.511020 1.406820 1.449620 1.445120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5808 Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4diazepine 5809 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2a]pyrimidine 5810 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine 5811 Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5triazine 5812 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 5813 Hexamethylbenzene

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

Synonym

 

O NH N

O

N

N

Si HN

H N Si

2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine

Si NH

Si O

2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane

O Si

Si O

N

O

O N

N

O

N O

Si

Hexamethyldisilane

S



TeamLRN

O

C

N

C

Si

Hexamethyldisilathiane

O N N

Hexamethylene diisocyanate

HO N

N

OH

1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Hexamethylbenzene

O Si

Si

O

H2N

Si

Hexamethyldisiloxane

N H

OH

Hexamethylenediamine carbamate

OH N

N

N

O N P N N

OH

HO

Hexamethylenetetramine

H N

Hexamethyldisilazane

N N

N

OH

HO

Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine

Si

HO

N

N

OH O

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

Si Si

Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

N

OH

HO

OH

Hexamethylolmelamine

N

Hexamethylphosphoric triamide

N P

N

Hexamethylphosphorous triamide

O O NH2

O 2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane

Hexanal

O H2N NH2

H2N 1,6-Hexanediamine

N H

NH2

OH

O

O O

OH

2,4-Hexanedione

2,5-Hexanedione

OH 1,6-Hexanediol

Hexanediamide

O O

OH

O

2,5-Hexanediol

1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate

O

O Cl

O

O

Hexanedial

O

HO

1,2-Hexanediol

O

O

O

Hexane

OH

Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide

O

2,3-Hexanedione

H N

Hexanamide

NH2

H2N

O

O 3,4-Hexanedione

Cl O Hexanedioyl dichloride

SH

N

HS

SH

SH 1,6-Hexanedithiol

Hexanenitrile

1-Hexanethiol

2-Hexanethiol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4-diazepine

N O

N N

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5847 5848 5849 5850

1,2,6-Hexanetriol Hexanoic acid Hexanoic anhydride 1-Hexanol

1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexane Caproic acid

C6H14O3 C6H12O2 C12H22O3 C6H14O

106-69-4 142-62-1 2051-49-2 111-27-3

134.173 116.158 214.301 102.174

5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891

2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Hexanoyl chloride Hexatriacontane cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene Hexazinone trans-2-Hexenal cis-3-Hexenal 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexenedinitrile 2-Hexenoic acid 3-Hexenoic acid 5-Hexenoic acid 1-Hexen-3-ol cis-2-Hexen-1-ol trans-2-Hexen-1-ol cis-3-Hexen-1-ol trans-3-Hexen-1-ol trans-4-Hexen-1-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol 5-Hexen-2-ol cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate 5-Hexen-2-one 4-Hexen-3-one Hexestrol Hexobarbital Hexocyclium methyl sulfate Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Hexyl acrylate Hexylamine Hexylbenzene 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H11ClO C36H74 C6H8 C6H8 C12H20N4O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H6N2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C6H10O C6H10O C18H22O2 C12H16N2O3 C21H36N2O5S C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C9H16O2 C6H15N C12H18 C12H18O2

20281-86-1 17015-11-1 591-78-6 589-38-8 142-61-0 630-06-8 2612-46-6 821-07-8 51235-04-2 6728-26-3 6789-80-6 592-41-6 7688-21-3 4050-45-7 7642-09-3 13269-52-8 1119-85-3 1191-04-4 4219-24-3 1577-22-6 4798-44-1 928-94-9 928-95-0 928-96-1 928-97-2 928-92-7 52387-50-5 626-94-8 3681-71-8 2497-18-9 109-49-9 2497-21-4 84-16-2 56-29-1 115-63-9 142-92-7 108-84-9 2499-95-8 111-26-2 1077-16-3 136-77-6

102.174 102.174 100.158 100.158 134.603 506.973 80.128 80.128 252.313 98.142 98.142 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 106.125 114.142 114.142 114.142 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 142.196 142.196 98.142 98.142 270.367 236.266 428.586 144.212 144.212 156.222 101.190 162.271 194.270

Caproyl alcohol

Butyl methyl ketone Ethyl propyl ketone Caproyl chloride

trans-1,4-Dicyano-2-butene Hydrosorbic acid

1-Hexanamine 4-Hexylresorcinol

 

Synonym

Physical Form liq liq

liq liq liq liq liq

liq liq liq liq liq cry nd (w, al) liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

-3 -41 -47.4

1703, 1611 205.2 dec 255 157.6

1.104920 0.921225 0.924015 0.813620

1.5820 1.416320 1.429720 1.417820

140 135 127.6 123.5 153 298.43 78 78.5 dec 146.5; 5020 121 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1

0.815920 0.818220 0.811320 0.811820 0.978420 0.780380 0.717520 0.736915 1.25 0.849120 0.853322 0.668525 0.682425 0.673325 0.677820 0.677220

1.414420 1.416720 1.400720 1.400420 1.426420 1.439780 1.457720 1.513520

216.5 208 203 134 157 157 156.5 154.5 159 137.5 139 6612 166; 6815 129.5 138.5

0.96520 0.964023 0.961020 0.83422 0.847220 0.849016 0.847822

1.446040 1.493520 1.434320 1.429718 1.439720 1.434020 1.438020 1.437420 1.440220 1.439220

0.898 0.83327 0.855920

1.427020 1.417827 1.438820

171.5 147.5 401 132.8 226.1 334

0.877915 0.880525 0.87820 0.766020 0.857520

1.409220 1.398020

-55.5 -55.4 -87 75.8 -12 -12 99

-139.76 -141.11 -133 -137.8 -115.4 76 36.5 12 -37

liq liq

nd (bz) cry liq

186.5 146.5 205 -80.9

liq liq nd (bz)

-45 -22.9 -61 68

0.851320 0.840518 0.84216

1.448020 1.430021 1.385225 1.397920 1.393620 1.394720 1.394320

1.418020 1.486420

Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth

i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

sl H2O sl H2O

s EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl chl; i eth i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; msc eth; s bz, peth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Name

HO

O

OH

OH

O

OH 1,2,6-Hexanetriol

O

OH

O

Hexanoic acid

Hexanoic anhydride

O O

OH

OH 1-Hexanol

2-Hexanol

3-Hexanol

2-Hexanone

3-Hexanone

N

O O

Cl Hexanoyl chloride

Hexatriacontane

cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene

trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

N N

N

cis-2-Hexene

trans-2-Hexene

cis-3-Hexene

trans-3-Hexene

trans-3-Hexen-1-ol

trans-4-Hexen-1-ol

4-Hexen-2-ol

O

O

NH

O

O

O

O cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate

O

HO

trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate

5-Hexen-2-one

4-Hexen-3-one

OH

OH

OH O

5-Hexenoic acid





TeamLRN

cis-3-Hexen-1-ol

OH

3-Hexenoic acid

OH OH

trans-2-Hexen-1-ol

O OH

2-Hexenoic acid

OH

cis-2-Hexen-1-ol

cis-3-Hexenal

O OH

OH

OH 1-Hexen-3-ol

trans-2-Hexenal

O

trans-3-Hexenedinitrile

OH

O

Hexazinone

N 1-Hexene

O

N

Hexestrol

N

Hexobarbital

5-Hexen-2-ol

O O S O O

N N HO

O Hexocyclium methyl sulfate

OH

O

O O

O Hexyl acetate

sec-Hexyl acetate

O

OH NH2

O Hexyl acrylate

Hexylamine

Hexylbenzene

4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

Hexyl benzoate Hexyl butanoate Hexylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Hexyldecanoic acid Hexyl formate Hexyl hexanoate Hexyl isocyanate Hexyl methacrylate Hexyl methyl ether 1-Hexylnaphthalene Hexyl octanoate 4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol Hexyl pentanoate 4-Hexylphenol 1-Hexyl propanoate 1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene 5910 1-Hexyne 5911 2-Hexyne



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C13H18O2 C10H20O2 C12H24 C11H22 C16H32O2 C7H14O2 C12H24O2 C7H13NO C10H18O2 C7H16O C16H20 C14H28O2 C13H18O3 C8H18O2 C11H22O2 C12H18O C9H18O2 C16H24

6789-88-4 2639-63-6 4292-75-5 4457-00-5 25354-97-6 629-33-4 6378-65-0 2525-62-4 142-09-6 4747-07-3 2876-53-1 1117-55-1 1142-39-8 112-25-4 1117-59-5 2446-69-7 2445-76-3 66325-11-9

206.281 172.265 168.319 154.293 256.424 130.185 200.318 127.184 170.249 116.201 212.330 228.371 222.280 146.228 186.292 178.270 158.238 216.362

Butylacetylene 1-Methyl-2-propylacetylene

C6H10 C6H10

693-02-7 764-35-2

Diethylacetylene

C6H10 C6H10O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H8O C5H9N3 C6H9N3O2 C6H10ClN3O2 C16H21NO3 C16H22BrNO3

Hexyl caproate

Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether

5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921

3-Hexyne 3-Hexyne-2,5-diol 3-Hexyn-1-ol 1-Hexyn-3-ol 5-Hexyn-2-one Histamine L-Histidine L-Histidine, monohydrochloride Homatropine Homatropine hydrobromide

Tropanol mandelate

5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932

Homochlorocyclizine DL-Homocysteine L-Homocysteine Homocystine L-Homoserine Humulene Humulon Hydralazine Hydramethylnon Hydrastine Hydrastinine

C19H23ClN2 DL-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid C4H9NO2S L-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid C4H9NO2S C8H16N2O4S2 2-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid, (S) C4H9NO3 C15H24 C21H30O5 1-Hydrazinophthalazine C8H8N4 C25H24F6N4 C21H21NO6 C11H13NO3

Glyoxaline-5-alanine

Thiosemicarbazide

CH5N3S

 

5933 Hydrazinecarbothioamide

3-Hexynol

Physical Form liq liq liq visc oil liq liq

mp/˚C -78 -43 -73 -62.6 -55

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

272; 1398 208 224 203 1450.02 155.5 246 447 162; 8617 126.1 322 277.4

0.979320 0.865220 0.807620 0.796520

nD

0.881320 0.86518 0.88025

1.42925

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

0.956620 0.860320

1.564720 1.432325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

208 226.3 1489 190 305

0.887820 0.863520

1.429120 1.422815

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

0.869820 0.917625

1.416215 1.512725

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, AcOEt

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth

-18 -30.6 106 -45.1 -63.1

liq liq

-57.5

82.143 82.143

liq liq

-131.9 -89.6

71.3 84.5

0.715525 0.731520

1.398920 1.413820

928-49-4 3031-66-1 1002-28-4 105-31-7 2550-28-9 51-45-6 71-00-1 645-35-2 87-00-3 51-56-9

82.143 114.142 98.142 98.142 96.127 111.145 155.154 191.615 275.343 356.255

liq

-103

liq

-80

81 12115 162; 6512 142 149 20918

0.723120 1.018020 0.898220 0.870420 0.906520

1.411520 1.469120 1.453020 1.434025 1.436620

848-53-3 454-29-5 6027-13-0 870-93-9 672-15-1 6753-98-6 26472-41-3 86-54-4 67485-29-4 118-08-1 6592-85-4

314.852 135.185 135.185 268.354 119.119 204.352 362.460 160.177 494.476 383.395 207.226

79-19-6

91.136

ye pr (al) nd (lig), cry (eth) lo nd (w)

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s ctc s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, EtOH

1770.8 s H2O; i eth, bz sl H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 12310

ye cry (eth) ye cry (MeOH)

i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl chl

1.416015 1.446220 1.439220 1.443224 1.407120 1.426415

liq liq cry liq liq

wh nd (chl) 83 nd or pl (dil al) 287 dec 245 dec pr (al, eth) 99.5 orth pym or pl 217 dec (w) oil 272 dec platelets 232 264 pr (90% al) 203 dec

Solubility

0.890520

1.503820

66.5 172 190 132 116.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk s acid

183

vs H2O, EtOH

i H2O; s ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5892 5893 5894 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909

Synonym

O O

O

O

OH O

O Hexyl benzoate

Hexyl butanoate

Hexylcyclohexane

2-Hexyldecanoic acid

Hexyl hexanoate

C

O O

Hexyl isocyanate

O

O

Hexyl methacrylate

Hexyl methyl ether

OH

1-Hexylnaphthalene

Hexyl octanoate

OH

O O

OH

O

4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid

O

O

2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol

O

Hexyl pentanoate

4-Hexylphenol

1-Hexyl propanoate

1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene

1-Hexyne

O

O





TeamLRN

H2N HO

OH

OH

N

O

OH 2-Hexyne

3-Hexyne

3-Hexyne-2,5-diol

N

N

3-Hexyn-1-ol

1-Hexyn-3-ol

N

OH

O

Homatropine

Homatropine hydrobromide

HO HO Humulon

HS

HO HCl

N H

L-Histidine

O OH

NH2

Homochlorocyclizine

N NH2

N H

L-Histidine, monohydrochloride

NH2 S

HO

L-Homocysteine

O OH

S

NH2

NH2

DL-Homocysteine

HO

OH

O

NH2

Homocystine

L-Homoserine

NH O

O

N N N N

OH HN

Humulene

Histamine

O OH

N

HN O

5-Hexyn-2-one

O HS

O O

N NH2

Cl

HBr

OH O

HO

N H

F NH2

Hydralazine

H

F

F F

F Hydramethylnon

N H

O

O

S

O F

O O Hydrastine

O

N

O

H2N OH Hydrastinine

N H

NH2

Hydrazinecarbothioamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

O

O

O

Hexyl formate

O

O

O

Hexylcyclopentane

No.

Name

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

CH4N2O CH5N3O CH6N4 C2H4N2O2 C2H6N4O2 C6H8N2O3S C7H8N2O2 C2H8N2O C18H10O6 C7H8ClN3O4S2 C19H24N2O C19H24N2O C18H21NO3 C21H30O5

624-84-0 57-56-7 79-17-4 628-36-4 110-21-4 98-71-5 619-67-0 109-84-2 5103-42-4 58-93-5 485-64-3 485-65-4 125-29-1 50-23-7

60.055 75.070 74.086 88.065 118.095 188.204 152.151 76.097 322.268 297.740 296.406 296.406 299.365 362.460

C23H32O6 C12H15NO3 C8H8F3N3O4S2 C15H12N2O3 CHN C11H13NO2

50-03-3 550-10-7 135-09-1 494-47-3 74-90-8 494-55-3

404.496 221.252 331.293 268.267 27.026 191.227

C17H19NO3 C17H30O2 C20H26N2O2 C20H26N2O2 C6H6O2

466-99-9 41096-46-2 1435-55-8 522-66-7 123-31-9

285.338 266.419 326.432 326.432 110.111

C62H89CoN13O1 5P C2H3NO

13422-51-0

1346.355

107-16-4

57.051

5961 (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene

C8H8O2

582-24-1

136.149

5962 17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, Stanolone (5α,17β) 5963 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, Androsterone (3α,5α) 5964 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3β,5α) Epiandrosterone

C19H30O2

521-18-6

C19H30O2

5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947

Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde Hydrazinecarboxamide Hydrazinecarboximidamide 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid 2-Hydrazinoethanol Hydrindantin Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrocinchonidine Hydrocinchonine Hydrocodone Hydrocortisone

5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953

Hydrocortisone 21-acetate Hydrocotarnine Hydroflumethiazide Hydrofuramide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrohydrastinine

Cortisol acetate

5954 5955 5956 5957 5958

Hydromorphone Hydroprene Hydroquinidine Hydroquinine p-Hydroquinone

7,8-Dihydromorphin-6-one

Aminoguanidine

Phenylhydrazine-4-sulfonic acid

Hydrocyanic acid

1,4-Benzenediol

5959 Hydroxocobalamin

Vitamin B-12a

5960 Hydroxyacetonitrile

Glyconitrile

 

5965 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β) 5966 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 5967 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Testosterone

5968 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5969 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

3-Formylphenol 4-Formylphenol

Physical Form ye lf or nd (al) pr (al) cry pr (al) pl (w) nd, lf (w) ye nd or pl (w) liq pr (ace) lf (al) pr pl (al or iPrOH)

nd (al) vol liq or gas nd (lig), cry (peth) cry (EtOH) nd (al) nd (eth, chl) mcl pr (sub) nd(w) pr (MeOH) red cry (ace aq)

mp/˚C 54 96 dec 161.0 258 286 221 dec -70 250 dec 274 229 268.5 198 220 223 dec 56 270.5 117 -13.29 66

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO; i eth

1.4848

1.60417

219; 12017.5

sl H2O, EtOH sl H2O; i eth vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH

1.11925

vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, diox, HOAc 1.28920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

26 303

0.687620

17419

0.895520

1.261420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

266.5 168.5 172.5 172.4

285

1.33020

1.63225

200 dec <-72

s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; i bz

s H2O, EtOH; i ace, eth, bz 1.411719

90

dec 183; 11924 12512, 561

290.440

181

sub 135

53-41-8

290.440

lf or nd (al, ace) 185

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

C19H30O2

481-29-8

290.440

C19H28O2

58-22-0

288.424

cry (bz-peth, ace) nd (dil ace)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

C14H8O3 C14H8O3

129-43-1 605-32-3

224.212 224.212

C7H6O2 C7H6O2

100-83-4 123-08-0

122.122 122.122

hex pl (al), pl (w or dil al)

red-oran nd (al) ye pl or nd (al or HOAc) nd (w) nd (w)

1.096399

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl lig

178 155 193.8 306

sub sub

108 117

240

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl liq NH 3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq NH 3, KOH 1.1179130 1.129130

1.5705130

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

OH O S O

O

OH O

O

O

H

N H

NH2

H2N

Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde

NH N H

NH2

Hydrazinecarboxamide

H2N

N H

H N

O

NH2

Hydrazinecarboximidamide

O N H

H2N

O

1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde

N H

O OH

H N

NH2 HN

O

1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide

HN

NH2

4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid

H N

H2N

NH2

4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid

HO OH

O

2-Hydrazinoethanol

O

Hydrindantin

Cl H2N

HO H

HO

N

H

O

S

O O

O O

H N

Hydrochlorothiazide

N

Hydrocinchonidine

O OH O

H

N

N

O O

O

Hydrocinchonine

HO

H

NH

S

OH OH

HO

N

O



H N

O

O

O

Hydrocodone

Hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone 21-acetate

Hydrocotarnine

HO F



TeamLRN

H N

F

F H2N

HO N

O

N

O

O

O

NH

S

S

O O

O O

Hydroflumethiazide

O

HC N

Hydrofuramide

O

O

Hydrogen cyanide

NH2

O

O

Hydrohydrastinine

Hydromorphone

N

N

Hydroprene

Hydroquinidine



NH2

O

N

H N

H

O

O O H 2N

HO H

O

N

N

H

O

Hydroxyacetonitrile

(Hydroxyacetyl)benzene

HO

H

17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β)

HO

H

3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3α,5α)

H

3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3β,5α)





NH2 N

O H

N

OH

O P O HO O O

p-Hydroquinone

O

N

O

H2N

NH

OH

OH HO

O

OH

O

O

NH2



Hydroquinine

O

OH O

OH N N Co N N

HO Hydroxocobalamin

O

OH

OH

H

O 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)

O

O

O 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

OH 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

 

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H12N2O2

959-36-4

240.257

C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H7NO C7H6OS2 C8H6O5

65-45-2 495-18-1 611-72-3 614-75-5 621-37-4 156-38-7 532-28-5 527-89-9 636-46-4

137.137 137.137 152.148 152.148 152.148 152.148 133.148 170.252 182.131

142 131 exp 119 148 nd (bz-lig) 132 nd (w) 152 ye oily liq -10 oran-ye nd 49 nd(w), lf (dil al) 310

C8H6O5

618-83-7

182.131

Phenoldisulfonic acid

C6H6O7S2

96-77-5

254.238

nd(w+2) cr(aqal) nd (w)

Salicyl alcohol

C8H10O2 C7H8O2

501-94-0 90-01-7

138.164 124.138

Salicylamide DL-Mandelic acid

Mandelonitrile Dithiosalicylic acid 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid



5984 3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

C7H8O2

620-24-6

124.138

5985 4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

C7H8O2

623-05-2

124.138

5986 4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid p-Hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid 5987 α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±) (±)-3-Phenyllactic acid

C9H10O3 C9H10O3

501-97-3 828-01-3

166.173 166.173

5988 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5989 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5990 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C7H6O3

585-38-6 98-67-9 69-72-7

174.175 174.175 138.121

5991 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

99-06-9

138.121

5992 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

99-96-7

138.121

5993 5994 5995 5996 5997

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzophenone

C7H8N2O2 C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO C13H10O2

936-02-7 611-20-1 873-62-1 767-00-0 1137-42-4

152.151 119.121 119.121 119.121 198.217

5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004

4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole 2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride 4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl

C9H6O3 C9H6O3 C6H5N3O C7H5ClO2 C11H10NO3 C12H10O C12H10O

1076-38-6 93-35-6 2592-95-2 1441-87-8 3202-84-4 90-43-7 580-51-8

162.142 162.142 135.123 156.567 204.202 170.206 170.206

m-Phenolsulfonic acid p-Phenolsulfonic acid Salicylic acid

4-Hydroxyphenyl phenyl ketone

Umbelliferone

4-Salicyloylmorpholine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3-ol

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

214

181.514

orth ta, lf (eth) orth pl

lf (bz), nd or pl (w, eth) nd (bz), cry (CCl4) pr or nd (w)

cry (chl, bz), pr (w) nd (w+2) nd nd (w), mcl pr (al) nd (w) pl, pr (al) pr or pl (w, al) cry (ace)

1.175140

sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH sl H2O, chl; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs chl, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1.289020 240 19011 sub 1.12

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

>100 dec 91.8 87

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs bz, alk

vs H2O, EtOH 310.0 sub

73

dec 300

124.5

252

130.8 98

20914 14915

159.0

21120

1.161325 1.161

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl

25

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS 2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

202.5

1.48525

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz

214.5

1.4625

sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

148 98 pr (al, eth) lf (w) 82.8 lf (w) 113 nd (al), pr (dil 135 al) nd (w) 213.5 nd (w) 230.5 157.8 19 57.5 78

14914

1.44320

1.1052100

1.565

1.5372100

1481 1.133172

vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO vs EtOH, HOAc, chl

sub 9215

1.311220

286 >300

1.21325

1.581220

vs eth s DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, py sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5970 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2hydroxyphenyl) methylene]hydrazone 5971 2-Hydroxybenzamide 5972 N-Hydroxybenzamide 5973 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) 5974 2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 5975 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 5976 4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 5977 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile 5978 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid 5979 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 5980 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 5981 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid 5982 4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol 5983 2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

Synonym

OH

O

N N

O

OH

N H

OH 2-Hydroxybenzamide

S

O OH

O α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

OH

O

2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

OH O

OH

O 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid



TeamLRN

O

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH

O

OH

OH 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

N OH 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole

OH

OH

2-Hydroxybenzonitrile

OH

O

Cl

3-Hydroxybenzonitrile

4-Hydroxybenzonitrile

O OH

4-Hydroxybenzophenone

HO

O

4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

N O

2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride

O

HO

OH

4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine

2-Hydroxybiphenyl

3-Hydroxybiphenyl



 N

O

OH 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide

N

HO

O

O

OH

7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH O S O

N

N

OH

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

N O

OH

4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol

OH

α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±)

4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid

O

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

S O OH

OH O S O

O OH

OH

4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid

OH

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH O S O

OH

HO

4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH

O

3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid

HO

O

HO

OH

O

OH

3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

OH

O

SH

N α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile

OH

OH

N-Hydroxybenzamide

O OH

OH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazone

OH

OH

NH2

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

6005 4-Hydroxybiphenyl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ol

C12H10O

92-69-3

170.206

166

305

6006 3-Hydroxybutanal 6007 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

Aldol

C4H8O2 C4H8O3

107-89-1 600-15-7

88.106 104.105

44.2

C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O2 C4H8O2

625-71-8 591-81-1 5077-67-8 52217-02-4

104.105 104.105 88.106 88.106

C4H8O2 C4H5NO C4H9NO2 C10H16O2

590-90-9 5809-59-6 927-60-6 10373-81-6

88.106 83.089 103.120 168.233

C24H40O3

434-13-9

376.573

C18H19NO4 C10H18O2 C7H6O2

508-54-3 96-00-4 533-75-5

313.349 170.249 122.122

C7H11NO C6H10O2 C8H14O2 C10H18O2 C7H4I2O3 C7H4I2O3 C7H3I2NO C15H12I2O3

931-97-5 533-60-8 1123-27-9 706-14-9 133-91-5 618-76-8 1689-83-4 577-91-3

125.168 114.142 142.196 170.249 389.914 389.914 370.914 494.063

C9H10O4

708-76-9

182.173

C9H10O4

134-96-3

182.173

C9H10O5

530-57-4

198.172

C10H20O2 C5H10O2 C7H4N2O7

107-75-5 597-31-9 609-99-4

172.265 102.132 228.116

15-Oxo-prostaglandin E2

C20H30O5

26441-05-4

350.449

Etidronic acid Equilenin

C2H8O7P2 C18H18O2

2809-21-4 517-09-9

Equilin

C18H20O2

2-Hydroxyethyl 2-propenoate

C5H8O3

Name

6008 6009 6010 6011

3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)

6012 6013 6014 6015

4-Hydroxy-2-butanone 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile 4-Hydroxybutyramide 3-Hydroxycamphor



6016 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β) 6017 Hydroxycodeinone 6018 2-Hydroxycyclodecanone 6019 2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1one 6020 1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile 6021 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone 6022 1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone 6023 4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactone 6024 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 6025 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 6026 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile 6027 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-αphenylbenzenepropanoic acid 6028 2-Hydroxy-4,6dimethoxybenzaldehyde 6029 4-Hydroxy-3,5dimethoxybenzaldehyde 6030 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid 6031 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal 6032 3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal 6033 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid

3-Hydroxy-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2one Lithocholic acid

Sebacoin

5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid

Iodoalphionic acid

Syringaldehyde

Hydroxypivaldehyde

15

182; 9011 9417

liq nd (bz-peth)

hex lf (al) pr (dil al) cry (peth) nd

nD

Solubility

1.423820

sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl, py msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth

1.442420

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

1.027220 1.004420

1.418920 1.417120

1.023320

1.458514

vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; i lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace

1.10320 1.12520

52 205.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

186

i H2O, lig; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; sl eth

275 dec 38.5 50.8

13614 sub 40

35

13220

1.017220

125.5; 9111 281

1.024825

s H2O, eth, ace

nd (al) liq nd (al)

235.5 237 201 dec 164

1.469320 1.478521 1.467025

vs H2O, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl, lig

dec 260

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

70

19325, 16510

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

br nd (lig)

113

19214

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

nd (w)

204.5

nd (w) ye nd or pl (+1w) cry

89.5 182

206.028 266.335

cry (w)

105 258.5

sub 170

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH, ace, chl

474-86-2

268.351

pl (AcOEt)

239

sub 170

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox, AcOEt

818-61-1

116.116

liq

 

6034 11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13dien-1-oic acid, (5Z,11α,13E) 6035 1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane 6036 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen17-one 6037 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen17-one 6038 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate

Acetoin

49 <-17

8320 dec 260; 14014 13012, 940.1 dec 180 160; 7860 148

den/g cm-3

sl H2O; vs EtOH 1033 173; 6814

0.922020

1.449420

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

191; 9112

1.01123

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

No.

OH

O OH

OH

OH

OH

O

4-Hydroxybiphenyl

O

OH O

3-Hydroxybutanal

2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

O

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

4-Hydroxybutanoic acid

O

1-Hydroxy-2-butanone

HO

3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)

4-Hydroxy-2-butanone

O

OH H

O

O

OH

OH

O HO

N 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile

NH2

HO

O

4-Hydroxybutyramide

3-Hydroxycamphor

OH O

H 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β)

OH

Hydroxycodeinone

2-Hydroxycyclodecanone

O

N



TeamLRN

O O

HO

OH

I 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone

1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone

O

OH

HO

2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

N O

2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile

O

O

4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

HO

OH

OH

7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal

3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal

O

O

O HO

I OH

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid

O

O

OH

HO N O

I

I OH

O

O

OH

OH O

HO

O

O

O

I

2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid

O

O

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-α-phenylbenzenepropanoic acid

I

OH

HO I

O

4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactone

O

O I

N

OH

OH O

1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile

2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one

OH

OH

O

OH

O

N

O

11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, (5Z,11α,13E)

HO P HO O

OH P OH O

1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane

HO HO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-one

HO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one

O O

2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

mp/˚C

cry

88.5 165 dec

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

17315 10313, 673

1.252615 1.07920

1.451520

295

1.143520

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H29NO2 C10H18N2O7

142-78-9 150-39-0

243.386 278.259

C9H10O4 C6H10O3 C10H9NO3 C6H11NO2 C7H6O4

87-28-5 868-77-9 3891-07-4 3445-11-2 149-29-1

182.173 130.141 191.183 129.157 154.121

nd (al), lf (w)

506-13-8 6064-63-7 1191-25-9 4767-03-7

272.423 132.157 132.157 134.131

pr (eth) liq

Dimethylolpropionic acid

C16H32O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C5H10O4

Kojic acid

C6H6O4

501-30-4

142.110

pr nd (ace)

153.5

Ferron

C9H6INO4S

547-91-1

351.118

ye pr, lf (al)

260 dec

C8H5NO3

524-38-9

163.131

C10H12O2

499-44-5

164.201

pa ye (peth)

51.5

13710

1.060665

C15H24N2O2 CH5NO C8H8O3

15358-48-2 593-77-1 148-53-8

264.364 47.057 152.148

169.5 87.5 44.5

62.515 265.5

1.000320

C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3

673-22-3 672-13-9 621-59-0

152.148 152.148 152.148

cry (ace) hyg nd lt ye lf, grn nd (w, lig) nd (w), cry (al) ye liq (w)

42.0 4 114

247.5 17915

1.19625

C8H8O3 C9H10O4

121-33-5 306-08-1

152.148 182.173

tetr (w, lig)

81.5 143.5

285

1.05625

C8H10O3

498-00-0

154.163

pr (w), nd (bz)

115

dec

Glycol salicylate Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate

Patulin 16-Hydroxypalmitic acid

N-Methylhydroxylamine

6057 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 6058 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 6059 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde Vanillin Homovanillic acid

C10H14O3

2305-13-7

182.216

Vanillic acid Scopoletin

C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C10H8O4

2612-02-4 121-34-6 92-61-5

168.148 168.148 192.169

Zingerone

C11H14O3

122-48-5

194.227

37

pl or pr (eth, chl)

130.3 20 111

Solubility

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth

96.5 60

i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs H2O

190 sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, DMSO sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s con sulf s DMSO

232

1.416420

vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; vs chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, lig

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 15

65

197

wh nd nd or pr (al)

142 211.5 204

sub

cry (ace, eth)

40.5

18714 20

1.5545

25

vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, DMSO sl H2O, EtOH; s chl; i bz, CS 2

C9H10O3

552-41-0

166.173

nd (al)

52.5

158

Apocynin

C9H10O3

498-02-2

166.173

pr (w)

115

297; 23415

Oxybenzone

C14H12O3

131-57-7

228.243

65.5

sl H2O, bz, lig; s ctc

vs eth 1.3102

81

1.5452

81

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl s ctc

 

6060 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 6061 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid 6062 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenemethanol 6063 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenepropanol 6064 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid 6065 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid 6066 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 6067 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2butanone 6068 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 6069 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 6070 (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6039 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide 6040 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid 6041 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 6042 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 6043 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide 6044 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone 6045 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran2(6H)-one 6046 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid 6047 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6048 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6049 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpropanoic acid 6050 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4Hpyran-4-one 6051 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5quinolinesulfonic acid 6052 2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 6053 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6cycloheptatrien-1-one 6054 Hydroxylupanine 6055 N-Hydroxymethanamine 6056 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

O

COOH HOOC

H N

N

OH O COOH

O

OH

O

OH

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid

OH O

OH

HO

O 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one

HO

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid

O

O

I

OH

N OH

O

8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

N

O

H

H N

O Hydroxylupanine

O

OH

N-Hydroxymethanamine

O

O OH OH

O

O

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one

O

OH

OH OH

2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione





TeamLRN

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

O

N

OH

N OH

O

H

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

O

2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

HO OH

O

HO

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH O

O

OH

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

HO

O

O

OH

OH

O O

OH O

OH 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid

O

HO

3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

HO

OH

16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid

O OH

O

OH OH

OH O S O

HO

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide

O O

O 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

O

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol

O

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenepropanol

OH

2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid

O

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid

O O

O

O HO HO

O

O

7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

HO O

4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone

O

OH

1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

O 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

O

OH

(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH

O

2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

OH

N

HO

O

N

N

No.

Name

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C10H10O3

458-36-6

178.184

cry (bz)

84

CH6ClNO

4229-44-1

83.518

83.5

C9H13NO2

94-07-5

167.205

184.5

C20H32O2

521-11-9

304.467

192.5

C7H9NO C8H8O2 C9H10O3

623-10-9 613-84-3 552-63-6

123.152 136.149 166.173

lf (bz) 96 pl (aq, al) 56 nd, pl (al, bz, w) 118

C9H10O3

4607-38-9

166.173

nd, pl (lig)

C9H12O3

91-04-3

168.189

C7H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C10H8O3

495-08-9 89-56-5 83-40-9 50-85-1 90-33-5

140.137 152.148 152.148 152.148 176.169

C5H10O3 C5H10O2 C6H8O2

625-08-1 115-22-0 80-71-7

118.131 102.132 112.127

C6H6O3

67-47-0

126.110

nd (eth-peth)

C11H14O3

548-51-6

194.227

nd (w, bz, lig)

C10H16O2

490-03-9

168.233

C5H12O3

77-85-0

120.147

C11H8O3

483-55-6

188.180

C11H8O3

481-42-5

188.180

C4H9NO5

126-11-4

151.118

gold pr or oran- 78.5 ye nd (dil al) nd or pr 165

C6H12O3

13748-90-8

132.157

orth (eth)

C9H10O2

6921-64-8

150.174

C9H10O2

1450-72-2

150.174

pr (lig)

C13H18O7

138-52-3

286.278

orth nd or lf (w) 207

C10H12O2

938-45-4

164.201

1.0

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

1.1562102

Solubility vs bz, eth, EtOH

sl AcOEt dec 117 217.5 dec

1.091359

1.54759

94

vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz

130.5 nd (chl)

cry, lf nd (al)

100 151 165.5 177 194.5

sub 75

vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, alk, HOAc

<-32

16212 140

0.938420 0.952620

1.508120

vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl

31.5

1151

1.206225

1.562718

s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, ctc

127

sub

83

10910

104.8

wh pow or nd 204 (al) ye pr (eth-peth) 173.5

vs bz, eth, EtOH

13615

msc H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; vs HOAc

sub

vs ace, eth

sub

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

dec

vs H2O, eth, EtOH

81.5

vs H2O, eth, EtOH 245

1.101210

1.552713

50

210; 12020

1.079753

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

dec 240

1.43420

vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc

12916.5

1.084114

1.54913

 

21

s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6071 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2propenal 6072 N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride Synephrine 6073 4-Hydroxy-α-[(methylamino) methyl]benzenemethanol Mestanolone 6074 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3one, (5α,17β) 6075 N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline 6076 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde Tropic acid 6077 α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±) Atrolactic acid 6078 α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) 6079 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3benzenedimethanol 6080 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol Gentisyl alcohol 6081 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid p-Cresotic acid 6082 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid o-Cresotic acid 6083 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid m-Cresotic acid 6084 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1Hymecromone benzopyran-2-one 6085 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid 6086 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 6087 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten1-one 6088 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-25-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde furancarboxaldehyde 6089 2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3o-Thymotic acid isopropylbenzoic acid 6090 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2Diosphenol cyclohexen-1-one 6091 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 6092 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4Phthiocol naphthalenedione 6093 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4Plumbagin naphthalenedione 6094 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3Tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane propanediol 6095 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, L-Leucic acid (S) 6096 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanone 6097 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethanone 6098 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-β-DSalicin glucopyranoside 6099 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1propanone

Mol. Form.

OH HN OH

O HO HO

O

HCl

OH

O

O

O

O

OH

2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde

OH

OH

OH

α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)

N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline

OH

OH OH

α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±)

H

17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β)

4-Hydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol

OH

OH

OH O

HO

N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride

O

H N

O

OH OH

OH

HO

2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedimethanol

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol

2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid

2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid

OH

HO HO 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid

HO

O

O



TeamLRN

OH

O

O

HO

HO

OH

7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

O

3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid

3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone

O

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

O OH

OH

5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde

O OH

HO

O

OH OH

2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-isopropylbenzoic acid

O

O

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

O

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH O

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH O

O

O

O O OH

O

OH HO O2N

OH OH

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

OH OH 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, (S)

HO OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone

OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanone

OH 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1-propanone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal

H N

OH

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Wt.

C9H7NO3 C4H8O2 C4H8O3

118-29-6 38433-80-6 594-61-6

177.157 88.106 104.105

N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide Triacetic acid lactone Maltol Pyridoxin

C4H8O3 C4H7NO2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C8H11NO3

2068-83-9 924-42-5 675-10-5 118-71-8 65-23-6

104.105 101.105 126.110 126.110 169.178

4-Hydroxy-N-methylcarbostyril Methionine hydroxy analog

C10H9NO2 C5H10O3S

1677-46-9 583-91-5

175.184 150.196

oil

6110 6111

Methyldopa

C10H13NO4 C2H6N2O2

555-30-6 1000-82-4

211.215 90.081

cry (MeOH) pr (al)

300 dec 111



6112 2-Hydroxy-1naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 6113 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 6114 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 6115 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 6116 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione 6117 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione 6118 7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 6119 3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 6120 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acid 6121 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6122 7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6123 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6124 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6125 Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt

C11H8O2

708-06-5

172.181

pr (al), nd (AcOEt)

83

2-Hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

2283-08-1

188.180

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

86-48-6

188.180

3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

92-70-6

188.180

Lawsone Juglone 2-Naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid

C10H6O3 C10H6O3 C10H8O7S2

83-72-7 481-39-0 118-32-1

174.153 174.153 304.297

2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid

C10H8O7S2

148-75-4

Allenolic acid

C13H12O3

1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

lf, pr (to) oil hyg pr (eth) nd (bz) oil cry mcl pr (chl) nd (HOAc)

bp/˚C

141.5

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH, bz; s tol

82.5

212

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz

76 189 dec 161.5 160

sub 93 1400.0001

sl H2O, eth, bz; vs chl; s alk; peth

265

sl DMSO

195

vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq alk, sulf, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

222.5

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, tol

19227

157.3 cry (al) nd (al, eth, bz) nd (dil al) ye lf (dil al) ye pr (HOAc) ye nd (bz) peth)

195 dec 155

304.297

hyg nd

dec

vs H2O, EtOH

553-39-9

216.232

cry (dil MeOH)

180.5

vs py, EtOH, MeOH

C10H8O4S

84-87-7

224.234

tab or pl (w)

170 dec

vs H2O; i eth

Croceic acid

C10H8O4S

132-57-0

224.234

1-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid

C10H8O4S

567-18-0

224.234

pl (w)

>250

sl H2O, dil HCl; s EtOH; i eth

2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid

C10H8O4S

93-01-6

224.234

lf, cry (w+1)

125

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s HOAc

623.495

dk red cry

6126 N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide 6127 1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone

C20H14N2Na3O11 63451-35-4 S3 117-93-1 C12H11NO2 711-79-5 C12H10O2

201.221 186.206

6128 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 6129 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 6130 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO5

167.120 167.120 183.119

lf (w, dil al) pr (bz, lig) grnye nd (al) nd (HOAc) cry (dil HOAc) ye nd (HOAc, w+1)

3-Nitrosalicylic acid

5274-70-4 97-51-8 85-38-1

sub

vs EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig s H2O

s H2O

235 dec 101 109.5 127.0 148

sub dec 325

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc vs bz, EtOH s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6108 6109

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4pyridinedimethanol 4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid 3-Hydroxy-α-methyl-L-tyrosine (Hydroxymethyl)urea

mp/˚C

CAS RN

6100 N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide 6101 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal 6102 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid 6103 6104 6105 6106 6107

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

 

O N

HO

O

OH HO

O N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide

OH

O

HO

HO

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal

2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

OH OH

N H

OH

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

N 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol

O

OH

O

H 2N

HO

OH

4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone

O

OH H2N

OH

2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid

3-Hydroxy-α-methyl-L-tyrosine

O

O

OH O



TeamLRN

OH

(Hydroxymethyl)urea

O

O

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

O

3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

NaO3S

O

O

OH O

2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH O S O

6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acid

O

OH

S

S

O 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

HO

OH

HO

OH

7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

HO O

HO

OH

O OH

HO O

O

OH

S

OH O S O

O

S

OH O S O S

2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

OH N H

O HO

3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one

7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

SO3Na OH N

N

HO

O

O

O NH

OH O

N O

SO3Na Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt

N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide

1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone

OH

OH

OH

O

2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

O

N O

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

OH OH N O

O

2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

S

OH N

O

O

4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one

O O

HO

O

N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide

OH

HO

O

O

O

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

5-Nitrosalicylic acid Agaricic acid

C7H5NO5 C22H40O7

96-97-9 666-99-9

183.119 416.549

nd (w) cry pow

229.5 142 dec

12-Hydroxysteric acid Ricinoleic acid

C18H36O3 C18H34O3

106-14-9 141-22-0

300.477 298.461

cry (al) visc liq

82 5.5

Butyroin Octabenzone

C8H16O3 C8H16O2 C21H26O3

617-73-2 496-77-5 1843-05-6

160.211 144.212 326.429

pl liq

70 -10 48.5

Hydroxypyruvic acid Meconic acid

C3H4O4 C7H4O7

1113-60-6 497-59-6

104.062 200.103

Resorufine

C5H10O3 C5H10O2 C12H7NO3

617-31-2 1071-73-4 635-78-9

118.131 102.132 213.189

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

614-80-2 621-42-1

151.163 151.163

Acetaminophen

C8H9NO2 C13H10N2O3

103-90-2 1634-82-8

151.163 242.229

mcl pr (w)

170 206

Salicylanilide

C13H11NO2 C13H11NO2 C14H12O3

87-17-2 304-88-1 76-93-7

213.232 213.232 228.243

pr (w, al) mcl nd (w)

136.5 120.3 150

C15H10O3

577-85-5

238.238

pa ye nd (al)

169.5

C10H13NO2 C10H12O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C12H16O7

101-91-7 5471-51-2 118-93-4 121-71-1 99-93-4 497-76-7

179.216 164.201 136.149 136.149 136.149 272.251

nd (w)

nd or lf nd (eth, dil al) nd (w+1)

139.5 82.5 2.5 96 109.5 199.5

2,4’-Isopropylidenediphenol

C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C15H16O2

22818-40-2 122-87-2 837-08-1

167.162 167.162 228.287

cry lf (w) pl (w) cry (bz)

240 dec 246 dec 111

N-Salicylidene-o-aminophenol

C13H11NO2

1761-56-4

213.232

185

C14H15NO

621-07-8

213.275

122.5

6143 N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 6144 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide



Benzilic acid

4’-Hydroxybutyranilide

Arbutin Oxfenicine

4-Hydroxy-α-oxobenzenepropanoic acid

br nd (PhNO2) pr (HCl) pl (dil al) nd (w)

den/g cm-3

nD

1.65020

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, chl

22710

0.945021

1.471621

16210 185

0.910716

1.434516

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

81 dec 120 dec 34

Solubility

sub 209; 11733

1.007120

1.439020

209 148.5

sl H2O, MeOH, ace, eth; s EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; i eth; vs alk sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s DMSO vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH sl DMSO

1.29321

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl dec 180

sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s con sulf s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

218 296; 1535 1473

1.130720 1.0992109 1.1090109

1.558420 1.5348109 1.5577109

vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s AcOEt, chl

s chl 10

C24H41NO2 C9H8O4

103-99-1 156-39-8

375.589 180.158

133.8 220 dec

239.5

cry (w)

C13H10O2

117-99-7

198.217

pl (dil al)

40

250560

i H2O; sl eth, bz, chl; s ace s H2O; dec alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth

 

6145 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 6146 2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid 6147 2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6148 N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6149 α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenzeneacetic acid 6150 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 6151 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide 6152 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 6153 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6154 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6155 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6156 4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-Dglucopyranoside 6157 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine 6158 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine 6159 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4hydroxyphenyl)propane 6160 2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl) imino]methyl]phenol 6161 N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine 6162 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide 6163 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid 6164 (2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

orth pl (w, dil HCl) (+3w) hyg pl

bp/˚C

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6131 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid 6132 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3nonadecanetricarboxylic acid 6133 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid 6134 cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (R) 6135 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid 6136 5-Hydroxy-4-octanone 6137 [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) phenyl]phenylmethanone 6138 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid 6139 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid 6140 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid 6141 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone 6142 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one

Synonym

O

OH

O

OH

O

COOH

O

N O

HO

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid

OH OH

COOH COOH

OH

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecanetricarboxylic acid

OH

12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (R)

O

O OH

HO OH

OH 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

[2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl]phenylmethanone

O



TeamLRN

HO

HO

5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone

O

7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one

N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

HO

N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

2-Hydroxypentanoic acid

N N

O N H OH

O

O

HO

OH

OH OH

O

H N

O

O OH

O

O

OH

O O

3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid

H N

H N

N

HO

OH O

O

5-Hydroxy-4-octanone

OH

O

OH

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid

2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide

O O

O

HO

O OH

H N

OH O

N OH

O

HO

N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide

α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenzeneacetic acid

3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O

O

HO

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide

OH

OH

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

HO



O

O OH

NH2

O

HO OH

HO

OH

4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

H N

OH O

HO

2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine

OH

O

N

OH OH

HO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine

2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

H N N OH N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl)benzenemethanamine

HO

OH

HO

2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol

OH O OH

O

HO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide

O

3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid

(2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O OH O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2’-Hydroxychalcone

C15H12O2

1214-47-7

224.255

5650-40-8 610-99-1 70-70-2 7400-08-0

150.174 150.174 150.174 164.158

ye oil

Paroxypropione p-Coumaric acid

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H8O3

wh nd or pl (w) 149 nd 211.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, alk sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, alk vs eth, EtOH

Oxycinchophen

C16H11NO3

485-89-2

265.263

ye pr (al)

206 dec

vs bz, EtOH, HOAc

hyg cry (al)

39.3 177 189.5

pl (eth) pr (ace-w, al, ace-eth) nd (w+1) lf (dil al) pr (w)

141.5 183.5 239.5 274

C5H11NO C21H34O2 C21H34O2 C21H30O3 C21H30O3 C21H28O4

4801-58-5 516-54-1 516-55-2 68-96-2 64-85-7 72-23-1

101.147 318.494 318.494 330.461 330.461 344.445

Hydracrolein Tartronic acid Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3 C3H6O2 C3H4O5 C3H5NO

618-27-9 51-35-4 2134-29-4 80-69-3 78-97-7

131.130 131.130 74.079 120.061 71.078

pr (w+1) liq

157 -40

6182 6183 6184 6185

Hydracrylonitrile Hydracrylic acid Acetone alcohol Coniferyl alcohol

C3H5NO C3H6O3 C3H6O2 C10H12O3

109-78-4 503-66-2 116-09-6 458-35-5

71.078 90.078 74.079 180.200

liq syr hyg liq pr (eth-lig)

-46

C6H10O3 C6H16ClNO

999-61-1 2382-43-6

130.141 153.650

liq pr (Bu OH)

C5H5NO2 C4H5NO3 C10H7NO3

16867-04-2 6066-82-6 492-27-3

111.100 115.088 189.168

C9H7NO4S

84-88-8

225.222

2,4-Quinolinediol Hecogenin

C9H7NO2 C27H42O4

86-95-3 467-55-0

161.158 430.620

pl (eth)

4-Vinylphenol 5-Sulfosalicylic acid 5-Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate

C8H8O C7H6O6S C7H10O8S

2628-17-3 97-05-2 5965-83-3

120.149 218.184 254.214

hyg nd wh cry (w)

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinol

C9H19NO

2403-88-5

157.253

3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol

C10H12N2O C11H12N2O3 CH4N2O2

50-67-9 114-03-4 127-07-1

176.214 220.224 76.055

6188 6189 6190

N-Hydroxysuccinimide Kynurenic acid

6191 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

hyg ye nd (+w, dil al) ye lf, nd (+ 1w) (dil HCl)

251 1.108518 15080, 11515

Solubility

1.53623 1.550120

11055

sl chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz

9018, 380.2 sub 183

-17 74

221 dec 145.5 1643

165

702 dec

0.987720

1.405818

1.040425

1.424820 1.448920 1.429520

1.080520

vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl; i CS 2, peth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl; i CS 2 vs H2O; s EtOH; msc eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth

vs H2O, EtOH

245 dec 96.3 282.5

sl DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs alk

322.5

sl H2O

360 dec 266.5

sl EtOH, PhNO2, gl HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH

73.5 120

130

vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 213.5 s H2O

rod or nd (al) nd (al)

300 dec 141

dec

 

6192 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone 6193 3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3β,5α,25R) 6194 4-Hydroxystyrene 6195 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid 6196 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate 6197 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidine 6198 5-Hydroxytryptamine 6199 5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan 6200 Hydroxyurea

nD

90

vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



1-Piperidinol Allopregnan-3α-ol-20-one Allopregnan-3β-ol-20-one 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Deoxycorticosterone 11-Dehydrocorticosterone

6186 6187

den/g cm-3

Mol. Form.

6165 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2propen-1-one 6166 2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone 6167 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone 6168 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone 6169 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid 6170 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4quinolinecarboxylic acid 6171 N-Hydroxypiperidine 6172 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5α) 6173 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3β,5α) 6174 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 6175 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 6176 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione 6177 cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline 6178 trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline 6179 3-Hydroxypropanal 6180 Hydroxypropanedioic acid 6181 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2methoxyphenol 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate (2-Hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride 3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

bp/˚C

Synonym

O O

O

O

O

OH

O OH

OH

OH

2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone

O

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

O

1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

O

O OH

3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

H

H

O

3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3β,5α)

HO



TeamLRN

OH HO HO

3-Hydroxypropanal

OH

N

N

Hydroxypropanedioic acid

2-Hydroxypropanenitrile

HO

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile

3-Hydroxypropanoic acid

1-Hydroxy-2-propanone

O OH

4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol

OH O S O

OH

O

O

OH

OH

N

N H

OH (2-Hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride

O H

O

O

O

3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one

OH

OH 4-Hydroxystyrene

2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid

N OH

O

O

OH OH

OH

N

N

4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

N H

OH

O

1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

OH O S HO O

2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate

OH

OH Cl

8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

O S HO O 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate

4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine

HO

5-Hydroxytryptamine

O

H

O HO

N H

O

3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3β,5α,25R)

NH2 HO

N H

O

4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone

OH 2H2O

trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

HO

O

O

H

cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

OH O

HO

O

21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

OH

N

O

H

O 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

OH

OH O

O

HO

H

O

17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

N-Hydroxypiperidine

OH

O

N

HO

3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5α)

N OH

3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

H HO

N

HO

HO

OH N H

NH2

5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan

O HO

N H

NH2

Hydroxyurea

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

OH

OH

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C21H27ClN2O2 C14H17O5PS

68-88-2 299-45-6

374.904 328.321

oil nd

38

2200.5 2101.0 dec

1.26038

1.568537

vs H2O; sl peth

C15H22O5 C17H23NO3 C7H11NO2 C5H4N4O C13H18O2 C20H43N C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C14H14Cl2N2O C13H15N3O3 C17H17N3O3 C15H19N3O3 C3H4N2 C5H4N2O4 C5H11Cl2N3

57377-32-9 101-31-5 156-56-9 68-94-0 15687-27-1 10525-37-8 5978-95-0 5934-56-5 35554-44-0 81334-34-1 81335-37-7 81335-77-5 288-32-4 570-22-9 56-92-8

282.333 289.370 141.168 136.112 206.281 297.562 180.155 180.155 297.179 261.276 311.335 289.330 68.077 156.097 184.066

cry tetr nd (dil al) ye pl (Me aq) oct nd (w) col cry

108.5 282 150 dec 76

Hydantoin

C3H4N2O2

461-72-3

100.076

6219 2-Imidazolidinethione

Ethylene thiourea

C3H6N2S

96-45-7

102.158

6220 Imidazolidinetrione 6221 2-Imidazolidinone 6222 Imidodicarbonic diamide

Parabanic acid Ethylene urea Biuret

C3H2N2O3 C3H6N2O C2H5N3O2

120-89-8 120-93-4 108-19-0

114.059 86.092 103.080

6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228

3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile Iminodiacetic acid Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile Imipramine Imipramine hydrochloride Imperatorin

Bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine

C6H9N3 C4H7NO4 C4H5N3 C19H24N2 C19H25ClN2 C16H14O4

111-94-4 142-73-4 628-87-5 50-49-7 113-52-0 482-44-0

123.155 133.104 95.103 280.407 316.868 270.280

6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234

Indaconitine Indalone Indan 1-Indanamine 1H-Indazole 1H-Indazol-3-ol

1-Aminoindane 1H-Benzopyrazole 1,2-Dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one

C34H47NO10 C12H18O4 C9H10 C9H11N C7H6N2 C7H6N2O

4491-19-4 532-34-3 496-11-7 34698-41-4 271-44-3 7364-25-2

629.738 226.269 118.175 133.190 118.136 134.135

Indonaphthene

C9H8

95-13-6

116.160

6235 Indene 6236 6237 6238 6239

1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Indigo

2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid 1-Eicosanamine

1,3-Diazole

2,2’-Iminobisacetonitrile Tofranil

Butopyronoxyl

Ninhydrin 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene

 

C9H6O2 C9H6O4 C22H12 C16H10N2O2

606-23-5 485-47-2 193-39-5 482-89-3

146.143 178.142 276.330 262.262

sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk, dil acid sl H2O; s os 372.4

syr syr

mcl pr (bz) pr pl (eth-HOAc), pr (w) nd (MeOH), lf (w) nd (al), pr (al) mcl nd (w) pl (al), nd (w+1) orth pr

vs H2O vs H2O 50 171 221 173 89.5 290 dec 251.3

dec

1.24323

257

1.0303101 1.74925 1.4320

1.4801101

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, py; sl bz sl H2O, py; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH

220

s H2O, EtOH, alk; sl eth; i peth

203

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; sl DMSO s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth

244 dec 131 190 dec

sub 100

-6 247.5 78

1625

1.016520 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

1600.1 cry (al)

174.5 102

cry ye-red liq liq

202 dec

nd (al, w) nd or lf (MeOH) pl or nd (al) liq

148 252.5

nd (eth, lig) pa ye pr (w, al) ye cry (cy) dk bl pow

-51.38

-1.5 131 dec 242 dec 162 390 dec

263 177.97 221; 968 269

1.05720 0.963920 1.03815

1.47525 1.537820 1.561320

182

0.996025

1.576820

1.37

sub 300

21

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s MeOH, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, py; sl chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, alk; sl eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6201 Hydroxyzine 6202 Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate 6203 Hymenoxone 6204 Hyoscyamine 6205 Hypoglycin A 6206 Hypoxanthine 6207 Ibuprofen 6208 Icosylamine 6209 D-Idose 6210 L-Idose 6211 Imazalil 6212 Imazapyr 6213 Imazaquin 6214 Imazethapyr 6215 Imidazole 6216 1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid 6217 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochloride 6218 2,4-Imidazolidinedione

Cl

N

N

H

HO

N O

OH

Hydroxyzine

OH O

O O

O

O

OH

Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate

O

NH2

O O

Hymenoxone

H

OH O

Hyoscyamine

H N

N

N

N

Hypoglycin A

OH O

Hypoxanthine

Ibuprofen

N

HO H HO H NH2 Icosylamine

CHO H OH H OH CH2OH

H HO H HO

D-Idose

N

CHO OH H OH H CH2OH

O

O

OH N

Cl N

OH N

N

N Cl

L-Idose

OH N

N N

N

H

Imazalil

O

O

H

O

Imazapyr

H

O

Imazaquin

O

Imazethapyr



TeamLRN

OH O HO

N N H

O

Imidazole

H 2N

N

O N N H

N H

1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

H N H

1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochloride

H

N

2HCl

O

2,4-Imidazolidinedione

N O

S

N H

H

O

N

2-Imidazolidinethione

N H

Imidazolidinetrione

O

O

NH O

N H

O

H2N

2-Imidazolidinone

N H

Imidodicarbonic diamide

O OH O O O HO

H N

Iminodiacetic acid

N

N

O OH

N

H N

N

Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile

N

N Imipramine

1-Indanamine

1H-Indazole

N N H 1H-Indazol-3-ol

Indene

O

O H

O

O

O

1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

O O

Indaconitine

O

Indalone

O OH OH

O

3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile

O O

Imperatorin

O

N H

N HO



Indan

N N H

O

HCl

Imipramine hydrochloride

OH NH2

O O

H

N

N NH2

N H

O 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

H N

O

Indigo

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O P O S

No.

Name

6240 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 6241 Indocyanine green

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Indigo Carmine

860-22-0

466.353

dk-bl pow

3599-32-4

774.962

grn pow

5192-03-0 120-72-9

132.163 117.149

mp/˚C

6242 1H-Indol-5-amine 6243 1H-Indole

2,3-Benzopyrrole

C16H8N2Na2O8 S2 C43H47N2NaO6 S2 C8H8N2 C8H7N

6244 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid

Indoleacetic acid

C10H9NO2

87-51-4

175.184

Isatin Isatin, 3-thiosemicarbazone

C10H8N2 C12H13NO2 C9H7NO C8H5NO2 C9H8N4OS

771-51-7 133-32-4 487-89-8 91-56-5 487-16-1

156.184 203.237 145.158 147.132 220.251

Tryptamine hydrochloride

C10H13ClN2

343-94-2

196.676

nd (al-bz or lig) 255

Tryptophol α-Hydroxy-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid

C10H11NO C11H11NO3

526-55-6 7417-65-4

161.200 205.210

pr (bz-peth) cry (peth)

6253 1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid

C11H11NO2

830-96-6

189.211

6254 6255 6256 6257

C8H7N C10H9NO2 C10H9NO C11H11NO

274-40-8 608-08-2 703-80-0 1201-26-9

117.149 175.184 159.184 173.211

1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile 1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde 1H-Indole-2,3-dione 1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3thiosemicarbazone 6250 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride 6251 1H-Indole-3-ethanol 6252 1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, (S)



Indolizine 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone

Indolebutyric acid

3-Indolylacetone

6258 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid 6259 Indomethacin

3-Indolylacrylic acid

C11H9NO2 C19H16ClNO4

1204-06-4 53-86-1

187.195 357.788

6260 Inosine

Hypoxanthine riboside

C10H12N4O5

58-63-9

268.226

6261 Inosine 5’-monophosphate 6262 myo-Inositol

5’-Inosinic acid (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)Cyclohexanehexol

C10H13N4O8P C6H12O6

131-99-7 87-89-8

348.206 180.155

C12H13I3N2O3 C20H14I6N2O6 C2H4INO C2H3IO2 C3H5IO C2H2IN C2HI C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C7H5IO C7H5IO

16034-77-8 606-17-7 144-48-9 64-69-7 3019-04-3 624-75-9 14545-08-5 615-43-0 626-01-7 540-37-4 26260-02-6 15164-44-0

613.955 1139.761 184.963 185.948 183.975 166.948 151.933 219.023 219.023 219.023 232.018 232.018

6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274

Iocetamic acid Iodipamide 2-Iodoacetamide Iodoacetic acid Iodoacetone Iodoacetonitrile Iodoacetylene 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 2-Iodobenzaldehyde 4-Iodobenzaldehyde

oran mcl pr

den/g cm-3

nD

244 dec 132 52.5

253.6

1.2225

s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, tol; sl ctc

168.5 36 124.5 197.8 203 dec 283

59 100

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 1600.2 vs bz; s DMSO; i peth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl eth

vs ace, EtOH 1742

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

205

sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH

14410

vs EtOH

134.5 pl nd (bz) br orth (bz), nd (aq MeOH)

75 129 192.3 116 185 dec 155 (form a); 162 (form b 218 dec

pl (w + 2), nd (80% al) visc liq or glass cry (w) 225 wh-ye pow

nd (dil al) lf nd (w)

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH; i os

225 307 dec 93.0 82.5

60.5 33 67.5 37 77.5

sl H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth s H2O

1.752

dec 6212 185 32 14515 12914 265

2.1715 2.30725

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth, ace i H2O, bz; sl EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, peth; sl eth, chl s EtOH 1.574420

1.681120

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6245 6246 6247 6248 6249

lf (w, peth) cry (eth) lf (bz), pl (chl)

bp/˚C

 

OH N O

OH O

H N

H2N S

O S O O

O3Na

O

5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt

O S O O

O N

N H

Na

Indocyanine green

N H

N H

1H-Indole-3-acetic acid

1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile

N H

1H-Indol-5-amine

1H-Indole

NH2

NH2 HCl

OH

O

O

N NH

O

1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid

HO

S O

N H

O O

OH O

O N H

N H

N H 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

1H-Indole-2,3-dione

N H

N H

1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3-thiosemicarbazone

1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride

OH

N H

1H-Indole-3-ethanol

1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, (S)



TeamLRN

O HO

H

OH O O

O

O

HO

N

N

N O

N N H

N H

N H 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone

1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone

O OH O I

I

O

H N I

O Iodipamide

1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid

Indolizine

N H 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate

OH

O HO P O OH

N

N

O OH

N

N

HO

O

O I

OH OH

N I

HO NH2

Cl HO

O

3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid

Indomethacin

OH

HO

Inosine

OH

OH

Inosine 5’-monophosphate

I

myo-Inositol

Iocetamic acid

OH

I

O I

O

NH2

I

I

O NH2

2-Iodoacetamide

I

O

NH2

NH2 N H

N

O H

N

O

N H

I

I

O OH

I

Iodoacetic acid

Iodoacetone

I

N

Iodoacetonitrile

I Iodoacetylene

I 2-Iodoaniline

3-Iodoaniline

I

I 4-Iodoaniline

2-Iodobenzaldehyde

4-Iodobenzaldehyde

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N H

Na O3S

N

No.

Name

Synonym

6275 Iodobenzene 2-Iodobenzenemethanol 4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid

6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289

4-Iodobenzonitrile 2-Iodobenzoyl chloride 4-Iodobenzoyl chloride 2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane, (±) Iodocyclohexane

6290 Iodocyclopentane 6291 1-Iododecane 6292 1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene



6293 6294 6295 6296

2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1-Iodododecane

6297 6298 6299 6300 6301

Iodoethane 2-Iodoethanol Iodoethene (2-Iodoethyl)benzene 2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4methanol Iodofenphos 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane 1-Iodohexadecane

6302 6303 6304 6305

Pipsyl chloride

Butyl iodide (±)-sec-Butyl iodide Cyclohexyl iodide Cyclopentyl iodide

Lauryl iodide Ethyl iodide Vinyl iodide Iodinated glycerol

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C6H5I

591-50-4

204.008

liq

-31.3

188.4

1.830820

1.620020

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc

C7H7IO C6H4ClIO2S C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2

5159-41-1 98-61-3 88-67-5 618-51-9 619-58-9

234.034 302.517 248.018 248.018 248.018

92 85 163 188.3 270

14832

C7H4IN C7H4ClIO C7H4ClIO C12H9I C12H9I C12H9I C4H9I C4H9I C6H11I

3058-39-7 609-67-6 1711-02-0 2113-51-1 20442-79-9 1591-31-7 542-69-8 52152-71-3 626-62-0

229.018 266.463 266.463 280.103 280.103 280.103 184.018 184.018 210.055

C5H9I C10H21I C8H9I

1556-18-9 2050-77-3 4214-28-2

196.029 268.178 232.061

C8H9I C8H9I C5H11I C12H25I

608-28-6 1122-42-5 15501-33-4 4292-19-7

C2H5I C2H5IO C2H3I C8H9I C6H11IO3

127.5 38.3 65.5

exp 233 sub sub

15927, 13519 16432 19036, 16917 18816 320; 18311 130.5 120.1 dec 180; 8120 166.5 263.7; 13215 dec 231; 11114 229.5 dec 227 dec 128 298.2

2.2525

1.551125 1.596725

1.662020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc

1.615420 1.592020 1.624420

1.500120 1.499120 1.547720

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.709620 1.254620 1.628216

1.544720 1.485820 1.600816

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s ace, bz

1.615820 1.616817 1.494020 1.199920

1.603520 1.599217 1.489020 1.484020

1.935720 2.196720 2.03720 1.603 1.797

1.513320 1.571320 1.538520 1.601020 1.547

i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH; msc eth, ace, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, chl, thf, AcOEt

1.379120 1.367620 1.121325

1.490420

i H2O; s ace, xyl; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc

1.492820 1.530820

nd (al, HOAc) liq liq

liq

-16.3

232.061 232.061 198.045 296.231

oil

11.2

75-03-6 624-76-0 593-66-8 17376-04-4 5634-39-9

155.965 171.964 153.949 232.061 258.053

liq

C8H8Cl2IO3PS C7H15I C7H15I C16H33I

18181-70-9 4282-40-0 31294-92-5 544-77-4

412.997 226.098 226.098 352.337

wh cry liq

76 -48.2

pa ye liq

24.7

204.0 8930 357; 21215

liq liq

-74.2 -66.4

181.3 42.43

1.439720 2.278920 1.820 1.965020

lf (al), nd (MeOH)

53

241; 912 244.5 238; 13825

liq

-27.2

211.5 213

1.71320 1.70520

C6H13I CH3I

638-45-9 74-88-4

212.071 141.939

6308 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene 6309 1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene 6310 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene

o-Iodoanisole m-Iodoanisole p-Iodoanisole

C7H7IO C7H7IO C7H7IO

529-28-2 766-85-8 696-62-8

234.034 234.034 234.034

C7H7I C7H7I

615-37-2 625-95-6

218.035 218.035

 

Hexyl iodide Methyl iodide

0.3 -111.1

liq pale ye liq

72.3 dec 176 56 12213

sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, DMSO

2.18420

26.5 113.5 -103 -104.2

6306 1-Iodohexane 6307 Iodomethane

6311 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene 6312 1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene

nd (w) mcl pr (ace) mcl pr (dil al) lf (sub)

1.634920

1.479720

1.607920 1.605320

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace; msc bz; vs chl i H2O sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6276 6277 6278 6279 6280

Mol. Form.

O

OH

I

O

O

OH

I

2-Iodobenzenemethanol

O

OH

O

I

I I

4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride

Cl

Cl

I I

Iodobenzene

N

OH

2-Iodobenzoic acid

3-Iodobenzoic acid

I

I 4-Iodobenzoic acid

I

I

4-Iodobenzonitrile

2-Iodobenzoyl chloride

4-Iodobenzoyl chloride

2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

I I I

I

1-Iodobutane

I

I

I 2-Iodobutane, (±)

Iodocyclohexane

Iodocyclopentane

1-Iododecane

1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane



TeamLRN

4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

I

I

I

O

I I 1-Iodododecane

I Iodoethane

I

OH 2-Iodoethanol

HO

I Iodoethene

(2-Iodoethyl)benzene

O

Cl

O

I I

2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol

Cl

O P O S

Iodofenphos

I 1-Iodoheptane

I 3-Iodoheptane

I H H I 1-Iodohexadecane

I 1-Iodohexane

I

I I

H Iodomethane

I

I

O O 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene

1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene

O 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene

1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene

1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl O S O

No.

Name

Synonym

6313 (Iodomethyl)benzene

6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353

1-Iodooctane 2-Iodooctane, (±) 1-Iodopentane 3-Iodopentane 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane 3-Iodopropanoic acid 3-Iodo-1-propanol 3-Iodopropene 2-Iodopyridine 5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione Iodosylbenzene 2-Iodothiophene 4-Iodotoluene L-3-Iodotyrosine trans-α-Ionone, (±) trans-β-Ionone Iopanoic acid Iophendylate Iopodic acid Iprodione Iridomyrmecin

Isopentyl iodide Isobutyl iodide tert-Butyl iodide

2-Octyl iodide, (±) Pentyl iodide

3-Iodoacetophenone 4-Iodoacetophenone Propyl iodide Isopropyl iodide

Allyl iodide 5-Iodouracil N-Iodosuccinimide

 

1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene 1-Iodononane 1-Iodooctadecane

Ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl)undecanoate Ipodate Hexahydro-4,7dimethylcyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1H)one

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H7I

620-05-3

218.035

C5H11I C5H11I C4H9I C4H9I CH5ISi C10H7I C10H7I C6H4INO2 C6H4INO2 C6H4INO2 C9H19I C18H37I

541-28-6 594-38-7 513-38-2 558-17-8 18089-64-0 90-14-2 612-55-5 609-73-4 645-00-1 636-98-6 4282-42-2 629-93-6

198.045 198.045 184.018 184.018 172.041 254.067 254.067 249.006 249.006 249.006 254.151 380.391

C8H17I C8H17I C5H11I C5H11I C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C8H7IO C8H7IO C3H7I C3H7I C3H5IO2 C3H7IO C3H5I C5H4IN C4H3IN2O2 C4H4INO2 C6H5IO C4H3IS C7H7I C9H10INO3 C13H20O C13H20O C11H12I3NO2 C19H29IO2 C12H13I3N2O2 C13H13Cl2N3O3 C10H16O2

629-27-6 36049-78-2 628-17-1 1809-05-8 533-58-4 626-02-8 540-38-5 14452-30-3 13329-40-3 107-08-4 75-30-9 141-76-4 627-32-7 556-56-9 5029-67-4 696-07-1 516-12-1 536-80-1 3437-95-4 624-31-7 70-78-0 30685-95-1 79-77-6 96-83-3 99-79-6 5587-89-3 36734-19-7 485-43-8

240.125 240.125 198.045 198.045 220.007 220.007 220.007 246.045 246.045 169.992 169.992 199.975 185.991 167.976 204.997 237.983 224.985 220.007 210.036 218.035 307.084 192.297 192.297 570.932 416.336 597.956 330.166 168.233

Physical Form col or ye nd (MeOH)

liq col liq lf (dil al) ye orth nd (al) mcl pr ye nd (al) col liq lf (lig), nd (ace, al-ace) liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

24.5

9310

1.733525

1.633425

vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.511820 1.493720 1.603520 1.57125

1.493920 1.498120 1.495920 1.491820

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

-38.2 -109.5 2.1 54.5 54 38.5 174.7 -20 34.0

147 124.5 121.1 100.1 71.8 302 308 290; 16218 280 288 245.0 383

1.739920 1.631999 1.918675 1.947750 1.8090155 1.283625 1.099420

1.702620 1.666299

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO

1.329820 1.325120 1.516120 1.517620 1.875780

1.488520 1.489620 1.495920 1.497420

-45.7

liq

-85.6

nd nd (lig) nd (w or sub)

43 118 93.5

liq liq lf (w) visc oil ye liq

cry (ace) ye pow liq lf (al) cry (w)

wh solid visc liq cry pr

86 -101.3 -90 85 -99.3 275 dec 200.5 210 exp -40 36.5 205 dec

1.484825 1.481020

225.1 210; 9516 157.0 145.5 186160, 912 186100 1395 dec 1298, 1174 15318 102.5 89.5

1.748920 1.704220

1.505820 1.502820

226; 11538 103 10015, 9313

1.997620 1.84812 1.92825

1.558520 1.554021 1.636620

1.8573112 1.62220

2.24525 181 211

2.059525 1.67820

1.646525

14628 12410, 730.1

0.929821 0.94520

1.504120 1.519820

1971

1.2520

1.52525

156 168 136 61

1061.5

1.460765

msc EtOH, eth

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig s chl vs ace, bz, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s bz s EtOH, bz, CS2, HOAc; sl lig, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, DMSO s H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s dil alk, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl, ace sl H2O; s eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325

Mol. Form.

I

I

I (Iodomethyl)benzene

1-Iodo-3-methylbutane

I

I

2-Iodo-2-methylbutane

1-Iodo-2-methylpropane

I

H Si I H

2-Iodo-2-methylpropane

I I

Iodomethylsilane

1-Iodonaphthalene

2-Iodonaphthalene

O N

O

1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O N

O

1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene

I

O

1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene

I

1-Iodononane



TeamLRN

I 2-Iodophenol

4-Iodophenol

I

I

I

I

3-Iodophenol

1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone

1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone

O

3-Iodopropene

N N H

I

2-Iodopyridine

I

1-Iodopropane

2-Iodopropane

OH

O

O

5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N I

O

1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

I

2-Iodothiophene

4-Iodotoluene

O

OH

NH2

HO I

S Iodosylbenzene

OH 3-Iodo-1-propanol

O

O I

H

I

3-Iodopropanoic acid



I

N

1-Iodopentane

O

I

I

I

2-Iodooctane, (±)

O

I

3-Iodopentane

I

I

1-Iodooctane

O

OH OH

OH

I

1-Iodooctadecane

I L-3-Iodotyrosine

trans-α-Ionone, (±)

Cl I O

I

OH OH

O

O

I

I NH2 trans-β-Ionone

O

Iopanoic acid

O

I Iophendylate

I

O

Iopodic acid

N H

H

O

O

N

N N

Cl

N

I

O Iprodione

O H Iridomyrmecin

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

I

I

Physical Form

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-2cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-1cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one Hydrogen tetracarbonylferrate(II) Diiron nonacarbonyl Nitrilotriacetatoiron(III)

C14H22O

79-69-6

206.324

900.4

0.936220

1.500220

C14H22O

79-70-9

206.324

12511

0.943421

1.516225

C4H2FeO4 C9Fe2O9 C6H6FeNO6 C5FeO5 C15H21FeO6 C18H26O2 C18H25NO7 C7H11N3 C9H17ClN3O3PS C9H4Cl8O C8H6O2 C10H18O

17440-90-3 15321-51-4 16448-54-7 13463-40-6 14024-18-1 506-25-2 15503-86-3 4214-72-6 67329-04-8 297-78-9 87-41-2 24393-70-2

169.902 363.781 243.960 195.896 353.169 274.398 367.395 137.182 313.741 411.751 134.133 154.249

cry (hp) nd or pl (w) tab (peth)

121 75 212

290 sub

C13H19NO2S C18H26O C4H8O C4H10

115-31-1 13741-18-9 78-84-2 75-28-5

253.361 258.398 72.106 58.122

ye oily liq cry liq col gas

95 -65.9 -159.4

950.06 1673 64.5 -11.73

6372 Isobutene

C4H8

115-11-7

56.107

col gas

-140.7

-6.9

6373 Isobutyl acetate 6374 Isobutyl acrylate 6375 5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4imidazolidinone 6376 Isobutylamine 6377 Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate 6378 Isobutylbenzene

C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C10H16N2OS

110-19-0 106-63-8 830-89-7

116.158 128.169 212.311

liq liq

-98.8 -61 210.5

C4H11N C11H15NO2 C10H14

78-81-9 94-14-4 538-93-2

73.137 193.243 134.218

liq

-86.7 64.5 -51.4

C11H14O2 C8H16O2 C5H11NO2 C5H9ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C10H20 C9H18 C6H15N C5H10O2 C11H22O2 C11H14O3 C8H16O2 C5H9NO C5H9NS

120-50-3 539-90-2 543-28-2 543-27-1 114489-96-2 62108-68-3 1678-98-4 3788-32-7 7239-24-9 542-55-2 7779-80-8 87-19-4 97-85-8 1873-29-6 591-82-2

178.228 144.212 117.147 136.577 164.630 164.630 140.266 126.239 101.190 102.132 186.292 194.227 144.212 99.131 115.197

No.

Name

6354 α-Irone 6355 β-Irone Iron hydrocarbonyl Iron nonacarbonyl Iron(III) NTA Iron pentacarbonyl Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Isanic acid Isatidine Isaxonine Isazophos Isobenzan 1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone Isoborneol

6368 6369 6370 6371

Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate 6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol Isobutanal Isobutane



Isobutyl benzoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl carbamate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane Isobutyldimethylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl heptanoate Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl isocyanate Isobutyl isothiocyanate

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-ol, exo-(±) Xibornol 2-Methyl-1-propanal 2-Methylpropane

Albutoin 2-Methyl-1-propanamine Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate

N,N,2-Trimethyl-1-propanamine Isobutyl enanthate Isobutyl salicylate

1-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane

liq

lf

67

liq liq

-95 -115.2

liq

-95.8

liq

5.9 -80.7

 

6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393

Ferric acetylacetonate 17-Octadecene-9,11-diynoic acid Retrorsine N-oxide N-Isopropyl-2-pyrimidineamine

col liq; unstab -70 oran-ye cry 100 dec solid col to ye oily liq -20 179 cry 39.5 cry 145 28

dec

Solubility

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s alk

2.85 1.45322

s H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, ace, ctc

1.4914850

s ace, EtOH, i-PrOH; sl peth

1.163699 1.1020

1.53699

s eth, bz, xyl, tol s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz

1.51225 1.538220 1.373020 1.3518-25

i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, peth

1.3926-25

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, sulf

116.5 132

1.146525 1.024020 0.789120 0.551025 (p>1 atm 0.58925 (p>1 atm) 0.871220 0.889620

1.390220 1.415020

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH

67.75

0.72425

1.398819

172.79

0.853220

1.486620

242 156.9 207 128.8 176 191.3 171.3 148 80.5 98.2 208 261 148.6 106 160

0.999020 0.836418

103

1.520 5.24 0.930945

9312 170; 1000.001 1.2220

1.042618 1.031220 1.032320 0.795220 0.776925 0.709720 0.877620 0.859320 1.063920 0.854220 0.963114

1.403220 1.409876 1.407118 1.424720 1.429520 1.438620 1.429820 1.390720 1.385720 1.508720 1.399920 1.500514

s H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth, bz vs H2O sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; msc eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367

mp/˚C

O O

O O

OC OC Fe OC

O

α-Irone

β-Irone

HO

O

O

Iron nonacarbonyl

CO OC Fe CO OC CO

N O Fe O O O O Iron(III) NTA

Iron pentacarbonyl

O

O OH

O

O Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Isanic acid

OH O O

O H

O

Iron hydrocarbonyl

O

N

N N O

N

Isatidine

Cl N H

N

S O P O O N

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Isazophos

1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone

Isoborneol



TeamLRN

Isobutanal

Isobutane

Isobutene

O

Isobutyl acetate

O O

N H

Isobutyl acrylate

5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

O O

Isobutyl benzoate

Isobutyl butanoate

H2N

O

S

O

O

O

NH2

O

Cl

Isobutyl carbamate

Cl

Isobutyl chlorocarbonate

Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate

Isobutylbenzene

O O

O

H2N

Isobutylamine

O

O

6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol

O

N

O

OH

Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate

O O

S O

O

Isobenzan

N

O

OH

Cl

Cl

Isaxonine

O

Cl

Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate

Cl

O

Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate

Isobutylcyclohexane

Isobutylcyclopentane

O O N Isobutyldimethylamine

H

O O

Isobutyl formate

O O

Isobutyl heptanoate

OH Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O O Isobutyl isobutanoate

N

C

N O

Isobutyl isocyanate

C

S

Isobutyl isothiocyanate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H2Fe(CO)4

O Fe

CO Fe CO CO

No.

Isobutyl methacrylate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Isobutyl methyl ether Isobutyl nitrate Isobutyl nitrite Isobutyl pentanoate Isobutyl phenylacetate Isobutyl propanoate



6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421

Isobutyl stearate Isobutyl thiocyanate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl vinyl ether Isocitric acid Isocorybulbine Isocorydine 2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene 2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane 1-Isocyanatonaphthalene 1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene 2-Isocyanatopropane 1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 6422 Isocyanobenzene 6423 Isocyanomethane 6424 (Isocyanomethyl)benzene

6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433

2-Isocyanopropane Isodecyl acrylate Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate Isodecyl methacrylate 8-Isoestrone Isoeugenol Isofenphos Isoflurophate 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H14O2 C9H18O2 C5H12O C4H9NO3 C4H9NO2 C9H18O2 C12H16O2 C7H14O2

97-86-9 589-59-3 625-44-5 543-29-3 542-56-3 10588-10-0 102-13-6 540-42-1

142.196 158.238 88.148 119.119 103.120 158.238 192.254 130.185

2-Tolyl isocyanate 3-Tolyl isocyanate 4-Tolyl isocyanate tert-Butyl isocyanate 1-Naphthyl isocyanate 2-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 3-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 4-Nitrophenyl isocyanate Isopropyl isocyanate 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate

C22H44O2 C5H9NS C6H9Cl3O2 C6H12O C6H8O7 C21H25NO4 C20H23NO4 C9H9NO C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C5H9NO C11H7NO C7H4N2O3 C7H4N2O3 C7H4N2O3 C4H7NO C8H4F3NO

646-13-9 591-84-4 33560-15-5 109-53-5 320-77-4 22672-74-8 475-67-2 28556-81-2 700-87-8 18908-07-1 614-68-6 621-29-4 622-58-2 1609-86-5 86-84-0 3320-86-3 3320-87-4 100-28-7 1795-48-8 329-01-1

340.583 115.197 219.493 100.158 192.124 355.429 341.402 147.173 149.148 149.148 133.148 133.148 133.148 99.131 169.180 164.118 164.118 164.118 85.105 187.119

Phenyl isocyanide Methyl isocyanide Benzyl isocyanide

C7H5N C2H3N C8H7N

931-54-4 593-75-9 10340-91-7

103.122 41.052 117.149

Isopropyl isocyanide

C4H7N C13H24O2 C22H31O4P C14H26O2 C18H22O2 C10H12O2 C15H24NO4PS C6H14FO3P C8H5NO2

598-45-8 1330-61-6 29761-21-5 29964-84-9 517-06-6 97-54-1 25311-71-1 55-91-4 85-41-6

69.106 212.329 390.452 226.355 270.367 164.201 345.395 184.145 147.132

C10H17N3O2

119-38-0

211.261

Isobutyl isovalerate

Isobutyl propionate

2,6-Dimethylphenyl isocyanate

Phthalimide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs eth, EtOH

-71.4

0.885820 0.85320 0.731120 1.015220 0.869922 0.862525 0.99918 0.8880

1.419920 1.405720

liq

155 168.5 58.6 123.4 67 179 247 137

wax liq

28.9 -59

0.849820

liq ye syr lf (al) pl liq

-112 105 187.5 185

22315 175.4 188 83

col liq

wh nd (peth) wh lf (lig) pa ye nd

41 51 57

unstab liq -45

-100

pr (MeOH)

1.448320 1.396620

1.528220 1.033020

0.86707 269 1.177420 13718 13011 16220, 13711 74.5 0.86625 5411 1.345520

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl, acid vs chl

i H2O; s eth vs bz, eth vs bz, eth

1.406120 s eth, bz vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl 1.382520 1.469020

8040 exp 59.6 dec 199; 9355 87 15850 24910 dec 12610

0.9815 0.7564 0.97215

1.519320

0.759625 0.88520

1.441620

266 1200.01 629

1.08025 1.13420 1.05525

1182.5

1.0720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

0.87620

254 <-12

nd (w), pr (HOAc) lf (sub) col liq

1.397320

1.04520 10013 9417 10215 185 196.5 187

85.5

1.263620 0.764520

1.402820 1.371522 1.404620

238

1.573919 1.383025

vs eth, Diox vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, lig; s eth; vs oils vs bz

 

6434 Isolan

Synonym

msc H2O; s EtOH, xyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401

Name

O

O O

O O

Isobutyl methacrylate

O

Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate

Isobutyl methyl ether

N O

O

O O

Isobutyl nitrate

N

Isobutyl nitrite

O

O O

O

O

O

Isobutyl pentanoate

Isobutyl phenylacetate

Isobutyl propanoate

O

O

Cl Cl

S O

N Isobutyl stearate

Isobutyl thiocyanate

O HO

N N

C

O

N

N

C

1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene

O C O N N

O

1-Isocyanatonaphthalene

N N C

C

(Isocyanomethyl)benzene

O

C N

1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene

N

C

C

O

N

C

O

O

N

1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene

N

C

1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene

N O

O

1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene

O

O

N

1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene

N

C

O

C F

F 2-Isocyanatopropane

O N

O

1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene

C

F

1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Isocyanobenzene

O O P O O

O

O

O

2-Isocyanopropane

O

O Isodecyl acrylate

Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate

H S N P O O O

H O

O O P F O

Isodecyl methacrylate

O O NH

N

O

O

HO 8-Isoestrone

C

O N

O

1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene

OH O

Isocorybulbine

O

O

2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane

Isocyanomethane

C

O

Isocitric acid

O O

2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene

N

C

O

OH

Isobutyl vinyl ether

N



TeamLRN

Isocorydine

C

O

H

OH

O

Cl

Isobutyl trichloroacetate

N

HO



N H

O

O

O

OH O

Isoeugenol

Isofenphos

Isoflurophate

1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Isolan

N

N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O HO

O

 

No.

DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine Isolongifolene Isolysergic acid α-Isomaltose Isoniazid Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopentylbenzene Isopentyl butanoate Isopentyl formate Isopentyl hexanoate Isopentyl α-hydroxybenzeneacetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Isopentyl lactate Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate Isopentyl nitrite Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl propanoate Isopentyl salicylate Isopentyl trichloroacetate Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isophthalic acid Isopilosine

6460 Isopropalin 6461 Isopropamide iodide 6462 Isopropenyl acetate 6463 Isopropenylbenzene 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471

p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene p-Isopropenylstyrene 4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine 2-Isopropoxyethanol 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl acrylate Isopropylamine

6472 6473 6474 6475 6476

Isopropylamine hydrochloride 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol 2-Isopropylaniline 4-Isopropylaniline N-Isopropylaniline

Synonym 2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid

6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide 2-Methylbutane

Isopentyl caproate Isopentyl mandelate Isoamyl isovalerate Isopentyl isobutyrate Isoamyl nitrite

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid

Benzenamine, 4-(1-methylethyl)-2,6dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-

α-Methyl styrene

4-Isopropoxy-N-phenylaniline 1-Cyano-2-isopropoxyethane Isopropyl 2-propenoate 2-Propanamine 2-Propanamine hydrochloride

Cumidine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C15H24 C16H16N2O2 C12H22O11 C6H7N3O C5H12 C7H14O2 C11H16 C9H18O2 C6H12O2 C11H22O2 C13H18O3 C10H20O2 C8H16O3 C9H18O2 C5H11NO2 C10H20O2 C8H16O2 C12H16O3 C7H11Cl3O2 C9H14O C12H18N2O2 C8H6O4 C16H18N2O3

443-79-8 73-32-5 1135-66-6 478-95-5 499-40-1 54-85-3 78-78-4 123-92-2 2049-94-7 106-27-4 110-45-2 2198-61-0 5421-04-5 659-70-1 19329-89-6 2050-01-3 110-46-3 2050-09-1 105-68-0 87-20-7 57392-55-9 78-59-1 4098-71-9 121-91-5 491-88-3

131.173 131.173 204.352 268.310 342.296 137.139 72.149 130.185 148.245 158.238 116.158 186.292 222.280 172.265 160.211 158.238 117.147 172.265 144.212 208.253 233.520 138.206 222.283 166.132 286.325

C15H23N3O4

33820-53-0

309.362

nd (w, al) pl (al), pr (w, dil al) red-oran liq

C23H33IN2O C5H8O2 C9H10

71-81-8 108-22-5 98-83-9

480.424 100.117 118.175

cry or pow liq liq

190 -92.9 -23.2

C12H16 C11H12 C15H17NO C5H12O2 C6H11NO C5H10O2 C6H10O2 C3H9N

2388-14-9 16262-48-9 101-73-5 109-59-1 110-47-4 108-21-4 689-12-3 75-31-0

160.255 144.213 227.302 104.148 113.157 102.132 114.142 59.110

liq liq

-30.6

C3H10ClN C5H13NO C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N

15572-56-2 109-56-8 643-28-7 99-88-7 768-52-5

95.571 103.163 135.206 135.206 135.206

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

292 dec 284 dec liq cry (w+2)

s H2O; i EtOH 820.4

cry (al) vol liq or gas liq

218 dec 120 171.4 -159.77 -78.5

liq

-93.5

oily liq

liq

Solubility

-8.1 60 347 187

sl H2O, EtOH; s py

27.88 142.5 195 179 123.5 225.5 17211 190.4 202.4 168.5 99.2 193 160.2 278; 15115 217 215.2 217100 sub

0.620120 0.87615 0.85620 0.86519 0.87720 0.86120

1.353720 1.400020 1.486710 1.411020 1.396720

0.858319 0.958925 0.862720 0.882820

1.413019 1.424025

0.869720 1.053520 1.231420 0.925520 1.06220

1.406920 1.508020 1.452120 1.476618

1.391820

vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz, lig vs EtOH i H2O; s os

94 165.4

0.909020 0.910620

1.403320 1.538620

220.8 242

0.893620 0.93

1.523820 1.568420

145 6510 88.6 51103 31.76

0.903020

1.409520

0.871820

1.377320

0.689120

1.374220

173 221; 9513 225 203

0.897020 0.976012 0.95320 0.952625

1.439520

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, ace; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

83

liq liq liq

-73.4 -95.13 164 128.5

1.538020

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl s DMSO msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459

Name

HO O

O

HO

N

H

OH HO

O HO

O

H N

O O

O

NH2

OH OH

OH

N H

NH2

DL-Isoleucine

L-Isoleucine

Isolongifolene

HO

O

OH HO

O

N

α-Isomaltose

Isolysergic acid

Isoniazid

Isopentane

Isopentyl acetate

OH O

O H

O Isopentyl butanoate

O

O

O

O

Isopentyl formate

O O

O

O O

O

Isopentyl α-hydroxybenzeneacetate

Isopentyl hexanoate

Isopentylbenzene

O

OH

Isopentyl isopentanoate

Isopentyl lactate

N

Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate

C

O



TeamLRN

O OH O O

O

N O

O

Isopentyl nitrite

HO

O

O

H

O N

N

Isopentyl propanoate

O N

Isopentyl salicylate

NH2 N

O

O

N C O

O

Cl Cl Isopentyl trichloroacetate

Isophorone

OH O

Isophorone diisocyanate

Isophthalic acid

I H N

O

N O

Cl

O

Isopentyl pentanoate

O

O O

OH

O O

N

Isopilosine

Isopropalin

Isopropamide iodide

Isopropenyl acetate

O Isopropenylbenzene

p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene

p-Isopropenylstyrene

4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

NH2 NH2

O

OH

2-Isopropoxyethanol

N O 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile

O

O O

Isopropyl acetate

NH2

NH2 HCl

O Isopropyl acrylate

Isopropylamine

Isopropylamine hydrochloride

N H

HN

OH

2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol

2-Isopropylaniline

4-Isopropylaniline

N-Isopropylaniline



No.

Name

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-96.02

235.5 152.41

0.975520 0.864025

1.530120 1.491520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

1.0320 0.981820 0.986914 1.016315 1.1624 0.858820 0.995166 1.088820

1.521020 1.519314 1.489020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH

1.031520 0.802320 0.909930 0.776520

1.438220 1.401320 1.414920 1.441020 1.455225 1.425820

0.693625 1.2625

1.386520 1.520925

242.398 88.106

19660, 1050.8 0.853620 68.2 0.872820

1.428025 1.367820

6270-34-4 4016-14-2 52896-87-4 2257-52-5 607-85-2 617-50-5 617-51-6 4655-34-9 926-06-7 4747-21-1 527-84-4

154.163 116.158 142.282 74.124 180.200 130.185 132.157 128.169 138.185 73.137 134.218

1.065524 0.918620 0.735425

1.468224

1.072920 0.847121 0.998020 0.884720

1.506520

liq

-71.5

198.5 137 158.9 107 238 120.7 167 125 826 50.4 178.1

0.876620

1.500620

C10H14

535-77-3

134.218

liq

-63.7

175.1

0.861020

1.493020

C10H14

99-87-6

134.218

liq

-67.94

177.1

0.857320

1.490920

C8H16O2 C10H16

32665-23-9 4221-98-1

144.212 136.234

142; 7055 173

0.853817 0.842120

1.396020 1.477219

Homocamfin

C10H16O

535-86-4

152.233

pa ye

244; 12115

0.934021

1.486521

vs ace, EtOH

(±)-Piperitone

C10H16O

6091-52-7

152.233

liq

232.5

0.933120

1.484520

vs ace, EtOH

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6477 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 6478 Isopropylbenzene

Cuminaldehyde Cumene

C10H12O C9H12

122-03-2 98-82-8

148.201 120.191

6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491

Cumene hydroperoxide Cumic alcohol 1-Phenyl-2-methylpropyl alcohol

C9H12O2 C10H14O C10H14O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C5H9ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C9H18 C9H16O C8H16

80-15-9 536-60-7 611-69-8 939-48-0 536-66-3 638-11-9 1746-77-6 105-48-6 108-23-6 40058-87-5 696-29-7 5432-85-9 3875-51-2

152.190 150.217 150.217 164.201 164.201 130.185 103.120 136.577 122.551 150.603 126.239 140.222 112.213

liq

C6H12 C11H12Cl2O3

3638-35-5 94-11-1

84.159 263.117

Pramiverin

C21H27N

14334-40-8

293.446

Isopropyl laurate

C15H30O2 C4H8O2

10233-13-3 625-55-8

Isopropyl 2-furanoate (1-Methylethoxy)methyloxirane

Methylisopropylamine o-Cymene

C8H10O3 C6H12O2 C10H22 C3H10N2 C10H12O3 C7H14O2 C6H12O3 C7H12O2 C4H10O3S C4H11N C10H14

6508 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene

m-Cymene

6509 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

p-Cymene

Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol α-Isopropylbenzenemethanol Isopropyl benzoate 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid Isopropyl butanoate Isopropyl carbamate Isopropyl chloroacetate Isopropyl chloroformate Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropylcyclohexane 4-Isopropylcyclohexanone Isopropylcyclopentane

6492 Isopropylcyclopropane 6493 Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 6494 N-Isopropyl-4,4diphenylcyclohexanamine 6495 Isopropyl dodecanoate 6496 Isopropyl formate 6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507

Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate Isopropyl glycidyl ether 4-Isopropylheptane Isopropylhydrazine Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Isopropyl lactate Isopropyl methacrylate Isopropyl methanesulfonate Isopropylmethylamine 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

6510 Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate 6511 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene, (R) 6512 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen1-one, (±) 6513 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen1-one, (±)

Cumic acid

Isopropyl salicylate Isopropyl isobutyrate Isopropyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate

liq

liq

-89.4

liq

-111.4

153; 848 249 223 216 sub 130.5 183 150.5 105 151.5 154.8 214; 139100 126.5

liq

-112.9 5

58.3 1401

70

1650.05

28

tcl pl (al)

117.5

nd

93

liq

-19

1.393620

vs eth vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, EtOH

1.415320

1.408225 1.412220

s H2O, bz, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



mp/˚C

Synonym

 

O

OH

OH O

O OH

OH

O O

O

O Isopropylbenzene

Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

α-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

Isopropyl benzoate

4-Isopropylbenzoic acid

Isopropyl butanoate

O O

O O H2N

O Cl

O

Isopropyl carbamate

O

O O

Cl

Isopropyl chloroacetate

O O

Cl

Isopropyl chloroformate

Cl

Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate

Isopropylcyclohexane

4-Isopropylcyclohexanone

Isopropylcyclopentane

Isopropylcyclopropane

O

Cl

Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate



TeamLRN

HN

O O

O

O

O H

O N-Isopropyl-4,4-diphenylcyclohexanamine

Isopropyl dodecanoate

O O OH Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O

O O

OH

Isopropyl isobutanoate

O

Isopropyl formate

Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate

O O

Isopropyl lactate

O

O

O Isopropyl methacrylate

O O S O Isopropyl methanesulfonate

HN

Isopropyl glycidyl ether

4-Isopropylheptane

NH2

Isopropylhydrazine

N H Isopropylmethylamine

1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene

O O O O 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate

5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene, (R)

5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)

6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde

No.

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Methoxypropane Carvacrol

C4H10O C10H14O C8H12N2O C4H10S C13H14 C13H14 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO2 C9H11NO2 C6H14N2O

598-53-8 499-75-2 2814-20-2 1551-21-9 6158-45-8 2027-17-0 1712-64-7 541-42-4 1817-47-6 601-77-4

74.121 150.217 152.193 90.187 170.250 170.250 105.093 89.094 165.189 130.187

C7H12O3 C19H38O2 C8H16O2 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C15H18N2

542-08-5 142-91-6 18362-97-5 88-69-7 618-45-1 99-89-8 101-72-4

144.168 298.504 144.212 136.190 136.190 136.190 226.317

liq

6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547

Isopropyl methyl ether 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1-Isopropylnaphthalene 2-Isopropylnaphthalene Isopropyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrite 1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2propanamine Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate Isopropyl palmitate Isopropyl pentanoate 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol 4-Isopropylphenol N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4benzenediamine Isopropyl phenylcarbamate 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone Isopropyl propanoate N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide Isopropylpropylamine Isopropyl propyl sulfide 4-Isopropylpyridine Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Isopropyl silicate Isopropyl stearate 4-Isopropylstyrene Isopropyl tetradecanoate (Isopropylthio)benzene Isopropyl trichloroacetate Isopropylurea Isopropyl vinyl ether Isoproterenol

C10H13NO2 C11H14O C6H12O2 C6H11NO C6H15N C6H14S C8H11N C9H11NO2 C12H28O4Si C21H42O2 C11H14 C17H34O2 C9H12S C5H7Cl3O2 C4H10N2O C5H10O C11H17NO3

122-42-9 645-13-6 637-78-5 2210-25-5 21968-17-2 5008-73-1 696-30-0 553-60-6 1992-48-9 112-10-7 2055-40-5 110-27-0 3019-20-3 3974-99-0 691-60-1 926-65-8 7683-59-2

179.216 162.228 116.158 113.157 101.190 118.240 121.180 165.189 264.434 326.557 146.229 270.451 152.256 205.468 102.134 86.132 211.258

wh nd (al)

6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555

Isopsoralen 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine Isoquinoline 7-Isoquinolinol Isosorbide Isosorbide dinitrate Isosystox

C11H6O3 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H7N C9H7NO C6H10O4 C6H8N2O8 C8H19O3PS2

523-50-2 1532-84-9 25475-67-6 119-65-3 7651-83-4 652-67-5 87-33-2 126-75-0

186.164 144.173 144.173 129.159 145.158 146.141 236.136 258.339

6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523 6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530

Isopropyl acetoacetate Isopropyl hexadecanoate

Propham



N-Propyl-2-propanamine

Isopropyl nicotinate Tetra(isopropoxy)silane

Isopropyl myristate

2-(Ethenyloxy)propane 4-[1-Hydroxy-2[isopropylamino]ethyl]-1,2benzenediol

Benzo[c]pyridine

1,4:3,6-Dianhydroglucitol Demeton-S

nd cry liq liq

pa ye oil pa ye oil cry (eth,w)

nd (peth)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

30.77 237.7

0.723715 0.977220

1.357620 1.523020

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace

0.829120 0.995620 0.975320 1.03419 0.868415 1.08420 0.942220

1.493220 1.595220 1.584820 1.391216

s EtOH, eth, ace

48

84.8 268 268.2 100 40 1229 194.5

-27.3 13.5

186 1602

15.5 26 62.3 72.5

213.5 228 230; 11010 1482

0.983520 0.840438 0.857920 1.01220 0.99020

1.417320 1.436425 1.406120 1.531520 1.526120 1.522820

vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, chl

1.0920 0.975315 0.866020

1.498991 1.523520 1.387220

vs bz, EtOH

1.496220 1.492620

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace

mp/˚C 1 173 -101.5 -16 14.5

90

64.5

liq

-54.9

liq

28 -44.7

nd liq

pl(w) hyg pl

col cry liq

-140 170.5

139 123 178.5 26.47 230 63 52

254 109.5 11015 96.9 132.1 178 12630, 92.55 184 2076 204.1 19320, 1402 208 175; 6615 1030.1 55.5

0.826920 0.938225 1.062420 0.877020 0.840338 0.885020 0.853220 0.985220 1.291125 0.753420

1.536720

1.528920 1.432525 1.546420 1.442820 1.384020

1648 243.22

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

s ctc, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, chl, ace; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH 1.091030

1.614820

i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, eth; s EtOH

1702 1332

1.13221

vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

OH

OH N N

O 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol

Isopropyl methyl sulfide

1-Isopropylnaphthalene

2-Isopropylnaphthalene

Isopropyl nitrate

N N

O

O

N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine

Isopropyl nitrite

N H

O

Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate

Isopropyl palmitate

Isopropyl pentanoate

2-Isopropylphenol

3-Isopropylphenol

4-Isopropylphenol



TeamLRN

H N

O N H

O 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone

Isopropyl propanoate

S

N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide

Isopropylpropylamine

S

O O

Isopropyl propyl sulfide

Cl

4-Isopropylpyridine

4-Isopropylstyrene

O

H2N

Cl Cl

O Isopropyl tetradecanoate

(Isopropylthio)benzene

N Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

O

Isopropyl trichloroacetate

HO N H

Isopropyl vinyl ether

O N O O

H

O

O Isopsoralen

O

NH2 1-Isoquinolinamine

O

NH2 N 3-Isoquinolinamine

N Isoquinoline

N

HO 7-Isoquinolinol

H

O H

O O N O

OH

Isosorbide

Isoproterenol

H

O N

OH H N

HO

O

Isopropylurea

Isopropyl silicate



HO

O

O O Si O O

O N

O O

Isopropyl stearate

N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

O O

O

O

1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene

O

O

O

Isopropyl phenylcarbamate

N

H N

O H N

O

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

OH O

O

O

Isosorbide dinitrate

O O P O S Isosystox

S

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Isopropyl methyl ether

O

S

O N

No.

Name

Synonym

6556 Isothebaine Isothiocyanic acid L-Isovaline Isoxaben Isoxazole Isoxsuprine Jacobine Javanicin Jervine Kaempferol Kainic acid Kanamycin A Kepone Ketamine

6570 Ketene 6571 Khellin 6572 L-Kynurenine



6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582

Labetalol DL-Lactic acid D-Lactic acid L-Lactic acid Lactofen δ-Lactone-D-gluconic acid α-Lactose β-D-Lactose α-Lactose monohydrate Lactulose

6583 Laminaribiose 6584 Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β) 6585 Lantadene A 6586 Lantadene B 6587 L-Lanthionine 6588 Lapachol 6589 6590 6591 6592

Lappaconitine Lasiocarpine Laudanidine Laudanine

1-Oxa-2-azacyclopentadiene

Chlordecone 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone, (±) 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methyl-5Hfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-5-one Benzenebutanoic acid, α,2-diaminoγ-oxo2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, (±) D-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid δ-D-Gluconolactone

4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-Dfructose 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose Lanosterol Rehmannic acid L-Cysteine, S-(2-amino-2carboxyethyl)-, (R)2-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)1,4-naphthalenedione

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C19H21NO3

568-21-8

311.375

orth cry (al)

203.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, chl; sl eth; s MeOH

CHNS C5H11NO2 C18H24N2O4 C3H3NO C18H23NO3 C18H25NO6 C15H14O6 C27H39NO3 C15H10O6 C10H15NO4 C18H36N4O11 C10Cl10O C13H16ClNO

3129-90-6 595-40-4 82558-50-7 288-14-2 395-28-8 6870-67-3 476-45-9 469-59-0 520-18-3 487-79-6 59-01-8 143-50-0 6740-88-1

59.091 117.147 332.395 69.062 301.381 351.395 290.268 425.604 286.236 213.231 484.499 490.636 237.725

unstab gas nd (w) wh cry

≈300 173

s EtOH; sl eth s EtOAc, MeCN, MeOH s H2O

C2H2O C14H12O5

463-51-4 82-02-0

42.036 260.242

103.0 228 208 dec 243 dec ye nd (al, + 1 w) 277 cry (EtOH aq) 253 dec cry (EtOH) 350 dec cry (eth92.5 pentane) col gas -151 eth, al 154 dec

C10H12N2O3

343-65-7

208.213

lf (+l/2w)

191 dec

C19H24N2O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C19H15ClF3NO7 C6H10O6 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H24O12 C12H22O11

36894-69-6 598-82-3 10326-41-7 79-33-4 77501-63-4 90-80-2 14641-93-1 5965-66-2 5989-81-1 4618-18-2

328.405 90.078 90.078 90.078 461.773 178.139 342.296 342.296 360.312 342.296

cry (MeOH) ye cry pl (chl) hyg pr (eth) ye pow (bz) nd (al) wh pow

164 16.8 53 25.5 93

C12H22O11 C30H50O

34980-39-7 79-63-0

342.296 426.717

C35H52O5 C35H52O5 C6H12N2O4S

467-81-2 467-82-3 922-55-4

552.785 552.785 208.235

C15H14O3

84-79-7

242.270

C32H44N2O8 C21H33NO7 C20H25NO4 C20H25NO4

32854-75-4 303-34-4 301-21-3 85-64-3

584.699 411.490 343.418 343.418

C21H27NO4

2688-77-9

357.444

bp/˚C

95

den/g cm-3

1.07820

nD

1.429817

cry pl (EtOH) red cry (al)

mcl (w) hx pl (MeOH)

nd (eth), cry (MeOH-ace) cry (MeOH) cry (EtOH) hex pl ye pr (eth, bz) pl (al) hex pl (al) col pl (peth) hex pr (al) ye wh pr (dil al, al-chl) nd (peth), pr (al)

222.8 254 201 dec 169

Solubility

s alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz s H2O; i EtOH 1.6125

-49.8 1900.05

sl eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl sl H2O

12215 1032

1.206021

1.5920 1.54720

1.439220

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH vs H2O

205 140.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

297 302 294 dec

sl H2O

139.5 217.5 95.5 184.5 167

1.2620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

 

6593 Laudanosine

2-Amino-2-methylbutyric acid

CAS RN

89

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569

Mol. Form.

OH

O

O O

N H

HO O

O

O

N H

OH Isothiocyanic acid

N

O

O

NH2

HN C S Isothebaine

OH H N

L-Isovaline

O Isoxaben

N

O

O O H

O

OH O O

O

O

Isoxsuprine

H OH O

N

HO

Isoxazole

H H N

O

O

Jacobine

HO

Javanicin

Jervine

HO

HO

H2N

OH

O

O

OH

O

OH O

HO

OH

O OH

OH

Cl Cl

HO

HO

O OH Kaempferol

OH

N H

O Cl Cl Cl

Cl

H2N

Cl

NH2

O

Kainic acid

O

Cl

O

Kanamycin A

O

NH2 OH

O

NH

Cl Kepone

OH

O

Cl O

H2C C O

Ketamine

O

Ketene

Khellin

O

Labetalol



TeamLRN

HO

HO O OH

O

O

O

O OH

OH OH

OH

DL-Lactic acid

D-Lactic acid

HO

O

HO

HO O O

HO

OH OH

F F

OH OH L-Lactic acid

HO

O O N O

F

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

O O

HO OH

OH δ-Lactone-D-gluconic acid

O OH

HO

O

HO

O

O

O

HO O

Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β)

OH OH

H2O OH α-Lactose monohydrate

O OH

H

O

H

O O OH

O

O HO

OH

HO

OH

OH OH β-D-Lactose

O OH

H OH OH

OH Laminaribiose

OH Lactulose

O O

HO

O O

O

O HO

OH

OH α-Lactose

HO

OH

OH OH

HO

Lactofen

HO

OH

HO

OH

O

NH2

L-Kynurenine

HO

Cl

HO

O

NH2

H N

S

Lantadene A

Lantadene B

OH NH2

NH2

L-Lanthionine

O O

N O

O

H

O

OH

O

O

OH

O O Lapachol

O Lappaconitine

O

N H

O

NH

O

O

H

O

N Lasiocarpine

O

O N

OH

O OH

N H

O

HO OH

O Laudanidine

O

O Laudanine

Laudanosine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O NH2

No.

Name

Synonym

6594 Laureline 6595 Laurocapram Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) Ledol Lenacil Leptophos

6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607

DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine N-Leucylglycine Leuprolide Leurosine Levallorphan Levodopa

6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613

Levopimaric acid Levorphanol d-Limonene l-Limonene Linalol Linalyl acetate

6614 Lincomycin 6615 Linoleic acid 6616 Linolenic acid 6617 Linuron Liothyronine Lipoamide α-Lipoic acid Lisinopril Lithium oxalate Lobelanidine Lobelanine Lobeline Loflucarban Longifolene Loratadine Lovastatin Lovozal Loxapine Loxoprofen

17-Allylmorphinan-3-ol L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

17-Methylmorphinan-3-ol p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (R) p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (S) 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, (±)3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl acetate cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-N’-methoxyN’-methylurea 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanamide 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid

Kuromatsuene Claritin Mevacor

α-Methyl-4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl) methyl]benzeneacetic acid

Mol. Wt.

C19H19NO3

81-38-9

309.359

C18H35NO

59227-89-3

281.477

C6H12N2PbS4 C15H26O C13H18N2O2 C13H10BrCl2O2P S C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C8H16N2O3 C59H84N16O12 C46H56N4O9 C19H25NO C9H11NO4

19010-66-3 577-27-5 2164-08-1 21609-90-5

447.6 222.366 234.294 412.066

pale ye nd nd (al)

328-39-2 328-38-1 61-90-5 686-50-0 53714-56-0 23360-92-1 152-02-3 59-92-7

131.173 131.173 131.173 188.224 1209.398 808.959 283.408 197.188

lf (w) pl (al) hex pl (dil al)

C20H30O2 C17H23NO C10H16 C10H16 C10H18O C12H20O2

79-54-9 77-07-6 5989-27-5 5989-54-8 22564-99-4 115-95-7

302.451 257.371 136.234 136.234 154.249 196.286

C18H34N2O6S C18H32O2 C18H30O2

154-21-2 60-33-3 463-40-1

406.537 280.446 278.430

C9H10Cl2N2O2

330-55-2

249.093

C15H12I3NO4 C8H15NOS2 C8H14O2S2 C21H35N3O7 C2Li2O4 C22H29NO2 C22H25NO2 C22H27NO2 C13H9Cl2FN2S C15H24 C22H23ClN2O2 C24H36O5 C15H7Cl2F3N2O2 C18H18ClN3O C15H18O3

6893-02-3 940-69-2 1077-28-7 83915-83-7 30903-87-8 552-72-7 579-21-5 90-69-7 790-69-2 475-20-7 79794-75-5 75330-75-5 14255-88-0 1977-10-2 68767-14-6

650.974 205.341 206.326 441.519 101.901 339.471 335.440 337.455 315.192 204.352 382.883 404.540 375.130 327.808 246.302

tab (al) cubes (peth) col liq

tan waxy solid

fluffy solid cry cry (EtOH aq) pl (dil al) pr or nd (w+SO2) orth cry cry oil oil

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, dil acid, con sulf i H2O

114 -7 258 105 290 71 293 293 293 248 dec

16050

0.91

1.4701

292

0.9078100 1.3225 1.5325

1.4667110

sub sub sub

1.29318

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i ace, bz, chl

1.29318

203 181 277 dec 150 198 -74.0

liq

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s alk, MeOH

178 178; 64.415 198; 8613 220; 440.2

0.841120 0.84320 0.87015 0.89520

1.473020 1.474620 1.4627 1.446020

22916 23117, 1290.05

0.902220 0.916420

1.469920 1.480020

amor solid -7 -11

vs ace, eth, EtOH vs py i H2O; vs bz; s ace, 2-PrOH, xyl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; misc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz

93 cry cry ye pl (cy) wh cry pow sc (al, eth) nd (eth, peth) nd (al, bz)

236 dec 128 60 159 dec 150 99 130.5 163.5

i H2O, EtOH; s dil alk 8725 2.12117

258; 12615 cry (MeCN) wh cry (ace aq) ye cry ye cry (peth) col oil

132 174 103 109.5 110

i H2O i EtOH, chl, ace; sl MeOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs ace, bz, py vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace

 

6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632

2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid

CAS RN

0.931918

1.504020

i H2O; s bz i H2O; vs chl; s DMF; sl ace, EtOH s ace, diox

1920.3

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6596 6597 6598 6599

1-Dodecylhexahydro-2H-azepin-2one

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

O

OH

H

N

O

H

S

N

O

S

S Laureline

Laurocapram

Cl N

Pb

N

O

O

H

N

Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)

O

N H

S Ledol

S O P O

Br

O

Leptophos

O OH

NH2

Cl

Lenacil

O OH

DL-Leucine

OH

NH2

NH2

D-Leucine

L-Leucine

O

N H

H

N

O

HO

O

NH2

H N

N

O

O

O

O

OH

O

H HO

OH N

O O

O N-Leucylglycine

Leuprolide

HO

H

H-5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt Leurosine

NH2

O HO

OH

Levallorphan

Levodopa

Levopimaric acid

CH3 HO



TeamLRN

HO C H NH C H

N

H

N

O

O HO

O S OH

O

HO Levorphanol

d-Limonene

l-Limonene

Linalol

Linalyl acetate

H N

O

O

OH

OH

Cl

OH

N

O

O Cl

Lincomycin

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

Linuron

NH2 I

O O

NH2 HO

I

OH

O

HS

I

N H

OH

NH2 S

SH

Liothyronine

OH

O

O S α-Lipoic acid

Lipoamide

N O HO

H N Lobeline

F

O O

O

H N H

Cl

N

F

Cl

N

F

Loflucarban

Cl

O Longifolene

Loratadine

O H

Lobelanidine

N

H

Lobelanine

F

O

N N H

O

OH

O

Lithium oxalate

O

S N H

O



Cl O

O

HO N

OH

O 2Li

Lisinopril

Cl

OH H

O

N

O N

O

N

O Cl

O

OH

O Lovastatin

Lovozal

Loxapine

Loxoprofen

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

No.

Name

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

361.518 273.327 442.717

cry (+1w, ace)

149

1650.02

nd (al +1)

250

sub 240

545-47-1 468-28-0 491-70-3

426.717 414.578 286.236

216 93 329 dec

C30H22O12 C16H22N2 C9H15N3O7 C16H17NO4 C16H17N3O

21884-44-6 20316-18-1 7611-43-0 476-28-8 478-94-4

574.489 242.359 277.231 287.311 267.325

nd (al, ace) pr (MeOH) ye nd (dil al, + 1 w) ye nd (EtOH) orth pr

C16H16N2O2 C20H25N3O C6H14N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C6H15ClN2O2 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C13H10O6

82-58-6 50-37-3 70-54-2 923-27-3 56-87-1 10098-89-2 1114-34-7 1949-78-6 519-34-6

268.310 323.432 146.187 146.187 146.187 182.648 150.130 150.130 262.214

pr (al, py) cry (MeOH), pr (aq, ace) lf or hex sc (w) 240 dec 82 224 218 dec nd (w, dil al) 224 dec 263 dec 108 110 ye nd (al) 222.5

C20H19N3 C20H20ClN3 C36H70MgO4 C23H25ClN2 C10H19O7PS

3248-93-9 632-99-5 557-04-0 569-64-2 1634-78-2

301.385 337.846 591.244 364.911 314.293

br-red cry grn cry wh pow grn cry liq

186 dec 200 dec 132

C10H19O6PS2 C4H4O4 C4H2O3 C4H2N2 C4H6O5 C3H4O2 C3H4O4 C3H2N2 C30H52O26 C12H22O11 C54H90O45 C24H42O21 C17H15ClO7 C8H8O3 C14H17NO6

121-75-5 110-16-7 108-31-6 928-53-0 617-48-1 542-78-9 141-82-2 109-77-3 34620-76-3 4482-75-1 104723-60-6 34612-38-9 643-84-5 90-64-2 138-53-4

330.358 116.073 98.057 78.072 134.088 72.063 104.062 66.061 828.718 342.296 1459.266 666.577 366.750 152.148 295.288

ye-br liq mcl pr (w) nd (chl, eth) pr (EtOH)

1.4 139 52.56 31.5 132 73 135 dec 32 78 (hyd) 162.5

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6633 Luciculine 6634 Lunacrine 6635 Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3 β)

Napelline

C22H35NO3 C16H19NO3 C30H50O2

5008-52-6 82-40-6 473-98-3

6636 Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3 β) 6637 Lupulon 6638 Luteolin

Lupeol

C30H50O C26H38O4 C15H10O6

6639 6640 6641 6642 6643

Luteoskyrin Lycodine Lycomarasmine Lycorine Lysergamide

8,8’-Dihydroxyrugulosin

6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652

Lysergic acid Lysergide DL-Lysine D-Lysine L-Lysine L-Lysine, hydrochloride D-Lyxose L-Lyxose Maclurin

6653 6654 6655 6656 6657

Magenta base Magenta I Magnesium stearate Malachite Green Malaoxon

6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672

Malathion Maleic acid Maleic anhydride Maleonitrile Malic acid Malonaldehyde Malonic acid Malononitrile Maltopentaose α-Maltose 6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin Maltotetraose Malvidin chloride Mandelic acid Mandelonitrile glucoside

Betulin

2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (±) 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (D) 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (L)

(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)(2,4,6trihydroxyphenyl)methanone Rosaniline Rosaniline hydrochloride Magnesium octadecanoate (Dimethoxyphosphinylthio) butanedioic acid cis-2-Butenedioic acid cis-Butenedinitrile Hydroxybutanedioic acid 1,3-Propanedial

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

hyg nd tcl (al) cry (w) nd (al) cry (MeOH) amorp solid

278 dec 99 228 dec 280 137.5

den/g cm-3

0.9457218

nD

1.4910218

Solubility vs EtOH s chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth, AcOEt, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, peth, hx sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk, con sulf

1901.0

s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH; i peth

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl sl EtOH, ace, os sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, py sl H2O s H2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.54520 vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; reac acid vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH 1320.1 1560.7 dec 202 11120

1.207620 1.59020 1.31460

1.496020

1.60120 sub 218.5

1.61910 1.191020

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth; i bz, chl s H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl lig s H2O; vs eth, EtOH, MeOH

1.414634

vs H2O, py; s EtOH, eth; i bz s H2O, ace, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

1.54620

vs H2O

1.289020

sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH vs H2O, EtOH

 

Mol. Form.

170 dec >300 orth pl 119 wh nd or pl (al) 122

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Physical Form

Synonym

OH H

O

O

H

H

O

OH

OH O

OH

N

O

O

N

OH

HO

O

H Luciculine

Lunacrine

OH

HO

OH

O

HO Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3β)

OH Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3β)

Lupulon

Luteolin

OH

O OH

O

OH O HO HO

H

OH O

O

N H

OH

Luteoskyrin

O

OH

HO

N

N H HO

Lycodine

H2N

HO

O

H N

O N

O

HO

H

N

N

N

H

H

H O

NH2

H O

O

Lycomarasmine

N

NH

Lycorine

NH

Lysergamide

NH

Lysergic acid

Lysergide

H2N

O

O

O

H2N

OH

H2N

OH

NH2



TeamLRN

H2N

DL-Lysine

NH2

D-Lysine

H2N

H2N

OH

OH

NH2

HO HO H

O

NH2

HCl

L-Lysine

L-Lysine, hydrochloride

CHO H H OH CH2OH

H H HO

D-Lyxose

CHO OH OH H CH2OH

OH

HO HO

HO

L-Lyxose

NH2

OH

Maclurin

Magenta base

NH N

Cl

N

NH2

Magnesium stearate

Malachite Green

HO

OH O HO O

O

N

Maleic anhydride

HO

OH O

O

N

Maleonitrile

Malic acid

HO

OH

OH OH

Malonic acid

HO

O

OH

OH

O OH

5

OH

N

OH

O OH

O

OH

O

OH

OH

O

HO

OH

OH OH

OH

3

Malononitrile

HO

α-Maltose

Maltopentaose

N

OH O

O O

HO OH

OH

HO

O

OH

O

6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin

N

HO

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

Maleic acid

HO

O O

HO

HO

O O

HO

Malonaldehyde

OH

O



O O

HO

O

HO

O OH

OH O

O OH HO

Malathion

HO

O

O

O

Malaoxon

HO

O O

O S P O S

O

2

Magenta I

O O

O O P O S

Mg 2

O

HCl

O

O

O

O

O

NH

OH

O O

OH Maltotetraose

2

OH

OH OH

HO

HO O

O Cl O

OH

OH

OH

Malvidin chloride

O O

OH HO O Mandelic acid

OH Mandelonitrile glucoside

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Manganese, [[1,2ethanediylbis[carbamodithioato]](2 -)]-

C4H6MnN2S4

12427-38-2

265.302

C4H6O4Mn C10Mn2O10 C8H5MnO3

638-38-0 10170-69-1 12079-65-1

173.027 389.977 204.062

red cry (w) ye mcl cry pale ye cry

210 154 77.0

subl

C9H7MnO3

12108-13-3

218.088

ye liq

1.5

Cordycepic acid

C6H14O6

69-65-8

182.171

6679 D-Mannitol hexanitrate 6680 D-Mannose

Seminose

C6H8N6O18 C6H12O6

15825-70-4 3458-28-4

452.157 180.155

6681 L-Mannose 6682 Matridin-15-one

Matrine

C6H12O6 C15H24N2O

10030-80-5 519-02-8

180.155 248.364

6683 Mazindol 6684 Mebendazole

C16H13ClN2O C16H13N3O3

22232-71-9 31431-39-7

284.739 295.292

6685 6686 6687 6688 6689

Mebhydroline Mecarbam Meclizine Medroxyprogesterone Mefenamic acid

C19H20N2 C10H20NO5PS2 C25H27ClN2 C22H32O3 C15H15NO2

524-81-2 2595-54-2 569-65-3 520-85-4 61-68-7

276.375 329.374 390.948 344.487 241.286

orth nd or pr (w) nd (al) nd or orth pr (al) cry (al) α-nd or pl; βorth pr, cry (ace/hx) cry (HOAc/ MeOH) cry ye oil

6690 6691 6692 6693

Mefloquine Mefluidide Melezitose α-D-Melibiose

C17H16F6N2O C11H13F3N2O3S C18H32O16 C12H22O11

53230-10-7 53780-34-0 597-12-6 585-99-9

378.311 310.292 504.437 342.296

C26H41NO

14417-88-0

C13H18Cl2N2O2

6673 Maneb



6694 Melinamide 6695 Melphalan 6696 Menaquinone 7 6697 Menazon 6698 p-Menthane hydroperoxide 6699 p-Menth-8-en-2-one 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706

Menthol 3-methylbutanoate Meperidine Mephenytoin Mephobarbital Mephosfolan Mepiquat chloride Mepivacaine

Dimanganese decacarbonyl

2-[(2,3-Dimethylphenyl) amino]benzoic acid

6-O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-Dglucose N-(1-Phenylethyl)-9,12octadecadieneamide, (Z,Z)L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2chloroethyl)amino]Vitamin K2(35) 1-Methyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl) ethyl hydroperoxide 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone Menthol, isovalerate Pethidine

Solubility

hyg cry cry (MeOH aq)

1.75

s H2O, MeOH, HOAc; i ace i H2O; s os s os

233; 10210

1.38820

i H2O; misc bz

168

2953.5

1.48920

107 132 dec

exp

1.820 1.53920

1.3330

2236

1.528625

198 288.5 95

2111 1440.02 230

383.610

oil

<4

148-82-3

305.200

nd

183 dec

C46H64O2 C6H12N5O2PS2 C10H20O2

2124-57-4 78-57-9 80-47-7

648.999 281.296 172.265

cry cry (MeOH)

54 160

C10H16O

7764-50-3

152.233

16409-46-4 57-42-1 50-12-4 115-38-8 950-10-7 24307-26-4 96-88-8

240.382 247.334 218.251 246.261 269.322 149.662 246.348

1.556525

2020.07

vs H2O s H2O, eth, ace; vs EtOH, bz; sl peth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; sl eth; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O s CS2 vs chl s alk; sl eth, chl

1.22320

214.5 230 dec

cry (w+2)

vs H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; i eth, bz

132

178.2 184 153

vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; dec acid 1.505023 i H2O; s EtOH

sl H2O; s thf 259

0.92

223.0

wh cry (w) ye liq cry (eth)

30 136 176

1299 1555

1200.001 223 150.5

0.90815

1.448620

i H2O; s EtOH, ace

1.535426

sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH s ace, EtOH, bz s CS2

 

C15H28O2 C15H21NO2 C12H14N2O2 C13H14N2O3 C8H16NO3PS2 Piperidinium, 1,1-dimethyl-, chloride C7H16ClN N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-1-methyl-2- C15H22N2O piperidinecarboxamide

nD

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6674 Manganese(II) acetate 6675 Manganese carbonyl 6676 Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl 6677 Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl 6678 D-Mannitol

den/g cm-3

dec 200

HN

NH

S

S

O

Mn S

S

Mn2 O

Maneb

2

Manganese(II) acetate

CO CO OC CO OC Mn Mn CO OC CO CO CO Manganese carbonyl

HO HO H H

CO Mn CO CO

CO Mn CO CO Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl

Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl

CH2OH H H OH OH CH2OH

CH2ONO2 H H ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2

O2NO O2NO H H

D-Mannitol

D-Mannitol hexanitrate

HO HO H H

CHO OH OH H H CH2OH

H H HO HO

D-Mannose

O

N N H

H

L-Mannose

N

H

N

O

HO

N H

N H

Cl

Matridin-15-one

H N

Mazindol

N

O

O S P S O

O

Mebendazole

Mebhydroline

O

O N

O

Mecarbam

HO HO



TeamLRN

Cl

N N

HO

N

O Meclizine

F Medroxyprogesterone

N H H

O H N

Mefenamic acid

F

O O

HO

O OH

F

F

H N F F

F S

OH F F

HO

HO

Mefloquine

OH O

OH

O O O HN

OH

O

HO

OH

O OH

O Mefluidide

Melezitose

HO O



O

HO OH

O

O O

OH

OH HO

OH Cl

N H

Cl Melphalan

Menaquinone 7

O

O Menthol 3-methylbutanoate

N N

O P O S O

NH2

Menazon

OH

p-Menthane hydroperoxide

O O

O

N H2N

O

Melinamide

O

S

H 35

OH OH

α-D-Melibiose

p-Menth-8-en-2-one

O

NH2

N

N Meperidine

NH O

N Mephenytoin

S

NH O

O

N

Mephobarbital

O

S

O N P O O

Mephosfolan

N

Cl

Mepiquat chloride

H N

N O

Mepivacaine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N CHO H H OH OH CH2OH

No.

Name

mp/˚C

282.809 204.330

cry

263

147-93-3

154.187

C14H8N2S4 C2H6OS C4H8O2S C12H11NOS C6H6OS C6H6OS C3H8O2S

120-78-5 60-24-2 4695-31-2 93-42-5 1121-24-0 637-89-8 96-27-5

332.487 78.133 120.171 217.286 126.176 126.176 108.160

lf or nd (al, w, HOAc) ye nd

C3H6O2S C5H11NO2S C14H10HgO4 C36H66HgO4 C8H8HgO2 C12H27PS3

107-96-0 52-67-5 583-15-3 1191-80-6 62-38-4 150-50-5

106.144 149.212 442.81 763.35 336.74 298.511

amor

C6H10O C21H26N2OS2 C21H26O2 C16H16

141-79-7 5588-33-0 72-33-3 2319-97-3

98.142 386.573 310.430 208.298

liq oil cry orth pr

C15H21NO4 (C2H4O)x C18H14N3NaO3S C9H13NO2

57837-19-1 37273-91-9 587-98-4 54-49-9

279.333 375.377 167.205

71 tetr nd or pr (al) 246 br-ye pow hyg cry (HCl)

C12H15NO3 C8H18ClNO2 C4H6O2 C22H22N2O8 C21H28ClNO

1665-48-1 62-51-1 79-41-4 914-00-1 1095-90-5

221.252 195.688 86.090 442.418 345.906

cry (AcOEt) hyg cry pr cry pl (al-eth)

122 172 16 205 dec 235

C18H22O3 C2H8NO2PS

517-18-0 10265-92-6

286.366 141.130

cry (MeOH aq)

139 46

C10H15N C10H16ClN

537-46-2 51-57-0

149.233 185.694

C20H28O2 CH4

72-63-9 74-82-8

300.435 16.043

CH5AsO3 CH4O6S2 CH4O3S

124-58-3 503-40-2 75-75-2

139.971 176.169 96.106

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6707 Mepivacaine monohydrochloride 6708 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester 6709 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid

Carbocaine hydrochloride

C15H23ClN2O C10H20O2S

1722-62-9 7659-86-1

o-Thiosalicylic acid

C7H6O2S

6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716

Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether 2-Mercaptoethanol 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Mercapto-N-2-naphthylacetamide 2-Mercaptophenol 4-Mercaptophenol 3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol

2,2’-Dithiobis[benzothiazole]

6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722

3-Mercaptopropanoic acid 3-Mercapto-D-valine Mercury(II) benzoate Mercury(II) oleate Mercury(II) phenyl acetate Merphos

6723 6724 6725 6726

Mesityl oxide Mesoridazine Mestranol [2.2]Metacyclophane

6727 6728 6729 6730

Metalaxyl Metaldehyde Metanil Yellow Metaraminol

6731 6732 6733 6734 6735

Metaxalone Methacholine chloride Methacrylic acid Methacycline Methadone hydrochloride

6736 Methallenestril 6737 Methamidophos 6738 Methamphetamine 6739 Methamphetamine hydrochloride

Thionalide

Thioglycerol

Penicillamine Mercuric benzoate Mercuric oleate Phenylmercuric acetate Phosphorotrithious acid, S,S,Stributyl ester Isobutenyl methyl ketone

Tricyclo[9.3.1.1]hexadeca-1(15) ,4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene Metacetaldehyde (polymer) 2-Amino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1propanol, (1R,2S)

2-Methylpropenoic acid 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3heptanone hydrochloride Phosphoramidothioic acid, O,Sdimethyl ester N,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine, hydrochloride, (S)-

6740 Methandrostenolone 6741 Methane

Methionic acid Methylsulfonic acid

oil cry visc

cry pow (w) ye-br solid

18 198.5 ≈125

Solubility

0.9720

sub

180 47 111.5 5.5 29.5

nD

s H2O 133.5

168.5

den/g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO, lig 1.50 1.114320

1.499620

217; 898 1.23710 16745, 13511 1.128525 1001 1.245520

1.510125 1.526820

11115, 863

1.49420

158; 5513 10115

1.21821

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ctc, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, os vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, alk, con sulf sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc i EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s chl

153 100

1370.7, 17615 1.0220

-59

130

151 132.5

290

0.865320

1.444020

s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s diox, eth, EtOH, chl sl EtOH; s bz, eth

sub 115

i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; s bz, eth; sl ace s H2O

2231.5 162.5

1.015320

1.431420

vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH s eth

1.3120 212

173.8

col gas

vs H2O, EtOH, chl

166 -182.47

-161.48

0.4228-162

160.5 98 20

16710

1.481218

1.431718

 

6742 Methanearsonic acid 6743 Methanedisulfonic acid 6744 Methanesulfonic acid

bp/˚C

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol, MeOH s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3 s H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Physical Form

Synonym

N HCl

O

O

H N

HS

OH

N N

SH

O

O

S S

SH

S

Mepivacaine monohydrochloride

Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester

2-Mercaptobenzoic acid

H N

OH

S

OH

HS

Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether

2-Mercaptoethanol

SH O

O 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Mercapto-N-2-naphthylacetamide

O

OH HO

HS

SH

HS

HS

OH

SH 2-Mercaptophenol

4-Mercaptophenol

O

OH

3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol

O

O

O

Hg

Hg2

O

OH NH2

OH

3-Mercaptopropanoic acid

O

2

3-Mercapto-D-valine

Mercury(II) benzoate

Mercury(II) oleate

N O



TeamLRN

HO

Hg O S Mercury(II) phenyl acetate

S P

N

Mesityl oxide

N O Mestranol

[2.2]Metacyclophane

H

NH O

O

NH2

O

N

O

Metaraminol

Metaxalone

OH N H

Metalaxyl

O O

O

Methacholine chloride

O

N HCl

NH2 OH

Cl

Metaldehyde

OH

O

O

OH

O

O O

Mesoridazine

OH N

Metanil Yellow

O

H

S

S

H N

SO3Na

O

O

Merphos

N

O S

OH O

Methacrylic acid

HO OH O

O

Methacycline

Methadone hydrochloride

OH O OH O Methallenestril

O O P S NH2 Methamidophos

H

HN Methamphetamine

HN

HCl

Methamphetamine hydrochloride

O Methandrostenolone

O

H H

H

As OH

H

OH

Methane

Methanearsonic acid

H

SO3H SO3H H

Methanedisulfonic acid

O S OH O Methanesulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No. 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750

Name Methanesulfonyl chloride Methanesulfonyl fluoride Methanethiol Methanimidamide Methanimidamide, monoacetate Methanol

6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759

Methazolamide Methazole Methenamine allyl iodide Methestrol Methidathion Methiocarb

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Methyl mercaptan Formamidine Formamidine acetate Methyl alcohol

CH3ClO2S CH3FO2S CH4S CH4N2 C3H8N2O2 CH4O

124-63-0 558-25-8 74-93-1 463-52-5 3473-63-0 67-56-1

114.552 98.097 48.108 44.056 104.108 32.042

C21H26BrNO3 C14H19N3S C9H14N2O3

53-46-3 91-80-5 50-11-3

C5H8N4O3S2 C9H6Cl2N2O3 C9H17IN4 C20H26O2 C6H11N2O4PS3 C11H15NO2S

5,5-Diethyl-1-methyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Allylhexamethylenetetramine iodide

Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio), methylcarbamate

6760 L-Methionine



6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767

Methocarbamol Methomyl Methoprene Methoprotryne Methotrexate Methoxamine hydrochloride Methoxsalen

Guaifenesin-1-carbamate

9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2g][1]benzopyran-7-one

6768 Methoxyacetaldehyde 6769 Methoxyacetic acid 6770 Methoxyacetonitrile 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777

Methoxyacetyl chloride 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde

6778 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde 6779 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Methoxybenzamide 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde 2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid 4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

p-Anisaldehyde

col gas pr

mp/˚C

liq

-123 81 161.5 -97.53

420.340 261.386 198.218

cry (i-PrOH)

174.5

nd

150.5

554-57-4 20354-26-1 36895-62-2 130-73-4 950-37-8 2032-65-7

236.273 261.061 308.162 298.419 302.330 225.308

cry (w) cry cry (dil HOAc)

213 dec 123 148 dec 145 39 120

C5H11NO2S

63-68-3

149.212

hex pl (dil al)

281 dec

C11H15NO5 C5H10N2O2S C19H34O3 C11H21N5OS C20H22N8O5 C11H18ClNO3 C12H8O4

532-03-6 16752-77-5 40596-69-8 841-06-5 59-05-2 61-16-5 298-81-7

241.241 162.210 310.471 271.383 454.440 247.719 216.190

cry (bz)

93 78

C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H5NO

10312-83-1 625-45-6 1738-36-9

74.079 90.078 71.078

C3H5ClO2 C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H10ClNO C15H10O3 C8H8O2

38870-89-2 90-04-0 536-90-3 104-94-9 134-29-2 82-39-3 135-02-4

108.524 123.152 123.152 123.152 159.613 238.238 136.149

C8H8O2 C8H8O2

591-31-1 123-11-5

136.149 136.149

C8H9NO2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3

3424-93-9 5703-26-4 93-25-4 104-01-8

151.163 150.174 166.173 166.173

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

162; 5511 123.5 5.9 dec

1.480518

1.457320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

64.6

0.866520

0.791420

1743

1.2425 vs H2O; i chl, eth

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl HOAc s EtOH

pr

1.294624 0.92620

69 190 dec 214 148

hyg

liq orth pl nd

1.591520 s H2O; sl chl

1000.05 cry ye cry (w) cry pr (dil al) nd (peth)

1.328820

6.2 -1 57.2 225 170.3 37.5

0 nd or tab (w)

166.5

nd (w) pl (w)

124 87

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth

sl H2O; s os vs H2O; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace, peth; vs EtOH 92 203.5 119

1.00525 1.176820 0.949220

1.395020 1.416820 1.383120

112.5 224 251 243

1.187120 1.092320 1.09620 1.07157

1.419920 1.571510 1.579420 1.555960

243.5

1.132620

1.560020

231 248; 13412

1.118720 1.11915

1.553020 1.573020

1.09620

1.535920

295 255.5 1002 1382

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, alk, acid s eth, ace, ctc; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth sl EtOH; vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl chl, lig

 

6780 6781 6782 6783

o-Anisidine m-Anisidine p-Anisidine o-Anisidine hydrochloride

Physical Form

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6751 Methantheline bromide 6752 Methapyrilene 6753 Metharbital

Synonym

O O S Cl O

H

O S F O

Methanesulfonyl chloride

H

H2N

H

Methanesulfonyl fluoride

Methanethiol

H2N

NH

Methanimidamide

NH

O

N

N

H

O

SH

O

H

Br

OH

OH

H

Methanimidamide, monoacetate

S

O

Methanol

NH N

Methantheline bromide

N

O

Methapyrilene

N

O

Metharbital

O O N

S P O S O

N

N N S

S

NH2

O

O

N

N

Cl N

O O Methazole

N N

N N

Cl

Methazolamide

I O

OH

Methenamine allyl iodide

S

Methestrol

H N

O O

S

O

Methiocarb



TeamLRN

O N H

O

N

N

O

S O

S

O

Methomyl

N N

Methoprene

N

N N H

H2N

N

Methoprotryne

O

Methocarbamol

OH OH

N H

O

N

NH2 O Methoxamine hydrochloride

NH2

O

O

O

NH2

O Methoxsalen

O

O

Methoxyacetaldehyde

OH

Methoxyacetic acid

O

N

Methoxyacetonitrile

O

O

O NH2

O

O

O O

Cl

O

Methoxyacetyl chloride

2-Methoxyaniline

3-Methoxyaniline

OH HCl

O

N

Methotrexate

NH2

NH2 O

O

L-Methionine

NH2

O

OH

O O

O

NH2

Methidathion

HN

OH

O S

O 4-Methoxyaniline

O

HCl O O

2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride

1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

O

O

O

O 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

O

O

3-Methoxybenzaldehyde

O 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

O 4-Methoxybenzamide

O 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde

O

OH

O

2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

O

O

4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

No.

Name 4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine 4-Methoxybenzeneethanol 2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine 4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol 3-Methoxybenzenemethanol 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride 3-Methoxybenzenethiol 4-Methoxybenzenethiol 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid 2-Methoxybenzonitrile 3-Methoxybenzonitrile 4-Methoxybenzonitrile 7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine 2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid

6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816

2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate 2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene 3-Methoxy-1-butanol 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne

6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822

Methoxychlor Methoxycyclohexane 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 2-Methoxyethanol

6823 (2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene 6824 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]ethanol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H9NO C7H10N2O C7H10N2O C7H10N2O C7H8O3 C9H13NO C9H12O2 C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C7H7ClO3S C7H8OS C7H8OS C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C10H8O3 C8H8N2OS C15H12O4

104-47-2 102-51-2 615-05-4 5307-02-8 934-00-9 55-81-2 702-23-8 6850-57-3 2393-23-9 612-16-8 6971-51-3 105-13-5 98-68-0 15570-12-4 696-63-9 579-75-9 586-38-9 100-09-4 6609-56-9 1527-89-5 874-90-8 531-59-9 1747-60-0 1151-15-1

147.173 138.166 138.166 138.166 140.137 151.205 152.190 137.179 137.179 138.164 138.164 138.164 206.647 140.203 140.203 152.148 152.148 152.148 133.148 133.148 133.148 176.169 180.227 256.254

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C10H12O3 C13H12O C13H12O C5H8O C5H8O C5H12O2 C5H6O

21615-34-9 100-07-2 104-21-2 86-26-0 613-37-6 3036-66-6 3588-30-5 2517-43-3 2798-73-4

170.594 170.594 180.200 184.233 184.233 84.117 84.117 104.148 82.101

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

C16H15Cl3O2 C7H14O C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5 C15H14O2 C3H8O2

72-43-5 931-56-6 119-27-7 5327-44-6 3524-62-7 109-86-4

345.648 114.185 198.133 198.133 226.271 76.095

Triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether

C5H10O2 C7H16O4

1663-35-0 112-35-6

102.132 164.200

4-Methoxy-o-phenylenediamine 4-Methoxy-m-phenylenediamine 2,5-Diaminoanisole

Anise alcohol

p-Anisic acid

o-(p-Anisoyl)benzoic acid

p-Anisoyl chloride

3,5-Dinitroanisole

Physical Form grn pl nd (eth) cry nd

mp/˚C 51 67.5 107 42.8 29

nd nd or pr (bz)

pl (w) nd (w)

nd (w) lf (al) lf (w, MeOH) lf (w), cry (al, to) nd

30 25 42.5

101 107 185 24.5 61.5 118.3 166 146

pr (peth) pl (al)

24.5 84 29 90

cry (dil al) liq nd (al or w) nd (al) nd (lig) liq

87 -74.4 94.5 105.3 49.5 -85.1

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

286.5 1.084520 20021, 16811

16348, 12910 13920 335 228 236.5 249 252 259.1 1030.25 224.5; 11420 228 200 17010 276.5 255.5 14034, 11113 256.5

nD

Solubility

1.530920

s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO s chl

1.537920 1.05125 1.05015 1.038625 1.11225 1.10926

1.547520 1.546220 1.545520 1.544020 1.542025

1.131325

1.587420 1.580125

1.106320 1.08925

1.540220

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz s chl s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, eth; s chl s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf, alk vs eth, EtOH, tol

254 262.5 270; 15023 274 15710 91.5 75 157 dec 123; 3923 133 20612 18815 124.1

1.26120 1.10525 1.023399 1.0278100 0.829620 0.827220 0.92323 0.90620 1.4125 0.875620 1.3364131 1.55812 1.127814 0.964720

1.58020 1.564199 1.5744100 1.459420 1.444220 1.414825 1.481820

1.435520 1.54615

1.402420

s eth, ace; vs bz; sl ctc s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, peth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py vs ace, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH msc H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; s ace; sl chl

107 246

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807

Synonym

 

NH2

NH2

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

OH

O

NH2

N O

O 4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile

OH

NH2

OH NH2

O

4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine

4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine

3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol

4-Methoxybenzeneethanol

Cl O S O

OH OH

OH

O

4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine

2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine

SH O

SH

OH

O

O

O 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol

4-Methoxybenzenemethanol

O

O

4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride

3-Methoxybenzenethiol

4-Methoxybenzenethiol

N

N

OH

HO

O O

O

O

4-Methoxybenzoic acid

O

NH2

O

3-Methoxybenzoic acid

O

N

O O

2-Methoxybenzoic acid

N



TeamLRN

O

3-Methoxybenzenemethanol

OH

O

O

O

O

4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine

2-Methoxybenzonitrile

3-Methoxybenzonitrile

O

4-Methoxybenzonitrile

O

S

O

O

7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine

2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid

Cl

Cl

O O O

O O

2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride

Cl

4-Methoxybenzyl acetate

O



Cl

O

4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride

Cl O

O N

2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

O

O Methoxychlor

Methoxycyclohexane

N

O

O

4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene

OH 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene

3-Methoxy-1-butanol

1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne

O O

O O

O

O

O O

O

1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene

N O

N O

O

1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene

O 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone

O

OH

2-Methoxyethanol

O

O

(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene

HO

O

O

O

2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

O

O

2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine

No.

Name

6825 2-Methoxyethyl acetate

6846 6847 6848 6849

2-Methoxyethyl acrylate 2-Methoxyethylamine Methoxyethylmercuric acetate 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine 2-Methoxyfuran 4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline 12-Methoxyibogamine 5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]acetamide 3-Methoxyisopropylamine 4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) aniline N-Methoxymethylamine 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline 4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline 4-Methoxy-αmethylbenzenemethanol 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 2-(Methoxymethyl)furan 2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran (Methoxymethyl)oxirane 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5hexadienoic acid 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene

6850 6851 6852 6853 6854

2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol 2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline 4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline

6835 6836 6837 6838 6839 6840



6841 6842 6843 6844 6845

2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol 2-Methoxyphenol benzoate 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1) 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1) 5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2oxazolidinone 6862 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2propanediol

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 2-Methoxyethyl 2-propenoate 1-Amino-2-methoxyethane

C5H10O3

110-49-6

118.131

liq

-70

143

1.007419

1.400220

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc

3121-61-7 109-85-3 151-38-2 114-91-0 25414-22-6 484-29-7 83-74-9 608-07-1 73-31-4

130.141 75.109 318.72 137.179 98.101 199.205 310.432 190.241 232.278

6716, 5612 95

1.01220

203; 9617 110.5

0.98820 1.064625

Dictamnine Ibogaine 5-Methoxytryptamine Melatonin

C6H10O3 C3H9NO C5H10HgO3 C8H11NO C5H6O2 C12H9NO2 C20H26N2O C11H14N2O C13H16N2O2

cry (al) pa ye lf (bz)

133.5 148 121.5 117

1-Methoxy-2-propanamine 4,4’-Dimethoxydiphenylamine

C4H11NO C14H15NO2

37143-54-7 101-70-2

89.136 229.275

lf (EtOH)

103

N-Methoxymethanamine 5-Methyl-o-anisidine

C2H7NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C9H12O2

1117-97-1 120-71-8 102-50-1 3319-15-1

61.083 137.179 137.179 152.190

C6H14O C6H8O2 C6H7NO4 C4H8O2 C8H10O4

994-05-8 13679-46-4 586-84-5 930-37-0 90-65-3

102.174 112.127 157.125 88.106 170.163

C7H14O2 C8H10O2 C11H10O C11H10O

107-70-0 93-51-6 2216-69-5 93-04-9

130.185 138.164 158.196 158.196

C11H8O3 C11H10O2 C7H8N2O3 C7H8N2O3 C7H8N2O3

2348-82-5 84-85-5 97-52-9 99-59-2 96-96-8

188.180 174.196 168.150 168.150 168.150

C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C14H12O3 C15H14O5 C21H21O7P C11H13NO4

90-05-1 150-19-6 150-76-5 531-37-3 553-17-3 563-03-1 70-07-5

124.138 124.138 124.138 228.243 274.269 416.362 223.226

C10H14O4

93-14-1

198.216

Metyridine

Methyl tert-pentyl ether

Penicillic acid Pentoxone Creosol

5-Nitro-o-anisidine

Guaiacol

Guaiacol benzoate Guaiacol carbonate Guaiacol phosphate Mephenoxalone Guaifenesin

 

6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861

Mol. Form.

nd (peth)

pr (al)

vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl

42

cry (lig)

53 29.5

orth or hex pl (+ 1w)

83

pr

5.5 <-10 73.5

lf (eth), pl (peth)

dk red pr (w or al) hex pr pl cry (al)

orth pr (eth, eth-peth)

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, AcOEt s chl

1.403125

97

liq

1.497520 1.446825

42.4 235 248.5 dec 310; 14017 86.1 132 1043 113

160 221 269 274

183.0 129.8 141.0 118 129

1.06525 1.079420

1.564720 1.531025

0.766025 1.016320 1.28120 0.989020

1.386225 1.457020 1.532520 1.432020

0.898025 1.09820 1.096314

1.41820 1.535325 1.694025

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs CS 2 vs bz, eth, chl

s DMSO s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace, bz; sl lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

1.206815

1.128721 1.13125

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth vs EtOH s ctc

1.542920 1.551020

32 <-17 57 57.5 89 91 144

205 1145 243

2773

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs chl vs ace, tol, chl

78.5

21519, 1270.2

s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; i peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834

Synonym

O O

O O

O

O

O

O

2-Methoxyethyl acetate

O N

O

2-Methoxyethyl acrylate

NH2

Hg

O

2-Methoxyethylamine

O

N

Methoxyethylmercuric acetate

O

O

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine

O

O

N

2-Methoxyfuran

N H

4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

H

12-Methoxyibogamine

O

H N

O

N H

N H

5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine

H N O

NH2

NH2 O

N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide

O

O

3-Methoxyisopropylamine

N H

4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline

O

O

O

N-Methoxymethylamine

2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline

O



TeamLRN

OH

O

O

O

O

O 4-Methoxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol

2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

2-(Methoxymethyl)furan

N O

O

O

(Methoxymethyl)oxirane

3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acid

NH2

O

1-Methoxynaphthalene

2-Methoxynaphthalene

O O

O

O 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol

NH2

O

O

O

2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

4-Methoxy-1-naphthol

O

N

O

2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline



O

OH

O

O

OH

O

OH

O

O O

2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran

4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline

4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

NH2 O N

O

OH O

N O

O

2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline

4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline

2-Methoxyphenol

O O O P O O

OH OH

O

O

O 3-Methoxyphenol

O 4-Methoxyphenol

O

O

2-Methoxyphenol benzoate

O O

O

O

O

O 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1)

OH

NH O O

O

O 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1)

5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2-oxazolidinone

O

OH

O 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2 NH2

No. 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide 2-Methoxyphenyl acetate 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one

o-Acetanisidine m-Acetanisidine p-Acetanisidine 2-Acetoxyanisole

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H10O3 C11H12O2

93-26-5 588-16-9 51-66-1 613-70-7 943-88-4

165.189 165.189 165.189 166.173 176.212

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C16H12O3

4079-52-1 586-37-8 117-37-3

150.174 150.174 252.264

C8H7NO2 C8H7NOS C11H13NO3

5416-93-3 3288-04-8 5437-98-9

149.148 165.213 207.226

C12H16O3 C13H12N2O

531-39-5 2396-60-3

208.253 212.246

C13H14N2O

101-64-4

C13H15ClN2O

6868 2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone 6869 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone 6870 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 6871 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate 6872 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate 6873 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 6874 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate 6875 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene 6876 N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-pphenylenediamine 6877 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-pphenylenediamine hydrochloride 6878 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone



1-Isothiocyanato-2-methoxybenzene

Guaiacol valerate

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4benzenediamine

Ethyl 4-methoxyphenyl ketone Anisyl methyl ketone trans-4-Methoxycinnamic acid

Methoxyallene Glycerol 3-methyl ether

Methoxyacetone

Anethole Estragole

nd (w) nd or pl (w) pl (w) lf (al, eth, HOAc) ye liq pa ye cry (HOAc, al)

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

87.5 81 131 31.5 74.0

304

12313 187.519

1.128525

1.510125

8 95.5 156.5

245; 12519 240

1.089720 1.034319

1.539320 1.541020

11010 264; 13111

1.187820

1.645820

nD

117.3

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace vs ace, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, ace, ctc

s EtOH, chl; sl eth 1.0525 1.1275

56

265 340

214.262

oran-red pl, lf (al, peth) nd

102

23812

sl H2O, peth; vs bz, eth, EtOH

3566-44-7

250.723

cry

245 dec

C14H12O2

611-94-9

212.244

pr (eth)

61.5

355; 16812

C16H14O2

959-33-1

238.281

ye nd (al)

79

18719

C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H10O3

121-97-1 122-84-9 943-89-5

164.201 164.201 178.184

25.5 <-15 173.5

266 268

C15H14O

1694-19-5

210.271

136.5

142.515

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl, HOAc s ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, bz, DMSO; s ctc, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth

C4H6O C4H11NO C4H10O3 C4H7NO C4H10O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O C4H8O C10H12O

13169-00-1 5332-73-0 623-39-2 110-67-8 1589-47-5 5878-19-3 116-11-0 627-40-7 4180-23-8

70.090 89.136 106.120 85.105 90.121 88.106 72.106 72.106 148.201

0.872720 1.11420 0.937920 0.93820 0.95725 0.737220 0.7711 0.988220

1.439120 1.44225 1.404320 1.407020 1.397020

s H2O, ace, bz, ctc, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth s EtOH, eth, chl

22.5

51.5 117.5 220 163 130 116 38 44 235; 812.3

1.377820 1.561520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs bz

C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2

140-67-0 5912-86-7 5932-68-3

148.201 164.201 164.201

33.5

215.5 13413 14113

0.96525 1.083720 1.085220

1.519520 1.572620 1.578420

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

C10H14O C10H14O2 C4H6O

104-45-0 2785-87-7 627-41-8

150.217 166.217 70.090

211.5 12110 63

0.947220

1.504520

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs eth

0.8312

1.503520

vs eth, EtOH

oil hyg liq

col oily liq

 

6879 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2propen-1-one 6880 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone 6881 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone 6882 trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 6883 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl) benzene 6884 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene 6885 3-Methoxy-1-propanamine 6886 3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol 6887 3-Methoxypropanenitrile 6888 2-Methoxy-1-propanol 6889 1-Methoxy-2-propanone 6890 2-Methoxy-1-propene 6891 3-Methoxy-1-propene 6892 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 6893 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene 6894 cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol 6895 trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) phenol 6896 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene 6897 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol 6898 3-Methoxy-1-propyne

Anisindione

Physical Form

1.079816 1.069417

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

1.525320

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

H N

H N O

O O

N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

N

C

O O



TeamLRN

N O

O

(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene

H N

2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate

H N NH2

O

O

O

(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

O OH O

O

O 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone

O

OH OH

3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol

1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone

trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O 3-Methoxypropanenitrile

2-Methoxy-1-propanol

1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene

1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene

cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol

NH2

3-Methoxy-1-propanamine

O O

O 1-Methoxy-2-propanone

2-Methoxy-1-propene

O

3-Methoxy-1-propene

HO O

O

H2C

trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl)benzene

O

OH O

N

O

C

O

O

HO O

O 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate

O

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride

O

O O

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

HCl

O

NH2

O O

O

4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate

N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine

2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone

S

O

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

H N N

4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one

O

O

1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone

O

2-Methoxyphenyl acetate

O

C

N

O

trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene

HO O

trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol

O 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene

O 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol

O 3-Methoxy-1-propyne

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

O

O

O

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

H N

O

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Bergaptene

C12H8O4 C6H8N2O C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C10H9NO C11H9NO3

484-20-8 6628-77-9 1628-89-3 7295-76-3 620-08-6 5263-87-6 86-68-0

216.190 124.140 109.126 109.126 109.126 159.184 203.194

6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911

5-Methoxypsoralen 6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine 2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 6-Methoxyquinoline 6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid 2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene Methscopolamine bromide Methyl abietate N-Methylacetamide 4-Methylacetanilide

C7H5N3O7 C9H10O C18H24BrNO4 C21H32O2 C3H7NO C9H11NO

606-35-9 4747-15-3 155-41-9 127-25-3 79-16-3 103-89-9

243.131 134.174 398.293 316.478 73.094 149.189

6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917

Methyl acetate Methyl acetoacetate 4-Methylacetophenone Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile

Methyl o-acetylsalicylate Methyl propenoate 2-Methylpropenenitrile

C3H6O2 C5H8O3 C9H10O C10H10O4 C4H6O2 C4H5N

79-20-9 105-45-3 122-00-9 580-02-9 96-33-3 126-98-7

74.079 116.116 134.174 194.184 86.090 67.090

α-Aminoisobutyric acid Aloxidone

C4H9NO2 C7H9NO3

62-57-7 526-35-2

Methanamine

CH5N

Methanamine hydrochloride

Methyl anthranilate

6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905

Quininic acid

Physical Form nd (EtOH)

mp/˚C 188 30

liq hyg lf 26.5 pa ye pr (dil al) 285 dec

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

12510, 871 142.5 178.5; 6515 192; 9545 306; 15312 sub

1.045720 1.083

1.574520 1.504220 1.518020 msc H2O s EtOH, eth, chl, dil HCl sl H2O, eth, bz, tfa; i chl; s EtOH

1.15220



1.494780 0.989423

28 152

22516 205 307

1.04920 0.937125 1.212015

1.5344 1.430120

nd pl (peth) liq liq

-98.25 27.5 28 51.5 <-75 -35.8

56.87 171.7 226; 93.57 1359 80.7 90.3

0.934220 1.076220 1.005120

1.361420 1.418420 1.533520

0.953520 0.800120

1.404020 1.400320

103.120 155.151

mcl pr

335

sub 280 13835, 860.5

74-89-5

31.058

col gas

-93.5

-6.32

CH6ClN C15H11NO2

593-51-1 82-38-2

67.519 237.254

hyg tetr tab (al) 227.5 ye-red nd 171.0

22715

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

134-20-3 4518-10-9 619-45-4

151.163 151.163 151.163

24.5 39 113.0

256 15211

6926 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 6927 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 6928 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

119-68-6 51524-84-6 10541-83-0

151.163 151.163 151.163

6929 Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate 6930 N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide

C5H9NO2 C4H8N2O2

14205-39-1 623-59-6

115.131 116.119

N-Methyl-α-L-glucosamine

C7H15NO5

42852-95-9

193.198

N-Methyltaurine Deoxyepinephrine

C3H9NO3S C9H13NO2

107-68-6 501-15-5

139.173 167.205

Orthocaine

C8H9NO3

536-25-4

167.162

6918 2-Methylalanine 6919 5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4oxazolidinedione 6920 Methylamine 6921 Methylamine hydrochloride 6922 1-(Methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 6923 Methyl 2-aminobenzoate 6924 Methyl 3-aminobenzoate 6925 Methyl 4-aminobenzoate

6931 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy-α-Lglucopyranose 6932 2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 6933 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2benzenediol 6934 Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate

Scopolamine methobromide

 

211.5

Methyl picrate

nd (dil MeOH) cry (EtOH) pa ye lf (liq) mcl cry or nd (dil al) liq

69

tcl (w, al), pr (w) glass

nd (bz or HOAc)

i H2O; vs EtOH, chl, bz; s eth 1.562024

215 dec

lf or nd (aq MeOH) pl (al or lig) 180.5 pl (peth) 127 nd (bz, w, dil al) 168

180.5

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl

800.01

dec

s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth, ace, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth

1.468825 0.65625 (p>1 atm)

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth s H2O, EtOH; i chl, ace s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc

1.168210 1.23220

1.5810

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s lig; sl peth s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl s H2O, bz, AcOEt; vs EtOH, eth; sl tfa s chl s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, eth s MeOH

241.5 188.5

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth

143

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk; sl bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

O O

O NH2 O

O

O

5-Methoxypsoralen

O N

N

6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine

O

N

3-Methoxypyridine

O N

N

4-Methoxypyridine

6-Methoxyquinoline

N

O O

O

O

N

2-Methoxypyridine

O

6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

N O

N O

O

O

2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

(2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene

Br

N O

OH H

O

O O

N H

O Methyl abietate

O O

N-Methylacetamide

O

O O

Methyl acetate

4-Methylacetophenone

O H

N O

H O

Methylamine hydrochloride

1-(Methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

Methyl 2-aminobenzoate

O 2-Methylalanine

O O

Methyl 3-aminobenzoate

N 2-Methylacrylonitrile

O

O

NH2

O

H

Methylamine

O

Methyl acrylate

N H

NH2 Methyl 4-aminobenzoate

2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

OH HO O

NH2 O HN 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

O Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate

O N H

N H

N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide

O OH CH2OH MeHN OH

2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy-α-L-glucopyranose

O

H N H N

O S OH O

2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid

OH

OH H N

NH2

NH2 HCl

H

H

5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

O

H NH2

O

Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate

O O

NH2 OH

O O

Methyl acetoacetate

O HN O

O

O

O

4-Methylacetanilide

O



TeamLRN

Methscopolamine bromide

O

H N

O

O HO

HO OH 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol

NH2 Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

HO

 

No.

Name

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H20N2O6S C4H8N2 C10H15NO C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10ClN C7H10ClN

1936-57-8 693-05-0 370-14-9 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8 636-21-5 540-23-8

344.383 84.120 165.232 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 143.614 143.614

6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943

4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate 3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile 4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

6944 6945 6946 6947

2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1-Methylanthracene

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C15H12

578-58-5 100-84-5 104-93-8 610-48-0

122.164 122.164 122.164 192.256

6948 2-Methylanthracene

C15H12

613-12-7

192.256

6949 9-Methylanthracene

C15H12

779-02-2

192.256

2-Methylanthraquinone

C15H10O2

84-54-8

222.239

Pseudopelletierine

CH5As C9H15NO

593-52-2 552-70-5

91.973 153.221

C8H15N C8H13NO

529-17-9 532-24-1

125.212 139.195

CH3N3 C4H8N2O3 C8H8O C8H8O

624-90-8 592-62-1 529-20-4 620-23-5

57.055 132.118 120.149 120.149

C8H8O C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C19H14

104-87-0 527-85-5 619-55-6 613-93-4 2541-69-7

120.149 135.163 135.163 135.163 242.314

6964 8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2381-31-9

242.314

6965 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2381-16-0

242.314

6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971

C19H14 C19H14 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2

2381-15-9 2422-79-9 10166-08-2 104-09-6 93-53-8 644-36-0

242.314 242.314 134.174 134.174 134.174 150.174

6950 2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione



6951 Methylarsine 6952 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan3-one 6953 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 6954 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3one 6955 Methyl azide 6956 Methylazoxymethanol acetate 6957 2-Methylbenzaldehyde 6958 3-Methylbenzaldehyde 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963

4-Methylbenzaldehyde 2-Methylbenzamide 4-Methylbenzamide N-Methylbenzamide 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde 4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde 2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

Pholedrine o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Toluidine o-Toluidine, hydrochloride

Tropane

o-Tolualdehyde m-Tolualdehyde p-Tolualdehyde o-Toluamide p-Toluamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

cry

260 dec

cry (MeOH) liq liq lf (w+1) liq mcl pr (w) mcl nd (ethHOAc) liq liq liq bl nd (MeOH) lf (al) grn bl flr lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) pr (bz, al) ye nd (al, HOAc) col gas orth pr (peth)

161 -14.41 -31.3 43.6 -57 215 244.5

ye pl (al)

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, ace, bz, chl, MeOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc

10249, 7416

0.899220

1.432020

200.3 203.3 200.4 196.2

0.998420 0.988920 0.961920 0.989120

1.572520 1.568120 1.553445 1.568420

258

1.193018

-34.1 -47 -32 85.5

171 175.5 175.5 199.5

0.98525 0.96925 0.96925 1.047199

209

sub

1.800

81.5

19612

1.06599

177

sub

-143 54

2 246

1.001100

1.4760100

vs ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

43

166 227; 11325

0.925115 1.9872100

1.4598100

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl

exp 20.5 191; 490.45 200; 9410 199

0.86915 1.032820 1.018921

1.546220 1.541321

204; 10610

1.019417

1.545420

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl sl H2O, eth, tfa, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s tfa s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, xyl

147 162.5 82 141

pl (bz-al), nd (bz-lig) nd (al)

152.5

pl (al)

184 150.5

156.5

40 nd (w)

bp/˚C

89

1.516120 1.513020 1.511220 1.680299

i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, CS 2 1.695999

221; 9210 221.5 203.5

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs bz, EtOH, HOAc

291; 16712

2723, 1600.1

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, sulf

1.23100

1.024110 1.005220 1.008920

1.525520 1.517620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, CS 2, xyl i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, CS2, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

OH NH2

H2SO4

H N

NH 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate

NH2

NH

HCl

HO

N

2

NH2

3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile

4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol

NH2

2-Methylaniline

3-Methylaniline

4-Methylaniline

N-Methylaniline

2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

O

O O

O HCl

O 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

2-Methylanisole

3-Methylanisole

4-Methylanisole

1-Methylanthracene



TeamLRN

N

2-Methylanthracene

9-Methylanthracene

2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

N O

N H As H

O N

O O

Methylarsine

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

H2N

O O

3-Methylbenzaldehyde

H2N

4-Methylbenzaldehyde

N N N

O

9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one

O

H N

O

2-Methylbenzamide

4-Methylbenzamide

O

N

Methylazoxymethanol acetate

2-Methylbenzaldehyde

O

N-Methylbenzamide

7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O

8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O

9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O OH

10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid



O

Methyl azide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H N

NH2

No.

Name 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) 4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile α-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005

2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol β-Methylbenzeneethanamine N-Methylbenzeneethanamine 2-Methylbenzeneethanol 4-Methylbenzeneethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methylbenzenemethanamine N-Methylbenzenemethanamine α-Methylbenzenemethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate 4-Methylbenzenepropanal α-Methylbenzenepropanamine β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±) α-Methylbenzenepropanol 4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid

Toluene-2,3-diamine Toluene-3,4-diamine Toluene-2,6-diamine Toluene-2,5-diamine

Orcinol Toluene-3,4-dithiol

1-Phenylethanol o-Tolyl alcohol m-Tolyl alcohol p-Tolyl alcohol

1-Methyl-3-phenylpropylamine

p-Toluenesulfinic acid

7006 4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride 7007 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide Methyl benzenesulfonate 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Methylbenzenethiol 3-Methylbenzenethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol

p-Toluenesulfonamide

o-Toluenesulfonyl chloride

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H9N C9H9N C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2

621-36-3 622-47-9 2328-24-7 2947-61-7 1823-91-2 2687-25-4 496-72-0 823-40-5 95-70-5 488-17-5 452-86-8

150.174 150.174 150.174 131.174 131.174 122.167 122.167 122.167 122.167 124.138 124.138

C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8S2 C9H13N C9H13N C9H12O C9H12O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C10H12O2 C10H12O C10H15N C10H12O2 C10H14O C7H8O2S

608-25-3 496-73-1 504-15-4 95-71-6 496-74-2 582-22-9 589-08-2 19819-98-8 699-02-5 89-93-0 100-81-2 104-84-7 103-67-3 98-85-1 89-95-2 587-03-1 589-18-4 93-92-5 5406-12-2 22374-89-6 772-17-8 2344-70-9 536-57-2

124.138 124.138 124.138 124.138 156.269 135.206 135.206 136.190 136.190 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 164.201 148.201 149.233 164.201 150.217 156.203

C7H7ClOS C7H9NO2S

10439-23-3 88-19-7

174.648 171.217

C7H9NO2S C7H8O3S C7H8O3S C7H7ClO2S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S

70-55-3 80-18-2 88-20-0 133-59-5 137-06-4 108-40-7 106-45-6

171.217 172.202 172.202 190.648 124.204 124.204 124.204

Physical Form

mp/˚C

nd (w) 62 nd or pl (al, w) 93 <-20 18

pl (lig) pr (bz, w) pl (bz) lf (bz) lf (bz-lig), pr (bz) pr (bz) cry (bz-peth) pr(w+1), lf(chl)

63.5 89.5 106 64 68 65 120 105 107 125 29

1.0 liq

-30 12.5

nd (peth-eth) nd (lig) oil

20 38 <-20 61.5

143 46.5 orth pl or nd (w) nd oct cry (al), pr (w) mcl pl (w+2) hyg pl (w+2)

liq

bp/˚C 12126 265 263 242.5 231 255 265 273.5 248 258 265 270 287 283; 16311 210 206 243.5 244.5; 946 206; 8115 203.5 195 180.5 205 224; 11820 215.5 217 10918 223 223; 10114 16814 239; 12315

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility s H2O, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.10 0.99225 0.985420

1.523720 1.519020 1.509525

1.128774

1.542574

1.2904

0.94334 0.9325 1.01625 1.002820 0.976619 0.96625 0.95220 0.944218 1.01325 1.02340 0.915717 0.97822

1.525520 1.516220 1.535520 1.526720 1.543619 1.536020 1.534020

0.99914 0.928915 1.070120 0.989916

1.52514 1.515220 1.515520 1.51716

1.526520

86.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH vs H2O; s lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl lig vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig, peth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, lig s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH

vs EtOH sl H2O; s peth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz

3.5

57 158.7

113 21410

138 4.5 67.5 10.2 15 -20 43

21410 15015 128.825 15436 195 195 195

vs chl sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH

1.273017

1.515120

1.338320 1.04120 1.04420 1.022051

1.556520 1.57020 1.57220

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

 

7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982

Synonym

NH2 O

NH2 O

O

OH

NH2

NH2

α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)

OH

OH

OH

NH2

α-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile

3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine

OH

OH



OH

4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile

2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine

SH

OH

SH NH2

OH NH2

OH

OH

2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine

3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

OH 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

OH 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol

NH2 H N



TeamLRN

NH2

N-Methylbenzeneethanamine

OH

2-Methylbenzeneethanol

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol

H N

NH2

β-Methylbenzeneethanamine

HO

OH

OH

4-Methylbenzeneethanol

2-Methylbenzenemethanamine

3-Methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Methylbenzenemethanamine

N-Methylbenzenemethanamine

α-Methylbenzenemethanol

HO

O

HO

O

O

S

Cl

4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride

4-Methylbenzenemethanol

NH2 O S O

2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate

NH2 O S O

4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

O

NH2

O 3-Methylbenzenemethanol

2-Methylbenzenemethanol

O O S O

Methyl benzenesulfonate

OH

OH OH

O 4-Methylbenzenepropanal

S

α-Methylbenzenepropanamine

OH O S O

2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid

β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±)

Cl O S O

2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride

α-Methylbenzenepropanol

4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid

SH SH

SH

2-Methylbenzenethiol

3-Methylbenzenethiol

4-Methylbenzenethiol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

N

N

OH

OH 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2

No.

Name

Mol. Wt.

7015 1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

C8H8N2

1632-83-3

132.163

7016 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole 7017 Methyl benzoate 7018 Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5carboxylate 7019 2-Methylbenzofuran 7020 2-Methylbenzonitrile 7021 3-Methylbenzonitrile 7022 4-Methylbenzonitrile 7023 6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7024 7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7025 3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 7026 6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine

C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C9H8O4

615-15-6 93-58-3 326-56-7

132.163 136.149 180.158

C9H8O C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C8H8N2S

4265-25-2 529-19-1 620-22-4 104-85-8 92-48-8 2445-83-2 85-90-5 2536-91-6

132.159 117.149 117.149 117.149 160.170 160.170 160.170 164.228

7027 2-Methylbenzothiazole 7028 3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolethione

C8H7NS C8H7NS2

120-75-2 2254-94-6

149.214 181.279

7029 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline 7030 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 7031 1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine2,4(1H)-dione 7032 2-Methylbenzoxazole 7033 Methyl benzoylacetate

C14H12N2S C7H7N3 C9H7NO3

92-36-4 13351-73-0 10328-92-4

240.323 133.151 177.157

C8H7NO C10H10O3

95-21-6 614-27-7

133.148 178.184

7034 Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate

C15H12O3

606-28-0

240.254

C15H12O3

85-55-2

240.254

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C15H12O4

933-88-0 1711-06-4 874-60-2 610-60-6

154.594 154.594 154.594 256.254

C8H11N C14H14 C14H14 C9H10O2 C16H14N2O

618-36-0 713-36-0 620-83-7 7775-38-4 6873-15-0

121.180 182.261 182.261 150.174 250.294

C7H12 C13H12 C13H12 C13H12 C21H21N

4625-24-5 643-58-3 643-93-6 644-08-6 1159-53-1

96.170 168.234 168.234 168.234 287.399

C3H5BrO2 C8H7BrO2

96-32-2 610-94-6

152.975 215.045

7036 7037 7038 7039

2-Methylbenzoyl chloride 3-Methylbenzoyl chloride 4-Methylbenzoyl chloride Methyl benzoylsalicylate

7040 7041 7042 7043 7044

α-Methylbenzylamine, (±) 1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene α-Methylbenzyl formate 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1H)quinazolinone 1-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 2-Methylbiphenyl 3-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl) aniline Methyl bromoacetate Methyl 2-bromobenzoate

7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051

o-Tolunitrile m-Tolunitrile p-Tolunitrile 7-Methylcoumarin Tricromyl

2-(p-Toluoyl)benzoic acid

2-(Benzoyloxy)benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-Amino-1-phenylethane

Glycosine

Physical Form nd (peth), pl (al) pr or nd (w) liq nd or lf (peth)

liq liq

nd, (pl) (aq al) nd (w) pr (dil al) nd (al), pr (HOAc) pl (bz-lig)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

286

1.125420

1.60137

s peth

177.8 -12.4 53

199 dec 273

1.083725

1.516420

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, MeOH; msc eth vs eth, EtOH

-13.5 -23 29.5 76.5 128

197.5 205 213 217.0 304; 17414 171.511

1.054020 0.995520 1.031620 0.976230

1.549522 1.527920 1.525220

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc; s eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH

14 90

238 335

1.176319

1.609219

i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl

194.8 64.5 180

434 270.5

9.5

200.5 dec 265; 15112 351

142

pa ye pl or mcl pr (dil al)

52

sl EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs bz, EtOH, HOAc

1.121120 1.15829

1.549720 1.53720

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

1.190319

1.59120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s ctc i H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH

146

liq liq cry

liq liq

-23 -1.5 85

213.5 219.5 226 385

1.026521 1.168620

1.554920 1.50522 1.554720

32 6.6 -30

187 280.5 286

0.939515 1.002020 0.997620

1.523825 1.576320 1.571220

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

93.1 255.3 272.7 267.5

1.011320 1.018217 1.01527

1.591420 1.597220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, chl

1.635020

1.452020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH

vs eth, bz, EtOH, chl

161.5

liq pl (lig, MeOH) cry (HOAc)

-0.2 2.3 49.5 117

 

CAS RN

132 244

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

7035 2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

Synonym

N

O

O

2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Methyl benzoate

Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate

2-Methylbenzofuran

2-Methylbenzonitrile

3-Methylbenzonitrile

4-Methylbenzonitrile

O N

N

O

O

O

6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

S

O

7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one



TeamLRN

O

O

N

N N

N 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole

2-Methylbenzothiazole

Cl

Cl

O

O

O

O

OH

Methyl benzoylacetate

Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate

2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

O

O

Methyl benzoylsalicylate

N O

O α-Methylbenzylamine, (±)

1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene

1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene

O

N

α-Methylbenzyl formate

1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1H)-quinazolinone

O N

2-Methylbiphenyl

3-Methylbiphenyl

4-Methylbiphenyl

4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline

O Br

O Br

1-Methylbicyclo[3,1,0]hexane

Cl

2-Methylbenzoyl chloride

NH2 O

4-Methylbenzoyl chloride

O

4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline

O

2-Methylbenzoxazole

O

3-Methylbenzoyl chloride

O

3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolethione

O

1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

O O

O

O

S

S

O N

NH2

S S

6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine

N

N

NH2

O

Methyl bromoacetate

Methyl 2-bromobenzoate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

N

O

O

O

N H

N

O

O

N

N

N

No.

Name

Mol. Wt.

7052 Methyl 3-bromobenzoate 7053 Methyl 4-bromobenzoate

C8H7BrO2 C8H7BrO2

618-89-3 619-42-1

215.045 215.045

7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079

C5H9BrO2 C5H9BrO2 C5H7BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H10O C5H11NO C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H12O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C10H18O3 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O

3196-15-4 4897-84-1 1117-71-1 5454-83-1 3395-91-3 598-25-4 78-79-5 590-86-3 541-46-8 107-85-7 594-39-8 598-74-3 2568-33-4 18936-17-9 625-28-5 20089-07-0 541-31-1 1679-09-0 2084-18-6 623-42-7 600-07-7 503-74-2 1468-39-9 34713-94-5 123-51-3 75-85-4

181.028 181.028 179.013 195.054 167.002 68.118 68.118 86.132 101.147 87.164 87.164 87.164 104.148 83.132 83.132 104.214 104.214 104.214 104.214 102.132 102.132 102.132 186.248 88.148 88.148 88.148

C5H12O

70116-68-6

88.148

C7H14O2 C5H10O

624-41-9 563-80-4

130.185 86.132

Citraconic acid

C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8O C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H6O4

57526-28-0 108-12-3 497-03-0 107-86-8 563-46-2 563-45-1 513-35-9 498-23-7

120.577 120.577 84.117 84.117 70.133 70.133 70.133 130.100

Methyl isocrotonate

C5H7N C5H8O2

4786-24-7 4358-59-2

81.117 100.117

Isoprene Isovaleraldehyde Isovaleramide Isopentylamine

Isobutyl cyanide Isopentyl mercaptan

(±)-2-Methylbutyric acid Isovaleric acid

Isopentyl alcohol tert-Pentyl alcohol

7080 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) 7081 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate 7082 3-Methyl-2-butanone 7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090

2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±) 3-Methylbutanoyl chloride trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal 3-Methyl-2-butenal 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid

7091 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 7092 Methyl cis-2-butenoate

Methyl isopropyl ketone

Isovaleryl chloride Tiglic aldehyde Senecialdehyde

Physical Form pl lf (dil al), nd (eth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

32 81

12515

liq liq liq liq mcl lf (al)

-113.6 -145.9 -51 137

liq liq

-105 -50

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-101

liq

-127.1 -85.8 <-80 -29.3

liq liq

-117.2 -9.1

liq

-93.1

liq liq vol liq or gas liq nd (eth-lig) tcl pr (eth-bz) liq

-137.53 -168.43 -133.72 93.5

den/g cm-3

nD

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace, peth; vs bz, chl

1.68925 168 186.5 8412 10114 10560, 6212 40.83 34.0 92.5 226 96 77 85.5 202.5 125 127.5 119.1 116 99.1 109.8 102.8 177 176.5 215 127.5 131.1 102.4

1.452820 1.425 1.49019 1.363 1.412318 0.680625 0.67920 0.797720

1.402925 1.456725 1.49819 1.463020 1.454220 1.420320 1.421920 1.390220

0.750520 0.73125 0.757419 0.944820 0.791315 0.791420 0.842020 0.835020 0.812020

1.408320 1.395425 1.409618 1.445220 1.393320 1.392720 1.444020 1.441220 1.438520

0.898420 0.93420 0.93120 0.932720 0.815225 0.810420 0.809620

1.387820 1.405120 1.403320 1.404320 1.409220 1.405320 1.405220

112.9

0.818020

1.408920

140 94.33

0.874020 0.805120

1.404020 1.388020

116 114 117; 64119 134 31.2 20.1 38.56

0.991720 0.984420 0.871020 0.872220 0.650420 0.621325 0.662320 1.61725

1.417020 1.414920 1.447520 1.452820 1.377820 1.364320 1.387420

141 118

Solubility

vs EtOH vs EtOH

s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs peth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc; vs lig vs H2O; sl eth, chl; i bz, CS 2

 

CAS RN

1.417520

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

Methyl 2-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate Methyl 5-bromopentanoate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanal 3-Methylbutanamide 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 3-Methyl-2-butanamine 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol 2-Methylbutanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Methyl butanoate 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic anhydride 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol

Synonym

O O

O

O O

O Br Methyl 3-bromobenzoate

Br

Br

Br Methyl 4-bromobenzoate

Methyl 2-bromobutanoate

O O

Methyl 4-bromobutanoate

O

Br

O

Br

Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate

O

NH2 3-Methylbutanamide

NH2

NH2

NH2

3-Methyl-1-butanamine

2-Methyl-2-butanamine

OH

3-Methyl-2-butanamine



TeamLRN

O

2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+)

SH 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol

SH 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol

3-Methyl-2-butanethiol

Methyl butanoate

2-Methylbutanoic acid

O OH OH 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)

O trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal

3-Methyl-1-butanol

OH 2-Methyl-2-butanol

OH 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)

O 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate

2-Methyl-1-butene

3-Methyl-1-butene

2-Methyl-2-butene

O O

OH 3-Methylbutanoic acid

3-Methylbutanoic anhydride

Cl O

O 3-Methyl-2-butanone

O

2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±)

OH O O

O

3-Methylbutanenitrile

O

Cl

HO 3-Methyl-2-butenal

2-Methylbutanenitrile

O OH

O

SH

N

N

3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol

O

3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene



O

C

O

Methyl 3-bromopropanoate

OH

3-Methylbutanal

SH

Br

Methyl 5-bromopentanoate

O

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

O

cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid

3-Methylbutanoyl chloride

O N O 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile

Methyl cis-2-butenoate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Methyl crotonate Angelic acid Tiglic acid

C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H8O C5H7ClO C6H13N3 C5H6 C12H18O C17H27NO

623-43-8 565-63-9 80-59-1 541-47-9 556-82-1 763-32-6 115-18-4 10473-14-0 814-78-8 3350-78-5 543-83-9 78-80-8 122-73-6 24622-72-8

100.117 100.117 100.117 100.117 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 84.117 118.562 127.187 66.102 178.270 261.402

7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118

Methyl trans-2-butenoate cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne [(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2phenylethyl]pyrrolidine 2-Methylbutyl acrylate 3-Methylbutyl benzoate 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl tert-butyl ether 3-Methylbutyl nitrate 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine 3-Methyl-1-butyne 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol Methyl carbamate 3-Methyl-9H-carbazole 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole

C8H14O2 C12H16O2 C8H15ClO2 C8H15ClO2 C5H12O C5H11NO3 C5H9N C5H8 C5H8O C2H5NO2 C13H11N C13H11N

44914-03-6 94-46-2 62108-69-4 62108-70-7 1634-04-4 543-87-3 2978-58-7 598-23-2 115-19-5 598-55-0 4630-20-0 1484-12-4

142.196 192.254 178.657 178.657 88.148 133.146 83.132 68.118 84.117 75.067 181.233 181.233

7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126

Methyl chloroacetate Methyl 2-chloroacrylate Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate Methyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate

C3H5ClO2 C4H5ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C2H3ClO2 C8H7ClO3

96-34-4 80-63-7 610-96-8 2905-65-9 1126-46-1 3153-37-5 79-22-1 4068-78-4

7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133

Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate Methyl chlorooxoacetate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylchrysene 5-Methylchrysene 6-Methylchrysene Methyl trans-cinnamate

C8H6ClNO4 C3H3ClO3 C4H7ClO2 C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C10H10O2 C10H10O2

7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106



7134 trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid

Isopropenyl methyl ketone Galegine Isopropenylacetylene Amixetrine

Isopentyl benzoate

tert-Butyl methyl ether Isopentyl nitrate

1,1-Dimethylpropargyl alcohol

Methyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

Physical Form liq mcl pr or nd tab (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-42 45.5 64.5 69.5

121 185 198.5 197 140 129.9 97 114 98 146 dec 32 236; 11819 1212

0.944420 0.983449 0.964176 1.006224 0.84825

1.424220 1.443447 1.433076

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

0.680111 0.90920

1.414020 1.479220 1.497822

160; 4510 261 208 208; 8712 55.0 148 79.5 26.3 104 177 365 343.64; 19512 129.5 5251 234 229

0.893620 0.99315 1.005020 1.017120 0.735325 0.99622 0.7925 0.666020 0.861820 1.136156

1.424020

1.23620 1.18920

1.421820 1.442020

1.38220 1.129320 1.223120

1.432120 1.386820

liq

-28

liq

-54

hyg liq

62.5 -113

liq

-108.6

nd pl (HOAc) nd, lf (al)

18 -89.7 1.5 54 208.5 89.34

108.524 120.535 170.594 170.594 170.594 136.577 94.497 186.593

liq

-32.1

nd or mcl pr

21 43.5

nd (al)

50

51282-49-6 5781-53-3 17639-93-9 3351-31-3 3697-24-3 1705-85-7 1754-62-7

215.592 122.507 122.551 242.314 242.314 242.314 162.185

pl (MeOH)

48.5

2373-76-4

162.185

cry (EtOH)

vol liq or gas

174; 554 70.5 dec 249; 12012 119 132.5

173.3 118.3 161 cry (peth, dil al) 36.5

0.8220 0.853117 0.852720 1.06525

1.45318 1.331620 1.075025

1.441220

1.428817 1.422020 1.477020

1.428920 1.434320 1.366425 1.412221 1.423520 1.372320 1.420720 1.412556

vs H2O, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs bz, eth vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl vs EtOH vs MeOH

1.418920

lf (bz-peth)

175

vs EtOH

vs EtOH i H2O 261.9

1.04236

1.576622

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

O

O

OH

O Methyl trans-2-butenoate

O

O OH

cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

OH

trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

OH

OH

OH 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol

3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol

O OH

NH2

O

3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol

3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one

3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride

O

O

(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine

[(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene

1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine

O

O Cl

Cl 3-Methylbutyl benzoate

3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate

O

O

3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate

O

Methyl tert-butyl ether

O N

NH2 O

3-Methylbutyl nitrate



TeamLRN

2-Methylbutyl acrylate

2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne

O O

O

O

NH

N H

Cl

O

O

O OH

O H2N

3-Methyl-1-butyne

2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol

O O

O

N H

O

Methyl carbamate

Cl

N

3-Methyl-9H-carbazole

9-Methyl-9H-carbazole

Cl

O O

Cl

Methyl chloroacetate

O O

Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate

O

Methyl 2-chloroacrylate

Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate

O

O

Cl

2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine

Cl

Cl Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate

Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate

Cl

O

O

OH

O O

O

O

Methyl chlorocarbonate

Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate

O N

O

Cl

O O

Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate

Methyl chlorooxoacetate

O

O

O

O O

O

OH

Methyl trans-cinnamate

trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid

Cl Methyl 2-chloropropanoate

3-Methylchrysene

5-Methylchrysene

6-Methylchrysene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

No.

trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid Methyclothiazide Methyl cyanate Methyl cyanoacetate Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclobutane



7142 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 7143 2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 7144 2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 7145 Methylcyclohexane 7146 Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 7147 α-Methylcyclohexanemethanol 7148 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol 7149 1-Methylcyclohexanol 7150 cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol 7151 trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7152 cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7153 trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7154 cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol 7155 trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol 7156 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) 7157 3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) 7158 4-Methylcyclohexanone 7159 1-Methylcyclohexene 7160 3-Methylcyclohexene, (±) 7161 4-Methylcyclohexene 7162 Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate 7163 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7164 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7165 3-Methylcyclopentadecanone 7166 1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene 7167 Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentanol cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol 2-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±) 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene 2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

Mecrylate

4,5-Dihydrotoluene

Muscone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C2H3NO C4H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H10

3029-79-6 1866-39-3 135-07-9 1768-34-9 105-34-0 137-05-3 598-61-8

162.185 162.185 360.237 57.051 99.089 111.100 70.133

C6H10O2 C7H10 C7H6O2

765-85-5 1489-57-2 553-97-9

114.142 94.154 122.122

C7H14 C8H14O2 C8H16O C8H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C8H12O2 C7H10O C7H10O C16H30O C6H8 C6H12

108-87-2 4630-82-4 1193-81-3 34885-03-5 590-67-0 615-38-3 615-39-4 5454-79-5 7443-55-2 7731-28-4 7731-29-5 24965-84-2 625-96-7 589-92-4 591-49-1 56688-75-6 591-47-9 6493-77-2 1121-18-2 1193-18-6 541-91-3 96-39-9 96-37-7

98.186 142.196 128.212 128.212 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 112.169 112.169 112.169 96.170 96.170 96.170 140.180 110.153 110.153 238.408 80.128 84.159

C6H12O C6H12O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H8O C6H8O

1462-03-9 25144-05-2 1120-72-5 6195-92-2 693-89-0 1120-62-3 1759-81-5 1120-73-6 2758-18-1

100.158 100.158 98.142 98.142 82.143 82.143 82.143 96.127 96.127

Physical Form cry (w)

mp/˚C

cry (EtOH aq) unstab gas liq

115 198.5 225 -30 -22.5

liq

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O, bz, chl; sl MeOH; vs ace, py

-161.5

exp 200.5 472 36.3

1.122525 1.101220 0.688420

1.417620 1.4430 1.386620

69

0.826018 1.0875

1.466218

ye pl or nd

135.5 107.5 sub

liq

-126.6

liq liq liq liq

25 7 -2.0 -5.5 -0.5 -9.2

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-13.9 -73.5 -40.6 -120.4 -115.5 -115.5

liq oily liq liq liq

-21

-142.42

100.93 183 189 752.5 155; 7025 165 167.5 168; 9412 167; 8413 173 174 165 169; 6515 170 110.3 104 102.7 182; 8020 178.5 201 329; 1300.5 73 71.8

0.769420 0.995415 0.92825 0.907420 0.919420 0.936020 0.924720 0.915520 0.921430 0.917020 0.911821 0.925020 0.913620 0.913820 0.810220 0.799020 0.799120 1.013020 0.96620 0.969320 0.922117 0.8120 0.748620

1.423120 1.443320 1.465620 1.461720 1.459520 1.464020 1.461620 1.475220 1.458020 1.461420 1.456120 1.448325 1.445620 1.445120 1.450320 1.441420 1.441420 1.461020 1.483320 1.4947520 1.480217 1.451220 1.409720

nd

36

liq liq liq

-75 -58.4 -126.5

liq

-160.8

136; 5330 148.5 139.5 144 75.5 64.9 65.7 157 157.5

0.904423 0.937916 0.913920 0.91322 0.774825 0.757225 0.763425 0.980816 0.971220

1.442923 1.450416 1.436420 1.432920 1.432220 1.421620 1.420920 1.476215 1.471420

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s bz msc H2O; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc

 

7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176

Synonym

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7135 7136 7137 7138 7139 7140 7141

Name

O OH

O S H2N O

OH trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid

H N

Cl

O

trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid

Cl N

S O

O

O

O

N

Methyclothiazide

O

N

O

N

O Methyl cyanate

Methyl cyanoacetate

Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate

Methylcyclobutane

HO

O

O

O

O O Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate

2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene

2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Methylcyclohexane

Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

α-Methylcyclohexanemethanol

4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol

OH OH

OH

OH

cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol



TeamLRN

1-Methylcyclohexanol

OH

trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

O O

2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol

O

O

3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

OH

OH

4-Methylcyclohexanone

1-Methylcyclohexene

3-Methylcyclohexene, (±)

4-Methylcyclohexene

O

Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate

O O

2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

O

3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

OH

3-Methylcyclopentadecanone

1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene

Methylcyclopentane

1-Methylcyclopentanol

O

cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol

O

O

2-Methylcyclopentanone

OH

O

3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±)

1-Methylcyclopentene

3-Methylcyclopentene

4-Methylcyclopentene

2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

O

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,4-D methyl ester Swep

C4H8 C5H8O2 C5H10O C4H10ClNO2S C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H22O2 C6H15O3PS2 CH8B2 C4H6Br2O2 C3H4Cl2O2 C8H6Cl2O2 C9H8Cl2O3 C8H7Cl2NO2

594-11-6 2868-37-3 765-42-4 18598-63-5 4493-42-9 7328-33-8 6975-98-0 13151-34-3 2847-72-5 110-42-9 8022-00-2 23777-55-1 1729-67-5 116-54-1 2905-69-3 1928-38-7 1918-18-9

56.107 100.117 86.132 171.646 182.260 182.260 156.309 156.309 156.309 186.292 230.285 41.697 245.898 142.969 205.039 235.064 220.054

C4H6Cl2O2 CH3AsF2 CH3F2P C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C10H12O4 C3H10O2Si C15H17N3

3674-09-7 420-24-6 753-59-3 2150-47-2 2150-44-9 2150-38-1 16881-77-9 55-80-1

156.996 127.954 84.006 168.148 168.148 196.200 106.196 239.316

N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-m-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate Dimethyl(methylthio)borane Dinitolmide 2,3-Dinitrotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C6H12O2 C3H9BS C8H7N3O5 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4

609-72-3 121-72-2 99-97-8 598-98-1 19163-05-4 148-01-6 602-01-7 121-14-2

135.206 135.206 135.206 116.158 87.979 225.159 182.134 182.134

7210 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

3,5-Dinitrotoluene

C7H6N2O4

618-85-9

182.134

7211 7212 7213 7214 7215

2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2,5-Dinitrotoluene 3,4-Dinitrotoluene 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 2,6-Dinitro-p-cresol

C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5

606-20-2 619-15-8 610-39-9 534-52-1 609-93-8

182.134 182.134 182.134 198.133 198.133

N-Methyl-N-octyl-1-octanamine

C17H37N C5H10O2

4455-26-9 1120-97-4

255.483 102.132



7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209

Methylcyclopropane Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate α-Methylcyclopropanemethanol Methyl L-cysteine hydrochloride Methyl trans-2,cis-4-decadienoate Methyl trans-2,trans-4-decadienoate 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane Methyl decanoate Methyl demeton Methyldiborane(6) Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate Methyl dichloroacetate Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl) carbamate Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate Methyldifluoroarsine Methyldifluorophosphine Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate Methyldimethoxysilane 3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino) azobenzene 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl dimethylthioborane 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide 1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene 2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene 4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol

7216 Methyldioctylamine 7217 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane

(Difluoro)methylphosphine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

col gas

-177.6

0.7 114.9 123.5

0.6912-20 0.984820 0.880520

1.414419 1.431620

710.15 8713, 700.2 189.3 188.1 187 224 890.15, 1181

0.912822 0.908222 0.736820 0.742220 0.873020 1.2020

1.487422 1.491822 1.415420 1.417720 1.435220 1.425920 1.506320

206 142.9

1.933320 1.377420

1.512720 1.442920

liq cry (MeOH)

-32.1 140.5

liq liq liq liq ye liq unstab gas

-48.9 -92.9 -77.5 -18

liq cry

-51.9 38 119 114

nd

liq, fumes in air -29.7 gas -110 116.5 165 nd (dil al) 60.8 oran cry

122

liq

-60

liq cry

-84 181 63 70.5

ye nd or mcl pr (CS2) ye orth nd (HOAc) orth nd (al) nd (al) ye nd (CS2) ye pr or nd (al) ye nd (eth, peth) liq

Solubility vs eth, EtOH s ace, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; msc chl i H2O; s os s eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ctc

14118

9250, 6310 76.5 -28

1.328220 1.92418

vs ace, eth, EtOH

sl EtOH, ace 283 61

vs bz, eth, EtOH

194.1 212 211 101.1 71

0.928620 0.941020 0.936620 0.8910

1.515220 1.549220 1.536620 1.390520

dec 300

1.320871

1.442

93

sub

1.2772111

66.0 52.5 59.0 86.5 85

285

1.2833111 1.282111 1.2594111

-30.1 -44.5

15810 114

0.975820

1.479

1.442420 1.415920

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, bz; vs ace, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s EtOH, chl s EtOH, bz; vs CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

sl H2O; vs os

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193

Name

 

O

O

O

O

OH HS

HCl

O

O

O

NH2 Methylcyclopropane

α-Methylcyclopropanemethanol

Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate

O

Methyl L-cysteine hydrochloride

Methyl trans-2,cis-4-decadienoate

3-Methyldecane

4-Methyldecane

Methyl decanoate

S H

Methyl demeton

B

H H

B

H

O

Br

Cl

O

Methyldiborane(6)

Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate

Methyl dichloroacetate

O O

O

O Cl

Cl

O Cl

Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate

O

O

Cl

Cl

OH O

Cl

Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

As

Cl

Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamate

F

Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate

F

F

Methyldifluoroarsine



TeamLRN

O

Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate

O Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate

Methyldimethoxysilane

O O

O O

Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

B

S

Methyl dimethylthioborane

N

O

O N

O N O

2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide

O

O N

O N O O

3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

N

4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

N

O

O O

1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene

O O

4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene

N O

2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

N O

N O

O

1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

N O

O

2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene

OH

O

O

2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene

3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino)azobenzene

N O

N

N

NH2

N O

O O

N N

O Si H O

O

O

OH Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate

N

OH

N

F

O

HO

N

P

Methyldifluorophosphine

N

O

O

O

O

Cl

O O

H N

O Cl

Br

H

N

O N

OH O N

O

O

2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

O N

4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol

Methyldioctylamine

O 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

2-Methyldecane

O

O O P S O

O

Methyl trans-2,trans-4-decadienoate

No.

Name

Synonym

Physical Form

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C13H13N C18H20 C13H14Si C13H14OSi C14H14N2O

497-26-7 1072-47-5 552-82-9 6362-80-7 776-76-1 778-25-6 54-36-4

88.106 88.106 183.249 236.352 198.336 214.335 226.273

C23H46O2 C23H44O2 C13H26O2

929-77-1 1120-34-9 111-82-0

354.610 352.594 214.344

nd (ace)

C13H26O2 C21H42O2 C3H4N2 C9H8O2 C15H22N2O2

2874-74-0 1120-28-1 109-82-0 492-38-6 5124-30-1

214.344 326.557 68.077 148.159 262.348

pl lf (MeOH)

C29H44O2

118-82-1

424.658

C15H18N2

1807-55-2

226.317

7235 Methylene blue

C16H18ClN3S

61-73-4

319.852

7236 7237 7238 7239 7240

Methylenecyclobutane Methylenecyclohexane 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Methylenecyclopentane Methylenecyclopropene

C5H8 C7H12 C7H12O C6H10 C4H4

1120-56-5 1192-37-6 4065-80-9 1528-30-9 4095-06-1

68.118 96.170 112.169 82.143 52.075

7241 7242 7243 7244 7245

2,4’-Methylenedianiline 5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid 5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone 3-Methyleneheptane 4-Methylene-1isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1S-(1α,3β,5α)] 4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene 2-Methylenepentanedinitrile Methylene thiocyanate 2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline N-Methylephedrine, [R-(R*,S*)] Methylergonovine N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine

C13H14N2 C15H12O6 C5H4O2 C8H16 C10H16O

1208-52-2 122-25-8 108-28-1 1632-16-2 471-16-9

198.263 288.252 96.085 112.213 152.233

C10H16 C6H6N2 C3H2N2S2 C12H15N C11H17NO C20H25N3O2 C3H10N2 C3H9NO C7H16O C10H15NO

99-84-3 1572-52-7 6317-18-6 118-12-7 552-79-4 113-42-8 109-81-9 109-83-1 1860-27-1 70715-19-4

136.234 106.125 130.191 173.254 179.259 339.432 74.124 75.109 116.201 165.232

7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224

2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Methyldiphenylamine 4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene Methyldiphenylsilane Methyldiphenylsilanol 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1propanone 7225 Methyl docosanoate 7226 Methyl cis-13-docosenoate 7227 Methyl dodecanoate

N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenamine

Metyrapone Methyl behenate Methyl laurate

7228 7229 7230 7231 7232

2-Methyldodecanoic acid Methyl eicosanoate (Methyleneamino)acetonitrile α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid Methylenebis(4cyclohexylisocyanate) 7233 4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di-tertbutylphenol] 7234 4,4’-Methylenebis(N-methylaniline)



 

7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255

Methyl arachidate Atropic acid

Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl)methane N,N’-Dimethyl-4,4’diaminodiphenylmethane

2,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane Protoanemonin 4(10)-Thujene-3-ol

2,4-Dicyano-1-butene Dithiocyanatomethane Fischer’s base (1R,2S)-N-Methylephedrine Methylergometrine

Butyl isopropyl ether

liq liq liq

mp/˚C

-7.5

167 50.5

lf (al), nd (w) liq

54 -1.2 5.2 22 54.5 129 106.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

81.5 85 293.5 1728, 1020.2 93.51 18424, 1483

0.981120 0.9920 1.047620 0.9925 0.99620 1.084025

1.403517 1.398020 1.619320

vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth

1.569420

s ctc s ctc, CS2

1.433960

vs eth, EtOH

1.431920

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, ctc

1.431760

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

2205 267 1531 21510

0.870220 0.89018

dec 267

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 1.066

154

i H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; s ctc

1.497020

28940, 25010 s ctc, CS2

dk grn cry or pow (chl-eth) liq -134.7 liq -106.7

solid stab at -196 lf (bz) nd (bz) pa ye oil

88.5 243.5

s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl py 42.2 102.5 8313 75.5

1.421020 1.452320 1.484320 1.435520

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s bz, chl

2229 7311 120 208

173.5 1035 solid

0.740120 0.807420 0.95520 0.778720

0.727020 0.948819

1.415720 1.487125

vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s chl i H2O; vs eth, bz, peth s eth

0.83822

1.475422 1.456120

s chl

102 244

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace

nd or pl (al, eth) 87.5 pr (MeOH,ace) 172 115 158 108 13350

0.84125 0.93720 0.759415 0.950225

1.439520 1.438520 1.387015 1.482025

msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, con sulf vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

N O O

Si

N

O

H

Si

OH

2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane

O

N

O 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane

Methyldiphenylamine

4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene

Methyldiphenylsilanol

2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1-propanone

O O

O

O

O

OH

O Methyl docosanoate

Methyl cis-13-docosenoate

Methyl dodecanoate

2-Methyldodecanoic acid

O OH

O N Methyl eicosanoate

N

(Methyleneamino)acetonitrile

O

O

α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid

N

N

C

HO C

OH N H

O

Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate)

4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol]

N H

4,4’-Methylenebis(N-methylaniline)



TeamLRN

NH2

OH

N Cl N

S

N

H2N

Methylene blue

Methylenecyclobutane

Methylenecyclohexane

2-Methylenecyclohexanol

Methylenecyclopentane

Methylenecyclopropene

2,4’-Methylenedianiline

HO HO

OH O

OH O

OH

5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid

O

O

N

5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone

4-Methylene-1-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1S-(1α,3β,5α)]

3-Methyleneheptane

O

4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene

N

2-Methylenepentanedinitrile

H N OH N H

OH S

S

N Methylene thiocyanate

N

N 2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline

N N N-Methylephedrine, [R-(R*,S*)]

H2N

H Methylergonovine

H N

N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine

HO

H N

N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine

O 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane

N

O

2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Methyldiphenylsilane

No.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H14O C6H14O2 C7H12O3 C8H10

627-08-7 3944-36-3 51756-08-2 2175-91-9

102.174 118.174 144.168 106.165

C14H12 C14H12 CH3FO3S C2H5NO C2H4O2

1730-37-6 2523-37-7 421-20-5 123-39-7 107-31-3

180.245 180.245 114.096 59.067 60.052

C9H8O3 C5H6O C5H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C5H4O3 C6H9NO C6H8O2

1571-08-0 534-22-5 930-27-8 620-02-0 611-13-2 616-02-4 4753-75-7 3857-25-8

164.158 82.101 82.101 110.111 126.110 112.084 111.141 112.127

C6H8O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O2 CH6Ge C7H14O6 C7H14O6 C6H10O4 C27H35BrClN3 C18H36O2 C5H3F7O2 C8H19N C8H19N C8H18

4208-64-4 591-12-8 591-11-7 1449-65-6 709-50-2 97-30-3 626-51-7 14855-76-6 1731-92-6 356-24-1 5984-58-7 540-43-2 592-27-8

112.127 98.101 98.101 90.70 194.182 194.182 146.141 516.944 284.478 228.066 129.244 129.244 114.229

7286 3-Methylheptane

C8H18

589-81-1

7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296

C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

589-53-7 106-73-0 111675-77-5 1070-32-2 817-91-4 111767-95-4 1653-40-3 625-25-2 31367-46-1 56298-90-9



7260 7261 7262 7263 7264

1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3cyclopentadiene 1-Methyl-9H-fluorene 9-Methyl-9H-fluorene Methyl fluorosulfonate N-Methylformamide Methyl formate

7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272

Methyl 4-formylbenzoate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde Methyl 2-furancarboxylate 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol

7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285

α-Methyl-2-furanmethanol 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone 5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone Methylgermane Methyl β-D-glucopyranoside Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside 3-Methylglutaric acid Methyl Green Methyl heptadecanoate Methyl heptafluorobutanoate 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±) N-Methyl-2-heptanamine 2-Methylheptane

4-Methylheptane Methyl heptanoate 2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol

Synonym 1-Isopropoxy-2-propanol

Methyl 2-furanoate

α-Methylglucoside 3-Methylpentanedioic acid

Octodrine

Isooctyl alcohol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.737020 0.87920 0.99514 0.88120

1.37621 1.407020

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

1.4

83 137.5 182 155; 4911

pr col liq liq liq

87 46.5 -95 -3.8 -99

15515 93 199.51 31.7

1.026366 1.412 1.01119 0.971320

1.61066 1.332620 1.431920 1.341920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

nd (w) liq

63 -91.3

0.913220 0.92318 1.107218 1.178621 1.246916 0.98925 1.076920

1.434220 1.433019 1.526420 1.486020 1.471021 1.472920 1.485320

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH

1.073925 1.08420 1.081020

1.482715 1.447620 1.445420

7.5

nd col gas orth nd (al)

18 <-17 -158 109 168 87

265 64.7 65.5 187; 8926 181.3 213.5 149 dec 195; 8123 162.5 5612 209; 9815 -23 2000.2 1660.5

vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.547420

1.4630

grn pow (al) pl (al) liq visc liq

30 -86

liq

-109.02

1859, 1520.05 80 1.48320 155 0.76725 155 117.66 0.698020

114.229

col liq

-120.48

118.9

0.701725

1.396125

114.229 144.212 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228

liq liq col liq liq

-121.0 -56 -112 -90

col liq liq liq

-104 -106 -50.4

col liq

-102

117.72 174 175.6 186; 10120 188 186.6 188; 95.820 156 166.1 171.6

0.704620 0.881520 0.802220 0.82424 0.806525 0.815325 0.817625 0.814220 0.817725 0.802720

1.397920 1.415220 1.42420 1.429525 1.425325 1.427225 1.425125 1.425020 1.419925 1.42420

1.29520 1.420920 1.394920

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH

vs eth, EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl; i lig vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ace

i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc, ace; s EtOH, eth

vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

7256 7257 7258 7259

Name

 

O

OH O

1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol

Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate

5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene

1-Methyl-9H-fluorene

9-Methyl-9H-fluorene

H

Methyl fluorosulfonate

O N H

H

N-Methylformamide

O

Methyl formate

O

Methyl 4-formylbenzoate

O

O

2-Methylfuran

3-Methylfuran

O

O

O

O

O

5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde

Methyl 2-furancarboxylate

O

O

H N

O

3-Methyl-2,5-furandione

N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine



TeamLRN

N

HO H Ge H H

O

O

5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone

F F

Methylgermane

O

OH

5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol

O

O

OH α-Methyl-2-furanmethanol

5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone

N Cl

HO O O

O

OH

OH

HO

HO OH

Methyl β-D-glucopyranoside

O

O OH

HO

Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside

O

O N

OH 3-Methylglutaric acid

Br

O

Methyl Green

Methyl heptadecanoate

O NH2

O F

O

O

HN

F F

OH

O

Methyl heptafluorobutanoate

6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±)

N-Methyl-2-heptanamine

2-Methylheptane

3-Methylheptane

4-Methylheptane

Methyl heptanoate

2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)

OH OH

OH

OH

3-Methyl-1-heptanol

4-Methyl-1-heptanol

OH

OH

OH 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)

6-Methyl-1-heptanol

2-Methyl-2-heptanol

3-Methyl-2-heptanol

4-Methyl-2-heptanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

F F

O

O O S F O

O

O

1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane

O

O

No.

Name 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate 6-Methyl-2-heptanone

7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326

5-Methyl-3-heptanone 6-Methyl-3-heptanone 2-Methyl-4-heptanone 2-Methyl-1-heptene 6-Methyl-1-heptene 2-Methyl-2-heptene cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±) 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene Methyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate 2-Methylhexanal 3-Methylhexanal 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine 4-Methyl-2-hexanamine 2-Methylhexane

2-Ethyl-2-hexanol

Isobutyl propyl ketone

Methyl sorbate 3-Methylcaproaldehyde

7327 3-Methylhexane 5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione Methyl hexanoate 2-Methylhexanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±) 5-Methyl-1-hexanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2-Methyl-3-hexanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime

2-Methylhexa-4,5-dione Methyl caproate

Methyl isopentyl ketone Propyl isopropyl ketone

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C10H20O2 C8H16O

54630-50-1 4730-22-7 100296-26-2 5582-82-1 14979-39-6 18720-65-5 100295-85-0 21570-35-4 1838-73-9 598-01-6 67952-57-2 928-68-7

130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 172.265 128.212

liq liq liq liq liq liq col liq liq liq liq

C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H14O C8H14O C10H20O2 C7H12 C7H10O2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H17N C7H17N C7H16

541-85-5 624-42-0 626-33-5 15870-10-7 5026-76-6 627-97-4 22768-19-0 1569-60-4 38552-72-6 110-93-0 74112-36-0 4049-81-4 689-89-4 925-54-2 19269-28-4 65530-93-0 105-41-9 591-76-4

128.212 128.212 128.212 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 128.212 126.196 126.196 172.265 96.170 126.153 114.185 114.185 115.217 115.217 100.202

liq

C7H16

78918-91-9

100.202

C7H12O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H15NO

13706-86-0 106-70-7 4536-23-6 111768-04-8 627-98-5 625-23-0 2313-65-7 627-59-8 597-96-6 110-12-3 7379-12-6 624-44-2

128.169 130.185 130.185 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 129.200

 

7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

-61 -105 -85 -83 -123 -91.2 -61 -81

170 174 167.5 163 170 172 169 164 164.7 161 187 167

0.817421 0.821820 0.823520 0.828220 0.82725 0.842525 0.822020 0.820720 0.832925 0.824820 0.847420 0.815120

1.423810 1.426520 1.427920 1.430020 1.43324 1.425420 1.4203 1.421125 1.425820 1.41320 1.416220

-82

-90

161 164 154 119.3 113.2 122.6 122 175 6320

173.5

0.830420 0.81322 0.710425 0.707925 0.720025 0.72525 0.854520 0.846318 0.854616 0.862614 0.715325 0.977720

1.420920

0.820320 0.77226 0.765520 0.678720

1.412220 1.424925 1.415025 1.384820

1.412320 1.407020 1.417020 1.41920 1.450520 1.434518 1.444520 1.414620 1.418320 1.502522

liq

-118.2

195 88.1 180; 7020 141; 13260 143 149; 6745 132.5 90.04

liq

-119.4

92

0.68721

1.385425

liq

-71

138 149.5 215.5 164; 7115 169; 5415 143 151; 8052 151; 7828 143 144 135 195.5

0.90822 0.884620 0.91820 0.82620 0.819224 0.811920 0.822025 0.81420 0.823320 0.88820 0.809120 0.888120

1.411920 1.404920 1.419320 1.422620 1.417520 1.417520 1.419818 1.418020 1.423120 1.406220 1.404220 1.444820

liq lf liq

-128.8 15

Solubility

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, dil acid i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308

Synonym

OH OH OH 5-Methyl-2-heptanol

6-Methyl-2-heptanol

OH

3-Methyl-3-heptanol

4-Methyl-3-heptanol

O

3-Methyl-4-heptanol

4-Methyl-4-heptanol

6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)

O O

O 2-Methyl-4-heptanol

OH

5-Methyl-3-heptanol

6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate

6-Methyl-2-heptanone

O

5-Methyl-3-heptanone

6-Methyl-3-heptanone

O O

OH



TeamLRN

2-Methyl-4-heptanone

2-Methyl-1-heptene

6-Methyl-1-heptene

2-Methyl-2-heptene

O O

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol

O

O

2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±)

2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene

Methyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

O

2-Methylhexanal

3-Methylhexanal

O

NH2 3-Methylhexane

5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione

OH

O

O 2-Methylhexane

Methyl hexanoate

2-Methylhexanoic acid

5-Methyl-1-hexanol

OH

OH

2-Methyl-2-hexanol

3-Methyl-2-hexanol

5-Methyl-2-hexanol

N

O 3-Methyl-3-hexanol

5-Methyl-2-hexanone



O OH

OH 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±)

OH OH

NH2 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine

O

O

4-Methyl-2-hexanamine

3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one

O O

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one

cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene

2-Methyl-3-hexanone

OH

5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH OH

OH

OH

OH

2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)

No.

2-Methyl-1-hexene 3-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 5-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene Methyl 3-hexenoate 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne Methyl 2-hexynoate L-1-Methylhistidine L-3-Methylhistidine Methylhydrazine Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate Methyl hydrogen succinate Methyl hydroperoxide Methyl hydroxyacetate Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetate

7379 1-Methylimidazol 7380 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Oxo-5-methylhex-3-ene

Methylparaben Methyl diphenylglycolate

C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H12O2 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H10O2 C7H11N3O2 C7H11N3O2 CH6N2 C2H6N2O2 C5H8O4 CH4O2 C3H6O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C15H14O3

6094-02-6 3404-61-3 3769-23-1 3524-73-0 2738-19-4 10574-36-4 3683-19-0 3683-22-5 13151-17-2 7385-82-2 15840-60-5 692-24-0 4914-89-0 3899-36-3 2396-78-3 5166-53-0 3240-09-3 2203-80-7 53566-37-3 36566-80-0 18937-79-6 332-80-9 368-16-1 60-34-4 6294-89-9 3878-55-5 3031-73-0 96-35-5 19438-10-9 99-76-3 76-89-1

98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 128.169 112.169 112.169 96.170 96.170 96.170 126.153 169.181 169.181 46.072 90.081 132.116 48.042 90.078 152.148 152.148 242.270

Methoxyamine Methoxyamine hydrochloride

CH5NO CH6ClNO

67-62-9 593-56-6

47.057 83.518

Methyl 2-methyllactate

C9H10O4 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C5H10O3

3943-74-6 23287-26-5 22717-57-3 2110-78-3

182.173 166.173 166.173 118.131

Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate

C12H10O3

883-99-8

202.205

(±)-Methyl mandelate

C9H10O3

4358-87-6

166.173

Methyl carbazate Monomethyl succinate Methyl hydrogen peroxide

C4H6N2 C4H6N2

616-47-7 693-98-1

82.104 82.104

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-102.8

liq

-141.5

liq liq

-130.4 -118.5

liq

-125.7

liq

-124.3

liq

-141.6

liq liq liq

-125 -92.9 -116.7

92 83.9 86.7 85.3 95.4 95.6 86.3 87.6 89.5 88.1 86 85.9 95.4 93.5 6734 7750, 6513 150 92 102.5 95.2 8023

0.700020 0.687125 0.694225 0.687725 0.703825 0.71220 0.695225 0.692525 0.69725 0.688325 0.69025 0.685325 0.707925 0.705025 0.913225 0.854928 0.846020 0.727420 0.737820 0.726320 0.964825

1.403520 1.396520 1.400020 1.396720 1.410620 1.412620 1.402620 1.402520 1.40420 1.400620 1.40120 1.400120 1.412620 1.410920 1.424023 1.439522 1.434820 1.4059-20 1.417620 1.412020

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs bz, eth, chl, peth

pl (DMF aq)

249 250 -52.36 73 58 -72

liq

liq nd (bz-peth) nd (dil al) mcl or tcl cry (al)

73 131 75.8

pr

150.0

nd (dil al)

64 29 -1

87.5 10812 15120, 1224 86; 3965 149; 5217 281; 17817 dec 275 18713

1.432520

1.996715 1.167718 1.1528100

1.364115

s H2O, eth, ctc; msc EtOH; i lig s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth s H2O vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tfa vs eth, EtOH

49

liq

pa ye orth nd (dil MeOH) pl (bz-lig) liq

vs H2O, EtOH 286 235 244.5 137

75.5

206

58

dec 250; 14420 195.5 267

-6 144

s EtOH, peth; sl chl 1.168325 1.167325

1.535416 1.535115 1.405620

vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH

1.175620 1.0325

20

vs EtOH, chl 1.4970

20

 

7371 O-Methylhydroxylamine 7372 O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride 7373 Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate 7374 Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate 7375 Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate 7376 Methyl 2-hydroxy-2methylpropanoate 7377 Methyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 7378 Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±)

Synonym

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370

Name

2-Methyl-1-hexene

3-Methyl-1-hexene

4-Methyl-1-hexene

5-Methyl-1-hexene

2-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene

trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene

O cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene

trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene

trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene

cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene

trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene

Methyl 3-hexenoate

O HO

O O

O

O

5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one

5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one

5-Methyl-1-hexyne

5-Methyl-2-hexyne

Methyl 2-hexynoate



TeamLRN

HO

N NH2

N

L-3-Methylhistidine

H2N

H N

H2N

O

O

O

Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate

O

O

O

Methyl hydrogen succinate

HO

OH

Methyl hydroperoxide

O

Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetate

O

NH2

O-Methylhydroxylamine

O

NH2 HCl

O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride

O

OH HO

OH Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate

OH O

O O

Methyl 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate

OH Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

O OH

O

O

Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate

O O

OH

O

OH Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate

O O

Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

O

Methyl hydroxyacetate

O O HO

O

OH

H N O

Methylhydrazine

N

L-1-Methylhistidine

O

O

O

2-Methyl-3-hexyne

N NH2

O Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±)

Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate

N N 1-Methylimidazol

N N H 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name 4-Methyl-1H-imidazole N-Methyliminodiacetic acid 1-Methyl-1H-indene 2-Methyl-1H-indene 3-Methyl-1H-indene 1-Methyl-1H-indole 2-Methyl-1H-indole

7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397

3-Methyl-1H-indole 5-Methyl-1H-indole 7-Methyl-1H-indole Methyl 2-iodobenzoate Methyl 3-iodobenzoate Methyl 4-iodobenzoate 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione Methyl isobutanoate Methyl isocyanate 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione Methyl isopentanoate 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline α-Methyl-4isopropylbenzenepropanal 2-Methyl-5isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Methyl-4isopropylcyclohexane 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5α)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2α,5β)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5β)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2α,5β)] cis-5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanone trans-5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanone, (2S) 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene

7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414

N-(Carboxymethyl)-N-methylglycine

Skatole

Methyl isovalerate Octamylamine 3-p-Cumenyl-2methylpropionaldehyde

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H6N2 C5H9NO4 C10H10 C10H10 C10H10 C9H9N C9H9N

822-36-6 4408-64-4 767-59-9 2177-47-1 767-60-2 603-76-9 95-20-5

82.104 147.130 130.186 130.186 130.186 131.174 131.174

C9H9N C9H9N C9H9N C8H7IO2 C8H7IO2 C8H7IO2 C9H6O3 C5H10O2 C2H3NO C9H7NO2

83-34-1 614-96-0 933-67-5 610-97-9 618-91-7 619-44-3 19438-61-0 547-63-7 624-83-9 550-44-7

131.174 131.174 131.174 262.045 262.045 262.045 162.142 102.132 57.051 161.158

C6H12O2 C13H29N C10H15N C13H18O

556-24-1 502-59-0 2051-53-8 103-95-7

116.158 199.376 149.233 190.281

C10H16

2867-05-2

136.234

C10H12O2

490-91-5

164.201

trans-p-Menthane

C10H20 C10H20

6069-98-3 1678-82-6

140.266 140.266

(+)-Menthol

C10H20O C10H20O

21129-27-1 15356-60-2

156.265 156.265

(-)-Menthol

C10H20O

2216-51-5

156.265

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

263

1.041614

1.503714

cry (w)

56 226

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth

199; 8215 208 198 237 272

0.97025 0.97425 0.97225 1.070725 1.0720

1.561620 1.565220 1.562120

80

pl (dil al) nd or lf (w) lf (lig)

61 97.5 60 85

nd (dil al) nd (eth-al)

54.5 114.8 93.0 liq -84.7 liq -45 nd (al), lf (sub) 134

liq

-16

45.5 liq oil

nd (MeOH)

266 267 266 280; 14616 277; 15018 sub 295 92.5 39.5 286

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, lig

1.020278 1.0202100 1.605220

s EtOH i H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs eth, ace s EtOH, eth

0.890620 0.923027

1.384020 1.341918

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O i H2O; sl EtOH

2.020010

116.5 1007 241 270; 13599

0.880820

1.392720

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace

0.994220 0.945920

1.538720 1.506820

s ctc, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

151

0.830120

1.451520

20

20

232

s chl

-89.9 -86.3

172 170.6

0.8039 0.792820

1.4431 1.436620

208.5 1039

0.9020

1.461920

39 43

216

0.90315 0.897

22

1.46022 1.4600

20

2216-52-6

156.265

oil

-22

211.7

(+)-Isomenthol

C10H20O

23283-97-8

156.265

nd(dil al)

82.5

218

C12H22O2

2623-23-6

198.302

222; 10910

0.924420

1.446920

Menthone

C10H18O

491-07-6

154.249

205; 8915

0.899520

1.452720

l-Menthone

C10H18O

14073-97-3

154.249

207

0.895420

1.450520

C10H18

5502-88-5

138.250

174.5

0.845715

1.473520

 

C10H20O

-6

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

(+)-Neomenthol

liq

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth vs ace, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387

Synonym

N O

N H

O N

HO

4-Methyl-1H-imidazole

N-Methyliminodiacetic acid

1-Methyl-1H-indene

O

3-Methyl-1H-indene

2-Methyl-1H-indole

3-Methyl-1H-indole

O

I

Methyl 4-iodobenzoate

5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione

N O

O

I

Methyl 3-iodobenzoate

5-Methyl-1H-indole

O O

O

Methyl 2-iodobenzoate

1-Methyl-1H-indole

O

O

I

N H 7-Methyl-1H-indole

O

2-Methyl-1H-indene

N H

N H

Methyl isobutanoate

N C O Methyl isocyanate

O O

O 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Methyl isopentanoate

O



TeamLRN

NH2

O O

N H 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine

2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline

α-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzenepropanal

2-Methyl-5-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene

2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane

OH

OH trans-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane

1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol

OH

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5α)]-

OH

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]-

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2α,5β)]-

O OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5β)]-

O 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2α,5β)]

O cis-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone

O trans-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone, (2S)

1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

N H

N

OH

No.

Name

7435 Methyl mercaptoacetate 7436 Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate 7437 Methylmercuric dicyanamide 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450

Methyl methacrylate Methyl methanesulfonate Methyl methoxyacetate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino) benzoate Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate Methyl 2-methylbenzoate Methyl 3-methylbenzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate

Thymol, acetate Isoquinaldine

Methyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (±)

Bromomethylmagnesium Chloromethylmagnesium

1-Cyano-3-(methylmercurio) guanidine

Damascenine

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

C10H18O

491-04-3

154.249

9715.5

0.911925

1.472925

C10H18O

562-74-3

154.249

209

0.92620

1.478519

C14H26O3

579-94-2

242.354

15520, 14414 0.954520

C10H13NO2 C10H18O

943-15-7 470-67-7

179.216 154.249

C18H18 C10H14O C12H16O2 C10H9N C10H9N C2H3NS C4H6N2O C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H8O3 C19H34O2 C19H32O2 CH3BrMg CH3ClMg C4H6O4

483-65-8 4427-56-9 528-79-0 1721-93-3 1125-80-0 556-61-6 1072-67-9 6454-84-8 5765-44-6 2155-30-8 112-63-0 301-00-8 75-16-1 676-58-4 516-05-2

234.336 150.217 192.254 143.185 143.185 73.117 98.103 83.089 83.089 104.105 294.472 292.456 119.244 74.793 118.089

C3H6O2S C4H8O2S C3H6HgN4

2365-48-2 2935-90-2 502-39-6

106.144 120.171 298.70

C5H8O2 C2H6O3S C4H8O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C10H13NO3

80-62-6 66-27-3 6290-49-9 606-45-1 5368-81-0 121-98-2 483-64-7

100.117 110.132 104.105 166.173 166.173 166.173 195.215

C5H10O3 C6H10O3 C9H11NO2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2

3852-09-3 17094-21-2 85-91-6 89-71-4 99-36-5 99-75-2

118.131 130.141 165.189 150.174 150.174 150.174

C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C8H16

6622-76-0 924-50-5 3404-67-9

114.142 114.142 112.213

mp/˚C

1

nd (HOAc)

cry (eth)

101 36.5 10 68 36 62

liq oil -35 -45.5

12610 173.5

1.074420 0.899720

390 228.5 245 248 249 119

1.03525 0.991020 1.0099 1.077720

127 122 144.8 21520 20714, 1823

stab in thf soln nd (bz-AcOEt) 135 dec pr (eth-bz)

1.530120 1.456220

1.527520 1.609520

1.069137

1.5258

1.02320 1.092820 0.888610 0.89525

1.438620 1.414120 1.463820 1.470920

1.45520 4210 5414

Solubility

vs eth, EtOH, chl

1.08525

1.465720 1.464020

100.5 202.5 131 246.5 248 244 271; 14710

0.937725 1.294320 1.051120 1.157119 1.131020

1.414220 1.413820 1.396220 1.53419 1.522420

142.8 177.4 255 215 221 220

1.013915 1.021725 1.12015 1.06820 1.06120

1.403020 1.41624 1.583915

139 136.5 112.5

0.934912 0.933720 0.72525

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth

s DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, thf; i hx, bz i peth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; s AcOEt vs eth, EtOH

157 liq

lf (al or eth) pr (al)

-47.55 20

49 28

cry (peth)

19 <-50

cry (aq MeOH, peth)

33.2

114

 

7451 Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E) 7452 Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 7453 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane

Retene

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

1.437020 1.43220 1.414220

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7415 3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen1-ol 7416 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen1-ol 7417 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1α,2β,5α) 7418 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene 7419 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 7420 1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene 7421 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol 7422 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate 7423 1-Methylisoquinoline 7424 3-Methylisoquinoline 7425 Methyl isothiocyanate 7426 5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine 7427 4-Methylisoxazole 7428 5-Methylisoxazole 7429 Methyl lactate, (±) 7430 Methyl linoleate 7431 Methyl linolenate 7432 Methyl magnesium bromide 7433 Methylmagnesium chloride 7434 Methylmalonic acid

Synonym

O N

O HO

O

HO 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol

O

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1α,2β,5α)

1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene

1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene

O

OH

O

N 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol

5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate

1-Methylisoquinoline

N C S

3-Methylisoquinoline

O

Methyl isothiocyanate

O O

Methyl linoleate

Methyl linolenate

Mg

Mg

Br

Methyl magnesium bromide

Cl

O O O S O

O Methyl methacrylate

Methyl methanesulfonate

Methylmalonic acid

O

O

O

Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate

N H

N

N H

Methylmercuric dicyanamide

O O O

O

Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate

O

O O

Methyl 2-methylbenzoate

O

Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate

Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)benzoate

O O

Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate

NH Hg

O

Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate

O Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate

Methyl lactate, (±)

O

O

O Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate

O

HS

O

H N

O

O

OH

5-Methylisoxazole

O

Methyl mercaptoacetate

O

O O

HS

O

N

H N

O

Methyl methoxyacetate

O

4-Methylisoxazole

O

O O

O

N

O OH

O O

O

O

HO

Methylmagnesium chloride

N

5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine

O O



TeamLRN

O

O

O

NH2 N

O

1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Methyl 3-methylbenzoate

Methyl 4-methylbenzoate

Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E)

O Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate

3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

O

O

 

No.

Name

Piperitenone

Methaqualone

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C10H16O

5524-05-0

152.233

221.5

0.92819

1.4724

vs ace, eth

C10H16O

15932-80-6

152.233

9310

0.936720

1.486920

C10H14O

491-09-8

150.217

12014

0.977420

1.529420

C15H24

495-61-4

204.352

12910

0.867320

1.488020

C10H13NO

573-26-2

163.216

C14H15N C16H14N2O

620-93-9 72-44-6

197.276 250.294

C5H10O2S

13532-18-8

134.197

C10H12 C10H18O

1195-32-0 138-87-4

132.202 154.249

C10H18O

89-79-2

C12H20O2

nd (peth)

mp/˚C

55.5

260

s EtOH, chl

79.8 120

330.5

vs eth, peth vs eth, EtOH, chl



7513, 6911

1.07725

1.465020

-20 32.5

185.3 210; 9010

0.893623 0.91720

1.528323 1.474720

154.249

78

9314

0.91120

1.472320

57576-09-7

196.286

85

1138

0.92525

1.456620

C10H16O

29606-79-9

152.233

10018

0.919820

1.467520

C10H16O

99-48-9

152.233

228

0.948425

1.494225

Methyl 1-naphthoate

C5H11NO C7H15NO2 C11H10 C11H10 C12H10O2

109-02-4 2109-66-2 90-12-0 91-57-6 2459-24-7

101.147 145.200 142.197 142.197 186.206

0.905120 1.017420 1.020220 1.005820 1.129020

1.433220 1.463820 1.617020 1.601540 1.608620

7473 Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate 7474 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate 7475 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

Methyl 2-naphthoate Menadiol diacetate

C12H10O2 C15H14O4

2459-25-8 573-20-6

116 12118, 9313 244.7 241.1 16820, 1010.04 290

Menadione

C11H8O2

7476 7477 7478 7479 7480

N-Methyl-1-naphthalenamine

C11H11N CH3NO3 CH3NO2 C3H5NO4 C7H8N2O2

7462 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene 7463 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol 7464 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)] 7465 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol acetate, [1R(1α,2β,5α)] 7466 trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanone 7467 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2cyclohexen-1-ol 7468 4-Methylmorpholine 7469 α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol 7470 1-Methylnaphthalene 7471 2-Methylnaphthalene 7472 Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate

7481 7482 7483 7484 7485

Methyl-1-naphthylamine Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrite Methyl nitroacetate 2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

2-Methoxycarbonylethyl methyl sulfide β-Terpineol

C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2

liq nd

liq

-64.40

liq mcl (al)

-30.43 34.6 59.5

186.206 258.270

lf (MeOH) pr (al)

77 113

58-27-5

172.181

ye nd (al, peth) 107

2216-68-4 598-58-3 624-91-9 2483-57-0 603-83-8

157.212 77.040 61.041 119.077 152.151

oil exp gas ye gas

174 -83.0 -16

ye orth nd (w), ye lf (al)

92

99-52-5 99-55-8 570-24-1 89-62-3 119-32-4

152.151 152.151 152.151 152.151 152.151

vs EtOH, eth

133.5 105.5 96 116.3 79.8

294.5 exp 64.6 -12 10728 305

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs bz, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH

1.207520 0.99115 1.3200 1.378015 1.1586

140

1.1900100 1.16121

1.672220 1.374820

i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, CS2; s EtOH, eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7454 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone, (2R-trans) 7455 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene) cyclohexanone 7456 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2cyclohexen-1-one 7457 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, (S) 7458 N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl) acetamide 7459 4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline 7460 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)quinazolinone 7461 Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate

Synonym

H

O O 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanone, (2R-trans)

O

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexanone

3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2-cyclohexen-1-one

1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, (S)

HO O H N

N

O

N N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl)acetamide

4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline

S

2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone

O

Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate

1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene

1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol

OH

O



TeamLRN

N OH

O

O O

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]

trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanone

2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

4-Methylmorpholine

O O OH

O O

O

O

N

O

O

O

O α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol

1-Methylnaphthalene

2-Methylnaphthalene

Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate

Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate

NH2

HN O

Methyl-1-naphthylamine

N O

O

Methyl nitrate

O

N

O

Methyl nitrite

O

O N

O O

Methyl nitroacetate

N O

O

O

2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

O

N

O

2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

N O

2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline

O

O N

NH2

2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline

NH2 O N

2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione



NH2

NH2

O

2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate

NH2 O N O

4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O N

O

4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7486 N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

612-28-2

152.151

7487 N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

100-15-2

152.151

7488 2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 7489 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 7490 Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate 7491 Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate 7492 Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate 7493 2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole 7494 N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine 7495 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene 7496 N-Methyl-N’-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine 7497 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol 7498 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol 7499 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene 2-Methylphenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether 7500 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 7501 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol

C15H9NO4

129-15-7

267.237

C7H7NO5S C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C4H5N3O2 C2H6N2O2 C11H9NO2 C2H5N5O3

121-03-9 606-27-9 618-95-1 619-50-1 696-23-1 4164-28-7 881-03-8 70-25-7

217.200 181.147 181.147 181.147 127.102 90.081 187.195 147.093

C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C13H11NO3 C4H9NO4 C4H9NO3

2581-34-2 119-33-5 2444-29-3 77-49-6 76-39-1

153.136 153.136 229.231 135.119 119.119

7502 3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide 7503 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline

C10H8N2O3 C7H8N2O

14073-00-8 614-00-6

204.182 136.151

C2H5N3O2

684-93-5

103.080

C20H40O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C8H12 C19H36O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18O C9H18 C9H18 C9H21N

1731-94-8 871-83-0 5911-04-6 17301-94-9 15869-85-9 1731-84-6 55505-26-5 2980-71-4 694-92-8 1937-62-8 3221-61-2 2216-33-3 2216-34-4 111-11-5 3004-93-1 628-44-4 5340-36-3 58654-67-4 4588-18-5 13151-06-9 2439-54-5

312.531 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 108.181 296.488 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.238 144.254 144.254 142.238 126.239 126.239 143.270

7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525

Methyl nonadecanoate 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane Methyl nonanoate 8-Methyl-1-nonanol 2-Methyl-1-nonene 2-Methyl-2-norbornene Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane Methyl octanoate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methyl-2-octanol 3-Methyl-3-octanol 5-Methyl-2-octanone 2-Methyl-1-octene 7-Methyl-1-octene Methyloctylamine

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea

2-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

Methyl caprylate

N-Methyl-1-octanamine

Physical Form red or oran nd (peth) br-ye pr (al) cry (eth) pa ye nd (HOAc)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

38

15818

152

dec

135.8 -13 78 96 253 nd(eth) 58 ye pr or nd (al) 81.5

col or ye pl (eth) liq liq liq liq

liq liq liq liq liq liq

liq liq

nD

129 36.5 150.1 89.5 179 14.7

1.201155

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, lig

275 27960

1.285520

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; s PhNO2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

187 18820

1.109072

1.446272

12522 22027 dec 9410

1.239920

1.574440

dec 225; 12113

1.124020

1.576920

123 dec 41.3 -74.6 -84.8 -99 -87.7

-64.2 13.5 -80.3 -107.6 -113.3 -40

-77.8

Solubility sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

273.0

liq

nd or pr (w) ye nd (al, w) ye cry (peth) mcl nd or pl (MeOH) cry (MeOH) ye cry

den/g cm-3

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth

1904 167.1 167.9 165.7 165.1 213.5 10810 168.4 122 21824 143.2 144.2 142.4 192.9 13814, 884 178 8318, 363 10150 144.8 138.9 688

0.728120 0.735420 0.732320 0.732620 0.879915

1.409920 1.412520 1.412320 1.411620 1.421420

0.741225

1.424120

0.873020 0.709525 0.71725 0.71625 0.877520 0.821020 0.810825

1.451320 1.403120 1.404025 1.403925 1.417020 1.428125 1.428020 1.425725

0.734320

1.418420

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs peth i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

7504 N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

Synonym

 

HN HN

O N

O

O

N

OH

O

O

O S O O O

O

N

O N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

O

O

N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

N O

2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

O N

O

O

O O O N N

O

N O

Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate

O O

Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate

N

N H

O

Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate

2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole

O N N O

O

N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine

2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene

O

N

OH O N

O N

NH N H

N

N

N

O

O

3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol

4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol

N O

HO

1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene

NO2 OH

2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

O



TeamLRN

N

O H2N

3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

O

O

N O

2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol

O

N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

N NO2 OH

O

O O



N

O

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline

N

N

O

O

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

Methyl nonadecanoate

2-Methylnonane

3-Methylnonane

O OH

O 4-Methylnonane

5-Methylnonane

Methyl nonanoate

8-Methyl-1-nonanol

2-Methyl-1-nonene

O

O

O

O

2-Methyl-2-norbornene

OH

O Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate

2-Methyloctane

3-Methyloctane

4-Methyloctane

Methyl octanoate

2-Methyloctanoic acid

OH 2-Methyl-2-octanol

N H

O

OH 3-Methyl-3-octanol

5-Methyl-2-octanone

2-Methyl-1-octene

7-Methyl-1-octene

Methyloctylamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH O

No.

Name Methyl 2-octynoate 3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol Methyl oleate Methyl Orange

7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539

2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline 2-Methyloxetane 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone Methyloxirane 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine Methyl 4-oxopentanoate

7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Methyl 2-oxopropanoate Methyl palmitate Methyl parathion Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide Methyl pentadecanoate cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Methyl pentafluoropropanoate 2-Methylpentanal 2-Methylpentane

Sodium pdimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonate

3-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone 1,2-Propylene oxide N-Dodecanoylsarcosine Methyl levulinate

Methyl pyruvate Methyl hexadecanoate S-Methyl pentachlorobenzenethiol

1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Methoxyperfluoroethane 2-Methylvaleraldehyde Isohexane

7553 3-Methylpentane 2-Methylpentanedinitrile 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol Methyl pentanoate 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) 4-Methylpentanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±) 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol

2-Methylglutaronitrile Hexylene glycol Isopentyl cyanide Methyl valerate

Isohexyl alcohol

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H14O2 C9H16O C19H36O2 C14H14N3NaO3S

111-12-6 23580-51-0 112-62-9 547-58-0

154.206 140.222 296.488 327.334

C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H7NO C4H8O C4H6O2 C3H6O C5H8O3 C15H29NO3 C6H10O3

23012-10-4 693-93-6 66333-88-8 1120-64-5 2167-39-7 3068-88-0 16033-71-9 759-05-7 97-78-9 624-45-3

83.089 83.089 83.089 85.105 72.106 86.090 58.079 116.116 271.396 130.141

C6H10O3 C4H6O3 C17H34O2 C8H10NO5PS C7H3Cl5S C16H32O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C3H3F5O C4H3F5O2 C6H12O C6H14

816-66-0 600-22-6 112-39-0 298-00-0 1825-19-0 7132-64-1 1501-60-6 4549-74-0 926-56-7 22410-44-2 378-75-6 123-15-9 107-83-5

130.141 102.089 270.451 263.208 296.429 256.424 82.143 82.143 82.143 150.047 178.058 100.158 86.175

C6H14

96-14-0

C6H8N2 C6H14O2 C6H11N C6H14S C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O

4553-62-2 107-41-5 542-54-1 1633-97-2 624-24-8 22160-39-0 22160-40-3 646-07-1 105-30-6 20281-83-8 626-89-1 590-36-3 565-60-6 108-11-2

Physical Form

oran, ye pl or sc (w) liq

mp/˚C

-19.9 dec

liq hyg liq

-111.9 31.5 44.5

liq

10

cry cry (EtOH) nd (dil al) liq

30 38 95.5 18.5 -117.6

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

217; 10720 174; 7510 218.520

0.92620 0.854720 0.873920

1.446420 1.44310 1.452220

87.5 88 88 111 59 8650, 579 35 170.5

1.01525

1.431720

1.00525 0.84125 1.055520 0.8590 0.996820

1.434020 1.388520

196

1.051120

1.423320

1.1540 0.824775 1.35820

1.404625

0.861825 0.71425 0.73025 0.718120

1.439025 1.44620 1.45220 1.453220

1.39025

1.286925

0.65025

1.371520

8415 135.5 417; 1482

1.366020 1.385016

1.536725

Solubility

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH, py; i eth

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc; msc eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth i H2O; s os

liq

-153.6

153.5 75.8 77 76.5 5.59 59.5 117 60.26

86.175

liq

-162.90

63.27

0.659825

1.376520

108.141 118.174 97.158 118.240 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174

liq liq liq liq

-45 -50 -51

270; 13413 197.1 156.5 125.0; 3630 127.4 195.6 197.5 200.5 149 153 151.9 121.1 134.3 131.6

0.950 0.92315 0.803020

1.434020 1.427620 1.405920

s H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, ace, bz, hp s H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

0.894720 0.923020 0.926220 0.922520 0.826320 0.824220 0.813120 0.835016 0.830720 0.807520

1.400320 1.41320 1.415920 1.414420 1.418220 1.411223 1.413425 1.410020 1.418220 1.410020

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth

col gas

liq liq

-41.6 -33

liq

-103

liq

-90

s EtOH, eth

 

7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7526 7527 7528 7529

Synonym

O

O

N

OH O

Methyl 2-octynoate

3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol

Methyl oleate

O

O

2-Methyloxazole

4-Methyloxazole

2-Methyl-2-oxazoline

2-Methyloxetane

4-Methyl-2-oxetanone

OH

N

O

O Methyloxirane

O

3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid

N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine

S O

O

OH

O



TeamLRN

Methyl 4-oxopentanoate

O

O

O

O

O O

O

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

S

O

O

Methyl 2-oxopropanoate

Methyl palmitate

P

O

Cl

N O

Cl

Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide

F F F O Methyl pentadecanoate

cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

OH N 2-Methylpentane

3-Methylpentane

O 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)

O 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)

4-Methylpentanoic acid

Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether

O

Methyl pentafluoropropanoate

O

SH

O

N 4-Methylpentanenitrile

O

F F F

OH

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol

2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol

Methyl pentanoate

OH

OH O

4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

N

2-Methylpentanedinitrile

OH

OH

F F

O

F F

O 2-Methylpentanal

Cl Cl

Methyl parathion

O

Cl

O

OH OH 2-Methyl-1-pentanol

OH

OH OH

3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±)

4-Methyl-1-pentanol

2-Methyl-2-pentanol

3-Methyl-2-pentanol

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH O

O

O

5-Methyloxazole

N



O

N

O

N

Methyl Orange

O N

O S O Na O

N N

O

No. 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572

Name 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±) 4-Methyl-2-pentanone



7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605

4-Methylpentanoyl chloride 2-Methyl-2-pentenal 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2cyclopenten-1-one 3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan 3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methyl pentyl ether 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol Methyl pentyl sulfide Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol Methyl perfluorooctanoate 1-Methylphenanthrene 3-Methylphenanthrene 4-Methylphenanthrene Methylphenidate

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.824320 0.828620 0.87025 0.813020 0.796525

1.417520 1.418620

100.158

113.5

0.81418

1.397520

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; s chl

38136-29-7 623-36-9 763-29-1 760-20-3 691-37-2 625-27-4 922-62-3 616-12-6 691-38-3 674-76-0 16957-70-3 10321-71-8 37674-63-8 4325-82-0 565-62-8 3744-02-3 488-10-8

134.603 98.142 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 114.142 114.142 114.142 100.158 98.142 98.142 164.244

143 136.5 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 214; 11212 217 199 134 138 124.2 258; 13412

0.972520 0.858120 0.679920 0.667520 0.664220 0.686320 0.688625 0.693025 0.669020 0.668620 0.975120 0.952921 0.96615 0.84015

C10H14O C6H8 C11H18O

539-52-6 1574-33-0 1128-08-1

150.217 80.128 166.260

C6H14O C12H18O C6H14S C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C9H3F15O2 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C14H19NO2

628-80-8 1300-94-3 1741-83-9 13286-92-5 7154-75-8 21020-27-9 77-75-8 376-27-2 832-69-9 832-71-3 832-64-4 113-45-1

102.174 178.270 118.240 118.240 82.143 82.143 98.142 428.095 192.256 192.256 192.256 233.307

C13H11NS C15H13NO2S

1207-72-3 13993-65-2

213.298 271.335

C9H10O3

2065-23-8

166.173

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

(±)-sec-Butyl methyl ketone Isobutyl methyl ketone

C6H14O C6H14O C8H16O2 C6H12O C6H12O

565-67-3 77-74-7 7789-99-3 55156-16-6 108-10-1

102.174 102.174 144.212 100.158 100.158

Ethyl isopropyl ketone

C6H12O

565-69-5

C6H11ClO C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10O C11H16O

4,4-Dimethyl-2-butenoic acid

Jasmone

6-Pentyl-m-cresol 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)butane

Meparfynol

Metiazinic acid

mp/˚C

liq

-23.6

liq

-84

liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq pr

-135.7 -153 -153.6 -135 -134.8 -138.5 -134.8 -140.8 24.4 35

liq ye oil

-72.6

liq liq liq liq

lf, pl (dil al) pr or nd (al) pl (90% al)

 

7606 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine 7607 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2acetic acid 7608 Methyl phenoxyacetate

bp/˚C

Mol. Form.

24 -94 -104.6 -110.3 30.5 123 65 53.5

1.400220 1.396220

1.448820 1.392020 1.384120 1.382820 1.400420 1.401620 1.404520 1.380020 1.388920 1.451320 1.448921 1.440225 1.937715 1.450820

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s eth, chl, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH

0.841120 0.943722

1.497922

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig

185.5 0.901720 66.5 0.73920 14322, 11612 0.916518

1.470521 1.433220 1.476720

s eth, bz

99 13815 145.1 150 61.2 73.1 120.5 158 354 350; 1456 17710 1360.6

0.75922

1.386222

0.843120 0.84 0.700025 0.711225 0.868820 1.68420

1.450620 1.457020 1.393620 1.405720 1.431020 1.30427

vs ace, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl vs bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O, peth; s chl, EtOH, eth, AcOEt

101 144

s chl 245

1.149320

1.515520

vs eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7573 2-Methyl-3-pentanone

Physical Form

126.5 122.4 163 117.5 116.5

Synonym

O

O OH

OH 3-Methyl-3-pentanol

2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate

3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±)

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

O

O

O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone

4-Methylpentanoyl chloride

2-Methyl-2-pentenal

2-Methyl-1-pentene

OH

OH

O 3-Methyl-1-pentene

4-Methyl-1-pentene

2-Methyl-2-pentene

3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

O

trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid

4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid

O O

OH

OH

O



2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid

4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol

3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one

4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one

cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan

3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne



TeamLRN

O

O

O

OH

O 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

Methyl pentyl ether

S 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol

S

Methyl pentyl sulfide

OH

Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide

4-Methyl-1-pentyne

4-Methyl-2-pentyne

3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol

O F F F F F F

N H H

O

F

O

N

N

S

S

O

F F F F F F F F Methyl perfluorooctanoate

1-Methylphenanthrene

3-Methylphenanthrene

4-Methylphenanthrene

Methylphenidate

10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine

OH O

10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2-acetic acid

O O

O

Methyl phenoxyacetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Methyl-3-pentanol

Cl

O

O

No.

Name

7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626



7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640

7642 7643 7644 7645 7646

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Mephenesin

C13H12O C10H12O2 C10H14O3

3586-14-9 2210-79-9 59-47-2

184.233 164.201 182.216

C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H13NO

120-66-1 537-92-8 579-10-2 533-18-6 122-46-3 140-39-6 101-41-7 93-90-3

149.189 149.189 149.189 150.174 150.174 150.174 150.174 151.205

C9H13NO C13H13N C14H13NO C14H15N

136-80-1 1205-64-7 582-78-5 614-30-2

151.205 183.249 211.259 197.276

C14H14O C14H14O C13H13NO2S

1517-63-1 599-67-7 68-34-8

198.260 198.260 247.313

C14H12O2 C19H24N2

614-34-6 4945-47-5

212.244 280.407

3-Methyl-5-phenylhydantoin

C11H14O2 C11H14O C11H13NO C8H8ClNO C9H10O C9H10O C15H16O C8H9NO C8H9NO C13H16O C7H10N2 C10H10N2O2

2294-71-5 582-62-7 7236-47-7 4285-42-1 577-16-2 585-74-0 599-64-4 93-61-8 94-69-9 2892-18-4 618-40-6 6846-11-3

178.228 162.228 175.227 169.609 134.174 134.174 212.287 135.163 135.163 188.265 122.167 190.198

PhIP

C13H12N4

105650-23-5

224.261

C10H15NO

101-98-4

165.232

C14H13N C11H15NO C9H10O C11H13NO2

2272-45-9 134-49-6 2085-88-3 93-68-5

195.260 177.243 134.174 191.227

N-Methylacetanilide o-Cresyl acetate m-Cresyl acetate p-Cresyl acetate

Bamipine

β-Benzalbutyramide

Phenmetrazine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

272 1232

1.05125 1.088420

1.572720

70 dec nd (al) 110 nd (w) 65.5 nd (eth), pr (al) 103 12

orth nd (al)

30 158

Solubility

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 296 303 256 208 212 212.5 216.5 218110, 15014 285.5 316; 18317

1.16815 1.14115 1.0036105 1.053315 1.04320 1.051217 1.062216 1.01430 1.079420

1.576 1.500220 1.497820 1.516322 1.507520

1.567520 1.635020

1.20215

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s ctc

52 285; 19012 (α) tcl, (β) mcl pr (al, bz) pl (eth-al) cry (MeOH)

71.5 115

316

nd (dil al)

77.5

228 236.5

pl (al)

pr (peth) lf (al) cry

1.105915

103.5

133 88.5

74.5 14.5 62 43

i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, HOAc

280 214 220 335 243 288 15425 228; 13135

vs eth, EtOH

0.970116

1.513915

1.02620 1.01650

1.527620 1.53315

1.094820 1.08655 0.950946 1.040420

1.558920

vs eth, EtOH

1.552325 1.569120

164.5 solid

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace

s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace s H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl

327

 

7641

2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol 3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide N-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol α-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol 4-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylphenyl benzoate 1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4piperidinamine Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide Methylphenylcarbamic chloride 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4imidazolidinedione 1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridin-2-amine 2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl) amino]ethanol 4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene)aniline 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Mol. Form.

13414 ye cry

35

pr (AcOEt)

107.5

318; 17811 13912, 1041 8417

vs ace 1.022820

1.523220 vs bz, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7609 1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene 7610 [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane 7611 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2propanediol 7612 N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide 7613 N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide 7614 N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide 7615 2-Methylphenyl acetate 7616 3-Methylphenyl acetate 7617 4-Methylphenyl acetate 7618 Methyl 2-phenylacetate 7619 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol

Synonym

O O O

O

O

[(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane

N

O

HN

O

N

O

O

O

O

OH

3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

OH

O

N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide

N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide

3-Methylphenyl acetate

4-Methylphenyl acetate

OH

H N

OH

2-Methylphenyl acetate

OH

N O

O Methyl 2-phenylacetate

2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol

2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol

3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline





TeamLRN

O H O S N

N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide

N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenemethanamine

4-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

α-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

N O O

O N

O 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide

1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4-piperidinamine

O

N

O

Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate

HN

O

3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone

3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide

O

O

N

Methylphenylcarbamic chloride

O

NH2

N N H

OH 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone

1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone

4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol

N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide

N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide

5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one

1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine

NH2 N

N

OH

N

N

1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine

2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl)amino]ethanol

4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene)aniline

N H 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine

O

3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

O O N

Cl O



O

4-Methylphenyl benzoate

N

NH2

O

O

HN

O 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane

N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo-butanamide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene

HN

OH

O

O

No.

Name

3-Methylpiperidine, (±) 4-Methylpiperidine 1-Methyl-3-piperidinol 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Methyl-4-piperidinone Methylprednisolone 2-Methylpropanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Methylpropanenitrile

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C11H13NO2

2415-85-2

191.227

pr (AcOEt)

95

C14H12O C14H12O C14H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O C10H12O C10H10O C10H8O2 C10H11N3

131-58-8 643-65-2 134-84-9 103-25-3 5337-93-9 611-70-1 101-39-3 4891-38-7 1131-18-6

196.244 196.244 196.244 164.201 148.201 148.201 146.185 160.170 173.214

oil mcl pr

<-18 2 59.5

liq

7.2 -0.7

Phenylmethylbarbituric acid

C12H11N C11H10N2O3

3256-88-0 76-94-8

169.222 218.208

cry

220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk

Phensuximide

C11H11NO2

86-34-0

189.211

cry (hot al)

72

vs EtOH, MeOH

C7H10Si C7H8O2S C13H12S C8H10N2S C8H10N2S CH5O4P CH5P CH5O3P CH3F2OP C4H10FO2P

766-08-5 3112-85-4 3699-01-2 614-78-8 2724-69-8 812-00-0 593-54-4 993-13-5 676-99-3 107-44-8

122.240 156.203 200.299 166.243 166.243 112.022 48.025 96.023 100.005 140.093

Methyl dihydrocinnamate

o-Tolylthiourea Methyl dihydrogen phosphate

Sarin Methyl dichlorophosphite

Isobutyronitrile

26 116

nd (dil al, w) ta, pl oil col gas hyg pl liq liq

88 15.7 162 112.5

108.5 -57

CH3Cl2OP C5H12N2 C5H12N2 C6H13N C6H13N

3279-26-3 109-01-3 109-07-9 626-67-5 3000-79-1

132.914 100.162 100.162 99.174 99.174

hyg liq

-91

hyg lf (al) liq liq

62 -102.7 -2.5

C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H11NO C6H11NO C22H30O5 C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H12N2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H7N

53152-98-0 626-58-4 3554-74-3 106-52-5 931-20-4 1445-73-4 83-43-2 563-83-7 1187-58-2 811-93-8 558-43-0 2163-42-0 78-82-0

99.174 99.174 115.173 115.173 113.157 113.157 374.470 87.120 87.120 88.151 90.121 90.121 69.106

liq

-24

29

cry liq

liq liq

232 129.0 -30.9

-91 -71.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, bz

308; 12812 317; 1709 22870 238.5; 914 236 220 248; 150100 15848, 13216 333

1.109820 1.09520 0.99260 1.045525 0.992620 0.986311 1.040717 1.083025

18950

1.059025

1.527820 1.517220 1.605717 1.561825

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl bz 1.605525

140

0.889520

1.505820

317

1.098625

1.622525

-16 dec 98; 2227 147

i H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, peth

1.331420 1.1020

dec H2O 20

93 138 153 107 118

1.406

1.4740 1.437820

0.815920 0.843624

1.435520 1.445920

125.5 130 9326, 7711 200 221; 10512 8545, 5711

0.844626 0.867425 0.963516 1.026325 0.97125

1.447020 1.445820 1.473520 1.477520 1.482020 1.458025

217 148 123 176 211.6; 12420 103.9

1.01320 0.930525 0.84125 1.002420 1.01520 0.770420

1.434525 1.441020 1.435020 1.445020 1.372020

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl; i dil KOH vs H2O; sl chl vs H2O; sl chl

 

7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687

CAS RN

s chl s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7647 N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 7648 (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7649 (3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7650 (4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7651 Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate 7652 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone 7653 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone 7654 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal 7655 Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate 7656 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5amine 7657 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine 7658 5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 7659 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 7660 Methylphenylsilane 7661 Methyl phenyl sulfone 7662 1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene 7663 (2-Methylphenyl)thiourea 7664 N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea 7665 Methyl phosphate 7666 Methylphosphine 7667 Methylphosphonic acid 7668 Methylphosphonic difluoride 7669 Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester 7670 Methyl phosphorodichloridite 7671 1-Methylpiperazine 7672 2-Methylpiperazine 7673 1-Methylpiperidine 7674 2-Methylpiperidine, (±)

Mol. Form.

Synonym

O

O

HN

O O

O

O

O

O

O (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

(3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

(4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate

H2N

N

O

N N

O

O N Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate

3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine



TeamLRN

O S O

H N

S

H N

NH2 S

Methyl phenyl sulfone

O

Cl P

1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene

Cl

Methyl phosphorodichloridite

H N

N

N H

HO

O

H N

Methyl phosphate

1-Methyl-4-piperidinone

O

O

H

P

1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

O P OH OH

H

Methylphosphine

O

N

O O P F

O P F F

Methylphosphonic acid

Methylphenylsilane

Methylphosphonic difluoride

Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester

OH

N H

N 1-Methylpiperidine

N H

2-Methylpiperidine, (±)

N H

3-Methylpiperidine, (±)

4-Methylpiperidine

N

N

1-Methyl-3-piperidinol

N

1-Methyl-4-piperidinol

O

1-Methyl-2-piperidinone

O OH

H H N

NH2 N

H Si H

5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O O P OH OH

N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea

N H

H

OH

2-Methylpiperazine

HO

2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine

S

(2-Methylphenyl)thiourea

H N

1-Methylpiperazine

2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone

O

O

2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal

1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone

O Methylprednisolone

O

O

2-Methylpropanamide

N-Methylpropanamide

NH2 NH2 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine

OH OH 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol

HO

OH

2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol

N 2-Methylpropanenitrile

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

No.



7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropanoyl chloride 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenamide N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine 2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate 2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer 2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride 2-Methyl-2-propenol 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

Isobutyl mercaptan tert-Butyl mercaptan Methyl propionate Isobutyric acid Isobutryic anhydride Isobutyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Isobutyric acid chloride Methacrolein

C4H10S C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C8H14O3 C4H10O C4H10O C4H7ClO C4H6O C4H7NO C4H9N C8H12O4

513-44-0 75-66-1 554-12-1 79-31-2 97-72-3 78-83-1 75-65-0 79-30-1 78-85-3 79-39-0 627-37-2 10476-95-6

90.187 90.187 88.106 88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121 106.551 70.090 85.105 71.121 172.179

C16H32 C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H5ClO C10H12

15220-85-6 760-93-0 513-42-8 920-46-7 767-99-7

224.425 154.163 72.106 104.535 132.202

Meprobamate

C10H12 C10H12 C8H15NO C6H14O2 C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C9H18 C9H18 C4H10S2 C4H10O C9H19N C7H16O2 C9H18N2O4

768-00-3 768-49-0 2403-55-6 4439-24-1 627-35-0 1074-17-5 1074-43-7 1074-55-1 932-43-4 932-44-5 2179-60-4 557-17-5 35305-13-6 78-26-2 57-53-4

Pargyline

C4H10S C4H7N C11H13N C5H7N3 C5H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2O C17H12

trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene 4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine 2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol Methylpropylamine 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane Methyl propyl disulfide Methyl propyl ether 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, (S) 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate Methyl propyl sulfide N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine N-Methyl-N-2propynylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylpyrazinamine 2-Methylpyrazine 1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1-Methylpyrene

Methacrolein diacetate

Methacrylic acid anhydride Methallyl alcohol Methacrylic acid chloride

1-Morpholinoisobutene N-Methyl-1-propanamine

1-Methoxypropane Methylconiine

2-Amino-3-methylpyrazine

Fomepizole

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

88.5 64.2 79.8 154.45 183; 8932 107.89 82.4 92 68.4

0.835720 0.794325 0.915020 0.968120 0.953520 0.801820 0.788720

liq

<-70 -0.5 -87.5 -46 -53.5 -101.9 25.69 -90

1.438720 1.423220 1.377520 1.393020 1.406119 1.395520 1.387820 1.407920 1.414420

cry (bz)

110.5

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ctc, hp sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth sl eth, chl; s EtOH, CH 2Cl2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

liq liq liq liq liq

0.84025

1.406520 1.424120

64 191 liq

-98

liq

-60

132.202 132.202 141.211 118.174 73.137 134.218 134.218 134.218 126.239 126.239 122.252 74.121 141.254 132.201 218.250

liq liq

-23.5 -48.0 120

cry (hx) cry (w)

62.5 105

3877-15-4 35161-71-8 555-57-7

90.187 69.106 159.228

liq

-113

19838-08-5 109-08-0 930-36-9 1453-58-3 7554-65-6 108-26-9 2381-21-7

109.130 94.115 82.104 82.104 82.104 98.103 216.277

 

7700 7701 7702 7703 7704

Synonym

nd (hx/AcOEt) liq

174 -29

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-60.3 -82.5 -63.6 -104 -123

36.5 215 71.3

244; 10915 895 114.5 96 194.7; 177500 194.7 183; 9943 8920 160 63 185 182 183.4 152.6 146.4 7043 39.1 174 234; 12110

0.794420 0.851520 1.087120 0.919125 0.913825 0.90020

1.448220 1.454020 1.425520 1.443520 1.540225 1.542520 1.538820 1.466320 1.414320

msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl

0.890020 0.720417 0.869725 0.856925 0.854425 0.788125 0.773525 0.980 0.735613 0.832622

1.499620 1.493520 1.492220 1.434320 1.427420 1.508020 1.357925 1.453812

95.6 83 9611

0.842420 0.81925 0.94425

1.444220 1.433220 1.521320

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace

137 127 204; 10825 206; 9513

1.0320 0.992913 1.020316 1.01520

1.504220 1.478713 1.491520

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, EtOH s H2O, hx; sl chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH

410

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699

Name

O

SH

O

2-Methyl-1-propanethiol

2-Methyl-2-propanethiol

2-Methylpropanoic acid

2-Methyl-1-propanol

2-Methyl-2-propanol

2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate

2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer

2-Methylpropanoyl chloride

2-Methylpropenal

O 2-Methyl-2-propenamide

Cl OH

O

2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride

2-Methyl-2-propenol

O 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride

cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

O N OH



TeamLRN

O (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine

2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol

H N Methylpropylamine

1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene

1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene

O

H2N S trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

O

S

Methyl propyl disulfide

Methyl propyl ether

1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, (S)

N-Methyl-N-2-propynylbenzenemethanamine

NH2

3-Methylpyrazinamine

N 2-Methylpyrazine

O

NH2 S

O

O

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol

N

N N

OH

cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate

Methyl propyl sulfide

N H N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine



N

HO

N

1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene

N

N

1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

N H

N

3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

N H

N

4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

O

N H

N

3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one

1-Methylpyrene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O

O

O

NH2

Cl

OH OH

O

2-Methylpropanoic anhydride

O O

N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine

O

O

Methyl propanoate

O H N

O

OH

SH

No.

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

1.045026

1.514520

hyg

409.8 214 222; 958

108.141

lf or pl (lig)

100

11611

1603-41-4 1824-81-3 4597-87-9 1121-58-0 109-06-8 108-99-6 108-89-4 1122-72-1 93-60-7 2459-09-8 931-19-1 1003-73-2 1003-67-4 694-85-9 36357-38-7 108-52-1 5053-43-0 3438-46-8 2036-41-1 626-48-2

108.141 108.141 108.141 108.141 93.127 93.127 93.127 121.137 137.137 137.137 109.126 109.126 109.126 109.126 135.163 109.130 94.115 94.115 94.115 126.114

C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H11N C5H7NO2

96-54-8 636-41-9 616-43-3 120-94-5 1121-07-9

81.117 81.117 81.117 85.148 113.116

76.5 41 15 pl (eth) 118.8 liq -66.68 liq -18.14 3.67 32 cry 42.5 16.1 49 39 185.8 nd 31 17.6 pl (w), nd (sub) 160.3 liq -4 32 30.5 oct pr or nd (w, 275 dec al) liq -56.32 liq -35.6 liq -48.4

C5H9NS C5H9NO C8H15NO

10441-57-3 108-27-0 496-49-1

115.197 99.131 141.211

C10H14N2

22083-74-5

162.231

C5H9NO C7H9NO C10H10N2 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N

872-50-4 932-16-1 68420-93-9 91-63-4 612-58-8 491-35-0 7661-55-4 91-62-3

99.131 123.152 158.199 143.185 143.185 143.185 143.185 143.185

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7730 2-Methylpyrene 7731 3-Methylpyridazine 7732 3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

3-Methyl-1,2-diazine 2-Amino-3-picoline

C17H12 C5H6N2 C6H8N2

3442-78-2 1632-76-4 1603-40-3

216.277 94.115 108.141

7733 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

2-Amino-4-picoline

C6H8N2

695-34-1

C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C8H9NO C5H7N3 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2

7754 7755 7756 7757 7758

2-Picoline 3-Picoline 4-Picoline Methyl nicotinate Methyl isonicotinate

2-Methyl-1,3-diazine 4-Methyl-1,3-diazine 5-Methyl-1,3-diazine 6-Methyluracil

Hygrine

8-Amino-6-methylquinoline Quinaldine Lepidine

hyg (lig)

nd (eth- peth, al, ace) oil

71

43

liq

-23.09

nd col oily liq pr col oily liq col cry col oily liq

73 -0.8 16.5 9.5 19 -22

227 208.5 200.5

Solubility

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig; sl chl

129.38 144.14 145.36 7712 204 208 260 14815

0.944320 0.956620 0.954820

1.495720 1.504020 1.503720

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.159920

1.513520

s H2O, EtOH, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

250 14450 sub 138 142 153

1.112020 1.016825

1.530225

1.03016

1.50020

112.81 147.6 142.9; 4511 81 234

0.914515 0.944615

1.487520 1.503516 1.497020 1.424720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

1.455520

vs EtOH, chl

1.04829

s chl

0.818820

msc H2O; sl peth, lig vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl chl msc H2O msc H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, tfa; vs NH 3

1000.08 248 76.511

1.045820

244

1.008220

1.528920

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig

202 201252, 9322 sub 246.5 259.8 262 262.7 258.6

1.023025 1.044515

1.468420 1.540315

1.0625 1.067320 1.08320 1.083220 1.065420

1.611620 1.617120 1.620020 1.621920 1.615720

vs H2O; s eth, ace, chl s EtOH, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i alk sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

 

7759 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione 7760 5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 7761 1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2propanone, (R) 7762 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±) 7763 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 7764 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone 7765 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine 7766 2-Methylquinoline 7767 3-Methylquinoline 7768 4-Methylquinoline 7769 5-Methylquinoline 7770 6-Methylquinoline

2-Amino-6-picoline

fl (EtOH)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone 1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone 4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine 2-Methylpyrimidine 4-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole N-Methylpyrrolidine 1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Physical Form

143 184 33.5

Synonym

7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753

Name

HN

N

N

3-Methylpyridazine

NH2

N

3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N

NH2

4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N

NH2

5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

O

O

N

N

3-Methylpyridine

4-Methylpyridine

O

6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

N

N O

N

N

N H

N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N

N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine

2-Methylpyridine

O

O N

N

NH2

6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate

N O

N O

2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

O



TeamLRN

O

N N

N

O

N

N 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone

1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone

N NH2

N

4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine

N

N

2-Methylpyrimidine

N H

N

N 4-Methylpyrimidine

5-Methylpyrimidine

H O

N

6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

1-Methylpyrrole

O N H 2-Methylpyrrole

N

N H

N

3-Methylpyrrole

N-Methylpyrrolidine

O

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

O

N

O

N

1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

N H

S

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione

N

O N

5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

N

1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2-propanone, (R)

3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±)

N

N O 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone

NH2 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine

N 2-Methylquinoline

N 3-Methylquinoline

N 4-Methylquinoline

N 5-Methylquinoline

N 6-Methylquinoline

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N 2-Methylpyrene

No.

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline 2-Methyl-8-quinolinol 1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone 1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone

m-Toluquinoline

C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO

612-60-2 611-32-5 826-81-3 606-43-9 83-54-5

143.185 143.185 159.184 159.184 159.184

C9H8N2

7251-61-8

144.173

C15H15N3O2

493-52-7

269.299

C6H12O5 C8H8O3 CH6Si CH6OSi CH6Sn C19H38O2 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C5H8O4 CH4O4S C7H8OS C11H24OS C5H10O2S C3H6O2S C9H8O4 C20H30O2

7473-45-2 119-36-8 992-94-9 2171-96-2 1631-78-3 112-61-8 611-15-4 100-80-1 622-97-9 636-60-2 75-93-4 1193-82-4 3079-28-5 872-93-5 3680-02-2 1679-64-7 58-18-4

164.156 152.148 46.145 62.144 136.769 298.504 118.175 118.175 118.175 132.116 112.106 140.203 204.373 134.197 106.144 180.158 302.451

7795 Methyl tetradecanoate

C15H30O2

124-10-7

242.398

7796 5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 7797 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 7798 N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline

C20H25N7O6

134-35-0

459.456

cry (w)

C5H10O C7H5N5O8

96-47-9 479-45-8

86.132 287.144

ye pr (al)

C4H6N2S C4H5NS C4H5NS C6H9NOS C4H5NS2 C3H6S C3H6O2S C7H9NS C7H9NS C7H8S C8H7NS2 C2H3NS

1603-91-4 3581-87-1 693-95-8 137-00-8 5685-06-3 1072-43-1 2444-37-3 2987-53-3 104-96-1 100-68-5 615-22-5 556-64-9

114.169 99.155 99.155 143.206 131.220 74.145 106.144 139.218 139.218 124.204 181.279 73.117

7771 7772 7773 7774 7775

Echinopsine

7776 2-Methylquinoxaline 7777 Methyl Red



7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794

7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810

Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether Methylstannane Methyl stearate 2-Methylstyrene 3-Methylstyrene 4-Methylstyrene Methylsuccinic acid Methyl sulfate (Methylsulfinyl)benzene 1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane 3-Methyl sulfolane (Methylsulfonyl)ethene Methyl terephthalate 17-Methyltestosterone

4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine 2-Methylthiazole 4-Methylthiazole 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol 4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione Methylthiirane (Methylthio)acetic acid 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline (Methylthio)benzene 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole Methyl thiocyanate

Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]azo]Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Decyl methyl sulfoxide

Methyl 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrost-4-en3-one, (17β)

Tetryl 2-Amino-4-methylthiazole

Methyl phenyl sulfide

ye cry col liq nd (lig) α-nd (bz); βcry (al) ye cry viol or red pr (to, bz) liq col gas col gas col gas liq liq liq pr

cry

nd (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

39 -80 73.8 74

257.6 247.5 267 325

1.060920 1.071920

1.615020 1.616420

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth

180.5

244

183 80 -8 -156.5 -98.5 39.1 -68.5 -86.3 -34.1 115 <-30 32.0 52.5 1 222 163.5

pr (dil al) col liq

222.9 -57.5 -21; -8710 0 443; 21515 169.8 164 172.8 dec dec 135 263.5; 14013 276 12224 subl ≈ 230

1.18125

1.53520

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl

0.849840 0.907725 0.907625 0.917325 1.42000

1.436740 1.543720 1.541120 1.5420 1.4303

dec H2O vs eth, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s bz vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.588520 1.18825 1.211720

1.477220 1.463620

s eth, ace vs eth, EtOH

19

295; 1557

0.867120

1.42545

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

78 exp 180

0.855220 1.5710

1.405921

131.5

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH s chl

45.5

col to pa ye ye cry (dil al) liq

msc H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH; s ctc sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl

89.3 -91 13.0

52 -2.5

12520, 700.4 128 133.3 1357 1883 72.5 13027 234 272.5 193 17422 132.9

1.510 1.11225 1.19624 0.94120 1.22120 1.11125 1.137920 1.057920

1.47220 1.49520 1.623920 1.639520 1.586820

1.067825

1.466925

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

O O N N

N

7-Methylquinoline

N

OH

8-Methylquinoline

2-Methyl-8-quinolinol

N

O

1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone

N

1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone

2-Methylquinoxaline

O O

HO

OH

Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside

Methyl Red

O H O Si H H

H Si H H

OH

Methyl salicylate

Methylsilane

H Sn H H

Methyl silyl ether

O O

Methylstannane

Methyl stearate

2-Methylstyrene

O

3-Methylstyrene

4-Methylstyrene

OH OH



TeamLRN

O OH

HO O

Methylsuccinic acid

O O S O OH

S

Methyl sulfate

O

S O

(Methylsulfinyl)benzene

O H O

H2N

N

O Methyl tetradecanoate

O

O

3-Methyl sulfolane

O

(Methylsulfonyl)ethene

O

O

Methyl terephthalate

17-Methyltestosterone

OH OH

N H

N

N

O

1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane

O

O S O

S

N

NO2

O2N

O

N H

NO2

N

N

N H

NO2

O

5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

NH2

S

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline

4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine

S 2-Methylthiazole

NH2 NH2

H N S 4-Methylthiazole

N

N HO

S

4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol

S

S

O S

4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione

S Methylthiirane

S

S

S

S

S S

OH

(Methylthio)acetic acid

2-(Methylthio)aniline

4-(Methylthio)aniline

N (Methylthio)benzene

2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole

N Methyl thiocyanate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

N

N

N

N

HO

OH

No.

Synonym

Physical Form

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H8OS C3H6S C8H10S C5H8O3S C5H6S

5271-38-5 1822-74-8 766-92-7 583-92-6 554-14-3

92.160 74.145 138.230 148.181 98.167

liq oil liq

7816 3-Methylthiophene

C5H6S

616-44-4

98.167

liq

7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825

C6H6OS C7H8OS C4H8OS C4H8O2S C4H8S C2H7N3S C5H6N2OS C2H6N2S C6H8N2O2

13679-70-4 1073-72-9 3268-49-3 646-01-5 10152-76-8 6610-29-3 56-04-2 598-52-7 4160-72-9

126.176 140.203 104.171 120.171 88.172 105.162 142.179 90.147 140.140

pr (EtOH) nd (w)

C37H40N2O13Na4 S C8H10O3S C7H12O6Si C4H5N3O2

1945-77-3

844.743

bl-viol cry

80-48-8 4253-34-3 932-53-6

186.228 220.252 127.102

C6H6N4O

2503-56-2

150.138

C3H3Cl3O2 CH3Cl3Si C14H28O2 C7H18Pb C3H3F3O2 C2H3F3O C8H8O5 C11H14O5 C19H18O3Si C9H12ClO2PS3 C12H14N2O2 C10H13NO3 C11H16ClNO3

598-99-2 75-79-6 1731-88-0 1762-28-3 431-47-0 421-14-7 99-24-1 1916-07-0 3439-97-2 953-17-3 526-31-8 537-49-5 7361-31-1

177.414 149.480 228.371 309.4 128.050 100.039 184.147 226.226 322.430 314.812 218.251 195.215 245.703

C12H24O C12H26 C12H26 C12H24O2 C12H26O C12H22O2 C2H6N2O

110-41-8 7045-71-8 1002-43-3 1731-86-8 10522-26-6 111-81-9 598-50-5

184.318 170.334 170.334 200.318 186.333 198.302 74.081

2-(Methylthio)ethanol (Methylthio)ethene [(Methylthio)methyl]benzene 4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid 2-Methylthiophene

5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 4-(Methylthio)phenol 3-(Methylthio)propanal 3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene N-Methylthiosemicarbazide Methylthiouracil Methylthiourea 1-Methylthymine

S-Methylpropiothetin N-Methylhydrazinecarbothioamide

1,5-Dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione

7826 Methylthymol blue, sodium salt



Methylsilanetriol, triacetate 6-Azathymine

Triethylmethylplumbane

L-Abrine Surinamine

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.06320 0.902620 1.027420

1.486130 1.483720 1.562020

vs H2O, eth, EtOH s eth, ace, chl

-30

7020 69.5 210; 12048

-63.4

112.6

1.019320

1.520320

-69

115.5

1.021820

1.520420

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s chl

84 ye oil or fl (hx) 21

cry (w)

136.5 330 dec 121 295

11425 15420, 1136 6211 13213 92

1.582520

0.876720

1.471420 s H2O, EtOH, DMSO; i eth, bz, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace s H2O

sub

s H2O 28.5 40.5 211

292; 186 11117

22

40

1.2087 1.175020

i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ctc; sl lig 1.408320 s H2O, EtOH, ace

>245 liq liq

-17.5 -90 6.5

col liq col gas -149 mcl pr (MeOH) 202 83 ye liq pr (w) nd

153.8 65.6 921 7016 43.0 -23.66

1.487420 1.27320

1.457220 1.410620 1.440520

1.7120 1.2820 sl H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH

274.5 269100, 1792 1.13520

1.559920

-18 295 dec 293 190 dec

liq col liq

-45.6 -58.0

liq orth pr (w, al)

-27.5 104.9

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc dec H2O, EtOH msc EtOH; s ctc

sl H2O; misc os sl H2O, MeOH; i eth; s alk s H2O 11916, 11410 210.2 211.2 12310 12912 248 dec

0.83215 0.748525 0.830015 0.88915 1.20400

1.432120 1.419120 1.420825

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.438220 1.439320

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s CS 2, lig

 

7827 Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate 7828 Methyltriacetoxysilane 7829 6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)dione 7830 5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5a]pyrimidin-7-ol 7831 Methyl trichloroacetate 7832 Methyltrichlorosilane 7833 Methyl tridecanoate 7834 Methyltriethyllead 7835 Methyl trifluoroacetate 7836 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 7837 Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 7838 Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 7839 Methyltriphenoxysilane 7840 Methyl trithion 7841 N-Methyl-L-tryptophan 7842 N-Methyl-L-tyrosine 7843 α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 7844 2-Methylundecanal 7845 2-Methylundecane 7846 3-Methylundecane 7847 Methyl undecanoate 7848 2-Methyl-1-undecanol 7849 Methyl 10-undecenoate 7850 N-Methylurea

mp/˚C

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

7811 7812 7813 7814 7815

Name

OH O S

S

S

OH O

S

OH

2-(Methylthio)ethanol

(Methylthio)ethene

[(Methylthio)methyl]benzene

S

4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid

2-Methylthiophene

O

S

S 3-Methylthiophene

S

5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

4-(Methylthio)phenol

S O

S

H N

OH S

O

3-(Methylthio)propanal

3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid

OH

H N

N NH2

N H

S

3-(Methylthio)-1-propene

N-Methylthiosemicarbazide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

O

H H N

S

N

NH2 N

S

Methylthiouracil

Methylthiourea

H O

1-Methylthymine

OH



O O HO

HO

O

N

O O N

O

O O S O

OH

SO3 Na



TeamLRN

O Si O O

O

O

O Methylthymol blue, sodium salt

Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate

H N N

Methyltriacetoxysilane

N O N

O Cl Cl

OH

H

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione

N N N

5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol

O

O Cl

Methyl trichloroacetate

O

O

O

O

Cl Si Cl Cl

O

F F

Pb O

Methyltrichlorosilane

Methyl tridecanoate

Methyltriethyllead

O

O

F

F

Methyl trifluoroacetate

F F

Methyl trifluoromethyl ether

HO

O

OH

O O

OH Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate

HN OH

O Si O O

S

S

Cl Methyltriphenoxysilane

S O P O

Methyl trithion

O

O

O

OH

N H

HN

HO

N-Methyl-L-tryptophan

N-Methyl-L-tyrosine

HO

O NH2

HCl

α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride

O 2-Methylundecanal

O OH

O 2-Methylundecane

3-Methylundecane

Methyl undecanoate

H N

O

2-Methyl-1-undecanol

O Methyl 10-undecenoate

NH2 O

N-Methylurea

No. 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855

7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862

nD

Solubility

liq oil

11520, 9513 152 238; 997

0.97725 0.85 0.95320

1.572220 1.470120 1.505820

s ctc

oil

10410

0.964520

1.507220

244; 12.512

0.969020

1.500520

70 5.5

0.75120 0.77250

1.425220 1.37300

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5-Methyluridine 3-Methyl-L-valine 2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1carboxaldehyde, (R) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1carboxaldehyde, (S) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1methanol (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane Methyl vinyl ether Methyl Violet Methysergide Methysticin

Thymine riboside L-tert-Leucine

d-Perillaldehyde

C10H14N2O6 C6H13NO2 C9H11N C9H14 C10H14O

1463-10-1 20859-02-3 52562-19-3 17699-86-4 5503-12-8

258.227 131.173 133.190 122.207 150.217

l-Perillaldehyde

C10H14O

18031-40-8

150.217

C10H16O

536-59-4

152.233

C6H10 C3H6O C24H28ClN3 C21H27N3O2 C15H14O5

4663-22-3 107-25-5 8004-87-3 361-37-5 495-85-2

82.143 58.079 393.952 353.458 274.269

C9H11BrN2O2

3060-89-7

259.099

C15H22ClNO2 C16H16ClN3O3S C34H56N2O12 C8H14N4OS C6H9N3O3

51218-45-2 17560-51-9 56392-17-7 21087-64-9 443-48-1

283.795 365.834 684.815 214.288 171.153

C14H15N5O6S C7H13O6P C12H18N2O2

74223-64-6 7786-34-7 315-18-4

381.364 224.148 222.283

cry

163 21 (E), 6.9 (Z) 85

C17H25NO2 C29H35NO2 C8H10N2O4

113-48-4 84371-65-3 500-44-7

275.387 429.594 198.176

cry tab (w)

<-20 150 228 dec

C23H27N3O7

10118-90-8

457.476

C9H15N5O C6H16FN2OP C10Cl12 C22H38O5 C52H76O24 C16H19N3O6 C16H19N3O6 C15H18N4O5 C14H10Cl4 C23H30N2O4 C9H17NOS

38304-91-5 371-86-8 2385-85-5 59122-46-2 18378-89-7 4055-39-4 4055-40-7 50-07-7 53-19-0 4098-40-2 2212-67-1

209.248 182.175 545.543 382.534 1085.145 349.338 349.338 334.328 320.041 398.495 187.302

C16H24N2O2 C6MoO6

7416-34-4 13939-06-5

276.374 264.00



Metolachlor Metolazone Metoprolol tartrate Metribuzin Metronidazole

7869 Metsulfuron-methyl 7870 Mevinphos 7871 Mexacarbate 7872 MGK 264 7873 Mifepristone 7874 Mimosine

C.I. Basic Violet 1

3-(p-Bromophenyl)-1-methoxy-1methylurea

2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1ethanol

4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate RU-486

7875 Minocycline 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886

den/g cm-3

Mol. Form.

7863 Metobromuron 7864 7865 7866 7867 7868

bp/˚C

mp/˚C

Synonym

Minoxidil Mipafox Mirex Misoprostol Mithramycin Mitomycin A Mitomycin B Mitomycin C Mitotane Mitragynine Molinate

Plicamycin

9-Methoxycorynantheidine Ethyl 1hexamethyleneiminecarbothiolate

liq col gas bl-viol pow cry nd (MeOH), pr (ace)

184 248 dec

-102.3 -122 137 dec 195 137

1000.001 cry (EtOH) cry

wh cry

ye-oran amorp solid cry cry (peth) cry (bz) ye oil ye cry (ace) purp nd purp-bl nd bl-viol cry wh amor pow

cry

254 121 126 160.5

248 65 485 dec 182 160 dec dec 360 77 104

180 dec 150

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH

1.6020

95

1.1220

1.3120

sl H2O 1010.3 vs EtOH, bz, ace 157

1.04 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s dil alk

i ace, bz, chl, sl; EtOH, MeOH sl H2O vs bz, diox s H2O s H2O, EtOH, AcOEt; sl bz, eth

1252

s H2O, MeOH, ace 2355 20210

s EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.06320

 

7887 Molindone 7888 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl

Bis(isopropylamido)fluorophosphate Hexachloropentadiene dimer

cry (EtOH)

s os

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

7856

Physical Form

Name

O H

N O

O

OH

N

O

HO

O

NH2

NH2 OH

HO

O

OH

5-Methyluridine

3-Methyl-L-valine

2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline

1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene

N

HO

Cl

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (S)

O N H

O N

O

H

N

NH

O

Methyl vinyl ether

Methyl Violet

HN

N

O

O O

O

(1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol

O

Metolachlor

Metolazone

O OH O

OH OH

H N

O

NH2 S N

O

O OH OH

N

Metoprolol tartrate

O

N

O N O

N

2



Metribuzin

N OH

Metronidazole

O

O O P O O

O N N O O O S N N N H H

N N H

H

N O

Mevinphos

H

O

N

O

Metsulfuron-methyl

HO

O

Mexacarbate

O

MGK 264

Mifepristone

H

O

O

OH

O



TeamLRN

O

O

N N H

Cl Br Metobromuron

Methysticin

S

O

O

O

Methysergide

O

O

H2N

Cl

N

O

O

HO O

O

HO

N

O N

H

H

N

OH

N

NH2

NH2

O

HO OH O

OH O

OH

Mimosine

Cl

NH2 OH N

N

O

O HN P F NH

NH2

Cl

Minocycline

Minoxidil

O

Cl

Cl

Mipafox

Cl Cl

O

O

Cl Cl

O

HO O

HO Cl

OH

O

OH

Cl

O

OH OH O

O

O

OH

CH3 HO

Cl Cl

HO

OH

Mirex

Misoprostol

Mithramycin

O O

O NH2

O

O O

O N O

Mitomycin A

NH2

O

O OH

O N H

O

N O

Mitomycin B

NH2

O

O O

H2N N

N O

Mitomycin C

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

N H

N

N H H

O

O

Cl

Mitotane

O

H H

Mitragynine

N

CO OC

N

O

O

N H

S Molinate

Molindone

OC

Mo CO

CO CO

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (R)

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, monobutyl ester

C12H14O4

131-70-4

222.237

pl (ace, al)

73.5

C4H9Cl3Sn C16H23NO6 C7H14NO5P C9H11ClN2O2

1118-46-3 315-22-0 6923-22-4 1746-81-2

282.183 325.357 223.164 214.648

hyg liq wh pr (EtOH)

-63 198 dec 55 77

9310

0.8520

1250.0005

1.3320

7894 Monomethyl adipate

C7H12O4

627-91-8

160.168

lf (Me3NMeOH)

9

15810

1.062320

7895 7896 7897 7898

C6H10O4 C5H8NNaO4 C20H21N3O3 C15H10O7

1501-27-5 142-47-2 19395-58-5 480-16-0

146.141 169.113 351.399 302.236

C17H19NO3

57-27-2

285.338

pa ye nd (+ 1 w, dil al) pr

Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine

C4H10N2O C4H9NO

4319-49-7 110-91-8

102.134 87.120

4-(3-Aminopropyl)morpholine

C5H9NO2 C6H14N2O C6H13NO2 C7H16N2O

4394-85-8 2038-03-1 622-40-2 123-00-2

115.131 130.187 131.173 144.214

C11H12N2OS2 C10H14N2O C11H12N2OS3 C29H47NO3 C8H10N6O7

102-77-2 2524-67-6 95-32-9 36069-45-1 3051-09-0

252.355 178.230 284.420 457.688 302.201

cry (EtOH)

C4H6N2O2 C15H17ClN4 C17H20O6 C10H16 C11H12O3 C4H6N2Na2S4

2763-96-4 88671-89-0 24280-93-1 123-35-3 607-91-0 142-59-6

114.103 288.776 320.337 136.234 192.211 256.344

cry (EtOH) ye cry nd (w)

C17H27NO4 C4H7Br2Cl2O4P

42200-33-9 300-76-5

309.401 380.784

cry (bz)

C12H12N2O3 C21H25NO3 C19H21NO3 C19H21NO4 C20H23NO4 C18H26O2 C14H14ClN2

389-08-2 55096-26-9 62-67-9 465-65-6 16590-41-3 434-22-0 550-99-2

232.234 339.429 311.375 327.375 341.402 274.398 245.727

No.

Name

7889 Monobutyl phthalate 7890 7891 7892 7893

Monobutyltin trichloride Monocrotaline Monocrotophos Monolinuron

Monomethyl glutarate Monosodium L-glutamate Moquizone Morin

7899 Morphine 7900 4-Morpholinamine 7901 Morpholine



7902 7903 7904 7905

4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde 4-Morpholineethanamine 4-Morpholineethanol 4-Morpholinepropanamine

7906 7907 7908 7909 7910

2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole 4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole Muldamine Murexide

7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916

Muscimol Myclobutanil Mycophenolic acid β-Myrcene Myristicin Nabam

7917 Nadolol 7918 Naled

Nalidixic acid Nalmefene Nalorphine Naloxone Naltrexone Nandrolone Naphazoline hydrochloride

5,5’-Nitrilobarbituric acid, ammonium salt 5-(Aminomethyl)-3(2H)-isoxazolone

7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene Sodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid 1,2-Dibromo-2,2dichloroethylphosphoric acid, dimethyl ester

Acetorphin

17-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one

nD

Solubility vs EtOH, chl

15827, 15010 1.16925

s bz, CH2Cl2

1.428320

s EtOH

1.438120 s H2O s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s bz, alk; i CS2 i H2O, eth, ace; s MeOH, py; sl EtOH

136 303.5 255

sub 190

hyg liq

-4.8

166 128

1.05925 1.000520

1.477220 1.454820

liq liq

21 25.6 -0.8 -15

239 205 227 220; 13450

1.152020 0.989720 1.071020 0.985420

1.484520 1.471520 1.476320 1.476220

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl ctc

85 131.6 135 210 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; s alk 175 dec 65 141

2051.0

<-20

167 276.5

0.801315 1.141620

≈130 27

1100.5

1.9620

cry (w)

cry (AcOEt) cry (eth) cry (AcOEt) cry (ace) cry

229.5 189 208 178 169 112

1.472220 1.540320

i H2O, peth; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, tol i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz s H2O s EtOH; sl chl; i ace, eth, hx

sl EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s alk, ace, EtOH i peth; s chl s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O

 

7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925

4-(2-Benzothiazolylthio)morpholine

solid

den/g cm-3

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-Nmethylurea

bp/˚C

O HO HO

O

O

O Cl Sn Cl Cl

O Monobutyl phthalate

O H

HO

HO

Monomethyl adipate

O O Na NH2

O Monomethyl glutarate

Monosodium L-glutamate

N

HO

OH Morin

Morphine

OH

NH2 N

N

N

O

O

Morpholine

4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde

N

O

O

O 4-Morpholinamine

4-Morpholineethanamine

NH2

O

4-Morpholineethanol

4-Morpholinepropanamine

NH2 Cl



TeamLRN

H N

N

N S N

S

O

S

S

O

2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole

4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline

S N

O

N H O

NH4 O H N O

O HO

2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole

N H

Muldamine

O N OO

N N

N H

H OH O

H 2N

Murexide

O

N

N

N N

Muscimol

Myclobutanil

O O OH

OH

O O O

O

S

O

OH

Mycophenolic acid

β-Myrcene

Myristicin

HO

HO

H N

Na S

S N H

H N

S Na

Nabam

OH

OH O

O O O P O O Br

Nadolol

OH Br Cl Cl

Naled

N OH Nalmefene

O

O H

HO

N OH

N

H

Naloxone

H

N OH O

O Nalorphine

N

HO

HO

O

N

Nalidixic acid

OH

O

O

N N H

HCl

O Naltrexone

Nandrolone

Naphazoline hydrochloride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H

O

H N



O

Moquizone

Monolinuron

NH2 N

O

N

O

O

O

HO

N HO

O

O

Cl

Monocrotophos

O

O HO

O

Monocrotaline

OH OH O

N O

NH

OH O

N

HN

O O P O O

N

Monobutyltin trichloride

O

OH O O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

357

sub

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,3-Benzanthracene

C18H12

92-24-0

228.288

1-Naphthoic acid

C18H10O2 C10H8 C12H11NO C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H9N C11H7N C11H7N C11H7ClO C11H7ClO C11H8O C11H8O C11H8O2

1090-13-7 91-20-3 86-86-2 86-87-3 581-96-4 132-75-2 86-53-3 613-46-7 879-18-5 2243-83-6 66-77-3 66-99-9 86-55-5

258.271 128.171 185.221 186.206 186.206 167.206 153.181 153.181 190.626 190.626 156.181 156.181 172.181

7940 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

2-Naphthoic acid

C11H8O2

93-09-4

172.181

7941 7942 7943 7944 7945

1,5-Diaminonaphthalene 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene Naphthalic acid

C10H10N2 C10H10N2 C10H10N2 C12H8O4 C12H8O4

2243-62-1 479-27-6 771-97-1 518-05-8 2169-87-1

158.199 158.199 158.199 216.190 216.190

C12H8O4 C14H12O4

1141-38-4 840-65-3

216.190 244.243

C12H6N2O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2

3173-72-6 132-86-5 571-60-8 83-56-7

210.188 160.170 160.170 160.170

cry lf (w) mcl nd (bz, w) pr (w), nd (sub)

127 123.5 192 262 dec

sub

7952 1,6-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

575-44-0

160.170

pr (bz)

138

sub

7953 1,7-Naphthalenediol 7954 2,3-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2 C10H8O2

575-38-2 92-44-4

160.170 160.170

nd (bz or sub) lf (w)

180.5 163.5

sub

7955 2,6-Naphthalenediol 7956 2,7-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2 C10H8O2

581-43-1 582-17-2

160.170 160.170

orth pl (w) nd, (w, dil al), pl (dil al) ye-red nd (eth) oran lf (bz) bt ye nd (al, peth) ye (sub) pl (+4w, dil HOAc) oran pr (+4w, HOAc or w)

220 193

sub sub

7926 Naphthacene 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939

5,12-Naphthacenedione Naphthalene 1-Naphthaleneacetamide 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile 2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile 1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid



1,5-Naphthalenediamine 1,8-Naphthalenediamine 2,3-Naphthalenediamine 1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

7946 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 7947 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester 7948 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate 7949 1,3-Naphthalenediol 7950 1,4-Naphthalenediol 7951 1,5-Naphthalenediol

1-Naphthylacetic acid 2-Naphthylacetic acid

1,5-Diisocyanatonaphthalene Naphthoresorcinol

7957 1,2-Naphthalenedione

1,2-Naphthoquinone

C10H6O2

524-42-5

158.154

7958 1,4-Naphthalenedione

1,4-Naphthoquinone

C10H6O2

130-15-4

158.154

7959 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Armstrong’s acid

C10H8O6S2

81-04-9

288.297

7960 1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid

C10H8O6S2

525-37-1

288.297

oran-ye lf (bz, xyl) mcl pl (al) nd(w, al) nd (w) lf(w) cry (bz) nd (lig) lf (lig) cry (peth) pa ye lf (w) nd (HOAc-w, w, al) nd (lig, chl, sub) pl (ace) pr (eth, al, w) lf (eth, w) pr (HOAc, w, sub) nd (al or sub)

285 dec 80.26 135 143 32.5 37.5 66 20 51 33.5 62 161

217.9 sub 180 dec 19218, 16312 299 306.5 297.5 305 292 16019 >300

den/g cm-3

1.025320

1.108025 1.075560

1.150320 1.077599 1.39825

>300

1.077100

190 66.5 199 260 244.5

sub 20512

1.425 1.126590 1.096826

>300 dec 190.0

125 dec

1.589825

1.619220 1.629818

1.650720 1.621199 1.46

1.682899 1.639226

sl ace, bz, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s eth, bz, CS2, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl; s bz vs eth, lig, chl s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, DMSO, lig; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth, DMSO vs EtOH

18310

1.45025

146

242 dec

Solubility i H2O; sl bz; s con sulf

185.5

128.5

nD

sub

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace; i bz; s HOAc sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, HOAc sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2

1.493

25

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

O

O

O NH2

N OH OH O

O Naphthacene

5,12-Naphthacenedione

Naphthalene

O

Cl

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

O

Cl 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride

2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride

1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

NH2 NH2

HOOC



TeamLRN

NH2

COOH

NH2

NH2

1,5-Naphthalenediamine

1,8-Naphthalenediamine

N

C

1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

OH

C

2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

OH

OH

O

O

2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

O

O

O

O HO

OH

2,3-Naphthalenediamine

O

O

OH

O O

OH

2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester

1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

OH

O

OH

OH HO

N OH

1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate

OH

1,3-Naphthalenediol

1,4-Naphthalenediol

OH 1,5-Naphthalenediol

HO 1,6-Naphthalenediol

1,7-Naphthalenediol

OH O S O

OH O S O

O OH OH 2,3-Naphthalenediol

OH

O HO

OH

O

O

HO

O 2,6-Naphthalenediol

OH

O

NH2

2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile

O

O

N

2-Naphthaleneacetic acid

2,7-Naphthalenediol

1,2-Naphthalenedione

1,4-Naphthalenedione

O S O OH 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

HO

S O

1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

1-Naphthaleneacetamide

 

No.

Name

7961 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

C10H8O6S2

92-41-1

288.297

C11H11N C11H10O

118-31-0 4780-79-4

157.212 158.196

7962 1-Naphthalenemethanamine 7963 1-Naphthalenemethanol

Physical Form

mp/˚C 199

nd (w, al), cry (bz-lig) lf pr (+2 w, dil HCl) hyg pl (+1w), cry (+3w, HCl) lf (eth) pow or lf (bzpeth) lf or nd (w, dil HCl)

64

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

292 304; 16312

81.3 140

17812

91

dec

68 81

20920, 1470.9 20113, 1480.5

1.095820 1.103980



α-Naphthylsulfonic acid

C11H10O C10H8O3S

1592-38-7 85-47-2

158.196 208.234

7966 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

β-Naphthylsulfonic acid

C10H8O3S

120-18-3

208.234

7967 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride 7968 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

C10H7ClO2S C10H7ClO2S

85-46-1 93-11-8

226.680 226.680

7969 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid 7970 1-Naphthalenethiol

C14H8O8

128-97-2

304.209

1-Naphthyl mercaptan

C10H8S

529-36-2

160.236

2-Naphthyl mercaptan

C10H8S C12H16Cl2N2

91-60-1 1465-25-4

160.236 259.174

pl (al) hex pr

81 189

ANTU 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride 1-Naphthalenol

C11H10N2S C12H6O3

86-88-4 716-39-2

202.275 198.174

pr (al)

198 246

C10H8O

90-15-3

144.170

ye nd (w)

95.0

288; 18440

1.098999

2-Naphthalenol 1-Naphthyl acetate 2-Naphthyl acetate

C10H8O C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C27H18O2 C12H6O3

135-19-3 830-81-9 1523-11-1 145-50-6 81-84-5

144.170 186.206 186.206 374.431 198.174

mcl lf (w) nd or pl (al) nd (al)

121.5 49 71.0 123 275.0

285 1141 1322

1.2820

α-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Naptalam

C10H9N C10H9N C18H13NO3

134-32-7 91-59-8 132-66-1

143.185 143.185 291.301

49.2 113 185

300.7 306.2

2-Naphthalenol benzoate

C17H12O2 C12H11NO C12H14N2 C17H12O3 C10H9NO C11H7NS C20H15N

93-44-7 575-36-0 551-09-7 550-97-0 607-30-7 551-06-4 532-18-3

248.276 185.221 186.252 264.275 159.184 185.246 269.340

nd or pr (al)

wh nd (al) lf(bz)

83 79 58 172.2

C12H10O3 C10H9O4P

120-23-0 1136-89-6

202.205 224.149

pr(w) cry

156 160

C17H12O3 C8H6N2

613-78-5 254-79-5

264.275 130.147

cry (al) ye nd (peth)

95.5 75

7975 1-Naphthol 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990

2-Naphthol 1-Naphthol, acetate 2-Naphthol, acetate p-Naphtholbenzein 1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3dione 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-[(1-Naphthylamino) carbonyl]benzoic acid 2-Naphthyl benzoate N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine 1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine 1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine

7991 (2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid 7992 1-Naphthyl phosphate 7993 2-Naphthyl salicylate 7994 1,5-Naphthyridine

N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine 1-Naphthyl salicylate N-Hydroxyl-1-naphthalenamine 1-Isothiocyanatonaphthalene β,β’-Dinaphthylamine 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid 1-Naphthalenol, dihydrogen phosphate 2-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1,5-Diazanaphthalene

s EtOH, eth, sulf, CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.44125

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl bz

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl peth; vs eth sl H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; vs ace

320 dec 285; 16120 288

1.160720

1.680220

1.55025

sl H2O, dil alk; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace sl EtOH, chl; s eth, bz

1.622499

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc

1.022820 1.641498 1.420

1.614020 1.649398

107 160

s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz, tfa i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

2049

visc lig

Solubility s H2O; sl con HCl

7964 2-Naphthalenemethanol 7965 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

7971 2-Naphthalenethiol 7972 N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2ethanediamine, dihydrochloride 7973 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 7974 Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione

nD

1.11425

1.664825 vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, DMSO; s eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO

471

11212

1.11116 1.210020

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

hyg nd (conc HCl)

NH2 HO O S O

O

S

OH O 1-Naphthalenemethanamine

1-Naphthalenemethanol

1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

S HN SH

NH2

HN

NH2

2HCl

COOH

1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid

1-Naphthalenethiol

2-Naphthalenethiol

N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, dihydrochloride

1-Naphthalenylthiourea

O

O



TeamLRN

O

O

OH O

OH

O

O

O

HO

O O

O Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione

2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

SH

HOOC

OH O

COOH

Cl O

2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

2-Naphthalenemethanol

S

Cl O S O

1-Naphthol

2-Naphthol

O NH2

1-Naphthol, acetate

O

2-Naphthol, acetate

p-Naphtholbenzein

OH

1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3-dione

O HN

HN

O HN

NH2

OH

O

O

NH2

O 1-Naphthylamine

OH

2-[(1-Naphthylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid

N

C

2-Naphthyl benzoate

N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide

O O

N

O

OH

O 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine

1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate

N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine

(2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid

1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O HO P OH O

S H N

N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine

1-Naphthyl phosphate

2-Naphthyl salicylate

OH

N 1,5-Naphthyridine



HN

2-Naphthylamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HOOC S

O

OH

2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O

OH O S O

OH

No.

Name

7995 1,6-Naphthyridine 7996 Napropamide 7997 Naproxen Narceine Narcobarbital Naringenin Naringin

8002 8003 8004 8005 8006

Nealbarbital Nellite Neoabietic acid Neobornylamine Neopentane

8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015

Neopine Neostigmine bromide Nepetalactone cis-Nerolidol Neurine Neutral Red Nialamide Nickel(II) acetate Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

8016 Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate) 8017 Nickel carbonyl 8018 Nickelocene 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023

Niclosamide Nicofibrate Nicosulfuron Nicotelline Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide 8024 β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide 8025 L-Nicotine

8026 Nifurthiazole 8027 Nitralin 8028 Nitranilic acid 8029 Nitrapyrin

Diamidafos 8(14),13(15)-Abietadien-18-oic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropane

Nickel acetylacetonate Nickel tetracarbonyl Bis(η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) nickel

3,2’:4’,3’’-Terpyridine Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide NMN 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,Ndipropylaniline 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,6-dinitro-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione Pyridine, 2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine Tricyanotrimethylamine

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H6N2 C17H21NO2

253-72-5 15299-99-7

130.147 271.355

C14H14O3

22204-53-1

230.259

C23H27NO8 C11H15BrN2O3 C15H12O5 C27H32O14

131-28-2 125-55-3 480-41-1 10236-47-2

445.462 303.152 272.253 580.535

nd (dil al) nd (w+8)

C12H18N2O3 C8H13N2O2P C20H30O2 C10H19N C5H12

561-83-1 1754-58-1 471-77-2 2223-67-8 463-82-1

238.282 200.175 302.451 153.265 72.149

cry (ctc) cry (EtOH aq) pow col gas

156 103.5 173 184 -16.4

C18H21NO3 C12H19BrN2O2 C10H14O2 C15H26O C5H13NO C15H17ClN4 C16H18N4O2 C4H6NiO4 C18H36N2NiS4

467-14-1 114-80-7 490-10-8 142-50-7 463-88-7 553-24-2 51-12-7 373-02-4 13927-77-0

299.365 303.195 166.217 222.366 103.163 288.776 298.340 176.782 467.445

nd (peth) cry (al-eth)

127.5 167 dec

C10H14NiO4 C4NiO4 C10H10Ni

3264-82-2 13463-39-3 1271-28-9

256.909 170.734 188.879

C13H8Cl2N2O4 C16H16ClNO3 C15H18N6O6S C15H11N3 C21H26N6O15P2

50-65-7 31980-29-7 111991-09-4 494-04-2 1851-07-6

327.120 305.756 410.405 233.268 664.410

prismatic nd pow

C11H15N2O8P C10H14N2

1094-61-7 54-11-5

334.219 162.231

amor pow hyg liq

C8H6N4O4S C13H19N3O6S

3570-75-0 4726-14-1

254.224 345.371

cry

215 dec 150

C6H2N2O8

479-22-1

230.088

gold-ye pl (+w, dil HNO3

170 dec

C6H3Cl4N

1929-82-4

230.907

C6H9NO6 C6H6N4

139-13-9 7327-60-8

191.138 134.139

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

29.5 75 cry (ace/hx)

155

i H2O; sl eth; s MeOH, chl

138 115 251

i H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, py vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl AcOEt, bz

9.48

0.585225 (p>1 atm

1.34766

vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH

710.05 276; 700.1

1.066325 0.877820

1.485925 1.489820

syr grn pow

vs EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, ethylene glycol, EtOH; i xyl

151.6 grn cry (bz/ EtOH) grn orth cry col liq

vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ace

91 230 -19.3 172

22711 43 (exp 60)

227 49 172 148

>300

-79

247; 12518

63

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; i eth 1.3125

1800.4 sl H2O, eth; s bz, chl, EtOH

1.009720

1.528220

vs H2O; i ace msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 13611

 

8030 Nitrilotriacetic acid 8031 2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile

Propanamide, N,N-diethyl-2-(1naphthalenyloxy)6-Methoxy-α-methyl-2naphthaleneacetic acid

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

pr cry (w) nd (EtOH)

242 dec 125.5

sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



7998 7999 8000 8001

Synonym

OH O HO O

N O

N

OH

O

N 1,6-Naphthyridine

Naproxen

O

OH OH

OH

Narcobarbital

NH2



TeamLRN

Neoabietic acid

O

HCl

N H

Naringenin

Naringin

Br

H

H N

O

Neopentane

Neopine

O

O Nialamide

S S

2

O

N H

N

O

O N

Cl

N

CO CO

Ni

Nickel carbonyl

Nickelocene

OH O

O O P P O O O O OH

N N

Nicosulfuron

OH OH

Nicotelline

N

N N O

O

Nicofibrate

OC

O

Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate)

O

N

Cl

Niclosamide

Ni

H2N

H N

N Neurine

CO

O

O

S

Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

S O O O

cis-Nerolidol

Ni

N N H N

OH

O



O

H

Nepetalactone

N

O O

N

S Ni

N

Nickel(II) acetate

O

Neostigmine bromide

O Ni 2

HO

O

HO

Neobornylamine

H N

Neutral Red

Cl

O

O

N

N

O N

HO

O

N

Nellite

N

N

O OH

N

OH O

O

Narceine

O

N

HO NH

O

O

Nealbarbital

H2N

O

O HN P NH O

NH N H

Br

O O

Napropamide

O

O

O

OH

HO

O

O

HO

O

O

OH O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

OH

N

O

O

N

N O

OH OH

Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide

O NH2 O P O O OH

O

N

O

H

O N

OH OH β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide

N L-Nicotine

N O

O

N S Nifurthiazole

N H

H N

O

O N

N

O S O Nitralin

O N

O

O

O N

O OH

HO O

N O

Nitranilic acid

O

Cl Cl

N Cl Nitrapyrin

N

COOH

Cl HOOC

N

COOH

Nitrilotriacetic acid

N

N

N

2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile

No. 8032 8033 8034 8035

Name

Synonym

Nitroacetic acid Nitroacetone 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline

8036 4-Nitroaniline

Mol. Wt.

C2H3NO4 C3H5NO3 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2

625-75-2 10230-68-9 88-74-4 99-09-2

105.050 103.077 138.124 138.124

nd (chl) pl, nd (eth, bz)

C6H6N2O2

100-01-6

138.124

pa ye mcl nd (w)



1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene 1-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene

C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3

91-23-6 555-03-3

153.136 153.136

8039 4-Nitroanisole

1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C7H7NO3

100-17-4

153.136

8040 9-Nitroanthracene

C14H9NO2

602-60-8

223.227

8041 1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H7NO4

82-34-8

253.211

8042 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde 8043 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 8044 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3

552-89-6 99-61-6 555-16-8

151.120 151.120 151.120

8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051

o-Nitrophenylacetic acid m-Nitrophenylacetic acid p-Nitrophenylacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzyl cyanide

C7H6N2O3 C7H6N2O3 C6H5NO2 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H6N2O2

645-09-0 619-80-7 98-95-3 3740-52-1 1877-73-2 104-03-0 610-66-2

166.134 166.134 123.110 181.147 181.147 181.147 162.146

4-Nitrobenzyl cyanide 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine

C8H6N2O2 C6H7N3O2

555-21-5 99-56-9

162.146 153.139

8052 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile 8053 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C8H5NO6 C8H5NO6

5131-58-8 5042-55-7 5307-14-2 603-11-2 610-27-5

153.139 153.139 153.139 211.129 211.129

8059 8060 8061 8062 8063

2-Nitrobenzeneethanol 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol 2-Nitrobenzenemethanol 3-Nitrobenzenemethanol 4-Nitrobenzenemethanol

C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3

15121-84-3 100-27-6 612-25-9 619-25-0 619-73-8

167.162 167.162 153.136 153.136 153.136

8064 8065 8066 8067 8068

2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H4ClNO2S C6H4ClNO2S C6H6N2O4S C6H5NO5S C6H5NO5S

7669-54-7 937-32-6 6325-93-5 98-47-5 138-42-1

189.620 189.620 202.188 203.173 203.173

2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

10324 284 dec 306

0.901525 0.901125

147.5

332

1.42420

10.5 38.5

277; 1444 258

1.254020 1.37318

1.516120

54

274

1.219260

1.507060

146

27517

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace, CS 2

231.5

2707

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz

43.5 58.5 107

15323 16423 sub

142.7 200.7 5.7 nd (w, pl (dil al) 141.5 nd (w) 122 pa ye nd (w) 154 nd (dil al), pr 84 (HOAc, al) pr (al) 117 dk red nd (dil 199.5 al) oran pr (w) 161 red cry (w) 143 140.0 pa ye pr (w) 218 pa ye nd (w, 164.8 eth) 1.0 63 nd (w) 74 orth nd (w) 30.5 nd (w) 96.5

1.284420 1.279220 1.49625

312.5

nd (w)

ye nd (bz) ye lf (peth) pl

75 52 180 dec 48 95

210.8

1.203720

1.556220

17812, 1381 19612

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, DMSO i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc; sl peth

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s acid

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH; i bz, peth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i bz, chl, CS 2, peth 267 1482 270; 16820 1773 dec 255; 18512

1.1925

1.563720 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth

1.29619

vs eth, bz, chl vs bz

1250.1

 

8054 8055 8056 8057 8058

nd (al), pl (bzlig) pr (al), nd (dil al) ye nd (al) pr (HOAc or xyl) nd (HOAc) ye pr (ace) ye nd (w) lt ye nd (w) lf, pr (w)

mp/˚C 92 dec 50.3 71.0 113.4

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

8037 2-Nitroanisole 8038 3-Nitroanisole

3-Nitrobenzamide 4-Nitrobenzamide Nitrobenzene 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

NH2

NH2 O

O

O N

OH

Nitroacetic acid

O

N O

O

Nitroacetone

2-Nitroaniline

O



O

O

O

O

3-Nitroaniline

O

NH2

O

N

N O

O

3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

N

N O

O

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

O



TeamLRN

N

O

O

4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

N

4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine

O N

O

2-Nitrobenzenemethanol

N O

HO

N O

Nitrobenzene

NH2 O N

HO

2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine

O

N

S

O N

O 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

O N O

N

O

O 2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

O

4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

OH O

N O

4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

2-Nitrobenzeneethanol

NH2 O S O

N

N

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide

OH O

O

O

N

O OH

N

O

O

4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

S

O

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

N

O

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

O

N

OH O

3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

HO

O

O

4-Nitrobenzenemethanol

9-Nitroanthracene

O

Cl

O N

O

3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

N O

O

HO

N O

O

O

O

O

4-Nitroanisole

O

O

NH2

5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine

N

HO O N

2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

NH2

O

3-Nitrobenzenemethanol

3-Nitroanisole

O

Cl O

O

HO

HO HO

N

NH2

O

O

O

N

N

N

O

NH2

4-Nitrobenzamide

NH2

O

N O

2-Nitroanisole

O

3-Nitrobenzamide

NH2

O

O

NH2

NH2

O

O

4-Nitroaniline

O O

O N

O

O

N O 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

N O

O

3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

O

N

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O N

NH2 O N

O

O

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

8069 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

C6H4ClNO4S

1694-92-4

221.619

8070 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

C6H4ClNO4S

121-51-7

221.619

Synonym

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 5-Nitro-1H-benzimidazole 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide 3-Nitrobenzonitrile 4-Nitrobenzonitrile 5-Nitro-1H-benzotriazole 2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

C6H4ClNO4S C7H5N3O2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H7N3O3 C7H7N3O3 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C6H4N4O2 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3

98-74-8 94-52-0 552-16-9 121-92-6 62-23-7 618-94-0 636-97-5 619-24-9 619-72-7 2338-12-7 610-14-0 121-90-4 122-04-3

221.619 163.134 167.120 167.120 167.120 181.149 181.149 148.119 148.119 164.122 185.565 185.565 185.565

Physical Form pr (lig, ethpeth) mcl pr (eth) nd (lig) mcl pr (peth) nd (w) tcl nd (w) mcl pr (w) mcl lf (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

68.5 64 79.5 207.8 147.5 141.1 242 153.5 215.5 118 150.0 217 20 36 75

Solubility s eth; sl peth i H2O; s EtOH

143

1.5

sub

s peth i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s acid; vs EtOH s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; i peth sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc

1.57520 1.49420 1.61020

16516

vs eth; sl ctc vs eth s eth



37.2 62

199.205

pl (al, MeOH) ye pl or nd (dil al) ye nd (al)

276.5 203105, 15115 320 22735, 1439

114

340

117-27-1

310.176

cry

81

1800.16

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C18H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C10H21NO2 C4H10N2O2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H3NO2 C8H9NO2 C12H7Cl2NO3

627-05-4 609-31-4 6270-16-2 7496-02-8 1122-60-7 4609-87-4 7119-92-8 79-24-3 625-48-9 3638-64-0 6125-24-2 1836-75-5

103.120 119.119 119.119 273.286 129.157 187.280 118.134 75.067 91.066 73.051 151.163 284.095

-47

153 10510 919, 550.5

0.97025 1.133225 1.126020

1.430320 1.439020 1.441420

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s alk s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc

205; 9522 861 206.5 114.0 194; 10210 98.5 250; 13716

1.061020

1.461219 1.433720

i H2O; s EtOH, lig

8100 2-Nitro-9H-fluorene

C13H9NO2

607-57-8

211.216

8101 2-Nitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

C13H7NO3

3096-52-4

225.200

8102 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate 8103 2-Nitrofuran

C9H9NO7 C4H3NO3

92-55-7 609-39-2

243.170 113.072

8104 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde 8105 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid 8106 Nitrofurantoin

C5H3NO4 C5H3NO5 C8H6N4O5

698-63-5 645-12-5 67-20-9

141.083 157.082 238.158

8084 2-Nitrobiphenyl 8085 3-Nitrobiphenyl

2-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl 3-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C12H9NO2 C12H9NO2

86-00-0 2113-58-8

199.205 199.205

8086 4-Nitrobiphenyl

4-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C12H9NO2

92-93-3

C15H13Cl2NO2

8087 2-Nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) propane 8088 1-Nitrobutane 8089 2-Nitro-1-butanol 8090 3-Nitro-2-butanol 8091 6-Nitrochrysene 8092 Nitrocyclohexane 8093 1-Nitrodecane 8094 N-Nitrodiethylamine 8095 Nitroethane 8096 2-Nitroethanol 8097 Nitroethene 8098 (2-Nitroethyl)benzene 8099 Nitrofen

N-Ethyl-N-nitroethanamine

2,4-Dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy) benzene

ye nd (lig)

ye nd (bz) liq

≈215 dec -34

liq liq liq liq

-89.5 -80 -55.5 -23 70

nd (50% HOAc ace) ye nd or lf (HOAc)

159.3

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc

1.05715 1.044825 1.27015 1.221214 1.12624

1.391720 1.443819 1.428220 1.540719

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

i H2O; s ace, bz

224.3

sub

sl EtOH; s ace, sulf, HOAc

92.0 30

134123, 8413

s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

13010 sub

sl H2O; s peth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz; i chl

35.5 186 263

 

ye mcl cry (peth) pa ye (peth) pa ye pl (w)

1.4425

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083

Name

Cl O S OO N

O

N O

H N

O

N

O

O O

3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

O

N

O

N

N O

Cl

O N

O

O

N N

5-Nitro-1H-benzotriazole

N O

O

N

N O

O

4-Nitrobenzoic acid

Cl

O

O

O

N O

O O

3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

N

O

4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

2-Nitrobiphenyl

N O

O

O N

OH

2-Nitroethanol

O

O

O

1-Nitrobutane

N O

O

N

O

O

2-Nitro-1-butanol

O N

O

Nitroethene

N

O

O

3-Nitro-2-butanol

N

5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate

O

N O

2-Nitrofuran

O

O

N O

O

O

6-Nitrochrysene

Nitrocyclohexane

O O

Cl

Cl

(2-Nitroethyl)benzene

N O

O N

O

Nitrofen

O

O

5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde

O

N O

OH

O O

5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid

O

2-Nitro-9H-fluorene

N O

N

OH

O

O

O

3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

OH

O

Nitroethane

O

O O N

2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

Cl

N O

O N

H N

O

3-Nitrobenzoic acid

O N

2-Nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)propane

N-Nitrodiethylamine

O

O N

Cl

O 2-Nitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

H2N

O

2-Nitrobenzoic acid

N H

O

O

5-Nitro-1H-benzimidazole

O

4-Nitrobenzonitrile

4-Nitrobiphenyl

O N

O N

O





TeamLRN

O

O

O

O N O

1-Nitrodecane

O

N H

O

O N O

N O

HO N

Cl

3-Nitrobenzonitrile

3-Nitrobiphenyl

O N

HO

O

N

N O

O

N

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

N

O

HO

O

N H

O

O Nitrofurantoin

N O

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

H 2N

Cl O S O

Cl O S O

No.

Name

8107 Nitrofurazone

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

59-87-0

198.137

pa ye nd

238 dec

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; s alk

302-70-5

208.514

pr (ace)

110

s H2O

CH4N4O2 C6H13NO2 C6H6AsNO6

556-88-7 646-14-0 121-19-7

104.069 131.173 263.037

nd or pr (w)

239 dec

ye nd or pl (w)

300

C3H3N3O2 C3H3N3O2 C7H5N3O2

527-73-1 3034-38-6 5401-94-5

113.075 113.075 163.134

cry (MeOH)

287 dec 303 dec 208

C7H5N3O2 C8H3NO5 C8H3NO5 C4H9NO2

7597-18-4 641-70-3 5466-84-2 594-70-7

163.134 193.114 193.114 103.120

8119 5-Nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

C8H4N2O4

89-40-7

192.129

8120 Nitromersol 8121 N-Nitromethanamine

C7H5HgNO3 CH4N2O2

133-58-4 598-57-2

351.71 76.055

8122 Nitromethane 8123 (Nitromethyl)benzene 8124 Nitron

CH3NO2 C7H7NO2 C20H16N4

75-52-5 622-42-4 2218-94-2

61.041 137.137 312.368

8125 1-Nitronaphthalene 8126 2-Nitronaphthalene

C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2

86-57-7 581-89-5

173.169 173.169

8127 1-Nitro-2-naphthol

C10H7NO3

550-60-7

189.168

8128 8129 8130 8131 8132

C8H17NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C12H7N3O2 C6H5NO3

629-37-8 628-05-7 551-88-2 4199-88-6 88-75-5

159.227 117.147 117.147 225.203 139.109

8133 3-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

554-84-7

139.109

8134 4-Nitrophenol 8135 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene 8136 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene

C6H5NO3 C12H9NO3 C12H9NO3

100-02-7 2216-12-8 620-88-2

139.109 215.204 215.204

8137 8138 8139 8140

C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O3 C8H7NO4

552-32-9 122-28-1 104-04-1 610-69-5

180.161 180.161 180.161 181.147

8108 Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride 8109 Nitroguanidine 8110 1-Nitrohexane 8111 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid 8112 2-Nitro-1H-imidazole 8113 4-Nitro-1H-imidazole 8114 5-Nitro-1H-indazole 8115 8116 8117 8118

6-Nitro-1H-indazole 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 2-Nitroisobutane



1-Nitrooctane 1-Nitropentane 3-Nitropentane 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline 2-Nitrophenol

Azomycin

ye nd or col nd (al) nd (w, al, ace) nd (ace, al)

col nd (w), ye lf (al-ace)

liq ye liq ye lf (al), nd (chl) ye nd (al) ye orth nd or pl (al) ye nd, lf or pr (al)

ye nd or pr (eth, al) ye mcl (eth, aq Hcl) ye mcl pr (to) ye liq pl (peth), MeOH) wh lf (al) ye pr (w) nd or pr (lig)

181 dec 164 120.3 26.23

0.939620

1.427020

1968 127.16

0.950128

1.401520

38

8210

1.243349

1.461649

-28.38

101.19 226; 13525

1.137120 1.159620

1.381720 1.532320

61 79

18014 314; 16515

1.33220

104

1150.05

15

208.5 172.5 154

0.934620 0.952520 0.9570

1.432220 1.417520

202.3 44.8

216

1.294240

1.572350

96.8

19470

1.2797100

113.6 <-20 61

23560, 1848 320; 22530

202

189 dec

94 155 216 40.5

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk sl hot H2O; i eth, EtOAc; vs MeOH, EtOH

s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, HOAc; i lig

1000.1 1000.0074 1000.008 dec 253; 14111

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace; i lig i H2O; s EtOH, ace, HOAc; sl bz i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace; sl eth msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; i alk vs ace i H2O; sl ace, EtOH; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, alk vs ace, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl

1.47920 1.253922

1.41915

 

N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide 2-Nitrophenyl acetate

Roxarsone

193; 8421

1.57520

s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, py sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tol, py vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, lig; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl tfa sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, tfa, alk s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) C6H6N4O4 methylene]hydrazinecarboxamide Mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride C5H12Cl3NO

OH O As OH H2N

O O

N O

N

O

N H

NH2

N N O O

H2N

Cl HCl

Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride

N O

Nitroguanidine

O N H N

4-Nitro-1H-imidazole



TeamLRN

O N

O

N

H N

Nitromersol

N

2-Nitronaphthalene

O

4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

N O

H

N N O

NO2 H

Nitromethane

N O

(Nitromethyl)benzene

O N

O

1-Nitrooctane

3-Nitrophenol

N

O

4-Nitrophenol

O

N

N

O

Nitron

1-Nitronaphthalene

OH O N O

1-Nitropentane

O

N

O

N

3-Nitropentane

O O

O N

N

O N O

O

O

2-Nitroisobutane

O

O

OH

N O

NO2

5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene

O N O 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene

O

2-Nitrophenol

O NH

NH NH O N

O O

O

N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

O

N

5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline

O

O

O O

H

O

N-Nitromethanamine

1-Nitro-2-naphthol

OH

2-Nitro-1H-imidazole

O

O

OH

O

O

O N

O

N

O

O N

N H

6-Nitro-1H-indazole

Hg O

O

O

O

N H

5-Nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid

O

N

N O

5-Nitro-1H-indazole

O

N

N O

N H

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O N

N OH O

O



N

O

1-Nitrohexane

O

O N

N H

O

N

Cl

Nitrofurazone

O

N

O

N O

O

N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

O

N

O N

O

O

N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

2-Nitrophenyl acetate

No.

Name

8141 8142 8143 8144 8145

8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152

(3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone (4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine



8153 (4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone 8154 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2propen-1-one 8155 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate 8156 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 8157 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 8158 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal 8159 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Nitarsone Magneson

C8H7NO4 C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2 C6H6AsNO5 C12H9N3O4

830-03-5 119-75-5 836-30-6 98-72-6 74-39-5

181.147 214.219 214.219 247.038 259.217

C16H11N3O3

6410-10-2

293.276

C6H6BNO4 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C6H7N3O2

13331-27-6 577-59-3 121-89-1 100-19-6 614-21-1 100-16-3

166.928 165.147 165.147 165.147 165.147 153.139

Nitrochalcone

C13H9NO3 C15H11NO3

1144-74-7 1222-98-6

227.215 253.253

4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate 2-Nitrobeazenepropanoic acid 4-Nitrobenzenepropanoic acid 4-Nitrocinnamaldehyde o-Nitrophenylpropiolic acid

C6H6NO6P C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H7NO3 C9H5NO4

330-13-2 2001-32-3 16642-79-8 1734-79-8 530-85-8

219.089 195.172 195.172 177.157 191.141

C12H9NO2S

952-97-6

231.270

C7H7N3O3

556-10-5

181.149

2-Nitroacetophenone 3-Nitroacetophenone 4-Nitroacetophenone

8160 1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene 8161 (4-Nitrophenyl)urea 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169

p-Nitrophenylurea

N-Nitropiperidine 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 3-Nitropropanoic acid 2-Nitro-1-propanol 1-Nitro-1-propene 2-Nitro-1-propene 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline 5’-Nitro-2’-propoxyacetanilide

8176 5-Nitro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 8177 5-Nitro-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

5-Nitrouracil 5-Nitrobarbituric acid

lf (dil al)

lf or nd (w) red pow (al or MeOH) br-oran pl (to or bz)

nd (al) ye pr (al) oran-red lf or nd (al) nd or lf (al) pa ye nd (al) pl (bz) ye-wh nd ye cry nd (w) nd (w, al)

pa ye mcl pr (lig) pr (al), nd (dil al) liq liq liq

mp/˚C 82.3 75.5 135.3 >310 dec 200

21515 21130

nD

Solubility vs H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ace; s con sulf sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc, tol

1.366020

257 274.5 28.5 81 81.8 106 158 dec

vs bz, EtOH

17832, 15816 1.237025 202; 16718 1655 15816, 14210

155 115 163 141.5 ≈157 dec; may explode 56

1.546820

1.546830

1.4069

138 164

7119-94-0 108-03-2 79-46-9 504-88-1 2902-96-7 3156-70-5 4749-28-4 553-79-7

130.145 89.094 89.094 119.077 105.093 87.078 87.078 196.202

-5.5 -108 -91.3 62

i cold H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz

s H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i CS 2O 288100, 24025

vs eth, EtOH

C11H14N2O4

553-20-8

238.240

C16H9NO2 C5H5N3O2 C5H4N2O2 C5H4N2O3 C4H4N4O2

5522-43-0 4214-76-0 1122-61-8 1124-33-0 3073-77-6

247.248 139.113 124.098 140.097 140.101

ye nd (MeCN) ye lf (dil al) pl (aq al) nd (al)

152 188 50 160.5 236.5

C4H3N3O4 C4H3N3O5

611-08-5 480-68-2

157.085 173.084

gold nd (al) pr, lf (w+3)

>300 exp 180.5

vs H2O, EtOH 245; 121 131.1 120.2

20

12032, 10012 6034, 3710 5280, 3230 49

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt vs bz s EtOH, chl; i eth, lig

238

C5H10N2O2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H5NO4 C3H7NO3 C3H5NO2 C3H5NO2 C9H12N2O3

ye-grn liq oran (PrOHpeth) cry (PrOH)

den/g cm-3

bp/˚C

26

1.1519 0.996125 0.982125 1.5920 1.184125 1.066120 1.055925

26

1.4954 1.401820 1.394420 1.437920 1.452720 1.435820

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s eth, ace, chl s eth, ace, chl vs EtOH

102.5

sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH

sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, ace; i eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth

 

8170 N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl) acetamide 8171 1-Nitropyrene 8172 5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine 8173 4-Nitropyridine 8174 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide 8175 5-Nitropyrimidinamine

Physical Form

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4-Nitrophenyl acetate 2-Nitro-N-phenylaniline 4-Nitro-N-phenylaniline (4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3benzenediol 8146 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

Synonym

O

O HO As OH

O O H N O

N

N

OH

N O

O 2-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

HO

O O

4-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

N

N N

O

(4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid

N

O N O

O N O

N OH

4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3-benzenediol

OH

B

N O

1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

(3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid

HO

O

O N

HN O

O

N O

1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

O O

1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

N

O N

O

O

O

O

O

1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

NH2

2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone

N

O

(4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine

O

O

O

N O

(4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone

N O

O

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

N

O

P



O

O

O

OH

O

4-Nitrophenyl phosphate



TeamLRN

O O

O OH O

N O

OH OH

O

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

O

N O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

N O

N O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal

H N

S

O O

O

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

O

N O

1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene

NH2 O

N O

O (4-Nitrophenyl)urea

N N

O

N-Nitropiperidine

O NH2 O N

O

N

O

O

OH

O

1-Nitropropane

O

N

O OH

O 2-Nitropropane

3-Nitropropanoic acid

2-Nitro-1-propanol

O

O

O

O N N

NH2

5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine

N

O

N

O N

O

N

O

O

1-Nitro-1-propene

2-Nitro-1-propene

O

O

N O 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline

O

N

N O

4-Nitropyridine

4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide

O

O N

O N N

NH2

5-Nitropyrimidinamine

N

O

O

O

O N

O

HN

O N

N O

N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl)acetamide

O N N H

H O

5-Nitro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

O

1-Nitropyrene

O N

O

O

N H

N

H O

5-Nitro-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

4-Nitrophenyl acetate

HO

H N

O

No.

Synonym

Physical Form

bp/˚C

74

sub

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz

153.5

1700.2

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz

Mol. Wt.

8178 5-Nitroquinoline

C9H6N2O2

607-34-1

174.156

8179 6-Nitroquinoline

C9H6N2O2

613-50-3

174.156

8180 8181 8182 8183

8-Nitroquinoline 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide 5-Nitro-8-quinolinol Nitrosobenzene

C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O3 C9H6N2O3 C6H5NO

607-35-2 56-57-5 4008-48-4 586-96-9

174.156 190.155 190.155 107.110

8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190

N-Nitrosodibutylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitrosomethylethylamine N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine 4-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

C8H18N2O C4H10N2O3 C4H10N2O C2H6N2O C8H10N2O C12H10N2O C10H13N3O2

924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 138-89-6 86-30-6 64091-91-4

158.241 134.133 102.134 74.081 150.177 198.219 207.229

C3H8N2O C3H6N2O C4H8N2O2 C10H7NO2

10595-95-6 4549-40-0 59-89-2 132-53-6

88.108 86.092 116.119 173.169

ye liq ye liq

C10H7NO2 C9H11N3O C6H5NO2

131-91-9 16543-55-8 104-91-6

173.169 177.202 123.110

ye-br nd (peth) 109.5

C12H10N2O C5H10N2O C6H14N2O C4H8N2O C3H3N3O2S C5H5N3O3S

156-10-5 100-75-4 621-64-7 930-55-2 121-66-4 140-40-9

198.219 114.145 130.187 100.119 145.140 187.177

8204 4-Nitrothioanisole 8205 2-Nitrothiophene

C7H7NO2S C4H3NO2S

701-57-5 609-40-5

169.202 129.138

8206 2-Nitrotoluene 8207 3-Nitrotoluene 8208 4-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2

88-72-2 99-08-1 99-99-0

137.137 137.137 137.137

8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214

C7H4F3NO2 C7H4F3NO2 CH3N3O3 C8H7NO2 C15H20O7 C12H21N5O2S2

384-22-5 98-46-4 556-89-8 5153-67-3 23282-20-4 76963-41-2

191.108 191.108 105.053 149.148 312.316 331.458

Nitroxoline

Dibutylnitrosamine 2,2’-(Nitrosoimino)ethanol Diethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine N,N-Diphenylnitrosamine Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methyl-Nnitrosamino)propyl N-Methyl-N-nitrosoethenamine N-Nitrosomorpholine



8195 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 8196 N-Nitrosonornicotine 8197 4-Nitrosophenol

1-Nitroso-β-naphthol N’-Nitroso-3-(2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine

8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203

p-Nitrosodiphenylamine 1-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosodipropylamine

4-Nitroso-N-phenylaniline N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide

1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Nitrourea trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene Nivalenol Nizatidine

2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole Aminitrozole

91.5 154 180 orth or mcl (al- 67 eth) wh-ye oil ye oil ye liq grn pl (eth) ye pl(lig)

Solubility

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, acid

5818 1058 1250.01 176.9 152

92.5 66.5 63

29 157 dec

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig

0.942220 1.004820 1.14520

1.484920 1.438620 1.436820

6740 47 225; 14025

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HCONH 2 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz sl H2O

sl H2O s H2O sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace, HOAc vs bz, eth

1550.2 pa ye orth nd (ace, bz)

144 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, dil alk

143 219; 10920 206; 11340 214

pa ye gold oran-ye pow nd (al), pl (HOAc) lt ye mcl nd (peth) liq pa ye orth cry (al, eth) cry (al) liq pl (al-peth) ye pr (peth, al) cry (MeOH) cry (EtOH/ AcOEt)

1.063118 0.916320 1.08525

1.493318 1.443720 1.488025

202 dec 264.5

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, HCl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

s alk

72 46.5

1372 224.5

1.239180 1.364443

1.640120

i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s alk; sl peth

-10.4 15.5 51.63

222 232 238.3

1.161119 1.158120 1.103875

1.545020 1.546620

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl

32.5 -2.4 158 dec 60 224 dec 131

217; 10520 202.8; 10340 1.435715 255

1.471920

i H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s MeOH; vs chl; i bz, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

pl (w, al) nd (+w) ye pl (HClHOAc) mcl pr (al) ye nd, pl (ace)

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

8191 8192 8193 8194

Name

 

O O

N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

N

N N

N

O

N 6-Nitroquinoline

N

N O

O

8-Nitroquinoline

O N N

N OH

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide

5-Nitro-8-quinolinol

Nitrosobenzene

O HO

N-Nitrosodibutylamine

N N

O OH

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine

N



N N

O

N N

N-Nitrosodiethylamine



TeamLRN

N N

N N

O N

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

O

O

N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

N N

O N N

OH

O

O 4-Nitrosomorpholine

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

N N

4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

1-Nitroso-2-naphthol

N N

O

N-Nitrosomethylethylamine

O

N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine

OH

H OH

O

N

O

p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

N N

N H

H N N

O

N-Nitrosonornicotine

O

O

4-Nitrosophenol

N N

N 4-Nitroso-N-phenylaniline

N N

O

N-Nitrosopiperidine

O

N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine

S

O O

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine

N O

NH2

S

5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine

O O

N

O

F

O

N

S

N H

O

N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide

N

S O

4-Nitrothioanisole

N O

O

2-Nitrothiophene

O

F

F F

1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O H2N

N H Nitrourea

O N

O N O

O

trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene

N O

HO HO

OH Nivalenol

O O

3-Nitrotoluene

N

O

4-Nitrotoluene

H O

O O

O

2-Nitrotoluene

H

F F

1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N O

O N

O

N

N N N

OH O

N O HN

H N

S

N S

Nizatidine

N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

5-Nitroquinoline

N

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

52663-77-1

464.213

cry

180.5

C90H182 C29H60

7667-51-8 630-03-5

1264.408 408.786

orth cry (peth)

63.7

8218 Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid 8219 Nonadecane 8220 Nonadecanoic acid

C10HF19O2 C19H40 C19H38O2

335-76-2 629-92-5 646-30-0

514.084 268.521 298.504

wax lf (al)

32.0 69.4

8221 1-Nonadecanol 8222 2-Nonadecanone

C19H40O C19H38O

1454-84-8 629-66-3

284.520 282.504

cry (ace) pr (al)

61.7 57

219 329.9 0.785520 297100, 0.846870 22810 345; 1660.3 266110, 1652 0.810856

8223 10-Nonadecanone

C19H38O

504-57-4

282.504

lf(al)

65.5

>350; 1561.1

8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231

C19H38 C25H44 C9H14O C9H16 C9H16O C9H12 C9H18O C9H20

18435-45-5 29136-19-4 5910-87-2 4900-30-5 7786-44-9 2396-65-8 124-19-6 111-84-2

266.505 344.617 138.206 124.223 140.222 120.191 142.238 128.255

23.4 40

329.0 419 9810 142.5 10824, 9811 162 191 150.82

0.788625 0.854520 0.86225 0.751120 0.860425 0.815820 0.826422 0.719220

1.444525 1.480720 1.520720 1.430220 1.459825 1.449020 1.427320 1.405820

C9H16O4

123-99-9

1.22525

1.4303111

C9H20O2 C9H14Cl2O2 C9H17N C9H20S C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H17ClO C9H16O C9H18 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H18O C11H22O2 C9H21N

3937-56-2 123-98-8 2243-27-8 1455-21-6 112-05-0 143-08-8 74683-66-2 74742-08-8 52708-03-9 623-93-8 821-55-6 925-78-0 4485-09-0 502-56-7 764-85-2 18829-56-6 124-11-8 3760-11-0 4124-88-3 21964-44-3 143-13-5 112-20-9

287100, 22510 17320, 1503 16618 224.4 220 254.5 213.37 193.5 195; 9318 192.5; 9418 193; 9720 195.3 190; 8620 187.5 188.45 215.3 10116, 8912 146.9 17320, 1365 15618, 1061 193.5 210 202.2

1.143 0.817820 0.84225 0.905220 0.828020 0.847120 0.825020 0.828220 0.822020 0.820820 0.824120 0.819025 0.821720 0.946315 0.846 0.725325

1.468020 1.425520 1.454820 1.434319 1.433320 1.435320 1.428920 1.419720 1.428920 1.421020 1.420820 1.418920 1.419520

0.925420 0.82421 0.878515 0.788620

1.445425 1.438215 1.42620 1.433620

1-Nonadecene Nonadecylbenzene trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal 1,8-Nonadiene 2,6-Nonadien-1-ol 1,8-Nonadiyne Nonanal Nonane

8232 Nonanedioic acid 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254

1,9-Nonanediol Nonanedioyl dichloride Nonanenitrile 1-Nonanethiol Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol, (±) 3-Nonanol, (±) 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2-Nonanone 3-Nonanone 4-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Nonanoyl chloride trans-2-Nonenal 1-Nonene 2-Nonenoic acid 3-Nonenoic acid 1-Nonen-3-ol Nonyl acetate Nonylamine

Nonaldehyde

Azelaic acid

Nonyl mercaptan Pelargonic acid Nonyl alcohol

Dibutylcarbinol Heptyl methyl ketone Ethyl hexyl ketone Pentyl propyl ketone Dibutyl ketone

1-Vinylheptanol 1-Nonanamine

 

C12HCl9

liq liq

-27.3 -19.3 -53.46

188.221

lf or nd

106.5

160.254 225.112 139.238 160.320 158.238 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 142.238 142.238 142.238 142.238 176.683 140.222 126.239 156.222 156.222 142.238 186.292 143.270

cry (bz)

45.8

liq liq liq liq

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-34.2 -20.1 12.4 -5 -35 22 5.6 -7.5 -8 -3.8 -60.5 -81.3 -4.4

liq liq

-26 -1

Solubility i H2O

612200 440.8

0.808320

1.452920

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; sl chl

1.440920

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig

1.432875

s eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz; vs eth, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, lig; vs bz

i H2O; s eth, ace s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp sl H2O, eth, bz, DMSO; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig s eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl s eth, ace

1.453120 1.425720

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8215 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’Nonachlorobiphenyl 8216 Nonacontane 8217 Nonacosane

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl F F F F F F F F

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

O

F H3C(CH2)88CH3

Cl

2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl

OH

F F F F F F F F F F

Nonacontane

Nonacosane

Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid

O

OH

O Nonadecanoic acid

1-Nonadecanol

2-Nonadecanone

10-Nonadecanone

O Nonadecylbenzene

OH

trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal



TeamLRN

HO

1,8-Nonadiene

O

1,8-Nonadiyne

Cl HO

O

OH

Nonanedioic acid

O

1,9-Nonanediol

O

N

Nonanedioyl dichloride

Nonanenitrile

OH

OH

OH

O

1-Nonanethiol

Nonanal

Cl

OH SH

O

2,6-Nonadien-1-ol

OH

Nonane

1-Nonadecene

Nonanoic acid

OH

1-Nonanol

2-Nonanol, (±)

3-Nonanol, (±)

4-Nonanol



O OH 5-Nonanol

O 2-Nonanone

4-Nonanone

O 2-Nonenoic acid

5-Nonanone

OH

Nonanoyl chloride

trans-2-Nonenal

O

O 3-Nonenoic acid

O

O

O

3-Nonanone

OH

1-Nonene

Cl

O

OH 1-Nonen-3-ol

NH2

O Nonyl acetate

Nonylamine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O OH

Nonadecane

No.

Name

Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Nonyl formate 1-Nonylnaphthalene 4-Nonylphenol 1-Nonyne Norbormide 2,5-Norbornadiene 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride 8265 5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate 8266 24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5β) 8267 Nordazepam



Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Norea Norepinephrine Norethisterone

8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283

Norethynodrel Norflurazon Norhyoscyamine DL-Norleucine L-Norleucine Normorphine Norplant 19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate Nortriptyline hydrochloride DL-Norvaline L-Norvaline Noscapine

8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290

Novobiocin Nuarimol Nylidrin Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Ochratoxin C Octacaine

8291 8292 8293 8294 8295

2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl Octachlorocyclopentene Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Octachloronaphthalene Octachlorostyrene

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene

Norcholanic acid 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one

Noradrenaline 19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17hydroxy-, (17 α)-

2-Aminohexanoic acid, (DL) 2-Aminohexanoic acid, (L) Norgestrel, (-) Nandrolone phenpropionate 2-Aminopentanoic acid, (±) 2-Aminopentanoic acid, (S)

Streptonivicin Buphenine

3-(Diethylamino)-Nphenylbutanamide Perchlorocyclopentene Perchloronaphthalene Perchlorostyrene

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

-24 -10 -29 -33 8 42 -50 194 -19.1 166

280.5 282 262 214 366 ≈295; 18010 150.8

0.858420 0.816320 0.808120 0.86 0.937120 0.95020 0.765820

1.481620 1.451920 1.446720 1.421620 1.547720 1.51320 1.421720

89.5

0.906420

1.470220

104

1.02925

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C15H24 C15H30 C14H28 C10H20O2 C19H26 C15H24O C9H16 C33H25N3O3 C7H8 C9H8O3

1081-77-2 2883-02-5 2882-98-6 5451-92-3 26438-26-6 104-40-5 3452-09-3 991-42-4 121-46-0 826-62-0

204.352 210.399 196.372 172.265 254.409 220.351 124.223 511.570 92.139 164.158

liq liq liq liq

C11H14O2 C23H38O2 C15H11ClN2O

95-39-6 511-18-2 1088-11-5

178.228 346.547 270.713

col liq nd(HOAc)

C18H22O4 C13H22N2O C8H11NO3 C20H26O2

500-38-9 18530-56-8 51-41-2 68-22-4

302.366 222.326 169.178 298.419

nd(w, al, HOAc) 185.5 177 217 dec cry 204

C20H26O2 C12H9ClF3N3O C16H21NO3 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C16H17NO3 C21H28O2 C27H34O3 C19H22ClN C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C22H23NO7

68-23-5 27314-13-2 537-29-1 616-06-8 327-57-1 466-97-7 797-63-7 62-90-8 894-71-3 760-78-1 6600-40-4 128-62-1

298.419 303.666 275.343 131.173 131.173 271.311 312.446 406.557 299.838 117.147 117.147 413.421

cry (MeOH)

C31H36N2O11 C17H12ClFN2O C19H25NO2 C20H18ClNO6 C20H19NO6 C22H22ClNO6 C14H22N2O

303-81-1 63284-71-9 447-41-6 303-47-9 4825-86-9 4865-85-4 13912-77-1

612.624 314.740 299.408 403.813 369.368 431.866 234.337

cry (MeOH) cry (xyl) cry (MeOH) amorp solid cry

47

C12H2Cl8 C5Cl8 C12Cl8O2 C10Cl8 C8Cl8

2136-99-4 706-78-5 3268-87-9 2234-13-1 29082-74-4

429.768 343.678 459.751 403.731 379.710

cry nd nd nd (bz-CCl4) cry (ace/EtOH)

161 40 331 197.5 99

visc ye liq liq cry (eth) liq

nd lf(w)

cry (MeOH) cry cry (eth) lf(al, w) cry (dil al) pr or nd (al) wh-ye orth cry

Solubility

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s bz, ctc, hp i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc tol

s os

177 216.5

170 184 140.5 327 dec 301 dec 273 206 95 214 303 307 176

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, alk; i bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs alk, dil HCl

vs EtOH, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O

1.17225

s H2O, EtOH; i bz, eth, ace s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt, lig s H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, EtOAc, ace, py

sub

154 126 111 169 221

1.3448

2001

283 4417, 2480.5

 

8268 8269 8270 8271

Heptylacetylene

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

vs EtOH, bz, eth

1.820050

1.566050

i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH sl EtOH; vs bz, chl, lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264

Synonym

OH

O

O Nonylbenzene

Nonylcyclohexane

Nonylcyclopentane

Nonyl formate

1-Nonylnaphthalene

H N OH

H

O

N

O

2,5-Norbornadiene

OH

O

O

Norbormide

OH

Cl

O

H

O 1-Nonyne

HO

O

O N

H N

O

OH

OH

H

5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride

5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate

24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5β)

Nordazepam

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

H N

NH2

N O

HO

HO

OH H N

H

H

Cl

H N

O N

HO

N

OH F F

Norepinephrine

Norethisterone

O

O

O

O

OH Norea



TeamLRN

H

F

H

Norflurazon

Norhyoscyamine

OH

NH2

NH2

DL-Norleucine

L-Norleucine

O Norethynodrel

O OH

O

O

HO HO

O

O

H H

O Norplant

19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate

H O

OH

NH2

Nortriptyline hydrochloride

O O

NH2

DL-Norvaline

L-Norvaline

O

Noscapine

H N

O

O

O

Cl

Cl OH

OH

F O

H2N

O OH

HCl

O

OH

OH

O O

N H

O

Normorphine

O

O

H

NH

HO

N H

O

OH

N

O Novobiocin

N

H N

H N

HO

Nuarimol

HO Nylidrin

O

H N

O OH O

O

HO

Ochratoxin A

O

O O

OH O

Ochratoxin B

Cl H N O

O

Cl

O O

OH O

H N

Cl

N O

Ochratoxin C

Cl Cl

Octacaine

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

Octachlorocyclopentene

Cl

Cl

O Cl

Cl

Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Octachloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Octachlorostyrene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

4-Nonylphenol

No.

Name

Synonym

8296 Octacontane 8297 Octacosane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C80H162 C28H58

7667-88-1 630-02-4

1124.142 394.761

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Octacosanoic acid Montanic acid 1-Octacosanol Montanyl alcohol trans, trans-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Linolelaidic acid Octadecahydrochrysene Octadecamethyloctasiloxane Octadecanamide Octadecane

C28H56O2 C28H58O C18H32O2 C18H30 C18H54O7Si8 C18H37NO C18H38

506-48-9 557-61-9 506-21-8 2090-14-4 556-69-4 124-26-5 593-45-3

424.744 410.760 280.446 246.431 607.302 283.493 254.495

8305 8306 8307 8308 8309

Octadecanenitrile 1-Octadecanethiol 1-Octadecanol Octadecanoyl chloride trans,cis,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid trans,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid cis-9-Octadecenamide 1-Octadecene cis-9-Octadecenenitrile cis-6-Octadecenoic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic acid cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol cis-9-Octadecenylamine Octadecyl acetate Octadecyl acrylate Octadecylamine Octadecylbenzene Octadecylcyclohexane Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Octadecyl isocyanate Octadecyl methacrylate Octadecyl octadecanoate 3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol Octadecyl vinyl ether 1,7-Octadiene 1,7-Octadiyne 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene Octahydroazocine Octahydroindene Octahydroindolizine trans-Octahydro-1(2H)naphthalenone

cis-Eleostearic acid

C18H35N C18H38S C18H38O C18H35ClO C18H30O2

638-65-3 2885-00-9 112-92-5 112-76-5 506-23-0

265.478 286.560 270.494 302.923 278.430

trans-Eleostearic acid

C18H30O2

544-73-0

278.430

lf (al)

C18H35NO C18H36 C18H33N C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O C18H37N C20H40O2 C21H40O2 C18H39N C24H42 C24H48 C35H62O3

301-02-0 112-88-9 112-91-4 593-39-5 693-72-1 143-28-2 112-90-3 822-23-1 4813-57-4 124-30-1 4445-07-2 4445-06-1 2082-79-3

281.477 252.479 263.462 282.462 282.462 268.478 267.494 312.531 324.542 269.510 330.590 336.638 530.865

C19H37NO C22H42O2 C36H72O2 C21H44O3 C20H40O C8H14 C8H10 C5H4F8O C14H18 C7H15N C9H16 C8H15N C10H16O

112-96-9 32360-05-7 2778-96-3 544-62-7 930-02-9 3710-30-3 871-84-1 355-80-6 1079-71-6 1121-92-2 496-10-6 13618-93-4 21370-71-8

295.503 338.567 536.956 344.572 296.531 110.197 106.165 232.072 186.293 113.201 124.223 125.212 152.233

8310



8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336

Stearyl mercaptan Stearyl alcohol

Petroselinic acid Vaccenic acid Oleyl alcohol Oleylamine Stearyl 2-propenoate 1-Octadecanamine

Irganox 1076 1-Isocyanatooctadecane Stearyl methacrylate Octadecyl stearate Batyl alcohol 1-(Ethenyloxy)octadecane

lf

oil

cry (w)

cry (MeOH/ AcOEt)

cry (EtOH)

pl (al) liq

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

672 431.6

0.806720

1.433070

0.8191 2001 1810.8 353 18620, 1535 25012 316.3

100

1.4313

Solubility

100

i H2O; msc ace; s bz, chl vs bz, chl i H2O; s CS2 sl H2O; s ace, hx vs EtOH vs bz, peth, lig vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl, lig

0.91325

1.397020

0.776828

1.439020

362 20711 335; 210.515 21515 23512 dec, 1701 1881

0.832520 0.847520 0.812459 0.89690 0.902850

1.438945 1.464520 1.452324 1.511250

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz sl EtOH vs eth, EtOH

0.883980

1.500080

vs EtOH

17915, 1458 dec 332 23818

0.789120 0.84717 0.870040

20715 1472 2089

0.848920

1.444820 1.456620 1.453340 1.449960 1.460620

vs eth i H2O; s ace, ctc vs EtOH s eth; sl hp, MeOH s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

52.9 36 41.6 50

346.8 400 409; 1751

0.861820 0.8536 0.830020

1.452220 1.47936 1.461020

15.5

1725 1956

0.88025

1.42925

2172 1823 115.5 135.5; 5935 140.5 294 5215 167 7543 12220

0.813840 0.73420 0.816921 1.664720 0.970380 0.89625 0.87625 0.907410 0.98620

71.5 76 17.5 -1 29.8 44 6.5 25 34.5

60 70.5 30

78 29 -53 33

0.851030

vs EtOH s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace

vs eth sl chl 1.424520 1.452118 1.317820 1.537280 1.472020 1.470220 1.4748 1.484921

s eth i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc

vs eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304

112 mcl or orth (bz- 61.1 al) 90.9 cry (ace, peth) 83.4 cry (MeOH) 28.5 115 -63 lf (al) 109 nd (al, eth28.2 MeOH) 41 30 lf (al) 57.9 23 nd (al) 49

 

O OH

OH

O

H3C(CH2)78CH3

OH

Octacontane

Octacosane

Octacosanoic acid

1-Octacosanol

9,12-Octadecadienoic acid

O Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

N NH2

Si

Octadecamethyloctasiloxane

SH

Octadecanamide

Octadecane

Octadecanenitrile

OH

1-Octadecanethiol

1-Octadecanol

O OH

O

O O

Cl

N NH2

OH Octadecanoyl chloride

trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

trans,trans,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

cis-9-Octadecenamide

1-Octadecene

cis-9-Octadecenenitrile



TeamLRN

O OH

O

O

OH

NH2

O O

O

OH cis-6-Octadecenoic acid

trans-11-Octadecenoic acid

cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol

cis-9-Octadecenylamine

Octadecyl acetate

Octadecyl acrylate

O O NH2 OH Octadecylamine

Octadecylbenzene

N

C

O

Octadecylcyclohexane

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

O O

O

O

Octadecyl isocyanate

Octadecyl methacrylate

Octadecyl octadecanoate

1,7-Octadiyne

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene

Octahydroazocine

Octadecyl vinyl ether

H

F F

2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol

O

Octahydroindene

O



OH F

1,7-Octadiene

3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

F F F F F

OH OH

O

N

H

Octahydroindolizine

trans-Octahydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Si

O

Octadecahydrochrysene

No.

Name

1,3,5,7-Octatetraene trans-2-Octenal 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene

8374 8375 8376 8377

1-Octen-3-ol 2-Octen-1-ol 1-Octen-3-yne Octhilinone

Caprylic aldehyde

Suberonitrile Suberic acid

Caprylnitrile Octyl mercaptan Caprylic acid Capryl alcohol (±)-sec-Caprylic alcohol

Hexyl methyl ketone Ethyl pentyl ketone Butyl propyl ketone

Caprylene

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

16.7

295

1.02620

1.556917

i H2O; s ace, bz, CS2, HOAc

70

270

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H18

5325-97-3

186.293

C10H19NO

486-70-4

169.264

C8H28N4Si4

1020-84-4

292.677

97

C8H24O4Si4 C8H26O3Si4

556-67-2 16066-09-4

296.617 282.632

17.5

175.8 170

0.956120 0.855920

1.396820 1.385420

i H2O; s ctc

C8H24O2Si3 C8H16O C8H17NO C8H19N C8H18 C8H20N2 C8H12N2 C8H14O4 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H15N C8H18S C8H16O2 C16H30O3 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H15ClO C48H40O4Si4

107-51-7 124-13-0 629-01-6 44855-57-4 111-65-9 373-44-4 629-40-3 505-48-6 1117-86-8 629-41-4 124-12-9 111-88-6 124-07-2 623-66-5 111-87-5 4128-31-8 589-98-0 74778-22-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 589-63-9 111-64-8 546-56-5

236.533 128.212 143.227 129.244 114.229 144.258 136.194 174.195 146.228 146.228 125.212 146.294 144.212 270.407 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 128.212 162.657 793.172

liq

-80 108 97 -56.82 51.64 -1.8 144 30 63 -45.6 -49.2 16.5 -1 -14.8 -31.6 -45 -40.7 -16

0.820020 0.821120 0.8450110 0.774420 0.698625

1.384020 1.421720

lf, pl

153; 5117 171 239 164 125.67 225 18515 21920 13110, 1040.2 17220 205.25 199.1 239 282.5 195.16 179.3 171 176.3 172.5 167.5 163 195.6 3301

sl EtOH; s bz, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH

0.95425

1.443620

C8H10 C8H14O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

1482-91-3 2548-87-0 111-66-0 7642-04-8 13389-42-9 14850-22-7 14919-01-8 7642-15-1 14850-23-8

106.165 126.196 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213

C8H16O C8H16O C8H12 C11H19NOS

3391-86-4 22104-78-5 17679-92-4 26530-20-1

128.212 128.212 108.181 213.340

orth (peth)

liq pl lo nd or pl (w) nd (bz-lig), pr liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq

liq nd (bz-al, HOAc) cry (bz) liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq

-63 200.5 50 -101.7 -100.2 -87.7 -126 -110 -118.7 -93.8

sub 8519 121.29 125.6 125 122.9 123.3 122.5 122.3

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth

1.423225 1.394425

i H2O; msc eth, bz; sl DMSO

0.813620 0.843320 0.907325 0.906518 0.826225 0.819320 0.825820 0.818620 0.82020 0.82225 0.814625 0.953515

1.420320 1.454020 1.428520 1.435818 1.429520 1.420320

0.846 0.714920 0.724320 0.719920 0.715920 0.715220 0.721220 0.714120

1.450020 1.408720 1.415020 1.413220 1.413520 1.412620 1.414820 1.411420

0.839513 0.85020 0.774920

1.439112 1.447020 1.459220

1.424820 1.415120 1.415020 1.417314 1.433520

sl H2O, eth, chl, lig; vs EtOH; s bz vs eth s EtOH; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, chl, CH 3CN vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s peth, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

 

8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373

Lupinine

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone

174; 6912 8811 134; 6260 1200.01

vs eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8337 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8Octahydrophenanthrene 8338 trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine-1methanol, (1R) 8339 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane 8340 Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 8341 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7Octamethyltetrasiloxane 8342 Octamethyltrisiloxane 8343 Octanal 8344 Octanamide 8345 2-Octanamine, (±) 8346 Octane 8347 1,8-Octanediamine 8348 Octanedinitrile 8349 Octanedioic acid 8350 1,2-Octanediol 8351 1,8-Octanediol 8352 Octanenitrile 8353 1-Octanethiol 8354 Octanoic acid 8355 Octanoic anhydride 8356 1-Octanol 8357 2-Octanol 8358 3-Octanol 8359 4-Octanol 8360 2-Octanone 8361 3-Octanone 8362 4-Octanone 8363 Octanoyl chloride 8364 Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

Synonym

OH

H Si N N H H N N Si Si H Si

H N 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrophenanthrene

trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine-1-methanol, (1R)

Si O

2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane

Si O O O Si Si

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

Si

H H Si Si Si O O O

Si

1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-Octamethyltetrasiloxane

O

Si

O

Si

Octamethyltrisiloxane

N H2N

NH2

NH2

O Octanal

Octanamide

2-Octanamine, (±)

NH2

Octane

N

1,8-Octanediamine

Octanedinitrile

O HO

OH

OH

O Octanedioic acid

1,2-Octanediol

O

O



TeamLRN

OH

1,8-Octanediol

SH

Octanenitrile

1-Octanethiol

O

OH

O

Octanoic acid

N

OH

HO

OH

OH

Octanoic anhydride

1-Octanol

OH 2-Octanol

3-Octanol

Si O O

O OH 4-Octanol

O

O 2-Octanone

3-Octanone

Si O O O Si Si

Cl

4-Octanone

Octanoyl chloride

Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

O 1,3,5,7-Octatetraene

trans-2-Octenal

1-Octene

cis-2-Octene

trans-2-Octene

cis-3-Octene

trans-3-Octene

O OH S

OH cis-4-Octene

trans-4-Octene

1-Octen-3-ol

2-Octen-1-ol

1-Octen-3-yne

N Octhilinone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name Octyl acetate Octyl acrylate Octylamine Octylamine hydrochloride 4-Octylaniline Octylbenzene Octyl butanoate Octylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane 2-Octyldecanoic acid Octyldimethylamine Octyl diphenyl phosphate Octyl formate Octyl isocyanate Octyl methacrylate Octyl nitrate Octyl nitrite Octyl octanoate Octyloxirane 4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde 4-Octylphenol Octyl phenyl ether 4-Octylphenyl salicylate

8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409

Octyl propanoate 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 2-Octyn-1-ol Oleandrin Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3β) Oleanolic acid

8410 Oleic acid Omeprazole Omethoate Orange I Orange IV Orcein L-Ornithine

8417 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride 8418 Orotic acid

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H20O2 C11H20O2 C8H19N C8H20ClN C14H23N C14H22 C12H24O2 C14H28 C13H26 C18H36O2 C10H23N C20H27O4P C9H18O2 C9H17NO C12H22O2 C8H17NO3 C8H17NO2 C16H32O2 C10H20O C15H22O2 C14H22O C14H22O C21H26O3

112-14-1 2499-59-4 111-86-4 142-95-0 16245-79-7 2189-60-8 110-39-4 1795-15-9 1795-20-6 619-39-6 7378-99-6 115-88-8 112-32-3 3158-26-7 2157-01-9 629-39-0 629-46-9 2306-88-9 2404-44-6 24083-13-4 1806-26-4 1818-07-1 2512-56-3

172.265 184.276 129.244 165.705 205.340 190.325 200.318 196.372 182.345 284.478 157.297 362.399 158.238 155.237 198.302 175.226 159.227 256.424 156.265 234.335 206.324 206.324 326.429

C11H22O2 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O C32H48O9 C30H50O C30H48O3

142-60-9 629-05-0 2809-67-8 15232-76-5 1942-45-6 20739-58-6 465-16-7 559-70-6 508-02-1

186.292 110.197 110.197 110.197 110.197 126.196 576.718 426.717 456.700

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid

C18H34O2

112-80-1

282.462

1-Naphthol Orange Tropaeolin OO

C17H19N3O3S C5H12NO4PS C16H11N2NaO4S C18H14N3NaO3S

345.416 213.192 350.324 375.377

2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid, (S)

C5H12N2O2

73590-58-6 1113-02-6 523-44-4 554-73-4 1400-62-0 70-26-8

132.161

C5H13ClN2O2 C5H4N2O4

3184-13-2 65-86-1

168.622 156.097

Octyl 2-propenoate 1-Octanamine 1-Octanamine hydrochloride

N,N-Dimethyl-1-octanamine

(Octyloxy)benzene 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-octylphenyl ester Hexylacetylene Methylpentylacetylene Dipropylacetylene 2-Octynol β-Amyrin

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4pyrimidinecarboxylic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-38.5

0.870520 0.881020 0.782620

1.415020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

1.429220

liq liq liq liq nd or lf (al)

0 196.5 20 -36 -55.6 -20 -44 38.5

210 229; 570.05 179.6 310; 1385 264 244.1 264 243 21513 194

0.912820 0.856220 0.862920 0.813820 0.804820 0.844770

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O vs eth i H2O; msc eth, bz vs EtOH

liq

-39.1

liq liq

wh cry liq liq liq liq liq cry (EtOH) nd (lig or al) nd or pr (al)

cry (MeCN) oil red-br pow ye pow br-red pow micro cry (aleth) nd cry (w)

-18.1

43.0 8 73

198.8 786 239.5 11020 174.5 306.8 12895, 9730 1310.5 16910, 1504 285

-42.6 -79.3 -61.6 -103.9 -101 -18 250 dec 197 310 dec

26005 sub 280

13.4

360; 286100

156 ≈135 dec

228 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 9815

 

8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416

Mol. Form.

1.484520 1.426715 1.450320 1.444620

vs eth, EtOH

1.0925 0.874420

1.420815

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

0.9750 0.86217 0.855420

1.412720 1.435220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

0.913115

1.487520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

0.866320 0.746120 0.759620 0.752920 0.750920 0.880520

1.422115 1.415920 1.427820 1.425020 1.424820 1.455620

0.893520

1.458220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, lig; s eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs py, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

1.3220

1.498720

msc H2O; i hx s H2O; sl EtOH; i bz s H2O

140

vs H2O, EtOH

215 345.5

vs H2O sl H2O; i os

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400

Synonym

O

O O

NH2 O

Octyl acetate

Octyl acrylate





O

NH2

NH2 HCl

Octylamine

O

Octylamine hydrochloride

4-Octylaniline

Octylbenzene

N

2-Octyldecanoic acid

N

Octyldimethylamine

C

O

O Octyl diphenyl phosphate

Octyl formate

O

Octyl isocyanate

O

O O

O

Octyl methacrylate

O N

O O

O

Octyl nitrate

N

O

O

Octyl nitrite

O

O

Octyl octanoate

Octyloxirane

4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde

O



O

OH O



TeamLRN

OH

O

O

O

H

O 4-Octylphenol

Octyl phenyl ether

4-Octylphenyl salicylate

Octyl propanoate

HO

2-Octyne

3-Octyne

O O







OH 1-Octyne

4-Octyne

O OH

H

O

2-Octyn-1-ol

Oleandrin

O

S O

N

O OH Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3β)

Oleanolic acid

O S

O P O S O

N

N H

HO

HO

O

OH

H

H

Oleic acid

Omeprazole

H N O

O O S O

Orange IV

O Na

H2N

O OH

NH2 L-Ornithine

H2N

NH OH

HCl

NH2 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride

O

N

Orange I

OH

N H Orotic acid

O

O Na O

HO

O N

N

Omethoate

H N N

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Octylcyclopentane

Octylcyclohexane

O O P O O

O OH

Octyl butanoate

No.

Name

8419 Oroxylin A 8420 Orphenadrine 8421 Oryzalin

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

C16H12O5

480-11-5

284.263

ye nd (al)

231.5

C18H23NO C12H18N4O6S

83-98-7 19044-88-3

269.382 346.359

C29H44O12 C6H10O

630-60-4 286-20-4

584.652 98.142

C5H8O C15H28O2 C2H2N2O C15H18Cl2N2O3 C14H18N2O4 C2H2O4

285-67-6 106-02-5 288-99-3 19666-30-9 77732-09-3 144-62-7

84.117 240.382 70.049 345.221 278.304 90.035

C2H6O6 C4H4O5 C2Cl2O2 C2H6N4O2 C2H3NO3 C2H4N2O2 C14H21N3O3 C7H13N3O3S C19H30O3 C4H8OS C15H11ClN2O2 C3H3NO C6H12O C6H10O2 C3H6O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O C3H4O2 C3H6O2

6153-56-6 328-42-7 79-37-8 996-98-5 471-47-6 471-46-5 21738-42-1 23135-22-0 53-39-4 15980-15-1 604-75-1 288-42-6 592-90-5 502-44-3 503-30-0 57-57-8 6704-31-0 75-21-8 765-34-4 61915-27-3

126.065 132.072 126.926 118.095 89.050 88.065 279.335 219.261 306.439 104.171 286.713 69.062 100.158 114.142 58.079 72.063 72.063 44.052 72.063 74.079

liq cry (EtOH)

C8H7NO2 C8H6O3 C9H8O3

532-54-7 611-73-4 15206-55-0

149.148 150.132 164.158

pr (CCl4)

613-90-1 2051-95-8 614-16-4

131.132 178.184 145.158

lf (dil al)

156-06-9 531-81-7

164.158 162.142

lf (bz, chl) nd (w, bz)

Benzenesulfonamide, 4(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitro-



8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429

6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Oxadiazon Oxadixyl Oxalic acid

8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449

Oxalic acid dihydrate Oxaloacetic acid Oxalyl chloride Oxalyl dihydrazide Oxamic acid Oxamide Oxamniquine Oxamyl Oxandrolone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazepam Oxazole Oxepane 2-Oxepanone Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Oxiranecarboxaldehyde Oxiranemethanol, (±)

Exaltolide 1-Oxa-3,4-diazacyclopentadiene

Oxalacetic acid Oxalyl dichloride

Caprolactone Trimethylene oxide β-Propiolactone Ethylene oxide Glycidaldehyde Glycidol

8450 α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime 8451 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid 8452 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl ester 8453 α-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile 8454 γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid 8455 β-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile

Isonitrosoacetophenone

Benzoylacetonitrile

C8H5NO C10H10O3 C9H7NO

8456 α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid 8457 2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3carboxylic acid

3-Phenylpyruvic acid Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid

C9H8O3 C9H6O3

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs ace, eth, EtOH

19512 141 hyg pl (+9w)

200 <-10

thick oil 90 104 orth pym or oct 189.5 dec mcl tab or pr liq nd (w) cry (w) nd (w) ye-oran cry

liq liq liq unstab liq vol liq or gas liq

101.5 161 dec -16 244.0 210 dec 350 dec 149 109 236 -17 205.5

-1.0 -97 -33.4 -112.5 -62 -45 129 66

32.5 116.5 80.5 157.5 190 dec

131.5

0.966320

1.451920

102 17615 150

0.96425 0.954920

1.433620 1.470820 1.430025

sub 157

1.90017

s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, peth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.65318 63.5

1.478520 1.45822

1.431620

1.66720 dec

0.9725

147

1.117420

69.5 119 215 47.6 162 106 10.6 112.5 dec 167; 662.5

0.8925 1.076120 0.893025 1.146020 1.137 0.882110 1.140320 1.114325

16315 247 206 16010

sl H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl; sl ctc

s eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth s ace, chl, MeOH

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl, diox 1.428517 1.440020 1.461120 1.396120 1.410520 1.35977 1.426520 1.428720

s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace msc eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH; s bz, chl sl H2O; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; i CS 2

1.526820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, alk, aq KCN sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig vs EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8422 Ouabain 8423 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

bp/˚C

 

O O NH2 O S O

HO HO HO

H

OH O

OH

O

N

HO

O

N O

O

N O

N

O

HO

O O

OH

O

O

O

O

OH OH Oroxylin A

Orphenadrine

Oryzalin

Ouabain

7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one

O Cl

O

O N N

N N

O

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

HO

N

Cl

O

O

Oxadiazon

O HO

OH

Oxadixyl

OH O OH

O

HO

2H2O

O

Oxalic acid



TeamLRN

O

O

N

HO

O H 2N

NH2

HO O

NH2

O

O

Oxamic acid

H N

N H

N O

Oxamide

N

O OH N

Cl O

O O

N O

S

Oxamyl

Oxandrolone

1,4-Oxathiane

Oxazepam

Oxazole

O



O

O

O

O

O

2-Oxepanone

Oxetane

O Oxepane

O

O 2-Oxetanone

O

O

O 3-Oxetanone

O

O α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl ester

OH N α-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile

Oxiranecarboxaldehyde

O

O

O

Oxiranemethanol, (±)

α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime

α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid

O

O

N

OH

OH O

O γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid

OH

OH

O

O

Oxirane

O N

OH

O

β-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile

NH2

Oxalyl dihydrazide

H N

H

O

Oxamniquine

Oxalyl chloride

OH

S

N H

O

O

N

H2N

Cl

O

H N

O

Oxaloacetic acid

O O

OH O

Oxalic acid dihydrate

H N

O Cl

α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid

O

O

2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

 

No.

Name

Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium 2-Oxobutanoic acid 4-Oxobutanoic acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid 6-Oxoheptanoic acid 5-Oxohexanoic acid α-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid Oxolinic acid 4-Oxopentanal 3-Oxopentanedioic acid 2-Oxopentanoic acid 4-Oxopentanoic acid 4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2butenoic acid 8472 Oxophenylarsine

8473 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid 8474 2-Oxopropanal oxime



8475 2-Oxopropanenitrile 8476 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3one, (17β) 8477 2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid 8478 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8479 17-Oxosparteine

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

258 33

1740.2 8116 13514

1.20017

1.397220

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Vanadyl acetylacetonate

3153-26-2 600-18-0 692-29-5 328-50-7 3128-07-2 3128-06-1 392-12-1 14698-29-4 626-96-0 542-05-2 1821-02-9 123-76-2 102-14-7 555-59-9

265.157 102.089 102.089 146.099 144.168 130.141 203.194 261.230 100.117 146.099 116.116 116.116 193.199 191.183

bl cry

Levulinic acid Succinanilic acid Maleanilic acid

C10H14O5V C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C5H6O5 C7H12O3 C6H10O3 C11H9NO3 C13H11NO5 C5H8O2 C5H6O5 C5H8O3 C5H8O3 C10H11NO3 C10H9NO3

Phenylarsine oxide

C6H5AsO

637-03-6

168.025

Isonitrosoacetone

C10H8O3 C3H5NO2

583-06-2 306-44-5

176.169 87.078

cry (bz-eth) or (chl-eth) nd or pr (tol) nd(CCl4) lf (eth-peth)

Testosterone-17-propionate

C3H3NO C22H32O3

631-57-2 57-85-2

69.062 344.487

Coumalic acid

C6H4O4

500-05-0

140.094

pr (MeOH)

Chelidonic acid

C7H4O6

99-32-1

184.103

C15H24N2O

489-72-5

248.364

C12H8Cl2O5S2

121-63-1

367.225

rose mcl nd (al- 262 w,+1w) ye to col hyg nd 84 (peth) cry (peth) 128

α-Ketoglutaric acid

Indole-3-pyruvic acid

Acetonedicarboxylic acid

oil cry (ace-bz)

gray cry cry (DMF) nd (AcOEt) lf or pl nd (w) mcl ye cry

115.5 40.2 13.5 211 313 dec <-21 138 dec 6.5 33 148.5 192 dec

dec 187

1.013421

1.425722

179 dec 245

1.097014 1.133520

1.439620

99 69

207 dec

C12H14N4O5S2

80-51-3

358.393

cry (H2O)

164 dec

C22H31NO3 C12H13NO4S C10H4Cl8O C18H21NO4 C6H15O4PS2 C24H16As2O3 C15H11ClF3NO4 C16H24N2O C21H32O3 C3H8N2O3

5633-20-5 5259-88-1 27304-13-8 76-42-6 301-12-2 58-36-6 42874-03-3 1491-59-4 434-07-1 140-95-4

357.486 267.301 423.762 315.365 246.284 502.225 361.701 260.374 332.477 120.107

cry pr (EtOH) cry (pentane) rods (EtOH)

114 129 100 219 <-20 185 84 182 179 126

8492 8493 8494 8495

C19H20N2O3 C21H34BrNO3 C22H24N2O9 C43H66N12O12S2

129-20-4 50-10-2 79-57-2 50-56-6

324.373 428.404 460.434 1007.187

cry (eth/peth)

cry (bz) cry pr(al)

wh pow

124 191.5 184.5

i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, lig sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, lig, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth

1.41830 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz, chl

sub

1.074467

92.3

0.974520

120

col mcl cry

1.430625 1.445120

145

8480 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride) Diphenyl ether 4,4’-disulfonyl chloride 8481 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide) 8482 Oxybutynin 8483 Oxycarboxin Carboxin S,S-dioxide 8484 Oxychlordane 8485 Oxycodone Dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone 8486 Oxydemeton-methyl 8487 10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine 10,10’-Oxybis[10H-phenoxarsine] 8488 Oxyfluorfen 8489 Oxymetazoline 8490 Oxymetholone 8491 Oxymethurea Oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenonium bromide Oxytetracycline Oxytocin

251280, 1351 274.5 1.0925

Solubility

sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, tol s H2O, eth; sl bz, ctc, chl 1.376420

s eth, ace, CH3CN vs eth, py, EtOH

218120

sl H2O, eth, ace; i bz, chl; s EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH

20912

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl

sl H2O; s bz, EtOH; vs ace i H2O, eth; s EtOH, chl 1060.01 dec 358

1.28920 1.41 1.3573

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; i CH 2Cl2 i eth, chl

14925

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl DMSO s EtOH, MeOH, chl, bz, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH 1.63420 s H2O, BuOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471

Physical Form

Synonym

O O

O

O

V O

O

O

Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium

2-Oxobutanoic acid

O

HO

OH

OH 4-Oxobutanoic acid

O

OH

O

OH

O

6-Oxoheptanoic acid

α-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid

5-Oxohexanoic acid

O O

N

O

O O

Oxolinic acid

O

HO

4-Oxopentanal

O

O OH

OH

OH

O

3-Oxopentanedioic acid

H N OH

O

O

O

2-Oxopentanoic acid

O

H N

4-Oxopentanoic acid

4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid

O N

O

O



TeamLRN

4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid

2-Oxopropanal oxime

O HO

OH

N

HO

O

2-Oxopropanenitrile

O

17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3-one, (17β)

O

OH

O O

2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid

O

4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

Cl Cl O H

N

N

O S Cl O

H

17-Oxosparteine

O

O

O O S Cl O

H 2N

4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride)

O S N O H

O

S

O

O OH

O NH2 N H

H N

N

Cl

Oxybutynin

Cl O

S O O O

4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)

Cl

Cl

Cl

Oxycarboxin

Cl Oxychlordane

O

OH

O

O S

N OH Oxycodone

O

O P S O O

O

As O As

F F

Oxydemeton-methyl

O

O

Cl

N O

F

10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine

O

O N H

Oxymethurea

OH

OH

OH Oxymetazoline

OH OH N H H

Oxyphenonium bromide

HO O

H Oxymetholone

OH

N

NH2

Br HO

Oxyphenbutazone

N

Oxyfluorfen

O O OH

O

HO O HO O Oxytetracycline

O



N H

N

N

H N

O

O

HO

OH

O

H

O

O

OH

O

cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-butenoic acid

O

O As

Oxophenylarsine

O

N H

OH

O

2-Oxoglutaric acid

OH

O

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

OH

O

O

O

O

Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly(NH2) Oxytocin

No.

Paclobutrazol Palustric acid Pamoic acid Pancuronium dibromide Panose Panthesin Pantolactone Pantothenic acid Papaveraldine



Papaverine hydrochloride Paraformaldehyde Paraldehyde Paramethadione Paraoxon

8511 8512 8513 8514

Paraquat Pararosaniline hydrochloride Parasorbic acid Parathion

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4-α-Isomaltosylglucose

C15H20ClN3O C20H30O2 C23H16O6 C35H60Br2N2O4 C18H32O16 C18H32N2O5S C6H10O3 C9H17NO5 C20H19NO5

76738-62-0 1945-53-5 130-85-8 15500-66-0 33401-87-5 135-44-4 599-04-2 79-83-4 522-57-6

293.792 302.451 388.369 732.670 504.437 388.522 130.141 219.235 353.369

C20H21NO4

58-74-2

339.386

C20H22ClNO4 (CH2O)x C6H12O3 C7H11NO3 C10H14NO6P

61-25-6 30525-89-4 123-63-7 115-67-3 311-45-5

375.847 30.026 132.157 157.167 275.195

C12H14N2 C19H18ClN3 C6H8O2 C10H14NO5PS

4685-14-7 569-61-9 10048-32-5 56-38-2

186.252 323.819 112.127 291.261

C15H26O C10H21NOS C15H11ClO5

5986-55-0 1114-71-2 134-04-3

222.366 203.345 306.698

C13H19NO3 C9H8N2O2 C13H19N3O4

83-14-7 2152-34-3 40487-42-1

237.295 176.172 281.308

red br hyg >350 (anh) pr or pl pl (al, peth) 111.5 cry 256 dec 56

C8H16N2O4S2 C16H18N2O4S

18840-45-4 61-33-6

268.354 334.390

amor wh pow

C29H38N4O6S C16H18N2O5S C6H6Br5Cl

54-35-3 87-08-1 87-84-3

570.700 350.389 513.085

cry cry

C7H3Br5 C6HBr5O

87-83-2 608-71-9

486.619 488.591

Cerespan 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate Basic fuchsin

8515 Patchouli alcohol 8516 Pebulate 8517 Pelargonidin chloride 8518 Pellotine 8519 Pemoline 8520 Pendimethalin 8521 Penicillamine cysteine disulfide 8522 Penicillin G 8523 Penicillin G procaine 8524 Penicillin V 8525 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6chlorocyclohexane 8526 Pentabromomethylbenzene 8527 Pentabromophenol

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

8505 Papaverine 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510

Physical Form

Synonym

2-Amino-5-phenyl-4(5H)-oxazolone N-(1-Ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6dinitroaniline Benzylpenicillinic acid

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Pentabromoacetone

C3HBr5O

79-49-2

452.559

8529 Pentac 8530 Pentacene

Dienochlor Benzo[b]naphthacene

C10Cl10 C22H14

2227-17-0 135-48-8

474.637 278.346

8531 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline 8532 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole

Methyl pentachlorophenyl ether

C6H2Cl5N C7H3Cl5O

527-20-8 1825-21-4

265.352 280.363

 

8528 1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone

wh cry cry (MeOH) cry pa ye pow (al) ye visc oil nd (al),cry (bz, peth) wh pr (al-eth), nd (chl-peth) wh mcl pr (w)

den/g cm-3

nD

1.22

147.5 224.5 164 dec 12.6

Solubility i H2O; vs ace, MeOH; s xyl, hx

sl chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

210.5

liq oily liq cation pale viol pow oily lig ye liq

bp/˚C

166 164.5 315 215 223 dec 158 92

sub 135

1.33720

1.625

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH

1610.5

0.994320 1.12125 1.268325

1.404920 1.44925 1.5096

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz, eth s eth

10015 375

1.07918 1.268120

1.473620 1.537025

14220

0.990665 0.945820

1.502965 1.475220

vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs EtOH, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, MeOH s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl, MeOH

124.3

269 dec 6.1 56

vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O, eth, ace; sl hot EtOH dec

1.1925

195

mcl pr (HOAc) nd (al) nd (w, al) pr (eth) tan cry (peth) ye grn nd or lf (xyl) nd (al) nd MeOH

1.255525

108 dec 124 dec 204

2.9717

sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, eth, chl, bz, ace s H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s os

288 229.5

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc; sl eth

79.5

sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl

122 >300 dec 233.0 108.5

i H2O; sl bz; s PhNO2 vs eth, EtOH, lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504

Name

O HO HO HO

N N Cl

O

OH O

Br

O

OH

N

N

Panose

O

HO

N

H2N

O Panthesin

O

N H

OH

Pantolactone

O

O

O

O N

O

N

O

O

O

OH

N

O

O HCl O

O

Pantothenic acid

Papaveraldine

O

Papaverine

Papaverine hydrochloride

NH



TeamLRN

O H

O

O

O

N

O

H x

Paraformaldehyde

Paraldehyde

O

N O

O

O

O

HCl

O P O O

O N

Paramethadione

O

Paraoxon

N

H2N

NH2

Paraquat

O

Pararosaniline hydrochloride

O

N O

Parasorbic acid

O P O S

Parathion

OH OH

HO S

HO

N

O

Patchouli alcohol

Pebulate

H N

H N

S

O O

OH

O

Penicillin G

Br

Br Br

Pentabromophenol

Br Br

Br

1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone

O S

HO

S

O Pemoline

N

H N

O O

OH

Pendimethalin

OH NH2

Penicillamine cysteine disulfide

O

Br

H S

Cl

N

OH

Br

Penicillin V

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6-chlorocyclohexane

Pentabromomethylbenzene

O

NH2

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Pentacene

Br

Br

Cl

Pentac

Br

Br

O

Br Br

NH2

O

NH

O

N

O

OH O

NH O N

O S

Penicillin G procaine

Br

O

O N

OH

O

O

Br

N

Pellotine

H

O

N

OH

Pelargonidin chloride

H

NH

O

Cl

H

O

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Pancuronium dibromide

O

OH

OH OH

OH

O OH O S O

OH

O

HO

Pamoic acid

O

O

OH

OH

O

Palustric acid

O

O

HO

Br

HO

Paclobutrazol

HO

OH

N

O

O

HO

O

H

No. 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537

Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzenethiol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl 1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo-pdioxin Pentachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol

8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550



1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane 1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene Pentachloropyridine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene Pentacontane Pentacosane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol 8551 Pentadecanal 8552 Pentadecane 8553 Pentadecanoic acid

1-Pentadecanol 2-Pentadecanone 8-Pentadecanone 1-Pentadecene Pentadecylamine Pentadecylbenzene 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol Pentadecylcyclohexane 3-Pentadecylphenol 1-Pentadecyne 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene

8569 8570 8571 8572

1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 1,3-Pentadiyne Pentaerythritol Pentaerythritol tetraacetate

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6HCl5 C6HCl5S C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H3Cl5O2

608-93-5 133-49-3 18259-05-7 37680-73-2 39227-61-7

250.337 282.402 326.433 326.433 356.416

C2HCl5 C2Cl5F C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O

76-01-7 354-56-3 82-68-8 87-86-5

202.294 220.284 295.335 266.336

1,1-Dihydroperfluorooctanol

C3H3Cl5 C3HCl5 C5Cl5N C7H3Cl5 C50H102 C25H52 C7HF15 C8HF15O2 C8H3F15O

16714-68-4 1600-37-9 2176-62-7 877-11-2 6596-40-3 629-99-2 375-83-7 335-67-1 307-30-2

216.321 214.305 251.326 264.364 703.345 352.681 370.059 414.069 400.085

Pentadecylic acid

C15H30O C15H32 C15H30O2

2765-11-9 629-62-9 1002-84-2

226.398 212.415 242.398

C15H32O C15H30O C15H30O C15H30 C15H33N C21H36 C21H36O2 C21H42 C21H36O C15H28 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8

629-76-5 2345-28-0 818-23-5 13360-61-7 2570-26-5 2131-18-2 492-89-7 6006-95-7 501-24-6 765-13-9 591-95-7 1574-41-0 2004-70-8 591-93-5 591-96-8

228.414 226.398 226.398 210.399 227.430 288.511 320.510 294.558 304.510 208.383 68.118 68.118 68.118 68.118 68.118

C5H8O C5H4 C5H12O4 C13H20O8

922-65-6 4911-55-1 115-77-5 597-71-7

84.117 64.086 136.147 304.293

Pentachlorophenyl mercaptan

Refrigerant 120 Quintozene

Pentadecanamine 3-Pentadecylcatechol

Ethylallene cis-Piperylene trans-Piperylene 1,3-Dimethylallene

Methyldiacetylene 2,2-Bis[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,3propanediol diacetate

Physical Form nd (al) nd (peth) cry (EtOH) cry (bz/MeOH) liq col liq cry (al) mcl pr (al + 1w) nd (bz)

nd (bz, peth)

waxy solid nd pl (dil al, HOAc) cry (peth)

cry (al) liq

nd (to, peth) nd (peth) liq liq liq vol liq or gas liq

liq cry (dil HCl) tetr nd (w, bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

86 231.5 123.5 78.5 195

277

1.834216

-28.78 101.3 144 174

162.0 138 dec 328 dec 310

1.679620 1.7425 1.71825 1.97822

1.502520

1.63325 1.631734

1.509825 1.531320

0.801220 1.72525

1.449120 1.269025

54.3 47

181500 185 280 301 575.0 401.9; 28240 96.0 188 164; 688

24.5 9.95 52.3

18525 270.6 0.768520 257100, 1581 0.842380

1.431520 1.425480

43.9 39.5 43 -1.4 37.3 22 59.5 29 53.5 10 -137.3 -140.8 -87.4 -148.2 -125.6

300 294 291 268.2 307.6 373

0.834725 0.818239 0.818039 0.776420 0.810420 0.854820

1.438920 1.448020 1.481520

373 2308, 1971.5 268 44.9 44.1 42 26 48.2

0.826720

1.458820

0.792820 0.692620 0.691020 0.671025 0.660820 0.695020

1.441920 1.420920 1.436320 1.430120 1.388820 1.428420

0.86023 0.790920

1.440017 1.443121 1.548

125.5 224.8 92.1 53.93

 

8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566 8567 8568

Synonym

-38.5 258 83.5

nD

Solubility i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS 2 i H2O i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl i H2O; sl lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

vs eth vs bz, EtOH, lig sl EtOH, eth, CS2; s bz, tol, peth s bz, chl

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl tfa

i H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s ace vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

115.5 55 sub

1.27318

vs ace, bz, EtOH vs ace msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s H2O; i eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8538 8539 8540 8541

Name

SH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentachlorobenzene

Pentachlorobenzenethiol

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Pentachloroethane

N

O

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentachlorofluoroethane

Pentachloronitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Pentachlorophenol

1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane

1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene

O

F F F F F F

OH F F F F F F

F



TeamLRN

Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid

F F

F

Cl

Cl

F F F F F F

N

Cl

H3C(CH2)48CH3

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene

Pentacontane

Cl

Pentachloropyridine

F

Cl

Cl

Cl

F F

Cl Cl

F F F F

F Pentacosane

F

F F

1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane

O

F F F F F F OH

OH

O

OH

F F F F F F 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol

Pentadecanal

Pentadecane

Pentadecanoic acid

1-Pentadecanol

O NH2

O 2-Pentadecanone

8-Pentadecanone

1-Pentadecene

OH

Pentadecylamine

Pentadecylbenzene

OH OH C 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol

Pentadecylcyclohexane

3-Pentadecylphenol

1-Pentadecyne

O O

O HO

C cis-1,3-Pentadiene

trans-1,3-Pentadiene

1,4-Pentadiene

2,3-Pentadiene

HO

OH 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol

1,3-Pentadiyne

OH

O O

OH

Pentaerythritol

CH2

1,2-Pentadiene

O O O

Pentaerythritol tetraacetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH Cl

No.

Name

8573 Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2mercaptoacetate) 8574 Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate

Synonym

Tetramethylolmethane tetramethacrylate

8575 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

8602 8603 8604 8605 8606 8607

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Pentamethylsilanamine Pentanal Pentanamide 3-Pentanamine Pentane

Pempidine

8608 8609 8610 8611

Pentanedial 1,5-Pentanediamine Pentanedinitrile 1,2-Pentanediol, (±)

Glutaraldehyde Cadaverine Glutaronitrile

8592 8593 8594 8595 8596

Ethanol, tantalum(5+) salt

Methyl pentafluorophenyl ether Refrigerant 245cb

Taxifolin

Valeraldehyde

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C13H20O8S4

10193-99-4

432.553

liq

C21H28O8

3253-41-6

408.442

C5H8N4O12

78-11-5

316.138

C16H26 C10H25O5Ta C6H2F5N C7HF5O C6HF5 C6HF5S C7HF5O2 C7F5N C2HF5 C6F5I C7H3F5O C6HF5O C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C7H3F5 C5F8

605-01-6 6074-84-6 771-60-8 653-37-2 363-72-4 771-62-0 602-94-8 773-82-0 354-33-6 827-15-6 389-40-2 771-61-9 1814-88-6 422-05-9 771-56-2 384-04-3

218.377 406.251 183.079 196.074 168.064 200.129 212.074 193.074 120.021 293.960 198.090 184.063 134.048 150.047 182.091 212.041

C37H49N7O9S C15H12O7

5534-95-2 480-18-2

767.892 304.252

C11H28Br2N2 C11H16 C5H20O5Si5

541-20-8 700-12-9 6166-86-5

348.161 148.245 300.638

C12H26 C12H24 C10H22 C10H22 C11H16O

13475-82-6 123-48-8 16747-44-7 16747-45-8 2819-86-5

170.334 168.319 142.282 142.282 164.244

C10H21N C5H15NSi C5H10O C5H11NO C5H13N C5H12

79-55-0 2083-91-2 110-62-3 626-97-1 616-24-0 109-66-0

155.281 117.266 86.132 101.147 87.164 72.149

C5H8O2 C5H14N2 C5H6N2 C5H12O2

111-30-8 462-94-2 544-13-8 91049-43-3

100.117 102.178 94.115 104.148

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

2501

1.38525

1.547020

Solubility

53.5 tetr (ace) pr (ace-al)

<-20

liq liq

col gas liq liq

34 20 -47.4 -24 101 1.2 -103 -29 -37 37.5

col gas liq

col nd

pr (al) liq liq liq liq liq nd (al, peth, ace)

1.77320

140.5

-29.78

277 1511 153.5 167 85.74 143 220 162 -48.1 166 138.5 145.6 -17.4 2650 117.5 39

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py

0.897119

1.512720

1.51425 1.50125

1.450620 1.390520 1.464520

1.56320

1.440225

2.21220 1.49320

1.495025 1.408720 1.426320

1.44020 1.5270

1.401625 1.30000

230 dec 227 dec 301 54.5 -108 -67 -36.4 -38.7 128

liq -91.5 mcl pl (peth, al) 106 liq

-129.67

liq

11.83 -29

vs ace, bz, eth i H2O, bz, EtOH, eth s chl

232 169

0.91720 0.998520

1.52720 1.391220

177.8 180.5 166.1 159.3 267

0.746320

1.444020

0.776725 0.763625

1.436120 1.430720

147 86 103 225 89 36.06

0.85800 0.740020 0.809520 0.8735110 0.748720 0.626220

1.455021 1.437924 1.394420 1.4183110 1.406320 1.357520

dec 188 179 286 209

0.87325 0.991115 0.972320

1.46320 1.429520 1.439719

sl H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl

i H2O; s EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH; s bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH, chl

 

8597 8598 8599 8600 8601

Pentaethylbenzene Pentaethyl tantalate 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline Pentafluorobenzaldehyde Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzenethiol Pentafluorobenzoic acid Pentafluorobenzonitrile Pentafluoroethane Pentafluoroiodobenzene Pentafluoromethoxybenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene Pentagastrin trans-3,3’,4’,5,7Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±) Pentamethonium bromide Pentamethylbenzene 2,4,6,8,10Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane Pentamethylphenol

CAS RN

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591

Mol. Form.

O

O

SH O

O

SH

O

O

O

O

O

HS

O

F

F

F

F

F

F

Pentafluorobenzenethiol

Pentafluorobenzoic acid

Pentafluorobenzonitrile

Pentaethylbenzene

Pentaethyl tantalate

O

F

F F F

F

Pentafluoroethane

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

F

F

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline

Pentafluorobenzaldehyde

Pentafluorobenzene

F F

F

F

F

O

F

F

F

F F

Pentafluoroiodobenzene

Pentafluoromethoxybenzene

Pentafluorophenol

N H

N H

F

F

F F

F F

1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane

OH F

2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol

O H N

OH O H N

O N H

O

OH O OH NH2

O

HO

OH

O

S

1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene

F F

F F

F

F

O

O

F

F

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene

F

F

F

F



TeamLRN

F

F

F

OH F

F

F

H N

F

F

O

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

F

F

F

F

O O O Ta O O

I F

F

F

F

O N

O

NH2

N

O

F

F

O O N O

O

Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate

HO

SH

O

O N O O

O

O

Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate)

F

O

O

N O

OH

Pentagastrin

trans-3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±)

Br

Br

N

N

Pentamethonium bromide

OH O Si Pentamethylbenzene

Si

Si O

O Si

Si O

N

2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene

2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane

2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane

Pentamethylphenol

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine

O

N

Pentamethylsilanamine

O Si

O Pentanal

OH NH2

Pentanamide

NH2 3-Pentanamine

O Pentane

O Pentanedial

H 2N

NH2 1,5-Pentanediamine

N

N Pentanedinitrile

OH 1,2-Pentanediol, (±)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HS

O O

O

No.

Name

8642 8643 8644 8645 8646 8647 8648 8649 8650 8651 8652 8653 8654 8655 8656

trans-3-Pentenenitrile 4-Pentenenitrile trans-3-Pentenoic acid 4-Pentenoic acid 1-Penten-3-ol cis-2-Penten-1-ol trans-2-Penten-1-ol 3-Penten-2-ol, (±) 4-Penten-1-ol 4-Penten-2-ol 1-Penten-3-one trans-3-Penten-2-one 2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne 1-Penten-4-yne

Pentamethylene glycol 2,4-Amylene glycol Pentamethylene acetate Acetylpropionyl Acetylacetone Valeronitrile Pentyl mercaptan sec-Pentyl mercaptan 3-Pentyl mercaptan Valeric acid Amyl alcohol sec-Amyl alcohol Diethyl carbinol Methyl propyl ketone Diethyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone oxime Valeroyl chloride 2,3:6,7-Dibenzphenanthrene Lenthionine

α-Amylene cis-β-Amylene trans-β-Amylene

Allylacetic acid

Ethyl vinyl ketone

Methylvinylacetylene

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C9H16O4 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H6Cl2O2 C5H9N C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H10O2 C10H18O3 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H11NO C5H9ClO C22H14 C2H4S5 C35H72 C35H70O C19H27NO C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10

626-95-9 111-29-5 42027-23-6 625-69-4 6963-44-6 600-14-6 123-54-6 2873-74-7 110-59-8 110-66-7 2084-19-7 616-31-9 109-52-4 2082-59-9 71-41-0 6032-29-7 584-02-1 107-87-9 96-22-0 623-40-5 638-29-9 222-93-5 292-46-6 630-07-9 504-53-0 359-83-1 2100-17-6 109-67-1 627-20-3 646-04-8

104.148 104.148 104.148 104.148 188.221 100.117 100.117 169.006 83.132 104.214 104.214 104.214 102.132 186.248 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 101.147 120.577 278.346 188.378 492.947 506.930 285.423 84.117 70.133 70.133 70.133

C5H7N C5H7N C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H8O C5H8O C10H13N C5H6 C5H6

16529-66-1 592-51-8 1617-32-9 591-80-0 616-25-1 1576-95-0 1576-96-1 42569-16-4 821-09-0 625-31-0 1629-58-9 3102-33-8 2057-43-4 646-05-9 871-28-3

81.117 81.117 100.117 100.117 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 84.117 84.117 147.217 66.102 66.102

Physical Form liq

mp/˚C -18

2 dk ye liq liq

-23

liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq

-96.2 -75.65 -169 -110.8 -33.6 -56.1 -77.6 -73 -69 -76.8 -39

liq ye grn lf(xyl) cry (al) lf (lig) cry (MeOH aq)

-110 257 60.5 74.6 89.0 147

vol liq or gas liq liq

-165.12 -151.36 -140.21

liq

liq

-22.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

202; 12510 239 187.5; 10017 199; 9713 241; 1233 108 138 217 141.3 126.6 112.9 105 186.1 227 137.98 119.3 116.25 102.26 101.7 168 109

0.988320 0.991420 0.979819 0.963520 1.029620 0.956519 0.972125 1.32420 0.800820 0.85020 0.832720 0.841020 0.933925 0.92420 0.814420 0.809420 0.820320 0.80920 0.809825 0.909520 1.015515

1.445223 1.449420 1.441225 1.434920 1.426119 1.401419 1.449420 1.472820 1.397120 1.446920 1.441220 1.444720 1.408520 1.417126 1.410120 1.405320 1.410420 1.389520 1.390525 1.445020 1.420020

vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl s eth; sl chl s eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, lig s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, xyl, eth; s bz

490 2700.1

0.815720 0.79395

1.456820

i H2O; sl eth; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl

99 29.96 36.93 36.34

0.85220 0.640520 0.655620 0.643125

1.419120 1.371520 1.383020 1.379320

i H2O; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; vs dil sulf

144 140 193.2 188.5 115 138 138 121.6; 6570 141 116 103; 4490 122 216; 9312 59.5 42.5

0.837 0.823924 0.98919 0.980920 0.83920 0.852920 0.847120 0.832825 0.845720 0.836720 0.846820 0.862420 0.923425 0.740120 0.73816

1.422020 1.421314 1.428120 1.423920 1.435420 1.434120 1.428020 1.430920 1.422520 1.419520 1.435020 1.507625 1.449620 1.412516

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, eth, ace, ctc vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz

 

1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol diacetate 2,3-Pentanedione 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanedioyl dichloride Pentanenitrile 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid Pentanoic anhydride 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 2-Pentanone oxime Pentanoyl chloride Pentaphene 1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane Pentatriacontane 18-Pentatriacontanone Pentazocine 4-Pentenal 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8612 8613 8614 8615 8616 8617 8618 8619 8620 8621 8622 8623 8624 8625 8626 8627 8628 8629 8630 8631 8632 8633 8634 8635 8636 8637 8638 8639 8640 8641

Synonym

O

OH OH HO

1,4-Pentanediol

O

OH

OH 1,5-Pentanediol

2,3-Pentanediol

1-Pentanethiol

2,4-Pentanediol

SH

O

2-Pentanethiol

OH

3-Pentanethiol

O

O

O

Cl

2,3-Pentanedione

2,4-Pentanedione

O

Cl

OH

Pentanoic anhydride

N

Pentanedioyl dichloride

Pentanenitrile

O

OH

O

Pentanoic acid

O

O

O

1,5-Pentanediol diacetate

O

SH SH

O

OH

1-Pentanol

2-Pentanol

O

3-Pentanol

2-Pentanone

3-Pentanone

H



TeamLRN

HO

S S

O

N

Cl 2-Pentanone oxime

Pentanoyl chloride

Pentaphene

S S S

N

1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane

Pentatriacontane

18-Pentatriacontanone

O N

O 4-Pentenal

1-Pentene

cis-2-Pentene

trans-2-Pentene

OH trans-2-Penten-1-ol

trans-3-Pentenenitrile

3-Penten-2-ol, (±)

N 4-Pentenenitrile

OH OH

OH 4-Penten-1-ol

HO

O

O OH

OH trans-3-Pentenoic acid

4-Pentenoic acid

OH 1-Penten-3-ol

OH cis-2-Penten-1-ol

O N

O 4-Penten-2-ol

Pentazocine

1-Penten-3-one

trans-3-Penten-2-one

2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine

1-Penten-3-yne

1-Penten-4-yne

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

O

OH OH

No.

Name cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentetic acid Pentostatin

8661 8662 8663 8664

Pentryl Pentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate (R) Pentylamine



8688 8689 8690 8691 8692 8693

2-Pentyne 4-Pentynoic acid 2-Pentyn-1-ol 3-Pentyn-1-ol 4-Pentyn-1-ol Perazine

8694 8695 8696 8697

Perfluidone Perfluoroacetone Perfluorobutane Perfluoro-2-butene

Mol. Wt.

C5H6 C5H6 C14H23N3O10 C11H16N4O4

1574-40-9 2004-69-5 67-43-6 53910-25-1

66.102 66.102 393.347 268.270

2-(N,2,4,6-Tetranitroanilino)ethanol Amyl acetate sec-Amyl acetate (R) Amylamine

C8H6N6O11 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C5H13N

4481-55-4 628-63-7 54638-10-7 110-58-7

362.167 130.185 130.185 87.164

Amylbenzene

C11H17N C11H16

2049-92-5 538-68-1

163.260 148.245

C12H16O2 C12H15ClO C9H18O2 C6H13NO2 C6H11ClO2 C11H22 C10H20 C6H12O2 C12H24O2 C11H22O2 C15H18 C5H11NO2 C14H28O2 C13H26O2 C12H15ClO2 C10H20O2 C11H16O C8H16O2 C12H16O3 C23H46O2 C5H8

2049-96-9 49763-65-7 540-18-1 590-60-3 638-41-5 4292-92-6 3741-00-2 638-49-3 7493-82-5 540-07-8 86-89-5 463-04-7 61531-45-1 638-25-5 36823-84-4 2173-56-0 14938-35-3 624-54-4 2050-08-0 6382-13-4 627-19-0

192.254 210.699 158.238 131.173 150.603 154.293 140.266 116.158 200.318 186.292 198.304 117.147 228.371 214.344 226.699 172.265 164.244 144.212 208.253 354.610 68.118

C5H8 C5H6O2 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C20H25N3S

627-21-4 6089-09-4 6261-22-9 10229-10-4 5390-04-5 84-97-9

68.118 98.101 84.117 84.117 84.117 339.498

C14H12F3NO4S2 C3F6O C4F10 C4F8

37924-13-3 684-16-2 355-25-9 360-89-4

379.375 166.021 238.027 200.030

Amyl butyrate tert-Amyl carbamate

Amyl formate Amyl enanthate Amyl caproate Amyl nitrite Pentyl pelargonate Amyl octanoate

Propylacetylene

Propargylacetic acid

 

Pentyl benzoate 4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride Pentyl butanoate tert-Pentyl carbamate Pentyl chloroformate Pentylcyclohexane Pentylcyclopentane Pentyl formate Pentyl heptanoate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Pentylnaphthalene Pentyl nitrite Pentyl nonanoate Pentyl octanoate 4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride Pentyl pentanoate 4-Pentylphenol Pentyl propanoate Pentyl salicylate Pentyl stearate 1-Pentyne

CAS RN

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

8665 4-tert-Pentylaniline 8666 Pentylbenzene 8667 8668 8669 8670 8671 8672 8673 8674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8680 8681 8682 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687

Mol. Form.

10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl) propyl]-10H-phenothiazine Hexafluoroacetone Decafluorobutane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

44.6 52.2 cry (w) wh cry (MeOH aq) wh-ye cry liq

219 222 129 -70.8

liq

liq

-55

149.2 142 104.3

1.82 0.875620 0.880318 0.754420

1.402320 1.401220 1.44820

-75

260.5 205.4

0.858520

1.487820

13715 14410, 1218 186.4

1.03625 0.871315

1.530020 1.412320

6115 203.7 180 130.4 245.4 226 307 104.5 13120 260.2 19830, 18225 203.7 250.5 168.6 270

0.803720 0.791220 0.885320 0.862320 0.861225 0.965620 0.881720 0.850625 0.861320 1.08725 0.863820 0.96020 0.876125 1.06415

40.1

0.690120

1.418118 1.443720 1.435620 1.399220 1.426315 1.420225 1.572520 1.385120 1.431820 1.426225 1.543420 1.416420 1.527225 1.409615 1.50620 1.434250 1.385220

0.705825

1.403920

0.90920 0.900220 0.91320

1.451817 1.445420 1.441420

liq nd (dil al)

-73.2 86

liq liq liq liq liq liq

-57.5 -83 -73.5 -50 -47 -22

liq

-27 -34.8

liq

s H2O, alk

liq

-78.8 23 -73.1

pl liq

30 -90

liq liq

-109.3 57.7 -49.7

cry

52

56.1 11030, 10217 154; 6115 154 154 1650.001

col gas col gas col gas

143 -125.45 -129.1 -129

-27.4 -1.9 1.5

1.648425 1.529725

i H2O, ctc; s chl; vs eth, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

s bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8657 8658 8659 8660

Synonym

OH N HN

COOH HOOC

N

HO

N HOOC

O

N

N NO2 O

O

N

O

trans-3-Penten-1-yne

O

OH

Pentetic acid

N

Pentostatin

O

NH2

O O

O

Pentryl

O

Pentyl acetate

sec-Pentyl acetate (R)

Cl

O

NH2 Pentylamine

O

O

O

H2N

O 4-tert-Pentylaniline

Pentylbenzene

Pentyl benzoate

4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride

Pentyl butanoate



TeamLRN

Pentylcyclohexane

Pentylcyclopentane

O

Pentyl heptanoate

Cl

O

1-Pentylnaphthalene

O

Pentyl nonanoate

Pentyl octanoate

N

O

Pentyl nitrite

OH

O O

O Pentyl chloroformate

O

Pentyl hexanoate

O O

O

Cl

O

O

Pentyl formate

O

tert-Pentyl carbamate

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride

Pentyl pentanoate

4-Pentylphenol

Pentyl propanoate

O O

O

O

OH

OH

OH Pentyl salicylate

Pentyl stearate

1-Pentyne

2-Pentyne

4-Pentynoic acid

2-Pentyn-1-ol

OH

OH 3-Pentyn-1-ol

4-Pentyn-1-ol

N N

O O S

N

O O S

N H

S Perazine

Perfluidone

F

O F F

F F

F

F

F F

Perfluoroacetone

F F

F

F

F F

F F

F

Perfluorobutane

F F

F F

F

F

F F

F

Perfluoro-2-butene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

COOH COOH cis-3-Penten-1-yne

O O2N

N N O

O N

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Octafluorocyclobutane

C8F16O C4F8

335-36-4 115-25-3

416.059 200.030

8700 Perfluorocyclohexane

C6F12

355-68-0

300.045

8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707

C6F10 C10F18 C10F22 C3F8O2 C6F14 C4H5F5O C4H2F8O

355-75-9 306-94-5 307-45-9 53772-78-4 354-96-1 22052-81-9 156053-88-2

262.048 462.078 538.072 220.018 338.042 164.074 218.045

C7F16 C7F14 C6F14 C6F12 C4F10 C4F8 C4H3F7O C7F14 C6F14 C6F14 C10F8 C9F20 C8F18 C8F18O2S C3F6O C5F12 C3F8 C3F6 C4H3F7O C5F5N C7F8 C9F21N C11H8N2

335-57-9 355-63-5 355-42-0 755-25-9 354-92-7 382-21-8 22052-84-2 355-02-2 355-04-4 865-71-4 313-72-4 375-96-2 307-34-6 307-35-7 425-82-1 678-26-2 76-19-7 116-15-4 375-03-1 700-16-3 434-64-0 338-83-0 204-02-4

388.049 350.053 338.042 300.045 238.027 200.030 200.055 350.053 338.042 338.042 272.094 488.064 438.057 502.121 166.021 288.035 188.019 150.022 200.055 169.053 236.062 521.069 168.195

C21H20Cl2O3 C2H4O3 C3H6O3 C21H26ClN3OS C18H20Cl2

52645-53-1 79-21-0 4212-43-5 58-39-9 72-56-0

C20H12 C15H14O4

8698 Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran 8699 Perfluorocyclobutane



8731 8732 8733 8734 8735

Permethrin Peroxyacetic acid Peroxypropanoic acid Perphenazine Perthane

8736 Perylene 8737 Peucedanin

Perfluoroisobutylene

Pentafluoropyridine

Ethaneperoxoic acid Propaneperoxoic acid Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(pethylphenyl)Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene 3-Methoxy-2-isopropyl-7H-furo[3,2g][1]benzopyran-7-one

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-40.19

102.6 -5.9

62.5 (triple point) liq

-10

col gas liq vol liq or gas vol liq or gas

-161 -15

liq

-51.2

liq

-88.2

col gas col gas vol liq or gas liq liq

-130 -44.7 -115 87.5

liq col gas vol liq or gas col gas col gas

liq

-117 -10 -147.70 -156.5

-65.49

grn cry (dil al)

223.0

391.288 76.051 90.078 403.968 307.258

cry or ye liq liq

34 -0.2

198-55-0

252.309

133-26-6

258.270

gold-br, ye pl (bz, HOAc) pr or pl (bzpeth)

 

8708 8709 8710 8711 8712 8713 8714 8715 8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730

Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Perfluorodimethoxymethane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoroheptane Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroisobutene Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorononane Perfluorooctane Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoropyridine Perfluorotoluene Perfluorotripropylamine 1H-Perimidine

Physical Form

den/g cm-3

nD

1.50025 (p>1 atm)

Solubility i H2O; s eth

52.8 sp 52.0 142 144.2 -10 59.8 28.11 27.89

1.665025

82.5 81.0 56.6 57.0 0 7 29.34 76.3 57.6 58.4 209 125.3 105.9 154 -28.4 29.2 -36.6 -29.6 34.23 83.7 104.5 130

1.733320

1.261820

i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.699520

1.251520

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs chl

1.59220 1.420520 1.787825 1.732620

1.28517 1.256422

s ace, bz, ctc, tol, AcOEt i H2O; s bz s bz

1.80025 1.7320

1.28220

i H2O

1.583-40

i H2O i H2O i H2O

2000.01 110 exp 119.7

1.29320 i H2O

1.409220

1.8224

1.2320 1.22615

1.367020 1.27925

1.397420 1.414815

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl DMSO i H2O; s os vs H2O, eth, sulf; s EtOH

97 56 1.3525

277.76 85

27817

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs chl, CS 2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

F F F FF

F F

F F F

F

F F

F

F

O

F

F

F F

F F

Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran

Perfluorocyclobutane

F F

Perfluorocyclohexane

O F

F

F F

F F F F

F

Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether

F

F

F F

F F

F

Perfluorocyclohexene

F F F F

F

F



TeamLRN

F F F

F F

F F

F

F F F F F F F

Perfluoromethylcyclohexane

F

F F

F

F

Perfluoro-1-heptene

F F F F F F F

F F

F

F

FF

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane

F

F F

F F

F F

F

F F

F

F F O

O

F F

F

Perfluorodimethoxymethane

F

F

F F

F F F F

F F

F

Perfluoro-1-hexene

F

F

F

F

F F F

F F

F F F F F

F

F F F F

Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane

Perfluoroisobutane

F F F F F F F F F F

F F

Perfluoro-3-methylpentane

F

F

F

F

F

F

Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether

F F

F F

F

Perfluoroisobutene

O F

F

F F O

F

Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether

F

F

F F

F

F F F F

F F F

F F

Perfluorodecane

Perfluorohexane

F

F F F F F

F F F F F F F F

F F F F

F F F

F F F F F F F F

Perfluorodecalin

F

Perfluoroheptane

F

F F

F F F F F F

F

F F F F

F F F F F F F F

F F

F F

F F

F

F F

F

F

Perfluoronaphthalene

F

F F F F F F

F F

F F

F

F

F F F F F F

F F F F F F

Perfluorononane

F

F F

F F

F

F F F F F F

F F F F F F F F

Perfluorooctane

O S F O

Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride

F F F

F

F F

F F

O F

Perfluorooxetane

F

F F

F

Perfluoropentane

F

F F

F F F F

F

F F

F F

F

F

F F

Perfluoropropane

F F

F F

F

Perfluoropropene

F F

F

O F

F

Perfluoropropyl methyl ether

F

F

F F

F F

N

Perfluoropyridine

F

F F

F

F F F F

F

F

F

F F

F

Perfluorotoluene

F

F

F

N F F

F F F F F

F F

N

NH

F F

Perfluorotripropylamine

1H-Perimidine

S N

Cl O

Cl O

Permethrin

O

O

O O

OH

Peroxyacetic acid

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

N O

OH

Peroxypropanoic acid

N Perphenazine

O

OH Perthane

Perylene

O Peucedanin

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F F

F

F F F F F F

F F

F

F

F F

F

F

F F

F F F

F

F

F

F

F F

F

F

F F

F

No.

Name

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C35H48N8O11S C35H48N8O10S C10H16

17466-45-4 28227-92-1 99-83-2

788.868 772.869 136.234

C10H16 C14H11N C14H10

555-10-2 947-73-9 85-01-8

136.234 193.244 178.229

C14H8O2

84-11-7

208.213

8745 Phenanthridine

C13H9N

229-87-8

179.217

8746 1,7-Phenanthroline

C12H8N2

230-46-6

180.205

8741 β-Phellandrene 8742 9-Phenanthrenamine 8743 Phenanthrene 8744 9,10-Phenanthrenedione

2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,3cyclohexadiene p-Mentha-1(7),2-diene

Phenanthrenequinone



8747 1,10-Phenanthroline

o-Phenanthroline

C12H8N2

66-71-7

180.205

8748 4,7-Phenanthroline 8749 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate 8750 Phenazine

o-Phenanthroline monohydrate Dibenzopyrazine

C12H8N2 C12H10N2O C12H8N2

230-07-9 5144-89-8 92-82-0

180.205 198.219 180.205

8751 2,3-Phenazinediamine 8752 1-Phenazinol

2,3-Diaminophenazine Hemipyocyanine

C12H10N4 C12H8N2O

655-86-7 528-71-2

210.234 196.204

8753 Phenazopyridine 8754 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

2,6-Diamino-3-phenylazopyridine 3-(Phenylazo)-2,6-pyridinediamine, monohydrochloride

C11H11N5 C11H12ClN5

94-78-0 136-40-3

213.239 249.700

8755 8756 8757 8758 8759 8760 8761

Phencarbamide Phendimetrazine Phenethicillin potassium Phenicin Phenindamine Phenmedipham Phenobarbital

8762 Phenol 8763 Phenolphthalein 8764 Phenolphthalin 8765 Phenolphthalol 8766 Phenol Red 8767 10H-Phenothiazine 8768 8769 8770 8771

Phenothrin 10H-Phenoxazine Phenoxyacetic acid Phenoxyacetyl chloride

3,4-Dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine

5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Hydroxybenzene 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)isobenzofuranone 2-[Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]benzoic acid Phenolsulfonphthalein Thiodiphenylamine

C19H24N2OS C12H17NO C17H19KN2O5S C14H10O6 C19H19N C16H16N2O4 C12H12N2O3

3735-90-8 634-03-7 132-93-4 128-68-7 82-88-2 13684-63-4 50-06-6

328.471 191.269 402.506 274.225 261.361 300.309 232.234

Physical Form nd (w) cry (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

281 (hyd) 250 dec 238

174.9

0.841020

1.47125

i H2O; s eth

1.478820

138.3 99.24

171.5 sub 340

0.852020

lt ye cry (al) mcl pl (al), lf (sub) oran nd (to) oran-red pl (sub) nd (dil al)

0.98004

1.5943

i H2O, EtOH; s eth sl eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2

107.4

348.9

pl (anh), nd (w+2) wh nd (bz) cry (w+1) nd (w) wh cry pow ye-red nd (HOAc) ye nd ye nd (bz, dil MeOH) red cry ye-red cry

78

360

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s ace s H2O; vs EtOH; i eth, bz, lig

117

>300

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; i peth

177 93 176.5

sub 100

s H2O, lig; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, CS 2 s EtOH, ace; sl bz sl H2O, eth; s bz, EtOH

264 158

sub sub

vs bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; s bz, py, dil alk

pl (w)

1.40522

209

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth

139 sl H2O, EtOH; i bz, ace; s HOAc 48.5

cry (ace) ye-br (al) cry

s EtOH, MeOH, py

0.01

121 13412, 780.35

235 230.5 91 143 174

C6H6O C20H14O4

108-95-2 77-09-8

94.111 318.323

wh orth nd

40.89 262.5

C20H16O4

81-90-3

320.339

nd (w)

230.5

C20H18O3 C19H14O5S C12H9NS

81-92-5 143-74-8 92-84-2

306.355 354.376 199.271

201.5 >300 187.5

C23H26O3 C12H9NO C8H8O3 C8H7ClO2

26002-80-2 135-67-1 122-59-8 701-99-5

350.450 183.205 152.148 170.594

cry (dil al) dk red nd or pl ye pr (al) ye lf or pl (tol) col liq lf (dil al, bz) nd or pl (w)

vs eth, chl, MeOH, peth s H2O sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.17 i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO

181.87

45

1.0545 1.27732

s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

371 1.06125

156 98.5

1.5408

41

dec dec 285 225.5

1.548325

i H2O; s ace, xyl vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 s eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

8738 Phalloidin 8739 Phalloin 8740 α-Phellandrene

Synonym

 

HO OH O O HN HN

S

O HN

O OH

N H

O

N H

O

HO

NH2

NH

O

O

OH

N

O

O

N H

Phalloidin

O α-Phellandrene

Phalloin

β-Phellandrene

9-Phenanthrenamine

Phenanthrene

9,10-Phenanthrenedione

N

OH N

N

N

N

Phenanthridine

N

1,7-Phenanthroline

N

4,7-Phenanthroline

N H2O

N

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate

Phenazine

N

1,10-Phenanthroline

N



TeamLRN

O

H2N

N

N

N

NH2

H2N

Phenazopyridine

N

N

N

NH2

S

H N O

O

HCl

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

NH2

Phendimetrazine

O

O K

O

H N

H N

O

HO

OH

HO

Phenindamine

Phenmedipham

NH O

OH

O

O O

O

O

OH HO Phenicin



O

O

N

Phenethicillin potassium

O N

N 1-Phenazinol

H

O

Phencarbamide

N

N

O

O

N

NH2

2,3-Phenazinediamine

N N

N

OH

Phenobarbital

OH

OH

O

N H

O OH

HO Phenol

Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalin

Phenolphthalol

O O S O H N OH

HO Phenol Red

S 10H-Phenothiazine

O O

H N O

O O

O OH

O

Cl

O Phenothrin

10H-Phenoxazine

Phenoxyacetic acid

Phenoxyacetyl chloride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH

O NH

S

HN

O

N H

N

H N

O NH

O

HO

OH O

H N

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-36 45.8 37 85.5

6125 308; 17214 315; 18010

1.061420

1.512520

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl lig

14.0 39 139 113 145.8 161 14

16911, 1400.1 1.14725

Phenoxyacetylene 2-Phenoxyaniline 3-Phenoxyaniline 4-Phenoxyaniline

C8H6O C12H11NO C12H11NO C12H11NO

4279-76-9 2688-84-8 3586-12-7 139-59-3

118.133 185.221 185.221 185.221

8776 8777 8778 8779 8780 8781 8782 8783 8784 8785 8786 8787

3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 2-Phenoxyethanol 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate 3-Phenoxyphenol 4-Phenoxyphenol 2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±) 3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol 2-Phenoxypropanoic acid 2-Phenoxy-1-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanone 2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride Phenprocoumon

C13H10O2 C18H22ClNO C18H23Cl2NO C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C8H10O2 C11H12O3 C12H16O3 C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C15H14O3

39515-51-0 59-96-1 63-92-3 2243-42-7 3739-38-6 2215-77-2 122-99-6 48145-04-6 23511-70-8 713-68-8 831-82-3 31879-05-7

198.217 303.827 340.288 214.216 214.216 214.216 138.164 192.211 208.253 186.206 186.206 242.270

C9H12O3 C9H10O3 C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C9H10O2 C9H9ClO2 C18H16O3

538-43-2 940-31-8 4169-04-4 770-35-4 621-87-4 122-35-0 435-97-2

168.189 166.173 152.190 152.190 150.174 184.619 280.318

nd (eth, peth) nd (w)

C12H17O4PS2 C17H19N3O C8H8O2 C14H12O C16H16N2O4S

2597-03-7 50-60-2 122-79-2 451-40-1 27255-72-7

320.364 281.352 136.149 196.244 332.374

ye oil

pl (al) cry (2-PrOH/ peth)

60 200

536-74-3 500-98-1 134-55-4 63-98-9 602-56-2 5241-58-7 63-91-2 3081-24-1 721-90-4 103-54-8 115-43-5

102.134 193.199 256.254 178.187 255.313 164.203 165.189 193.243 222.240 176.212 244.245

liq lf (EtOH)

-44.8 143 96 215 184 82 283 dec 136 262 dec

Phenallymal

C8H6 C10H11NO3 C15H12O4 C9H10N2O2 C19H13N C9H12N2O C9H11NO2 C11H15NO2 C11H14N2O3 C11H12O2 C13H12N2O3

N-Phenylsulfanilic acid N-Phenylanthranilic acid

C12H11NO3S C13H11NO2

101-57-5 91-40-7

249.285 213.232

pl (al-eth) lf (al)

8788 8789 8790 8791 8792 8793 8794 8795 8796 8797 8798 8799

8800 8801 8802 8803 8804 8805 8806 8807 8808 8809 8810

Fenoprofen Phenylglyceryl ether

Phenoxyacetone 3-(α-Ethylbenzyl)-4hydroxycoumarin

7Phenylacetamidodeacetoxycephalos poranic acid Ethynylbenzene Phenaceturic acid Phenyl acetylsalicylate Phenacemide α-Aminobenzenepropanamide, (S)α-Aminobenzenepropanoic acid, (S) Ethyl 2-amino-3-phenylpropionate

lf (dil al) nd (aq al) pr (chl) oil

1.158325

355

1.155350

245 1102 251; 882 1757

1.10222 1.09025 1.038821

1.595420

1.53420

s bz sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, alk vs ace, eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH

84.0 1700.11

visc oil

pr (MeOH aq)

67.5 115.5

20022 266; 1055 244 233; 13420 229.5 147; 11610

1.574225 1.22520 1.186520 0.980125 1.062220 1.090320 1.186520

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 1.518420 1.476025 1.523220 1.522820 1.517820

s EtOH, eth s eth, ace s eth

179 1230.01

sl H2O; s hx

175

cry (al) ye nd, lf (al) pr (w)

196; 758 320

1.078020 1.2010

1.503520

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl

143

0.930020

1.547020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz

404

14813

1.06515

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, acid sl H2O s H2O

1235 156.5 206 183.5

sl H2O, bz, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz

 

8811 8812

Phenthoate Phentolamine Phenyl acetate 2-Phenylacetophenone N-(Phenylacetyl)-7aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid Phenylacetylene (N-Phenylacetyl)glycine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate (Phenylacetyl)urea 9-Phenylacridine L-Phenylalaninamide L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester L-Phenylalanylglycine 3-Phenylallyl acetate 5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid

Phenyl Cellosolve acrylate

cry (lig) pr (lig) nd (w), cry (dil al)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8772 8773 8774 8775

O

NH2 O

O

O

NH2

O

O

Cl

N

O

O

HCl

NH2 Phenoxyacetylene

3-Phenoxyaniline

O

O

4-Phenoxyaniline

O

O O

OH

Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride

O

OH

O O

O

O

O

OH

O

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid

4-Phenoxybenzoic acid

2-Phenoxyethanol

2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate

O

OH

O

2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate

3-Phenoxyphenol

O

OH

O

OH

O

O O

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH 4-Phenoxyphenol

Phenoxybenzamine

O O

HO

2-Phenoxybenzoic acid

3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde

2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±)

3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol

2-Phenoxypropanoic acid

2-Phenoxy-1-propanol

1-Phenoxy-2-propanol

1-Phenoxy-2-propanone



TeamLRN

OH H N

OH O O

Cl

2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride

S O P S O

O O Phenprocoumon

N O

N

N H

O

Phenthoate

O

O

S

N O

O Phentolamine

H

O

Phenyl acetate

HO

2-Phenylacetophenone

O

N-(Phenylacetyl)-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

O H N

O

O

O O

OH

O

O Phenylacetylene

(N-Phenylacetyl)glycine

O

H N

Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate

NH2

NH2

O

(Phenylacetyl)urea

9-Phenylacridine

O O

NH2 L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester

NH2

O N H

L-Phenylalanylglycine

OH

O

O 3-Phenylallyl acetate

NH

NH2

L-Phenylalaninamide

L-Phenylalanine

H N

O O

O

N H

O

5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

NH2

N

O O

O

S O

OH

H N

OH

4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid

2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO

2-Phenoxyaniline

Cl

N

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

229.231 185.221

lf (w)

153 81.5

340

122-37-2

185.221

lf (w)

73

330

C20H14 C6H5AsI2 C12H13ClN4

602-55-1 6380-34-3 532-82-1

254.325 405.835 248.711

bl lf (al)(HOAc) 156 15 red-br cry pow 118.5

C12H10N2O2

2051-85-6

214.219

N-Phenyl-4-(phenylazo)benzenamine α-Naphthyl Red

C18H15N3 C16H13N3

101-75-7 131-22-6

273.332 247.294

8822 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine 8823 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol 8824 4-(Phenylazo)phenol

Yellow AB Sudan I

C16H13N3 C16H12N2O C12H10N2O

85-84-7 842-07-9 1689-82-3

247.294 248.278 198.219

8825 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2naphthol 8826 N-Phenylbenzamide 8827 α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde

Sudan III

C22H16N4O

85-86-9

352.388

Benzanilide

C13H11NO C14H12O

93-98-1 947-91-1

197.232 196.244

dk red nd (dil al) ye pl or pr red-viol cry (EtOH) red pl (al) ye cry ye lf (bz) oran pr (al) br lf (grn lustre) (HOAc) lf (al)

C14H12O2 C14H11N

117-34-0 86-29-3

212.244 193.244

Phenzidole

C14H11ClO C13H11NS C12H12N2 C12H12N2 C14H15N C14H14O C13H13N C13H11N C15H14O2 C13H10N2

1871-76-7 636-04-4 534-85-0 101-54-2 25611-78-3 614-29-9 91-00-9 1013-88-3 606-83-7 716-79-0

230.689 213.298 184.236 184.236 197.276 198.260 183.249 181.233 226.271 194.231

Flavone

C13H10O2 C13H10O2 C13H10O2 C15H10O2

93-99-2 947-84-2 92-92-2 525-82-6

198.217 198.217 198.217 222.239

C15H10O2 C13H9NS C20H19N

574-12-9 883-93-2 91-73-6

222.239 211.282 273.372

C8H11N5

102-02-3

177.207

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Phenyl p-aminosalicylate

C13H11NO3 C12H11NO

133-11-9 101-18-8

8815 4-(Phenylamino)phenol

C12H11NO

8816 9-Phenylanthracene 8817 Phenylarsonous diiodide 8818 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride 8819 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol

Chrysoidine hydrochloride

8820 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 8821 4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine

8813 Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate 8814 3-(Phenylamino)phenol



8828 α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 8829 α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile 8830 8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838 8839

α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine α-Phenylbenzeneethanol α-Phenylbenzenemethanamine α-Phenylbenzenemethanimine β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

8840 8841 8842 8843

Phenyl benzoate 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 4-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

8844 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 8845 2-Phenylbenzothiazole 8846 N-Phenyl-Nbenzylbenzenemethanamine 8847 Phenyl biguanide

Diphenylacetic acid

p-Aminodiphenylamine

Benzhydrylamine

Isoflavone

Solubility sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, acid sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2

417 20514, 18510 1.626415

vs ace

170

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc

84.0 123

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig s EtOH, dil HCl, bz

103 132 155

vs EtOH, HOAc 22520 dec

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

195 163

147.29 74.3

ye pl or pr (al) nd(w) nd(al)

56.5 102 79.5 66

nd (peth-bz) hex pl

67 34

nd (dil al) pl (HOAc) (alw) nd (bz, w) mcl pr (eth-al) lf (dil al) nd (bz, al) nd (lig), cry (30% al)

156.0 293

nd (dil al)

nD

71 114.3 228 100 148 115 69

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, xyl, chl sub 117 dec 315; 1577 19425 18416 17016 dec 313 354 311; 17515 17715 304; 17623 282

314 343.5 sub

371 22610

1.31525 1.106121

1.592021

1.25715

1.03115 1.036070 1.063320 1.084719

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl lig s lig i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; sl lig sl H2O, lig; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, lig vs eth, EtOH 1.5963 1.619119

1.23520

1.044480

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz

sl H2O; s ace vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.606580

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz

143

 

N-Phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamide

nd (w), lf (al) pr (eth), lf (dil al)

den/g cm-3

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Physical Form

No.

O O

H N

H2N

I

H N

OH

As

I H 2N N N

OH

OH Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate

3-(Phenylamino)phenol

4-(Phenylamino)phenol

9-Phenylanthracene

Phenylarsonous diiodide

HO N N

NH2 HCl

4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride

OH

4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol

H N N

N

N

N

N

N



TeamLRN

4-Phenylazodiphenylamine

4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine

O

O

OH

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine

N

O

N OH

NH2

N

N

Cl

N H α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde

α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile

α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride

N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide

O N H

OH

4-(Phenylazo)phenol

S

N OH

N N

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol

N

1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2-naphthol

NH2

H N

N-Phenylbenzamide

H N

NH2 NH2

N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine

α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine

N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

O OH

NH



NH2

OH

N

α-Phenylbenzenemethanamine

α-Phenylbenzenemethanimine

β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid

2-Phenylbenzimidazole

O

OH

O

N H α-Phenylbenzeneethanol

OH

O

O Phenyl benzoate

2-Phenylbenzoic acid

4-Phenylbenzoic acid

O O

O 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

N N

O 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

H N NH HN

S 2-Phenylbenzothiazole

H N

N-Phenyl-N-benzylbenzenemethanamine

Phenyl biguanide

NH2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

 N

NH2

No.

Mol. Wt.

8848 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene 8849 N-Phenylbutanamide

C10H10 C10H13NO

2288-18-8 1129-50-6

130.186 163.216

8850 8851 8852 8853 8854 8855 8856 8857 8858 8859

Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±) 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione Phenyl butanoate 1-Phenyl-1-butanone 1-Phenyl-2-butanone 4-Phenyl-2-butanone Phenylbutazone 2-Phenyl-1-butene 1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one

C10H10O4 C10H10O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C19H20N2O2 C10H12 C10H10O C10H10O

10424-29-0 93-91-4 4346-18-3 495-40-9 1007-32-5 2550-26-7 50-33-9 2039-93-2 495-41-0 1896-62-4

194.184 162.185 164.201 148.201 148.201 148.201 308.374 132.202 146.185 146.185

8860 8861 8862 8863 8864

4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one Phenyl chloroacetate Phenyl chloroformate 4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 4-Phenylcyclohexanone 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol N-Phenylethanolamine 1-Phenylethanone oxime 2-Phenylethyl acetate 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide N-(2-Phenylethyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloride 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate 2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate 2-Phenylethyl propanoate 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine N-Phenylformamide Phenyl formate 2-Phenylfuran Phenyl α-D-glucopyranoside Phenyl glycidyl ether N-Phenylglycine 1-Phenyl-1-heptanone

C10H8O C8H7ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C12H9ClO C12H8O2

1817-57-8 620-73-5 1885-14-9 92-04-6 363-03-1

144.170 170.594 156.567 204.651 184.191

C12H14O C17H25N C11H10O C10H15NO2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C18H28O C8H10O2 C8H11NO C8H9NO C10H12O2 C8H10O2 C10H16ClN5

4894-75-1 77-10-1 3810-26-2 120-07-0 772-01-0 772-00-9 1674-38-0 93-56-1 122-98-5 613-91-2 103-45-7 3071-32-7 834-28-6

174.238 243.388 158.196 181.232 164.201 164.201 260.414 138.164 137.179 135.163 164.201 138.164 241.721

C12H16O2 C16H16O2 C11H14O2 C13H13N C7H7NO C7H6O2 C10H8O C12H16O6 C9H10O2 C8H9NO2 C13H18O

103-48-0 102-20-5 122-70-3 2116-62-3 103-70-8 1864-94-4 17113-33-6 4630-62-0 122-60-1 103-01-5 1671-75-6

192.254 240.297 178.228 183.249 121.137 122.122 144.170 256.251 150.174 151.163 190.281

Phenyl butyrate

α-Ethylstyrene Benzilideneacetone

3-Chloro-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4-ol

Phencyclidine

Styrene glycol

Phenformin hydrochloride

Benzylcarbinol isobutyrate Phenethyl propionate Formanilide

Phenylaminoacetic acid

Physical Form mcl pr (al, bz, eth) lf or nd (w) pr

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.92520 1.13425

1.548920

97

6017 18915

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

dec 261.5 225 228.5 228; 11116 233.5

1.059974 1.038215 0.98820 0.987720 0.984922

1.567878

182 1119 261

0.88725 1.02515 1.009745

1.528820 1.562618 1.583645

792 232.5 719 1617

1.021520 1.220244

1.576220 1.514644

168 56 12

liq

-13 105

pl

20.5 41.5

nd or pl (al)

4.5 44.5

wh-ye cry ye lf (peth, al)

77 114

cry (peth)

nd (peth)

79 46.5 -23 57 41

nd (lig)

47 67.5

liq

nd (w) liq liq cry

60 -31.1

1.520320 1.51122

15812 1361.0 234.2 20010 253 247 2019, 1815 273 279.5; 15010 245 232.6 500.01

0.971120 1.20160 1.605360 1.103820 0.879418

1.544020

1.094520 1.051578 1.088320

1.576020

1.530618 1.470018

1.517120

177.3

26.5 liq liq -1.5 mcl pr (lig-xyl) 46 liq

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; vs chl

s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, bz, EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s H2O

250; 12315 1774.5 244 289 271 178; 8215 10818, 825

0.995015 1.07725 1.0225 1.04650 1.118650

1.487120

1.08320

1.592020

243

1.110921

1.530721

283.3

0.951620

1.506020

vs EtOH 1.495020 s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH vs ace, bz

174

lf

127.5 16.4

 

CAS RN

8878 8879 8880 8881 8882 8883 8884 8885 8886 8887 8888

Synonym

vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Mol. Form.

8865 8866 8867 8868 8869 8870 8871 8872 8873 8874 8875 8876 8877

Name

O O HO H N

OH

O

O

O

O

N

O

O

N-Phenylbutanamide

N

O

O 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene

O

O

Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±)

1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione

Phenyl butanoate

1-Phenyl-1-butanone

1-Phenyl-2-butanone

4-Phenyl-2-butanone

Phenylbutazone

O

O O

O O

O

Cl O

2-Phenyl-1-butene

1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one

trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one

4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one

Cl

Cl

OH

O

Phenyl chloroacetate

Phenyl chloroformate

O 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

4-Phenylcyclohexanone

HO

N

N



TeamLRN



O

4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol

OH

O

O

OH

O

H N

OH

O

OH

O 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine

N

3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine

O

OH

2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane

H2N O

N

1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol

1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide

O

NH2

NH NH

2-Phenylethyl acetate

1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone

N-Phenylethanolamine

OH

O

1-Phenylethanone oxime

4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane

O O

HCl

N-(2-Phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloride

2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate

O O

2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate

O 2-Phenylethyl propanoate

HO O OH N

H N

HO O

O

O

O

O HO

O

H N

O

O OH

O 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine

N-Phenylformamide

Phenyl formate

2-Phenylfuran

Phenyl α-D-glucopyranoside

Phenyl glycidyl ether

N-Phenylglycine

1-Phenyl-1-heptanone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

8896 8897 8898 8899 8900 8901 8902 8903 8904 8905 8906 8907



8908 8909 8910 8911 8912 8913 8914 8915 8916 8917 8918 8919 8920

1-Phenyl-1-hexanone Phenylhydrazine 2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride Phenylhydroxylamine Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride 2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol 4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol 1-Phenyl-1H-indene 2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione 2-Phenyl-1H-indole Phenyliodine diacetate Phenyl isocyanate 2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione Phenyl isopropyl ether Phenyl isothiocyanate 3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one Phenyl laurate Phenylmagnesium chloride Phenylmercuric chloride Phenylmercuric nitrate 4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-Larginine N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-Laspartic acid 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline

8921 cis-α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8922 trans-α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8923 N-(Phenylmethylene) benzenemethanamine 8924 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal 8925 N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine 8926 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H16O C6H8N2 C7H9N3O C7H9N3O C6H9ClN2 C6H7NO C17H12O3

942-92-7 100-63-0 103-03-7 537-47-3 59-88-1 100-65-2 132-54-7

176.254 108.141 151.165 151.165 144.601 109.126 264.275

C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2O2 C7H5Cl2N C13H11NO C13H11NO C15H12 C15H10O2

7164-98-9 670-96-2 89-24-7 622-44-6 779-84-0 1689-73-2 1961-96-2 83-12-5

144.173 144.173 176.172 174.028 197.232 197.232 192.256 222.239

C14H11N C10H11IO4 C7H5NO C14H9NO2

948-65-2 3240-34-4 103-71-9 520-03-6

193.244 322.096 119.121 223.227

C9H12O C7H5NS C9H7NO2 C18H28O2 C6H5ClMg C6H5ClHg C6H5HgNO3 C14H12O2 C14H20N4O4

2741-16-4 103-72-0 1076-59-1 4228-00-6 100-59-4 100-56-1 55-68-5 4397-53-9 1234-35-1

136.190 135.187 161.158 276.414 136.862 313.15 339.70 212.244 308.334

C12H13NO6

1152-61-0

267.234

Monobenzone Benzylideneaniline

C13H12O2 C13H12O2 C13H11N

6272-38-4 103-16-2 538-51-2

200.233 200.233 181.233

cis-α-Phenylcinnamic acid

C15H12O2

91-47-4

trans-α-Phenylcinnamic acid

C15H12O2

Phenicarbazide 4-Phenylsemicarbazide N-Hydroxybenzenamine

5-Phenylhydantoin

N-(4-Hydroxybenzilidene)aniline Phenindione

Iodobenzene diacetate

Isopropoxybenzene

Phenyl dodecanoate Chlorophenylmagnesium Chlorophenylmercury

Physical Form

mp/˚C

fl mcl pr or pl

27 20.6 172 nd (bz), pl (w) 128 lf (al) 244 dec nd (w, bz, peth) 83.5 96

lf (bz)

13 149.3 184.5

liq

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

265 243.5

0.957620 1.098620

1.502725 1.608410

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, EtOH

276 340

1.139715

1.602525

i H2O; vs eth, ace, chl vs EtOH

210; 10530

1.2815 1.08725

sub

49.5 196.0 1587

oil lf (al, bz)

150

cry

190.5 161

wh nd (al)

210

liq liq

-33 -21 151 24.5

lf (al) cry pl (bz)

i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

251 ≈181 73 174

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc, CS 2

25010 163; 5513 sub

1.095620

1.536820

vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; msc chl

176.8 221

0.940825 1.130320

1.497520 1.649223

21015

0.935430

s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl chl vs ace, eth, EtOH reac H2O; s thf, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, bz

20520, 17313 1.15422

1.590618

1.03855

1.600100

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, NH 3; sl chl

21713

117.0

122 54

224.255

pl (w) pa ye nd (CS2) pl (dil al) silky needles

174

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz

91-48-5

224.255

prisms

138

vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz

C14H13N

780-25-6

195.260

C11H12O C9H11N C14H18O

28467-92-7 6852-54-6 122-40-7

160.212 133.190 202.292

310

20520 243; 1575 195 17420

18 ye oil

80

1.020122 0.93720 0.971120

1.57820 1.537815 1.538120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

8889 8890 8891 8892 8893 8894 8895

Name

 

N O

HN

H N

Phenylhydrazine

O N H

NH2

H N

HN

HN

OH

N

OH O

NH2

O

O

2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

O

N

H N

NH2 HCl

N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride

Phenylhydroxylamine

Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole

O

OH NH

N H

N H

2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole



TeamLRN

O

I

O

C

Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride

O

HO N

N

2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol

N N

C

Phenyl isocyanate

1-Phenyl-1H-indene

Hg

Hg

Phenyl isopropyl ether

Phenyl isothiocyanate

O

N

O

3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one

Phenyl laurate

Phenylmagnesium chloride

OH

ONO2 O O O

Phenylmercuric chloride

Phenylmercuric nitrate

Cl

O O

O Cl

2-Phenyl-1H-indole

Mg

O

2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

S

O Phenyliodine diacetate

N H

O

4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol

O

O

O

Cl Cl

5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

N

N

O

4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde

O N H

OH

O

H N

NH

O

NH2

N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-arginine

O

OH O

N H

OH OH

O O

N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-aspartic acid

2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol

4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol

OH N

O

O OH

N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline

cis-α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid

trans-α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid

N

N O N-(Phenylmethylene)benzenemethanamine

2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal

O N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine

2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1-Phenyl-1-hexanone

NH2

No.

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine 2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol N-(Phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine 4-Phenylmorpholine N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine

Benzylidenemethylamine 2-Hexyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal Methyl α-ethylstyryl ketone

C8H9N C15H20O C12H14O C9H14N2 C14H12O3 C10H14O C12H11N5 C10H13NO C16H13N C16H13N

622-29-7 101-86-0 3437-89-6 4152-09-4 94-18-8 100-86-7 1214-39-7 92-53-5 90-30-2 135-88-6

119.164 216.319 174.238 150.220 228.243 150.217 225.249 163.216 219.281 219.281

8937 1-Phenylnaphthalene

C16H12

605-02-7

204.266

8938 8939 8940 8941

C16H12 C14H20O C8H8O C11H12O3

612-94-2 1674-37-9 96-09-3 121-39-1

204.266 204.308 120.149 192.211

C11H10O C11H12O2 C11H16O C11H14O C11H12O C6H7P C6H7O2P C6H7O3P C6H5Cl2OP C6H5Cl2PS C6H5Cl2P C6H5Cl2O2P C10H14N2 C11H15N C11H15N C9H11NO C9H8O2 C9H9NO2 C9H10O2 C9H12O C9H12O C9H14ClNO C9H10O C9H10O

13466-40-5 583-05-1 583-03-9 1009-14-9 3152-68-9 638-21-1 1779-48-2 1571-33-1 824-72-6 3497-00-5 644-97-3 770-12-7 92-54-6 4096-20-2 771-99-3 620-71-3 579-07-7 119-51-7 637-27-4 1123-85-9 698-87-3 154-41-6 93-55-0 103-79-7

158.196 176.212 164.244 162.228 160.212 110.094 142.093 158.092 194.983 211.049 178.984 210.983 162.231 161.244 161.244 149.189 148.159 163.173 150.174 136.190 136.190 187.666 134.174 134.174

C9H7N C9H7N

24840-05-9 1885-38-7

129.159 129.159

8927 8928 8929 8930 8931 8932 8933 8934 8935 8936



8942 8943 8944 8945 8946 8947 8948 8949 8950 8951 8952 8953 8954 8955 8956 8957 8958 8959 8960 8961 8962 8963 8964 8965

2-Phenylnaphthalene 1-Phenyl-1-octanone Phenyloxirane 3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal 1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione 1-Phenyl-1-pentanol 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone 1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one Phenylphosphine Phenylphosphinic acid Phenylphosphonic acid Phenylphosphonic dichloride Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride Phenylphosphonous dichloride Phenyl phosphorodichloridate 1-Phenylpiperazine 1-Phenylpiperidine 4-Phenylpiperidine N-Phenylpropanamide 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime Phenyl propanoate 2-Phenyl-1-propanol 1-Phenyl-2-propanol Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone

8966 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile 8967 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

1-Naphthylphenylamine N-Phenyl-β-naphthylamine

Styrene-7,8-oxide

Monophenylphosphine Benzenephosphinic acid Benzenephosphonic acid Dichlorophenylphosphine sulfide Dichlorophenylphosphine Phenyl dichlorophosphate

Propiophenone Phenylacetone

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

185; 9234 252; 16920 13712 13011

0.967114

1.552620

s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

1.000522

1.565022

24 232.8 58.3 61 108

215

0.978716

1.517316

cry

45

334

1.09620

1.666420

lf (al)

103.5 22.8 -35.6

345.5 285; 16415 194.1 1365

1.218020 0.936030 1.049025

1.534220

42.5

1603, 1331.0 16212 14125, 1023 245 14212 160.5

0.965520 0.98620 0.869720 1.00115

1.525030 1.408625 1.515820 1.568420 1.579620

liq

mp/˚C 4

sl chl nd cry (al-eth)

colorless liq

ye oil liq lf (lig)

-9.4 38.5

lf (w)

83.8 160 1

liq hyg liq pa ye oil

-51

395.5

1.19725 1.37613 1.35620 1.41220 1.062120 0.994425 0.999616 1.17525 1.100620

1.558125

211 1.043625 12126, 10511 0.97525 12525, 12020 0.99120

1.498020 1.55822 1.519020

258 205130 225; 14257 242; 1005 286.5; 16115 258 257 222.2 222; 10212

1.603020 1.523020 1.587520 1.559825

pl (eth, al, bz) ye oil wh nd (w) pr

4.7 60.5 105.5 <20 115 20

liq

194 18.6 -15

217.5 216.5

1.009620 1.015720

1.526920 1.516820

-4.4 22

249; 13930 263.8

1.028920 1.030420

1.584320 1.601320

liq

1.53710

i H2O, EtOH; vs eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s ctc s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, bz; vs eth vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz sl DMSO vs bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc bz, xyl; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

 

Name

N 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone

Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol

N-(Phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine

O

O

H N

N H

N

OH

OH

N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

N

N

O

O O O

O 4-Phenylmorpholine

N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine

N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine



TeamLRN

O

1-Phenylnaphthalene

OH

2-Phenylnaphthalene

O

1-Phenyl-1-octanone

H

O

P

Phenyloxirane

3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester

O H P OH

O HO P OH

O Cl P Cl

Phenylphosphinic acid

Phenylphosphonic acid

Phenylphosphonic dichloride

H

O O 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal

1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione

1-Phenyl-1-pentanol

1-Phenyl-1-pentanone

1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one

Phenylphosphine

H N S Cl P Cl

Cl

P

Cl O

Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride

Phenylphosphonous dichloride

O Cl P Cl

Phenyl phosphorodichloridate

N

N N H

1-Phenylpiperazine

1-Phenylpiperidine

OH

O

H N

4-Phenylpiperidine

O N

O N-Phenylpropanamide

1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione

O

OH

O Phenyl propanoate

2-Phenyl-1-propanol

1-Phenyl-2-propanol

NH2 HCl Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride

O 1-Phenyl-1-propanone

1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime

N

OH

O

OH

O

1-Phenyl-2-propanone

N cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal

HN

N

NH2

N H

O N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine

NH

O

O

 

No.

Name

8968 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Cinnamic anhydride

C18H14O3

538-56-7

278.302

C9H10O

4510-34-3

134.174

8969 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol 8970 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride 3-Phenylpropyl acetate 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±) 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (S) Phenyl propyl ether 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine 3-Phenyl-2-propynal 3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid 3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol 6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone 2-Phenylpyridine 3-Phenylpyridine 4-Phenylpyridine Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone

trans-Cinnamyl acetate Cinnamoyl chloride Benzenepropanol, acetate Amphetamine Dexamphetamine Propoxybenzene

Phenylacetylenecarboxylic acid Triamterene

8988 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole 8989 8990 8991 8992

2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione 1-Phenylpyrrolidine 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

8993 2-Phenylquinoline 8994 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid 8995 Phenyl salicylate 8996 8997 8998 8999

Succinanil

Cinchophen

Phenylsilane 1-Phenylsilatrane Phenyl stearate 5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl

9000 5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine 9001 9002 9003 9004 9005

N-Phenylmaleimide

Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone N-Phenylthioacetamide Phenyl thiocyanate 2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide

Amiphenazole

Thioacetanilide 2-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide N-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide

4407-36-7

134.174

C11H12O2 C9H7ClO C11H14O2 C9H13N C9H13N C9H12O C14H15N C9H6O C9H6O2 C9H8O C12H11N7 C9H10N2O C11H9N C11H9N C11H9N C12H9NO C12H9NO

21040-45-9 17082-09-6 122-72-5 300-62-9 51-64-9 622-85-5 2057-49-0 2579-22-8 637-44-5 1504-58-1 396-01-0 92-43-3 1008-89-5 1008-88-4 939-23-1 91-02-1 14548-46-0

176.212 166.604 178.228 135.206 135.206 136.190 197.276 130.143 146.143 132.159 253.262 162.187 155.196 155.196 155.196 183.205 183.205

C10H9N

635-90-5

143.185

C10H9N C10H7NO2 C10H13N C10H9NO2

3042-22-6 941-69-5 4096-21-3 83-25-0

143.185 173.169 147.217 175.184

C15H11N C16H11NO2 C13H10O3

612-96-4 132-60-5 118-55-8

205.255 249.264 214.216

C6H8Si C12H17NO3Si C24H40O2 C24H18

694-53-1 2097-19-0 637-55-8 612-71-5

108.214 251.354 360.574 306.400

C9H9N3S

490-55-1

191.252

C11H8OS C8H9NS C7H5NS C7H9N3S C7H9N3S

135-00-2 637-53-6 5285-87-0 645-48-7 5351-69-9

188.246 151.229 135.187 167.231 167.231

mp/˚C

nd (bz or al) pt (al) wh nd (ethpeth) wh nd (ethpeth)

136

ye cry col liq oil oil liq

37.5 -40

nd (w)

137.5

34 34

27.5 -27

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs bz

257.5

1.044020

1.581920

257.5

1.0440

20

20

265; 14515 257.5 691 203 203.5; 8012 189.9 322; 1505 12728, 10411

1.056720 1.161745

1.542520 1.61442

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig

0.930625 0.94915 0.947420 1.02425 1.062220 1.2820 1.07820

1.51826 1.470420 1.501420 1.561625 1.607912

sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH

1.083325

1.621020 1.612325

13715

1.5819

1.587328

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s eth, ace, bz i eth; sl EtOH, chl i eth, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

ye pl (BuOH)

316 126

pa ye oil pl (w)

164 77.5 42 72

271 272 281 317 315; 17010

62

234

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs peth

129 90.5 11 156

272 16212 11912, 1025 400

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig vs bz, eth, EtOH s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

86 214.5 43

363; 1946

nd (peth), pl (w) pl (sub), red in air pl (al, sub) ye nd (bz-lig) mcl pr or nd (w, al) nd (dil al) nd

pr or nd (ace) orth nd (al or HOAc) fl (dil al) br in air nd (dil al) nd (w) pr (al) pl (al)

209 52 176

1.155620

1.01820 1.35625

17312

1.261430

119

0.868120

26715 462

1.19930

1.581320

1.512520

sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, HOAc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl chl

163 dec 56.5 75.5 200 dec 140 dec

300 dec 232.5

1.189054 1.15318

1.618154

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i EtOH, lig; sl bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



8971 8972 8973 8974 8975 8976 8977 8978 8979 8980 8981 8982 8983 8984 8985 8986 8987

C9H10O

Physical Form

O

O

O OH

O

O

O

O Cl

O NH2

OH 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride

cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride

3-Phenylpropyl acetate

1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)

O NH2

NH2 OH

OH

O

N H2N

N

1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (S)

Phenyl propyl ether

4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine

3-Phenyl-2-propynal

3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol

N



TeamLRN

2-Phenylpyridine

3-Phenylpyridine

4-Phenylpyridine

Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone

O O

N

N

O

Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone

O

N

2-Phenylquinoline

1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

Si

2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

Phenyl salicylate

Phenylsilane

N

2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

1-Phenylpyrrolidine

O O O

N

O O

1-Phenylsilatrane

Phenyl stearate

N N S

NH2

H N

C

S O

5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine

S

Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone

S

S N-Phenylthioacetamide

NH2 N NH2

Phenyl thiocyanate

2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide

H N

H N



H2N

5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl

O

H H Si H

O

OH 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

N

1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone

OH

O N

NH2

N H

N N

N

N

O

N

NH

N

6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine

O

N

N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

NH2

S 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9006 Phenylthiourea 9007 3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

3-Phenylrhodanine

C7H8N2S C9H7NOS2

103-85-5 1457-46-1

152.217 209.288

9008 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 9009 N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

Benzoguanamine Amanozine

C9H9N5 C9H9N5

91-76-9 537-17-7

187.201 187.201

Pinosylvin

C8H7N3O2 C9H14IN C25H20N2 C7H8N2O C14H12O2

15988-11-1 98-04-4 981-18-0 64-10-8 22139-77-1

177.161 263.118 348.440 136.151 212.244

C8H8O C15H12N2O2 C15H14O5

766-94-9 57-41-0 60-82-2

120.149 252.268 274.269

C7H17O2PS3 C20H28O6 C9H14O C12H15ClNO4P S2 C7H14NO3PS2 C11H12NO4PS2 C10H19ClNO5P C6H15N4O5P C2H8NO4P C3H8NO6P C8H6N2 C8H6O4 C8H4O3 C32H18N8

298-02-2 17673-25-5 504-20-1 2310-17-0

260.378 364.432 138.206 367.808

947-02-4 732-11-6 13171-21-6 1189-11-3 1071-23-4 407-41-0 253-52-1 88-99-3 85-44-9 574-93-6

255.295 317.321 299.689 254.181 141.063 185.073 130.147 166.132 148.116 514.539

C17H13N3O5S2 C15H21N3O2 C20H40O

85-73-4 57-47-6 150-86-7

403.432 275.347 296.531

273 orth pr (eth, bz) 105.5 oily liq

C22H14

213-46-7

278.346

C10H8N4O5 C22H22O8 C30H34O13 C11H16N2O2

550-74-3 477-47-4 124-87-8 92-13-7

264.195 414.405 602.583 208.257

lf, pl (xyl, py, sub) ye nd (al) col nd (al, bz) orth lf nd

9040 Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride 9041 Pilocarpine, mononitrate

C11H17ClN2O2 C11H17N3O5

54-71-7 148-72-1

244.718 271.270

9042 Pilosine

C16H18N2O3

13640-28-3

286.325

9010 9011 9012 9013 9014

4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene Phenylurea trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3benzenediol 9015 Phenyl vinyl ether 9016 Phenytoin 9017 Phloretin



9018 9019 9020 9021

Phorate Phorbol Phorone Phosalone

9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031

Phosfolan Phosmet Phosphamidon N-Phospho-L-arginine O-Phosphorylethanolamine O-Phosphoserine Phthalazine Phthalic acid Phthalic anhydride 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine

9032 Phthalylsulphathiazole 9033 Physostigmine 9034 Phytol 9035 Picene 9036 9037 9038 9039

Picrolonic acid Picropodophyllin Picrotoxin Pilocarpine

5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Ethanolamine O-phosphate 2,3-Benzodiazine 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen1-ol, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]] Benzo[a]chrysene

nd (w), pr (al) ye pr (HOAc) nd or pr (al) nd, pl (al) cry (diox, 50% al) lf (al) mcl pr (w, al) nd (HOAc)

nd (al) nd (dil al), cry (ace) cry (EtOH) ye-grn pr

oil cry (ace aq) cry (EtOH aq) cry pl (w) wh nd (al, bz) grsh-bl mcl (quinoline)

den/g cm-3

nD

205.5 224 111 dec 147 156

vs H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl ace; i chl 238

1.30225

155.5

0.977020

1190.8

1.1625

197.5

0.885020

sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH, AcOEt vs ace, bz, chl, HOAc 1.522420

286 263 dec <-15 250 dec 28 46 36.5 72 -45 177 242 166 dec 90.5 230 dec 130.8

Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth; sl tfa

226.5 235.5

1170.001 dec 1621.5

316 dec 295 sub 550

1.499820

i H2O; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, bz; i eth; s ace s H2O, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc

vs H2O, bz, ace; sl eth; s hx 1.213225

1.471825

msc H2O; s hx

s H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth; i lig sl H2O, eth; i chl; s EtOH sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, eth; s PhNH 2

2.18191 1.5274

i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH; s acid, alk sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 20310

0.849725

1.459525

368

519

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; s con sulf

116 228 203.5 34

dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs py, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs chl; i peth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

204.5 178

 

hyg cry wh pow or cry (al) nd (al)

bp/˚C

154 194.5

179

2605

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

NH2 N

O

H N

NH2

N

S

N

N

3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

O

N

6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

N N

N

N O

NH2

S

S

Phenylthiourea

NH2

N

N H

N H

N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

H N

I

N

N H

NH2 O

4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione

Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide

Phenylurea

OH

OH O O

OH

H

H

S O P S O

N O

OH trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3-benzenediol

O

N H

Phenyl vinyl ether

HO

OH

H OH

S

CH2OH

Phloretin

S O

O

O HO

OH

Phenytoin

N

Phorate

O

Cl

Phorbol

S O P O

Phorone

Phosalone

O



TeamLRN

S

O O P N O

O O P O O



S

N

S S P O O

O Phosfolan

O P

O N

HO N HO H

Cl

Phosmet

NH

Phosphamidon

O P

O

N H

OH

O

H2N

H 2N

N-Phospho-L-arginine

OH P O OH

HO O HO

O-Phosphorylethanolamine

HO

O OH

OH O

N N

NH2

O-Phosphoserine

O

Phthalazine

Phthalic acid

O O N N

N

NH N

O

N

S

N N HN

O

O

O N S H O

NH

H N

O O

N

O O

N

OH

O Phthalic anhydride

29H,31H-Phthalocyanine

N H

N

Phthalylsulphathiazole

H

N

O

OH

Physostigmine

Phytol

Picene

N

O

Picrolonic acid

OH H O O O

O

O H

O O

O

O O

Picropodophyllin

O

O

O O

O O

OH

O Picrotoxin

OH

OH H N OH

O

O Pilocarpine

N

O

N

N

N

N O

HCl

Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride

O

O

N

HNO3

Pilocarpine, mononitrate

O

O Pilosine

N

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9043 Pimaric acid

Dextropimaric acid

C20H30O2

127-27-5

302.451

9044 9045 9046 9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9056 9057 9058 9059 9060 9061 9062 9063 9064 9065 9066 9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072

2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane Pinene hydrate

C10H18 C10H18O C14H20N2O2 C10H16 C10H16 C4H10N2 C5H10N2O C8H18N2O2 C4H12Cl2N2 C4H6N2O2 C10H24N4 C6H15N3 C6H14N2O C5H12N2 C5H11N C6H11NO C6H12N2O C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C7H15NO C7H15NO C7H15NO C5H12ClN C6H14N2 C6H13NO C6H13NO C8H14N2 C5H9NO

473-55-2 35408-04-9 13523-86-9 80-56-8 127-91-3 110-85-0 7755-92-2 122-96-3 142-64-3 106-57-0 7209-38-3 140-31-8 103-76-4 2213-43-6 110-89-4 2591-86-8 39546-32-2 3105-95-1 498-95-3 498-94-2 3040-44-6 1484-84-0 622-26-4 6091-44-7 7144-05-0 3433-37-2 4606-65-9 3088-41-3 675-20-7

138.250 154.249 248.321 136.234 136.234 86.135 114.145 174.241 159.057 114.103 200.325 129.203 130.187 100.162 85.148 113.157 128.171 129.157 129.157 129.157 129.200 129.200 129.200 121.609 114.188 115.173 115.173 138.210 99.131

Pimeclone

C12H21NO

534-84-9

195.301

Anabasine

C8H15NO C10H14N2 C17H19NO3

539-00-4 494-52-0 94-62-2

141.211 162.231 285.338

C19H30O5 C18H28O3S C10H16Br2N2O2 C24H40O8 C11H18N4O2 C13H24N3O3PS C11H20N3O3PS

51-03-6 120-62-7 54-91-1 5281-13-0 23103-98-2 23505-41-1 29232-93-7

338.438 324.478 356.054 456.570 238.287 333.387 305.334

Pinane trans-2-Pinanol Pindolol α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperazine 1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde 1,4-Piperazinediethanol Piperazine dihydrochloride 2,5-Piperazinedione 1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine 1-Piperazineethanamine 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Piperidinamine Piperidine 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde 4-Piperidinecarboxamide 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, (S) 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-Piperidineethanol 2-Piperidineethanol 4-Piperidineethanol Piperidine, hydrochloride 4-Piperidinemethanamine 2-Piperidinemethanol 3-Piperidinemethanol 1-Piperidinepropanenitrile 2-Piperidinone

9073 2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl) cyclohexanone 9074 1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±) 9075 3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, (S) 9076 Piperine

9077 9078 9079 9080 9081 9082 9083

Piperonyl butoxide Piperonyl sulfoxide Pipobroman Piprotal Pirimicarb Pirimiphos-ethyl Pirimiphos-methyl

2-Pinene Nopinene Diethylenediamine

Diethylenediamine dihydrochloride 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine

Azacyclohexane

L-Pipecolic acid Nipecotic acid Isonipecotic acid 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine Piperidinium chloride 4-(Aminomethyl)piperidine

Isosafrole octyl sulfoxide Tropital

Physical Form orth (ace) pr (al) oil

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

218.5

28218

-53 60 cry (EtOH) 172 liq -64 liq -61.5 hyg pl or lf (al) 106 135 tab or pl (w)

liq liq nd (MeOH/eth) nd

syr

hyg

312 dec 15

-11.02 -30.8 138.5 260 261 dec 336 17.9 69 132.5 142 dec 25 69 61 -6.8 39.5

den/g cm-3

nD

vs eth, py, EtOH

169 8110

0.846721

1.460521

156.2 166 146 950.5 21730

0.853925 0.86025

1.463225 1.476825 1.446113 1.509420

sub 260 1512 220 246 147 106.22 222.5

Solubility

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; i eth

sl H2O; i EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; s HCl 0.97325 0.98525 1.06125 0.92825 0.860620 1.015825

1.501520 1.498320 1.506520 1.475020 1.453020 1.480525

msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig

vs H2O 202; 9012 202; 14536 227.5 200; 3110 10410, 801 1063.5 14550 256

0.970325 1.0127 1.005915

1.474920 1.490720

msc H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, chl

1.490020 1.026320 0.940325

1.496420 1.467625

sl chl sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s dil acid; i con alk

11914 oil liq pr (AcOEt) pl or mcl pr (al), cry

9 131.5

ye-br liq

9114 276; 14614

0.962420 1.045520

1801 dec

1.0525

106 2150.04

liq 90.5 15

dec >130 dec

1.1420 1.1720

1.468320 1.543020

vs EtOH, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, py; sl eth; vs chl

1.53025

sl H2O; misc os

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



Synonym

 

OH

O

N H

OH

HO

O Pimaric acid

Pinane

trans-2-Pinanol

α-Pinene

β-Pinene

N O

Piperazine

H N

N

N

1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine



TeamLRN

O

N NH2

OH

1-Piperazineethanamine

H N N H

Piperazine dihydrochloride

O

2,5-Piperazinedione

NH2

O OH

N NH2

NH2

1,4-Piperazinediethanol

O

H N

O

2HCl

N H

OH

1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde

NH2 N

H N

N

N H

Pindolol

N

1-Piperazineethanol

1-Piperidinamine

OH

N

N H Piperidine

N H

N H

O 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde

OH

4-Piperidinecarboxamide

N H

O

2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, (S)

3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid

NH2

OH

OH N

N H

OH

4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid

1-Piperidineethanol

N H

N H

OH

2-Piperidineethanol

4-Piperidineethanol

O N H

2-Piperidinone

Piperidine, hydrochloride

2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)cyclohexanone

Piperine

O

O Br

Pipobroman

1-Piperidinepropanenitrile

O O

O

N

O O

N O N

O Piprotal

O

O

Piperonyl butoxide

O O

O

O

Br

N

3-Piperidinemethanol

N

O

N

O

3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, (S)

N

Piperonyl sulfoxide

2-Piperidinemethanol

O

N H

N

1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±)

O S

O

4-Piperidinemethanamine

N

N H

O

N H

O

O

N H

N H

HCl

O N

O

N H

OH

N

Pirimicarb

S O P O O N

S O P O O N

N

N

N

Pirimiphos-ethyl

N

Pirimiphos-methyl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N H

OH

H N

H N

No. 9084 9085 9086 9087 9088

Name

Synonym

Pithecolobine 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Plasmocid Plumericin Podophyllotoxin

Pindone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C22H46N4O2 C14H14O3 C17H25N3O C15H14O6 C22H22O8

22368-82-7 83-26-1 551-01-9 77-16-7 518-28-5

398.626 230.259 287.400 290.268 414.405

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

cry ye cry

68 109

2300.007 1821.0

9091 Populin 9092 21H,23H-Porphine

C20H14N4

101-60-0

310.352

C7H5KO2 C3Cl2KN3O3 C6H11KO7 C6H7KO2

582-25-2 2244-21-5 299-27-4 24634-61-5

160.212 236.054 234.245 150.217

C8H5KO4 C18H33KO2 C19H21N5O4 C21H28O5 C21H36 C21H36

877-24-7 143-18-0 19216-56-9 50-24-8 641-85-0 481-26-5

204.222 320.552 383.402 360.444 288.511 288.511

C21H36O2 C21H36O2 C21H32O2 C21H32O2

566-58-5 80-92-2 566-65-4 128-23-4

320.510 320.510 316.478 316.478

C21H34O4

68-60-0

350.493

9108 Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one

C21H34O2

128-20-1

318.494

9109 9110 9111 9112

C21H32O2 C23H28ClN3O C10H10O6 C20H25NO

145-13-1 982-43-4 126-49-8 511-45-5

316.478 397.940 226.182 295.419

free acid unstab cry 120

C13H20N2O

721-50-6

220.310

nd

C13H21N3O

51-06-9

235.325

C13H22ClN3O C12H20ClN3O C20H24ClN3S C13H11Cl2NO2

614-39-1 366-70-1 58-38-8 32809-16-8

271.786 257.759 373.943 284.138

9093 9094 9095 9096

C.I. Food Red 6



9097 9098 9099 9100 9101 9102

Potassium benzoate Potassium dichloroisocyanurate Potassium D-gluconate Potassium trans,trans-2,4hexadienoate Potassium hydrogen phthalate Potassium cis-9-octadecenoate Prazosin Prednisolone 5α-Pregnane 5β-Pregnane

9103 9104 9105 9106

5α-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol 5β-Pregnane-3α,20S-diol 5α-Pregnane-3,20-dione 5β-Pregnane-3,20-dione

9107 5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one

Pregnenolone Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride Prephenic acid Pridinol

9113 Prilocaine 9114 Procainamide 9115 9116 9117 9118

Procainamide hydrochloride Procarbazine hydrochloride Prochlorperazine Procymidone

Troclosene potassium Potassium sorbate Potassium biphthalate Potassium oleate

Allopregnane 17β-Ethyletiocholane Allopregnane-3α,20α-diol Pregnanediol 3,20-Allopregnanedione

3,17,21-Trihydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5β)

1,1-Diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1propanol N-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-(propylamino) propanamide 4-Amino-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]benzamide

Solubility s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH, peth

1.056924

1.585524 s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth; s ace, bz, HOAc

214

494.449

dk red pow

390.384

nd (w+2), pr (al) red or oran lf (chl-MeOH) hyg cry hyg cry ye-wh cry

ye-br solid cry

mcl sc or pl (MeOH) cry (MeOH) pl (ace) cry nd (dil al) cry (dil ace) cry (EtOAc) nd (bz), cry (dil al) nd (dil al)

cry (MeOH)

s H2O; sl EtOH 180 360

sub 300

250 dec 183 dec >270 dec

279 235 84.5 83.5 244 243.5 200 123

1.33625

i H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl EtOH; s diox

1.36125

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; s EtOH

1.63625

s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH

1.03215

i H2O; s chl, MeOH

1.1525

sl EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

226 149.5

vs EtOH

192 186.5 s ace

38

1601

47

2122

166 225 228 166

1.529920

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz; sl chl

1.45225

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

439.882

9090 Ponceau 3R

nD

183

C11H13ClF3N3O4 346-18-9 S3 C19H16N2Na2O7 3564-09-8 S2 99-17-2 C20H22O8

9089 Polythiazide

den/g cm-3

 

HO O H

O O

Pithecolobine

O N N

O 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione

H O

O

O

Plumericin

O

NH N

O K

Cl

N

OH N HN

HO

O

21H,23H-Porphine

Potassium benzoate

N N K

OH Populin

Cl O S H2N O

Cl O

Potassium dichloroisocyanurate

S N

F

S O O

F F

Polythiazide

Ponceau 3R

COO K OH H OH OH CH2OH

O

OH O

O

O

K

O K

Potassium D-gluconate

Potassium trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

O



TeamLRN

N O O K

HO

O

N

N

O

HO

OH OH H

H

H

H

N

O

NH2

O Potassium cis-9-octadecenoate

Prednisolone

O

O



O

OH

HO

H

H

O

Prazosin

5α-Pregnane

5β-Pregnane

O

H 5α-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol

O

OH OH

H

HO

N O

H 5β-Pregnane-3α,20S-diol

HO OH O

O

H 5α-Pregnane-3,20-dione

HO

H 5β-Pregnane-3,20-dione

H

O

HCl

N

HO

Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one

Pregnenolone

O O

Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride

H N S

N N

H N H OH

HO

H

5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one

O

Prephenic acid

N

OH Pridinol

O

N H

Prilocaine

N

HN H2N O

N

HN HCl H2N

Procainamide

Cl

HCl

O Procainamide hydrochloride

N H

H N

Procarbazine hydrochloride

O

Cl N N N

Prochlorperazine

Cl

O Procymidone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H HO H H

N

H N

Podophyllotoxin

O O O

O O

OH O O

OH

O

NH Plasmocid

SO3 Na

O H

O

O

O

N OH

HN

Na O3S

H

O O

NH

HN

O

No.

Name

Synonym

9119 Prodiamine 9120 Profenofos

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

9124 L-Proline

2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid

9125 Promazine 9126 Promecarb 9127 Promethazine 9128 Promethazine hydrochloride 9129 Prometone 9130 Prometryn 9131 Propachlor



9132 9133 9134 9135

Propanal Propanal oxime Propanamide Propane

9136 9137 9138 9139 9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 9145 9146

Propanediamide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) 1,3-Propanediamine 1,2-Propanediol diacetate 1,3-Propanediol diacetate 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate 1,2-Propanedione Propanedioyl dichloride 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol 2,2’-[1,3Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne) ]bisphenol 9147 Propanenitrile 9148 1-Propanesulfonic acid 9149 1-Propanesulfonyl chloride

Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamate N,N,α-Trimethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine Diprazin N,N’-Diisopropyl-6-(methylthio)1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Acetamide, 2-chloro-N-(1methylethyl)-N-phenylPropionaldehyde Propionamide

Propylenediamine 1,3-Diaminopropane

2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate Pyruvaldehyde

Trimethylene dimercaptan Disalicylidene-1,3-propanediamine

Ethyl cyanide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

1100.001

1.4725 1.45520

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C13H17F3N4O4 C11H15BrClO3P S C14H16F3N3O4 C21H30O2 C5H9NO2

29091-21-2 41198-08-7

350.294 373.631

26399-36-0 57-83-0 609-36-9

347.290 314.462 115.131

C5H9NO2

147-85-3

115.131

C17H20N2S C12H17NO2

58-40-2 2631-37-0

284.419 207.269

87

2060.3 1170.01

C17H20N2S

60-87-7

284.419

60

1910.5

C17H21ClN2S C10H19N5O C10H19N5S

58-33-3 1610-18-0 7287-19-6

320.880 225.291 241.357

C11H14ClNO

1918-16-7

211.688

C3H6O C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H8

123-38-6 627-39-4 79-05-0 74-98-6

58.079 73.094 73.094 44.096

liq

C3H6N2O2 C3H10N2 C3H10N2 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O3 C3H4O2 C3H2Cl2O2 C3H8S2 C3H8S2 C17H18N2O2

108-13-4 10424-38-1 109-76-2 623-84-7 628-66-0 923-26-2 78-98-8 1663-67-8 814-67-5 109-80-8 120-70-7

102.092 74.124 74.124 160.168 160.168 144.168 72.063 140.953 108.226 108.226 282.337

mcl pr(w) hyg liq

liq

-79 54.3

C3H5N C3H8O3S C3H7ClO2S

107-12-0 5284-66-2 10147-36-1

55.079 124.159 142.605

liq

-92.78 8

124

pr hyg nd (al-eth) cry (+w) nd (al-eth) pr (w)

solid

rhom, pl (bz) col gas

34 129 205 dec

nD

1.16623

i H2O; s EtOH, diox, ace vs H2O, EtOH

221 dec

vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, PrOH

231 91.5 119

i H2O; vs dil HCl vs H2O, EtOH, chl 1.15720

77

1100.03

1.24225

-80 40 81.3 -187.63

48 131.5 213 -42.1

0.865725 0.925820 0.9262110 0.49325 (p>1 atm)

1.363620 1.428720 1.4180110

119.5 139.8 190.5 209.5 909, 570.5 72 5728 152 172.9

0.87815 0.88425 1.05920 1.07014 1.06625 1.045520 1.450920 1.0820 1.077220

1.446020 1.460020 1.417320 1.4192 1.445820 1.400218 1.463920 1.53220 1.539220

97.14 1361 dec 180; 7712

0.781820 1.251625 1.26720

1.365520

67.8 52.6

0.841120 0.814320

1.438020 1.425520

170.8 -10.8

ye hyg liq

9150 1,3-Propane sultone 9151 1-Propanethiol 9152 2-Propanethiol

1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide Propyl mercaptan Isopropyl mercaptan

C3H6O3S C3H8S C3H8S

1120-71-4 107-03-9 75-33-2

122.143 76.161 76.161

liq liq

-113.13 -130.5

9153 1,2,3-Propanetriamine 9154 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid

1,2,3-Triaminopropane Tricarballylic acid

C3H11N3 C6H8O6

21291-99-6 99-14-9

89.139 176.124

visc oil orth (eth)

166

Solubility

190; 929

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; vs eth, bz; sl ace s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO vs H2O; i eth; vs chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz s eth, AcOEt s chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth, bz

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.45220 s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9121 Profluralin 9122 Progesterone 9123 DL-Proline

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

 

N NH2 O N

O O

N N

O

O

O2N

Br

O

Cl

Prodiamine

O S P O

NO2

N H

F

Profenofos

F

F

N H

O

Profluralin

Progesterone

OH

N H

O

DL-Proline

OH

H N

O

N

O

O

S

L-Proline

Promazine

Promecarb

N

N

HN

HN N

N

N

HCl S

S



TeamLRN

O

Promethazine

Promethazine hydrochloride

N

N N

S

N H

Prometone

N N

N

N

O

O

Prometryn

NH2

Cl

N H

Propachlor

Propanal

H 2N O

O

OH

Propanal oxime

NH2

Propanamide

Propane

O

Propanediamide

O O

O O

O

NH2 NH2 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

H 2N

NH2

1,3-Propanediamine

O 1,2-Propanediol diacetate

O

O

1,3-Propanediol diacetate

Cl

O

O O

O

OH 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate

1,2-Propanedione

Cl O

SH SH

O

Propanedioyl dichloride

1,2-Propanedithiol

HS

SH

1,3-Propanedithiol

OH

OH N

N N

2,2’-[1,3-Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenol

Propanenitrile

O OH S O 1-Propanesulfonic acid

O Cl S O 1-Propanesulfonyl chloride

S

O

O O 1,3-Propane sultone

SH SH 1-Propanethiol

NH2 H2N

2-Propanethiol

NH2

1,2,3-Propanetriamine

HOOC

COOH COOH

1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F F

F

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate

C5H10O4 C10H13NO4

106-61-6 136-44-7

134.131 211.215

C7H12O5 C24H20O6 C12H20O6 C21H38O6 C27H50O6

105-70-4 614-33-5 139-45-7 621-70-5 538-23-8

176.167 404.412 260.283 386.523 470.682

1,3-Diacetin

Physical Form

hyg liq nd (MeOH)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.415720

vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH

260; 14912

1.439520

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, chl

76 -60 10

den/g cm-3

158165, 1293 1.206020

17520, 15713 >200 233

1.17915 1.22812 1.10815 0.986720 0.954020

1.431819 1.442720 1.448220

2110.7

C18H27NO5 C9H9Cl2NO

1421-14-3 709-98-8

337.411 218.079

9164 Propanoic acid 9165 Propanoic anhydride 9166 1-Propanol

Propanamide, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) Propionic acid Propionic anhydride Propyl alcohol

C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H8O

79-09-4 123-62-6 71-23-8

74.079 130.141 60.095

liq liq liq

-20.5 -45 -124.39

141.15 170; 67.518 97.2

0.988225 1.011020 0.799725

1.380920 1.403820 1.385020

9167 2-Propanol

Isopropyl alcohol

C3H8O

67-63-0

60.095

liq

-87.9

82.3

0.780925

1.377620

9168 9169 9170 9171 9172 9173 9174 9175 9176

Acetoxime Acetone, phenylhydrazone Propionyl chloride Propionyl fluoride

C3H7NO C9H12N2 C3H5ClO C3H5FO C23H30BrNO3 C19H26O4S C5H6O2 C3H4O C6H11N3O9

127-06-0 103-02-6 79-03-8 430-71-7 50-34-0 2312-35-8 627-09-8 107-19-7 2921-92-8

73.094 148.204 92.524 76.069 448.393 350.472 98.101 56.063 269.166

pr (al) orth liq

61 42 -94

136; 6120 16350 80 44

0.911362

1.415620

1.064620 0.97215

1.403220 1.32913

cry

160

C9H16ClN5

139-40-2

229.710

C3H6

115-07-1

42.080

col gas

-185.24

-47.69

Mesaconic acid

C5H6O4

498-24-8

130.100

204.5

sub

Itaconic acid

97-65-4 870-23-5 585-84-2

130.100 74.145 174.108

175

dec 65

1.63225 0.92523

cis-Aconitic acid

C5H6O4 C3H6S C6H6O6

orth nd or mcl pr (eth) rhom (bz)

0.5O525 (p>1 atm) 1.46620

trans-Aconitic acid

C6H6O6

4023-65-8

174.108

Methylketene Acrylic acid chloride

C3H4O C3H3ClO C9H10

6004-44-0 814-68-6 766-90-5

56.063 90.508 118.175

C9H10 C10H10O2

873-66-5 4043-71-4

C9H10O

539-12-8

9162 Propanidid 9163 Propanil



2-Propanone oxime 2-Propanone phenylhydrazone Propanoyl chloride Propanoyl fluoride Propantheline bromide Propargite Propargyl acetate Propargyl alcohol Propatyl nitrate

9177 Propazine 9178 Propene

9187 trans-1-Propenylbenzene 9188 trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3benzodioxole 9189 4-(1-Propenyl)phenol

p-Anol

liq wh pow

-51.8 52

msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl chl msc eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig s EtOH, eth, dil acid s eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth, bz

121.5 113.6

1.1025 0.998220 0.947820 1.49

1.418720 1.432220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace

1.3567-70

sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc

1.16220

213

sl H2O, bz, CS2; vs EtOH; s eth, tfa

nd (w)

125

s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; sl eth

lf (w) nd (w, eth) col gas

196 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

1.483220

 

9179 trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 9180 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 9181 2-Propene-1-thiol 9182 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 9183 trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 9184 1-Propen-1-one 9185 2-Propenoyl chloride 9186 cis-1-Propenylbenzene

3-Hydroxy-1-propyne 2-Ethyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3propanediol, dinitrate 6-Chloro-N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Propylene

1.2525

92

-80

liq

-61.6

-23 75.5 167.5

118.175 162.185

liq

-29.3 6.8

178.3 253

134.174

lf

94

dec 250

1.113620 0.908820

1.434320 1.542020

0.902325 1.122420

1.550620 1.578220

vs eth vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl sl H2O; vs DMF

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9155 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 9156 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4aminobenzoate) 9157 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 9158 1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate 9159 1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate 9160 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate 9161 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate

Synonym

O O

O

O O

OH HO

OH O

O

O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4-aminobenzoate)

O O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate

O O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate

1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate

O O

O O

H N

O N

O

O

O O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate

OH

O

Cl

O

Cl

Propanidid

Propanil



TeamLRN

OH

N

H N

Cl

2-Propanone phenylhydrazone

O N O O

OH Propargyl alcohol

O

O N

O

OH OH

O

Propanoic anhydride

1-Propanol

2-Propanol

O N

S O O O

Br

O

F

O 2-Propanone oxime

O

Propanoic acid

O

N

O

O

Propanoyl chloride

O

O

Propanoyl fluoride

Propantheline bromide

Propargite

Propargyl acetate

HN

O O N O

N N H

O

Propatyl nitrate

O

N N

HO Cl

OH O

Propazine

Propene

trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

HO

OH SH

O O 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

2-Propene-1-thiol

HOOC

COOH COOH

cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

OH

COOH HOOC

COOH

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

O

Cl C

O

1-Propen-1-one

O 2-Propenoyl chloride

O cis-1-Propenylbenzene

trans-1-Propenylbenzene

trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

4-(1-Propenyl)phenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H2N

O 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate

OH OH

O

No. 9190 9191 9192 9193 9194

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine Propetamphos Propiconazole Propiomazine Propionyl-L-carnitine

β-Coniceine

C8H15N C10H20NO4PS C15H17Cl2N3O2 C20H24N2OS C10H19NO4

538-90-9 31218-83-4 60207-90-1 362-29-8 20064-19-1

125.212 281.309 342.221 340.482 217.263

C12H18O C11H15NO3

2078-54-8 114-26-1

178.270 209.242

C5H12O2 C22H29NO2 C22H29NO2 C6H14O2 C6H12O C16H21NO2 C5H10O2 C6H10O2 C3H9N

2807-30-9 469-62-5 2338-37-6 1569-01-3 1471-03-0 525-66-6 109-60-4 925-60-0 107-10-8

104.148 339.471 339.471 118.174 100.158 259.344 102.132 114.142 59.110

C3H10ClN C10H13NO2 C5H13NO C9H13N C9H13N C3H9AsO3 C9H12

556-53-6 94-12-2 16369-21-4 2696-84-6 622-80-0 107-34-6 103-65-1

95.571 179.216 103.163 135.206 135.206 168.023 120.191

C10H14O C9H12O3S C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C5H9ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C4H7ClOS C12H14O2 C9H18

22144-60-1 80-42-2 2315-68-6 94-58-6 105-66-8 627-12-3 5396-24-7 62108-71-8 109-61-5 62108-66-1 13889-92-4 74513-58-9 1678-92-8

150.217 200.254 164.201 164.201 130.185 103.120 136.577 164.630 122.551 150.603 138.616 190.238 126.239

C9H16O C8H16

94-65-5 2040-96-2

C8H16O C4H6O3 C3H8O2

1604-02-0 108-32-7 57-55-6

9195 Propofol 9196 Propoxur



9197 9198 9199 9200 9201 9202 9203 9204 9205

2-Propoxyethanol D-Propoxyphene L-Propoxyphene 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 3-Propoxy-1-propene Propranolol Propyl acetate Propyl acrylate Propylamine

9206 9207 9208 9209 9210 9211 9212

Propylamine hydrochloride Propyl 4-aminobenzoate 2-(Propylamino)ethanol 4-Propylaniline N-Propylaniline Propylarsonic acid Propylbenzene

9213 9214 9215 9216 9217 9218 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224 9225

α-Propylbenzenemethanol, (R) Propyl benzenesulfonate Propyl benzoate 5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole Propyl butanoate Propyl carbamate Propyl chloroacetate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate S-Propyl chlorothioformate Propyl trans-cinnamate Propylcyclohexane

Carnitine, O-propanoyl

Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, methylcarbamate Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Dextropropoxyphene Levopropoxyphene 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-propyl ether

2-Propenoic acid, propyl ester 1-Propanamine 1-Propanamine hydrochloride Risocaine

1-Propanearsonic acid Isocumene

Dihydrosafrole

S-Propyl carbonochloridothioate Propyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

9226 2-Propylcyclohexanone 9227 Propylcyclopentane 9228 1-Propylcyclopentanol 9229 Propylene carbonate 9230 1,2-Propylene glycol

4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 1,2-Propanediol

Physical Form

hyg pr (2PrOH)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

8

168 880.005 1800.1 2400.5

0.871615 1.129420 1.2720

256; 13630 dec

0.95520 1.1220

1.514020

149.8

0.911220

1.413320

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

150 91

0.888620 0.776420

1.413020 1.391920

vs ace, eth, EtOH

101.54 122; 63100 47.22

0.887820

1.384220

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

0.717320

1.387020

msc H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s bz, chl; sl ctc s DMSO vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

182 227 222; 9811

0.900520

1.442820

0.944320

1.542820

159.24

0.859325

1.489525

0.974020 1.180417 1.023020

1.513920 1.503525 1.500020

0.873020

1.400120

1.10420 1.025220 1.090120 1.065620

1.426120

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth

1.403520 1.429020

msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

1.04330 0.793620

1.437020

75.5 75.5

cry (cyhex) liq

96 -93

liq

-84.75

pr

163.5 75

nd (al), pl (w) liq

Solubility

147 dec 19 87

cry (peth) cry (peth)

nD

134.5 -99.6 16

liq

-94.9

232 16215 211 228 143.0 196 161 183 115.2 180 5926 285 156.7

140.222 112.213

liq

-117.3

197 131

0.92720 0.776320

1.453820 1.426620

128.212 102.089 76.095

liq liq liq

-37.5 -48.8 -60

173.5 242 187.6

0.904025 1.204720 1.036120

1.450225 1.418920 1.432420

liq

-51.6

liq pr

-95.2 60

liq

i H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; vs ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

 

N

O HN P O S

N

O

O O

Propetamphos

O

Cl

S

Propiconazole

O

O

N

N

O

Propionyl-L-carnitine

O O

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

D-Propoxyphene

L-Propoxyphene

1-Propoxy-2-propanol

3-Propoxy-1-propene

O

N

O

Propiomazine

O

N H

OH O

O

Propofol

Propoxur

O

O

N H

O Propranolol

NH2

O

Propyl acetate

Propyl acrylate

Propylamine



TeamLRN

NH2 O O NH2 HCl Propylamine hydrochloride

H N

H 2N Propyl 4-aminobenzoate

O As OH OH

OH

2-(Propylamino)ethanol

4-Propylaniline

N-Propylaniline

Propylarsonic acid

Propylbenzene

O

α-Propylbenzenemethanol, (R)

Propyl benzenesulfonate

O O

O

O

O O

O Propyl benzoate

5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole

H2N

Propyl butanoate

O O Cl

O O S O

OH

HN

OH

2-Propoxyethanol

O Cl

O

Propyl carbamate

O

Cl

Cl

Propyl chloroacetate

O

Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate

HO

O S

S-Propyl chlorothioformate

O

O

O O

Cl

Propyl chlorocarbonate

O O

Propyl trans-cinnamate

Propylcyclohexane

2-Propylcyclohexanone

Propylcyclopentane

1-Propylcyclopentanol

O

Propyl 3-chloropropanoate

OH O

Propylene carbonate

OH 1,2-Propylene glycol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine

N

N O

N H

N Cl

No.

Physical Form

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Trimethylene glycol 2-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-1-propanol

504-63-2 94023-15-1 6423-43-4 107-98-2

76.095 132.201 166.089 90.121

liq liq liq

1-Methoxy-2-propanol

C3H8O2 C7H16O2 C3H6N2O6 C4H10O2

2-Acetoxy-1-methoxypropane

C6H12O3

108-65-6

132.157

liq

9236 9237 9238 9239 9240 9241 9242 9243 9244 9245 9246 9247 9248 9249 9250 9251 9252 9253 9254 9255 9256 9257 9258 9259 9260 9261 9262 9263 9264

1,3-Propylene glycol 1,2-Propylene glycol 2-tert-butyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Propyleneimine Propyl formate Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate 4-Propylheptane Propyl hexanoate Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Propyliodone Propyl isobutanoate Propyl isocyanate Propyl isothiocyanate Propyl methacrylate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-Propylnaphthalene Propyl nitrate Propyl nitrite Propyl octanoate Propyl pentanoate 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2-Propylpiperidine, (S) trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3S) N-Propylpropanamide Propyl propanoate 2-Propylpyridine 4-Propylpyridine 2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Propyl Red

2-Methylaziridine

C3H7N C4H8O2 C10H12O3 C10H22 C9H18O2 C10H12O3 C10H12O3 C10H11I2NO3 C7H14O2 C4H7NO C4H7NS C7H12O2 C8H16O2 C13H14 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO2 C11H22O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C9H12O C9H12O C8H17N C8H17NO C6H13NO C6H12O2 C8H11N C8H11N C9H12N2S C19H23N3O2

75-55-8 110-74-7 623-22-3 3178-29-8 626-77-7 607-90-9 94-13-3 587-61-1 644-49-5 110-78-1 628-30-8 2210-28-8 557-00-6 2765-18-6 627-13-4 543-67-9 624-13-5 141-06-0 99-66-1 644-35-9 645-56-7 458-88-8 140-55-6 3217-86-5 106-36-5 622-39-9 1122-81-2 14222-60-7 2641-01-2

57.095 88.106 180.200 142.282 158.238 180.200 180.200 447.008 130.185 85.105 101.171 128.169 144.212 170.250 105.093 89.094 186.292 144.212 144.212 136.190 136.190 127.228 143.227 115.173 116.158 121.180 121.180 180.269 325.405

9265 9266 9267 9268 9269 9270 9271 9272

(Propylthio)benzene Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate Propyl trichloroacetate Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propylurea Propyl vinyl ether 2-Propynal 2-Propyn-1-amine

C9H12S C10H14O3S C5H7Cl3O2 C10H12O5 C4H10N2O C5H10O C3H2O C3H5N

874-79-3 599-91-7 13313-91-2 121-79-9 627-06-5 764-47-6 624-67-9 2450-71-7

152.256 214.281 205.468 212.199 102.134 86.132 54.047 55.079

9231 9232 9233 9234 9235

Propylparaben

1-Isocyanatopropane 1-Isothiocyanatopropane Propyl isopentanoate



Valproic acid

Coniine Pseudoconhydrine Propyl propionate

Protionamide Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dipropylamino) phenyl]azo]-

Propyl gallate

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

214.4 152 9210 119

1.053820 0.87

1.439820

msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz

0.962020

1.403420

67 80.9 11316, 923 157.5 187 239

0.81216 0.907320 1.074420 0.732125 0.867220 1.097920 1.0630102

1.37720 1.539224 1.413520 1.417020 1.516120 1.5050102

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

135.4 83.5 153 141 155.9 274.5 110 48 226.4 167.5 221; 12014 220 232.6 166.5 236 215; 1089 122.5 167 185

0.88430 0.90825 0.978116 0.902220 0.861720 0.989720 1.053820 0.88620 0.865920 0.869920 0.90425 1.01520 1.00920 0.844020

1.395520 1.397020 1.508516 1.419020 1.403120 1.592320 1.397320 1.360420 1.419125 1.406520 1.42525

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth

exp

147

liq

-92.9

liq

-68.7 97 97 186

pr (eth)

liq liq liq liq col liq

liq hyg nd (eth) liq

-8.6

-46.2 -70.7 7 22 -1.0 106 154 -75.9 1.0

0.898525 0.880920 0.911920 0.938115

1.537925 1.451222

1.393520 1.492520 1.496620

vs eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs eth; s bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs eth, EtOH

136.7 viol-bl or purp red cry (al) liq

nd (w) pr (al)

s EtOH, KOH -45 <-20

220 1899 187

0.999520 1.14420 1.322120

1.557120 1.499820 1.450120

65 60 83

0.767420 0.915220 0.80325

1.390820 1.403325 1.448020

130 108.5

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH

 

1-(Ethenyloxy)propane Propargyl aldehyde

mp/˚C -27.7

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

O O HO

OH

1,3-Propylene glycol

ONO2 ONO2

OH 1,2-Propylene glycol 2-tert-butyl ether

O

OH O

1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate

N H

O

1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether

1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

Propyleneimine

O

Propyl formate

Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate

O

I

I

O

N OH

O

OH

Propyl hexanoate

O

O

O 4-Propylheptane

O

Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O

O

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Propyliodone

O N

Propyl isobutanoate

C

O N

Propyl isocyanate

S

C

O

Propyl isothiocyanate

Propyl methacrylate

OH



TeamLRN

OH O

O O Propyl 3-methylbutanoate

1-Propylnaphthalene

N O

O

O O

Propyl nitrate

N

O

O O

Propyl nitrite

O

Propyl octanoate

O N H

2-Propylpiperidine, (S)

trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3S)

O

N-Propylpropanamide

Propyl propanoate

N

O

2-Propylpyridine

(Propylthio)benzene

Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate

NH2

Cl

Propyl trichloroacetate

N

HO

N

4-Propylpyridine

N

2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide

Propyl Red

O

O O

4-Propylphenol

N N O

N H

Cl Cl

2-Propylphenol

O

O O S O S

OH

2-Propylpentanoic acid

S

OH N H

O

Propyl pentanoate

HO

OH OH

Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

H N

NH2 O

Propylurea

O Propyl vinyl ether

O 2-Propynal

NH2 2-Propyn-1-amine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

9273 Propyne

Methylacetylene

C3H4

74-99-7

40.064

col gas

-102.7

-23.2

1.3863-40

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, chl

9274 2-Propynoic acid

Propiolic acid

C3H2O2

471-25-0

70.047

cry (CS2)

9

dec 144; 7250 183

0.60725 (p>1 atm) 1.138020

1.430620

vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl

No.

Name

673-32-5 23950-58-5

116.160 256.127

C20H34O5

745-65-3

354.481

cry (EtOAc)

115

s H2O

C20H32O5

363-24-6

352.465

col cry

67

s H2O, thf

C20H34O5

551-11-1

354.481

oil or solid

≈30

sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, chl, AcOEt

C20H19NO5 C27H43NO9 C19H22ClN

130-86-9 76-45-9 1225-55-4

353.369 525.632 299.838

mcl pr (al-chl) nd (MeOH) cry (2-PrOH/ eth)

208 221 170

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, aq acid, MeOH

Prunetin Pseudoaconitine Pseudocodeine Pseudojervine

C16H12O5 C36H51NO12 C18H21NO3 C33H49NO8

552-59-0 127-29-7 466-96-6 36069-05-3

284.263 689.790 299.365 587.744

9287 Pseudomorphine

C34H36N2O6

125-24-6

568.659

C8H15NO

135-97-7

141.211

C11H6O3 C6H4N4 C6H4N4O2 C10H16O C5H4N4 C5H6N6 C13H10N2O

66-97-7 91-18-9 487-21-8 89-82-7 120-73-0 1904-98-9 85-66-5

186.164 132.123 164.122 152.233 120.113 150.142 210.230

C5H6O C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C11H14N2S C5H4OS C30H14O2

289-65-6 504-31-4 108-97-4 15686-83-6 1120-93-0 128-70-1

82.101 96.085 96.085 206.307 112.150 406.431

9278 Prostaglandin E2 9279 Prostaglandin F2α 9280 Protopine 9281 Protoverine 9282 Protriptyline hydrochloride 9283 9284 9285 9286



9288 Pseudotropine

Triptil

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan3-ol, exo

Psoralen Pteridine 2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione Pulegone 1H-Purine 1H-Purine-2,6-diamine Pyocyanine

9296 9297 9298 9299 9300 9301

4H-Pyran 2H-Pyran-2-one 4H-Pyran-4-one Pyrantel 4H-Pyran-4-thione 8,16-Pyranthrenedione

1,4-Pyran

9302 9303 9304 9305

Pyrazine Pyrazinecarboxamide Pyrazinecarboxylic acid 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid

1,4-Diazine Pyrazinamide Pyrazinoic acid 2,3-Dicarboxypyrazine

C4H4N2 C5H5N3O C5H4N2O2 C6H4N2O4

290-37-9 98-96-4 98-97-5 89-01-0

1,2-Diazole

C3H4N2

288-13-1

9306 1H-Pyrazole

Pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine Lumazine 6H-Imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine 2,6-Diaminopurine

tcl (MeOH) wh nd wh nd or hex cry cry (aq NH3, + 3 w) orth cry (eth), orth bipym (peth-bz) nd (w, EtOH) ye pl (bz, sub) ye-oran nd (w)

239.5 214 181.5 304 dec

vs eth, EtOH 1.29080

cry (MeOH)

i H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol, peth; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, sulf; s py, NH3 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s bz, chl

282.5 109

241

171 139.5 348.5

sub 125 224

cry (dil al) dk bl nd (w + 1) (chl-peth) unstab oil

1.574

0.934645

1.489420

216.5 302 133 dec

8.5 32.5 178 49 dec

80 207.5 212.5

1.20020 1.19025

1.455920 1.527025 1.5238

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; s ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, ace; i eth; vs chl s EtOH, eth, bz msc H2O; vs ace vs H2O, chl, eth; s EtOH, bz; sl CS 2 s H2O

sub

80.088 123.113 124.098 168.107

red-ye or redbr nd (PhNO2) pr (w) wh nd (w, al) wh nd (w) pr (w+2)

51.0 192 225 dec 193 dec

115 sub sub

68.077

nd or pr (lig)

70.7

187

1.031161

1.495361

 

9289 9290 9291 9292 9293 9294 9295

155

1.4203

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9277 Prostaglandin E1

N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-propynyl)-3,5dichlorobenzamide 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13prostenoic acid 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-5,13prostadienoic acid 9,11,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13dienoic acid Fumarine

1.563

15

C9H8 C12H11Cl2NO

9275 1-Propynylbenzene 9276 Propyzamide

0.942

15

O

H N

O

O

HO

O OH

O

O

O OH

Propyne

OH

OH

Cl

2-Propynoic acid

HO

Cl

1-Propynylbenzene

HO

OH

OH

Prostaglandin E1

Propyzamide

HO

OH

H

H

N

O O

HO O

HO

Protopine

H

OH

OH O

HO

OH

N H

OH

Protoverine

HCl

O

O

Prunetin

O O

O H

O

Protriptyline hydrochloride

O O H

H

N

HO OH

O

O

O

OH H OH

H

O

O N H OH

O

O

Pseudoaconitine

Pseudocodeine



TeamLRN

OH N

H O

H H N

O

OH HO

O HO

O

H O O

O

OH H

HO OH

N

N N

N OH

HO Pseudojervine

Pseudomorphine

Pseudotropine

O

O

O

Psoralen

N

N

N

N

Pteridine

N N H

NH2

H H O

O

N N

2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione

Pulegone

1H-Purine

O

N

N

H

N

H2N

N

N

N

N

1H-Purine-2,6-diamine

O

O

O

O

N N Pyocyanine

S

N

O N

N

N

N

N O 4H-Pyran

O

O

2H-Pyran-2-one

S

O 4H-Pyran-4-one

Pyrantel

O 4H-Pyran-4-thione

O 8,16-Pyranthrenedione

Pyrazine

NH2

Pyrazinecarboxamide

N

OH

N Pyrazinecarboxylic acid

OH OH

N O

2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid

N H

N

1H-Pyrazole

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O H N O

OH Prostaglandin F2α

Prostaglandin E2

No.

Name

Synonym

9307 1-Pyrenamine 9308 Pyrene Pyrethrin I Pyrethrin II Pyridate Pyridazine

9313 9314 9315 9316 9317 9318

2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile



9319 9320 9321 9322 9323 9324 9325 9326 9327 9328 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334 9335 9336 9337 9338 9339 9340 9341 9342 9343 9344

4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbothioamide 4-Pyridinecarbothioamide 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 2-Pyridinecarboxamide 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 4-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide 2,3-Pyridinediamine 2,5-Pyridinediamine 2,6-Pyridinediamine 3,4-Pyridinediamine 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydride 9345 2-Pyridineethanamine 9346 4-Pyridineethanamine 9347 2-Pyridineethanol

1,2-Diazabenzene 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine Azine

Nicotinaldehyde

Niacinamide Picolinic acid Nicotinic acid Isonicotinic acid Oxiniacic acid

2,5-Diaminopyridine

Quinolinic acid Lutidinic acid Isocinchomeronic acid Dipicolinic acid Cinchomeronic acid Dinicotinic acid Furo[3,4-b]pyridine-5,7-dione

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H11N

1606-67-3

217.265

C16H10

129-00-0

202.250

C21H28O3 C22H28O5 C19H23ClN2O2S C4H4N2

121-21-1 121-29-9 55512-33-9 289-80-5

328.445 372.454 378.916 80.088

C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H5N C6H4N2 C6H4N2

504-29-0 462-08-8 504-24-5 110-86-1 100-70-9 100-54-9

94.115 94.115 94.115 79.101 104.109 104.109

C6H4N2 C6H6N2S C6H6N2S C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H3NO3

100-48-1 4621-66-3 2196-13-6 1121-60-4 500-22-1 872-85-5 873-69-8 1452-77-3 98-92-0 1453-82-3 98-98-6 59-67-6 55-22-1 2398-81-4 13602-12-5 452-58-4 4318-76-7 141-86-6 54-96-6 89-00-9 499-80-9 100-26-5 499-83-2 490-11-9 499-81-0 699-98-9

104.109 138.190 138.190 107.110 107.110 107.110 122.124 122.124 122.124 122.124 123.110 123.110 123.110 139.109 139.109 109.130 109.130 109.130 109.130 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 149.104

C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H9NO

2706-56-1 13258-63-4 103-74-2

122.167 122.167 123.152

Physical Form ye nd (hx) lf (dil al) pa ye pl (to, sub) visc liq visc liq br oil liq lf (lig) lf (bz-lig) nd (bz) liq nd or pr (eth) nd (lig), petheth) nd(lig-eth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

117.5 150.62

s EtOH, ace, hx, acid; sl chl 1.27123

404 0.1

27 -8 57.5 64.5 158.5 -41.70 29 51 83 192 198 dec

112.5 mcl pr (w) 108.3 wh pw, nd (bz) 130 157.5 nd (w, al, bz) 136.5 nd (al, w) 236.6 nd(w) 315 nd 254 dec 273 dec lf or pl (dil al) 120.8 nd 110.3 121.5 nd or lf 219.3 mcl pr (w) 228.5 lf (w+1) 249 lf or pr (dil HCl) 254 nd (w+3/2) 252 cry (w) 256 cry (w) 324 138

-7.8

170 dec 2000.1 dec 2200.1 208 10520 252 273 115.23 224.5 206.9; 170300 186

1.5192

18

1.55520 1.103523

0.981920 1.081025 1.159025

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol; sl ctc 18

1.5192 1.525820 1.56820 1.521820

1.509520 1.524225

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig

180; 6213 9223 7712

1.118125 1.139425

1570.0005

1.40025

sub sub sub 260

1.47325

1.538918 1.542320

s H2O, EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, peth s H2O, eth, ctc

1.466

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH, glycerol; sl chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH; i eth, chl, CS 2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH

1495 18212 285; 1485

s H2O, EtOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, ace sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, CS 2 s H2O, HCl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth, i chl i H2O; sl eth, HOAc; s DMSO, HCl

0.94225

sub sub

1.022025 1.030225 1.09125

1.533525 1.538125 1.536620

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth

 

213; 13150 12110 190200, 170100

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz; i peth s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; sl lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9309 9310 9311 9312

Benzo[def]phenanthrene

Mol. Form.

O

NH2

O

O

O

O

O

Pyrethrin I

Pyrethrin II

N NH2

S

S

N

NH2 N

N

N

4-Pyridinamine

Pyridine

N

N

N

2-Pyridinecarbonitrile

N

N

N

N

Pyridazine

NH2

2-Pyridinamine

NH2

4-Pyridinecarbonitrile



TeamLRN

H2N

O

N

N

N 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

HO

NH2

N OH

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime

OH

3-Pyridinecarboxamide

2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2 H2N

N

N O

N

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide

NH2

N

2,3-Pyridinediamine

HO

O

O

N

NH2

2,6-Pyridinediamine

O OH

OH

H2N

NH2

2,5-Pyridinediamine

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide

O

O HO OH

N

O

N 3,4-Pyridinediamine

OH

N O

O

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O

O

HO

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

HO OH OH

NH2

N O

N

O NH2

O

O

OH

N

O

N

HO

3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

OH

O

4-Pyridinecarboxamide

N

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

O N

O

N

4-Pyridinecarbothioamide

O

N

N

2-Pyridinecarboxamide

N

3-Pyridinecarbothioamide

NH2

O

O

N

N

3-Pyridinecarbonitrile

O

O

N

NH2

3-Pyridinamine

HO

Cl Pyridate

2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

NH2

O

OH N

O

2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

N 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

N 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydride

N

NH2

2-Pyridineethanamine

N 4-Pyridineethanamine

N

OH

2-Pyridineethanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Pyrene

O

O

O

O 1-Pyrenamine

S

No.

Name Pyridine hydrochloride 2-Pyridinemethanamine 3-Pyridinemethanamine 4-Pyridinemethanamine 2-Pyridinemethanol

9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358 9359 9360 9361 9362 9363 9364

3-Pyridinemethanol 4-Pyridinemethanol Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinesulfonic acid 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide 2(1H)-Pyridinethione 2-Pyridinol 3-Pyridinol 4-Pyridinol 2(1H)-Pyridinone



9365 2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone 9366 α-[(2-Pyridinylamino) methyl]benzenemethanol 9367 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9368 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9369 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9370 N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2pyridinemethanamine 9371 N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine 9372 Pyridoxal hydrochloride 9373 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate 9374 Pyridoxamine 9375 Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride 9376 Pyridoxine hydrochloride 9377 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382 9383 9384

3-Pyridylsulfonic acid

2-Pyridinylhydrazine Phenyramidol

Methyl pyridyl ketone

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 4-(Aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6methyl-3-pyridinemethanol 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride PAN PAR

1,3-Diazine Alloxan Violuric acid

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H6ClN C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H7NO

628-13-7 3731-51-9 3731-52-0 3731-53-1 586-98-1

115.562 108.141 108.141 108.141 109.126

hyg pl or sc (al) 146 liq liq

-21.1 -7.6

C6H7NO C6H7NO C5H5NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C5H5NO3S C5H5NOS C5H5NS C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO

100-55-0 586-95-8 694-59-7 2859-68-9 2859-67-8 636-73-7 1121-31-9 2637-34-5 72762-00-6 109-00-2 626-64-2 142-08-5

109.126 109.126 95.100 137.179 137.179 159.164 127.165 111.166 95.100 95.100 95.100 95.100

liq

-6.5 53 65.5 34

C5H7N3 C13H14N2O

4930-98-7 553-69-5

109.130 214.262

C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO C12H13N3

1122-62-9 350-03-8 1122-54-9 1539-42-0

121.137 121.137 121.137 199.251

C10H9N3 C8H10ClNO3 C8H10NO6P

1202-34-2 65-22-5 54-47-7

171.198 203.623 247.142

C8H12N2O2

85-87-0

168.193

orth wh-ye pow or cry cry

C8H14Cl2N2O2 C8H12ClNO3

524-36-7 58-56-0

241.115 205.639

pl (al) pl (al, ace)

226 dec 207

C15H11N3O C11H9N3O2 C17H23N3O C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H4N2 C4H2N2O4 C4H3N3O4

85-85-8 1141-59-9 91-84-9 109-12-6 591-54-8 289-95-2 50-71-5 87-39-8

249.267 215.208 285.384 95.103 95.103 80.088 142.070 157.085

red-br cry red-br cry

130 187 dec

nd (AcOEt) pl (AcOEt)

127.5 151.5 22 256 dec 203 dec

C4H7N5 C13H12N4O3

1004-38-2 53558-25-1

125.133 272.259

orth

nd (bz) nd (bz) pr or nd (w+1) nd (bz)

357 dec 70.5 130.0 107.8 129 149.8 107.8

cry (dil MeOH)

46.6 83.5

ye in air 13.5 16

pa ye orth

 

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Pyrilamine 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Pyrimidine 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5oxime 9385 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine 9386 Pyriminil

Nicotinyl alcohol 4-Picolyl alcohol Pyridine N-oxide

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

solid

90.5 165 dec 141

bp/˚C 222 203; 9117 226 230; 10311 11216, 102.58 266 14112 14613 260.2; 1164 284; 1303

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.052525 1.06420 1.07220 1.131720

1.543125 1.55220 1.549525 1.544420

vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.13120

1.545520

vs H2O, eth s chl

1.06025 1.06325 1.71325

1.529820 1.531320

vs H2O vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, DMSO s chl

1.391020 >350; 25710 280

1.391020

185140, 901

192 220 212 20010, 1391

1.07725 1.09725 1.107425

1.520320 1.534120 1.528225 1.575725

307.5

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH

198

248 dec 224 dec

s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid sl EtOH, eth, acid

s EtOH, acid vs H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O

sub

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 2015 sub 123.8 sub

1.499820

s H2O; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9348 9349 9350 9351 9352

Synonym

NH2

OH

NH2

HCl

NH2

N

N Pyridine hydrochloride

2-Pyridinemethanamine

3-Pyridinemethanamine

N O

3-Pyridinesulfonic acid

N H

SH

2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide

N

2(1H)-Pyridinethione

OH

N

2-Pyridinol

Pyridine-1-oxide

OH

O

2-Pyridinepropanol

4-Pyridinol

N

O

2(1H)-Pyridinone

O

N

1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone

N H

H N

N

1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone

OH

HO N

N

N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine

N H

NH2

2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone

O

N

1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone

N H

N

3-Pyridinol

N

α-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol

4-Pyridinemethanol





TeamLRN

N H

3-Pyridinemethanol

S

O N

2-Pyridinemethanol

OH

N

OH

N

3-Pyridinepropanol

4-Pyridinemethanamine

N O

N

N

HCl

N

N

N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine

Pyridoxal hydrochloride

N HO

O P

HO

NH2

O OH

O

NH2

OH

HO

O

2-Pyrimidinamine

NH

N

N

N

4-Pyrimidinamine

Pyrimidine

N

N

O

N H

O

2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

O HON O

Pyrilamine

NH2 O

2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-oxime

N

O N

O

N H2N

N

O

OH

4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

NH N H

N

N

HO

Pyridoxine hydrochloride

O

N NH2

N OH

HCl



N

N

N

Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride

NH2

N

OH

HO

N

Pyridoxamine

N

OH 2HCl

HO

N

N Pyridoxal 5-phosphate

OH

N H NH2

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine

N H

N Pyriminil

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N

OH

N

OH

O H S O

OH

OH N

N

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H8N2O2S2Zn C6H6O2 C5H7NO3 C13H15N3O2 C20H22ClN

13463-41-7 120-80-9 98-79-3 87-47-8 91-82-7

317.722 110.111 129.115 245.277 311.849

wh solid cry

cry

262 104.6 162 50 49

C4H5N C5H5NO C5H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C4H3NO2 C4H9N C6H14N2 C6H13NO C12H18N2O

109-97-7 1003-29-8 634-97-9 931-03-3 541-59-3 123-75-1 7154-73-6 2955-88-6 70-22-4

67.090 95.100 111.100 111.100 97.073 71.121 114.188 115.173 206.283

liq orth pr (peth) lf (w) nd (lig) pl (bz) col liq

-23.39 46.5 208 dec 161.5 94 -57.79

C9H12N2 C4H7NO C6H7NO C3H4O3

494-97-3 616-45-5 1072-83-9 127-17-3

148.204 85.105 109.126 88.062

hyg cry (peth) mcl nd (w)

9405 Pyrvinium chloride 9406 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl

C26H28ClN3 C24H18

548-84-5 135-70-6

417.973 306.400

red pow (w)

9407 Quercetin

C15H10O7

117-39-5

302.236

C21H20O11

522-12-3

448.377

C30H46O5 C23H30ClN3O C21H23IN2 C19H24N2O2

631-01-6 83-89-6 117-92-0 464-85-7

486.683 399.956 430.325 312.406

C8H6N2 C10H5Cl2NO2

253-82-7 84087-01-4

130.147 242.059

ye nd (dil al, + 2 w) pa ye nd or pl (+2w, dil al) nd (dil al) ye oil dk red pow pr (bz), nd (80% al) ye pl (peth)

C10H12ClN3O3S C7H12O6 C20H24N2O2

73-49-4 77-95-2 56-54-2

289.738 192.166 324.417

C20H24N2O2 C20H25ClN2O2

130-95-0 130-89-2

324.417 360.878

C40H50N4O8S C20H22N2O2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2

804-63-7 84-31-1 580-22-3 580-17-6 578-68-7

746.912 322.401 144.173 144.173 144.173

Pyrithione zinc Pyrocatechol L-Pyroglutamic acid Pyrolan Pyrrobutamine

9392 9393 9394 9395 9396 9397 9398 9399 9400

Pyrrole 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione Pyrrolidine 1-Pyrrolidineethanamine 1-Pyrrolidineethanol 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2pyrrolidinone 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S) 2-Pyrrolidone 1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone Pyruvic acid

9401 9402 9403 9404



9408 Quercitrin 9409 9410 9411 9412

Quillaic acid Quinacrine Quinaldine Red Quinamine

9413 Quinazoline 9414 Quinclorac

1,2-Benzenediol 5-Oxo-L-proline 1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-2butenyl]pyrrolidine Imidole

3-Pyrrolecarboxylic acid Azacyclopentane

Oxotremorine Nornicotine γ-Butyrolactam

Quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside

Mepacrine

1,3-Benzodiazine 3,7-Dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid

9415 Quinethazone 9416 Quinic acid 9417 Quinidine 9418 Quinine 9419 Quinine hydrochloride Quinine sulfate Quininone 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine

2-Aminoquinoline 3-Aminoquinoline 4-Aminoquinoline

cry (+2.5w, dil al) silky efflor nd (w) silky nd (w) nd, lf (eth) lf (w) orth (w, dil al) nd (bz, dil al)

 

9420 9421 9422 9423 9424

6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol, (8α,9R) 6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol monohydrochloride, (8α,9R)

pa ye liq

25 90 13.8

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

1.34420

1.60425

129.79 218

0.969820

1.508520 1.593916

sub 86.56 166; 6823 187; 8013 1240.1

1.2493106 0.858620 0.90125 0.975020 0.99125

1.443120 1.468720 1.471320 1.516020

270 251; 13312 220 dec 165; 5410

1.073719 1.12020

1.537818 1.480630

1.227220

1.428020

245 1610.2 1920.3

250 dec 320

42818

316.5

sub

294 87

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace

s H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace

185.5 241

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 1.75

1.6425

162.5 174

1.62515

57 159 235.2 108 131.5 94 154.8

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl chl, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth

i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, PhNO 2, HOAc sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH, ace, py i H2O, eth; s EtOH, HOAc, MeOH, alk vs ace, eth, py, EtOH

170

48 274

Solubility s chl, DMSO, DMF vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s DMSO s ctc, CS2

sub 18012

s tfa vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz; vs chl; i peth sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, py; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

9387 9388 9389 9390 9391

Synonym

Cl O OH S N O

Zn

O N

N OH

N H

S

Pyrithione zinc

Pyrocatechol

N

OH

O

N

O

N

L-Pyroglutamic acid

N H

N H

O

O

Pyrolan

Pyrrobutamine

O

Pyrrole

N H

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde

OH

OH

O

N H

O

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid

N H

O

1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N N

N

N H

N NH2

Pyrrolidine

OH

1-Pyrrolidineethanamine

N H

N

1-Pyrrolidineethanol

N H

N

O 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidinone

3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)

HO

Cl

O

H N

N H

O

2-Pyrrolidone

N

OH O

O

1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone

Pyruvic acid

Pyrvinium chloride

O O CH3 OH OH



TeamLRN

OH O

OH O OH HO

OH

H OH

O

HO

OH

O

N

HN O OH

O

HO OH

OH 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl

Quercetin

Quercitrin

O

N

Quillaic acid

Quinacrine

Cl

OH

N H

O

O H

Cl

N

N I

N

Quinaldine Red

N Quinamine

H

O

N HCl

N Quinine hydrochloride

H

O

N

HO

Quinazoline

HO

HO

Cl O

O S O H2N

Quinclorac

N

O

O H

O N Quinine sulfate

2

HO

OH NH

Quinethazone

H2SO4

HO

H N

Cl

H

O HO

HO

N

H

O

N

OH OH Quinic acid

N

N

Quinidine

Quinine

N

NH2 NH2

N Quininone

N

NH2

2-Quinolinamine

N 3-Quinolinamine

N 4-Quinolinamine

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9425 5-Quinolinamine

5-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

611-34-7

144.173

9426 6-Quinolinamine

6-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

580-15-4

144.173

8-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

578-66-5

144.173

9428 Quinoline

1-Azanaphthalene

C9H7N

91-22-5

129.159

9429 9430 9431 9432 9433

Cinchoninaldehyde Quinaldic acid 8-Carboxyquinoline 2-Hydroxyquinoline

C10H7NO C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 C9H7NS C9H7NO

4363-93-3 93-10-7 86-59-9 2637-37-8 59-31-4

157.169 173.169 173.169 161.224 145.158

9434 3-Quinolinol 9435 4-Quinolinol 9436 5-Quinolinol

3-Hydroxyquinoline 4-Hydroxyquinoline 5-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO

580-18-7 611-36-9 578-67-6

9437 6-Quinolinol 9438 7-Quinolinol

6-Hydroxyquinoline 7-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO C9H7NO

9439 9440 9441 9442 9443 9444

8-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol benzoate 8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1) Quinovic acid Quinovose Quinoxaline

8-Hydroxyquinoline Benzoxiquine 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate

9445 9446 9447 9448 9449 9450 9451 9452 9453

2(1H)-Quinoxalinone Quizalofop-Ethyl Radicinin Raffinose Ranitidine Raubasine Raunescine Reinecke salt Resazurin

9454 9455 9456 9457 9458 9459 9460 9461 9462

Rescinnamine Reserpic acid Reserpine cis-Resmethrin, (-) Resorcinol 11-cis-Retinal Retinal (all trans) 13-cis-Retinoic acid 13-trans-Retinoic acid

4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 2(1H)-Quinolinethione 2-Quinolinol

1,4-Benzodiazine

7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one, 10-oxide

1,3-Benzenediol Vitamin A1 aldehyde Accutane

ye nd (al) lf (eth) cry (w+2), pr (eth) pa ye nd (sub) cry (al, lig) liq

den/g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

110

310; 18410

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig

114

18712

sl H2O, eth; s NH3, EtOH

19

70

157

-14.78

237.16 1224

pr (MeOH)

51 156 187 187 199.5

145.158 145.158 145.158

cry (bz, dil al) nd (w+3) nd (al), pl

201.3 210 226 dec

sub

580-16-5 580-20-1

145.158 145.158

195 239

360 sub

C9H7NO C16H11NO2 C18H16N2O6S C30H46O5 C6H12O5 C8H6N2

148-24-3 86-75-9 134-31-6 465-74-7 7658-08-4 91-19-0

145.158 249.264 388.934 486.683 164.156 130.147

pr (al, eth) pr (al), nd (dil al-eth) nd (dil al)

75.5

267

1.03420

177.5 298 dec 139.5 28

229.5

1.133448

C8H6N2O C19H17ClN2O4 C12H12O5 C18H32O16 C13H22N4O3S C21H24N2O3 C31H36N2O8 C4H12CrN7OS4 C12H7NO4

1196-57-2 76578-14-8 10088-95-6 512-69-6 66357-35-5 483-04-5 117-73-7 13573-16-5 550-82-3

146.146 372.802 236.220 504.437 314.404 352.427 564.626 354.440 229.189

C35H42N2O9 C22H28N2O5 C33H40N2O9 C22H26O3 C6H6O2 C20H28O C20H28O C20H28O2 C20H28O2

24815-24-5 83-60-3 50-55-5 10453-86-8 108-46-3 564-87-4 116-31-4 4759-48-2 302-79-4

634.716 400.467 608.679 338.439 110.111 284.435 284.435 300.435 300.435

nd (to-peth) nd (w)

pl or nd cry (AcOEt) cry (peth) lf (al) wh cry

solid

red cry (w) dk red to gr pr or pl (HOAc) nd (bz) cry (MeOH) lo pr (dil ace) nd (bz), pl (w) cry oran cry cry (EtOH) cry (MeOH)

271 93 221.5 80 69.5 258 dec 165 270 dec

nD

vs H2O, EtOH 1.097715

1.626820

sub sub

64 189 181.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s ctc vs eth, tol s H2O; vs bz vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, peth s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; vs MeOH; i lig i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth; s alk vs EtOH i H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s ace sl chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth

1.623148

sub 200 2200.2

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace, xyl sl chl s H2O, py; vs MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth

1.46525

i H2O; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, ace; i bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, HOAc; s alk

sub 238.5 242 264.5 75 109.4

Solubility

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, chl, AcOEt sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt 276.5; 17816 1.27820

1.57825

vs H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, cy, peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



9427 8-Quinolinamine

Physical Form

 

O

NH2

OH

H2N N N

N 5-Quinolinamine

6-Quinolinamine

N

8-Quinolinamine

HO

O

N

Quinoline

N

OH

N

NH2

4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde

OH

2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

N H

O

8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

S

N

2(1H)-Quinolinethione

OH

N

2-Quinolinol

N

3-Quinolinol

4-Quinolinol

O

H

HO

N

N HO

N

N 5-Quinolinol

6-Quinolinol

N

OH

OH

7-Quinolinol

H2SO4

8-Quinolinol

8-Quinolinol benzoate

COOH

O

COOH

HO

HO

2

8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1)

Quinovic acid

N

N

OH OH OH

N H

N

Quinovose

Quinoxaline

O

2(1H)-Quinoxalinone

HO HO

O

HO

OH N

O

N

O

O



TeamLRN

Cl

O

OH

O

HO

O

O

Quizalofop-Ethyl

O N

OH N

HO

O

Raffinose

H N H

O NH3 NCS SCN Cr SCN NCS NH3

O

O OH

O O

Raunescine

HO

O

NH4 . H2O

O

O

O

N H

H N H

O

O

O

N H H

HO

O

OH O

O

Resazurin

H O

O

O O

O

H

Raubasine

N H H

O

N O

Reinecke salt

N H

N

N H H

Ranitidine

O

H

S

O

OH

Radicinin

H

O

O HO

O O OH

N

N H H O

O OH

Rescinnamine

O

Reserpic acid

OH O H O

N H

N

O H

O

O

11-cis-Retinal

Retinal (all trans)

O OH

O O

Reserpine

Resorcinol



O

O

O

OH

 

O

cis-Resmethrin, (-)

O

H

O O

HO 13-cis-Retinoic acid

O 13-trans-Retinoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N O

OH

 

No.

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9463 9464 9465 9466 9467

Retinol Retinyl palmitate Retronecine, (+) Retrorsine Rhamnetin

Vitamin A Retinol, hexadecanoate

C20H30O C36H60O2 C8H13NO2 C18H25NO6 C16H12O7

68-26-8 79-81-2 480-85-3 480-54-6 90-19-7

286.451 524.860 155.195 351.395 316.262

9468 9469 9470 9471

DL-α-Rhamnose D-Rhamnose Rheadine Rhein

C6H12O5 C6H12O5 C21H21NO6 C15H8O6

116908-82-8 634-74-2 2718-25-4 478-43-3

164.156 164.156 383.395 284.221

C10O10Re2 C15H12N6O4

14285-68-8 119-20-0

652.515 340.294

C28H32ClN2O3 C4Cl2O4Rh2 C8H12N4O5 C5H12O5 C17H20N4O6

81-88-9 14523-22-9 36791-04-5 488-81-3 83-88-5

480.018 388.758 244.205 152.146 376.364

C17H20N4O9P C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C8H8N2O2

146-17-8 50-69-1 24259-59-4 488-84-6 524-40-3

455.336 150.130 150.130 150.130 164.162

C46H62N4O11 C43H58N4O12

72559-06-9 13292-46-1

847.004 822.941

C15H25NO5 C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6

6029-84-1 299-84-3 83-79-4

299.364 321.546 394.417

C27H43NO2 C26H30O11 C18H13N3O

79-58-3 21794-01-4 84-26-4

413.636 518.509 287.315

C12O12Ru3 C15H21O6Ru C12H22O10

15243-33-1 14284-93-6 90-74-4

639.33 398.39 326.297

C29H47NO8 C7H5NO3S

124-80-1 81-07-2

537.685 183.185

C7H4NNaO3S

128-44-9

205.168

C10H14O

116-26-7

150.217

9472 Rhenium carbonyl 9473 Rhizopterin



9474 9475 9476 9477 9478

Rhodamine B Rhodium carbonyl chloride Ribavirin Ribitol Riboflavin

9479 9480 9481 9482 9483

Riboflavin-5’-phosphate D-Ribose L-Ribose D-Ribulose Ricinine

6-Deoxy-D-mannose

Dirhenium decacarbonyl

Dirhodium tetracarbonyl dichloride Tribavirin Adonitol

erythro-2-Pentulose 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile

9484 Rifabutin 9485 Rifampin 9486 Rinderine 9487 Ronnel 9488 Rotenone

Echinatine-3’-epimer

9489 Rubijervine 9490 Rubratoxin B 9491 Rutecarpine 9492 Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl 9493 Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 9494 Rutinose

Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate

9495 Sabadine 9496 Saccharin 9497 Saccharin sodium 9498 Safranal

1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1dioxide, sodium salt 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene1-carboxaldehyde

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C 1370.000001

cry (ace) cry (AcOEt) ye nd (al)

63.5 28 121 212 295

cry (w)

151

nd (chl, eth, al) ye or oran nd (MeOH, py) ye-wh cry lt ye pl (w)

257 321

ye pr (peth)

red-oran cry col cry (EtOH) pr (w), nd (al) ye or oran-ye nd (w) ye cry (w) pl (al) syrup pr or lf (w, al) viol-red cry red-oran pl (ace) cry (ace)

den/g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, chl; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, PhOH; vs dil alk vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

sub sub

170 dec >300

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py 2.87

s os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s aq alk, aq NH 3, py s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, xyl s os s H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth, lig i H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl EtOH

165 124 175 104 280 dec

88 81 201.5

Solubility

s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, bz; vs py; i peth i H2O; vs chl; s MeOH; sl EtOH

sub 170

185 dec

100.5 41 nd or lf (al, aq- 176 ace) nd (+1w, dil al) 242 cry (MeCN) 169 dec ye nd (al, 259.5 AcOEt) oran cry dec 150 230 hyg pow (al, 190 dec eth) nd (eth) 258 nd (ace) pr (al), 228 dec lf (w) wh cry 229

1520.4 2150.5

1.4432

1.533535 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs chl vs bz, EtOH, chl sl EtOH, ace, bz

vs H2O, EtOH

sub

vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, bz, eth, chl; s ace, EtOH

0.82825

s H2O 701

0.973419

1.528119

vs EtOH, peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Name

HO

OH O

OH O OH

O

O

H

HO

N Retinol

Retinyl palmitate

O

OH

O

OH

O

O H

OH

O

N

Retronecine, (+)

O OHHO

Rhamnetin

O

OH

HO

OH

Retrorsine

CHO H H OH OH CH3

HO HO H H

DL-α-Rhamnose

D-Rhamnose

O

O N H

H O

O

O

O

O OH

O O

O

OH O

Rheadine

OH

OC CO OC CO OC Re Re CO OC CO OC CO

Rhein

HO N

N O

Rhenium carbonyl

N

N

HN

N

N



TeamLRN

CH2OH OH H OH H OH H CH2OH

NH2

Rhizopterin

Rhodamine B

Ribitol

Riboflavin

Riboflavin-5’-phosphate

CHO HO H HO H HO H CH2OH

D-Ribose

CH2OH O H OH H OH CH2OH

L-Ribose

HO

OH Ribavirin

HO

O

O

OH O OH OH

NH

N

O

NH

NH

N

N

O

D-Ribulose

CO

Rhodium carbonyl chloride

O

O

N

Cl

OH O OH O

O

CHO H OH H OH H OH CH2OH

O N

CO

HO

O

N CH2 H OH H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH

NH2 N

Rh

Rh OC

Cl

O N

N CH2 H OH H OH H OH CH2OH

N

O



O

O

Cl

OC

NH

N

HN

N

HO

O

O O

N

O

O

O

N

Ricinine

OH

O

N N

O

Rifabutin

Rifampin

O O

O O

HO

O

OH Cl

H O OH

Cl

Rinderine

O

O

H

H O H

OH

H

H

N

H

H

H

H

HO

Ronnel

Rotenone

Rubijervine

O

H H

O

N H

O O HO

OH O

N N

Rutecarpine

O

OC CO OC CO Ru OC CO Ru CO OC Ru OC CO OC CO Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl

H

OH

O O Rh O

OH

Rubratoxin B

N

O

O

HO

O O O

O O

Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

H O

H

OH OH OH HO Rutinose

OH OH

O HO

H Sabadine

H OH

OH OH OH

O NH S O O Saccharin

O N Na S O O Saccharin sodium

O Safranal



N

S O O P O Cl

O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole N,N’-Bis(salicylidene) ethylenediaminocobalt(II) 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

C10H10O2 C16H14CoN2O2

94-59-7 14167-18-1

162.185 325.227

mcl red cry (DMF)

11.2

234.5

1.100020

1.538120

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, chl s bz, chl, py

C7H6O2 C7H7NO2 C11H15NO2 C12H14As2Cl2N2 O2 C20H15NO5 C15H24O C15H24O C15H20O4 C15H18O3 C3H7NO2 C23H34O5

90-02-8 94-67-7 89-31-6 139-93-5

122.122 137.137 193.243 439.001

liq

197

1.167420

1.574020

pow or cry (al) ye hyg pow

-7 57 221.5 190 dec

sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; i lig sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, peth; s chl, alk vs H2O

2447-54-3 115-71-9 77-42-9 510-35-0 481-06-1 107-97-1 76-28-8

349.337 220.351 220.351 264.318 246.302 89.094 390.513

cry (eth, al)

266 301.5 16710 28515

0.967920 0.975020

1.502320 1.511520

C19H20N2O C19H22N2O2 C10H19Cl2N7O4 C24H20N4O C8H24N4O3P2 C32H44O12

6874-98-2 482-68-8 35554-08-6 85-83-6 152-16-9 507-60-8

292.374 310.390 372.209 380.442 286.250 620.684

9518 Scopolamine 9519 Scopoline

C17H21NO4 C8H13NO2

51-34-3 487-27-4

303.354 155.195

9520 Sebacic acid

C10H18O4

111-20-6

202.248

C5H11NO2Se

1464-42-2

196.11

6596-50-5 630-10-4 563-41-7 130-01-8 480-81-9 2318-18-5 17094-01-8 302-84-1 312-84-5 56-45-1 18786-24-8 94-83-7 136-78-7

92.99 123.02 111.531 335.396 333.380 365.420 237.215 105.093 105.093 105.093 348.395 311.160 309.100

74051-80-2 138-59-0 1982-49-6

327.482 174.151 232.321

Name

9499 Safrole 9500 Salcomine



9501 9502 9503 9504

Salicylaldehyde Salicylaldoxime Salsoline Salvarsan dihydrochloride

9505 9506 9507 9508 9509 9510 9511

Sanguinarine α-Santalol β-Santalol Santonic acid α-Santonin Sarcosine Sarmentogenin

9512 9513 9514 9515 9516 9517

Sarpagan-17-al Sarpagan-10,17-diol Saxitoxin dihydrochloride Scarlet red Schradan Scilliroside

9521 Selenium methionine 9522 9523 9524 9525 9526 9527 9528 9529 9530 9531 9532 9533 9534

Selenoformaldehyde Selenourea Semicarbazide hydrochloride Senecionine Seneciphylline Senkirkin L-Sepiapterin DL-Serine D-Serine L-Serine Serpentine alkaloid Sesin Sesone

N-Methylglycine

Vellosimine Sarpagine

Selenomethionine

CH2Se CH4N2Se CH6ClN3O C18H25NO5 C18H23NO5 C19H27NO6 6-Lactoyl-7,8-dihydropterin C9H11N5O3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, (S) C3H7NO3 C21H20N2O3 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyethyl benzoate C15H12Cl2O3 Sodium 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) C8H7Cl2NaO5S ethyl sulfate C17H29NO3S C7H10O5 C14H20N2O

Carbamimidoselenoic acid

cry orth (w, eth) cry (al) pr (95% al, MeOH-eth) cry (MeOH) nd hyg wh solid dk br pow or nd lo pr (dil MeOH) visc liq hyg nd (lig, eth, chl, peth) lf hex pl (MeOH aq) unstab gas pr or nd (w) pr (dil al) pl pl (AcOEt) pl (ace) ye pow or cry mcl pr or lf (w) nd or hex pr (w) hex pl or pr (w) cry

nd cry solid

171 175 212 dec 280 305.5 320

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s chl, eth, HOAc, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i peth s H2O i H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH; sl ace, chl

1.59025

sub 180

185; dec 260 17 169

1542.0 dec

1.0925

108.5

248

1.0891134

130.9

295100, 23210

1.270520

1.46225

1.422133

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, MeOH, EtOH i H2O; sl ace, bz; vs chl, peth vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, diox; i eth vs hot H2O, EtOH, ace; sl bz s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; i bz

265 dec

dec 200

vs H2O vs H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl s chl; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

176 dec 232 217 dec 197 246 dec 229 dec 228 dec 175 66 245 dec

184 135

1.60322 dec sub 150

1.622

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

1851.5

>900.00003 subl

1.04325

 

9535 Sethoxydim 9536 Shikimic acid 9537 Siduron

Arsphenamine

sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s EtOH, DMF, CH2Cl2

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

No.

As

OH O N N Co O O

O O Safrole

N

HO

Salicylaldoxime

OH Salsoline

CH2OH

O α-Santalol

Sanguinarine

β-Santalol

H2N HO H O

O O

O α-Santonin

Santonic acid

HO

OH

O

OH

N

N HH

OH

O

H N

O

HO

O

N

N HH

H H N

O HN HN

NH 2HCl N

H

Sarcosine

Sarmentogenin

Sarpagan-17-al

Sarpagan-10,17-diol

N H OH OH

Saxitoxin dihydrochloride

O O



TeamLRN

N

OH N

OH N

HO

N

O

OH O O

N

O O N P O P N N N Scarlet red

OH O

OH HO

O

OH

Schradan

Scilliroside

Se

Se H

H2N

H

Selenoformaldehyde

H2N NH2

Selenourea

H O H

O

N H

NH2

HCl

L-Serine

O

O

O O

O

O

Seneciphylline

O N

OH

N

N

Senecionine

N

N H

Senkirkin

O

H O

Serpentine alkaloid

O

NH NH2

HO

L-Sepiapterin

HO H



OH

O H

Selenium methionine

O

N

O

NH2

O

Sebacic acid

OH O

N

Semicarbazide hydrochloride

N

HO

O

O O

O Cl

O

O

Cl Sesin

Cl

OH NH2

Scopoline

HO O

O

OH

Se

O

O

Scopolamine

HO

HO

HO O

O

O

N

O

Cl Sesone

O O S O O Na

O OH

HO NH2

DL-Serine

D-Serine

O

O

O

HN

S

N O Sethoxydim

O

OH

NH2

HO

N H

OH OH Shikimic acid

Siduron

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

H

H HO

OH

O 2

Salvarsan dihydrochloride

O

O

N

NH2

NH

O Salicylaldehyde

O

2HCl

OH

OH

Salcomine

O

No.

Name

9538 Silvex 9539 Simazine 9540 Simfibrate 9541 Sinapinic acid

9544 9545 9546 9547 9548 9549 9550 9551 9552 9553



9554 9555 9556 9557 9558 9559 9560 9561 9562

Sodium arsanilate Sodium ascorbate Sodium benzenesulfinate Sodium benzenesulfonate Sodium benzoate Sodium cacodylate Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium ethanolate Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate Sodium gluconate Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate

9563 Sodium 2-hydroxy-2propanesulfonate 9564 Sodium iodomethanesulfonate 9565 Sodium O-isopropyl xanthate 9566 Sodium methanolate 9567 Sodium methylarsonate 9568 Sodium methyldithiocarbamate 9569 Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4sulfonate 9570 Sodium 2-oxopropanoate 9571 Sodium phenolate 9572 Sodium propanoate 9573 Sodium sulfobromophthalein

Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate Monosodium 2hydroxyethanesulfonate Monosodium 2-hydroxy-2propanesulfonate Methiodal sodium Sodium methoxide Metham sodium Sodium 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo-1naphthalenesulfonate Sodium phenoxide Sulfobromophthalein sodium

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

Mol. Wt.

93-72-1

269.509

181.6

122-34-9

201.657

226

14929-11-4 530-59-6

469.354 224.210

cry wh pow

52

115-53-7 474-40-8

329.391 426.717

nd (bz) nd (al)

162 166

127-85-5 134-03-2 873-55-2 515-42-4 532-32-1 124-65-2 127-20-8 148-18-5 20624-25-3

239.037 198.106 164.158 180.157 144.104 159.980 164.951 171.260 225.306

wh cry cry cry

gran cry hyg pow cry (EtOH) orth cry (ace)

129-96-4

364.260

wh nd or lf (w)

C3H7NNaS2 C18H29NaO3S C12H25NaO4S C2H5NaO C2H2FNaO2 CH3NaO4S CH3NaO3S C6H11NaO7 C2H5NaO4S

128-04-1 2211-98-5 151-21-3 141-52-6 62-74-8 870-72-4 149-44-0 527-07-1 1562-00-1

144.215 348.476 288.379 68.050 100.024 134.088 118.088 218.137 148.114

col cry (w) cry wh pow hyg wh pow wh mcl cry cry (EtOH aq) cry (w)

C3H7NaO4S

540-92-1

162.141

cry

s H2O; sl EtOH

CH2INaO3S C4H7NaOS2 CH3NaO CH4AsNaO3 C2H4NNaS2 C10H5NaO5S

126-31-8 140-93-2 124-41-4 2163-80-6 137-42-8 521-24-4

243.984 158.218 54.024 161.953 129.180 260.199

cry hyg wh-ye pow 150 dec wh hyg tetr cry 300 cry (w) 115 cry (w) 287 dec

sl EtOH, ace, bz

C3H3NaO3 C6H5NaO C3H5NaO2 C20H8Br4Na2O10 S2 C4H4Na2O6 C4H8Na2O8

113-24-6 139-02-6 137-40-6 71-67-0

110.044 116.093 96.061 837.998

868-18-8 6106-24-7

194.051 230.082

Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5C9H7Cl3O3 trichlorophenoxy)1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro- C7H12ClN5 N,N’-diethylC23H26Cl2O6 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- C11H12O5 2-propenoic acid C19H23NO4 4-Methylstigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3- C30H50O ol, (3β,4α,5α,24Z) Sodium (4-aminophenyl)arsonate C6H7AsNNaO3 C6H7NaO6 C6H5NaO2S Monosodium benzenesulfonate C6H5NaO3S C7H5NaO2 Sodium dimethylarsonate C2H6AsNaO2 C3H3Cl2NaO2 Dithiocarb sodium C5H10NNaS2 Diethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt C5H16NNaO3S2 trihydrate Chromotropic acid disodium salt C10H6Na2O8S2

Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium ethoxide

Physical Form

CAS RN

hyg cry

nD

Solubility

1.30220 2250.15 i H2O; s MeOH, ace sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, dil alk vs EtOH, chl s H2O

218 dec 300 >300 >300 60 (hyd) 166 dec 95 95

s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, ace; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth vs H2O

121 (hyd) 144 205 260 dec 200

reac H2O; s EtOH i ace, chl; sl EtOH, MeOH

63 (hyd)

s H2O; i EtOH, bz, eth s H2O s H2O

reac H2O; s MeOH, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i os vs H2O

s H2O; sl abs EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, thf sl H2O s H2O; i EtOH, ace

384

hyg cry

1.54525

 

9574 Sodium tartrate 9575 Sodium tartrate dihydrate

Mol. Form.

s H2O s H2O; i EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9542 Sinomenine 9543 α1-Sitosterol

Synonym

O Cl

O O

OH

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

N H

O

CH2O Na OH O O

Simfibrate

O Na

S

O O Na

Sodium benzenesulfinate

Sodium benzenesulfonate

Sodium benzoate

H α1-Sitosterol

Sinomenine

S

O

O As O Na

OH

HO

O

Sinapinic acid

O Na O

N

O O

Cl

O

H

HO

Cl

O S

Sodium ascorbate

OH

O

O

Simazine

HO

Sodium arsanilate

O

HO

O

O

Cl

Na

O Na

S

S N

Na

S

3H2O N

Cl

Sodium cacodylate

Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate



TeamLRN

O Na O S O SO3 Na

Na O3S

S Na

OH OH Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

HO

O S O Na O

HO

Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite

O S

S

N

Na

Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate

H HO H H O Na

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate

COO Na OH H OH OH CH2OH

Sodium gluconate

O

O S O O

Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate

O S O Na O

HO

Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate

O

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

O S O Na O

HO

I

Sodium 2-hydroxy-2-propanesulfonate

Sodium iodomethanesulfonate

O HO As O Na Sodium methylarsonate

N H

Sodium methyldithiocarbamate

O S O O Na Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate

S HS

Na O CH3

O

Sodium O-isopropyl xanthate

Sodium methanolate

Br Br

O Na

O

S Na S

O Na

Sodium fluoroacetate

SO3Na OH

NaO3S O

Sodium ethanolate

O S O Na O

HO O

F

Na O

O

O Na

Br O Na

O Sodium 2-oxopropanoate

O

Sodium phenolate

Sodium propanoate

Br

O

Sodium sulfobromophthalein

H HO

COO Na OH H COO Na

Sodium tartrate

H HO

COO Na OH H COO Na

2H2O

Sodium tartrate dihydrate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NH2

O

N N

Silvex

O HO As O Na

O

NH

No.

Mol. Wt.

Tomatidine Solasodine

C24H20BNa C2Cl3NaO2 C2F3NaO2 C27H43NO2 C45H73NO15 C13H22O C7H16FO2P C21H20O10 C24H44O6 C6H12O6 C15H26N2 C8H8O5 C24H32O4S C5H8 C27H45NO2 C27H43NO2

143-66-8 650-51-1 2923-18-4 468-45-1 20562-02-1 1937-54-8 96-64-0 152-95-4 1338-43-8 87-79-6 90-39-1 85-23-4 52-01-7 157-40-4 77-59-8 126-17-0

342.217 185.369 136.005 413.636 868.060 194.313 182.173 432.378 428.602 180.155 234.380 184.147 416.574 68.118 415.652 413.636

9592 Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2α,3β,5α,25R) 9593 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5α,25R)

Gitogenin Tigogenin

C27H44O4 C27H44O3

511-96-6 77-60-1

432.636 416.636

9594 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25R) 9595 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25S) 9596 Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2α,3β,5α,15β,25R) 9597 Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,25R) 9598 Spiro[5.5]undecane 9599 S-Propyl thioacetate 9600 Squalene 9601 Stachydrine 9602 Stanozolol 9603 Stearaldehyde 9604 Stearic acid

Smilagenin Sarsasapogenin Digitogenin

C27H44O3 C27H44O3 C27H44O5

126-18-1 126-19-2 511-34-2

416.636 416.636 448.635

Diosgenin

C27H42O3 C11H20 C5H10OS C30H50 C7H13NO2 C21H32N2O C18H36O C18H36O2

512-04-9 180-43-8 2307-10-0 111-02-4 471-87-4 10418-03-8 638-66-4 57-11-4

414.620 152.277 118.197 410.718 143.184 328.491 268.478 284.478

C36H70O3 C18H12O6 C29H48O C29H48O C29H52O C29H50O C29H50O C14H12

638-08-4 10048-13-2 521-04-0 83-48-7 83-45-4 83-46-5 83-47-6 645-49-8

550.939 324.284 412.690 412.690 416.722 414.706 414.706 180.245

C14H12 C21H39N7O12

103-30-0 57-92-1

180.245 581.575

C42H84N14O36S3

3810-74-0

1457.383



9605 9606 9607 9608 9609 9610 9611 9612

Stearic acid anhydride Sterigmatocystin Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β) Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E) Stigmastan-3-ol, (3β,5α) Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R) Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24S) cis-Stilbene

9613 trans-Stilbene 9614 Streptomycin 9615 Streptomycin sulfate

Isorubijervine

L-Sorbinose

Octadecanoic acid Octadecanoic anhydride 7-Dehydrositosterol Stigmasterol β-Sitosterol γ-Sitosterol cis-1,2-Diphenylethene trans-1,2-Diphenylethene N-Methyl-Lglucosamidinostreptosidostreptidine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

nd ye-wh pow cry pr(al) nd (EtOH aq)

300 300 207 dec 242.5 286 dec

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl; i peth s H2O, EtOH vs bz, chl i H2O, eth, chl; s hot EtOH

601

0.87020

1.475520

0.986 1.61217 1.019620

1.480020

0.726620

1.412020

liq 274 ye oil orth (al)

i H2O; s EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk

red-bl

165 30.5 202.5

liq pl hex pl (sub)

-107.0 210.5 202

lf (bz), nd (eth) lf (al +1w) pr (ace) nd (ace) lo pr, nd (ace) nd (al)

271.5 205.5

s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz, diox, py; sl eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, MeOH, peth

185 200.5 281.5

vs ace, bz, EtOH s EtOH, ace, bz, chl vs chl

cry (ace)

205.5

oil cry (w+1) cry (EtOH) nd (peth) mcl lf (al)

-4.8 235 ≈236 69.3

325; 1738 sub 120 134 39

1.531220

vs EtOH 208 0.878320 137.9 0.953525 421.3; 28017 0.858420

261 dec 350; 23215

1.4731 1.499020

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH

0.940820

1.429980

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, CS 2

0.836582

1.436280

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz

72 246 dec 144.5 170 144 137 148 -5

14112

1.014320

1.613020

cry (al) hyg pow

124.2

307; 16612

0.970720

1.626417

pow

≈230 dec

ye nd

pl (al) cry (EtOH)

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, HOAc s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

Sodium tetraphenylborate Sodium trichloroacetate Sodium trifluoroacetate Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3 β) Solanine Solanone Soman Sophoricoside Sorbitan oleate L-Sorbose Sparteine Spinulosin Spironolactone Spiro[2.2]pentane Spirosolan-3-ol, (3β,5α,22β,25S) Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3β,22α,25R)

Synonym

 

Mol. Form.

9576 9577 9578 9579 9580 9581 9582 9583 9584 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 9590 9591

Name

Na

H

B

O Cl Cl

Sodium tetraphenylborate

H H

O Na

HO

Cl



F F

H

N

O

O

HO

OH

O OH

HO

O

OH OH OH

HO

Sodium trifluoroacetate

O

OH

O CH3

OH

O Na F

O O

HO

HO

Soman

HO

O

Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3β)

Solanine

OH

OH

Sophoricoside

Sorbitan oleate

O O

CH2OH O HO H H OH HO H CH2OH

H

O

N HO

N

L-Sorbose

H

O

O

H HO

O

O

Sparteine

Spinulosin

Spironolactone

O

Spiro[2.2]pentane

O



TeamLRN

O

H

S

H

H

HO

Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3β,22α,25R)

O

HO

H

Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2α,3β,5α,25R)

O

O

H

O

H

HO

HO

Spirosolan-3-ol, (3β,5α,22β,25S)

O

H

O

O H

H

H

O

O

H N

H O

H

OH

H

H N

H

O

H

O

OH HO

HO

H

Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5α,25R)

HO

H

Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25R)

HO

H

Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25S)

H

S

HO

Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2α,3β,5α,15β,25R)

Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,25R)

Spiro[5.5]undecane

S-Propyl thioacetate

OH

O

H

O

N

OH O

HN

O

OH

O

N

O

Squalene

O

O

H

Stachydrine

Stanozolol

Stearaldehyde

Stearic acid

Stearic acid anhydride NH

NH

O H2N

NH

NH

H2N

NH NH2

NH NH2 O

O H

OH

H O

HO

Sterigmatocystin

HO

HO

Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E)

Stigmastan-3-ol, (3β,5α)

O

H

O

CH2OH MeHN

cis-Stilbene

trans-Stilbene

H3C

O

Streptomycin

3H2SO4

CHO OH O O

HO

CH2OH MeHN

OH

OH

Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24S)

O

CHO OH O O

HO

HO Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R)

HO

HO

HO







HO

OH

HO

H

H3C

H

NH

NH

2

Streptomycin sulfate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O O

O O OH

O P O F

Solanone

HO

HO

Sodium trichloroacetate H HO H

O

N

No.

Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H15N3O7 C23H32O6

18883-66-4 66-28-4

265.221 404.496

C21H23N3O5 C42H46N4O8S C21H22N2O2 C8H8

66-32-0 60-41-3 57-24-9 100-42-5

397.425 766.901 334.412 104.150

C4H6O4S2

304-55-2

182.219

wh cry (MeOH) 193

9623 Succinamide 9624 Succinic acid

C4H8N2O2 C4H6O4

110-14-5 110-15-6

116.119 118.089

orth nd (w) tcl or mcl pr

9625 Succinic anhydride

C4H4O3

108-30-5

100.073

9626 Succinimide

C4H5NO2

123-56-8

99.089

nd (al), orth pym (chl) pl (+1w, al) orth (ace)

C4H4N2 C14H30Cl2N2O4 C13H13N3O5S2 C12H54Al16O75S8 C12H22O11 C28H52O12 C28H38O19 C22H30N2O2S C13H12N2O3S

110-61-2 71-27-2 116-43-8 54182-58-0 57-50-1 26446-38-8 126-14-7 56030-54-7 127-71-9

80.088 361.305 355.389 2086.737 342.296 580.706 678.591 386.550 276.310

9636 Sulfachlorpyridazine 9637 Sulfacytine

C10H9ClN4O2S C12H14N4O3S

80-32-0 17784-12-2

284.722 294.329

9638 Sulfadimethoxine 9639 Sulfaguanidine 9640 Sulfallate

C12H14N4O4S C7H10N4O2S C8H14ClNS2

122-11-2 57-67-0 95-06-7

310.329 214.245 223.787

nd (w)

9641 Sulfamerazine

C11H12N4O2S

127-79-7

264.304

cry

236

9642 Sulfamethazine

C12H14N4O2S

57-68-1

278.330

198.5

9643 9644 9645 9646 9647

C9H10N4O2S2 C10H11N3O3S C11H12N4O3S C10H11N3O2S2 C12H13N3O4S2

144-82-1 723-46-6 80-35-3 515-59-3 547-52-4

270.331 253.277 280.303 269.343 327.379

pa ye (w+1/2) cry (diox-w) cry (w) ye-wh pow

C7H9N3O3S C15H14N4O2S C18H14N4O5S

547-44-4 526-08-9 599-79-1

215.229 314.363 398.393

9616 Streptozotocin 9617 Strophanthidin

9618 9619 9620 9621

Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1) Strychnine Styrene

9622 Succimer



9627 9628 9629 9630 9631 9632 9633 9634 9635

Succinonitrile Succinylcholine chloride Succinylsulphathiazole Sucralfate Sucrose Sucrose monohexadecanoate Sucrose octaacetate Sufentanil Sulfabenzamide

Sulfamethiazole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethylthiazole N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide

9648 Sulfanilylurea 9649 Sulfaphenazole 9650 Sulfasalazine

Strychnine nitrate Strychnine sulfate Vinylbenzene 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R*,S*)

Butanedinitrile Suxamethonium chloride

Sucrose palmitate

N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]benzamide

Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2chloro-2-propenyl ester

4-Amino-N-[4-(aminosulfonyl) phenyl]benzenesulfonamide

pl orth tab (MeOH-w) lf (w+2) nd (w) orth pr (al) liq

cry (w) cry wh amorp pow mcl cry nd (al) cry (peth) hex pr (60% al)

cry (MeOH/ BuOH)

bp/˚C

nD

295 200 dec 287 -30.65

Solubility s H2O, EtOH i H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc, chl

1.62725

vs H2O, MeOH; sl bz; s chl, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl ctc

2705 145

1.3620 0.901625

1.544025

268 dec 187.9

sub 125 dec 235

1.57225

1.450

119

261

1.220

s H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth

126.5

dec 287

1.41825

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace

57.98 190 193.5

266

0.986760

1.417360

1.580517

1.5376

1.2716

1.4660

185.5 61 86.5 96.6 181.5

2501

187 167

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH, ace; s alk i H2O, EtOH, chl; s dil HCl, alk s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

i H2O; s alk

203.5 191.5 1291

cry (w) cry (EtOH)

den/g cm-3

115 dec 173 dec

210 171 182.5 237 137 147 dec 181 220 dec

1.088 sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO; i eth, chl s H2O, acid, alk; sl DMSO sl hot H2O i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i chl, peth

sl EtOH, MeOH, gl HOAc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

 

O O HO

N

N

N

O OH

O

OH

H

HO N

HN

N

O

N

OH HO

OH Strophanthidin

H

H

O

HNO3

H

N O

O

Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate

H

H

H2SO4

H

H

N

O

H

O

H

2

Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1)

H

HS HS

O

Strychnine

Styrene

COOH O H H2N H COOH

Succimer

NH2 O

Succinamide

RO RO N O

O N

OH

HO

O

O Succinic acid

O

O

Succinic anhydride

N

O

O

N H

S O

O

Cl

Succinonitrile

RO

Succinylcholine chloride

O

OH

N H

O

N

Succinimide

N

OR OR

OR

OR

R = SO3[Al2(OH)5]

O

Succinylsulphathiazole

Sucralfate

AcO



TeamLRN

HO

O

O

OAc

OH AcO

HO HO

O

Cl

O RO

O

O O S N H

AcO

HO O O HO

AcO

OH

OH Sucrose

O

O AcO

N OAc

OAc

N

S

H2N

Cl Sulfaguanidine

H2N

H2N

Sulfallate

S O O S N N H

Sulfabenzamide

O O N S N N H

S

O O O S NH2 N H Sulfanilylurea

N

O N

N

H 2N Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfaphenazole

O O S N H

O

H2N

H2N

O

Sulfadimethoxine

O O S N H

Sulfamethiazole

O O S N H

N

H2N

O O N N S N S H

H2N N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide

O O N S N H

N

Sulfacytine

H2N Sulfamethazine

O NH2 S O

O O N S N H

Sulfachlorpyridazine

H2N

H 2N Sulfamethylthiazole

Cl

H2N

O O N S N N H

Sulfamerazine

O O S N H

N

H2N

H2N

S Sufentanil



O O NH S NH2 N H

O O N S N H

O O O S N H

O

Sucrose octaacetate

O

O

N

O

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

OH N

N

N N

H N

OH

N O

S O O Sulfasalazine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O Streptozotocin

H

H

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9651 Sulfathiazole

4-Amino-N-2thiazolylbenzenesulfonamide

C9H9N3O2S2

72-14-0

255.316

9652 9653 9654 9655 9656 9657 9658 9659 9660 9661 9662 9663 9664 9665

C7H9N3O2S2 C23H20N2O3S C6H5NOS C11H13N3O3S C2H4O5S C7H6O5S Tetrahydrothiophene, 1-1-dioxide C4H8O2S C15H16N4O5S 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane C7H16O4S2 C4H6O6S 4-Sulfo-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O7S C8H20O5P2S2 CClNO3S C27H31N2NaO6 S2 C12H19O2PS3 C.I. Food Yellow 3 C16H10N2Na2O7 S2 C28H44O Carbamothioic acid, bis(2C11H23NOS methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester 1,3,5-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazineC3Cl3N3O3 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione C17H24O9 Dimethylphosphoroamidocyanidic C5H11N2O2P acid, ethyl ester 9,10-Secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22C28H44O tetraen-3-ol, (3β,6E,22E)C6H12O6 C11H16N2O3 C26H29NO Tannin C76H52O46

515-49-1 57-96-5 1122-83-4 127-69-5 123-43-3 632-25-7 126-33-0 74222-97-2 115-24-2 123-45-5 89-08-7 3689-24-5 1189-71-5 129-17-9

231.295 404.481 139.175 267.304 140.115 202.185 120.171 364.377 228.330 182.152 246.195 322.320 141.534 566.664

liq viol pow

-44

35400-43-2 2783-94-0

322.447 452.369

cry

>300

562-71-0 2008-41-5

396.648 217.372

pr

110

87-90-1

232.409

118-34-3 77-81-6

372.368 162.127

115-61-7

396.648

87-81-0 115-44-6 10540-29-1 1401-55-4

180.155 224.256 371.514 1701.198

C4H6O6

133-37-9

150.087

C4H6O6 C4H6O6

147-73-9 147-71-7

150.087 150.087

C4H6O6

87-69-4

150.087

C26H45NO7S C35H47NO10 C47H51NO14 C16H23ClN3O C9H16N4OS C32H32O13S

81-24-3 1361-49-5 33069-62-4 107534-96-3 34014-18-1 29767-20-2

515.703 641.749 853.907 308.826 228.314 656.653

Sulfathiourea Sulfinpyrazone N-Sulfinylaniline Sulfisoxazole Sulfoacetic acid 2-Sulfobenzoic acid Sulfolane Sulfometuron methyl Sulfonmethane Sulfonyldiacetic acid 4-Sulfophthalic acid Sulfotep Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate Sulphan Blue

9666 Sulprofos 9667 Sunset Yellow FCF



9668 Suprasterol II 9669 Sutan 9670 Symclosene 9671 Syringin 9672 Tabun 9673 Tachysterol 9674 9675 9676 9677

D-Tagatose Talbutal Tamoxifen Tannic acid

9678 DL-Tartaric acid

2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, (R*, R*)-(±)-

9679 meso-Tartaric acid 9680 D-Tartaric acid

 

9681 L-Tartaric acid 9682 9683 9684 9685 9686 9687

Taurocholic acid Taxine A Taxol Tebuconazole Tebuthiuron Teniposide

2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [S(R*,R*)]2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [R(R*,R*)]Cholaic acid Paclitaxel

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

br pl, rods or 175(form a); pow (45% al) 202(form b) 182 137

sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH 200

191 hyg tab (w+1) 85 nd (w+3) 141 27.6 wh solid 202 mcl (w), pr (al) 125.8 187 cry 139

Solubility

1.23625

1.627020

dec 245 287.3

1.272318

1.483318

dec 300

1372 107

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s chl vs bz, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, sulf

1.19625 1.62625

1.475325 1.446720

i H2O; s EtOH s EtOH

1560.1

1.2020

1900.005 13821

0.940225

240

1.077

1.5859

sl H2O s H2O; sl EtOH s MeOH

246.7 dec cry (w), nd (al) liq

192 -50

1.425020

vs EtOH msc H2O i H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

cry (dil al) cry cry (peth) ye-br amorp pow mcl pr (w, al +1w) tcl pl (w) mcl, orth pr (w+1)

134.5 109 97 ≈210 dec

vs H2O i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, eth, chl vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth, ctc

206

1.78825

147 172.5

1.66620 1.759820

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

1.495520

vs H2O, EtOH sl DMSO

169 pr (al-eth) cry (ace) nd (MeOH aq)

cry (EtOH)

125 dec 205 214 dec 102.4 163 dec 244

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

O S

O

O O S S NH2 N H

O O N S N S H

O

N

O S N

N

H2N

H2N

HO

O O S N H

O

N

H 2N

Sulfathiazole

Sulfathiourea

Sulfinpyrazone

N-Sulfinylaniline

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfoacetic acid

O

Sulfometuron methyl

S O

S O

O HO

Sulfonmethane

O O O O S

O SO3

O

O S O OH

OH

Sulfonyldiacetic acid

Sulfolane

SO3 Na

OH

O N O O O S N N N H H

S O O

4-Sulfophthalic acid

O O S Cl N

S S O O P P O O

Sulfotep

S O P O S

C

N S

O

Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate

Sulphan Blue

Sulprofos

SO3 Na HO N

O N

H

H



TeamLRN

S

HO

SO3 Na

Cl N

N

O

N Cl

H

Sunset Yellow FCF

Suprasterol II

Sutan

N

Cl

O

O O

OH O

O

HO OH

Symclosene

CH2OH O HO H HO H H OH CH2OH

OH

HO

O

O

O P

N

N

Syringin

OH Tachysterol

Tabun

D-Tagatose

CH2OR O OR OR RO N

OH

HO NH

O

N H

OH

HO O

O

O

R=

OH O O

HO

O

HO

OH

Talbutal

Tamoxifen

O OH S O

O

OR

O

OH O

Tannic acid

COOH H H COOH

HO HO

OH

DL-Tartaric acid

HO H

meso-Tartaric acid

COOH H OH COOH

H HO

D-Tartaric acid

COOH OH H COOH

HO

H

L-Tartaric acid

N H

OH

Taurocholic acid O O S O

O HO

H

O OH

H O

O O O

OH O

OH

O

O

OH

O

H O O

Taxine A

HO

N

OH OH O

H O O

H

O

O O

O

O

OH N N

O

N H

N

Tebuconazole

O

N N S

Cl

Taxol

O

N

Tebuthiuron

N H

O

O OH

Teniposide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O

O OH S O

2-Sulfobenzoic acid

N HO

O

O O O S HO OH

No.

Name

Synonym

9688 Tephrosin 9689 Terbacil

5-Chloro-3-tert-butyl-6-methyl2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

9690 Terbufos 9691 Terbuthylazine

9694 9695 9696 9697

Terephthalic acid Terfenadine o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl

9698 p-Terphenyl 9699 α-Terpinene



9700 9701 9702 9703 9704 9705

9706 2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene

Mol. Wt.

C23H22O7 C9H13ClN2O2

76-80-2 5902-51-2

410.417 216.664

13071-79-9 5915-41-3

288.431 229.710

886-50-0 79-91-4

241.357 158.152

100-21-0 50679-08-8 84-15-1 92-06-8

166.132 471.674 230.304 230.304

C18H14 C10H16

92-94-4 99-86-5

230.304 136.234

C10H16 C10H18O C12H20O2 C10H16 C15H11N3 C5H5Cl3N2OS

99-85-4 2438-12-2 80-26-2 586-62-9 1148-79-4 2593-15-9

136.234 154.249 196.286 136.234 233.268 247.530

C12H8S3

1081-34-1

248.387

C9H21O2PS3 6-Chloro-N-tert-butyl-N’-ethyl-1,3,5- C9H16ClN5 triazine-2,4-diamine C10H19N5S Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3C7H10O4 furancarboxylic acid 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O4 Seldane C32H41NO2 C18H14 C18H14

4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene

γ-Terpinene α-Terpineol α-Terpineol acetate Terpinolene 2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine Terrazole

CAS RN

p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene 1,2,4-Thiadiazole, 5-ethoxy-3(trichloromethyl)α-Terthienyl

Physical Form pr (chl-MeOH)

cry

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs ace, eth, chl

sub 175

1.3425

-29.2 178

690.01

1.10524 1.18820

104 175

1570.06

1.11520 0.815

sl H2O; s EtOH

sub 300

147 mcl pr (MeOH) 56.20 ye nd (al) 87

332 363

1.19920

376 174

0.837519

1.47719

i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; sl hx i H2O; s ace, bz, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

0.84920 0.933720 0.965921 0.863215

1.476514 1.483120 1.468921 1.488320

sl H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

213.9

cry (peth)

40.5

88.0 19.9

9707 Testolactone 9708 3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14diamine 9709 Tetrabenazine 9710 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 9711 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

Pentaethylenehexamine

C19H24O3 C10H28N6

968-93-4 4067-16-7

300.392 232.369

Acetylene tetrabromide

C19H27NO3 C6H2Br4 C2H2Br4

58-46-8 636-28-2 79-27-6

317.422 393.696 345.653

mcl pr (CS2) ye visc liq

9712 Tetrabromoethene

Tetrabromoethylene

C2Br4

79-28-7

343.637

9713 2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium salt 9714 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3isobenzofurandione 9715 Tetrabromomethane 9716 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol

Eosine YS

C20H6Br4Na2O5

17372-87-1

C8Br4O3

9717 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein 9718 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester 9719 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt 9720 Tetrabutylammonium bromide TMAB 9721 Tetrabutylammonium chloride

bp/˚C

nd (sub)

ye-oran pl (MeOH) cry (ace) liq

Carbon tetrabromide 3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo-o-cresol

mp/˚C 198 176

183 220 14040, 10511 186 370 951

1.50325

93

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, eth, ace, peth

218 0.950 128 182 0

3.120 3.07220 243.5; 15154 2.965520

56.5

226

1.509620

1.635320

s chl i H2O; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl

691.855

pl (dil al), nd (al) ye-red cry

295.5

vs EtOH

632-79-1

463.700

nd (xyl, HOAc)

280

i H2O, EtOH; sl bz; s PhNO 2

CBr4 C7H4Br4O

558-13-4 576-55-6

331.627 423.722

92.3 208

C20H10Br4O4 C22H14Br4O4

76-62-0 1176-74-5

633.907 661.960

mcl tab (dil al) ye nd (chl, HOAc) nd (al, eth) ye cry (bz)

C22H13Br4KO4

62637-91-6

700.050

C16H36BrN C16H36ClN

1643-19-2 1112-67-0

322.368 277.917

296 210

189.5 dec

2.9608100

1.5942100

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s alk, HOAc

210

cry

99 74

s chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9692 Terbutryn 9693 Terebic acid

Mol. Form.

 

O O

O OH

O

Cl

Cl O

O

S O P O S

N

O H

N H Terbacil

S

N H

Terbufos

N N

N N H

S

Terbuthylazine

HO

O

O

N N

O

OH N H

O

O

Terbutryn

Terebic acid

Terephthalic acid

OH

N O OH Terfenadine

o-Terphenyl

m-Terphenyl



TeamLRN

Cl N N

N

O

OH

O

N

2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine

S

α-Terpinene

p-Terphenyl

γ-Terpinene

α-Terpineol

S

Terrazole

S

S

H N

H2N

O

2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene

Terpinolene

O

O Cl Cl

N

α-Terpineol acetate

Testolactone

N H

H N

NH2

N H

3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine

O O

Br

O

Br

N

Br

Tetrabenazine

1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

Br

Br

HO

O

HO

Br

Br

Br

O OH

Br

Br

O Na

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br O

K O

Br

Br

Br Br

2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium salt

Br

O

O O

O

O

Br

Tetrabromoethene

O

Br

Br Na

Br

Br

Br

Br

O

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

Br

O

4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3-isobenzofurandione

Br Br

Tetrabromomethane

Br O Br

O

N

N Br

Cl

O

Br 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt

Tetrabutylammonium bromide

Tetrabutylammonium chloride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Tephrosin

O

N

NH

HO

No.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H36FN C16H37NO C16H36IN C32H72N2O4S C16H36BrP C16H36O4Si C16H36Sn C18H36N2S4

429-41-4 2052-49-5 311-28-4 32503-27-8 3115-68-2 4766-57-8 1461-25-2 1634-02-2

261.462 259.471 369.368 580.990 339.335 320.541 347.167 408.752

C16H36O4Ti C15H25ClN2O2 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4

5593-70-4 136-47-0 634-66-2 634-90-2 95-94-3

340.322 300.825 215.892 215.892 215.892

9735 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 9736 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol

C6H2Cl4O2 C6H2Cl4O2

1198-55-6 87-87-6

247.891 247.891

9737 9738 9739 9740 9741

C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C15H12Cl4O2 C6Cl4O2

41464-40-8 33284-53-6 32598-13-3 79-95-8 118-75-2

291.988 291.988 291.988 366.067 245.875

C6Cl4O2

2435-53-2

245.875

C12H4Cl4O2 C12H4Cl4O C2Cl4F2

1746-01-6 51207-31-9 76-11-9

321.971 305.971 203.830

C2Cl4F2

76-12-0

203.830

C7H6Cl4O2

2207-27-4

263.934

C8H6Cl4

877-08-7

243.946

228

C8H6Cl4

877-09-8

243.946

223

C2H6Cl4Si2

4518-98-3

228.052

C2H2Cl4

630-20-6

167.849

liq

-70.2

130.2

1.540620

1.482120



9742 9743 9744 9745 9746 9747 9748 9749 9750 9751

2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy1,3-cyclopentadiene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2dimethyldisilane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Silicic acid, tetrabutyl ester Bis(dibutylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide

Titanium(IV) butoxide

Chloranil

Dioxin

cry (w) stab in soln lf (w, bz) cry (ace/eth) liq

nD

Solubility

37 s H2O, MeOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH sl chl

148 170 102 -97 39.5

256; 1203 0.899020 14510, 950.28 1.0620 1.0320

1.412820 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

292.4 nd (al) nd (al) nd, mcl pr (eth, al or bz) cry (dil al, bz) nd (HOAc) cry (MeOH) cry cry (EtOH) cry (HOAc) ye mcl, pr (bz) ye lf (HOAc)

147 47.5 54.5 139.5

254 246 244.5

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, CS 2 i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2

1.85822

194

sl H2O i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; sl HOAc i H2O i H2O

sub 66.5 92.2 180 136 290

sub

i H2O, liq; sl EtOH, chl; s eth

130.5 nd cry

295 227 41.0

92.8

1.64925

24.8

92.8

1.595150

1.413025

109

1.50125

1.528220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 1.70325

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

154

Acetylene tetrachloride

C2H2Cl4

79-34-5

167.849

liq

-42.4

145.2

1.595320

1.494020

9753 Tetrachloroethene 9754 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 9755 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane

Perchloroethylene

C2Cl4 C2HCl4F C2HCl4F

127-18-4 354-11-0 354-14-3

165.833 185.839 185.839

liq liq liq

-22.3 -95.3 -82.6

121.3 117.1 116.7

1.623020

1.505920

1.549717

1.439020

 

9752 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9730 9731 9732 9733 9734

Tetrabutylammonium fluoride Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Tetrabutylammonium iodide Tetrabutylammonium sulfate Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide Tetrabutyl silicate Tetrabutylstannane N,N,N’,N’Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide Tetrabutyl titanate Tetracaine hydrochloride 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

Synonym

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

9722 9723 9724 9725 9726 9727 9728 9729

Name

N

N

SO4

N

F

Sn

Tetrabutyl silicate

Tetrabutylstannane

P Br

I

HO

O O Si O O

2

N

Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide

S

S

Tetrabutylammonium sulfate

O O Ti O O

S N

Tetrabutylammonium iodide

N

Cl

O



TeamLRN

Tetrabutyl titanate

OH Cl

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol

Cl

2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

Cl 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol

O

Cl Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

OH

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Tetracaine hydrochloride

Cl Cl

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

HCl

N H

Cl Cl

Cl

N

O

S

N,N,N’,N’-Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide

Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

Cl

HO

Cl

Cl

3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

O

2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

O Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

F Cl

Cl Cl

3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-dimethylbenzene

Cl

Cl F

F

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane

O

O

Cl

F Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclopentadiene

Cl

Cl Cl

O

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6-dimethylbenzene

Cl Cl Si Si Cl Cl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilane

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Cl

Cl

Tetrachloroethene

Cl Cl

Cl Cl 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane

Cl

F Cl Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2

Tetrabutylammonium fluoride

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

9756 Tetrachloromethane

Carbon tetrachloride

CCl4

56-23-5

153.823

liq

-22.62

76.8

1.594020

1.460120

i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth, bz, chl

9757 9758 9759 9760 9761 9762 9763

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol

Drosophilin A

C7H4Cl4O2 C7H4Cl4O C10H4Cl4 C6HCl4NO2 C6HCl4NO2 C6H2Cl4O C6H2Cl4O

484-67-3 10460-33-0 20020-02-4 879-39-0 117-18-0 4901-51-3 58-90-2

261.918 245.918 265.951 260.890 260.890 231.891 231.891

9764 9765 9766 9767 9768 9769 9770 9771 9772 9773

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine Tetrachloropyrimidine 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide

C6H2Cl4O C8Cl4O3 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H2Cl4 C5HCl4N C4Cl4N2 C13H7Cl4NO2

935-95-5 117-08-8 812-03-3 1070-78-6 18495-30-2 13116-53-5 10436-39-2 2402-79-1 1780-40-1 1154-59-2

231.891 285.896 181.876 181.876 181.876 181.876 179.860 216.881 217.868 351.013

lf (lig)

C8Cl6O2

719-32-4

340.803

cry (ctc)

146.5

6012-97-1 961-11-5 4181-95-7 107-53-9 646-31-1 557-59-5 506-51-4 506-37-6 670-54-2 60-54-8 64-75-5 5743-97-5 107-52-8 124-25-4 638-58-4 629-59-4 821-38-5 19812-64-7 629-63-0

221.920 365.961 563.079 829.764 338.654 368.637 354.653 366.621 128.091 444.434 480.895 192.341 458.993 212.371 227.386 198.388 258.354 230.387 209.371

nd (dil al)

30.5 97 81.5

Myristonitrile

C4Cl4S C10H9Cl4O4P C40H82 C24H72O10Si11 C24H50 C24H48O2 C24H50O C24H46O2 C6N4 C22H24N2O8 C22H25ClN2O8 C14H24 C14H42O5Si6 C14H28O C14H29NO C14H30 C14H26O4 C14H30O2 C14H27N

Myristic acid

C14H30S C14H28O2

2079-95-0 544-63-8

230.453 228.371

C28H54O3

626-29-9

438.727

No.

Name

9796 Tetradecanoic anhydride

Lignoceric acid Nervonic acid Tetracyanoethylene

liq

liq cry (aq al)

cry (eth)

115 254.5 -64

90.5 69.0 161

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, KOH

304 sub 15015

1.74425

sub 152.5 157 179.5 165 167.2; 5917 250.5

1.49275 1.47320 1.450920 1.51317 1.50018 1.5520

233.4

1.703630

1.591530

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth

522; 40050 322.8; 20247 391.3 27210 2100.4

0.817125 0.924725 0.799120 0.8207100

1.457225 1.399420 1.428370 1.4287100

vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth vs bz, eth

223

1.34825

1.56025

sl eth, bz, ctc, chl; s ace

270; 872 245.5

0.94420 0.891020

1.501120 1.394820

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

1.486720 1.482520 1.503717 1.494018

50.4 87.5 77 43 199 172 dec 214 -3 -59 30 104 5.82 125.5 85.8 19

0.759620

1.429020

2009 226100, 1191 0.828119

1.439223

lf (eth)

7 54.2

310; 17822 250100

0.864120 0.862254

1.459720 1.472370

lf (peth)

53.4

0.850270

1.433570

cry (+3w) liq liq lf lf (ace)

nd (bz)

21712 253.58

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs NaOH sl H2O; vs bz; s lig sl eth i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH, peth

 

9794 1-Tetradecanethiol 9795 Tetradecanoic acid

Tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane

nd (peth, sub) nd (lig)

116 189.5 199 66 99.5 116.5 70

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth; vs bz vs eth, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



9774 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride 9775 Tetrachlorothiophene 9776 Tetrachlorovinphos 9777 Tetracontane 9778 Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane 9779 Tetracosane 9780 Tetracosanoic acid 9781 1-Tetracosanol 9782 cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid 9783 Tetracyanoethene 9784 Tetracycline 9785 Tetracycline hydrochloride 9786 Tetradecahydrophenanthrene 9787 Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 9788 Tetradecanal 9789 Tetradecanamide 9790 Tetradecane 9791 Tetradecanedioic acid 9792 1,14-Tetradecanediol 9793 Tetradecanenitrile

3,5-Dichloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -2-hydroxybenzamide

nd (peth)

OH Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl Tetrachloromethane

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol

2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol

Cl Cl

O

Cl



OH HN

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl



TeamLRN

O O

Cl

1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane

Cl

Cl

1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine

N

Cl

Tetrachloropyrimidine

Cl

Cl

3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane

O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

O

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene

O

N O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

N O

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride

S

Cl

Tetrachlorothiophene

Cl Cl O O P O O

Si

H3C(CH2)38CH3

Tetrachlorovinphos

O

Si

O

Si

O

Tetracontane

Si

Si

O

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane

N

N

N

N

O OH

OH

OH O

Tetracosane

HO

H

H

Tetracosanoic acid

N

HO OH

H

H

O OH

OH O HO

Tetracycline

Tetracyanoethene

OH NH2

O

cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid

N

NH2 OH O HO

1-Tetracosanol

O OH

O

HCl

O

Si

Tetracycline hydrochloride

Tetradecahydrophenanthrene

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

NH2

O

Si

Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane

Tetradecanal

Tetradecanamide

O OH OH

Tetradecane

Tetradecanedioic acid

SH

OH 1,14-Tetradecanediol

O

OH

OH

O

O

O

N

O Tetradecanenitrile

1-Tetradecanethiol

Tetradecanoic acid

Tetradecanoic anhydride

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl OH

O

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

9797 1-Tetradecanol 9798 2-Tetradecanone

Tetradecyl alcohol Dodecyl methyl ketone

C14H30O C14H28O

112-72-1 2345-27-9

214.387 212.371

lf cry (dil al)

38.2 33.5

0.823638

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace

9799 Tetradecanoyl chloride 9800 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate 9801 1-Tetradecene 9802 Tetradecyl acetate 9803 Tetradecylamine 9804 Tetradecylbenzene 9805 Tetradecylcyclohexane 9806 Tetradifon

Myristoyl chloride Cocarcinogen A1

C14H27ClO C36H56O8

112-64-1 16561-29-8

246.816 616.825

287 205100, 13413 17116

0.907825

s eth

oil

C14H28 C16H32O2 C14H31N C20H34 C20H40 C12H6Cl4O2S

1120-36-1 638-59-5 2016-42-4 1459-10-5 1795-18-2 116-29-0

196.372 256.424 213.403 274.484 280.532 356.052

233 17310 291.2 359 360

0.774525

1.435120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc

0.807920 0.854920 0.825420 1.15120

1.446320 1.481820 1.457920

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace

C8H20GeO4 C9H20O4 C8H20BrN C8H20ClN C8H20IN C14H22 C16H24N2O2

14165-55-0 78-09-1 71-91-0 56-34-8 68-05-3 38842-05-6 83-81-8

252.88 192.253 210.156 165.705 257.156 190.325 276.374

0.918620 1.397020

1.390525

hyg (al) hyg cry cry (w)

msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace, chl s H2O

C24H52O4Si

78-13-7

432.754

liq

0.892020

1.430720

i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz

C8H18O5 C14H22O7 C16H26O7 C10H22O5 C26H52O6 C8H23N5 C10H24N2

112-60-7 17831-71-9 109-17-1 143-24-8 106-07-0 112-57-2 150-77-6

194.226 302.321 330.373 222.279 460.687 189.303 172.311

liq

1.128515 1.12525

1.457720

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, diox

C8H20Ge C8H20Pb C9H22N2 C8H20O7P2

597-63-7 78-00-2 102-53-4 107-49-3

188.89 323.4 158.284 290.188

C8H20Si C8H20Sn C10H20N2S3 C9H20N2O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C4F4O3

631-36-7 597-64-8 95-05-6 1187-03-7 551-62-2 2367-82-0 327-54-8 699-30-9

144.331 234.955 264.474 172.267 150.074 150.074 150.074 172.035

C2F4N2O4 C2H2F4

356-16-1 811-97-2

192.026 102.031

No.

Name



Tetraethoxygermane Tetraethoxymethane Tetraethylammonium bromide Tetraethylammonium chloride Tetraethylammonium iodide 1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2benzenedicarboxamide 9814 Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate

9815 9816 9817 9818 9819 9820 9821 9822 9823 9824 9825 9826 9827 9828 9829 9830 9831 9832 9833

Tetraethylene glycol Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol monostearate Tetraethylenepentamine N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2ethanediamine Tetraethylgermane Tetraethyl lead N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylphthalamide Silicic acid, tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl) ester 3,6,9-Trioxaundecane-1,11-diol

Tin tetraethyl Sulfiram

-12 83.1 16 24 146

139200 159.5 286 dec 300 dec 36

-6.2

328

40

2201 275.3 328 341.5 192

170 dec

liq

249.0 20416

-112

liq

-46.25 3.88

liq col gas

-41.5 -103.3

1.461025 1.011420 1.128515

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

0.80825

1.459320 1.504220 1.434320

164.5 dec 200 165.8 1553

1.199 1.65320 0.800020 1.184720

1.519820 1.442025 1.418020

154.7 181; 6412 2323 209 94.3 84.4 90.2 54.5

0.765820 1.18725 1.1220 0.91920 1.31925 1.425520 1.620920

58.5 -26.08

1.602425 1.207225

1.426820 1.473020 1.447420 1.405420 1.403520 1.407520 1.324020 1.326525

s H2O

i H2O; s bz; sl EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, xyl, chl; sl ctc i H2O s chl i H2O, alk, acid

i H2O; s ace i H2O; s eth

 

Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide Tetraethylurea 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5furandione 9834 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane 9835 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-[(4-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl]benzene Ethanol, germanium(4+) salt Tetraethyl orthocarbonate

liq

Solubility

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9807 9808 9809 9810 9811 9812 9813

1-Tetradecanol, acetate 1-Tetradecanamine

-1

nD

O O

O O H O O OH

NH2

O OH

2-Tetradecanone

Tetradecanoyl chloride

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

1-Tetradecene

Tetradecyl acetate

Tetradecylamine

Cl O S O

Cl

Cl Tetradecylbenzene

Tetradecylcyclohexane

Tetradifon



TeamLRN

N N

N

Cl

O

O

Tetraethoxymethane

N

Tetraethylammonium iodide

O

1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H2N

N H

H N

O

O

N

Tetraethylenepentamine

Ge

N

O

O

N

S S

N

N

Tetraethyl lead

Tetraethylurea

O

O

OH

O Tetraethylene glycol monostearate

Si

Sn

Tetraethylsilane

Tetraethylstannane

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine

F F

N

O

OH

Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

F

F F

Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide

O

O

O

O O O P O P O O O

F

F

O

O

Pb

Tetraethylgermane

O

Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether

F S

O

N N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Tetraethylammonium bromide

Tetraethylene glycol

O

Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate

NH2

Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate

O O

Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate

H N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide

O

O

Br

O O Si O O

HO Tetraethylammonium chloride

N

O O

Tetraethoxygermane

O

I

O

O O Ge O O

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene

F F F

F O

F F

F

1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene

F 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene

O

O

O

3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5-furandione

O N

F F

F F

N O

O

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane

F F F

F

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O 1-Tetradecanol

O

OH Cl

OH

H

No.

Name

9853 9854 9855 9856 9857 9858 9859 9860 9861 9862 9863 9864 9865 9866 9867 9868

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoate Tetrahydro-3-furanol Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole2,5(1H,3H)-dione cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3isobenzofurandione 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3isobenzofurandione 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2Hazepine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methoxyquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1methylnaphthalene

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

Tetrafluoroethylene Refrigerant 236me

C2H2F4 C2F4 C3H2F6O

359-35-3 116-14-3 57041-67-5

102.031 100.015 168.037

col gas col gas vol liq or gas

-89 -131.15

-19.9 -75.9 23.35

1.519-76 1.454023

CF4 C3H4F4O C11H12O

75-73-0 76-37-9 826-73-3

88.005 132.057 160.212

col gas liq

-183.60 -15

-128.0 109.5 17540, 1247

3.03425 1.485320 1.08020

1.319720 1.569820

Julolidine

C12H15N

479-59-4

173.254

40

1.00320

1.56825

Anatabine

C10H12N2

581-49-7

160.215

dec 280; 15517 14510

1.09119

1.567620

Carnegine

C12H13N C21H32O5 C13H19NO2

942-01-8 53-05-4 490-53-9

171.238 364.476 221.296

C6H12O3 C10H14O

696-59-3 494-90-6

132.157 150.217

C12H16

21564-91-0

160.255

Terpenylic acid

C8H12O4

26754-48-3

172.179

lf or pr (w+1)

90

C6H12S C13H12O

5161-13-7 634-19-5

116.224 184.233

-89 81.5

142.3 1390.05

1.479920

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

C19H23N7O6 C4H8O C5H11NO C8H14O3

135-16-0 109-99-9 4795-29-3 637-65-0

445.429 72.106 101.147 158.195

liq lt ye nd or pr (pentane) pow liq

0.922220

Phentydrone

-108.44

65 153 205.5

0.883325 0.975220 1.04420

1.405025 1.455120

s H2O s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl

C4H8O2 C7H12O3 C8H12O3 C5H10O2 C9H14O3 C4H6N4O2

453-20-3 637-64-9 2399-48-6 97-99-4 2455-24-5 496-46-8

88.106 144.168 156.179 102.132 170.205 142.117

181 193; 8918 966 178 265; 814

1.0925 1.062420 1.06120 1.052420 1.04025

1.450020 1.435025

nd or pr (w)

300 dec

C8H8O3

935-79-5

152.148

cry (peth)

103.5

C8H8O3

2426-02-0

152.148

pl (EtOH)

74

C9H11N C7H13NO

91-21-4 2525-16-8

133.190 127.184

liq

C10H13NO

120-15-0

163.216

C11H14

1559-81-5

146.229

Carbon tetrafluoride

Tetramethylene oxide Tetrahydrofurfurylamine

Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol Acetyleneurea 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, anhydride 1-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, anhydride

lf (dil al) cry (EtOAc) pa br syr

120 190

86

<-60 <-80

pr (peth, al) orth pym (w)

nD

Solubility i H2O

i H2O; s bz, chl s EtOH, ace, chl s EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

327.5

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, MeOH

1701

vs H2O, eth, EtOH

145.7 8018

1.0225 0.97215

1.418020

239

0.94120

1.52620 vs H2O

1.452020 1.455425

vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth sl H2O; i EtOH, HOAc; s eth, HCl, alk s EtOH, ace, chl, bz; sl peth

1.2105

<-15

232.5 4916, 6624

42.5

284; 1281 220.6

1.064224 0.887

0.958320

s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth 1.566820 1.463020

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, acid, xyl

1.571820

s chl

1.535320

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



9836 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 9837 Tetrafluoroethene 9838 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 9839 Tetrafluoromethane 9840 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 9841 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 9842 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5Hbenzo[ij]quinolizine 9843 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S) 9844 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole 9845 Tetrahydrocortisone 9846 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±) 9847 Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 9848 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6dimethylbenzofuran 9849 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5dimethylnaphthalene 9850 Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3furanacetic acid 9851 cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene 9852 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9-one

Synonym

 

F

F

F

F

F

F

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane

F

F

F

F

Tetrafluoroethene

F O

F

F

F

2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole

N N

2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol

6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one

N

O

Tetrahydrocortisone

O

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±)



TeamLRN

OH

H

O

Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-furanacetic acid

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

N

H N

O

N H

N

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran

H N

O

cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9-one

O

H N O

S

O

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5-dimethylnaphthalene

OH O

OH

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid

O

O O

O Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoate

O O

H

O

cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-3-furanol

Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate

O Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate

O

OH

O

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

H N

H N

N H

N H

O

O O

Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate

O

Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine

O

Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione



H

O

NH2

O

Tetrahydrofuran

OH O

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S)

O

H

O

2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine

N H

OH OH

H2N

O

H

F

Tetrafluoromethane

H

HO

OH

O

O O 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

N

H

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline

O

N

3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2H-azepine

N H 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxyquinoline

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O O

N H

F

F

F F 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether

O

F F

F

No.

Name



9881 9882 9883 9884 9885 9886 9887 9888 9889 9890 9891 9892 9893

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinethione 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline

9894 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-tetrazolo[1,5a]azepine 9895 Tetrahydrothiophene

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

C11H14

2809-64-5

146.229

liq

-23

234

0.972020

1.543920

C11H14

1680-51-9

146.229

liq

-40

229

0.953720

1.535720

C12H15N

28289-54-5

173.254

cry

41

870.8

C6H12S C10H13N

5258-50-4 2217-41-6

116.224 147.217

liq

-60 38

158 279

0.947320 1.062516

1.492220 1.590020

C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H18O2 C14H14

119-64-2 529-33-9 529-35-1 530-91-6 1125-78-6 705-86-2 1013-08-7

132.202 148.201 148.201 148.201 148.201 170.249 182.261

liq

207.6 255; 1032 266; 14311 14012 275.5 1213 17311

0.964525 1.099620 1.055675

1.541320 1.563820

liq lf (MeOH)

-35.7 34.5 70 15.5 57 -27 33.5

85-40-5 698-76-0 1604-01-9 142-68-7 100-72-1 542-28-9 29943-42-8 694-05-3 498-96-4

151.163 142.196 125.212 86.132 116.158 100.117 100.117 83.132 127.141

cry (EtOH) liq

137 -13

liq

-49.1

liq

-12.5

∆3-Piperidine Guvacine

C8H9NO2 C8H14O2 C8H15N C5H10O C6H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C6H9NO2

liq pr (w), rods (+1w dil al)

-48 295 dec

Hexahydropyrimidine-2-thione

C4H8N2S

2055-46-1

116.185

2,3-Cyclohexenopyridine

C9H11N C9H11N C8H10N2

635-46-1 10500-57-9 3476-89-9

133.190 133.190 134.178

lf (w, eth, peth) 99

251 222 289

Pentylenetetrazole

C6H10N4

54-95-5

138.170

cry (bz-lig)

59.5

19412

Thiacyclopentane

C4H8S

110-01-0

88.172

liq

-96.2

C13H18

475-03-6

174.282

Quinalizarin

C14H8O6

81-61-8

272.210

oran nd

>275

Purpurogallin

C11H8O5

569-77-7

220.179

274 dec

Tetroquinone

C13H10O5 C6H4O6

131-55-5 319-89-1

246.215 172.092

red nd (gl HOAc) ye nd (w+1) bl-blk cry

C21H32O5

116-58-5

364.476

cry (aq ace)

MPTP

Tetralin 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-α-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-α-naphthol Tetralol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-β-naphthol 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid lactone

5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone γ-Coniceine Oxane

4-Pregnene-11β,17α,20β,21-tetrol3-on

12615 174 88 185 219 166.5 108

20

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, PhNH 2

1.055265 1.060140

0.875315 0.881420 1.02725 1.108220 1.08425 0.91125

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl, lig

1.466116 1.420020 1.45820 1.450320 1.452020 1.480020

s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl vs H2O

1.3320

211 nd

Solubility

1.058820 1.030413

1.606219 1.543520

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, bz; sl chl

121.1

0.998720

1.487118

240; 904

0.930320

1.525720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, ace, bz, EtOH, eth

 

9896 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6trimethylnaphthalene 9897 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 9898 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 9899 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone 9900 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 9901 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4en-3-one, (11β,20R)

CAS RN

197

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, ctc; vs EtOH

125 dec

vs ace, EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9869 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 9870 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene 9871 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4phenylpyridine 9872 Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-thiopyran 9873 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1naphthalenamine 9874 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 9875 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 9876 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 9877 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 9878 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 9879 Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one 9880 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene

Mol. Form.

Synonym

NH2 N 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthalene

S

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine

Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-thiopyran

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

O OH

OH OH

N H

OH O

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol

O

O

Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide

O



TeamLRN

O

O

O

N N H

O

N

Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine

OH

O

Tetrahydropyran

O

Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol

O Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine

O

Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

OH N H

N H

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

H N

H

N

N H

S

3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

N H

N

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline

N N

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline

N S

6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepine

Tetrahydrothiophene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene

OH OH O

OH

O OH

OH

OH O

OH

HO

OH OH O 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

O

OH

2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one

HO HO

OH

2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone

HO

OH

OH OH

OH O

2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

O 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, (11β,20R)

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene

No.

Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

ENTPROL

C14H32N2O4

102-60-3

292.415

Tetraiodoethylene

C2I4 C8I4O3

513-92-8 632-80-4

531.639 651.702

Carbon tetraiodide Iodopyrrole 2-Methyl-1-propanol, titanium(4+) salt 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt

CI4 C4HI4N C16H36O4Ti

507-25-5 87-58-1 7425-80-1

519.629 570.676 340.322

C12H28O4Ti C10H24N2O4

546-68-9 140-07-8

284.215 236.309

C4H12ClO4P

124-64-1

190.562

C5H12S4 C10H10O C5H12O4 C7H16O4 C19H25NO4 C17H20ClN3

6156-25-8 529-34-0 1850-14-2 102-52-3 7696-12-0 65-61-2

200.409 146.185 136.147 164.200 331.407 301.814

C4H12BrN

64-20-0

9918 Tetramethylammonium chloride

C4H12ClN

9919 Tetramethylammonium iodide 9920 N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline 9921 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene

9902 N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine 9903 Tetraiodoethene 9904 4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3isobenzofurandione 9905 Tetraiodomethane 9906 2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1H-pyrrole 9907 Tetraisobutyl titanate



9908 Tetraisopropyl titanate 9909 N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)1,2-ethanediamine 9910 Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride 9911 Tetrakis(methylthio)methane 9912 1-Tetralone 9913 Tetramethoxymethane 9914 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane 9915 Tetramethrin 9916 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6acridinediamine, monohydrochloride 9917 Tetramethylammonium bromide

Acridine Orange

Physical Form

ye lf, pr (eth) ye pr, nd (HOAc) nd (sub) red lf (bz, chl) ye nd (al)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.03025

1.47825

sl chl

187 327.5

sub sub

2.98320

vs bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl HOAc

171 150 dec

1351.5

4.2320

256500

0.96050

vs py, chl vs ace, eth, chl dec H2O

227.5

0.971120

dec H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH

152.5

s H2O s chl

liq

8 -2.5

1156 114 183; 6612

1.098816 1.02325 0.99725 1.10820

1.567220 1.384520 1.408120 1.517521

wh cry oran-ye soln

≈65-80

154.049

hyg bipym

230 dec

1.5625

75-57-0

109.598

hyg bipym (dil al)

420 dec

1.16920

C4H12IN C10H15N C10H14

75-58-1 769-06-2 488-23-3

201.049 149.233 134.218

liq liq

>230 dec -36 -6.2

196; 8820 205

1.82925 0.914720 0.905220

1.520320

liq

-23.7

198

0.890320

1.513020 1.479081

s H2O, EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s MeOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; vs MeOH sl H2O, alk, EtOH, ace; i eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

Isodurene

C10H14

527-53-7

134.218

9923 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

Durene

C10H14

95-93-2

134.218

79.3

196.8

0.838081

C10H16N2

704-01-8

164.247

8.9

215.5

0.956020

Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine

C10H16N2

100-22-1

164.247

lf (dil al or lig)

51

260

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

Durohydroquinone

C10H14O2 C14H14O8

527-18-4 635-10-9

166.217 310.256

nd (al) nd (al)

233 144

sub

s EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH

C16H20N2

54827-17-7

240.343

168.5

C16H20N2

366-29-0

240.343

196.0

C16H18O2

2417-04-1

242.313

221.8

sub

sl EtOH, bz, gl HOAc, tol; i lig

C8H18

594-82-1

114.229

100.7

106.45

9924 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2benzenediamine 9925 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4benzenediamine 9926 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol 9927 Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5benzenetetracarboxylate 9928 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]4,4’-diamine 9929 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine 9930 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]4,4’-diol 9931 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane

pa ye nd or pr (HOAc) lf (eth)

0.824220

1.469520

 

9922 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene

i H2O; s eth, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Synonym

OH HO

I N

N

I

I

I

I

Tetraiodoethene

HO

OH N

4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3-isobenzofurandione

P

OH

HO

HO N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

I

N H

Tetraiodomethane

2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1H-pyrrole

HS

OH

I

I

Tetraisobutyl titanate

O

SH

OH

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride

Tetraisopropyl titanate

O

Cl

O

HS

O O Ti O O

O O Ti O O

I

O

I

I

O

O O

SH

Tetrakis(methylthio)methane

1-Tetralone

O O

Tetramethoxymethane

O

1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane

O



TeamLRN

N

N

O

N

O

O Tetramethrin

N

N

HCl

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride

N

N

Br

Tetramethylammonium bromide

N

Cl

Tetramethylammonium chloride

I

Tetramethylammonium iodide

N

N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline

OH

N N N 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene

O

O

1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

OH

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol

O O

O H2N O

O

N

O

Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate

HO

NH2

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

OH

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diol

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

I

I

N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine

N

I I

O

OH OH

HO

O

I

 

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

168

0.794215

1.462125

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H20N2

111-51-3

144.258

C14H22O C8H12O2

140-66-9 933-52-8

206.324 140.180

C10H12O2

527-17-3

164.201

ye nd (al or lig) 111.5

C10H20 C9H18 C7H14 C4H16O4Si4 C14H26O2

3726-45-2 50876-33-0 4127-47-3 2370-88-9 126-86-3

140.266 126.239 98.186 240.510 226.355

liq liq liq

-88.4 -81 -65 47

118 76 134.5 16540

Michler’s ketone

C17H20N2O

90-94-8

268.353

lf (al), nd (bz)

179

dec 360

Cacodyl

C4H12As2 C16H22OSi2

471-35-2 56-33-7

209.981 286.516

liq liq

-6 -80

165 292; 15613

1.44715 0.976320

C4H14OSi2 C4H14O3Si2

3277-26-7 1118-15-6

134.324 166.323

71

0.75620 1.09525

1.370020

1,2-Dimethylaminoethane

C6H16N2

110-18-9

116.204

121

0.7725

1.417920

Germanium tetramethyl

865-52-1 80-70-6 1118-71-4 14721-66-5

132.78 115.177 184.276 312.531

32500

1.006

Dipivaloylmethane Phytanic acid

C4H12Ge C5H13N3 C11H20O2 C20H40O2

9335, 726

0.88325

1.458920

s ctc sl ctc

Isophytol

C20H40O

505-32-8

296.531

oil

1080.01

0.851920

1.457120

vs bz, eth, EtOH

C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H24N2

13475-81-5 1071-81-4 5171-84-6 111-18-2

142.282 142.282 142.282 172.311

liq liq

-54 -12.6

160.3 137.4 170.0 209.5

0.760925 0.714825 0.778925 0.80625

1.428220 1.405520 1.436820 1.435920

C4H12Pb C5H14N2

75-74-1 51-80-9

267.3 102.178

liq

-30.2

110 83

1.99520 0.749118

C6H12O C19H40 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O

5076-20-0 1921-70-6 7154-79-2 1186-53-4 1070-87-7 16747-38-9 14609-79-1 488-70-0 3238-38-8 527-35-5

100.158 268.521 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 144.254 150.217 150.217 150.217

90.4 296 140.2 133.0 122.29 141.5 165.5 266 240 247

0.815616 0.779125 0.753025 0.738920 0.719520 0.754720

Duroquinone

Pristane

Di-tert-butylmethane

Prehnitenol

85.8

279 s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf, chl

66 liq

-55

0.821920 0.746925

1.453120 1.412520

0.991220

1.387020

i H2O

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz; s chl

1.517620

vs eth, EtOH s ctc

-65

liq liq liq liq nd (lig, aq al) cry (peth) nd (lig), pr (al)

-9.75 -121.0 -66.54 -102.1 52 85.3 80.5 118.5

s H2O 1.398416 1.437025 1.423620 1.414720 1.406920 1.422220

s H2O vs bz, eth, chl, peth

i H2O; vs EtOH, bz

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH s chl, peth, HOAc

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



9932 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4butanediamine 9933 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol 9934 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3cyclobutanedione 9935 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 9936 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane 9937 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane 9938 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 9939 2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 9940 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7diol 9941 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’diaminobenzophenone 9942 Tetramethyldiarsine 9943 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3diphenyldisiloxane 9944 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane 9945 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3disiloxanediol 9946 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2ethanediamine 9947 Tetramethylgermane 9948 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine 9949 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione 9950 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid 9951 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen3-ol 9952 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 9953 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 9954 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane 9955 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6hexanediamine 9956 Tetramethyl lead 9957 N,N,N’,N’Tetramethylmethanediamine 9958 Tetramethyloxirane 9959 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane 9960 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 9961 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9962 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 9963 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9964 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 9965 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol 9966 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol 9967 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol

Synonym

O O N

N

O

HO 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol

H Si O O O Si O Si H H

OH HO

2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane

2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol

H

1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane

O

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione

2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane

O

Si

Si N

N

As As

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenone

Tetramethyldiarsine



TeamLRN

Si

O

Si

HO

H

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane

Si

O

Si

OH

N

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediol

N

Ge

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

N

Tetramethylgermane

O

Si

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane

NH H

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane

O

O

N

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione

OH OH

3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid

N

N

Pb Tetramethyl lead

N

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane

N

2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane

3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane

O

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine

Tetramethyloxirane

2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane

OH

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane

OH OH

OH 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol

2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol

2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol

2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol



N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine

No.

Name

9968 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine 9969 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 9970 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone



Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Norpempidine

C9H20N2 C9H19N C9H17NO

36768-62-4 768-66-1 826-36-8

156.268 141.254 155.237

C7H18N2

110-95-2

130.231

C8H12N2 C4H12Si C4H12O4Si C4H12Sn C8H12N2

1124-11-4 75-76-3 681-84-5 594-27-4 3333-52-6

136.194 88.224 152.222 178.848 136.194

C28H32O4Si4

77-63-4

544.894

C6H12N2S3 C5H12N2S C5H12N2O CN4O8 C7H12O4 C9H20O5 C24H20O4Si C28H22 C29H20O

97-74-5 2782-91-4 632-22-4 509-14-8 126-54-5 23783-42-8 1174-72-7 1450-63-1 479-33-4

208.367 132.227 116.161 196.033 160.168 208.252 400.500 358.475 384.468

C26H22

632-50-8

334.453

C26H22O2

464-72-2

366.452

TMS Methyl silicate Tetramethylbutanedinitrile

9977 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane 9978 Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide 9979 Tetramethylthiourea 9980 Tetramethylurea 9981 Tetranitromethane 9982 2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane 9983 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol 9984 Tetraphenoxysilane 9985 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene 9986 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4cyclopentadien-1-one 9987 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane 9988 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol

Benzopinacol

9989 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene 9990 Tetraphenylgermane 9991 Tetraphenylmethane

Germanium tetraphenyl

9992 5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene

Rubrene

9993 9994 9995 9996 9997

Tetraphenylplumbane Tetraphenylsilane Tetraphenylstannane Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylammonium bromide

 

N,N,N-Tripropyl-1-propanaminium bromide

9998 9999 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004

Tetrapropylammonium iodide Tetrapropylstannane Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate Tetrapropyl titanate Tetrasodium EDTA Tetratetracontane Tetratriacontane

Aspon 1-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt Edetate sodium

C26H20

632-51-9

332.437

C24H20Ge C25H20

1048-05-1 630-76-2

381.06 320.427

C42H28

517-51-1

532.671

C24H20Pb C24H20Si C24H20Sn C12H28O4Si C12H28BrN

595-89-1 1048-08-4 595-90-4 682-01-9 1941-30-6

515.6 336.502 427.126 264.434 266.261

C12H28IN C12H28Sn C12H28O5P2S2 C12H28O4Ti C10H12N2Na4O8 C44H90 C34H70

631-40-3 2176-98-9 3244-90-4 3087-37-4 64-02-8 7098-22-8 14167-59-0

313.261 291.060 378.425 284.215 380.169 619.186 478.920

Physical Form

orth pl (eth-w) nd (eth)

cry (w) vol liq or gas liq liq mcl pl, lf, pr (dil al) cry (HOAc)

liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

17 28 36

188.5 156 205

0.91225 0.836716

1.470620 1.445520

144

0.783718

86 -99.06 -1.0 -55.1 170.5

190 26.6 121 78

99

237115

109.5 79.3 -0.6 13.8 48.3 49 203.5 222.3

blk-viol lf (HOAc, xyl) cry (bz), orth 214.5 nd (chl) pr (bz), cry 182 (ace) mcl or orth (bz- 225 eth or chl-al) 229.0 orth nd (bz, 282 sub) oran-red (bz332.5 lig) 228.3 236.5 228

0.64819 1.023220 1.31425 1.07025

1.358720 1.368320 1.4386

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i sulf vs EtOH i H2O; s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

1.118320

1.546120

i H2O; msc ace, hp

0.968720 1.638020

1.449623 1.438420

0.98725 1.141260

1.445320

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc s EtOH, bz, xyl, HOAc 360

420

sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

1.155

i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth; vs bz

0

431

12613 2283 420 226

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig, HOAc; s bz, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, py; s bz 1.529820 1.07820 0.915820

1.401220

1.313825 1.106520 1.1225

1.474520 1.471021

252 orth bipym liq amber liq

280 dec -109.1

amorp pow

300 (dihydrate) 85.6 72.5 285.43

pl (eth)

vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth

1.3725 245 176.5 126.1 14753, 681 16411 417; 2361

Solubility

228 1040.1 206100

s chl s ctc, CS2 sl chl s ctc, CS2 vs H2O, chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, HOAc; sl eth sl H2O, peth sl EtOH

0.772890

1.429690

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

9971 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3propanediamine 9972 Tetramethylpyrazine 9973 Tetramethylsilane 9974 Tetramethyl silicate 9975 Tetramethylstannane 9976 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile

Synonym

NH2

O O O Si O O

N N H

N H

N H

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone

N

Si

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine

Tetramethylpyrazine

Tetramethylsilane

Sn

Tetramethyl silicate

Tetramethylstannane

N

N

N

S

Tetramethylsuccinonitrile

2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

S

N

S

O

N

S

Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide

N

N

Tetramethylthiourea

O2N

N

Tetramethylurea

NO2 NO2 NO2

Tetranitromethane

O

O

O

O

2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane

O



TeamLRN

O O Si O O O

HO

O

O

HO

O

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol

Tetraphenoxysilane

1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene

Ge

Tetraphenylgermane

N

Tetraphenylmethane

I

Tetrapropylammonium iodide

OH

Sn

Tetrapropylstannane

5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene

S S O P O P O O O Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate

2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane

Pb

Si

Sn

Tetraphenylplumbane

Tetraphenylsilane

Tetraphenylstannane

O O Ti O O

O O Si O O Tetrapropoxysilane

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene

N

Br

Tetrapropylammonium bromide

COO Na Na

OOC

Na

OOC

N N

Tetrapropyl titanate

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol

Tetrasodium EDTA

COO Na H3C(CH2)42CH3

H3C(CH2)32CH3

Tetratetracontane

Tetratriacontane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Si O

Si O O Si O Si

N

No.

Name

10012 Thallium(I) ethanolate 10013 Thebaine 10014 Thebainone 10015 Thenaldine

sym-Tetrazine

2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1Hisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione Thallous ethoxide

1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-(2thienylmethyl)-4-piperidinamine

10016 Thenyldiamine 10017 Theobromine 10018 Theophylline



10019 10020 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027

Thiabendazole Thiacetazone Thiacyclohexane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole 1,3,4-Thiadiazole 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione Thiamine chloride Thiamine hydrochloride Thiamine O-phosphate, chloride

10028 10029 10030 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035

Thianthrene 2-Thiazolamine Thiazole Thiazolidine 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 2,4-Thiazolidinedione 2-Thiazolidinethione Thidiazuron

10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 10041 10042

1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone Thiepane Thietane Thietane 1,1-dioxide Thiethylperazine Thiirane Thioacetaldehyde trimer

3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1Hpurine-2,6-dione 1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-

Piazthiole

2-Aminothiazole

Timonacic

N-Phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea Hexamethylene sulfide Trimethylene sulfide Trimethylene sulfone Ethylene sulfide 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trithiane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H12Si C12H24O4Si4

1112-55-6 2554-06-5

136.267 344.659

C2H2N4 CH3N5 CH2N4 C11H17N3O8 C13H10N2O4

290-96-0 4418-61-5 288-94-8 4368-28-9 50-35-1

82.064 85.069 70.054 319.268 258.229

C2H5OTl C19H21NO3

20398-06-5 115-37-7

249.443 311.375

C18H21NO3 C17H22N2S

467-98-1 86-12-4

299.365 286.435

C14H19N3S C7H8N4O2

91-79-2 83-67-0

261.386 180.165

C7H8N4O2

58-55-9

180.165

C10H7N3S C10H12N4OS C5H10S C2H2N2S C2H2N2S C2H2N2S3 C12H17ClN4OS C12H18Cl2N4OS C12H18ClN4O4P S C12H8S2 C3H4N2S C3H3NS C3H7NS C4H7NO2S C3H3NO2S C3H5NS2 C9H8N4OS

148-79-8 104-06-3 1613-51-0 288-39-1 289-06-5 1072-71-5 59-43-8 67-03-8 532-40-1

201.248 236.293 102.198 86.115 86.115 150.245 300.807 337.268 380.787

92-85-3 96-50-4 288-47-1 504-78-9 444-27-9 2295-31-0 96-53-7 51707-55-2

216.322 100.142 85.128 89.160 133.170 117.127 119.209 220.251

C6H6OS C6H12S C3H6S C3H6O2S C22H29N3S2 C2H4S C6H12S3

88-15-3 4753-80-4 287-27-4 5687-92-3 1420-55-9 420-12-2 2765-04-0

126.176 116.224 74.145 106.144 399.615 60.118 180.354

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

-43.5

0.799920 0.987520

1.462520

liq

130.2 224; 11112

dk red pr

99 204 dec 157.3 225 dec 270

sub sub

1.406020

sl H2O sl H2O,eth, EtOH; s dil HOAc vs py, diox

-3 193

dec 130 sub 91

3.49 1.30520

dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz

151.5 96

1590.02

357

1701 sub 290

pl (al) cry nd cloudy liq pl (eth), pr (dil al) nd or pr (al)

orth or mcl nd (w) nd or pl (w+1)

Solubility s ctc, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt

1.591520 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, ctc, lig, chl

273

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl sub 305

liq cry (sub) ye cry (MeOH) cry mcl pl

225 dec 19 -50.1 42.5 168 164 248 dec 200

141.8 94 204

liq liq cry α-mcl pl; β-nd (ace)

1.506720 1.515025

i H2O, os, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

s H2O s H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl

mcl pr or pl (al) 159.3 ye pl (al) 93 -33.62 cry (w) pl (w), pr (al) nd (w, MeOH)

0.986120 1.26825

365 14011 118 164.5

196.5 128 107.3 211 dec

1.442020 1.199817 1.13125

1.596920 1.55120

1.167920 0.99120 1.020020

1.566720 1.504418 1.510220 1.515620

1.013020

1.493520

17919

10.5 0.5 -73.24 75.5 63 -109 101

213.5 173.5 95.0 91.214 2270.01 dec 57 246.5

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs dil HCl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, ace vs H2O vs eth s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, CS 2

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth sl ace sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10005 Tetravinylsilane 10006 2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 10007 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine 10008 1H-Tetrazol-5-amine 10009 1H-Tetrazole 10010 Tetrodotoxin 10011 Thalidomide

Synonym

 

OH H

OH OH

HN Si

Si O O O Si O Si

Si

N

2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane

N

1,2,4,5-Tetrazine

N N N N H

1H-Tetrazol-5-amine

HN

N O

N O OH H O HO OH

1H-Tetrazole

O

N H

Tetrodotoxin

O

O

Tl

Thalidomide

Thallium(I) ethanolate

O

O

N

N O

N

S



TeamLRN

N H

N

Thenaldine

Thenyldiamine

H N N

O

N

S Thiacetazone

Cl

Thiacyclohexane

O

Theobromine

N

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

S

HO

N

N H

S N

Thiabendazole

NH2

Cl N

N HO

N

S

1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione

N

NH2

Cl

H S

N

H N

Theophylline

N N S

S

1,2,5-Thiadiazole

N

N

N

HCl

N

S

Thiamine chloride

N

Thiamine hydrochloride

OH H

S

N

S

N

N

NH2

N O HO P OH O

S

N

O

N

S

H N

S

N

N N

Thebainone

H

N

O Thebaine

O

O

HO

O

H2N

H 2N N

N N N N H

N S

S

Thiamine O-phosphate, chloride

Thianthrene

N NH2

Thiazole

H

H

N

N

S Thiazolidine

O

H

N

S

2-Thiazolamine

O

N O

S

S 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid

2,4-Thiazolidinedione

S

S

2-Thiazolidinethione

N N H N

H N O

Thidiazuron

N N S N

S O 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone

S Thiepane

S Thietane

S O O Thietane 1,1-dioxide

S Thiethylperazine

S

S

S

S

S

Thiirane

Thioacetaldehyde trimer

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Tetravinylsilane

N

O

Physical Form

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

10043 10044 10045 10046

Thioacetamide Thioacetic acid Thiobencarb 4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)

Ethanethioamide

C2H5NS C2H4OS C12H16ClNOS C22H30O2S

62-55-5 507-09-5 28249-77-6 96-69-5

75.133 76.117 257.779 358.537

C4H12N2S C30H58O4S

871-76-1 123-28-4

120.216 514.845

ye cry

62-46-4 463-56-9 59669-26-0 123-93-3 111-17-1 39196-18-4 865-36-1 68-11-1 541-53-7 71563-86-5 640-15-3 123-90-0 297-97-2

206.326 59.091 354.470 150.154 178.206 218.316 46.092 92.117 135.211 106.144 246.351 103.186 248.239

ye nd

23564-05-8 110-02-1

342.394 84.140

1918-77-0 20893-30-5 1003-31-2 1641-09-4 5271-67-0 98-03-3 498-62-4 527-72-0 88-13-1 4282-31-9 636-72-6 16629-19-9 84-06-0 1120-94-1 93-75-4 50-52-2 3313-26-6 62-56-6 261-31-4 492-22-8 503-87-7

142.176 123.176 109.150 109.150 146.595 112.150 112.150 128.150 128.150 172.159 114.166 182.649 446.005 128.216 236.336 262.477 443.625 76.121 198.283 212.267 116.141

10047 2,2’-Thiobisethanamine 10048 3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl ester 10049 Thioctic acid 10050 Thiocyanic acid 10051 Thiodicarb 10052 Thiodiglycolic acid 10053 3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid 10054 Thiofanox 10055 Thioformaldehyde 10056 Thioglycolic acid 10057 Thioimidodicarbonic diamide 10058 Thiolactic acid 10059 Thiometon 10060 Thiomorpholine 10061 Thionazin



10062 Thiophanate-methyl 10063 Thiophene 2-Thiopheneacetic acid 2-Thiopheneacetonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid 2-Thiophenemethanol 2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride Thiopropazate 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Thioquinox Thioridazine cis-Thiothixene Thiourea 9H-Thioxanthene 9H-Thioxanthen-9-one 2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

C8H14O2S2 CHNS C10H18N4O4S3 Thiodiacetic acid C4H6O4S C6H10O4S C9H18N2O2S Methanethial CH2S C2H4O2S 2,4-Dithiobiuret C2H5N3S2 C3H6O2S C6H15O2PS3 Thiamorpholine C4H9NS Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O- C8H13N2O3PS pyrazinyl ester C12H14N4O4S2 Thiofuran C4H4S 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid

2-Cyanothiophene 3-Cyanothiophene

3-Formylthiophene 2-Carboxythiophene 3-Thenoic acid 2,5-Dicarboxythiophene

Thiocarbamide Dibenzothiapyran Thioxanthone 2-Thiohydantoin

C6H6O2S C6H5NS C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H3ClOS C5H4OS C5H4OS C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C6H4O4S C5H6OS C4H3ClO2S2 C23H28ClN3O2S C5H4S2 C9H4N2S3 C12H26N2S2 C23H29N3O2S2 CH4N2S C13H10S C13H8OS C3H4N2OS

cry

bp/˚C 93; 2635 1270.008

den/g cm-3 1.06420 1.1620

nD

Solubility

1.464820

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s DMSO s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth

232; 11917 39

cry (w) cry wh pow

61 dec 0 173 129 129 57

162

-16.5 181 dec 12

12020

i H2O vs H2O; s os 1.420 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz vs H2O, EtOH

unstab gas mcl cry

1.325320

1.508020 1.481020

liq

-0.9

10615 1.193820 1100.1, 770.01 1.20920 175; 110100 1.088220 80

liq

172 dec -38.21

84.0

1.064920

1.528920

cry (w)

76 12023 192 204; 8515 280 197; 8516 86.720 dec 260

1.15525 1.17225

1.542520 1.562920

1.212721

1.592020 1.585520

1.205316

1.528020

oil

oil pa ye liq nd (w)

129.5 138 359 28

br-ye pow cry cry orth (al) nd (al-chl) ye nd (chl) wh nd (w)

47 180 73 148 178 128.5 209 230 dec

sub 150 207; 8610 1006 2160.1

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox, py; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; sl peth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace s eth

i H2O; sl ace, EtOH, peth sl ace

2300.02 1.40525 341 373

1.538620

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s os vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

s H2O, EtOH; i eth s chl i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, alk

 

10064 10065 10066 10067 10068 10069 10070 10071 10072 10073 10074 10075 10076 10077 10078 10079 10080 10081 10082 10083 10084

Bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2methylphenyl) sulfide Bis(2-aminoethyl) sulfide Didodecyl thiobispropanoate

ye fuming liq

mp/˚C 115.5 <-17 1.7 163

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

N

S O S

O

S NH2

Thioacetamide

HO OH

S

OH

Thioacetic acid

S

H2N

Cl Thiobencarb

4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)

O

O

S

O

NH2

2,2’-Thiobisethanamine

3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl ester

O

S OH

S

S

N HS

Thioctic acid

O

N

N

O

N

O

N

Thiocyanic acid

O S

HO

Thiodicarb



TeamLRN

N

S

OH SH Thiolactic acid

H N

S S O P O Thiometon

N

NH

S P O O O

S

S OH

H

3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid

Thiofanox

S

O HS

H

Thioformaldehyde

H2N

OH

Thioglycolic acid

S N H

Thioimidodicarbonic diamide

N O

O S

O

Thiophanate-methyl

OH

S

Thiophene

N

2-Thiopheneacetic acid

S

S

Cl

S N

S

O

2-Thiopheneacetonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride

O

N

O

S

2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

OH

OH

S S

HO

S

O

3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid

OH

S O

3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid

S

O

2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid

S

OH

2-Thiophenemethanol

Cl S O O

S 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

Thiopropazate

N O

N

S

N

S

Thioquinox

S Thioridazine

Cl

S

2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride

S

S

N

N

N

N

O

N

O O

NH2

O

S Thionazin

S

N H

O N H H N

NH

O

HO

OH

Thiodiglycolic acid

S Thiomorpholine

O

O S

S

O

O N

O

S

N

S

S

O O cis-Thiothixene

H2N

O NH

S NH2

Thiourea

S

S

9H-Thioxanthene

9H-Thioxanthen-9-one

N H

S

2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

No.

Name

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

10085 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 10086 Thiram

Rhodanine

C3H3NOS2 C6H12N2S4

141-84-4 137-26-8

133.192 240.432

10087 L-Threonine

2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, [R- C4H9NO3 (R*,S*)] C4H8O4

72-19-5

119.119

95-43-2

120.105

C4H8O4 C10H12O2

95-44-3 499-89-8

120.105 164.201

C10H16O

546-80-5

152.233

201.2 12

10088 D-Threose

10091 α-Thujone



10092 10093 10094 10095 10096

3-Thujopsene Thymidine Thymine Thymol Thymol Blue

10097 10098 10099 10100 10101 10102

Thymol iodide Thymolphthalein L-Thyroxine Timolol Tiocarlide Tipepidine

10103 10104 10105 10106 10107 10108

Tobramycin β-Tocopherol γ-Tocopherol δ-Tocopherol Tolazamide Tolbutamide

10109 o-Tolidine 10110 10111 10112 10113 10114 10115 10116

Tolmetin Toluene Toluene-2,4-diamine Toluene-3,5-diamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate p-Toluenesulfonic acid

10118 10119 10120 10121

p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid

2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol

3-(Di-2-thienylmethylene)-1methylpiperidine 5,8-Dimethyltocol 7,8-Dimethyltocol 8-Methyltocol N-[(Butylamino)carbonyl]-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine

Methylbenzene 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine

4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid, monohydrate

hyg-syr or nd (w)

129

cry (peth)

88.5

204.352 242.228 126.114 150.217 466.589

C20H24I2O2 C28H30O4 C15H11I4NO4 C13H24N4O3S C23H32N2O2S C15H17NS2

552-22-7 125-20-2 51-48-9 26839-75-8 910-86-1 5169-78-8

550.213 430.536 776.871 316.420 400.577 275.433

amorp pr or nd (al) nd oil

C18H37N5O9 C28H48O2 C28H48O2 C27H46O2 C14H21N3O3S C12H18N2O3S

32986-56-4 148-03-8 7616-22-0 119-13-1 1156-19-0 64-77-7

467.516 416.680 416.680 402.653 311.400 270.347

cry pa ye visc oil pa ye visc oil pa ye visc oil cry orth cry

C14H16N2

119-93-7

212.290

C15H15NO3 C7H8 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2 C7H8O3S

26171-23-3 108-88-3 95-80-7 108-71-4 584-84-9 91-08-7 104-15-4

257.285 92.139 122.167 122.167 174.156 174.156 172.202

wh-red lf (EtOH aq) cry (MeCN) liq nd (w), cry (al) oil

C7H10O4S

6192-52-5

190.217 190.648 136.149 136.149 136.149

Solubility sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs chl

12920

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl

vs H2O

470-40-6 50-89-5 65-71-4 89-83-8 76-61-9

98-59-9 118-90-1 99-04-7 99-94-5

nD

256 dec

C15H24 C10H14N2O5 C5H6N2O2 C10H14O C27H30O5S

C7H7ClO2S C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2

den/g cm-3 0.86825

liq nd (AcOEt)

122

186.5 316 49.5 grn-red (al, eth) 222 dec

ye cry

hyg pl (w+1) mcl lf or pl

232.5

0.910925 0.932

24

0.97025

1.449015 1.5031

1.522720

253 235 146 65

-1.5

s H2O vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl

2050.1 2050.1 1500.001 1.24525

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

131

20.5 18.3 104.5

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

110.63 292 284 251

0.866820

1.496120

1.224420

71 103.5 109.9 179.6

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl vs ace, bz, eth dec H2O; s ace, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, eth

14020

105.3 tcl (eth, peth) pr or nd (w)

s H2O, EtOH, ace, py, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc, PhNH2 i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO sl H2O; i EtOH, bz

1814.5

172 128.5

156 dec -94.95 99

i H2O; s EtOH

25

 

10117 p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,6-cycloheptatriene1-carboxylic acid 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, (l) Widdrene Thymine 2-desoxyriboside

170 155.6

s H2O 145 259

15

1.062115 1.054112

1.512115 1.509

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl tfa

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10089 L-Threose 10090 Thujic acid

lt ye pr (al, w) wh or ye mcl (chl-al)

O HN HO OH O

S

O NH S

N S

S

S

CHO HO H H OH CH2OH

OH

N NH2

S Thiram

L-Threonine

HO

HO

CHO H OH HO H CH2OH

D-Threose

O

3-Thujopsene

O O

Thymol

O

Thymol iodide

OH

O

OH

O

N

NH2

O

O

Thymol Blue

O

Thymine

I I

HO

O

I

S O O

N H

Thymidine

OH

I O

O

OH α-Thujone

Thujic acid

HO

OH

N

NH

L-Threose

OH

O O

I

N

I

Thymolphthalein

S

H N

N

L-Thyroxine

Timolol

HO



TeamLRN

HO

O NH2

H 2N

HO O

S H N

HO

H N

Tiocarlide

N HN O

N

H2N

NH2

Toluene-3,5-diamine

O

C

C

H N

S O O O

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate

C

N

O

H N

S O O O

OH O S O

O

γ-Tocopherol

H2N

Tolbutamide

O

N

O

Tobramycin

Tolazamide

NH2

NH2

NH2

H N

δ-Tocopherol

HO OH NH2

Tipepidine

HO

Toluene-2,4-diamine

H2N

N

O

β-Tocopherol

O

S

S

O

O OH O

N

C

Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

NH2

HO

N O

o-Tolidine

Tolmetin

Cl O S O

OH O S O

Toluene

HO HO

O

HO

O

O

H2O O p-Toluenesulfonic acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride

o-Toluic acid

m-Toluic acid

p-Toluic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

O

No.

Name

10122 N-o-Tolylbiguanide



10136 10137 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142 10143 10144 10145

Tomatine Tralomethrin Tranylcypromine Trehalose Triacetamide Triacetin Triacontane Triacontanoic acid 1-Triacontanol Triadimenol Triallate Triallyl phosphate 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione Triamcinolone Triamiphos Triasulfuron 1,2,4-Triazine 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trithione Triazofos Triazolam

10146 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 10147 10148 10149 10150 10151 10152 10153 10154 10155 10156 10157 10158 10159 10160 10161

1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine Tribenuron-methyl Tribenzylamine Tribromoacetaldehyde Tribromoacetic acid 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 1,1,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 2,2,3-Tribromobutane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

N-(2-Methylphenyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamide

C9H13N5

93-69-6

191.233

nd or pl (w+1)

145.0

sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth

C50H83NO21 C22H19Br4NO3 C9H11N C12H22O11 C6H9NO3 C9H14O6 C30H62 C30H60O2 C30H62O C3H7ClHgO C10H16Cl3NOS C9H15O4P C12H15N3O3

17406-45-0 66841-25-6 155-09-9 99-20-7 641-06-5 102-76-1 638-68-6 506-50-3 593-50-0 123-88-6 2303-17-5 1623-19-4 1025-15-6

1034.188 665.007 133.190 342.296 143.140 218.203 422.813 452.796 438.812 295.13 304.664 218.186 249.265

nd (MeOH) oran-ye solid cry orth cry nd (eth) col oily liq orth (eth, bz) sc, nd (al, ace) nd (eth),pl (bz) cry

270

vs EtOH, diox

C21H27FO6 C12H19N6OP C14H16ClN5O5S C3H3N3 C3H3N3 C3H3N3O2 C3H6N6 C3H3N3S3

124-94-7 1031-47-6 82097-50-5 290-38-0 290-87-9 461-89-2 108-78-1 638-16-4

394.433 294.292 401.826 81.076 81.076 113.075 126.120 177.271

cry cry (EtOH aq)

C12H16N3O3PS C17H12Cl2N4

24017-47-8 28911-01-5

313.312 343.210

5 234

C2H4N4

61-82-5

84.080

ye-br oil tan cry (2PrOH) cry (w, al)

C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H5N5 C15H17N5O6S C21H21N

288-36-8 288-88-0 1455-77-2 101200-48-0 620-40-6

69.065 69.065 99.095 395.391 287.399

hyg cry nd (bz/EtOH)

23 120.5 211.5 141 91.5

2-Phenylcyclopropylamine

Glycerol triacetate

Myricyl alcohol Mercury, chloro(2-methoxyethyl)-

Fluoxiprednisolone

Melamine Trithiocyanuric acid

Amitrole

Pyrrodiazole

N,N-Bis(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine Bromal

115-17-3 75-96-7 147-82-0 615-54-3 626-39-1 3675-68-1 3675-69-2 632-05-3 38300-67-3 62127-47-3

280.740 296.740 329.815 314.800 314.800 294.811 294.811 294.811 294.811 294.811

mcl pr (w) ye pr

solid pl (eth), mcl (al) mcl nd (al, bz) nd or pr (al)

liq liq

270 167 186 16.5 80.3 276.8 345 dec >300

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12732 1.5824 259 449.7

1.158320 0.809720

1.430120 1.435270 1.4323100

0.77795 1170.0003 1087 1494, 1050.5

1.27325 1.081520 1.159020

sl chl

sl H2O; s os 157 114 sub 10022

1.514925 1.3825

s EtOH, eth

1.57316

1.87220

-19 -18 0.9

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth

1.251420

i H2O; s os

204 260 dec

1.186125

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace; s chl; sl AcOEt s H2O; s eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz

385

0.991295

159

132 122 44.5 122.8

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz vs bz, CS2, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace

174 dec 245 300 275 271 216.2 213.8 220 215 206

2.6649

25

1.485425

sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ctc 1.5939

20

2.3520

2.183520 2.169220 2.190720 2.17020 2.172320

1.562617 1.56820 1.568020 1.560820 1.560220

vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

 

C2HBr3O C2HBr3O2 C6H4Br3N C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3

pa ye oil

44 203 79 -78 65.1 93.6 88 115 29 -50 20.5

bp/˚C

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10123 10124 10125 10126 10127 10128 10129 10130 10131 10132 10133 10134 10135

Synonym

H N

H

Br Br

O H HO

HO

O

O N HO

OH

O

HO

HO OH

OH

HO

OH

O

HO HO

O OH

O H N

H N

OH

NH2

OH NH2

HO

NH HN

OH

N-o-Tolylbiguanide

Tomatine

Tranylcypromine

O



TeamLRN

Triacontanoic acid

O

N

OH

H

S

O P O O

O N

Cl

Cl Triadimenol

Triallate

Triallyl phosphate

OH

O

N N

H2N

N

N P N N O

F O 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Triacetin

O

HO O

O

O

Triamcinolone

O

N N

O O S N H

N H

Triamiphos

Cl

O

N N

Triasulfuron

N N

1,2,4-Triazine

O

N

H N

NH2 O



O

OH

N

1-Triacontanol

O O

O

Cl

Hg O

O

Triacetamide

Cl

OH Triacontane

O

Trehalose

OH

O

N

HO

OH

N

O O

O

N

NH

N

H2N

N

N

1,3,5-Triazine

1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione

N NH2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

N

S

N

NH

N

N

O P O S

O N

Cl

Cl

N

S

N H

N H

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trithione

Triazofos

Triazolam

NH2 Br

O Br Br

N



N

S HN

O

O Br

Tribromoacetaldehyde

Br Br

NH2 N

1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine

N H

1H-1,2,3-Triazole

Tribromoacetic acid

N

1H-1,2,4-Triazole

H2N

N H

N

N

O

N N

1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine

N H

N

O O O S

N

O

Tribenuron-methyl

Tribenzylamine

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

OH Br

N

N

N N N H

NH2

Br 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

Br 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene

Br

Br

1,3,5-Tribromobenzene

Br 1,1,2-Tribromobutane

Br Br

Br Br Br 1,2,2-Tribromobutane

Br 1,2,3-Tribromobutane

Br

Br Br

1,2,4-Tribromobutane

Br Br 2,2,3-Tribromobutane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

Br

H

O

O

O

Tralomethrin

O

O

O

O

Br

No.

Name

10162 10163 10164 10165 10166 10167

Tribromochloromethane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol Tribromoethene Tribromofluoromethane Tribromomethane

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

lf (eth) liq nd or pr (peth)

55 -29.3 81

2.7115 2.621020

1.593320

2.70820

1.604516

liq

-73.6 8.69

158.5 188.93 9210 164 108 149.1

2.878825

1.594825

607-99-8 4619-74-3 76-08-4

344.826 344.826 310.810

nd (al)

88 84 169

298

2.49125

CBr3NO2 C6H3Br3O

464-10-8 118-79-6

297.729 330.799

10 95.5

12718 286

2.81112 2.5520

1.579020

C3H5Br3 C3H5Br3 C3H5Br3 C4HBr3S C3H9Al2Br3 C20H34O8

14602-62-1 14476-30-3 96-11-7 3141-24-0 12263-85-3 77-90-7

280.784 280.784 280.784 320.828 338.778 402.479

16.9 29

200.5 190.5 222.1 260 11050 1731

2.354720 2.298420 2.420820

1.579020 1.567020 1.586220

C12H27AlO3 C12H27Al C12H27N C12H27BO3 C12H27FSn C18H30O C12H27O4P C12H27P C12H27O3P C12H27OPS3 C12H28Si C12H28Sn C15H26O6

3085-30-1 1116-70-7 102-82-9 688-74-4 1983-10-4 732-26-3 126-73-8 998-40-3 102-85-2 78-48-8 998-41-4 688-73-3 60-01-5

246.322 198.324 185.349 230.151 309.050 262.430 266.313 202.316 250.314 314.510 200.436 291.060 302.363

C12H10Ca3O14 C4H8Cl3O4P C2HCl3O C2H2Cl3NO C2HCl3O2 C4Cl6O3

813-94-5 52-68-6 75-87-6 594-65-0 76-03-9 4124-31-6

498.433 257.437 147.387 162.402 163.387 308.759

C2Cl3N C2Cl4O C6H4Cl3N C6H4Cl3N

545-06-2 76-02-8 634-67-3 636-30-6

144.387 181.832 196.462 196.462

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Bromoform

CBr3Cl C2H3Br3 C2H3Br3O C2HBr3 CBr3F CHBr3

594-15-0 78-74-0 75-80-9 598-16-3 353-54-8 75-25-2

2,4,6-Tribromo-m-cresol 1,1,1-Tribromo-tert-butyl alcohol

C7H5Br3O C7H5Br3O C4H7Br3O

10171 Tribromonitromethane 10172 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 10173 10174 10175 10176 10177 10178 10179 10180 10181 10182 10183 10184 10185 10186 10187 10188 10189 10190 10191

1,1,2-Tribromopropane 1,2,2-Tribromopropane 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 2,3,5-Tribromothiophene Tribromotrimethyldialuminum Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3propanetricarboxylate Tributyl aluminate Tributylaluminum Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributylfluorostannane 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol Tributyl phosphate Tributylphosphine Tributyl phosphite S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioate Tributylsilane Tributylstannane Tributyrin

10192 10193 10194 10195 10196 10197

Tricalcium citrate Trichlorfon Trichloroacetaldehyde 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic anhydride

10198 10199 10200 10201

Trichloroacetonitrile Trichloroacetyl chloride 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline

Methyl aluminum sesquibromide

1-Butanol, aluminum salt N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine Tributyltin fluoride

Tributoxyphosphine S,S,S-Tributyl trithiophosphate Tributyltin hydride Butanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester Calcium citrate Chloral

nd (lig) cry (dil al) pr nd (al), pr (bz)

nd (al) hyg col liq

liq oil nd cry (al, peth)

-70 <-70 ≈260 131

<-25 liq liq

-75

hyg cry

≈100 dec (hyd) 77 -57.5 142 59.2

liq

-42

nd (lig) nd (lig)

73 96.5

cry (w) liq

sub

2605 1022 216.5 234 sub >200 278 289 240; 15050 13726, 12212 1500.3 221 1138, 760.7 307.5

1000.1 97.8 240 196.5 dec 223; 13960 85.7 117.9 292 270

Solubility vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig, chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl, peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl sl chl

0.777020 0.856720 0.86427 0.972725 0.81225 0.925920 1.05720 0.779420 1.10320 1.035020

1.7320 1.51220

1.429920 1.410618

1.422425 1.461920 1.432119

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s EtOH, bz; vs eth, MeOH i H2O, alk; s EtOH, ace, ctc s H2O, eth, bz, CS2; msc EtOH s EtOH; sl ctc; vs eth

1.438020 1.435920

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs eth sl H2O; i EtOH

1.458020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, HOAc

1.612664 1.690820

1.460361

1.440325 1.620220

1.440920 1.469520

i H2O msc eth vs EtOH s EtOH, eth; vs CS 2; sl lig

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

mp/˚C

287.176 266.757 282.756 264.741 270.721 252.731

Mol. Form.

10168 1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene 10169 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol 10170 1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol



Physical Form

Synonym

 

OH Br Cl Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br Tribromochloromethane

1,1,2-Tribromoethane

Br

F

H Br

OH Br

Br

2,2,2-Tribromoethanol

Br

H Br

Br

Br Br

Tribromofluoromethane

Br

O

Br

Br

Tribromoethene

Br

Br

Tribromomethane

Br

HO

Br

1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene

2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol

Br Br

1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O OH Br

O Br

NO2 Br Br Br

Br

Tribromonitromethane

2,4,6-Tribromophenol

O

O

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br Br

1,1,2-Tribromopropane

1,2,3-Tribromopropane

S

Br

O

Al

Al Br

Br

1,2,2-Tribromopropane

Br

O O O

Br

Br

2,3,5-Tribromothiophene

Tribromotrimethyldialuminum

Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate

OH



TeamLRN

O

O

O Al

Al

N

Tributylaluminum

Tributylamine

O

Tributyl aluminate

O

O B

O P O O

Sn O

F

Tributyl borate

Tributylfluorostannane

2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol

Tributyl phosphate

O O

O P S S S

P

O

Tributylphosphine

Cl Cl

O

O P

O P

Si H

Sn

Tributylsilane

Tributylstannane

O

Tributyl phosphite

O O

S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioate

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

H

O

3Ca O 2

Tributyrin

Tricalcium citrate

NH2 O OH

Cl Trichlorfon

O Cl Cl

O Cl

Trichloroacetaldehyde

Cl Cl

O NH2

Cl

2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide

Cl Cl

O OH

Cl

Trichloroacetic acid

Cl Cl

O O

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloroacetic anhydride

Cl Cl

N Cl

Trichloroacetonitrile

NH2 Cl

O Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloroacetyl chloride

2

Cl Cl 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline

Cl Cl Cl 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline

No.

Mol. Wt.

10202 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline

C6H4Cl3N

634-93-5

196.462

10203 10204 10205 10206 10207 10208

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C7H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C8H5Cl3O2 C6H3Cl3O2

4659-47-6 87-61-6 120-82-1 108-70-3 85-34-7 56961-20-7

209.457 181.447 181.447 181.447 239.484 213.446

10209 10210 10211 10212

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4chlorophenyl)ethane 2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene 3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl) benzene Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane Trichlorododecylsilane 1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol

C7H3Cl3O2 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C14H9Cl5

50-31-7 15862-07-4 35693-92-6 50-29-3

225.457 257.543 257.543 354.486

C4H5Cl3O C4H5Cl3 C13H9Cl3N2O C7H4Cl4

76-36-8 2431-50-7 101-20-2 3955-26-8

175.441 159.442 315.581 229.919

CH2Cl4Si C6H4Cl4Si C3H6Cl4Si CHCl5Si C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C8H7Cl3O C14H11Cl3 C12H25Cl3Si C4H5Cl3O C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3O

1558-25-4 825-94-5 2550-06-3 1558-24-3 354-12-1 354-21-2 354-15-4 6972-47-0 2971-22-4 4484-72-4 3083-25-8 71-55-6 79-00-5 115-20-8

183.925 245.994 211.978 218.370 169.385 169.385 169.385 225.500 285.596 303.772 175.441 133.404 133.404 149.403

C2HCl3 C4H7Cl3O2 C2H5Cl3OSi C8H11Cl3O7

79-01-6 515-83-3 1825-82-7 97-25-6

131.388 193.457 179.505 325.528

C2H5Cl3Si C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl3F CCl3F C4Cl3F7

115-21-9 2366-36-1 811-95-0 359-28-4 75-69-4 335-44-4

163.506 151.394 151.394 151.394 137.368 287.391

C6H13Cl3Si

928-65-4

219.612



10231 10232 10233 10234 10235 10236 10237 10238 10239 10240 10241

Trichloroethene 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol Trichloroethoxysilane 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl-β-Dglucopyranosiduronic acid Trichloroethylsilane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane Trichlorofluoromethane 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4heptafluorobutane Trichlorohexylsilane

Chlorfenac

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 2,2,3-Trichlorobutyraldehyde Triclocarban

(Chloromethyl)trichlorosilane

(Dichloromethyl)trichlorosilane

Dodecyltrichlorosilane (2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)oxirane Methyl chloroform Vinyl trichloride

Trichloroethylene Chloral alcoholate Urochloralic acid Ethyltrichlorosilane Refrigerant 131b Refrigerant 131a Refrigerant 11

Hexyltrichlorosilane

Physical Form cry (al), nd (lig or peth) nd (lig) pl (al) orth nd (i) pr (HOAc) (ii) pr (bz) cry cry (EtOH aq) nd (al)

fine pl

ye nd (peth)

liq liq liq hyg orth tab or pl liq liq nd liq liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

78.5

262

87.3 51.3 16.92 62.8 161 115(form a); 134(form b) 124.5 78.5 62.5 108.5

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS 2

1.453325 1.45925

218.5 213.5 208

1.571720

vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; s eth i H2O i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, py

17215 260; 1860.05 164 6020, 4010

1.395620 1.343020

1.475520 1.494420

273

1.54720

118 233; 11620 181.5 145 73 71.9 72.5

1.465020 1.406220 1.359020 1.551820

1.455520 1.541820 1.466820 1.471420

1.544720

1.388920

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, chl

256

-140 -174 175 65

-30.01 -36.3 19

vs ace, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s chl; vs peth s EtOH; sl chl 15510 110100 74.09 113.8 152; 5211

1.458120 1.339020 1.439720

1.437920 1.471420 1.486120

sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s alk sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

-84.7 56.5 -135 142

87.21 115.5 101.9

1.464220 1.14340 1.227420

1.477320

-105.6

100.5 86.5 88.0 102.4 23.7 98

1.237320

1.425620

s ctc

1.49220 1.539320

1.439020

i H2O i H2O

1.748420

1.353020

-104.7 vol liq or gas

den/g cm-3

-110.44 2.0

190

1.110020

1.404520

dec H2O

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

CAS RN

10217 10218 10219 10220 10221 10222 10223 10224 10225 10226 10227 10228 10229 10230

Synonym

 

Mol. Form.

10213 10214 10215 10216

Name

NH2 Cl

O

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene

2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal

Cl

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

Cl

Cl

3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl)benzene

Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane

OH Cl Cl

Cl Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane

Cl

Cl

Cl Si Cl Cl

Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane

Cl

F Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl

F Cl

Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane

O

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane

Trichlorododecylsilane

Cl Cl

Cl F

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane

Cl Cl Cl Si Cl

HO

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Si



TeamLRN

Cl

3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol

Cl H N

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid

Cl Cl Cl

2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl

Cl

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene

Cl

Cl



Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

Cl

Cl

H H

Cl Cl

F Cl

1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

Cl

F Cl

Cl

1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

OH

H

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane

Cl Cl

Cl

F

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Cl

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Cl Cl

Cl

H

Cl

Cl

OH Cl

2,2,2-Trichloroethanol

Trichloroethene

Cl Cl

O Cl

2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol

O

Cl Cl Si Cl

Trichloroethoxysilane

O O O OH

Cl

HO

Cl Cl

OH 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid

Cl Cl Si Cl Cl Trichloroethylsilane

F Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane

Cl Cl

Cl F

1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl

F Cl

1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane

F Cl

Cl Cl

F F

F Cl Cl F Cl F

F F

Trichlorofluoromethane 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutane

Cl Cl Si Cl Trichlorohexylsilane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde

OH

Cl Cl

2,4,6-Trichloroaniline

O

OH

No.

Name

10242 N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) formamide 10243 3,3,3-Trichloro-2hydroxypropanenitrile 10244 Trichloroisobutylsilane 10245 Trichloromethane

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Chloral formamide

C3H4Cl3NO2

515-82-2

192.429

cry

120

Chlorocyanohydrin

C3H2Cl3NO

513-96-2

174.413

pl (w)

61

18169-57-8 67-66-3

191.559 119.378

4,5,6-Trichloro-o-cresol 2,3,6-Trichloro-p-cresol

CCl4S CCl4O2S CHCl3S C8H8Cl3N3O4S2 C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3 C3H3Cl3O C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3O

594-42-3 2547-61-7 75-70-7 133-67-5 6130-75-2 87-40-1 6639-30-1 98-07-7 3083-23-6 551-78-0 551-77-9

185.888 217.887 151.443 380.657 211.473 211.473 195.474 195.474 161.414 211.473 211.473

10257 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol

2,4,6-Trichloro-m-cresol

C7H5Cl3O

551-76-8

211.473

10258 10259 10260 10261

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol Trichloronate 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene Trichloronitromethane

1,1,1-Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol

C4H7Cl3O C10H12Cl3O2PS C6H2Cl3NO2 CCl3NO2

57-15-8 327-98-0 89-69-0 76-06-2

177.457 333.599 226.445 164.376

10262 10263 10264 10265

3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol Trichlorooctadecylsilane Trichlorooctylsilane 1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3pentafluoropropane Trichloropentylsilane 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2dichloropropanoate Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane (2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine Trichlorophenylsilane 1,1,2-Trichloropropane

C6H2Cl3NO3 C18H37Cl3Si C8H17Cl3Si C3Cl3F5

82-62-2 112-04-9 5283-66-9 76-17-5

242.444 387.932 247.666 237.383

C5H11Cl3Si C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C8H5Cl3O3 C11H9Cl5O3

107-72-2 15950-66-0 933-78-8 933-75-5 95-95-4 88-06-2 609-19-8 93-76-5 136-25-4

205.586 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 255.483 366.452

C8H9Cl3Si C6H5Cl3N2 C6H5Cl3Si C3H5Cl3

940-41-0 5329-12-4 98-13-5 598-77-6

239.602 211.476 211.549 147.431

C3H5Cl3

20395-25-9

147.431

10246 10247 10248 10249 10250 10251 10252 10253 10254 10255 10256



10266 10267 10268 10269 10270 10271 10272 10273 10274 10275 10276 10277 10278

Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride Trichloromethanethiol Trichloromethiazide 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trichloromethyl)oxirane 2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol 2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol

10279 1,1,3-Trichloropropane

Perchloromethyl mercaptan Trichloromethyl mercaptan

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole 2,4,5-Trichlorotoluene Benzotrichloride

Chloropicrin

Octadecyltrichlorosilane Octyltrichlorosilane

Amyltrichlorosilane

2,4,5-T Pentanate

liq

-63.41

ye oil cry (al-w) oran oil

140.5

nd (dil al) mcl nd (al) nd or lf (al) liq nd (peth) nd (HOAc, peth) nd or pl (w, peth) hyg nd (w + 1) ye liq pr (al), nd (al) liq

270 dec 77.5 61.5 82.4 -4.42

den/g cm-3

nD

dec 217

vs H2O, eth, EtOH 20

143.3 61.17

1.154 1.478825

1.445920

149 170 12515

1.694720

1.548420

254 241 231 221 149; 4413

1.64025 1.372320 1.49520

1.558020 1.473725

77 66.5

dec H2O sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, ctc s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH vs EtOH, ace s EtOH, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth; s chl vs EtOH

46

265

97

167 1080.01 288 112

57.5 -64

Solubility vs ace, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 1.36520 1.79023 1.655820

1.461120

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz, MeOH, HOAc

dec H2O, EtOH; s ctc

1.663120

1.460220 1.448020 1.351220

1.133020

1.450320

pa ye cry (peth) 92.5

liq

-72

nd (bz, lig, sub) nd (al) nd (dil al, lig) nd (al, peth) orth nd (HOAc) nd (lig) cry (bz)

83.5 62 58 69 69 101 153 49

cry (bz)

liq

22310 232 73.7 172; 60.515 sub 248250 247 246 275 dec 1620.5

0.98425

s EtOH, eth, bz, alk, HOAc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, lig; s eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, xyl

1.490175

1.5550

242; 985

1.239720

1.518520

201 132.0; 117500 145.5

1.32120 1.37215

1.523020

s H2O, bz s ctc, chl, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl ctc

1.355720

1.471820

vs eth, EtOH, chl

143

-59

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

C4H9Cl3Si CHCl3

Chloroform

bp/˚C

 

OH Cl Cl

OH

N H

Cl

Cl Cl

O

N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)formamide

3,3,3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropanenitrile

H2N

Cl

Trichloromethanethiol

Cl



TeamLRN

N O

OH O N

NO2 Cl Cl Cl

Cl

2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol

OH Cl

Cl

2,3,4-Trichlorophenol

Cl

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol

2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

Cl

Cl

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Cl

O Cl

Cl O Cl Cl

2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoate

Cl Si

Cl F

Cl F

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

O

F

F

1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl F

OH Cl

O

Trichloronate

Trichlorooctylsilane

OH OH

P S

Cl

Cl Si Cl Cl

Trichlorooctadecylsilane

Cl

OH

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl

O O

O Cl Cl

O

H2N Cl

(Trichloromethyl)benzene

OH

Cl

3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

Trichloropentylsilane

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene

Cl

Cl

Trichloronitromethane

Cl

OH

2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene

Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride

Cl

1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene

OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride

Cl

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene

Cl

(Trichloromethyl)oxirane

Cl

O S

O

Cl

Cl

O Cl Cl

Cl

O

OH Cl Cl

Trichloromethane

Cl

Trichloromethiazide

O

Cl

S

Cl

NH S O O

S O O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

3,4,5-Trichlorophenol

NH

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane

Cl

Cl

(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine

Trichlorophenylsilane

1,1,2-Trichloropropane

Cl

Cl

1,1,3-Trichloropropane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

Cl

Trichloroisobutylsilane

Cl

H N

Cl SH

N

Cl

H

Cl Si Cl Cl

Name

10280 10281 10282 10283 10284 10285 10286 10287 10288 10289 10290 10291 10292

1,2,2-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone 1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride Trichloropropylsilane 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine 2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine Trichlorotriethyldialuminum

10293 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6trifluorobenzene 10294 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 10295 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 10296 Trichlorovinylsilane 10297 Trichodermin



10298 Triclofos 10299 Triclopyr

Synonym

1,1,1-Trichloroacetone

Propyltrichlorosilane

Cyanuric acic trichloride Ethylaluminum sesquichloride

Vinyltrichlorosilane 12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-en-4-ol acetate 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol dihydrogen phosphate Acetic acid, [(3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinyl)oxy]-

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3O C3H3Cl3O C3H3Cl3 C3H3Cl3 C3Cl4O C3H7Cl3Si C4HCl3N2 C3H4Cl3NSi C3Cl3N3 C6H12Cl3N C6H15Al2Cl3

3175-23-3 96-18-4 76-00-6 918-00-3 96-19-5 2233-00-3 815-58-7 141-57-1 3764-01-0 1071-22-3 108-77-0 555-77-1 12075-68-2

147.431 147.431 163.430 161.414 145.415 145.415 193.843 177.533 183.423 188.516 184.411 204.525 247.505

C6Cl3F3

319-88-0

235.418

C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2H3Cl3Si C17H24O4

354-58-5 76-13-1 75-94-5 4682-50-2

187.375 187.375 161.490 292.371

liq liq cry

14.37 -36.22 -95 59

C2H4Cl3O4P

306-52-5

229.383

cry (bz)

120.5

C7H4Cl3NO3

55335-06-3

256.471

liq

liq

-14.7 50.5

-30

22.5 cry (eth, bz) pa ye ye liq

154 -2.0

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

124 157 163; 5412 149; 2810 142 114.5 158 123.5 212.5 10930 192 14315 115.550, 36.20.2 198.4

1.31825 1.388920

1.460920 1.485220

1.43520 1.41220 1.36720

1.463517 1.503020 1.482720 1.527118 1.431020 1.570020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz

45.5 47.7 91.5 1110.05

149

dec 290 380

1.19520

vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.579020 1.563525 1.242620

1.361035 1.355725 1.429520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl

1.446820 1.428380 1.557520

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ctc vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, tol; s HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ctc, tol s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

10300 Tricosane 10301 12-Tricosanone 10302 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate

Diundecyl ketone Tri-o-tolyl phosphate

C23H48 C23H46O C21H21O4P

638-67-5 540-09-0 78-30-8

324.627 338.610 368.363

lf (eth-al) lf (al) col or pa ye

47.76 70.2 11

410

0.778548 0.808669 1.195520

10303 Tri-m-cresyl phosphate 10304 Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

Tri-m-tolyl phosphate Tri-p-tolyl phosphate

C21H21O4P C21H21O4P

563-04-2 78-32-0

368.363 368.363

25.5 77.5

26015 22435

1.15025 1.24725

1.557520

C9H11N3 C9H7N3S

1772-25-4 41814-78-2

161.203 189.237

wax nd (al), tab (eth) br liq

2572

1.040

1.466020

C10H16

508-32-7

136.234

152.5

0.866880

1.429680

C10H17N C10H16 C13H26O C13H28 C13H24O4 C13H25N C13H26O2 C13H28O C13H26O C13H26O

768-94-5 281-23-2 10486-19-8 629-50-5 505-52-2 629-60-7 638-53-9 112-70-9 593-08-8 462-18-0

151.249 136.234 198.344 184.361 244.328 195.345 214.344 200.360 198.344 198.344

sub 15613 235.47

1.0725 0.835618 0.756420

1.568 1.438418 1.425620

293 236100, 1401 274; 15214 263 261

0.825720 0.845880 0.822331 0.821730 0.82530

1.437820 1.428660

10305 1,3,6-Tricyanohexane 10306 Tricyclazole 10307 Tricyclene 10308 10309 10310 10311 10312 10313 10314 10315 10316 10317

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane Tridecanal Tridecane Tridecanedioic acid Tridecanenitrile Tridecanoic acid 1-Tridecanol 2-Tridecanone 7-Tridecanone

1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole, 5-methyl1,7,7Trimethyltricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptane Amantadine Adamantane

Tridecylic acid Tridecyl alcohol Methyl undecyl ketone Dihexyl ketone

187 cry (al)

nd (sub) liq

cry (peth ace) cry (al) lf (al)

67.5 180 268 14 -5.4 114 9.7 41.5 31.7 30.5 33

1.431820

sl H2O s bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, bz, tfa; s EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, chl, lig; vs eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

 

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,2-Trichloropropane

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

Cl

O Cl Cl

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone

Cl

1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene

2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride

Cl Cl Si Cl Cl

N Cl

Trichloropropylsilane

N

Cl

2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine

N N

Cl

3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile

F F

Cl Cl Cl

F Cl F

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane



TeamLRN

N

Cl Cl

O

1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene

Cl Cl

Cl N

O O P O O

Tri-o-cresyl phosphate

Tri-m-cresyl phosphate

OH

O O

Triclofos

O O P O O

Cl F

O P OH O OH

Cl

F

Cl

Cl

Trichlorotriethyldialuminum

Trichodermin

12-Tricosanone

Triclopyr

O O P O O

Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

NH2 N N

N

1,3,6-Tricyanohexane

Cl

H

O

Trichlorovinylsilane

N N

O

O

O

Tricosane

Cl

2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine

Cl Si Cl Cl

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

N

Cl

2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine

Cl F Cl

Al

Al Cl

H F

Cl

N N

F

O

S Tricyclazole

Tricyclene

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane

Tridecanal

O

O

O OH

HO Tridecane

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine

N

Tridecanedioic acid

OH

Tridecanenitrile

O

Tridecanoic acid

O

OH 1-Tridecanol

2-Tridecanone

7-Tridecanone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl

Cl



Cl

Name

10318 10319 10320 10321 10322 10323 10324 10325 10326 10327 10328

1-Tridecene Tridecyl acrylate Tridecylaluminum Tridecylamine (Tridecyl)amine Tridecylbenzene Tridecylcyclohexane Tridecyl methacrylate Tri(decyl) phosphite 1-Tridecyne Tridiphane



10329 10330 10331 10332 10333 10334 10335 10336 10337 10338 10339 10340 10341 10342 10343

Tridodecylamine Triethanolamine 1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane 1,1,1-Triethoxyethane Triethoxyethylsilane Triethoxymethane Triethoxymethylsilane Triethoxypentylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,1,1-Triethoxypropane Triethoxysilane 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylate 10344 Triethylaluminum 10345 Triethylamine

10346 10347 10348 10349 10350 10351 10352 10353 10354 10355

Triethylamine hydrochloride Triethylarsine 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Triethylborane Triethyl borate Triethyl citrate Triethylenediamine Triethylene glycol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-13

232.8 15010

0.765820 0.8820

1.434020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

0.804920 0.855020 0.823920 0.88120

1.444320 1.482120 1.457020 1.44825

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

0.784220

1.430920

vs bz, eth

1.124220

1.485220

msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s chl vs eth, EtOH

0.884725 0.896320 0.890920 0.894825 0.886220 0.99625

1.398020 1.395520 1.392220 1.383220 1.405920 1.460420 1.400025

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s EtOH, eth

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C13H26 C16H30O2 C30H63Al C30H63N C13H29N C19H32 C19H38 C17H32O2 C30H63O3P C13H24 C10H7Cl5O

2437-56-1 3076-04-8 1726-66-5 1070-01-5 2869-34-3 123-02-4 6006-33-3 2495-25-2 2929-86-4 26186-02-7 58138-08-2

182.345 254.408 450.803 437.828 199.376 260.457 266.505 268.435 502.793 180.330 320.427

Triethyl acetylcitrate

C36H75N C6H15NO3 C12H18O3 C9H21ClO3Si C8H18O3 C8H20O3Si C7H16O3 C7H18O3Si C11H26O3Si C12H20O3Si C9H20O3 C6H16O3Si C9H23NO3Si C9H19NO3Si C14H22O8

102-87-4 102-71-6 2437-88-9 5089-70-3 78-39-7 78-07-9 122-51-0 2031-67-6 2761-24-2 780-69-8 115-80-0 998-30-1 919-30-2 919-31-3 77-89-4

521.988 149.188 210.269 240.800 162.227 192.329 148.200 178.302 234.408 240.371 176.253 164.275 221.370 217.338 318.320

Hexaethyldialuminum N,N-Diethylethanamine

C6H15Al C6H15N

97-93-8 121-44-8

114.165 101.190

col hyg liq liq

-46 -114.7

194; 10013 89

0.83225 0.727520

1.401020

554-68-7 617-75-4 42205-08-3 877-44-1 102-25-0 97-94-9 150-46-9 77-93-0 280-57-9 112-27-6

137.651 162.105 162.271 162.271 162.271 97.994 145.992 276.283 112.172 150.173

hex (al)

260 dec

1.068921 1.15020

1.46720

col liq

-26

liq liq liq

-66.5 -93 -84.8

sub 245 138.5 172 218; 9915 215.9 95 120 294

0.873820 0.863120 0.7023 0.854620 1.136920

1.502420 1.496920 1.3971 1.374920 1.445520

hyg liq

159 -7

285

1.127415

1.453120

C22H42O6

94-28-0

402.564

C10H18O6 C14H22O6

111-21-7 109-16-0

234.246 286.321

liq

-50

286 1705

1.115320 1.09220

1.459525

N,N-Didecyl-1-decanamine 1-Tridecanamine 1-Phenyltridecane

2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2trichloroethyl)oxirane, (±) N,N-Didodecyl-1-dodecanamine Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine (3-Chloropropyl)triethoxysilane

N,N-Diethylethanamine hydrochloride C6H16ClN C6H15As C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C6H15B Boric acid, triethyl ester C6H15BO3 C12H20O7 C6H12N2 Triglycol C6H14O4

liq liq hyg visc liq

-38 27.4 10 18.5

liq 2.5 42.8

hyg cry cry (al, dil al) col gas

16.4 20.5 43.5

liq

406 275.8 346 346 1181 2553, 1800.1 234; 9425

2200.03 335.4 17024 -149 145 158.5 143; 6020 142 10030, 9513 232; 11310 171 133.5 11929 10910 21440

0.874520 0.950620 0.97420 1.13525

vs eth, EtOH

1.422520 1.4380

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl; i peth s chl

 

10356 Triethylene glycol bis(2ethylhexanoate) 10357 Triethylene glycol diacetate 10358 Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Synonym

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

O Al

O 1-Tridecene

Tridecyl acrylate

Tridecylaluminum

NH2

N Tridecylamine

(Tridecyl)amine

Tridecylbenzene

Tridecylcyclohexane

Cl

O O

O Tridecyl methacrylate

O P

O Cl

O

Tri(decyl) phosphite

1-Tridecyne

Cl

Cl

Tridiphane

Cl O

OH



TeamLRN

O N

N

HO

Tridodecylamine

OH

Triethanolamine

O

Si O O

O

O

O

O

O

1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene

Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane

1,1,1-Triethoxyethane

Triethoxyethylsilane

N

H2N

O O

Si O O O

O O

O

Si O

O Si O O

O

O

O

O

Triethoxymethane

Triethoxymethylsilane

Al

N

Triethylaluminum

Triethylamine

N

Triethoxypentylsilane

HCl

Triethylamine hydrochloride

Triethoxyphenylsilane

1,1,1-Triethoxypropane

O

Triethylene glycol

O

Triethoxysilane

Si O

Si O O O

O

3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine

B 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene

1,2,4-Triethylbenzene

1,3,5-Triethylbenzene

O

Triethylborane

O

O

O

OH

O O

O

Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate

EtOOC O

Triethyl borate

O

COOEt COOEt OH Triethyl citrate

N N Triethylenediamine

O O

O

O

O Triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate)

O B

O

O

3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile

O O

O

O Si O O H

As Triethylarsine

O

HO

O

Si O O

O

O

O

O

O Triethylene glycol diacetate

O O

Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Cl

No.

Name

10359 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 10360 Triethylene glycol dinitrate

10396 10397 10398 10399 10400 10401 10402

Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Triglyme Ethanol, 2,2’-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy) ]bis-, dinitrate 2-[2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, oxide Thiotepa

C8H18O4 C6H12N2O8

112-49-2 111-22-8

178.227 240.167

C8H18O4 C6H12N3OP C6H12N3PS C9H21N3 C6H15O4P C6H15P C6H15OP C6H15PS C6H15O3P C6H15O3PS C6H16Si C6H16OSi C6H15Sb C23H23NO C15H15ClF3N3O C21H24F3N3S C21H26Cl2F3N3S C2H2F3NO C2HF3O2 C4F6O3 C3H3F3O C2F3N C2ClF3O C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2HF3 C2H4F3N C3H5F3O C2H2F3I CF3I C2F3N CHF3

112-50-5 545-55-1 52-24-4 7779-27-3 78-40-0 554-70-1 597-50-2 597-51-3 122-52-1 126-68-1 617-86-7 597-52-4 617-85-6 1420-06-0 68694-11-1 117-89-5 440-17-5 354-38-1 76-05-1 407-25-0 421-50-1 353-85-5 354-32-5 367-23-7 372-38-3 420-46-2 430-66-0 75-89-8 359-11-5 753-90-2 460-43-5 353-83-3 2314-97-8 19480-01-4 75-46-7

178.227 173.152 189.218 171.283 182.154 118.157 134.156 150.222 166.155 198.220 116.277 132.276 208.943 329.435 345.747 407.496 480.417 113.038 114.023 210.031 112.050 95.023 132.468 132.083 132.083 84.040 84.040 100.039 82.024 99.055 114.066 209.936 195.910 95.023 70.014

CClF3S CHF3O3S CClF3O2S CF4O2S C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6F3N

421-17-0 1493-13-6 421-83-0 335-05-7 88-17-5 98-16-8 455-14-1

136.524 150.077 168.523 152.069 161.125 161.125 161.125

Ethyl phosphate

Triethoxyphosphine O,O,O-Triethyl thiophosphate

4-(Triphenylmethyl)morpholine

Stelazine

Methyl trifluoromethyl ketone

Methyl fluoroform

Trifluoroethylene 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanamine

Trifluoromethyl isocyanide Fluoroform

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-45

216 820.03

0.98620

1.422420

vs H2O, bz

41 51.5

256 9123

1.020920

cry cry liq liq wh hyg nd cry (al)

-56.4 -88 48 94

liq

-156.9

liq cry (EtOH)

-98 176 63.5

liq col gas col gas liq col gas

786 215.5 129 243

1.069520 0.800619

157.9 217; 10016 109 154 161.4

0.962920 1.076820 0.730220 0.864720 1.322415

1.458025 1.405320 1.45815

1.412720 1.448020 1.44720 1.432920

s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O, sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s chl, ctc

2060.7

cry

liq liq vol liq or gas col gas col gas

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH

241.5 73.8 -15.2 -65

-146 -5.5 -111.3 -84 -43.5

col gas col gas col gas

-155.2

col gas hyg liq

45

col gas 35.5 5.5 38

162.5 73 39.5 21.5 -68.8 -18 90 75.5 -47.25 3.7 74 -51 36 31.62 54.5 -22.5 -80 -82.1 -0.7 162 162; 6218 -21.7 6815 187; 7410 117.560

1.535125 1.49025 1.25225

1.26925

1.26425 1.27725

1.417120 1.414020

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace

s eth, chl 1.384220 1.26-70 1.24525

1.290722

2.1325 2.3607-32

1.400920 1.3790-32

0.67325 (p>1 atm)

s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl

1.334420 1.28225 1.304712 1.28327

vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

1.481020 1.478720 1.481525

i H2O vs eth i H2O

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

 

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether Triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenethiophosphoramide 1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine Triethylphosphine oxide Triethylphosphine sulfide Triethyl phosphite O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate Triethylsilane Triethylsilanol Triethylstibine Trifenmorph Triflumizole Trifluoperazine Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroacetyl chloride 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethene 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



10361 10362 10363 10364 10365 10366 10367 10368 10369 10370 10371 10372 10373 10374 10375 10376 10377 10378 10379 10380 10381 10382 10383 10384 10385 10386 10387 10388 10389 10390 10391 10392 10393 10394 10395

Synonym

O

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O

Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

N O

O

O

S N P N N

Triethylene glycol dinitrate

Triethylenephosphoramide

Triethylenethiophosphoramide

OH

O

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether

N

O N P N N

O

N N

1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine

O O P O O

O P

S P

Triethylphosphine oxide

Triethylphosphine sulfide

P Triethyl phosphate

O

Triethylphosphine

Cl

F

F F

N



TeamLRN

F

Triflumizole

Triethylsilane

Sb Triethylsilanol

Triethylstibine

Trifenmorph

2HCl F

F F

F F

N

S

N

O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate

OH Si

O

Triethyl phosphite

N

N

N

H Si

N

N

N

O

O P

N

S O P O O

S

Trifluoperazine

O

O F F

Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride

F F

NH2 F

2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide

F F

OH

F

F O O

F

Trifluoroacetic acid

O

F F

O

O

F

Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride

F

F F

F

N F

1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone

Trifluoroacetonitrile

F F

Cl F

Trifluoroacetyl chloride

F F

F

F

F

F F

F

F 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene

1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene

F

F

F

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

F

F

F

F

1,1,2-Trifluoroethane

F

F

F OH

F

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

F

Trifluoroethene

F

O

NH2

2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine

I

F F F

F I

2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether

F

F

F F

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane

Trifluoroiodomethane

NH2 NH2 H

F F

N F

Trifluoroisocyanomethane

F

F F

Trifluoromethane

F F

S

Cl

F

Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride

F F

O OH S O F

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid

F F

O Cl S O F

Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride

F F

O F S O

NH2 F

F F

F

Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride

F 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

F F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Name

10403 10404 10405 10406 10407 10408 10409 10410 10411

10424 10425 10426

4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl) phenyl]amino]benzoic acid Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3butanedione 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone Trifluorophenylsilane 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±) 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3butanedione Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane Triflupromazine Trifluralin

10427 10428 10429 10430 10431

Triforine Trigonelline Trihexylamine Trihexyl borate Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H5F3O C7H5F3 C8H4F3N C8H4F3N C8H4ClF3O C2HF5O C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C14H10F3NO2

455-19-6 98-08-8 368-77-4 455-18-5 2251-65-2 3822-68-2 444-30-4 98-17-9 530-78-9

174.120 146.110 171.120 171.120 208.565 136.020 162.109 162.109 281.230

CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3HF7O

373-74-0 10112-11-5 2356-61-8

100.116 100.116 186.028

col gas col gas col gas

-73 -124 -141

-30 -38.3 -3

C5H5F3O2 C10H7F3O2

367-57-7 326-06-7

154.088 216.157

liq cry

39

107 224

C8H5F3O C6H5F3Si C3H5F3 C3H5F3O C3H3F3 C3HF3 C8H5F3O2S

434-45-7 368-47-8 421-07-8 17556-48-8 677-21-4 661-54-1 326-91-0

174.120 162.185 98.067 114.066 96.051 94.035 222.185

liq liq col gas liq col gas col gas

C3F6O C18H19F3N2S C13H16F3N3O4

428-59-1 146-54-3 1582-09-8

166.021 352.417 335.279

gas visc oil

α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1piperidinepropanol hydrochloride Borane pyridine Anthragallol

C10H14Cl6N4O2 C7H7NO2 C18H39N C18H39BO3 C20H32ClNO

26644-46-2 535-83-1 102-86-3 5337-36-0 52-49-3

434.962 137.137 269.510 314.312 337.927

C5H8BN C14H8O5

110-51-0 602-64-2

92.936 256.211

Purpurin

C14H8O5

81-54-9

256.211

10435 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 10436 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 10437 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

Gallic acid

C7H6O5 C7H6O5 C7H6O5

610-02-6 83-30-7 149-91-7

170.120 170.120 170.120

oran red or oran-ye nd (al) nd (+w) cry (w+1) pr (w+1)

10438 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone 10439 2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone

Alizarin Yellow A Isoliquiritigenin

C13H10O4 C15H12O4

1143-72-2 961-29-5

230.216 256.254

ye nd (dil al) 140.5 ye nd (EtOH-w) 200

10412 10413 10414 10415 10416



10417 10418 10419 10420 10421 10422 10423

10432 Trihydro(pyridine)boron 10433 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 10434 1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Synonym Benzotrifluoride

Flufenamic acid

1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone

(Trifluoromethyl)acetylene Thenoyltrifluoroacetone Perfluoropropylene oxide Fluopromazine 2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4(trifluoromethyl)aniline

N,N-Dihexyl-1-hexanamine

liq

oil col gas liq

-28.95 14.5 37.5 -157 45.5 -0.9 133.5

-40 -18

8025 102.1 189 186; 8016 -38 147.5 178

nD

Solubility

1.188420 1.281320

1.463020 1.414620 1.450820

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.383

1.477020

1.341825 s DMSO

42.8

153 101.5 -13 78 -17 -48.3 978

49

-27.4 1760.7 1404.2

-52

den/g cm-3

s os i H2O; s EtOH, ace 1.27920 1.216920

1.458320 1.411020

vs bz, EtOH

1.263225

1.313025

vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc

1.578023

155 dec pr (aq, al, +1w) 261.7 1432

vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s acid sl ctc

0.797621

258.5

ye nd (dil al)

0.92020

1.528025

10.5 313

sub 290

i H2O; dec acid sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, CS 2

259

sub

sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc; s eth

221 100 dec 253 dec

sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; i bz sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i bz, chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc

1.6946

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

 

N

O

N F

F

F

O

F

F F

F (Trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile

F

F

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile

F F

F F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride

O F

F

F

F F

F

F F

F

Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether

2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

OH H N

F

F

F

2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]benzoic acid

O

F

F Si F F

F

H Si H H

F F

Trifluoromethylsilane

O

F

F F

(Trifluoromethyl)silane

F

O

O

F F

F

Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether

O

O

F F

F

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione

F F

F

4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione

F F

2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone



TeamLRN

N F F F Si

F Trifluorophenylsilane

F

1,1,1-Trifluoropropane

F F

F F

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±)

F F

F S

F F

O

F

3,3,3-Trifluoropropene

3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne

F

O

F

OH F F

F

F

F

O

N

F F F

4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione

F F

S

Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane

Triflupromazine

N O2N

NO2

NH

HN N

F

F

Trifluralin

O

O

N N Me

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl

F

Triforine

N

Trigonelline

O

OH

N

O

O

O

Trihexylamine

O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO

O

Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride

O

OH OH

OH O 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O

OH

1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

HO OH 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

OH OH

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

Trihydro(pyridine)boron

OH O

OH

OH

N H B H H

HCl

OH

O

Trihexyl borate

OH

OH

OH

O

O B

HO OH

OH 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone

2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

OH OH

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

Cl

F

 

No.

Name



10451 10452 10453 10454 10455

2,4,6-Triiodophenol 3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid Triisobutyl aluminate Triisobutylaluminum Triisobutylamine

10456 Triisobutylborane 10457 Triisobutyl phosphate 10458 Triisopentylamine 10459 10460 10461 10462 10463 10464 10465 10466 10467

Triisopropanolamine Triisopropoxymethane Triisopropoxyvinylsilane 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene Triisopropyl borate Triisopropyl phosphate Triisopropyl phosphite Triisopropyl vanadate

10468 Trimecaine 10469 Trimellitic anhydride 10470 Trimeprazine 10471 10472 10473 10474 10475

Trimethoate Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride Trimethoprim 3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Aleuritic acid Emodin

C16H32O5 C15H10O5

6949-98-0 518-82-1

304.422 270.237

Phloionolic acid

C18H36O5

583-86-8

332.476

lf (dil al), nd (w) 102 oran-red mcl 257 nd (HOAc) cry (dil al) 101.5

Baicalein

C15H10O5

491-67-8

270.237

ye pr (al)

C10H12O4

1421-63-2

196.200

153.8

Gallacetophenone 2’,4’,6’-Trihydroxyacetophenone Flopropione

C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C9H10O4

528-21-2 480-66-0 2295-58-1

168.148 168.148 182.173

173 221.0 175.5

Phenylfluorone

C19H12O5

975-17-7

320.295

Iodoform

C7H3I3O2 CHI3

88-82-4 75-47-8

499.811 393.732

C6H3I3O C15H11I3O4 C12H27AlO3 C12H27Al C12H27N

609-23-4 51-26-3 3453-79-0 100-99-2 1116-40-1

471.800 635.959 246.322 198.324 185.349

C12H27B C12H27O4P C15H33N

1116-39-8 126-71-6 645-41-0

182.153 266.313 227.430

C9H21NO3 C10H22O3 C11H24O3Si C15H24 C15H24 C9H21BO3 C9H21O4P C9H21O3P C9H21O4V

122-20-3 4447-60-3 18023-33-1 948-32-3 717-74-8 5419-55-6 513-02-0 116-17-6 5588-84-1

191.268 190.280 232.393 204.352 204.352 188.072 224.234 208.235 244.203

liq

C15H24N2O

616-68-2

248.364

C9H4O5 C18H22N2S

552-30-7 84-96-8

192.125 298.446

C9H20NO3PS2 C21H29ClN2O5 C14H18N4O3 C9H13NO3 C10H12O4

2275-18-5 554-92-7 738-70-5 24313-88-0 2103-57-3

285.364 424.918 290.318 183.204 196.200

2-Methyl-1-propanol, aluminum salt 2-Methyl-N,N-bis(2-methylpropyl)1-propanamine

3-Methyl-N,N-bis(3-methylbutyl)-1butanamine Isopropyl orthoformate

Vanadium, oxotris(2-propanolato)-, (T-4)2-Diethylamino-2’,4’,6’trimethylacetanilide N,N,β-Trimethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-propanamine

nd (w, +1w)

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

sub

264 dec

oran red (alHCl) pr (al) ye cry

225 121.2

nd (dil al) cry (EtOH)

159.8 200

liq liq

6 -21.8

Solubility sl H2O vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc

s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O, chl, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth, EtOH

>300

218

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace sl EtOH

4.00825

sub 27550 8610 191.5

0.768420

1.425217

vs eth, EtOH

188; 8620 264 235

0.738025 0.968120 0.784820

1.418823 1.419320 1.433120

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, ctc

-7.4

17510 167 179.5; 7720 244 238 140; 7576 219 7420, 6010 10410

1.020 0.862120 0.862725 0.857425 0.854520 0.825120 0.986720 0.906320

1.400020 1.398120 1.489625 1.488220 1.377720 1.405720 1.408525

cry

44

1876

cry

162 68

24114 1620.3

28.5 188 201 112.8

1350.1

45

solid cry ye cry

1220.5

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl vs eth, EtOH s ctc s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, PrOH vs EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl

sl H2O vs H2O sl chl, MeOH; i eth, bz 1.554720

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10440 9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid 10441 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 10442 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, (R*,R*) 10443 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 10444 1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1butanone 10445 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 10446 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 10447 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1propanone 10448 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3Hxanthen-3-one 10449 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid 10450 Triiodomethane

Physical Form

Synonym

OH O OH

OH O

OH

O

HO

OH OH

1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

OH

OH

9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, (R*,R*)

HO

HO

OH

O

OH HO

HO

5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

OH

OH

I

I I

OH OH

1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone

1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

I



TeamLRN

O O HO

O Al

1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O

I I

1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

N

Al

OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

O

I

2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3H-xanthen-3-one

O O P O O

B

I

2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid

HO

N

I

H I I

I

Triiodomethane

2,4,6-Triiodophenol

OH

O

N

O

O

HO

O

3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid

Triisobutyl aluminate

Triisobutylaluminum

Triisobutylamine

Triisobutylborane

Triisobutyl phosphate

Triisopentylamine

Triisopropanolamine

Triisopropoxymethane

O

O Si O O

O

O B

O O P O O

O

O

O P

O O V O O

O

N

HN

OH

O

O

O O

Triisopropoxyvinylsilane

1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene

N S Trimeprazine

S O P O S O

Triisopropyl borate

Triisopropyl phosphate

Triisopropyl phosphite

O O

N H

Trimethoate

Trimecaine

NH2 O

N H

O

Triisopropyl vanadate

O

N

HCl

Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

N N

O

NH2

O

O O

O

O

Trimellitic anhydride

Trimethoprim

3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline

O O 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde



N

1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

O



O

HO

OH OH

O

9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid

O

HO

OH

OH

HO

Name

10476 10477 10478 10479 10480 10481 10482

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

10483 10484 10485 10486

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride Trimethoxyboroxin 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’dimethylberbaman-12-ol 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol 1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane 4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H12O4 C10H12O4 C9H12O3 C9H12O3 C11H17NO3 C10H14O4 C10H12O5

4460-86-0 86-81-7 634-36-6 621-23-8 54-04-6 3840-31-1 490-64-2

196.200 196.200 168.189 168.189 211.258 198.216 212.199

Berbamine

C10H12O5 C10H11ClO4 C3H9B3O6 C37H40N2O6

118-41-2 4521-61-3 102-24-9 478-61-5

212.199 230.645 173.532 608.723

Oxyacanthine

C37H40N2O6

548-40-3

608.723

Cephaeline

C28H38N2O4 C5H12O3 C14H13NO4

483-17-0 1445-45-0 83-95-4

466.613 120.147 259.258

C4H10O3 C4H12O3Si C9H14O3Si C3H10O3Si C6H16O3SSi C8H22N2O3Si

149-73-5 1185-55-3 2996-92-1 2487-90-3 4420-74-0 1760-24-3

106.120 136.222 198.291 122.195 196.340 222.358

C10H20O5Si

2530-85-0

248.349

liq

C3H9Al C3H9N

75-24-1 75-50-3

72.085 59.110

col gas

C3H12BN C3H10ClN

75-22-9 593-81-7

72.945 95.571

94 mcl hyg nd (al) 277.5

1184-78-7 137-17-7 88-05-1 593-88-4 487-68-3 526-73-8

75.109 135.206 135.206 120.025 148.201 120.191

hyg nd (w+2) nd (w) liq liq

Hemimellitene

C3H9NO C9H13N C9H13N C3H9As C10H12O C9H12

10508 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

Pseudocumene

C9H12

95-63-6

10509 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

Mesitylene

C9H12

10510 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol 10511 N,α,α-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine 10512 Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate

Mephentermine Trimethyl trimellitate

C9H12O2 C11H17N C12H12O6

10487 10488 10489 10490



10491 10492 10493 10494 10495 10496

Trimethoxymethane Trimethoxymethylsilane Trimethoxyphenylsilane Trimethoxysilane 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2ethanediamine 10497 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 10498 Trimethyl aluminum 10499 Trimethylamine 10500 Trimethylamine borane 10501 Trimethylamine hydrochloride 10502 10503 10504 10505 10506 10507

Trimethylamine oxide 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Trimethylarsine 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

Synonym

Mescaline 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl alcohol

Skimmianine

(3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane

N,N-Dimethylmethanamine N,N-Dimethylmethanamine borane N,N-Dimethylmethanamine hydrochloride N,N-Dimethylmethanamine oxide Mesitylamine

114 72.5 orth nd (al) 48.5 pr (al), lf (peth) 54.5 cry 35.5 3 nd (al or bz145 peth) mcl nd (w) 172.3 82

bp/˚C 1485 235 255.5 18012 22825 300

den/g cm-3

nD

1.100945

1.142720

Solubility s H2O, eth, chl, lig s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; i eth, peth

1.543920 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, peth

22610 18518

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 1.4025

lf (+2w, al) cry (peth) nd (al, eth)

198.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth

216.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig

nd (eth)

115.5

pym (al)

108

0.943825

1.385925

104 102.5 13045, 11020 32100 12850, 9310 140.515

0.967620 0.954820 1.06420

1.379320 1.369620 1.473420

1.01525 1.0125

1.442025 1.441625

177 15

vs ace, EtOH, MeOH, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, CS2 s EtOH, eth s chl s ctc, CS2

1075, 951 15.4 -117.1

130; 208 2.87 172 sub 200

0.75220 0.62725 (p>1 atm) 0.79225

1.36310

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, chl

234.5 232.5 52 238.5 176.12

0.95725 0.963325 1.14415 1.015425 0.894420

120.191

liq

-43.77

169.38

0.875820

1.504820

108-67-8

120.191

liq

-44.72

164.74

0.861525

1.499420

700-13-0 100-92-5 2459-10-1

152.190 163.260 252.219

nd (w) liq visc oil

169 dec 959 19412

1.261

1.523020

 

liq

256 68 -2.5 -87.3 14 -25.4

-13

vs H2O, chl, tol; s EtOH, eth, bz

1.549520

1.513920

vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

O

O O O

O O

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

OH

O

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene

O

1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene

O

O

O

B O

N H

O

O

O

B O

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride

Trimethoxyboroxin

O

O O

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine

O

B O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

O

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol

O

O N H

N H

O

O

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

O O

N H

O

O

O OH

OH 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethylberbaman-12-ol

6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol

O N H



TeamLRN

O

O H H

H

O

N

O

OH 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol

O Si O O

O O Si O

N H

O

O

1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane

NH2

O

N O

O

4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

O

Trimethoxymethane

H Si O O O

Si O O O Trimethoxymethylsilane

O O Si O

Trimethoxyphenylsilane

O O Si O

Trimethoxysilane

H N B H H

O 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate

Al

N

Trimethyl aluminum

Trimethylamine

N

Trimethylamine borane

3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol

N O

HCl

Trimethylamine hydrochloride

Trimethylamine oxide

2,4,5-Trimethylaniline

O O

NH2

SH

NH2

O

N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O

O

OH

O O

H N As 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline

Trimethylarsine

O

OH 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

N,α,α-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine

O

Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

OH O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH

NH2

O

No.

Name

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H12O2 C10H16Si C10H18

480-63-7 770-09-2 464-15-3

164.201 164.320 138.250

α-Fenchyl alcohol, (l)

C10H18O

512-13-0

154.249

Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

76-49-3

196.286

C10H16

464-17-5

136.234

C10H16O

1820-09-3

C10H16O Chrysanthenone

Triptane

10513 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid 10514 Trimethylbenzylsilane 10515 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

pr (lig)

156.5

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

190.5 161

0.893320

48

9420

0.903484

29

221

113

146

152.233

24

9210

0.965725

1.490825

1845-30-3

152.233

15.5

9010

0.968425

1.491225

C10H14O

473-06-3

150.217

C3H9B C3H9BO3 C7H16

593-90-8 121-43-7 464-06-2

55.914 103.912 100.202

col gas liq liq

-161.5 -29.3 -24.6

-20.2 67.5 80.86

10525 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol

C7H16O

594-83-2

116.201

17

10526 10527 10528 10529

C7H14 C3H9ClSi C9H14O7 C10H14O

594-56-9 75-77-4 1587-20-8 503-93-5

98.186 108.642 234.203 150.217

cry (dil al +1/ 2w) liq liq tcl

-109.9 -40 79.3

C9H18 C9H18 C9H18

7094-26-0 3073-66-3 7667-60-9

126.239 126.239 126.239

liq liq liq

trans-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane

C9H18

1795-26-2

126.239

Dihydroisophorone β-Cyclocitral

C9H18O C9H18O C9H16O C9H16O C9H16O C10H16O

933-48-2 767-54-4 2408-37-9 2230-70-8 873-94-9 432-25-7

142.238 142.238 140.222 140.222 140.222 152.233

Isophorol β-Ionol

C9H16O C13H22O

470-99-5 22029-76-1

10516 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-ol, (1S-endo) 10517 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-ol acetate, endo 10518 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2ene 10519 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3en-2-ol, (1α,2α,5α) 10520 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3en-2-ol, (1α,2β,5α) 10521 2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2en-6-one 10522 Trimethylborane 10523 Trimethyl borate 10524 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane



10530 10531 10532 10533 10534 10535 10536 10537 10538 10539 10540 10541 10542

Eucarvone

α-Ionol

cry (al)

1.494120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt, MeOH

vs bz, eth, EtOH

8812

1.472022

vs EtOH

0.91525 0.690120

1.356820 1.386420

131

0.838025

1.423322

vs eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH

77.9 60 285; 17616 210; 10522

0.705020 0.85625

1.402520 1.387020

0.949020

1.508720

-29 -65.7 -83.5

145.2 136.6 142.9

0.796325 0.774925 0.787025

1.438220 1.429520 1.434120

i H2O

liq

-107.4

140.5

0.779420

1.430720

vs bz, eth, lig

37.3 55.8 -31.8

202; 9212 189.2 178.5 191 189 11229, 9715

0.900616 0.863160 0.904318 0.90220 0.891919 0.95915

1.455016

cry (eth) liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

140.222 194.313

695 13014

0.91420 0.924320

1.471720 1.496920

14

20

20

ye oil

C13H22O

25312-34-9

194.313

oil

C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

4259-00-1 4516-69-2 4850-28-6

112.213 112.213 112.213

liq liq liq

127 -21.6 -142.4 -132.6

114; 53100 104.9 116.7

0.9189

0.766020 0.743925 0.759225

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl, MeOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace

1.447020 1.449320 1.445415 1.497115

1.4735

1.419920 1.411220 1.418620

s EtOH, eth, ace

i H2O

 

10543 10544 10545

2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Trimethylchlorosilane Trimethyl citrate 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien1-one 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1α,2β,4β-1,2,4Trimethylcyclohexane 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5Trimethylcyclohexane cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1carboxaldehyde 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1yl)-3-buten-2-ol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1yl)-3-buten-2-ol 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1α,2α,4β-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane

hex pl(al), pr(MeOH) pr

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Mol. Form.

O

OH

OH 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid

Trimethylbenzylsilane

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

OH

OH

4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1α,2α,5α)

O

1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, (1S-endo)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol acetate, endo

B

O

4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1α,2β,5α)

2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one

Trimethylborane

O

O B

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

OH O

Trimethyl borate

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol



TeamLRN

O Cl Si 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene

MeOOC

Trimethylchlorosilane

COOMe COOMe OH

Trimethyl citrate

2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one

O



OH

1α,3α,5β-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane

OH

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

OH

cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

O

trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

OH

4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane

2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone

2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane

O

3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone

1α,2β,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane

O

2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

OH

4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane

1α,2α,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Si

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

C8H16

16883-48-0

112.213

liq

-130.8

109.3

0.743025

1.410620

C10H16O4

124-83-4

200.232

pr, lf (w)

187

C8H14O C8H14O C6H12 C15H24O

28056-54-4 4694-12-6 4127-45-1 19317-11-4

126.196 126.196 84.159 220.351

liq liq liq

-40.6 -25.6 -138.2

C3H9Ga C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C12H14 C3H9In C11H13N C10H16Si C13H14 C9H11NO2 C12H26O C11H24 C6H14O3 C6H9NO3 C3H9BF4O C8H19N C8H18 C8H18

1445-79-0 1190-83-6 1189-99-7 7154-80-5 20278-89-1 16747-25-4 16747-26-5 3522-94-9 16747-28-7 921-47-1 1069-53-0 16747-30-1 16747-31-2 3302-10-1 3452-97-9 4773-83-5 3385-78-2 1640-39-7 3728-43-6 2131-41-1 603-71-4 123-17-1 62016-38-0 77-99-6 127-48-0 420-37-1 107-45-9 564-02-3 540-84-1

114.826 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 144.254 158.239 159.921 159.228 164.320 170.250 165.189 186.333 156.309 134.173 143.140 147.907 129.244 114.229 114.229

liq

-105

10581 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 10582 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18 C8H18

560-21-4 565-75-3

10583 10584 10585 10586

C8H18O2 C8H18S C8H18O C8H18O

144-19-4 141-59-3 690-37-9 5162-48-1

No.

Name

Isononanoic acid

Indium trimethyl

 

2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol

(+)-Camphoric acid

Trimethadione

Isooctane

liq liq liq

-120 -105.7 -116.8

liq liq liq liq

-127.9 -113.4 -101.2

liq

lf (MeOH) orth pr (al)

wh pow or pl

38 63 44

1.18620

158 160.5 54 17214 55.7 148.9 152.8 155.7 162.5 133.6 126.5 124.09 137.7 139.1 131.4 130.7 140.5 12110, 854 194 100.510 135.7 10711 192; 7310 14512 255 225.4 168.1 1605 795

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl

0.87725 0.878518 0.689725 0.89318

1.430020 1.43318 1.386420 1.4995

0.720025 0.736225 0.724820 0.751925 0.725725 0.71120 0.707220 0.734525 0.735425 0.721820 0.720125 0.741425

1.407820 1.414920 1.417020 1.422920 1.410620 1.403320 1.399720 1.414120 1.414420 1.405120 1.407420 1.417820

0.823625 0.971420 1.56819

1.430025 1.552120

0.866620

1.490020

dec H2O (exp)

i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc

i H2O vs EtOH sl ctc

1.5125 0.817820

hyg nd

58 46 148 dec

liq liq

-112.2 -107.3

110 99.22

0.716120 0.687825

1.403020 1.388425

114.229 114.229

liq liq

-100.9 -109.2

114.8 113.5

0.726220 0.719120

1.407520 1.404220

146.228 146.294 130.228 130.228

pl (bz) liq liq liq

51.5

235; 811 7650 147.5 150.5

0.93615

1.451315

0.822520 0.829720

1.428420 1.428820

-20 -13

Solubility

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth vs ace, chl s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, hp; s bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, hp; s eth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, hp i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



10546 1α,2β,4α-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane 10547 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1R, 3S) 10548 2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 10549 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 10550 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 10551 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10dodecatrienal 10552 Trimethylgallium 10553 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 10554 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane 10555 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 10556 3,4,5-Trimethylheptane 10557 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 10558 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 10559 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 10560 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 10561 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 10562 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 10563 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 10564 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 10565 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid 10566 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol 10567 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 10568 Trimethylindium 10569 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-indole 10570 Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane 10571 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 10572 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 10573 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol 10574 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 10575 Trimethylolpropane 10576 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione 10577 Trimethyloxonium fluoborate 10578 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine 10579 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 10580 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Synonym

O

O HOOC

COOH O

1α,2β,4α-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane

cis-1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1R)

2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone

2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane

3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal

2,2,6-Trimethylheptane

2,5,5-Trimethylheptane

3,3,5-Trimethylheptane

3,4,5-Trimethylheptane

2,2,3-Trimethylhexane

2,2,4-Trimethylhexane

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

O OH 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

2,3,5-Trimethylhexane

2,4,4-Trimethylhexane

3,3,4-Trimethylhexane

OH

3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid

3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol

1,2,3-Trimethylindene



TeamLRN

2,3,3-Trimethylhexane

Si O N In Trimethylindium

2,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-indole

Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane

O HO

O

OH

N

N

OH OH

Trimethylolpropane

O

O O

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene

F F B F F

Trimethyloxonium fluoborate

OH

1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol

NH2 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine

SH

2,2,3-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

OH OH

OH 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

2,4,7-Trimethyloctane

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Ga Trimethylgallium

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

10587 10588 10589 10590 10591 10592 10593 10594 10595 10596

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethylphenol 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,5-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol

tert-Butyl isopropyl ketone

C8H16O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O

5857-36-3 560-23-6 107-39-1 565-77-5 107-40-4 526-85-2 697-82-5 2416-94-6 496-78-6 527-60-6

128.212 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 136.190 136.190 136.190 136.190 136.190

10597 10598 10599 10600 10601 10602 10603 10604 10605 10606 10607 10608 10609 10610 10611 10612 10613

3,4,5-Trimethylphenol Trimethylphenoxysilane Trimethylphenylammonium chloride 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone 1,1,1-Trimethyl-N-phenylsilanamine Trimethylphenylsilane Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine Trimethyl phosphite 1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine Trimethylpyrazine 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1,2,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrrole N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine

C9H12O C9H14OSi C9H14ClN C11H14O C9H15NSi C9H14Si C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9O3P C7H16N2 C8H17N C7H10N2 C6H10N2 C8H11N C8H11N C7H11N C12H14N2

527-54-8 1529-17-5 138-24-9 1667-01-2 3768-55-6 768-32-1 512-56-1 594-09-2 121-45-9 120-85-4 101257-71-0 14667-55-1 1072-91-9 1462-84-6 108-75-8 930-87-0 92-99-9

136.190 166.292 171.667 162.228 165.308 150.293 140.074 76.077 124.075 128.215 127.228 122.167 110.156 121.180 121.180 109.169 186.252

C3H10Si C6H12N2Si C6H16OSi C3H9Sb C3H9IS C4H10N2S C21H24O3Si3

993-07-7 18156-74-6 2917-47-7 594-10-5 2181-42-2 2489-77-2 546-45-2

74.197 140.258 132.276 166.863 204.072 118.200 408.671

C4H10N2O C2N4O6 C6H4N4O6

632-14-4 630-72-8 489-98-5

102.134 176.044 228.119

Phenyltrimethylammonium chloride Phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amine Methyl phosphate

2,3,6-Collidine 2,4,6-Collidine

10614 10615 10616 10617 10618 10619 10620

 

Trimethylsilane 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1H-imidazole 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol Trimethylstibine Trimethylsulfonium iodide Trimethylthiourea 2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6triphenylcyclotrisiloxane 10621 Trimethylurea 10622 Trinitroacetonitrile 10623 2,4,6-Trinitroaniline 10624 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

sym-Trinitrobenzene

C6H3N3O6

99-35-4

213.104

10625 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol

Styphnic acid

C6H3N3O8

82-71-3

245.103

C7H3N3O8

129-66-8

257.114

10626 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

Physical Form liq liq liq liq nd (peth)

nd (lig) nd (peth, MeOH) nd (peth) liq

mp/˚C -69 -93.5 -113.4 -106.3 81 94.5 63 72 73 108 -55

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility

135.1 108.3 101.4 116.5 104.9 236 233

0.806520 0.730825 0.715020 0.743420 0.721820

1.4060 1.417420 1.408620 1.427420 1.416020

i H2O; s eth, ace

232 220 248.5 119

liq

-46

ye pr (HOAc, AcOEt) col gas

101

241; 12012 206 169.5 197.2 37.5 111.5 149.5 148 8735 170 171.6 170.6 171 319

-135.9

6.7

liq liq

-46 -85

37

i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl, lig i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl; vs lig vs bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

0.868120

1.512520

0.975420 0.94020 0.872220 1.214420

1.517520

1.051820 0.83215

1.409520 1.443320 1.445820

0.926940 0.922025 0.916622 0.80725

1.458957 1.505320 1.495925 1.496920

1.490720 1.396720

vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc s ctc, CS2 vs H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i H2O; s eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s ctc vs eth, EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc s ctc, CS2

s chl liq cry (eth) pr (bz-lig)

pr (eth) wax dk ye pr (HOAc) orth pl (bz) lf (w) hex ye cry (dil al) orth (w)

141; 8224 80.6

0.82225 1.52315

1.429820 1.4215

1901.5

1.106220

1.539720

75.5 41.5 193.5

232.5 exp 220 exp

1.190020

122.9

315

1.4775152

175.5

sub

-62 211 dec 87.5 100

228 dec

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH, chl

1.76210

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG



No.

OH OH

O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone

2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene

2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene

OH

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene

2,3,4-Trimethylphenol

O

OH

OH

Cl

N O

2,3,6-Trimethylphenol

H N

2,4,5-Trimethylphenol

2,4,6-Trimethylphenol

Si

Si

Trimethylphenoxysilane

Trimethylphenylammonium chloride

P

Trimethyl phosphate

Trimethylphosphine

O

N

O

Trimethyl phosphite

N N

N Trimethylpyrazine

N

1,3,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole

N H

1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine

N

N

2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine

1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1H-imidazole

Sb

OH

3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol

Trimethylstibine

O O N

N H

Trimethylurea

O2N O2N

NH2 O N

O N

N NO2

Trinitroacetonitrile

S

Trimethylsulfonium iodide

O

N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitroaniline

N

O

N O

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

O Si

Si O

N H

O N O

Trimethylsilane

Si O

Trimethylthiourea

O O

O

N

I

H Si

N

1,2,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrrole

S Si

2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

N

N

N N Si

1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone

N O P





TeamLRN

Trimethylphenylsilane

3,4,5-Trimethylphenol

O O P O O

Si

1,1,1-Trimethyl-N-phenylsilanamine

2,3,5-Trimethylphenol

2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane

OH O N

O N

O

O

O

O N

O

OH O N

O

OH O

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol

O

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene

No.

Name

Synonym

10627 2,4,7-Trinitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C13H5N3O7

129-79-3

315.195

Physical Form pa ye nd (bz, HOAc)

Fluorotrinitromethane Nitroglycerin

CFN3O6 C3H5N3O9

1840-42-2 55-63-0

169.025 227.087

10630 Trinitromethane 10631 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

Picric acid

CHN3O6 C6H3N3O7

517-25-9 88-89-1

151.035 229.104

Sodium picrate 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Dipicrylamine

C6H2N3NaO7 C7H5N3O6 C12H5N7O12

3324-58-1 118-96-7 131-73-7

251.086 227.131 439.208

N,N-Dioctyl-1-octanamine TOPO Formaldehyde, trimer

C24H51Al C24H51N C24H51OP C3H6O3

1070-00-4 1116-76-3 78-50-2 110-88-3

366.644 353.669 386.635 90.078

hyg visc liq liq

462-02-2 4246-51-9 81-23-2

129.074 220.309 402.524

amor pow liq

C15H33N C18H15N

621-77-2 603-34-9

227.430 245.319

C18H15As C18H15AsO C18H15Bi C18H15B C18H12 C20H18

603-32-7 1153-05-5 603-33-8 960-71-4 217-59-4 1520-42-9

306.234 322.233 440.292 242.123 228.288 258.357

10632 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt 10633 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 10634 2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) aniline 10635 Trioctylaluminum 10636 Trioctylamine 10637 Trioctylphosphine oxide 10638 1,3,5-Trioxane

10639 1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine Cyamelide C3H3N3O3 10640 4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine Diethyleneglycol diaminopropyl ether C10H24N2O3 10641 3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5β) Dehydrocholic acid C24H34O5



10642 Tripentylamine 10643 Triphenylamine

N,N-Dipentyl-1-pentanamine N,N-Diphenylbenzenamine

Triphenylarsine Triphenylarsine oxide Triphenylbismuthine Triphenylborane Triphenylene 1,1,2-Triphenylethane

10650 10651 10652 10653 10654 10655

1,1,2-Triphenylethene N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1H-imidazole Triphenylmethane Triphenylmethanol Triphenyl phosphate

C20H16 C19H17N3 C21H16N2 C19H16 C19H16O C18H15O4P

58-72-0 101-01-9 484-47-9 519-73-3 76-84-6 115-86-6

256.341 287.358 296.365 244.330 260.329 326.283

10656 10657 10658 10659 10660 10661 10662 10663 10664

Triphenylphosphine Triphenylphosphine oxide Triphenyl phosphite Triphenylsilane Triphenylsilanol Triphenylstibine Triphenyltetrazolium chloride Triphenyltin hydroxide 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine

C18H15P C18H15OP C18H15O3P C18H16Si C18H16OSi C18H15Sb C19H15ClN4 C18H16OSn C21H15N3

603-35-0 791-28-6 101-02-0 789-25-3 791-31-1 603-36-1 298-96-4 76-87-9 493-77-6

262.286 278.285 310.284 260.406 276.405 353.072 334.802 367.029 309.364

Benzo[1]phenanthrene

Stannane, hydroxytriphenyl-

orth nd (eth)

den/g cm-3

nD

15 122.5 270.4 80.5 244 dec -62 -34.6 52 60.29 dec

86.3 exp 218; 930.31 exp exp 300

exp 240

1.5920 1.593120 1.47920

1.478612 1.445124 1.763

1.65425

0.701 0.811020

366 2012 114.5

1.1765

dec 1474

1.12715 1.005

wh cry nd (al, chl, bz) mcl lf (dil al), nd (al) lf (al) nd or pr (al) nd (al) orth (al) pl (al), trg (bz) cry (lig), pr (al) nd (eth) pr

pr (peth) nd (al,chl)

126.5 61 192 77.6 142 197.8 57

1.451019 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; i peth vs eth, EtOH 1.464020

242.5 365

0.790720 0.7740

1.436620 1.35316

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH

360 324.0 24214

1.263418

1.688821

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl

1.71575

1.704075

sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; sl eth; s bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH; vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, py, chl; s bz i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, ctc, chl

425

72.5 146.5 275 93.4 164.2 50.5

22014 dec sub 359; 20010 380 24511

1.037378 1.16320

1.629278

1.01499 1.1990 1.205550

1.583999

80 156.5 25

1881 >360 360

1.074980 1.212423 1.184220

1.635880

>360

1.177720 1.434325

154.8 53.5 243 dec 119 257

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; vs ace, chl vs ace, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, bz, ctc; sl eth, ace; vs py

237

mcl (MeOH, bz)

Solubility sl H2O; vs ace, bz, chl

1.590020

1.694842

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; vs EtOH s ctc, CS2 s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; i eth

1.5420

 

10644 10645 10646 10647 10648 10649

pa ye tcl or orth 13.5

ye lf (w), pr (eth) pl (al) nd (w) orth (al) pa ye pr(HOAc)

bp/˚C

175.8

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10628 Trinitrofluoromethane 10629 Trinitroglycerol

mp/˚C

O

O N

O

O N

F O

N

O N

O

O O2N

2,4,7-Trinitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

O

O

O N

O

O N

Na O

O

O2NO

Trinitrofluoromethane

ONO2 ONO2

O2N

Trinitroglycerol

NO2 NO2

O

Trinitromethane

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

O

N

O

O

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt



O 2N

O

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

O P

NO2

NO2 O2N

Al

N

2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline

Trioctylaluminum

Trioctylamine

Trioctylphosphine oxide

O O H

NH O

O

O HN

N

O O

H2N

NH

1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine



TeamLRN

O 1,3,5-Trioxane

OH

O

O

O

NH2

O

O

H

N

3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5β)

4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine

Tripentylamine

H N

O As

Triphenylarsine oxide

Bi

B

Triphenylbismuthine

Triphenylborane

Triphenylene

1,1,2-Triphenylethane

1,1,2-Triphenylethene

O O P O O

OH N

O

P

Triphenylmethane

Triphenylmethanol

N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine

O P

N H 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1H-imidazole

N NH

As

Triphenylarsine

Triphenylamine

Triphenyl phosphate

Triphenylphosphine

Triphenylphosphine oxide

O P

O

Triphenyl phosphite

Cl N

OH Si Si H Triphenylsilane

N N N

OH Sn

Sb

Triphenylsilanol

Triphenylstibine

N

N N

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride

Triphenyltin hydroxide

2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

NO2 O2N H N

O N

O N

H

NO2 NO2

O

OH O N

No.

Name



mp/˚C

306.395 278.391 296.316

wh cry (w) cry (peth)

275 dec 60

102-69-2 1116-61-6 688-71-1 24800-44-0

143.270 140.074 188.072 192.253

liq liq

C15H24O6 C10H22O4

42978-66-5 20324-33-8

300.348 206.280

>1201 241.3

C9H21O4P C9H21O3P C9H22Si C19H19N3O C9H12N6 C18H39O7P C6H12Cl3O4P C6H12Cl3O3P C9H15Cl6O4P

513-08-6 923-99-9 998-29-8 467-62-9 51-18-3 78-51-3 115-96-8 140-08-9 13674-87-8

224.234 208.235 158.357 305.373 204.231 398.473 285.489 269.490 430.904

C25H31N3 C24H27O4P C24H27O4P C24H27O4P C24H27O4P C24H51O4P C7H16S3

603-48-5 3862-12-2 19074-59-0 121-06-2 25653-16-1 78-42-2 6267-24-9

373.534 410.442 410.442 410.442 410.442 434.633 196.397

wax

C9H15N3O6

839-90-7

261.231

cry

C5H9N3O9

3032-55-1

255.140

C6H12N6O3 C4H11NO3

1017-56-7 77-86-1

216.197 121.135

C11H24O6Si C23H21ClO3 C21H21P C21H21P C21H21P C18H26O6

1067-53-4 569-57-3 6163-58-2 6224-63-1 1038-95-5 3290-92-4

280.391 380.864 304.366 304.366 304.366 338.395

C6H5Na3O7 C10H15N2Na3O7

68-04-2 139-89-9

258.069 344.204

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Potassium citrate

C6H5K3O7 C19H22N2 C15H20O6

866-84-2 486-12-4 15625-89-5

C9H21N C9H21B C9H21BO3 C9H20O4

Trimethylolpropane triacrylate N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine Boric acid, tripropyl ester [(1-Methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis(oxy) ]bispropanol

10672 Tripropylene glycol diacrylate 10673 Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-[2-(2-Methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-1methylethoxy]-2-propanol 10674 Tripropyl phosphate 10675 Tripropyl phosphite Tripropoxyphosphine 10676 Tripropylsilane 10677 Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol C.I. Basic Red 9 10678 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine Triethylenemelamine 10679 Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate 10680 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate 10681 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite 10682 Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Fyrol FR-2 phosphate 10683 Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane Paraleucaniline 10684 Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,4-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 10685 Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,5-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 10686 Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,6-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 10687 Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 10688 Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 10689 Tris(ethylthio)methane Triethyl orthothioformate 10690 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid 10691 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane 2-Methyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3trinitrate propanediol, dinitrate 10692 N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine Trimethylolmelamine 10693 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3propanediol 10694 Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane 10695 Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene Chlorotrianisene 10696 Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine 10697 Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine 10698 Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine 10699 Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane 2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate 10700 Trisodium citrate Sodium citrate 10701 Trisodium NVersen-Ol hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriaceta te

den/g cm-3

bp/˚C

liq

purp cry cry pow liq

lf (al), nd (bz)

1.473520 0.755820 0.720425 0.857620 1.0220

1.418120 1.413522 1.394820 1.444020

vs eth, EtOH

252 206.5 172

1.012120 0.941720 0.77230

1.416520 1.428220 1.428020

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, tol, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH i H2O

25510 330; 19410 1203 2365

1.0225 1.3925 1.344326

233.5 2628 2636 29010 2155 dec 235; 12712

1.14238 1.19725

156 159 179.5 268; 1152

205 139 dec

visc liq

1.472120 1.486820 1.502220

176.5 79.8 137.8 46.2

liq

Solubility vs H2O; i EtOH

>2001 -93.5 -56

nD

0.9920 1.05320

1.555020

1.541015

vs EtOH; msc eth; s PrOH

s H2O i H2O s ctc i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s bz, chl, hx i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s HOAc vs eth, EtOH

136 830.05

cry

148 171.5

21910

vs H2O; s MeOH s ctc

115 127.0 101.0 147.0 >2001 wh cry (w)

1.47025

300 288 (hyd)

vs H2O; i EtOH

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10665 Tripotassium citrate 10666 Triprolidine 10667 Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol 10668 Tripropylamine 10669 Tripropylborane 10670 Tripropyl borate 10671 Tripropylene glycol

Physical Form

Synonym

 

N O

O O

O

O

O O

3K

N

O

OH

O O

Tripotassium citrate

O O

Triprolidine

Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol

N

B

Tripropylamine

Tripropylborane

O

O B

O

HO

O

Tripropyl borate

OH

O

Tripropylene glycol

OH

O

O

O

O Tripropylene glycol diacrylate

O

O

O

Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether

O

N

O

HO

O

O P O O

Tripropyl phosphite

Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol

N

O P O O O

Cl

Cl



TeamLRN

Cl

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

O O P O O

O

O P

O

Cl

Cl

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite

Cl

N

N

Cl

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate

Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane

O P O O O

O O P O O

O O P O O

Cl

O P O O O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O P O O

NH2

Tripropylsilane

Cl

N 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine

Si H

O

O

O

N

Tripropyl phosphate

O P

NH2

S S Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

O

O HO

N O

Cl

OH

N N

S

Tris(ethylthio)methane

O2NO

N

ONO2 HO

O2NO

OH 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid

1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrate

N H

O

OH

HN O

N N

HO N H

OH



P

Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

O

P P

O

Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine

Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine

O

O

O

Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane

Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene

O O

O

O O

Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine

O

OH

HO

N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine

Si O O

O

NH2

Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol

O

O

O

OH

HO

O

COO Na N

3Na N

O

Trisodium citrate

COO Na

Na OOC Trisodium N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O P O O O

O O

H2N

No.

Name

10702 10703 10704 10705 10706

10708 10709 10710 10711

Trithiocarbonic acid Tritriacontane Tropacocaine Tropine



10720 10721 10722 10723 10724

Tybamate L-Tyrosine Tyrosineamide L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 1,10-Undecadiyne Undecafluorocyclohexane Undecanal Undecane Undecanenitrile 1-Undecanethiol Undecanoic acid 1-Undecanol 2-Undecanol 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoyl chloride 10-Undecenal 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene

10725 10726 10727 10728 10729 10730 10731 10732 10733 10734 10735 10736 10737 10738 10739 10740 10741 10742

nD

Solubility

1.29125

s ace

210 11 52 121

23811, 1972 25210

1.142320 1.128025 1.33

1.574028 1.570328

s eth; sl chl vs eth sl bz, chl

220

sub

1.637424

57.8

1.47625

1.822520

dec H2O, EtOH; vs tol, chl

pl or tab hyg pl (eth)

-26.9 71.2 49 64

dec 233

1.0426100 1.016100

1.5080100 1.4811100

vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH

960.805

dk bl cry

300

61-54-1 73-22-3 517-97-5 21259-20-1 57-94-3 14040-11-0 547-25-1

160.215 204.225 297.349 466.522 681.644 351.90 342.296

118 289 dec 204 151 275 dec dec 170 168

1370.15

C13H26N2O4 C9H11NO3 C9H12N2O2 C11H15NO3 C10H14ClNO3

4268-36-4 60-18-4 4985-46-0 949-67-7 3417-91-2

274.356 181.188 180.203 209.242 231.676

nd (al-bz, lig) lf or pl (dil al) nd (eth) nd hyg cry wh cry pr (w-al, MeOH) cry nd (w) pl or pl (al) pr (AcOEt)

50 343 dec 153.5 108.5 191.0

1510.06 sub

C11H16 C6HF11 C11H22O C11H24 C11H21N C11H24S C11H22O2 C11H24O C11H24O C11H22O C11H22O C11H21ClO C11H20O C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22

4117-15-1 308-24-7 112-44-7 1120-21-4 2244-07-7 5332-52-5 112-37-8 112-42-5 1653-30-1 112-12-9 927-49-1 17746-05-3 112-45-8 821-95-4 821-96-5 693-61-8 821-98-7 693-62-9

148.245 282.054 170.292 156.309 167.292 188.374 186.292 172.308 172.308 170.292 170.292 204.737 168.276 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293

-17

0.818221

1.45321

vs ace, bz

0.825123 0.740220 0.825430 0.844820 0.890720 0.829820 0.823425 0.825020 0.830820

1.452020 1.416420 1.429330 1.458520 1.429445 1.439220 1.435225 1.429120 1.427020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

-1.5 28.6 15.9 0 15 14.5

8312 62.0 11718 195.9 253 257.4 280 245 229.7 231.5 228

-49.2 -66.5 -48.3 -97 -63.7

192.7 196.1 192.5 192.6 193

0.750320 0.757620 0.752820 0.754120 0.750820

1.426120

Trinonafluorobutylamine 2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine

C12F27N C18H12N6 C21H21O3P C21H21O3P C55H46OP3Rh

311-89-7 3682-35-7 2622-08-4 620-42-8 17185-29-4

671.092 312.328 352.364 352.364 918.781

C3H6S3

291-21-4

138.275

CH2S3 C33H68 C15H19NO2 C8H15NO

594-08-1 630-05-7 537-26-8 120-29-6

110.222 464.893 245.318 141.211

C34H24N6Na4O14 S4 C10H12N2 C11H12N2O2 C18H19NO3 C24H34O9 C37H42Cl2N2O6 C6O6W C12H22O11

72-57-1

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan3-ol, endo

α-Aminoindole-3-propionic acid, (l) Mycotoxin T2 Tungsten hexacarbonyl

4-Hydroxy-L-phenylalanine

Hendecane Decyl cyanide Undecyl mercaptan Undecyl alcohol sec-Undecyl alcohol Methyl nonyl ketone Butyl hexyl ketone

pa ye ye cry hex (bz), pr (w) nd (al) red oil

liq liq cry (ace) col liq

liq liq liq liq liq

mp/˚C

-2.0 -25.5

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz

s H2O, acid; i EtOH

sub

i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace sl H2O, HOAc; s EtOH; i eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl, DMSO s MeOH; i py, bz, ace, eth i H2O; s os vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH

2.65

sl H2O, HOAc; i EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, AcOEt s H2O

1.429220 1.430220 1.428520

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; msc bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl ctc sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl, lig

 

Tryptamine L-Tryptophan Tsuduranine T-2 Toxin Tubocurarine dichloride Tungsten carbonyl Turanose

den/g cm-3 1.88425

Mol. Wt.

10712 Trypan blue 10713 10714 10715 10716 10717 10718 10719

bp/˚C

CAS RN

Carbonylhydrotris(triphenylphosphin e)rhodium

Physical Form

178

Mol. Form.

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine Tris(o-tolyl) phosphite Tris(p-tolyl) phosphite Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydride 10707 1,3,5-Trithiane

Synonym

F F F F F

F

N

F F

F

N CO F

F F

F

F

F

N F

F

N

F F

N N

O

N

Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine

2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine

O P

R O

O P

O

Tris(o-tolyl) phosphite

Rh

R

R=

P

R

S

H

S

S HS

S

O

Tris(p-tolyl) phosphite

Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydride

1,3,5-Trithiane

SH

Trithiocarbonic acid

N N NH2 OH

OH NH2 N N

O

Tritriacontane

Tropacocaine



TeamLRN

O OH N H

Trypan blue

N H

Cl OH

H N

O

O

O CO OC

Cl

T-2 Toxin

OH

CO

OC

O O

HO

W

OH O

O Tsuduranine

Tryptamine

HO

OH O

O HO

N H

SO3Na

H O

O

NH2

NaO3S

O O

O

L-Tryptophan

H 2N

O

NH H

SO3Na

Tropine

H

O O

NaO3S

OH

O

NH2

N N

OH

CO

Tubocurarine dichloride

Tungsten carbonyl

Turanose

O O

O

O H N

O

OH

O

HO

Tybamate

O NH2

NH2

NH2

HO

L-Tyrosine

Tyrosineamide

HO

L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester

NH2

F

F F F

F F

O

NH2

HO

F

O O

OH OH

OH HO

CO

HCl

F

L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride

1,10-Undecadiyne

F F

F

Undecafluorocyclohexane

O N

O Undecanal

Undecane

OH

O

1-Undecanethiol

Cl 2-Undecanol

1-Undecene

Undecanoic acid

O

O

OH 1-Undecanol

OH

SH

Undecanenitrile

2-Undecanone

cis-2-Undecene

6-Undecanone

trans-2-Undecene

O

Undecanoyl chloride

cis-4-Undecene

10-Undecenal

trans-4-Undecene

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

F F

F

F

F F F F

Name

10743 10744 10745 10746 10747 10748 10749 10750 10751 10752 10753 10754 10755 10756

cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene 10-Undecenoic acid 10-Undecen-1-ol 10-Undecenoyl chloride Undecylamine Undecylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne Uracil Uracil mustard Uranyl acetate dihydrate Urazole Urea

Synonym

Undecylenic acid

1-Undecanamine

Carbamide

10757 Urea hydrochloride 10758 Urea nitrate 10759 Uric acid



10760 10761 10762 10763 10764 10765 10766

Uridine 5’-Uridylic acid Urocanic acid Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3β) Ursolic acid Uzarin Vacciniin

10767 10768 10769 10770 10771 10772 10773 10774 10775 10776 10777 10778 10779 10780 10781

Validamycin A L-Valine Valinomycin Valium Vamidothion Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate DL-Vasicine L-Vasicine Verapamil Veratramine Veratramine, 3-glucoside Veratridine d-Verbenone Vernolate

D-Glucose, 6-benzoate

2-Aminoisovaleric acid

Vanadium hexacarbonyl Vanadium(III) acetylacetonate DL-Peganine L-Peganine

Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, Spropyl ester Isonootkatone

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H22 C11H22 C11H20O2 C11H22O C11H19ClO C11H25N C17H28 C11H20 C11H20 C4H4N2O2 C8H11Cl2N3O2 C4H10O8U C2H3N3O2 CH4N2O

764-96-5 764-97-6 112-38-9 112-43-6 38460-95-6 7307-55-3 6742-54-7 2243-98-3 60212-29-5 66-22-8 66-75-1 6159-44-0 3232-84-6 57-13-6

154.293 154.293 184.276 170.292 202.721 171.324 232.404 152.277 152.277 112.087 252.098 424.146 101.064 60.055

CH5ClN2O CH5N3O4 C5H4N4O3

506-89-8 124-47-0 69-93-2

96.516 123.069 168.111

C9H12N2O6 C9H13N2O9P C6H6N2O2 C30H50O C30H48O3 C35H54O14 C13H16O7

58-96-8 58-97-9 104-98-3 638-95-9 77-52-1 20231-81-6 14200-76-1

244.200 324.180 138.124 426.717 456.700 698.796 284.262

C20H35NO13 C5H11NO2 C54H90N6O18 C16H13ClN2O C8H18NO4PS2 C6O6V C15H21O6V C11H12N2O C11H12N2O C27H38N2O4 C27H39NO2 C33H49NO7 C36H51NO11 C10H14O C10H21NOS

37248-47-8 72-18-4 2001-95-8 439-14-5 2275-23-2 14024-00-1 13476-99-8 6159-56-4 6159-55-3 52-53-9 60-70-8 475-00-3 71-62-5 18309-32-5 1929-77-7

497.491 117.147 1111.322 284.739 287.337 219.002 348.266 188.225 188.225 454.602 409.605 571.745 673.790 150.217 203.345

C18H26O C15H22O C15H22O

88-29-9 15764-04-2 18444-79-6

258.398 218.335 218.335

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

liq liq cry liq

-106.5 -61.1 24.5 -1.0

cry (eth, al) liq liq liq nd (w)

0.753720 0.749720 0.907224 0.849515 0.94420 0.797920 0.855320 0.772820 0.782720

1.430220 1.428520 1.448624 1.450020 1.45420 1.439820 1.482820 1.430620 1.439120

ye cry (HOAc) lf (w) tetr pr (al)

17 -5 -25 -30.1 338 206 dec 80 dec 249 dec 133.3

192.3 192 275 250 12713 242 316 196 204.2

mcl lf (w) orth pr or pl

145 dec 152 dec dec

nd (aq al) pr (MeOH) nd (al) pl (al) pr amor (aq ace, +1w) amorp pow lf (w-al) cry oil bl-grn cry brn cry nd (al) nd (al) ye oil nd nd (aq. MeOH) ye amorp pow

cry cry (peth) cry (peth)

165 202 dec 227 186 284 269 122 95 dec 315 187 132

dec

1.323020

dec

1.69020 1.8925

Solubility vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil NH 3 sl H2O sl EtOH

2.89 1.484

2430.5

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s HOAc, py s H2O vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk, glycerol; sl acid s H2O, EtOH, py vs H2O; s MeOH s H2O, ace; i EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth vs ace, eth, chl vs H2O, ace, EtOH, eth

1.2325

sub

s H2O

i peth; s os dec 60 ≈185 210.8 211.5

sub sub

≈1.0

2450.01 206 242 dec 180 9.8

46.5 51.5 44.5

1.544825

227.5 15030 1302 1442 1412

 

10782 Versalide 10783 α-Vetivone 10784 β-Vetivone

1-β-D-Ribofuranosyluracil Uridine 5’-phosphoric acid Imidazole-4-acrylic acid α-Amyrin

Mol. Form.

s MeOH, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, hx s EtOH, bz, chl, dil acid; i dil alk

0.997820 0.95220

1.499318

i H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz

1.003520 1.000120

1.537020 1.530920

s EtOH vs ace s ace

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

O

O OH

OH cis-5-Undecene

trans-5-Undecene

10-Undecenoic acid

O

Cl NH

N H 1-Undecyne

2-Undecyne

O

O

O

N

N H O N H Urazole

2H2O

O U O

O

O O O Uranyl acetate dihydrate

O H2N

O H2N

NH2 Urea

HN

O H2N

NH2 HCl

Urea hydrochloride

Urea nitrate

HN O HO P O OH

N O

O N H

O

NH2 HNO3

HO

H N

O

N H

OH OH

Uric acid

O

N

O

O

OH

N H Urocanic acid

OH OH 5’-Uridylic acid

Uridine

H

N

O

HO



TeamLRN

HO HO

OH

H

HO OH

O

Validamycin A

N H

O

NH2

OH

O

L-Valine

O

O

Valinomycin

O O

O

O P S O

Valium

OC

O S

CO

O

Vamidothion

OC

N

O

CO

CO Vanadium carbonyl

N

O

V N H

H H N

O V

CO

N

Cl

OH

Vacciniin

O O

OH

OH

OH OH

HN

O HO

HO

OH

Uzarin

O

O

O NH

O

OH

O

O

HO

N

O O

O OH NH OH

O

O

Ursolic acid

NH

HN

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

H

O

O

O

O

OH O O

O

H N

O

O

OH

Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3β)

O

O

HO

HO

N

N OH

Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

H

DL-Vasicine

N

O

N

O

O

OH

L-Vasicine

O

HO

H HO

Verapamil

Veratramine

H N

H H N H H

HO O

H

HO

O

O

O

O

OH

O

HO Veratramine, 3-glucoside

H OH

OH OH OH

O O O

H OH

O

OH

H

OH

Veratridine

S O d-Verbenone

O N

Vernolate

Versalide

α-Vetivone

β-Vetivone

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

O

Undecylbenzene

O

HN



H

Undecylamine

NH

N H Uracil mustard

Uracil

10-Undecenoyl chloride

O N

Cl

O

NH2

Cl

10-Undecen-1-ol

No.

Name

10785 Vicine

Vidarabine Vinblastine Vincamine Vinclozolin Vincristine Vinyl acetate



10792 10793 10794 10795 10796 10797 10798 10799 10800 10801 10802 10803 10804 10805 10806 10807 10808 10809

4-Vinylaniline α-Vinylbenzenemethanol Vinyl butanoate Vinyl trans-2-butenoate 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole Vinylcyclohexane 1-Vinylcyclohexene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Vinylcyclopentane Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane Vinylethoxydimethylsilane 1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran 1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene 1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene 1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1methylethylidene)cyclohexene, (S) 10810 1-Vinylnaphthalene 10811 2-Vinylnaphthalene 10812 1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene

10813 10814 10815 10816 10817 10818 10819 10820 10821 10822 10823 10824 10825

1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene 2-Vinyl-5-norbornene Vinyl octadecanoate 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Vinyloxirane 2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol Vinyl propanoate 2-Vinylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone Vinylsilane Vinyl sulfoxide

mp/˚C

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,6-Diamino-5-(β-Dglucopyranosyloxy)-4(1H)pyrimidinone β-D-9-Arabinofuranosyladenine

C10H16N4O7

152-93-2

304.257

nd (w, dil al, +1 w)

240 dec

C10H15N5O5 C46H58N4O9 C21H26N2O3 C12H9Cl2NO3 C46H56N4O10 C4H6O2

5536-17-4 865-21-4 1617-90-9 50471-44-8 57-22-7 108-05-4

285.257 810.975 354.442 286.110 824.958 86.090

nd (w) nd (MeOH)

257 216 231.5 108 219 -93.2

C8H9N C9H10O C6H10O2 C6H8O2 C14H11N C8H14 C8H12 C8H12 C7H12 C7H16O2Si C6H14OSi C8H7F C3H4O2 C6H6O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C15H24

1520-21-4 4393-06-0 123-20-6 3234-54-6 1484-13-5 695-12-5 2622-21-1 100-40-3 3742-34-5 5507-44-8 5356-83-2 405-99-2 692-45-5 1487-18-9 612-15-7 626-20-0 637-69-4 5951-67-7

119.164 134.174 114.142 112.127 193.244 110.197 108.181 108.181 96.170 160.287 130.260 122.140 72.063 94.111 134.174 134.174 134.174 204.352

C12H10 C12H10 C8H7NO2

826-74-4 827-54-3 586-39-0

154.207 154.207 149.148

C8H7NO2 C9H12 C20H38O2 C8H12O C4H6O C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C7H7N C7H7N C7H7N C6H9NO C2H6Si C4H6OS

100-13-0 3048-64-4 111-63-7 106-86-5 930-22-3 764-48-7 105-38-4 100-69-6 1121-55-7 100-43-6 88-12-0 7291-09-0 1115-15-7

149.148 120.191 310.515 124.180 70.090 88.106 100.117 105.138 105.138 105.138 111.141 58.155 102.155

1-Phenylallyl alcohol Vinyl crotonate

5-Vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Vinyl stearate

Ethylene glycol monovinyl ether Vinyl propionate

liq

23.5

bp/˚C

-108.9 -126.5

visc liq liq nd

-34.5 -78 -94 29 2.0

66 -10 29 -80 29 <-100

red to dk-br col gas liq

13.5 -171.6

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt 1310.05

1.51

72.8

0.925625

1.392625

1169

1.01020 1.024921 0.900620

1.625022 1.540620

sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl s ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth

66

liq liq

pr (lig) liq

nD

sl H2O, EtOH; vs acid, alk

116.7; 64130 cry (al)

den/g cm-3

128 145 128 97 133 99 67.450, 304 46 99.5 197; 8312 9115, 705 205; 9113 1258

0.816619 0.862315 0.829920 0.783420 0.862020 0.79020 1.022020 0.96520 0.944519 1.004917 0.991920 1.000113 0.878220

1.45519 1.491520 1.463920 1.436020 1.400120 1.398320 1.515020 1.384220 1.499219 1.538820 1.558623 1.564213 1.513026

12415 13518, 952 12011

1.065620

1.64420

1.155232

1.583620

0.841 0.851720 0.958120 0.900625 0.982120

1.481020 1.470020 1.416820 1.456417

s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i lig

0.998320 0.987920 0.987920 1.0420

1.549520 1.553020 1.544920

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth

dec 139 1672 169; 7020 68 141.6 91.2 159.5 162 121150, 7933 193400, 9311 -22.8 8618

i H2O; s eth, bz; vs MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, peth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig, HOAc vs EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, lig sl chl

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

10786 10787 10788 10789 10790 10791

Physical Form

Synonym

 

H2N

NH2

N N

HO

NH2 N

O

OH O OH

HO

N

N

N N H O

N

N

O HO

OH O O

N

OH Vidarabine

N O O

H HO O

HO O

Vinblastine

N

OH

N H O

H O

Cl

O

N

O

O

Vinclozolin

Vincristine

O

O

Vincamine

O

H O

N

N

O O

H HO O

NH2 OH O

O O

O O

Vinyl acetate

4-Vinylaniline

α-Vinylbenzenemethanol

N O

Vinyl butanoate

Vinyl trans-2-butenoate

9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole

Vinylcyclohexane



TeamLRN

O

Si

4-Vinylcyclohexene

Vinylcyclopentane

O

Si O

O

Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane

1-Vinylcyclohexene

O

F

Vinylethoxydimethylsilane

1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene

O

O

Vinyl formate

O

O

2-Vinylfuran

1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene

1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene

1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene

O N O 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene, (S)

1-Vinylnaphthalene

2-Vinylnaphthalene

O O

1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene

N

O O

1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene

O O 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

O Vinyloxirane

O

OH

2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol

2-Vinyl-5-norbornene

N O

Vinyl propanoate

N 2-Vinylpyridine

N 3-Vinylpyridine

O

N 4-Vinylpyridine

1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone

Vinyl octadecanoate

H

Si H H Vinylsilane

O S Vinyl sulfoxide

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

OH

H

O

H

HO Vicine

Cl

N

H

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

11510 160; 6220 55

1.16920 0.90120 0.6520

1.422620 1.396025 1.391420

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

10826 10827 10828 10829

Vinyltriacetoxysilane Vinyltriethoxysilane Vinyltrimethylsilane Violaxanthin

Vinylsilanetriol, triacetate

C8H12O6Si C8H18O3Si C5H12Si C40H56O4

4130-08-9 78-08-0 754-05-2 126-29-4

232.263 190.313 100.235 600.871

C20H24N2O2 C21H24O7 C13H10O4

84-55-9 477-32-7 82-57-5

324.417 388.412 230.216

C63H88CoN14 O14P C28H44O C27H44O

68-19-9

1355.365

50-14-6 67-97-0

396.648 384.637

pr (ace)

116.5 84.5

sub

C29H50O2 C31H52O3 C31H46O2

59-02-9 58-95-7 84-80-0

430.706 472.743 450.696

pale ye oil

3.0 -27.5 -20

2100.1 1840.01 1420.001

C22H24N2O4

125-15-5

380.437

282

C19H16O4 C13H10O C13H10O2 C5H4N4O2 C13H8O2 C6H5N5O2

81-81-2 92-83-1 90-46-0 69-89-6 90-47-1 119-44-8

308.328 182.217 198.217 152.112 196.202 179.137

C10H12N4O6 C15H14O4

146-80-5 84-99-1

284.225 258.270

C14H12O3

553-19-5

228.243

nd (80% al) pr (ace) cry (al) ye lf (al) nd (aq al) ye pl (w) nd (al) hyg ye amor or oran pow (HOAc) pr cry (w) pr (MeOH, peth) pr (MeOH)

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

C13H9NO C15H25NO2 C8H10

92-95-5 81584-06-7 95-47-6

195.216 251.366 106.165

10852 m-Xylene

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

C8H10

108-38-3

10853 p-Xylene

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

C8H10

10854 2,3-Xylenol 10855 2,4-Xylenol 10856 2,5-Xylenol

2,3-Dimethylphenol 2,4-Dimethylphenol 2,5-Dimethylphenol

10857 2,6-Xylenol 10858 3,4-Xylenol 10859 3,5-Xylenol

2,6-Dimethylphenol 3,4-Dimethylphenol 3,5-Dimethylphenol

10830 Viquidil 10831 Visnadine 10832 Visnagin 10833 Vitamin B12 10834 Vitamin D2 10835 Vitamin D3 10836 Vitamin E 10837 Vitamin E acetate 10838 Vitamin K1 10839 Vomicine



10840 10841 10842 10843 10844 10845

Warfarin 9H-Xanthene 9H-Xanthen-9-ol Xanthine Xanthone Xanthopterin

4-Methoxy-7-methyl-5H-furo[3,2g][1]benzopyran-5-one Cyanocobalamin

9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien3-ol, (3β,5Z,7E)α-Tocopherol

4-Hydroxy-19-methyl-16,19secostrychnidine-10,16-dione Coumadin 10H-9-Oxaanthracene

10846 Xanthosine 10847 Xanthoxyletin 10848 Xanthyletin 10849 p-Xenylcarbimide 10850 Xibenolol 10851 o-Xylene

8,8-Dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2b:5,4-b’]dipyran-2-one 4-Isocyanato-1,1’-biphenyl

red pr (MeOH, al-eth) red ye amor nd nd (w, MeOH)

Solubility

208

s chl i H2O s EtOH, eth, CS2; i peth

60 85.5 144.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; vs chl

>300

161 100.5 125 dec 174 >410 dec

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s os 0.95025 0.953321 0.96425

1.504525 1.49720 1.525025

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs acid, alk

311 sub 351; 1463 9918

1.55925

sl cold H2O; vs hot H2O; dec acid i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth; vs bz, alk s EtOH, peth

133 1420.1

nd cry liq

56 57 -25.2

dec 283 1350.7 144.5

0.880210

1.505520

106.165

liq

-47.8

139.12

0.859625

1.497210

106-42-3

106.165

mcl pr (al)

13.25

138.37

0.856625

1.495820

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

526-75-0 105-67-9 95-87-4

122.164 122.164 122.164

72.5 24.5 74.8

216.9 210.98 211.1

0.965020

1.542020 1.542014

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

576-26-1 95-65-8 108-68-9

122.164 122.164 122.164

nd (w, dil al) nd (w) nd (w), pr (aleth) lf or nd (al)

45.8 65.1 63.4

201.07 227 221.74

0.983020 0.968020

vs eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, ctc

 

131.5

nd (w, peth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl; s AcOEt

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

NH O

OH

O O

Si O O

O

O

Si O O

Si

Vinyltriethoxysilane

O O

O

NH2

NR N Co

H2N H

N

N

HO

O

Vitamin D3

N

O

HO

O O

O

O

Vitamin E



Vitamin D2



H

N

NH O P O O O

O

HO

HO

NH2





TeamLRN

O

R = CN

O

O

O

Visnadine

O H 2N

H2N

Viquidil

O

O

HO

Visnagin

O

Vitamin B12

Vitamin E acetate

Vitamin K1

O

OH O

H

OH

O

HN

H HO

O

Vomicine

O

Warfarin

O

O

9H-Xanthene

9H-Xanthen-9-ol

OH O

O

O Xanthyletin

O

OH

O

O

N H

H N

O O

H N

N H

O HO

O



N

H N

N

HN

O

N O

O

NH

N N

O

Xanthine

Xanthone

N

NH2

O

OH OH

Xanthopterin

Xanthosine

OH

H N

OH

O

O

Xanthoxyletin

OH OH

OH

OH

N C O p-Xenylcarbimide

Xibenolol

o-Xylene

m-Xylene

p-Xylene

2,3-Xylenol

2,4-Xylenol

2,5-Xylenol

2,6-Xylenol

3,4-Xylenol

3,5-Xylenol

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

H2N

O

O

N Violaxanthin

O

O O

HO

Vinyltrimethylsilane

O

H

O

O

O Vinyltriacetoxysilane

O

O

Name

10860 10861 10862 10863 10864 10865 10866 10867 10868

Xylenol orange Xylitol 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose D-Xylose D-Xylulose L-Xylulose 3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate Yohimbine Yohimbine hydrochloride

10869 10870 10871 10872 10873 10874 10875 10876 10877

Zearalenone Zidovudine Zinc benzoate Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) Zinc N,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate Zinc gluconate Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc propanoate Ziram

Synonym Xylite Primeverose D-threo-2-Pentulose L-threo-2-Pentulose 3,5-Dimethylphenyl methylcarbamate Tosanpin

3’-Azido-3’-deoxythymidine

Zineb Zinc acetylacetonate Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioatoS,S’)-, (T-4)-

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C31H32N2O13S C5H12O5 C11H20O10 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C10H13NO2 C21H26N2O3 C21H27ClN2O3

1611-35-4 87-99-0 26531-85-1 58-86-6 551-84-8 527-50-4 2655-14-3 146-48-5 65-19-0

672.656 152.146 312.271 150.130 150.130 150.130 179.216 354.442 390.903

C18H22O5 C10H13N5O4 C14H10O4Zn C18H36N2S4Zn C4H6N2S4Zn C12H22O14Zn C10H14O4Zn C6H10O4Zn C6H12N2S4Zn

17924-92-4 30516-87-1 553-72-0 136-23-2 12122-67-7 4468-02-4 14024-63-6 557-28-8 137-30-4

318.365 267.242 307.636 474.161 275.773 455.704 263.625 211.550 305.841

Physical Form dk red cry mcl (al) cry (MeOH) mcl nd visc liq syrup cry nd (dil al) orth nd or pl (w, dil HCl) cry cry (w)

mp/˚C 286 dec 93.5 210 90.5

99 241 302

bp/˚C

den/g cm-3

nD

Solubility s H2O vs H2O, py, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth s H2O vs H2O sl H2O; s os sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O

216 1.52520

sub 160

164 121

i H2O; s alk, bz, EtOH, eth sl H2O

cry

138 157 dec

pow hyg pl or nd cry

250

s DMSO sl EtOH i H2O; sl bz; s chl

1.6625

  

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

No.

O

O HO N

O

OH H HO H

N SO3H

OH

HO

O

Xylenol orange

CH2OH OH H OH CH2OH

O O OH

O

HO

OH

CHO OH H OH CH2OH

H HO H

OH

OH HO OH

Xylitol

6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose

CH2OH O HO H H OH CH2OH

D-Xylose

CH2OH O H OH HO H CH2OH

D-Xylulose

L-Xylulose

O HN O O

N

N H H



TeamLRN

N H

O

H H O

3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate

S S

HCl

HN

Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

OH O

H

S

S

NH

Zn S

S

Zinc N,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate

O

N

O

OH

H HO H H

HO

N3

O Zearalenone

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

2

Zn

O

O

Yohimbine hydrochloride

N S

O

O

HO

H

O

OH

Yohimbine

S Zn

N

N

N H H

2

Zidovudine

Zinc benzoate

2

Zn

O

O Zn

2

Zinc gluconate

O

O

Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate

O

O O

Zn

O

Zinc propanoate

S

S Zn

N

N S

S Ziram

3+<6,&$/&2167$1762)25*$1,&&203281'6FRQWLQXHG

HO

O

DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary unit for χm is cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI unit is m3 mol-1. Substances with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic; they have negative values of χm. This table gives values of the diamagnetic susceptibility for about 400 common organic compounds. All values refer to room temperature and atmospheric pressure and to the physical form that is stable under these conditions. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order. A more extensive table may be found in Reference 1. In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).

REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Gupta, R. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Barter, C., Meisenheimer, R. G., and Stevenson, D. P., J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1312, 1960. 3. Broersma, S., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 873, 1949.

Molecular Formula

Compound

CBrCl3 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CHBrCl2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH5N CI4 CN4O8 C2ClF3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3

Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Bromodichloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Urea Methanol Methylamine Tetraiodomethane Tetranitromethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.2 93.7 45.3 32.4 52.2 47.9 58.7 75.3 66.8 66.3 82.6 58.9 117.1 55.1 65.1 46.6 93.1 24.8 18.6 19.9 42.8 32.0 17.8 57.2 23.0 21.0 17.4 33.5 21.4 27.0 136 43.0 49.1 81.6 112.8 65.8

Molecular Formula

Compound

C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3ClO C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H8N2 C2N2

Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene Acetyl chloride Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Glycine Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen

3-737

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.0 69.0 73.0 99.1 43.3 20.8 123.4 49.2 51.0 48.9 89.8 35.9 39.3 27.8 18.8 78.9 57.4 59.6 22.2 30.5 31.8 31.1 78.8 69.9 69.1 33.9 35.4 39.6 26.8 33.7 26.3 38.9 47.0 44.9 46.5 21.6

DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula

Compound

C3H4 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2

Allene Vinyl formate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane Allylamine 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Maleic anhydride Pyrazine Pyrimidine Furan Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

Molecular Formula

Compound

25.3 34.7 58.6 47.8 47.8 38.6 30.7 39.2 36.7 34.2 33.8 42.5 43.2 42.4 65.6 65.1 56.0 84.3 40.1 45.0 45.4 57.0 38.6 44.8 45.7 50.2 47.3 57.1 35.8 37.8 43.1 43.1 47.5 49.6 49.1 57.3 48.6 35.6 32.1 46.4 52.8 58.0 55.7 50.4 41.0 42.6 43.3 40.8 40.0 47.9 54.8 45.9 45.6 55.2 56.1 55.0 54.1 54.5

C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H13N C6Cl6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2

1,4-Dioxane 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 1-Butanethiol Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentanone Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 1,5-Pentanediol Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene

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-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 52.2 77.1 79.9 67.1 67.4 93.6 54.8 55.0 50.3 50.5 56.4 57.6 57.6 56.6 55.5 61.8 61.8 70.2 58.9 59.8 56.8 47.2 48.7 61.0 67.3 46.0 51.6 57.3 54.9 54.6 54.7 56.2 64.0 57.5 57.5 57.7 66.5 67.7 65.8 66.8 65.9 67.0 66.3 69.4 75.4 64.2 61.5 63.0 63.0 67.0 69.1 73.5 69.3 147.0 75.5 77.2 74.7 84.4

DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula

Compound

C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O

m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Aniline 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate 1-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Isopentyl formate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Paraldehyde Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

Molecular Formula

Compound

84.1 81.7 36 78.4 69.5 77.3 77.6 77.7 58.4 92.0 61.9 68.9 65.9 66.9 54.8 79.5 76.6 76.7 67.4 69.7 68.0 60.6 64.7 68.2 67.2 62.4 59.8 48.7 72.5 70.4 70.7 55.1 64.5 58.0 62.0 71.7 81.7 66.4 65.9 68 70.2 69.4 69.2 69.0 69.7 73.4 78.1 78.4 78.7 77.7 86.1 74.1 75.3 75.5 76.2 76.2 79.5 80.4

C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N

Dipropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol 1,1-Diethoxyethane D-Glucitol Triethylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Heptane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzeneacetonitrile

3-739

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 79.4 84.3 81.4 107.8 83.3 65.2 60.7 66.8 75 88.7 82.4 79.7 80.3 81.6 72.0 72.2 72.7 73.3 65.6 73.3 72.2 72.4 71.8 72.2 74.9 74.6 72.5 74.1 71.3 72.5 79.1 92.6 77.8 73.9 78.9 81.0 80.5 80.7 80.5 81.1 89.0 88.9 89.4 89.1 91.1 85.2 86.2 87.0 87.5 87.5 89.5 91.7 92.1 66.7 83.6 84.6 83.5 76.9

DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N

Compound Indole Styrene Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Ethyl succinate 1-Octene Cyclooctane Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Isopropenylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 1-Nonene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 85.0 68.2 72.5 84.3 83.0 82.4 82.4 81.6 86.6 77.3 77.7 76.4 77.0 84.5 85.6 85.1 83.1 105.0 88.8 85.3 99.5 100.9 114.9 96.6 97.3 97.8 99.1 99.1 99.8 101.6 103.7 86.1 83.9 83 80.0 93.8 93.2 89.1 89.5 92.3 100.1 104.3 108.1 123.6 107.6 91.6 123.7 96.2 96.8 92.5 98.0

Molecular Formula C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H11N C12H14O4 C12H18 C12H24O2 C13H9N C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H28O2 C14H30 C16H10 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H12

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Compound

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

Safrole Dimethyl terephthalate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol N,N-Diethylaniline d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphor, (+) cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenylamine Diethyl phthalate Hexamethylbenzene Dodecanoic acid Acridine Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane Tetradecanoic acid [Myristic acid] Tetradecane Pyrene Hexadecanoic acid [Palmitic acid] Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl cis-9-Octadecenoic acid [Oleic acid] Octadecanoic acid [Steric acid] Perylene

97.5 101.6 100.7 101.8 101.7 102.8 101.2 108.0 107.9 98.0 100.7 101.9 103.0 107.0 107.6 119.5 102.9 102.7 131.8 111.6 119.9 109.9 103.3 106.8 108.4 127.5 122.5 113.0 118.8 109.6 116.0 153.7 113.0 129.8 127.6 116 106.8 132.2 127.8 176.0 166.2 147 198.6 187.6 183.5 148.0 150.4 155.5 156.0 208.5 220.8 167.5

Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds The Elements Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Crystallographic Data on Minerals

THE ELEMENTS C. R. Hammond One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature. Present knowledge of the chemical composition of the universe, obtained from the study of the spectra of stars and nebulae, indicates that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element and may account for more than 90% of the atoms or about 75% of the mass of the universe. Helium atoms make up most of the remainder. All of the other elements together contribute only slightly to the total mass. The chemical composition of the universe is undergoing continuous change. Hydrogen is being converted into helium, and helium is being changed into heavier elements. As time goes on, the ratio of heavier elements increases relative to hydrogen. Presumably, the process is not reversible. Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle, and more recently, Peebles, Penzias, and others have studied the synthesis of elements in stars. To explain all of the features of the nuclear abundance curve — obtained by studies of the composition of the earth, meteorites, stars, etc. — it is necessary to postulate that the elements were originally formed by at least eight different processes: (1) hydrogen burning, (2) helium burning, (3) χ process, (4) e process, (5) s process, (6) r process, (7) p process, and (8) the X process. The X process is thought to account for the existence of light nuclei such as D, Li, Be, and B. Common metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, etc. were likely produced early in the history of our galaxy. It is also probable that most of the heavy elements on earth and elsewhere in the universe were originally formed in supernovae, or in the hot interior of stars. Studies of the solar spectrum have led to the identification of 67 elements in the sun’s atmosphere; however, all elements cannot be identified with the same degree of certainty. Other elements may be present in the sun, although they have not yet been detected spectroscopically. The element helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on earth. Some elements such as scandium are relatively more plentiful in the sun and stars than here on earth. Minerals in lunar rocks brought back from the moon on the Apollo missions consist predominantly of plagioclase {(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)O4O8} and pyroxene {(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6} — two minerals common in terrestrial volcanic rock. No new elements have been found on the moon that cannot be accounted for on earth; however, three minerals, armalcolite {(Fe,Mg)Ti2O5}, pyroxferroite {CaFe6(SiO3)7}, and tranquillityite {Fe8(Zr,Y)Ti3Si3O2}, are new. The oldest known terrestrial rocks are about 4 billion years old. One rock, known as the “Genesis Rock,” brought back from the Apollo 15 Mission, is about 4.15 billion years old. This is only about one-half billion years younger than the supposed age of the moon and solar system. Lunar rocks appear to be relatively enriched in refractory elements such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and the rare earths, and impoverished in volatile elements such as the alkali metals, in chlorine, and in noble metals such as nickel, platinum, and gold. Even older than the “Genesis Rock” are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite that has fallen to earth and has been studied. These are some of the most primitive objects of the solar system yet found. The grains making up these objects probably condensed directly out the gaseous nebula from which the sun and planets were born. Most of the condensation of the grains probably was completed within 50,000 years of the time the disk of the nebula was first formed — about 4.6 billion years ago. It is now thought that this type of meteorite may contain a small percentage of presolar dust grains. The relative abundances of the elements of these meteorites are about the same as the abundances found in the solar chromosphere. The X-ray fluorescent spectrometer sent with the Viking I spacecraft to Mars shows that the Martian soil contains about 12 to 16% iron, 14 to 15% silicon, 3 to 8% calcium, 2 to 7% aluminum, and one-half to 2% titanium. The gas chromatograph — mass spectrometer on Viking II found no trace of organic compounds that should be present if life ever existed there. F. W. Clarke and others have carefully studied the composition of rocks making up the crust of the earth. Oxygen accounts for about 47% of the crust, by weight, while silicon comprises about 28% and aluminum about 8%. These elements, plus iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, account for about 99% of the composition of the crust. Many elements such as tin, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, silver, platinum, antimony, arsenic, and gold, which are so essential to our needs and civilization, are among some of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. These are made available to us only by the processes of concentration in ore bodies. Some of the so-called rare-earth elements have been found to be much more plentiful than originally thought and are about as abundant as uranium, mercury, lead, or bismuth. The least abundant rare-earth or lanthanide element, thulium, is now believed to be more plentiful on earth than silver, cadmium, gold, or iodine, for example. Rubidium, the 16th most abundant element, is more plentiful than chlorine while its compounds are little known in chemistry and commerce. It is now thought that at least 24 elements are essential to living matter. The four most abundant in the human body are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The seven next most common, in order of abundance, are calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium. Iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, tin, chromium, selenium, and vanadium are needed and play a role in living matter. Boron is also thought essential for some plants, and it is possible that aluminum, nickel, and germanium may turn out to be necessary. Ninety-one elements occur naturally on earth. Minute traces of plutonium-244 have been discovered in rocks mined in Southern California. This discovery supports the theory that heavy elements were produced during creation of the solar system. While technetium and promethium have not yet been found naturally on earth, they have been found to be present in stars. Technetium has been identified in the spectra of certain “late” type stars, and promethium lines have been identified in the spectra of a faintly visible star HR465 in Andromeda. Promethium must have been made very recently near the star’s surface for no known isotope of this element has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. It has been suggested that californium is present in certain stellar explosions known as supernovae; however, this has not been proved. At present no elements are found elsewhere in the universe that cannot be accounted for here on earth. All atomic mass numbers from 1 to 238 are found naturally on earth except for masses 5 and 8. About 285 relatively stable and 67 naturally radioactive isotopes occur on earth totaling 352. In addition, the neutron, technetium, promethium, and the transuranic elements (lying beyond uranium) have now been produced artificially. In June 1999, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reported that they had found evidence of an isotope of Element 118 and its immediate decay products of Elements 116, 114, and 112. This sequence of events tended to reinforce the theory that was predicted since the 1970s that an “island of stability” existed for nuclei with approximately 114 protons and 184 neutrons. This “island” refers to nuclei in which the decay lasts for a period of time instead of a decay that occurs instantaneously. However, on July 27, 2001, researchers at LBNL reported that their laboratory and the facilities at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm the results of their earlier experiments where the fusion of a krypton atom with a lead target resulted in Element 118, with chains of decay leading to Elements 116, 114, and 112, and on down to Element 106. Therefore, the discovery was reported to be spurious. However, with the announcement it was said that different

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created directly. (See also under Elements 116 and 118.) Laboratory processes have now extended the radioactive element mass numbers beyond 238 to about 280. Each element from atomic numbers 1 to 110 is known to have at least one radioactive isotope. As of December 2001, about 3286 isotopes and isomers were thought to be known and recognized. Many stable and radioactive isotopes are now produced and distributed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A., to customers licensed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The nucleus of an atom is characterized by the number of protons it contains, denoted by Z, and by the number of neutrons, N. Isotopes of an element have the same value of Z, but different values of N. The mass number A, is the sum of Z and N. For example, Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, and contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. There is evidence that the definition of chemical elements must be broadened to include the electron. Several compounds known as electrides, have recently been made of alkaline metal elements and electrons. A relatively stable combination of a positron and electron, known as positronium, has also been studied. The well-known proton, neutron, and electron are now thought to be members of a group that includes other fundamental particles that have been discovered or hypothesized by physicists. These very elemental particles, of which all matter is made, are now thought to belong to one of two families: namely, quarks or leptons. Each of these two families consists of six particles. Also, there are four different force carriers that lead to interactions between particles. The six members or “flavors” of the quark family are called up, charm, top, down, strange, and bottom. The force carriers for the quarks are the gluon and the photon. The six members of the lepton family are the e neutrino, the mu neutrino, the tau neutrino, the electron, the muon particle, and the tau particle. The force carriers for these are the w boson and the z boson. Furthermore, it appears that each of these particles has an anti-particle that has an opposite electrical charge from the above particles. Quarks are not found individually, but are found with other quarks arranged to form composites known as hadrons. There are two basic types of hadrons: baryons, composed of three quarks, and mesons, composed of a quark and an anti-quark. Examples of baryons are the neutron and the proton. Neutrons are made of two down quarks and one up quark. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. An example of the meson is the pion. This particle is made of an up quark and a down anti-quark. Such particles are unstable and tend to decay rapidly. The anti-particle of the proton is the anti-proton. The exception to the rule is the electron, whose anti-particle is the positron. In recent years a search has been made for a hypothetical particle known as the Higgs particle or Higgs boson, suggested in 1966 by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, which could possibly explain why the carriers of the “electro-weak” field (w and z bosons) have mass. The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible possibly for the mass of objects throughout the universe. Many physicists now hold that all matter and energy in the universe is controlled by four fundamental forces: the electromagnetic force, gravity, a weak nuclear force, and a strong nuclear force. The gluon binds quarks together by carrying the strong nuclear force. Each of these natural forces is passed back and forth among the basic particles of matter by the force carriers mentioned above. The electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, the weak nuclear force by the intermediate vector boson, and the gravity by the graviton. For more complete information on these fundamental particles, please consult recent articles and books on nuclear or particle physics. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that elements 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium) are chemically similar to the rare-earth or lanthanide elements (elements 57 to 71, inclusive). These elements therefore have been named actinides after the first member of this series. Those elements beyond uranium that have been produced artificially have the following names and symbols: neptunium, 93 (Np); plutonium, 94 (Pu); americium, 95 (Am); curium, 96 (Cm); berkelium, 97 (Bk); californium, 98 (Cf); einsteinium, 99 (Es); fermium, 100 (Fm); mendelevium, 101 (Md); nobelium, 102 (No); and lawrencium, 103 (Lr). It is now claimed that Elements 104 through 112 have been produced and identified. More recently, Elements 118, 116, and 114 were reported found (see Element 118). In August 1997, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) gave final approval to the following names for Elements 104 to 109: Element 104 — rutherfordium (Rf); Element 105 — dubnium (Db); Element 106 — seaborgium (Sg); Element 107 — bohrium (Bh); Element 108 — hassium (Hs); and Element 109 — meitnerium (Mt). The recently discovered elements 110, 111, 112, 114, etc. have not yet been named, but may carry temporary names as designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC recommends that until the existence of a new element is proven to their satisfaction, the elements are to have names and symbols derived according to these precise and simple rules: The name is based on the digits in the element’s atomic number. Each digit is replaced with these expressions, with the end using the usual –ium suffix as follows: 0 nil, 1 un, 2 bi, 3 tri, 4 quad, 5 pent, 6 hex, 7 sept, 8 oct, 9 enn. Double letter i’s are not used, as for example Ununbiium, but would be Ununbium. The symbol used would be the first letter of the three main syllables. For example, Element 126 would be Unbihexium, with the symbol Ubh. It is thought there is a possibility of producing elements beyond Element 116 and discovering Elements 117, 115, and 113 by altering the beams of ions and the targets from those now being used. There are many claims in the literature of the existence of various allotropic modifications of the elements, some of which are based on doubtful or incomplete evidence. Also, the physical properties of an element may change drastically by the presence of small amounts of impurities. With new methods of purification, which are now able to produce elements with 99.9999% purity, it has been necessary to restudy the properties of the elements. For example, the melting point of thorium changes by several hundred degrees by the presence of a small percentage of ThO2 as an impurity. Ordinary commercial tungsten is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Pure tungsten, however, can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, or extruded. In general, the value of a physical property given here applies to the pure element, when it is known. Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been a greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials, and other agents. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the proper safeguards to be taken. Information on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following: 1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. (Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Supt. of Documents.) 3. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter (latest edition with amendments and corrections), Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C.

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4. Atomic Energy Law Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 5. Nuclear Regulation Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 6. TLVs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents is issued annually be the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. 7. The Sigma Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Vol. 3, Robert E. Lenga and Kristine L. Volonpal, Sigma Chemical Co. and Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. 1993. 8. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Dec. 1997. 9. Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed., Noyes Publications, 2001/2. 10. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Richard J. Lewis and N. Irving Sax, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. 11. World Wide Limits for Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Air, Water, and Soil, Marshall Sittig, Noyes Publishers. The prices of elements as indicated in this article are intended to be only a rough guide. Prices may vary, over time, widely with supplier, quantity, and purity. Actinium — (Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray), Ac; at. wt. (227); at. no. 89; m.p. 1051°C, b.p. 3200 ± 300°C (est.); sp. gr. 10.07 (calc.). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty four isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter with a 21.77-year halflife. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300°C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.77-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. Actinium-225, with a purity of 99%, is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to holders of a permit for about $500/millicurie, plus packing charges. Aluminum — (L. alumen, alum), Al; at. wt. 26.981539(5); at. no. 13; f.p. 660.323°C; b.p. 2519°C; sp. gr. 2.6989 (20°C); valence 3. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium” ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia, Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite so it can be accommodated in the Hall-Heroult refining process, used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals. Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appearance, can easily be formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have found application in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886, about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60¢ and has been as low as 33¢/kg. The price in December 2001 was about 64¢/lb or $1.40/kg. Americium — (the Americas), Am; at. wt. 243; at. no. 95; m.p. 1176°C; b.p. 2011°C; sp. gr. 13.67 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered; the isotope 241Am was identified by Seaborg, James, Morgan, and Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor: 239 Pu( n, γ )→ 240 Pu( n, γ )→ 241 Pu  β→ 241 Am Since the isotope 241Am can be prepared in relatively pure form by extraction as a decay product over a period of years from strongly neutronbombarded plutonium, 241Pu, this isotope is used for much of the chemical investigation of this element. Better suited is the isotope 243Am due to its longer half-life (7.37 × 103 years as compared to 432.2 years for 241Am). A mixture of the isotopes 241Am, 242Am, and 243Am can be prepared by intense neutron irradiation of 241Am according to the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am (n, γ) → 243Am. Nearly isotopically pure 243Am can be prepared by a sequence of neutron bombardments and chemical separations as follows: neutron bombardment of 241Am yields 242Pu by the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am → 242Pu, after chemical separation the 242Pu can be transformed to 243Am via the reactions 242Pu (n, γ) → 243Pu → 243Am, and the 243Am can

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) be chemically separated. Fairly pure 242Pu can be prepared more simply by very intense neutron irradiation of 239Pu as the result of successive neutroncapture reactions. Seventeen radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Americium metal has been prepared by reducing the trifluoride with barium vapor at 1000 to 1200°C or the dioxide by lanthanum metal. The luster of freshly prepared americium metal is white and more silvery than plutonium or neptunium prepared in the same manner. It appears to be more malleable than uranium or neptunium and tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. Americium is thought to exist in two forms: an alpha form which has a double hexagonal close-packed structure and a loosepacked cubic beta form. Americium must be handled with great care to avoid personal contamination. As little as 0.03 µCi of 241Am is the maximum permissible total body burden. The alpha activity from 241Am is about three times that of radium. When gram quantities of 241Am are handled, the intense gamma activity makes exposure a serious problem. Americium dioxide, AmO2, is the most important oxide. AmF3, AmF4, AmCl3, AmBr3, AmI3, and other compounds have been prepared. The isotope 241Am has been used as a portable source for gamma radiography. It has also been used as a radioactive glass thickness gage for the flat glass industry, and as a source of ionization for smoke detectors. Americum-243 (99%) is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of about $750/g plus packing charges. Antimony — (Gr. anti plus monos — a metal not found alone), Sb; at. wt. 121.760(1); at. no. 51; m.p. 630.63°C; b.p. 1587°C; sp. gr. 6.691 (20°C); valence 0, –3, +3, or +5. Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier. It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more frequently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb2S3); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides. It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxide, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an appreciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH3, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. Forty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb2O3. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Tartar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Antimony costs about $1.30/kg or about $12/g (99.999%). Argon — (Gr. argos, inactive), Ar; at. wt. 39.948(1); at. no. 18; m.p. –189.35°C; b.p. –185.85°C; tc -122.28; density 1.7837 g/l. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air, the atmosphere containing 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. It is recognized by the characteristic lines in the red end of the spectrum. It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa, and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as a blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. It is available in high-purity form. Commercial argon is available at a cost of about 3¢ per cubic foot. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon. However, it does form a hydrate having a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0°C. Ion molecules such as (ArKr)+, (ArXe)+, (NeAr)+ have been observed spectroscopically. Argon also forms a clathrate with β-hydroquinone. This clathrate is stable and can be stored for a considerable time, but a true chemical bond does not exist. Van der Waals’ forces act to hold the argon. In August 2000, researchers at the University of Helsinki, Finland reported they made a new argon compound HArF by shining UV light on frozen argon that contained a small amount of HF. Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Seventeen other radioactive isotopes are now known to exist. Commercial argon is priced at about $70/300 cu. ft. or 8.5 cu. meters. Arsenic — (L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arsenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar, gold), As; at. wt. 74.92160(2); at. no. 33; valence –3, 0, +3 or +5. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.73, respectively. Gray arsenic, the ordinary stable form, has a triple point of 817°C and sublimes at 614°C and has a critical temperature of 1400°C. Several other allotropic forms of arsenic are reported in the literature. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. It is found native, in the sulfides realgar and orpiment, as arsenides and sulfarsenides of heavy metals, as the oxide, and as arsenates. Mispickel, arsenopyrite, (FeSAs) is the most common mineral, from which on heating the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. The element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As2O3) with the odor of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 as elemental As during an 8-h work day. These values, however, are being studied, and may be lowered. Arsenic is also used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic (As2O3), the sulfide, Paris green 3Cu(AsO2)2 · Cu(C2H3O2)2, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh’s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine (AsH3). Arsenic is available in high-purity form. It is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Natural arsenic is made of one isotope 75As. Thirty other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Arsenic (99%) costs about $75/50g. Purified arsenic (99.9995%) costs about $50/g. Astatine — (Gr. astatos, unstable), At; at. wt. (210); at. no. 85; m.p. 300°C (est.); valence probably 1, 3, 5, or 7. Synthesized in 1940 by D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. The longest-lived isotope, 210At, has a half-life of only 8.1 hours. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are now known. Minute quantities of 215At, 218At, and 219At exist in equilibrium in nature with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of 217At are equilibrium with 233U and 239Np resulting from interaction of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the earth’s crust, however, is probably less than 1 oz. Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209–211At, which can be distilled

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) from the target by heating it in air. Only about 0.05 µg of astatine has been prepared to date. The “time of flight” mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive halogen behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly iodine. The interhalogen compounds AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known to form, but it is not yet known if astatine forms diatomic astatine molecules. HAt and CH3At (methyl astatide) have been detected. Astatine is said to be more metallic that iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland. Workers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have recently used reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams to identify and measure elementary reactions involving astatine. Barium — (Gr. barys, heavy), Ba; at. wt. 137.327(7), at. no. 56; m.p. 727°C; b.p. 1897°C; sp. gr. 3.5 (20°C); valence 2. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate) and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride. Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S. Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead; it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. The metal is used as a “getter” in vacuum tubes. The most important compounds are the peroxide (BaO2), chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has good covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white or blanc fixe, is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oilwell drilling fluids, and also in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give green colors in pyrotechny. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. The compounds and the metal are not expensive. Barium metal (99.2 + % pure) costs about $3/g. All barium compounds that are water or acid soluble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirty six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Berkelium — (Berkeley, home of the University of California), Bk; at. wt. (247); at. no. 97; m.p. 1050°C; valence 3 or 4; sp. gr. 14 (est.). Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass number of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Thirteen isotopes are now known and have been synthesized. The existence of 249Bk, with a half-life of 320 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chloride, was produced in 1962. It weighed 3 billionth of a gram. Berkelium probably has not yet been prepared in elemental form, but it is expected to be a silvery metal, easily soluble in dilute mineral acids, and readily oxidized by air or oxygen at elevated temperatures to form the oxide. X-ray diffraction methods have been used to identify the following compounds: BkO2, BkO3, BkF3, BkCl, and BkOCl. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. The maximum permissible body burden of 249Bk in the human skeleton is about 0.0004 µg. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use. Berkelium most likely resembles terbium with respect to chemical properties. Berkelium-249 is available from O.R.N.L. at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. Beryllium — (Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet), Be; at. wt. 9.012182(3); at no. 4; m.p. 1287°C; b.p. 2471°C; sp. gr. 1.848 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryllium minerals are found in the U.S., Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere. Colombia is known for its emeralds. Beryl (3BeO · Al2O3 · 6SiO2) and bertrandite (4BeO · 2SiO2 · H2O) are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957. The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. It is one of the lightest of all metals, and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays, and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the ratio of about 30 neutrons/ million alpha particles. At ordinary temperatures beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and nonsparking tools. It has found application as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. It is being used in the windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of microminiature integrated circuits. Natural beryllium is made of 9Be and is stable. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section. It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled safely if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards. Beryllium metal is available at a cost of about $5/g (99.5% pure). Bismuth — (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum), Bi; at. wt. 208.98038(2); at. no. 83; m.p. 271.4°C; b.p. 1564°C; sp. gr. 9.747 (20°C); valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg. Bohrium — (Named after Niels Bohr [1885-1962], Danish atomic and nuclear physicist.) Bh; at.wt. [262]. at.no. 107. Bohrium is expected to have chemical properties similar to rhenium. This element was synthesized and unambiguously identified in 1981 using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (G.S.I.) in Darmstadt, Germany. The discovery team was led by Armbruster and Münzenberg. The reaction producing the element was proposed and applied earlier by a Dubna Group led by Oganessian in 1976. A target of 209Bi was bombarded by a beam of 54Cr ions. In 1983 experiments at Dubna using the 157-inch cyclotron, produced 262107 by the reaction 209Bi + 54Cr. The alpha decay of 246Cf, the sixth member in the decay chain of 262107, served to establish a 1-neutron reaction channel. The IUPAC adopted the name Bohrium with the symbol Bh for Element 107 in August 1997. Five isotopes of bohrium are now recognized. One isotope of bohrium appears to have a relatively long life of 15 seconds. Work on this relatively long-lived isotope has been performed with the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Boron — (Ar. Buraq, Pers. Burah), B; at. wt. 10.811(7); at. no. 5; m.p. 2075°C; b.p. 4000°C; sp. gr. of crystals 2.34, of amorphous variety 2.37; valence 3. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11B isotope. Ten other isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of importance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a highstrength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. Crystalline boron (99.5%) costs about $6/g. Amorphous boron (94–96%) costs about $1.50/g. Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. Bromine — (Gr. bromos, stench), Br; at. wt. 79.904(1); at. no. 35; m.p. –7.2°C; b.p. 58.8°C; tc 315°C; density of gas 7.59 g/l, liquid 3.12 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. Cadmium — (L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia — ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate), Cd; at. wt. 112.411(8); at. no. 48; m.p. 321.07°C; b.p. 767°C; sp. gr. 8.65 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for Ni-Cd batteries is expected to grow significantly in the next few years. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see under

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Krypton). The current price of cadmium is about 50¢/g (99.5%). It is available in high purity form for about $550/kg. Natural cadmium is made of eight isotopes. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are now known and recognized. Calcium — (L. calx, lime), Ca; at. wt. 40.078(4); at. no. 20; m.p. 842°C; b.p. 1484°C; sp. gr. 1.55 (20°C); valence 2. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (CaF2); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is the great cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent after being exposed to light. Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Sixteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $200/kg. Californium — (State and University of California), Cf; at. wt. (251); m.p. 900°C; at. no. 98. Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce or oxidize californium (III) having failed. The isotope 249Cf results from the beta decay of 249Bk while the heavier isotopes are produced by intense neutron irradiation by the reactions: 249 Bk( n, γ )→ 250 Bk  β→ 250 Cf and 249 Cf ( n, γ )→ 250 Cf followed by

250

Cf ( n, γ )→ 251 Cf ( n, γ )→ 252 Cf

The existence of the isotopes 249Cf, 250Cf, 251Cf, and 252Cf makes it feasible to isolate californium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 is a very strong neutron emitter. One microgram releases 170 million neutrons per minute, which presents biological hazards. Proper safeguards should be used in handling californium. Twenty isotopes of californium are now recognized. 249Cf and 252Cf have half-lives of 351 years and 900 years, respectively. In 1960 a few tenths of a microgram of californium trichloride, CfCl , 3 californium oxychloride, CfOCl, and californium oxide, Cf2O3, were first prepared. Reduction of californium to its metallic state has not yet been accomplished. Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it. It has already found use in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). It is also being used as a portable neutron source for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis. 252Cf is now being offered for sale by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O.R.N.L.) at a cost of $60/µg and 249Cf at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes. This suggestion, however, is questioned. Californium is expected to have chemical properties similar to dysprosium. Carbon — (L. carbo, charcoal), C; at. wt. 12.0107(8); at. no. 6; sublimes at 3642°C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492°C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa; sp. gr. amorphous 1.8 to 2.1, graphite 1.9 to 2.3, diamond 3.15 to 3.53 (depending on variety); gem diamond 3.513 (25°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, known as “white” carbon, is now thought to exist. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C. In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~2550 K, “white” carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the basal planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of “white” carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphitic gneiss from the Ries (meteoritic) Crater of Germany. “White” carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope. Of recent interest is the discovery of all-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 carbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain superconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon

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TeamLRN

THE ELEMENTS (continued) compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. A new brittle form of carbon, known as “glassy carbon”, has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high resistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Glassy carbon is available at a cost of about $35/10gms. Fullerene powder is available at a cost of about $55/10mg (99%C10). Diamond powder (99.9%) costs about $40/g Cerium — (named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801 only 2 years before the element), Ce; at. wt. 140.115(4); at. no. 58; m.p. 798°C; b.p. 3424°C; sp. gr. 6.770 (25°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875. Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States, and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium, and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce high-purity cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small amounts of energy are required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16°C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172°C, and the transformation is complete at –269°C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726°C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxidizes very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc. Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirty-two other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it finds extensive use as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). Cesium — (L. caesius, sky blue), Cs; at. wt. 132.90545(2); at. no. 55; m.p. 28.44°C; b.p. 671°C; sp. gr. 1.873 (20°C); valence 1. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world’s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above –116°C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a “getter” in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. A second of time is now defined as being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. Cesium has 52 isotopes and isomers with masses ranging from 112 to 148. The present price of cesium is about $50/g (99.98%) sealed in a glass ampoule. Chlorine — (Gr. chloros, greenish yellow), Cl; at. wt. 35.4527(9); at. no. 17; m.p. –101.5°C; b.p. –34.04°C; tc 143.8°C; density 3.214 g/l; sp. gr. 1.56 (–33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen; named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite (KMgCl3 · 6H2O), and sylvite (KCl). It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes. Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products. Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) of synthetic rubber. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. Natural chlorine contains two isotopes. Twenty other isotopes and isomers are known. Chromium — (Gr. chroma, color), Cr; at. wt. 51.9961(6); at. no. 24; m.p. 1907°C; b.p. 2671°C; sp. gr. 7.18 to 7.20 (20°C); valence chiefly 2, 3, or 6. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal the next year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. The principal ore is chromite (FeCr2O4), which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, the Philippines, and elsewhere. The U.S. has no appreciable chromite ore reserves. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium is used to give glass an emerald green color. It finds wide use as a catalyst. All compounds of chromium are colored; the most important are the chromates of sodium and potassium (K2CrO4) and the dichromates (K2Cr2O7) and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums, as KCr(SO4)2 · 12H2O. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather. Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refractory industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure. Chromium is an essential trace element for human health. Many chromium compounds, however, are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with proper safeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes are known. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $1000/kg. Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg. Cobalt — (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine), Co; at. wt. 58.93320(1); at. no. 27; m.p. 1495°C; b.p. 2927°C; sp. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered by Brandt about 1735. Cobalt occurs in the mineral cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites. Important ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a magnetic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range; the β-form predominates below 400°C, and the α above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies. Cobalt is also used in other magnet steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. The salts have been used for centuries for the production of brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre’s and Thenard’s blue. A solution of the chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O) is used as sympathetic ink. The cobalt ammines are of interest; the oxide and the nitrate are important. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.Cobalt is found in Vitamin B-12, which is essential for human nutrition. Cobalt of 99.9+% purity is priced at about$250/kg. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent. Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. Thirty isotopes and isomers of cobalt are known. Columbium — See Niobium. Copper — (L. cuprum, from the island of Cyprus), Cu; at. wt. 63.546(3); at. no. 29; f.p. 1084.62 °C; b.p. 2562°C; sp. gr. 8.96 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Curium — (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence 3 and 4. Although curium follows americium in the periodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element to be discovered. It was identified by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result of helium-ion bombardment of 239Pu in the Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30 µg) of 242Cm, in the form of the hydroxide, were first isolated by Werner and Perlman of the University of California in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found that the magnetic susceptibility of microgram samples of CmF3 was of the same magnitude as that of GdF3. This provided direct experimental evidence for assigning an electronic configuration to Cm+3. In 1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time. Sixteen isotopes of curium are now known. The most stable, 247Cm, with a half-life of 16 million years, is so short compared to the earth’s age that any primordial curium must have disappeared long ago from the natural scene. Minute amounts of curium probably exist in natural deposits of uranium, as a result of a sequence of neutron captures and β decays sustained by the very low flux of neutrons naturally present in uranium ores. The presence of natural curium, however, has never been detected. 242Cm and 244Cm are available in multigram quantities. 248Cm has been produced only in milligram amounts. Curium is similar in some regards to gadolinium, its rareearth homolog, but it has a more complex crystal structure. Curium is silver in color, is chemically reactive, and is more electropositive than aluminum. CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3, CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds of trivalent curium are faintly yellow in color. 242Cm generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per gram of 238Pu. This suggests use for curium as a power source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/mg plus packing charges. 248Cm is available at a cost of $160/µg, plus packing charges,

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) from the O.R.N.L. Curium absorbed into the body accumulates in the bones, and is therefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the red-cell forming mechanism. The maximum permissible total body burden of 244Cm (soluble) in a human being is 0.3 µCi (microcurie). Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen. Dubnium — (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia). Db; at.wt. [262]; at.no. 105. In 1967 G. N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. Their evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. More recently, it was reported that early in 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April 1970 “had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties.” In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified Element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a 15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described. Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. In October 1971, it was announced that two new isotopes of Element 105 were synthesized with the heavy ion linear accelerator by A. Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley. Element 261105 was produced both by bombarding 250Cf with 15N and by bombarding 249Bk with 16O. The isotope emits 8.93-MeV α particles and decays to 257Lr with a half-life of about 1.8 s. Element 262105 was produced by bombarding 249Bk with 18O. It emits 8.45 MeV α particles and decays to 258Lr with a half-life of about 40 s. Nine isotopes of Dubnium are now recognized. Soon after the discovery the names Hahnium and Joliotium, named after Otto Hahn and Jean-Frederic Joliot and Mme. Joliot-Curie, were suggested as names for Element 105. The IUPAC in August 1997 finally resolved the issue, naming Element 105 Dubnium with the symbol Db. Dubnium is thought to have properties similar to tantalum. Dysprosium — (Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at), Dy; at. wt. 162.50(3); at. no. 66; m.p. 1412°C; b.p. 2567°C; sp. gr. 8.551 (25°C); valence 3. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques by Spedding and associates about 1950. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monazite and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, by dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. While dysprosium has not yet found many applications, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cermet has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cermet absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions. The cost of dysprosium metal has dropped in recent years since the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, and the discovery of large ore bodies. Thirty two isotopes and isomers are now known. The metal costs about $6/g (99.9% purity). Einsteinium — (Albert Einstein [1879–1955]), Es; at. wt. (252); m.p. 860°C (est.); at. no. 99. Einsteinium, the seventh transuranic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the first large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November 1952. The isotope produced was the 20-day 253Es isotope. In 1961, a sufficient amount of einsteinium was produced to permit separation of a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 µg. A special magnetic-type balance was used in making this determination. 253Es so produced was used to produce mendelevium. About 3 µg of einsteinium has been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by irradiating for several years kilogram quantities of 239Pu in a reactor to produce 242Pu. This was then fabricated into pellets of plutonium oxide and aluminum powder, and loaded into target rods for an initial 1-year irradiation at the Savannah River Plant, followed by irradiation in a HFIR (High Flux Isotopic Reactor). After 4 months in the HFIR the targets were removed for chemical separation of the einsteinium from californium. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (276 days). Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. Einsteinium is extremely radioactive. Great care must be taken when handling it. Element 93 — See Neptunium. Element 94 — See Plutonium. Element 95 — See Americium. Element 96 — See Curium. Element 97 — See Berkelium. Element 98 — See Californium. Element 99 — See Einsteinium. Element 100 — See Fermium (unnilnilium). Element 101 — See Mendelevium (unnilunium). Element 102 — See Nobelium (unnilbium). Element 103 — See Lawrencium (unniltrium). Element 104 — See Rutherfordium (unnilquadium). Element 105 — See Dubnium (unnilpentium). Element 106 — See Seaborgium (unnilhexium). Element 107 — See Bohrium (unnilseptium). Element 108 — See Hassium (unniloctium). Element 109 — See Meitnerium (unnilennium).

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Element 110 — In 1987 Oganessian, et al., at Dubna, claimed discovery of this element. Their experiments indicated the spontaneous fissioning nuclide 272110 with a half-life of 10 ms. More recently a group led by Armbruster at G.S.I. in Darmstadt, Germany, reported evidence of 269110, which was produced by bombarding lead for many days with more than 1018 nickel atoms. A detector searched each collision for Element 110’s distinct decay sequence. On November 9, 1994, evidence of 110 was detected. In 2003 IUPAC approved the name darmstadtium, symbol Ds, for Element 110. Seven isotopes of Element 110 are now recognized. Element 111 — On December 20, 1994, scientists at GSI Darmstadt, Germany announced they had detected three atoms of a new element with 111 protons and 161 neutrons. This element was made by bombarding 83Bi with 28Ni. Signals of Element 111 appeared for less than 0.002 sec, then decayed into lighter elements including Element 268109 and Element 264107. These isotopes had not previously been observed. A name for Element 111 has not been suggested although IUPAC has suggested a temporary name of Unununium, with the symbol Uuu. Element 111 is expected to have properties similar to gold. Also see element 115. Element 112 — In late February 1996, Siguard Hofmann and his collaborators at GSI Darmstadt announced their discovery of Element 112, having 112 protons and 165 neutrons, with an atomic mass of 277. This element was made by bombarding a lead target with high-energy zinc ions. A single nucleus of Element 112 was detected, which decayed after less than 0.001 sec by emitting an α particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This created Element 110273, which in turn decayed by emitting an α particle to form a new isotope of Element 108 and so on. Evidence indicates that nuclei with 162 neutrons are held together more strongly than nuclei with a smaller or larger number of neutrons. This suggests a narrow “peninsula” of relatively stable isotopes around Element 114. GSI scientists are experimenting to bombard targets with ions heavier than zinc to produce Elements 113 and 114. A name has not yet been suggested for Element 112, although the IUPAC suggested the temporary name of ununbium, with the symbol of Uub, when the element was discovered. Element 112 is expected to have properties similar to mercury. Element 113 — (Ununtrium) See Element 115. Element 114 — (Ununquadium) Symbol Uuq. Element 114 is the first new element to be discovered since 1996. This element was found by a Russian–American team, including Livermore researchers, by bombarding a sheet of plutonium with a rare form of calcium hoping to make the atoms stick together in a new element. Radiation showed that the new element broke into smaller pieces. Data of radiation collected at the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in November and December 1998, were analyzed in January 1999. It was found that some of the heavy atoms created when 114 decayed lived up to 30 seconds, which was longer than ever seen before, for such a heavy element. This isotope decayed into a previously unknown isotope of Element 112, which itself lasted 15 minutes. That isotope, in turn, decayed to a previously undiscovered isotope of Element 108, which survived 17 minutes. Isotopes of these and those with longer life-times have been predicted for some time by theorists. It appears that these isotopes are on the edge of the “island of stability”, and that some of the isotopes in this region might last long enough for studies of their nuclear behavior and for a chemical evaluation to be made. No name has yet been suggested for Element 114; however, the temporary name of ununquadium with symbol Uuq may be used. Element 115— (Ununpentium) On February 2, 2004, it was reported that Element 115 had been discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Four atoms of this element were produced by JINR physicists and collaborators from the Lawrence Livermore (California) Laboratory using a 248-MeV beam of calcium-48 ions striking a target of americium-243 atoms. The nuclei of these atoms are said to have a life of 90 milliseconds. The relatively long lifetime of Element 115 suggests that these experiments might be getting closer to the “island of stability” long sought to exist by some nuclear physicists. These atoms were thought to decay first to Element 113 by the emission of an alpha particle, then decaying further to Element 111 by alpha emission again, and then by three more alpha decay processes to Element 105 (dubnium), which after a long delay from the time of the initial interaciton, fissioned. This experiment entailed separating four atoms from trillions of other atoms. A gas-filled separator, employing chemistry, was important in this experiment. Names for Elements 115, Element 113, and Element 111 have not yet been chosen. Element 116— (Ununhexium) Symbol Uuh. As of January 2004 it is questionable if this element has been discovered. Element 117— (Ununseptium) Symbol Uus. As of January 2004, this element remains undiscovered. Element 118— (Ununoctium) Symbol Uuo. In June 1999 it was announced that Elements 118 and 116 had been discovered at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A lead target was bombarded for more than 10 days with roughly 1 quintillion krypton ions. The team reported that three atoms of Element 118 were made, which quickly decayed into Elements 116, 114, and elements of lower atomic mass. It was said that the isotopes of Element 118 lasted only about 200 milliseconds, while the isotope of Element 116 lasted only 1.2 milliseconds. It was hoped that these elements might be members of “an island of stability”, which had long been sought. At that time it was hoped that a target of bismuth might be bombarded with krypton ions to make Element 119, which, in turn, would decay into Elements 117, 115, and 113. On July 27, 2001 researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory announced that their discovery of Element 118 was being retracted because workers at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm their results. However, it was reported that different experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute from Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created. Researchers at the Australian National Laboratory suggest that super-heavy elements may be more difficult to make than previously thought. Their data suggest the best way to encourage fusion in making super-heavy elements is to combine the lightest projectiles possible with the heaviest possible targets. This would minimize a so-called “quasi-fission process” in which a projectile nucleus steals protons and neutrons froma target nucleus. In this process the two nuclei are said to fly apart without ever having actually combined. Erbium — (Ytterby, a town in Sweden), Er; at. wt. 167.26(3); at. no. 68; m.p. 1529°C; b.p. 2868°C; sp. gr. 9.066 (25°C); valence 3, Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium above. In 1842 Mosander separated “yttria,” found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander’s terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Twenty-seven radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years.

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about $21/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. Europium — (Europe), Eu; at. wt. 151.964(1); at. no. 63; m.p. 822°C; b.p. 1596°C; sp. gr. 5.244 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. Europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. Natural europium contains two stable isotopes. Thirty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Europium is one of the rarest and most costly of the rare-earth metals. It is priced at about $60/g (99.9% pure). Fermium — (Enrico Fermi [1901–1954], nuclear physicist), Fm; at. wt. [257]; at. no. 100; m.p. 1527°C. Fermium, the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific in work involving the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The isotope produced was the 20-hour 255Fm. During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min α-emitter, which they ascribed to 250100, without claiming discovery of the element. This isotope has since been identified positively, and the 30-min half-life confirmed. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts, and in normal aqueous media only the (III) oxidation state appears to exist. The isotope 254Fm and heavier isotopes can be produced by intense neutron irradiation of lower elements such as plutonium by a process of successive neutron capture interspersed with beta decays until these mass numbers and atomic numbers are reached. Twenty isotopes and isomers of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 min, has been shown to be a product of decay of Element 254102. It was by chemical identification of 250Fm that production of Element 102 (nobelium) was confirmed. Fermium would probably have chemical properties resembling erbium. Fluorine — (L. and F. fluere, flow, or flux), F; at. wt. 18.9984032(5); at. no. 9; m.p. –219.62°C (1 atm); b.p. –188.12°C (1 atm); tc -129.02°C; density 1.696 g/L (0°C, 1 atm); liq. den. at b.p. 1.50 g/cm3; valence 1. In 1529, Georgius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending in tragedy. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Moisson after nearly 74 years of continuous effort. Fluorine occurs chiefly in fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na2AlF6), and is in topaz and other minerals. It is a member of the halogen family of elements, and is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a vessel of metal or transparent fluorspar. Modern commercial production methods are essentially variations on the procedures first used by Moisson. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame. Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The atom bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities. Safe handling techniques have now been developed and it is possible at present to transport liquid fluorine by the ton. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well-known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid is extensively used for etching the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluorochloro hydrocarbons have been extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration. However, in recent years the U.S. and other countries have been phasing out ozone-depleting substances, such as the fluorochloro hydrocarbons that have been used in these applications. It has been suggested that fluorine might be substituted for hydrogen wherever it occurs in organic compounds, which could lead to an astronomical number of new fluorine compounds. The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are said to be beneficial and used in water supplies to prevent dental cavities. Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. Compounds of fluorine with rare gases have now been confirmed. Fluorides of xenon, radon, and krypton are among those known. Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The free element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. Fluorine is known to have fourteen isotopes. Francium — (France), Fr; at. no. 87; at. wt. [223]; m.p. 27°C; valence 1. Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metal series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirty-six isotopes and isomers of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr(Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 21.8 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isolated. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble cesium. In 1996, researchers Orozco, Sprouse, and co-workers at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, reported that they had produced francium atoms by bombarding 18O atoms at a gold target heated almost to its melting point. Collisions between gold and oxygen nuclei created atoms of francium-210 which had 87 protons and123 neutrons. This team reported they had generated about 1 million francium-210 ions per second and held 1000 or more atoms at a time for about 20 secs. in a magnetic trap they had devised before the atoms decayed or escaped. Enough francium was trapped so that a video camera could capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresced. A cluster of about

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) 10,000 francium atoms appeared as a glowing sphere about 1 mm in diameter. It is thought that the francium atoms could serve as miniature laboratoires for probing interactions between electrons and quarks. Gadolinium — (gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist), Gd; at. wt. 157.25(3); at. no. 64; m.p. 1313°C; b.p. 3273°C; sp. gr. 7.901 (25°C); valence 3. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander’s “yttria” in 1886. The element was named for the mineral gadolinite from which this rare earth was originally obtained. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance. The element has been isolated only in recent years. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and price of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. Thirty-one isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. As with other related rare-earth metals, it is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed α form. Upon heating to 1235°C, α gadolinium transforms into the β form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns). Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color TV tubes. The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature. This suggests uses as a magnetic component that senses hot and cold. The price of the metal is about $5/g (99.9% purity). Gallium — (L. Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock), Ga; at. wt. 69.723(1); at. no. 31; m.p. 29.76°C; b.p. 2204°C; sp. gr. 5.904 (29.6°C) solid; sp. gr. 6.095 (29.6°C) liquid; valence 2 or 3. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Gallium wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium nitride has been used to produce blue light-emitting diodes. Blue LED’s used in compact disc applications can be used to store a 2-hr movie, for example, on one 5-in. diameter disc. Extensive use of gallium has found recent application in the Gallex Detector Experiment located in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy. This underground facility has been built by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the middle of a highway tunnel through the Abruzzese mountains, about 150 km east of Rome. The experiment is shielded by a 3300-m water-equivalent of rock. In this experiment, 30.3 tons of gallium in the form of 110 tons of GaCl3-HCl solution are being used to detect solar neutrinos. The production of 71Ge from gallium is being measured.Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. Its toxicity appears to be of a low order, but should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $5/g (99.999%). Germanium — (L. Germania, Germany), Ge; at. wt. 72.61(2); at. no. 32; m.p. 938.25°C; b.p. 2833°C; sp. gr. 5.323 (25°C); valence 2 and 4. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon, and discovered by Winkler in 1886. The metal is found in argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver; in germanite, which contains 8% of the element; in zinc ores; in coal; and in other minerals. The element is frequently obtained commercially from flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, and has been recovered from the by-products of combustion of certain coals. Its presence in coal insures a large reserve of the element in the years to come. Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The tetrachloride may then be hydrolyzed to give GeO2; the dioxide can be reduced with hydrogen to give the metal. Recently developed zone-refining techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity. The element is a gray-white metalloid, and in its pure state is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor material. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010. Doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Its application in fiber optics and infra-red optical systems now provides the largest use for germanium. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium oxide’s high index of refraction and dispersion has made it useful as a component of glasses used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organogermanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them of interest as chemotherapeutic agents. The cost of germanium is about $10/g (99.999% purity). Thirty isotopes and isomers are known, five of which occur naturally. Gold — (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold), Au (L. aurum, gold); at. wt. 196.96654(3); at. no. 79; m.p. 1064.18°C; b.p. 2856°C; sp. gr. ~19.3 (20°C); valence 1 or 3. Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite. It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by sluicing and panning operations. About 25% of the world’s gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production now comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes.

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful. It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for auric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. Gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold. For many years the value of gold was set by the U.S. at $20.67/troy ounce; in 1934 this value was fixed by law at $35.00/troy ounce, 9/10th fine. On March 17, 1968, because of a gold crisis, a two-tiered pricing system was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00/troy ounce price while the price of gold on the private market would be allowed to fluctuate. Since this time, the price of gold on the free market has fluctuated widely. The price of gold on the free market reached a price of $620/ troy oz. in January 1980. More recently, the U.K. and other nations, including the I.M.F. have sold or threatened to sell a sizeable portion of their gold reserves. This has caused wide fluctuations in the price of gold. Because this has damaged the economy of some countries, a moratorium for a few years has been declared. This has tended to stabilize temporarily the price of gold. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has forty-eight recognized isotopes and isomers; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramuscularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0°C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) was adopted, which demanded that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43°C. In 1990 a new International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was adopted bringing the t.p. (triple point) of H2O (t90 (°C)) to 0.01°C and the freezing point of gold to 1064.18°C.The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked. As of December 2001, gold was priced at about $275/troy oz. ($8.50/g). Hafnium — (Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen), Hf; at. wt. 178.49(2); at. no. 72; m.p. 2233°C; b.p. 4603°C; sp. gr. 13.31 (20°C); valence 4. Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations many years prior to its discovery, in 1923, credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5% hafnium. It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process). Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by the impurities of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Their chemistry is almost identical, however, the density of zirconium is about half that of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity. Natural hafnium contains six isotopes, one of which is slightly radioactive. Hafnium has a total of 41 recognized isotopes and isomers. Because hafnium has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), has excellent mechanical properties, and is extremely corrosion resistant, it is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310°C). Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient “getter” for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium. At 700°C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86. Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides. The price of the metal is about $2/g. The yearly demand for hafnium in the U.S. is now in excess of 50,000 kg. Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium. Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs, at.wt. [265]; at.no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 265108 was produced using a beam of 58Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a 208Pb target. Discovery of Bohrium and Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers. Elements having even atomic numbers have been thought to be less stable against spontaneous fusion than odd elements. The production of 265108 in the same reaction as was used at G.S.I. was confirmed at Dubna with detection of the seventh member of the decay chain 253Es. Isotopes of Hassium are believed to decay by spontaneous fission, explaining why 109 was produced before 108. Isotope 265108 and 266108 are thought to decay to 261106, which in turn decay to 257104 and 253102. The IUPAC adopted the name Hassium after the German state of Hesse in September 1997. In June 2001 it was announced that hassium is now the heaviest element to have its chemical properties analyzed. A research team at the UNILAC heavy-ion accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany built an instrument to detect and analyze hassium. Atoms of curium-248 were collided with atoms of magnesium-26, producing about 6 atoms of hassium with a halflife of 9 sec. This was sufficiently long to obtain data showing that hassium atoms react with oxygen to form hassium oxide molecules. These condensed at a temperature consistent with the behavior of Group 8 elements. This experiment appears to confirm hassium’s location under osmium in the periodic table. Helium — (Gr. helios, the sun), He; at. wt. 4.002602(2); at. no. 2; m.p. below — 272.2°C (26 atm); b.p. — 268.93°C; tc -267.96°C; density 0.1785 g/l (0°C, 1 atm); liquid density 7.62 lb/ft3 at. b.p.; valence usually 0. Evidence of the existence of helium was first obtained by Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum; Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element; in 1895, Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite, and it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that α particles are helium nuclei. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found throughout the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas; all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. It has been

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. It is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product. Much of the world’s supply of helium is obtained from wells in Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. The only other known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1999 were in Poland, Russia, China, Algeria, and India. The cost of helium has fallen from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to about 2.5¢/cu.ft. (.028 cu meters) in 1999. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and has found wide use in cryogenic research, as its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Its use in the study of superconductivity is vital. Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers, and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei, starting from about 0.01 K. Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg). He4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous; and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules. It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can readily be changed in volume by more than 30% by application of pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature. While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated. Helium is widely used as an inert gas shield for arc welding; as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, and in titanium and zirconium production; as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O2 are used for different depths at which the diver is operating. Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster such as used on the Apollo lunar missions required about 13 million ft3of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. Liquid helium’s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment is providing accurate diagnoses of problems where exploratory surgery has previously been required to determine problems. Another medical application that is being developed uses MRI to determine by blood analysis whether a patient has any form of cancer. Lifting gas applications are increasing. Various companies in addition to Goodyear, are now using “blimps” for advertising. The Navy and the Air Force are investigating the use of airships to provide early warning systems to detect low-flying cruise missiles. The Drug Enforcement Agency has used radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the southern border of the U.S. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful U.V. radiation. Research on and development of materials which become superconductive at temperatures well above the boiling point of helium could have a major impact on the demand for helium. Less costly refrigerants having boiling points considerably higher could replace the present need to cool such superconductive materials to the boiling point of helium. Natural helium contains two stable isotopes 3He and 4He. 3He is present in very small quantities. Six other isotopes of helium are now recognized. Holmium — (L. Holmia , for Stockholm), Ho; at. wt. 164.93032(2); at. no 67; m.p. 1474°C; b.p. 2700°C; sp. gr. 8.795 (25°C); valence + 3. The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope 165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal is about $20/g. Hydrogen — (Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming), H; at. wt. 1.00794(7); at. no. 1; m.p. –259.34°C; b.p. –252.87°C; tc -240.18; density 0.08988 g/l; density (liquid) 70.8 g/l (–253°C); density (solid) 70.6 g/l (–262°C); valence 1. Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1766. It was named by Lavoisier. Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium. It has been estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. It is found in the sun and most stars, and plays an important part in the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle, which accounts for the energy of the sun and stars. It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet’s interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen. In 1973, it was reported that a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, a Livermore (California) group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. It has been predicted that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. It is the lightest of all gases, and combines with other elements, sometimes explosively, to form compounds. Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. It is also used as a rocket fuel, for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid, for the reduction of metallic ores, and for filling balloons. The lifting power of 1 ft3 of hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb at 0°C, 760 mm pressure. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. It is prepared by the action of steam on heated carbon, by decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, by the electrolysis of water, or by the displacement from acids by certain metals. It is also produced by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum. Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only a 20°C above absolute zero. Hydrogen consists of three isotopes, most of which is 1H. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as protium. In 1932, Urey announced the discovery of a stable isotope, deuterium (2H or D) with an atomic weight of 2. Deuterium is present in natural hydrogen to the extent of 0.015%. Two years later an unstable isotope, tritium (3H), with an atomic weight of 3

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) was discovered. Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years. Tritium atoms are also present in natural hydrogen but in much smaller proportion. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer. On August 27, 2001 Russian, French, and Japanese physicists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Moscow reported they had made “super-heavy hydrogen”, which had a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. Using an accelerator, they used a beam of helium-6 nuclei to strike a hydrogen target, which resulted in the occasional production of a hydrogen-5 nucleus plus a helium-2 nucleus. These unstable particles quickly disintegrated. This resulted in two protons from the He-2, a triton, and two neutrons from the H-5 breakup. Deuterium gas is readily available, without permit, at about $1/l. Heavy water, deuterium oxide (D2O), which is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons, is available without permit at a cost of 6c to $1/g, depending on quantity and purity. About 1000 tons (4,400,000 kg) of deuterium oxide (heavy water) are now in use at the Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory. This observatory is taking data to provide new revolutionary insight into the properties of neutrinos and into the core of the sun. The heavy water is on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL). The observatory and detectors are located 6800 ft (2072 m) deep in the Creighton mine of the International Nickel Co., near Sudbury. The heavy water is contained in an acrylic vessel, 12 m in diameter. Neutrinos react with the heavy water to produce Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with 9600 photomultiplier tubes surrounding the vessel. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce background radiation, which otherwise hide the very weak signals from neutrinos. Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and parahydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze sea water; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high present cost of hydrogen with respect to present fuels are but a few of the problems facing establishment of such an economy. Hydrogen is being investigated as a substitute for deep-sea diving applications below 300 m. Hydrogen is readily available from air product suppliers. Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum),In; at. wt. 114.818(3); at. no. 49; m.p. 156.60°C; b.p. 2072°C; sp. gr. 7.31 (20°C); valence 1, 2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world’s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually. The present cost of indium is about $2 to $10/g, depending on quantity and purity. It is available in ultrapure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a highpitched “cry” when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium. It has found application in making low-melting alloys; an alloy of 24% indium-76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Indium is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, liquid crystal displays, high definition television, batteries, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available. Seventy isotopes and isomers are now recognized (more than any other element). Natural indium contains two isotopes. One is stable. The other, 115In, comprising 95.71% of natural indium is slightly radioactive with a very long half-life. Iodine — (Gr. iodes, violet), I; at. wt. 126.90447(3); at. no. 53; m.p. 113.7°C; b.p. 184.4°C; tc 546°C; density of the gas 11.27 g/l; sp. gr. solid 4.93 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty two isotopes and isomers are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides, and thyroxin which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental iodine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity. Iridium — (L. iris, rainbow), Ir; at. wt. 192.217(3); at. no. 77; m.p. 2446°C; b.p. 4428°C; sp. gr. 22.42 (17°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts are highly colored. Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard and brittle, making it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see under Krypton). Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry. The largest reserves and production of the platinum group of metals, which includes iridium, is in South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. The U.S. has only one active mine, located at Nye, MT. The presence of iridium has recently been used in examining the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Meteorites contain small amounts of iridium. Because iridium is found widely distributed at the K-T boundary, it has been suggested that a large meteorite or asteroid collided with the earth, killing the dinosaurs, and creating a large dust cloud and crater. Searches for such a crater point to one in the Yucatan, known as Chicxulub. Iridium has found use in making crucibles and apparatus for use at high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts. Its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum. With osmium, it forms an alloy which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings. The specific gravity of iridium is only very slightly lower than that of osmium, which has been generally credited as being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices gives values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements.

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow selection between the two. Natural iridium contains two stable isotopes. Forty-five other isotopes, all radioactive, are now recognized. Iridium (99.9%) costs about $100/g. Iron — (Anglo-Saxon, iron), Fe (L. ferrum); at. wt. 55.845(2); at. no. 26; m.p. 1538°C; b.p. 2861°C; sp. gr. 7.874 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 6. The use of iron is prehistoric. Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 71/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. It has been suggested that the iron we have here on earth may have originated in a supernova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nuclear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron-nickel meteorites known as siderites, and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe2O3). Magnetite (Fe3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in hemoglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms, or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530°C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and has usually a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes and isomers. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recognized. Krypton — (Gr. kryptos, hidden), Kr; at. wt. 83.80(1); at. no. 36; m.p. –157.36°C; b.p. –153.22 ± 0.10°C; tc -63.74°C; density 3.733 g/l (0°C); valence usually 0. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. It is one of the “noble” gases. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines. Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Thirty other unstable isotopes and isomers are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983 the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth’s polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the “rare gases”. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds is established. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+. Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about $690/100 L. Kurchatovium — See Rutherfordium. Lanthanum — (Gr. lanthanein, to lie hidden), La; at. wt. 138.9055(2); at. no. 57; m.p. 918°C; b.p. 3464°C; sp. gr. 6.145 (25°C); valence 3. Mosander in 1839 extracted a new earth lanthana, from impure cerium nitrate, and recognized the new element. Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 and 38%, respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25% lanthanum. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called “rare-earth” elements. The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium. Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure. Natural lanthanum is mixture of two isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron. There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems. Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them. The metal costs about $2/g (99.9%). Lawrencium — (Ernest O. Lawrence [1901–1958], inventor of the cyclotron), Lr; at. no. 103; at. mass no. [262]; valence + 3(?). This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A. E. Larsh, and R. M. Latimer.A 3-µg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6-MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. In 1967, Flerov and associates of the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a halflife of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. In 1965, the Dubna workers found

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Ghiorso and associates at Berkeley were able to use a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent, completing each extraction in about 30 s. It was found that lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series. Ten isotopes of lawrencium are now recognized. Lead — (Anglo-Saxon lead), Pb (L. plumbum); at. wt. 207.2(1); at. no. 82; m.p. 327.46°C; b.p. 1749°C; sp. gr. 11.35 (20°C); valence 2 or 4. Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Native lead occurs in nature, but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are other common lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.4%), 206Pb (24.1%), 207Pb (22.1%), and 208Pb (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: 206Pb for the uranium series, 207Pb for the actinium series, and 208Pb for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is also used for cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. Lead, alloyed with tin, is used in making organ pipes. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead (PbSO4), chrome yellow (PbCrO4), red lead (Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint glass” of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling lead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmental concern with lead poisoning has resulted in a national program to eliminate the lead tetraethyl in gasoline. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recommended that industries limit airborne lead to 50 µgms/cu. meter. Lead is priced at about 90¢/kg (99.9%). Lithium — (Gr. lithos, stone), Li; at. wt. 6.941(2); at. no. 3; m.p. 180.5°C; b.p. 1342°C; sp. gr. 0.534 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. It does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small amounts in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it. Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from Nevada, Chile, and Argentina. Large deposits of spodumene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly the flame is a dazzling white. Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Seven isotopes of lithium are recognized. Natural lithium contains two isotopes. The metal is priced at about $1.50/g (99.9%). Lutetium — (Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans), Lu; at. wt. 174.967(1); at. no. 71; m.p. 1663°C; b.p. 3402°C; sp. gr. 9.841 (25°C); valence 3. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium)and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” independently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared the very pure oxide, lutecia, at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, have been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (99.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available. Magnesium — (Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Mg; at. wt. 24.3050(6); at. no. 12; m.p. 650°C; b.p. 1090°C; sp. gr. 1.738 (20°C); valence 2. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808, and prepared in coherent form by Bussy in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. It is used in flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminium, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile contruction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron,and is used as an additive to conventional propellants. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. Calcined magnesia is also used for water treatment and in the manufacture of rubber, paper, etc. Organic magnesium compounds (Grignard’s reagents) are important. Magnesium is an important element in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily requirement of magnesium is about

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) 300 mg/day, but this is affected by various factors. Great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state, as serious fires can occur. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Natural magnesium contains three isotopes. Twelve other isotopes are recognized. Magnesium metal costs about $100/kg (99.8%). Manganese — (L. magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese, corrupt form of magnesia), Mn; at. wt. 54.938049(9); at. no. 25; m.p. 1246°C; b.p. 2061°C; sp. gr. 7.21 to 7.44, depending on allotropic form; valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans holds promise as a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in the Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of So. Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Twenty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $800/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $80/kg. Meitnerium — (named for Lise Meitner [1878–1968], Austrian-Swedish physicist and mathematician), Mt; at. wt [266]; at. no. 109. On August 29, 1992, Element 109 was made and identified by physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (G.S.I.), Darmstadt, Germany, by bombarding a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. The production of Element 109 has been extremely small. It took a week of target bombardment (1011 nuclear encounters) to produce a single atom of 109. Oganessian and his team at Dubna in 1994 repeated the Darmstadt experiment using a tenfold irradiation dose. One fission event from seven alpha decays of 109 was observed, thus indirectly confirming the existence of isotope 266109. In August 1997, the IUPAC adopted the name meitnerium for this element, honoring L. Meitner. Four isotopes of meitnerium are now recognized. Mendelevium — (Dmitri Mendeleev [1834–1907]), Md; at. wt. (258); at. no. 101; m.p. 827°C; valence +2, +3. Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg early in 1955 as a result of the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 78 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. Nineteen isotopes and isomers are now recognized. 258Md has a half-life of 51.5 days. This isotope has been produced by the bombardment of an isotope of einsteinium with ions of helium. It now appears possible that eventually enough 258Md can be made so that some of its physical properties can be determined. 256Md has been used to elucidate some of the chemical properties of mendelevium in aqueous solution. Experiments seem to show that the element possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state,which is characteristic of actinide elements. Mercury — (Planet Mercury), Hg (hydrargyrum, liquid silver); at. wt. 200.59(2); at. no. 80; t.p. –38.83°C; b.p. 356.73°C; tc 1447°C; sp. gr. 13.546 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar (HgS). Spain and China produce about 75% of the world’s supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.46 kg). The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, antifouling paint, batteries, and catalysts. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate — a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2(calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2), a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals’ forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, –38.8344°C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Mercury (99.98%) is priced at about $110/kg. Native mercury contains seven isotopes. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are known. Molybdenum — (Gr. molybdos, lead), Mo; at. wt. 95.94(1); at. no. 42; m.p. 2623°C; b.p. 4639°C; sp. gr. 10.22 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5?, or 6. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The U.S., Canada, Chile, and China produce most of the world’s molybdenum ores. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the “Hastelloys®” which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi(lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Thirty other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Molybdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Molybdenum metal (99.9%) costs about $160/kg. Neodymium — (Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin), Nd; at. wt. 144.24(3); at. no. 60; m.p. 1021°C; b.p. 3074°C; sp. gr. 7.008 (25°C); valence 3. In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets having energy densities as high as 27 to 35 million gauss oersteds. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $4/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. Neon — (Gr. neos, new), Ne; at. wt. 20.1797(6); at. no. 10; t.p. –248.59°C; b.p. –246.08°C; tc -228.7°C (1 atm); density of gas 0.89990 g/l (1 atm, 0°C); density of liquid at b.p. 1.207 g/cm3; valence 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Natural neon is a mixture of three isotopes. Fourteen other unstable isotopes are known. It is very inert element; however, it is said to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The following ions are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies: Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+). Neon also forms an unstable hydrate. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange. Of all the rare gases, the discharge of neon is the most intense at ordinary voltages and currents. Neon is used in making the common neon advertising signs, which accounts for its largest use. It is also used to make high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium and more than three times that of liquid hydrogen. It is compact, inert, and is less expensive than helium when it meets refrigeration requirements. Neon costs about $800/80 cu. ft. (2265 l). Neptunium — (Planet Neptune), Np; at. wt. (237); at. no. 93; m.p. 644°C; sp. gr. 20.25 (20°C); valence 3, 4, 5, and 6. Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope 239Np was produced by McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley, California, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons. The isotope 237Np (half-life of 2.14 × 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of neptunium are now recognized. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF3 with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200°C. Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: α-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm3, β-neptunium (above 280°C), tetragonal, density (313°C) 19.36 g/cm3; γ-neptunium (above 577°C), cubic, density (600°C) 18.0 g/cm3. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm+3, Np+4 (yellow green); NpO+ (green blue); and NpO++ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths which exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation states in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF3, NpF4, NpCl4, NpBr3, NpI3, and oxides of various compositions such as are found in the uraniumoxygen system, including Np3O8 and NpO2. Nickel — (Ger. Nickel, Satan or Old Nick’s and from kupfernickel, Old Nick’s copper), Ni; at. wt. 58.6934(2); at. no. 28; m.p. 1455°C; b.p. 2913°C; sp. gr. 8.902 (25°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3. Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large deposits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Laborador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of a copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison® storage battery. The sulfate and the oxides are

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as having carcinogenic potential. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $2/g or less in larger quantities. Nielsbohrium — See Bohrium. Niobium — (Niobe, daughter of Tantalus), Nb; or Columbium (Columbia, name for America); at. wt. 92.90638(2); at. no. 41; m.p. 2477°C; b.p. 4744°C, sp. gr. 8.57 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England more that a century before by John Winthrop the Younger, first governor of Connecticut. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as “columbium”. The element is found in niobite(or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of pyrochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda, and Australia. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways. It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advance air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. It has also found use in super-alloys for applications such as jet engine components, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting equipment. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Natural niobium is composed of only one isotope, 93Nb. Forty-seven other isotopes and isomers of niobium are now recognized. Niobium metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about 50¢/g. Nitrogen — (L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, native soda; genes, forming, N; at. wt. 14.00674(7); at. no. 7; m.p. –210.00°C; b.p. –198.79°C; tc -146.94°C; density 1.2506 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 0.808 (–195.8°C), solid 1.026 (–252°C); valence 3 or 5. Discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, but Scheele, Cavendish,Priestley, and others about the same time studied “burnt or dephlogisticated air,” as air without oxygen was then called. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is 2.6% nitrogen. The estimated amount of this element in our atmosphere is more than 4000 trillion tons. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen molecules give the orange-red, blue-green, blue-violet, and deep violet shades to the aurora.The element is so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning without life, yet its compounds are so active as to be most important in foods, poisons, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen can be also easily prepared by heating a water solution of ammonium nitrite. Nitrogen, as a gas, is colorless, odorless, and a generally inert element. As a liquid it is also colorless and odorless, and is similar in appearance to water. Two allotropic forms of solid nitrogen exist, with the transition from the α to the β form taking place at –237°C. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium; when mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms first nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2); when heated under pressure with a catalyst with hydrogen, ammonia is formed (Haber process). The ammonia thus formed is of the utmost importance as it is used in fertilizers, and it can be oxidized to nitric acid (Ostwald process). The ammonia industryis the largest consumer of nitrogen. Large amounts of gas are also used by the electronics industry, which uses the gas as a blanketing medium during production of such components as transistors, diodes, etc. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. The drug industry also uses large quantities. Nitrogen is used as a refrigerant both for the immersion freezing of food products and for transportation of foods. Liquid nitrogen is also used in missile work as a purge for components, insulators for space chambers, etc., and by the oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crude oil upward. Sodium and potassium nitrates are formed by the decomposition of organic matter with compounds of the metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity. Ammonia, nitric acid, the nitrates, the five oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, and N2O5), TNT, the cyanides, etc. are but a few of the important compounds. Nitrogen gas prices vary from 2¢ to $2.75 per 100 ft3 (2.83 cu. meters), depending on purity, etc. Production of elemental nitrogen in the U.S. is more than 9 million short tons per year. Natural nitrogen contains two isotopes, 14N and 15N. Ten other isotopes are known. Nobelium — (Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite), No; at. wt. [259]; at. no. 102; valence +2, +3. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102254 according to the 246Cm (12C, 4n) reaction. Earlier in 1957 workers of the U.S., Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of Element 102 with a 10-min half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The acceptance of the name was premature, for both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 ± 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support claim to discovery. Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 25-s half-life. Twelve isotopes are now recognized, one of which — 255102 has a half-life of 3.1 min. In view of the discover’s traditional right to name an element, the Berkeley group, in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium, along with the symbol No, be retained. Osmium — (Gr. osme, a smell), Os; at. wt. 190.23(3); at. no. 76; m.p. 3033°C; b.p. 5012°C; sp. gr. 22.57; valence 0 to +8, more usually +3, +4, +6, and +8. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario, region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C (760 mm). Concentrations in air as low as 10–7 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other metals of the platinum group,

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier. Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of which, 186Os, is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive.The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable for these elements than actual measurements, however, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. At present, therefore, we know either iridium or osmium is the heaviest element, but the data do not allow selection between the two. Oxygen — (Gr. oxys, sharp, acid, and genes, forming; acid former), O; at. wt. 15.9994(3); at. no. 8; t.p. –218.79°C; tc -118.56°C; valence 2. For many centuries, workers occasionally realized air was composed of more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxygen was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance. Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, one process thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth’s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst. The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Ozone’s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) is of vital importance in preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface. There has been recent concern that pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and capable of combining with most elements. It is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and for practically all combustion. In hospitals it is frequently used to aid respiration of patients. Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. Oxygen has thirteen recognized isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes. Oxygen 18 occurs naturally, is stable, and is available commercially. Water (H2O with 1.5% 18O) is also available. Commercial oxygen consumption in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 million short tons per year and the demand is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making synthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding. Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, electrolysis plants about 1%. The gas costs 5¢/ft3 ($1.75/cu. meters) in small quantities. Palladium — (named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered about the same time; Gr. Pallas, goddess of wisdom), Pd. at. wt. 106.42(1) at. no. 46; m.p. 1554.9°C; b.p. 2963°C; sp. gr. 12.02 (20°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in deposits of Russia, South Africa, Canada (Ontario), and elsewhere. Natural palladium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is frequently found associated with the nickel-copper deposits such as those found in Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-white metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Palladium recently has been substituted for higher priced platinum in catalytic converters by some automobile companies. This has caused a large increase in the cost of palladium. The price of the two metals are now, in 2002, about the same. Palladium, however, is less resistant to poisoning by sulfur and lead, than platinum, but it may prove useful in controlling emissions from diesel vehicles. The metal sells for about $350/tr. oz. ($11/g). Phosphorus — (Gr. phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise), P; at. wt. 30.973762(4); at. no. 15; m.p. (white) 44.15°C; b.p. 280.5°C; sp. gr. (white) 1.82 (red) 2.20, (black) 2.25 to 2.69; valence 3 or 5. Discovered in 1669 by Brand, who prepared it from urine. Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8°C. Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in the Russia,China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. Phosphorus in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. It is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417°C,and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water. If desired, the phosphorus vapor and carbon monoxide produced by the reaction can be oxidized at once in the presence of moisture to produce phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. In recent years,

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70 to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is also used to produce fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate used in baking powder. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Organic compounds of phosphorus are important. Amorphous (red) phosphorus costs about $70/kg (99%). Platinum — (It. platina, silver), Pt; at. wt. 195.078(2); at. no. 78; m.p. 1768.4°C; b.p. 3825°C; sp. gr. 21.45 (20°C); valence 1?, 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. Platinum occurs native, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains and in Columbia. Sperrylite (PtAs2), occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is a source of a considerable amount of metal. The large production of nickel offsets there being only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore. The largest supplier of the platinum group of metals is now South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), an important compound. Natural platinum contains six isotopes, one of which, 190Pt, is radioactive with a long half-life. Thirty-seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including thermocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces. The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes, of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up at red heat. In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. There is also much current interest in the use of platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in its use as antipollution devices for automobiles. Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Pure platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum. The price of platinum has varied widely; more than a century ago it was used to adulterate gold. It was nearly eight times as valuable as gold in 1920. The price in January 2002 was about $430/troy oz. ($15/g), higher than the price of gold. Plutonium — (Planet pluto), Pu; at. wt. (244); at. no. 94; sp. gr. (α modification) 19.84 (25°C); m.p. 640°C; b.p. 3228°C; valence 3, 4, 5, or 6. Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238Pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present. By far of greatest importance is the isotope Pu239, with a half-life of 24,100 years, produced in extensive quantities in nuclear reactors from natural uranium: 238

U( n, γ )→ 239 U  β→ 239 Np  β→ 239 Pu

Nineteen isotopes of plutonium are now known. Plutonium has assumed the position of dominant importance among the transuranium elements because of its successful use as an explosive ingredient in nuclear weapons and the place which it holds as a key material in the development of industrial use of nuclear power. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world’s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. The metal has a silvery appearance and takes on a yellow tarnish when slightly oxidized. It is chemically reactive. A relatively large piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the energy given off in alpha decay. Larger pieces will produce enough heat to boil water. The metal readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or perchloric acid with formation of the Pu+3 ion. The metal exhibits six allotropic modifications having various crystalline structures. The densities of these vary from 16.00 to 19.86 g/cm3. Plutonium also exhibits four ionic valence states in aqueous solutions: Pu+3(blue lavender), Pu+4 (yellow brown), PuO+ (pink?), and PuO+2 (pink orange). The ion PuO+ is unstable in aqueous solutions, disproportionating into Pu+4 and PuO+2. The Pu+4 thus formed, however, oxidizes the PuO+ into PuO+2, itself being reduced to Pu+3, giving finally Pu+3 and PuO+2. Plutonium forms binary compounds with oxygen: PuO, PuO2, and intermediate oxides of variable composition; with the halides: PuF3, PuF4, PuCl3, PuBr3, PuI3; with carbon, nitrogen, and silicon: PuC, PuN, PuSi2. Oxyhalides are also well known: PuOCl, PuOBr, PuOI. Because of the high rate of emission of alpha particles and the element being specifically absorbed by bone marrow, plutonium, as well as all of the other transuranium elements except neptunium, are radiological poisons and must be handled with very special equipment and precautions. Plutonium is a very dangerous radiological hazard. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the unintentional formation of a critical mass. Plutonium in liquid solution is more likely to become critical than solid plutonium. The shape of the mass must also be considered where criticality is concerned. Plutonium-239 is available to authorized users from the O.R.N.L. at a cost of about $4.80/mg (99.9%) plus packing costs. Polonium — (Poland, native country of Mme. Curie [1867–1934]), Po; at. wt. (209); at. no. 84; m.p. 254°C; b.p. 962°C; sp. gr. (alpha modification) 9.32; valence –2, 0, +2, +3(?), +4, and +6. Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898, while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. Polonium is also called Radium F. Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 µg of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. In 1934, it was found that when natural bismuth (209Bi) was bombarded by neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55°C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. The energy released by its decay is so large (140 W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500°C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas. Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. Thirty-eight isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218. All are radioactive. Polonium-210 is the most readily available. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 102 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis. Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. It has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are more commonly used and are less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control is necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 µCi, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 × 10–12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 × 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 × 1011 µCi/cm3. Polonium-209 is available on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of $3600/µCi plus packing costs.. Potassium — (English, potash — pot ashes; L. kalium, Arab. qali, alkali), K; at. wt. 39.0983(1); at. no. 19; m.p. 63.38°C; b.p. 759°C; sp. gr. 0.862 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis. The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth’s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 1000 m in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and it is found in most soils. Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na). It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and should be preserved in a mineral oil. As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. Twenty one isotopes, one of which is an isomer, of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40K (0.0117%), a radioactive isotope with a halflife of 1.26 × 109 years. The radioactivity presents no appreciable hazard. An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. Metallic potassium is available commercially for about $1200/kg (98% purity) or $75/g (99.95% purity). Praseodymium — (Gr. prasios, green, and didymos, twin), Pr; at. wt. 140.90765(2); at. no. 59; m.p. 931°C; b.p. 3520°C; sp. gr. 6.773; valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide. The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly in the past few years. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride of fluoride. Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that spalls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3, are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welder’s goggles. The metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about $4/g. Promethium — (Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven), Pm; at. no. 61; at. wt. (145); m.p. 1042°C; b.p. 3000°C (est.); sp. gr. 7.264 (25°C); valence 3. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. Unsuccessful searches were made for this predicted element over two decades, and various investigators proposed the names “illinium”, “florentium”, and “cyclonium” for this element. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, resp., and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by use of ionexchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium. These investigators named the newly discovered element. Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the earth’s crust. Promethium, however, has been reported to be in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star’s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of promethium, with atomic masses from 130 to 158 are now known. Promethium-145,with a half-life of 17.7 years, is the most useful. Promethium-145 has a specific

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) activity of 940 Ci/g. It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta particles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist. The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells which convert it into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. It is being used for fluorescent lighting starters and coatings for self-luminous watch dials. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliary power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored. Promethium-147 is available upon special order from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, or from the Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA. Protactinium — (Gr. protos, first), Pa; at. wt. 231.03588(2); at. no. 91; m.p. 1572°C; sp. gr. 15.37 (calc.); valence 4 or 5. The first isotope of element 91 to be discovered was 234Pa, also known as UX2, a short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series. It was identified by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913 and they named the new element brevium. When the longer-lived isotope 231Pa was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted as being more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope. Soddy, Cranson, and Fleck were also active in this work. The name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium in 1949. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. Later, in 1934, from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 he isolated the element by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and “cracking” it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction

2 PaI 5 → 2 Pa + 5I 2 Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which it retains for some time in air. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million of ore. Ores from Congo-Kinshasa have about 3 ppm. Protactinium has twenty-eight isotopes and isomers, the most common of which is 231Pr with a half-life of 32,500 years. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is superconductive below 1.4 K. The element is a dangerous toxic material and requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, the world’s only stock of the metal for many years to come. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Radium — (L. radius, ray), Ra; at. wt. (226); at. no. 88; m.p. 700°C; sp. gr. 5; valence 2. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. and Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia (Czech Republic), where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode; on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found at Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Congo-Kinshasa and the Great Bear Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the extensive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere. Radium is obtained commercially as the bromide or chloride; it is doubtful if any appreciable stock of the isolated element now exists. The pure metal is brilliant white when freshly prepared, but blackens on exposure to air, probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits luminescence, as do its salts; it decomposes in water and is somewhat more volatile than barium. It is a member of the alkaline-earth group of metals. Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame. Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and when mixed with beryllium produce neutrons. One gram of 226Ra undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per s. The curie (Ci) is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 g of 226Ra. Thirty-six isotopes are now known; radium 226, the common isotope, has a half-life of 1599 years. One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 ml (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, per day. This is pumped from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One gram of radium yields about 4186 kJ per year. Radium is used in producing self-luminous paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of disease. Some of the more recently discovered radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a final product of disintegration. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to radium can cause cancer and other body disorders. The maximum permissible burden in the total body for 226Ra is 7400 becquerel. Radon — (from radium; called niton at first, L. nitens, shining), Rn; at. wt. (222); at. no. 86; m.p. –71°C; b.p. –61.7°C; tc 104°C; density of gas 9.73 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 4.4 at –62°C, solid 4; valence usually 0. The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton, isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Radon-222, coming from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter; Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron, has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon. It has a half-life of 3.9 s and is also an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts to the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. On the average, one part of radon is present to 1 × 1021 part of air. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming radon fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported. Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patients. This practice has now been largely discontinued as hospitals can order the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use. Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters, which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of this element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air from radon in homes exceeds 4 pCi/l.

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Rhenium — (L. Rhenus, Rhine), Re; at. wt. 186.207(1); at. no. 75; m.p. 3186°C; b.p. 5596°C; sp. gr. 21.02 (20°C); valence –1, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ores and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenites contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. It is estimated that in 1999 about 16,000 kg of rhenium was being produced. The total estimated world reserves of rhenium is 11,000,000 kg. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rheniummolybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium has recently become especially important as a catalyst for petroleum refining and in making super-alloys for jet engines. Rhenium costs about $16/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. Rhodium — (Gr. rhodon, rose), Rh; at. wt. 102.90550(3); at. no. 45; m.p. 1964°C; b.p. 3695°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two isotopes and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%). Rubidium — (L. rubidus, deepest red), Rb; at. wt. 85.4678(3); at. no. 37; m.p. 39.31°C; b.p. 688°C; sp. gr. (solid) 1.532 (20°C), (liquid) 1.475 (39°C); valence 1, 2, 3, 4. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope. The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4. Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications. The present cost in small quantities is about $50/g (99.8% pure). Ruthenium — (L. Ruthenia, Russia), Ru; at. wt. 101.07(2); at. no. 44, m.p. 2334°C; b.p. 4150°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about 800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides, etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposition or by thermal

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have application to removal of H2S from oil refining and other industrial processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the most common. Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds show a marked resemblance to those of osmium. The metal is priced at about $25/g (99.95% pure). Rutherfordium — (named for Ernest Rutherford [1871–1937], New Zealand, Canadian, and British physicist); Rf; at. wt. [261]; at. no. 104. In 1964, workers of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (Russia) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. They suggested that this isotope, which has a half-life of 0.3 ± 0.1 s, might be 260104, produced by the following reaction: 242 94

Pu + 22 Ne→ 260 104 + 4 n 10

Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride). The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatovium and symbol Ku for Element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903—1960), late Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. The Dubna Group also has proposed the name dubnium for Element 104. In 1969, Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group also indicated that after repeated attempts so far they have been unable to produce isotope 260104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s, decaying by emitting an alpha particle into 253No, with a half-life of 105 s. The same reaction, except with the emission of three neutrons, was thought to have produced 258104 with a half-life of about 1/100 s. Element 259104 is formed by the merging of a 13C nuclei with 249Cf, followed by emission of three neutrons. This isotope has a half-life of 3 to 4 s, and decays by emitting an alpha particle into 255No, which has a half-life of 185 s. Thousands of atoms of 257104 and 259104 have been detected. The Berkeley group believe their identification of 258104 was correct. Eleven isotopes of Element 104 have now been identified. The Berkeley group proposed for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest Rutherford. This name was formally adapted by IUPAC in August 1997. Samarium — (Samarskite a mineral), Sm; at. wt. 150.36(3); at. no. 62; m.p. 1074°C; b.p. 1794°C; sp. gr (α) 7.520 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski. Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. The largest producer of rare earth minerals is now China, followed by the U.S., India, and Russia. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recent years. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with barium or lanthanum. Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. Thirty-three isotopes and isomers of samarium are now recognized. Natural samarium is a mixture of seven isotopes, three of which are unstable but have long half-lives. Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystals for use in optical masers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. The metal is priced at about $3.50/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully. Scandium — (L. Scandia, Scandinavia), Sc; at. wt. 44.955910(8); at. no. 21; m.p. 1541°C; b.p. 2836°C; sp. gr. 2.989 (25°C); valence 3. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $200/g with a purity of about 99.9%. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care. Seaborgium — (named for Glenn T. Seaborg [1912–1999], American chemist and nuclear physicist). Sg; at. wt. [263]; at no. 106. The discovery of Seaborgium, Element 106, took place in 1974 almost simultaneously at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The Berkeley Group, under direction of Ghiorso, used the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (Super HILAC) as a source of heavy 18O ions to bombard a 259-µg target of 249Cf. This resulted in the production and positive identification of 263106, which decayed with a halflife of 0.9 ± 0.2 s by the emission of alpha particles as follows: 263

α α α 106   → 259 104   → 255 No   →.

The Dubna Team, directed by Flerov and Organessian, produced heavy ions of 54Cr with their 310-cm heavy-ion cyclotron to bombard 207Pb and 208Pb and found a product that decayed with a half-life of 7 ms. They assigned 259106 to this isotope. It is now thought seven isotopes of Seaborgium have been identified. Two of the isotopes are believed to have half-lives of about 30 s. Seaborgium most likely would have properties resembling tungsten. The IUPAC adopted the name Seaborgium in August 1997. Normally the naming of an element is not given until after the death of the person for which the element is named; however, in this case, it was named while Dr. Seaborg was still alive. Selenium — (Gr. Selene, moon), Se; at. wt. 78.96(3); at. no. 34; m.p. (gray) 221°C; b.p. (gray) 685°C; sp. gr. (gray) 4.79, (vitreous) 4.28; valence –2, +4, or +6. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium, named for the earth. Selenium is found in a few rare minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode muds from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world’s selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the muds with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter. Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recognized, but as many as six have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray. Natural selenium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes and isomers have been characterized. The element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point selenium is a p-type semiconductor and is finding many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. It is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc., but recently its use in this application has been decreasing in favor of certain organic compounds. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel. Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions. Hydrogen selenide in a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Selenium (99.5%) is priced at about $250/kg. It is also available in high-purity form at a cost of about $350/kg (99.999%). Silicon — (L. silex, silicis, flint), Si; at. wt. 28.0855(3); at. no. 14; m.p. 1414°C; b.p. 3265°C; sp. gr. 2.33 (25°C); valence 4. Davy in 1800 thought silica to be a compound and not an element; later in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, in 1824 succeeded in preparing amorphous silicon by the same general method as used earlier, but he purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as “aerolites”. It is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Natural silicon contains three isotopes. Twenty-four other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth’s crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process. This product can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is a relatively inert element, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Silicones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.7 µm. Silicon is one of man’s most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glass, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to iridize glass. Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to build up their cell walls. Silica is present in ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 Å. A remarkable material, first discovered in 1930, is Aerogel, developed and now used by NASA in their Stardust mission, which is expected to encounter Comet Wild 2 in 2004, returning cometary and interplanet dust to Earth in 2006. Aerogel is a highly insulative material that has the lowest density of any known solid. One form of Aerogel is 99.9% air and 0.1% SiO2, by volume. It is 1000 times less dense than glass. It has been called “blue smoke” or “solid smoke”. A block of Aerogel as large as a person may weigh less than a pound and yet support the weight of 1000 lbs (455 kg). This material is expected to trap cometary particles traveling at speeds of 32 km/sec. Aerogel is said to be non-toxic and non-inflammable. It has high thermal insulating qualities that could be used in home insulation. Its light weight may have aircraft applications. Regular grade silicon (99.5%) costs about $160/kg. Silicon (99.9999%) pure costs about $200/kg; hyperpure silicon is available at a higher cost. Miners, stonecutters, and other engaged in work where siliceous dust is breathed in large quantities often develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis. Silver — (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor siolfur), Ag (L. argentum), at. wt. 107.8682(2); at. no. 47; m.p. 961.78°C; b.p. 2162°C; sp. gr. 10.50 (20°C); valence 1, 2. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The composition of the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 2002, the price of silver was about $4.10/troy oz. (13¢/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography. Sodium — (English, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy), Na (L. natrium); at. wt. 22.989770(2); at. no. 11; m.p. 97.80°C; b.p. 883°C; sp. gr. 0.971 (20°C); valence 1. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth’s crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals of which it is a member. The most common compound is sodium chloride, but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, sodalite,etc. It is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water, decomposing it with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C. Sodium should be handled with respect, as it can be dangerous when improperly handled. Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, to descale metal, to purify molten metals, and as a heat transfer agent. An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is also an important heat transfer agent. Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). Seventeen isotopes of sodium are recognized. Metallic sodium is priced at about $575/kg (99.95%). On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It should be kept in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. Strontium — (Strontian, town in Scotland), Sr; at. wt. 87.62(1); at. no. 38; m.p. 777°C; b.p. 1382°C; sp. gr. 2.54; valence 2. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808; however, Adair Crawford in 1790 recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals (baryta).

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Strontium is found chiefly as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3). Celestite is found in Mexico, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Algeria, and in the U.K. The U.S. has no active celestite mines. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C. Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. Thirty-two other unstable isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed. The major use for strontium at present is in producing glass for color television picture tubes. All color TV and cathode ray tubes sold in the U.S. are required by law to contain strontium in the face plate glass to block X-ray emission. Strontium also improves the brilliance of the glass and the quality of the picture. It has also found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but it is very soft. It does not occur naturally. Strontium metal (99% pure) costs about $220/kg. Sulfur — (Sanskrit, sulvere; L. sulphurium), S; at. wt. 32.066(6); at. no. 16; m.p. 115.21°C; b.p. 444.60°C; tc 1041°C; sp. gr. (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 1.957 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone. Sulfur is found in meteorites. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon has been studied by R. W. Wood with ultraviolet light. This study suggests strongly that it is a sulfur deposit. Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts, celestite, barite,etc. Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. It is obtained from these wells by the Frasch process, which forces heated water into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur. New processes now permit recovery, and these sources promise to be very important. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood. Amorphous or “plastic” sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern. Twenty-one isotopes of sulfur are now recognized. Four occur in natural sulfur, none of which is radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation. Sulfur readily forms sulfides with many elements. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively is making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. It is used in making sulfite paper and other papers, as a fumigant, and in the bleaching of dried fruits. The element is a good electrical insulator. Organic compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many other important compounds of sulfur. Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should be handled carefully. Hydrogen sulfide in small concentrations can be metabolized, but in higher concentrations it quickly can cause death by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric air pollution. In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties. Sulfur (99.999%) costs about $575/kg. Tantalum — (Gr. Tantalos, mythological character, father of Niobe), Ta; at. wt. 180.9479(1); at. no. 73; m.p. 3017°C; b.p. 5458°C; sp. gr. 16.654; valence 2?, 3, 4?, or 5. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rose, in 1844, and Marignac, in1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2O6. Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Congo-Kinshasa, Nigeria, and Canada. Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Thirty four isotopes and isomers of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes, one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum has good “gettering” ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, and aircraft and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating metal. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses. The price of (99.9%) tantalum is about $2/g. Technetium — (Gr. technetos, artificial), Tc; at. wt. (98); at. no. 43; m.p. 2157°C; b.p. 4265°C; sp. gr. 11.50 (calc.); valence 0, +2, +4, +5, +6, and +7. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial materials have been made without success. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. Forty-three isotopes and isomers of technetium, with atomic masses ranging from 86 to 113, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 × 106 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 × 106 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100°C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Technetium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as $2800/g. 99Tc is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of $83/g plus packing charges. 99Tc is available at a cost of $1.56/µCi. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and conc. sulfuric acid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel. It is reported that mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by as little as 55 ppm of KTcO4 in aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250°C. This corrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium is radioactive and must be confined. 99Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 × 108 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contamination hazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellent superconductor at 11°K and below. Tellurium — (L. tellus, earth), Te; at. wt. 127.60(3); at. no. 52; m.p. 449.51°C; b.p. 988°C; sp. gr. 6.24 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from the anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element. Crystalline tellurium has a silverywhite appearance, and when pure exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a ptype semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop “tellurium breath,” which has a garlic-like odor. Forty two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, two of which are radioactive with very long halflives. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydrogenation and halogenation reactions. Tellurium is also used in electronic and semi-conductor devices. It is also used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Tellurium costs about 50¢/g, with a purity of about 99.5%. The metal with a purity of 99.9999% costs about $5/g. Terbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Tb; at. wt. 158.92534(2); at. no. 65; m.p. 1356°C; b.p. 3230°C; sp. gr. 8.230; valence 3, 4. Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or “rare earth” group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% of more of terbia. Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exchange techniques for separating the rare-earth elements. As with other rare earths, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are possible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289°C. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at 0.546 µm. Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found. The element is priced at about $40/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide elements. Thallium — (Gr. thallos, a green shoot or twig), Tl; at. wt. 204.3833(2); at. no. 81; m.p. 304°C; b.p. 1473°C; sp. gr. 11.85 (20°C); valence 1, or 3. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Forty-seven isotopes of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150°C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at –60°C, some 20° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $2/g. Thorium — (Thor, Scandinavian god of war), Th; at. wt. 232.0381(1); at. no. 90; m.p. 1750°C; b.p. 4788°C; sp. gr. 11.72; valence +2(?), +3(?), +4. Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Thorium occurs in thorite (ThSiO4) and in thorianite (ThO2 + UO2). Large deposits of thorium minerals have been reported in New England and elsewhere, but these have not yet been exploited. Thorium is now thought to be about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. The metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy available for use from thorium in the minerals of the earth’s crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand for thorium as a nuclear fuel is still several

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including the HTGR (hightemperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties. Thorium is recovered commercially from the mineral monazite, which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Several methods are available for producing thorium metal: it can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, by calcium reduction of thorium tetrachloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride, and by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal. Thorium was originally assigned a position in Group IV of the periodic table. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal which is air-stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of contamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400°C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300°C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be carefully handled. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. The principal use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gas lights. These mantles, consisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an important alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-function and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain size of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refractive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide has also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium has not found many uses due to its radioactive nature and its handling and disposal problems. Thirty isotopes of thorium are known with atomic masses ranging from 210 to 237. All are unstable. 232Th occurs naturally and has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter. 232Th goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps before becoming the stable isotope 208Pb. 232Th is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in a few hours. Thorium disintegrates with the production of “thoron” (220Rn), which is an alpha emitter and presents a radiation hazard. Good ventilation of areas where thorium is stored or handled is therefore essential. Thorium metal (99.8%) costs about $25/g. Thulium — (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia), Tm; at. wt. 168.93421(3); at. no. 69; m.p. 1545°C; b.p. 1950°C; sp. gr. 9.321 (25°C); valence 3. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently permitted much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Forty-one isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable Xray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. Tin — (anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum); at. wt. 118.710(7); at. no. 50; m.p. 231.93°C; b.p. 2602°C; sp. gr. (gray) 5.75, (white) 7.31; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a “tin cry” is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin-lead alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl2 · H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process). Of recent interest is a crystalline tinniobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the price of commercial tin has varied from 50¢/lb ($1.10/kg) to its present price of about $6/kg in January 2002. Tin (99.99% pure) costs about $260/kg. Titanium — (L. Titans, the first sons of the Earth, myth.), Ti; at. wt. 47.867(1); at. no. 22; m.p. 1668°C; b.p. 3287°C; sp. gr. 4.54; valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2. Analyses of rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages. Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee, and New York. Australia, Norway, Malaysia, India, and China are also large suppliers of titanium minerals. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eighteen other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal α form changes to the cubic β form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert; however, titanium powder may be a carcinogenic hazard. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2. Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist’s paint, as it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens. The price of titanium metal (99.9%) is about $1100/kg. Tungsten — (Swedish, tung sten, heavy stone); also known as wolfram (from wolframite, said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi, because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin), W; at. wt. 183.84(1); at. no. 74; m.p. 3422°C; b.p. 5555°C; sp. gr. 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten(tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4; scheelite, CaWO4; huebnerite, MnWO4; and ferberite, FeWO4. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world’s tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Thirty two other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals. Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy®, Stellite®, and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries.Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500°C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Zirconium tungstate has found recent applications (see under Zirconium). Tungsten powder (99.999%) costs about $2900/kg. Uranium — (Planet Uranus), U; at. wt. 238.0289(1); at. no. 92; m.p. 1135°C; b.p. 4131°C; sp. gr. ~18.95; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium. Uranium is not as rare as it was once thought. It is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony, silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, davidite, and tobernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands, and can be recovered commercially from these sources. Large deposits of uranium ore occur in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere. Uranium can be made by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Uranium exhibits three crystallographic modifications as follows: °C °C α 688  → β 776  →γ

Uranium is a heavy, silvery-white metal which is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel, and is attacked by cold water in a finely divided state. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. In air, the metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids dissolve the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium has twenty three isotopes, one of which is an isomer and all of which are radioactive. Naturally occurring uranium contains 99.2745% by weight 238U, 0.720% 235U, and 0.0055% 234U. Studies show that the percentage weight of 235U in natural uranium varies by as much as 0.1%, depending on the source. The U.S.D.O.E. has adopted the value of 0.711 as being their “official” percentage of 235U in natural uranium. Natural uranium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in an hour or so. Much of the internal heat of the earth is thought to be

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) attributable to the presence of uranium and with a half-life of 4.46 × 109 years, has been used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. The origin of uranium, the highest member of the naturally occurring elements — except perhaps for traces of neptunium or plutonium — is not clearly understood, although it has been thought that uranium might be a decay product of elements of higher atomic weight, which may have once been present on earth or elsewhere in the universe. These original elements may have been formed as a result of a primordial “creation,” known as “the big bang,” in a supernova, or in some other stellar processes. The fact that recent studies show that most trans-uranic elements are extremely rare with very short half-lives indicates that it may be necessary to find some alternative explanation for the very large quantities of radioactive uranium we find on earth. Studies of meteorites from other parts of the solar system show a relatively low radioactive content, compared to terrestrial rocks. Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel. 238U can be converted into fissionable plutonium by the following reactions: thorium. 238U

238

U( n, γ )→ 239 U  β→ 239 Np  β→ 239 Pu

This nuclear conversion can be brought about in “breeder” reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable material than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. 235U is of even greater importance, for it is the key to the utilization of uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.72%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be made to occur in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone. 235U can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive. Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors for the generation of electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons as follows to produce the important isotope 233U. 232

Th( n, γ )→ 233 Th  β→ 233 Pa  β→ 233 U

While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal. The uses of nuclear fuels to generate electrical power, to make isotopes for peaceful purposes, and to make explosives are well known. The estimated world-wide production of the 437 nuclear power reactors in operation in 1998 amounted to about 352,000 Megawatt hours. In 1998 the U.S. had about 107 commercial reactors with an output of about 100,000 Megawatt-hours. Some nuclear-powered electric generating plants have recently been closed because of safety concerns. There are also serious problems with nuclear waste disposal that have not been completely resolved. Uranium in the U.S.A. is controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under the Department of Energy. Uses are being found for the large quantities of “depleted” uranium, now available, where uranium-235 has been lowered to about 0.2%. Depleted uranium has been used for inertial guidance devices, gyrocompasses, counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, ballast for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material for tanks, etc. Concerns, however, have been raised over its low radioactive properties. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets for production of high-energy X-rays. The nitrate has been used as photographic toner, and the acetate is used in analytical chemistry. Crystals of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium salts have also been used for producing yellow “vaseline” glass and glazes. Uranium and its compounds are highly toxic, both from a chemical and radiological standpoint. Finely divided uranium metal, being pyrophoric, presents a fire hazard. The maximum permissible total body burden of natural uranium (based on radiotoxicity) is 0.2 µCi for soluble compounds. Recently, the natural presence of uranium and thorium in many soils has become of concern to homeowners because of the generation of radon and its daughters (see under Radon). Uranium metal is available commercially at a cost of about $6/g (99.7%) in air-tight glass under argon. Unnilnilium etc. — See under the opening paragraphs of this article and also under Elements 110 to 118. Vanadium — (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis), V; at. wt. 50.9415(1); at. no. 23; m.p. 1910°C; b.p. 3407°C; sp. gr. 6.11 (18.7°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 5. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared del Rio’s new element was only impure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927. Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. China, South Africa, and Russia supply much of the world’s vanadium ores. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt. Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Twenty other unstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant, spring, and highspeed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $3/g. Wolfram — see Tungsten. Xenon — (Gr. xenon, stranger), Xe; at. wt. 131.29(2); at. no. 54; m.p. –111.79°C; b.p. –108.12°C; tc 16.62°C; density (gas) 5.887 ± 0.009 g/l, sp. gr (liquid) 3.52 (–109°C); valence usually 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898 in the residue left after evaporating liquid air components. Xenon is a member of the so-called noble or “inert” gases. It is present in the atmosphere to the extent of about one part in twenty million. Xenon is present in the Martian atmosphere to the extent of 0.08 ppm. The element is found in the gases evolved from certain mineral springs, and is commercially obtained by extraction from liquid air. Natural xenon is composed of nine stable isotopes. In addition to these, thirty five unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Before 1962, it had generally been assumed that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compounds. Evidence has

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) been mounting in the past few years that xenon, as well as other members of the zero valence elements, do form compounds. Among the “compounds” of xenon now reported are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and XePtF6 and XeRhF6. Xenon trioxide, which is highly explosive, has been prepared. More than 80 xenon compounds have been made with xenon chemically bonded to fluorine and oxygen. Some xenon compounds are colored. Metallic xenon has been produced, using several hundred kilobars of pressure. Xenon in a vacuum tube produces a beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge. The gas is used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. Xenon is used in the atomic energy field in bubble chambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value. The perxenates are used in analytical chemistry as oxidizing agents. 133Xe and 135Xe are produced by neutron irradiation in air cooled nuclear reactors. 133Xe has useful applications as a radioisotope. The element is available in sealed glass containers for about $20/l of gas at standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic because of their strong oxidizing characteristics. Ytterbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04(3); at. no. 70; m.p. 819°C; b.p. 1196°C; sp. gr (α) 6.903 (β) 6.966; valence 2, 3. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however, with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element could be determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13° and 795°C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is available with a purity of about 99.9% for about $10/g. Ytterbium has a low acute toxic rating, but may present a carcinogenic hazard. Yttrium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden near Vauxholm), Y; at. wt. 88.90585(2); at. no. 39; m.p. 1522°C; b.p. 3345°C; sp. gr. 4.469 (25°C); valence 3. Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium. In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia. Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques. Yttrium has a silvermetallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C, and finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. Yttrium is also finding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization.It has also potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains but one isotope, 89Y. Fortythree other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $5/g. Zinc — (Ger. Zink, of obscure origin), Zn; at. wt. 65.39(2); at. no. 30; m.p. 419.53°C; b.p. 907°C; sp. gr. 7.133 (25°C); valence 2. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as being an “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Canada, Japan, Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands are suppliers of zinc ores. Zinc is also mined in Alaska, Tennessee, Missouri, and elsewhere in the U.S. Zinc can be obtained by roasting its ores to form the oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty-five other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are

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THE ELEMENTS (continued) used to produce die castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal®, consisting of 78% zinc and 22% aluminum is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that it can be molded into form by relatively inexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercial price of zinc in January 2002 was roughly 40¢/lb ($90 kg). Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about $5/g. Zirconium — (Syriac, zargun, color of gold), Zr; at. wt. 91.224(2); at. no. 40; m.p. 1855°C; b.p. 4409°C; sp. gr. 6.506 (20°C); valence +2, +3, and +4. The name zircon may have originated from the Syriac word zargono, which describes the color of certain gemstones now known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure.This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. These minerals were not known to contain this element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Sri Lanka and found a new earth, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and Klaproth called Zirkonerde (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube. Pure zirconium was first prepared in 1914. Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer by an iodide decomposition process they developed. Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestial rocks. Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Thirty-one other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is found in deposits in Florida, South Carolina, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite, found in Brazil, is an important zirconium mineral. It is principally pure ZrO2in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1 to 3% hafnium. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Commercial nuclear power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. Reactors of the size now being made may use as much as a half-million lineal feet of zirconium alloy tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy® is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed. Zirconium tungstate is an unusual material that shrinks, rather than expands, when heated. While this compound has been known for more than 30 years, it is only now that it is being studied to determine the nature of this unusual behavior. A few other compounds are known to possess this property, but they tend to shrink in one direction, while they stretch out in others in order to maintain an overall volume. Zirconium tungstate shrinks in all directions over a wide temperature range of from near absolute zero to +777°C. This material is being considered for use in very small computer chips, which are subject to severe temperature changes. It is also being considered for use in composite materials where thermal expansion may be a problem. Zirconium of about 99.5% purity is available at a cost of about $2000/kg or about $4/g.

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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequently encountered inorganic substances; a limited number of organometallics are also covered. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. The information given here applies to the most stable or common crystalline form. In cases where two or more forms are of practical importance, separate entries will be found in the table. Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name. However, adjustments are made in many instances in order to bring closely related compounds together. For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered throughout the table. Likewise, the oxoacids of an element are given in one group whenever a strict alphabetical order would separate them (e.g., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid). The Formula Index following the table provides another means of locating a compound. There is also an index to CAS Registry Numbers. The following data fields appear in the table: • •

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

Name: Systematic name for the substance. The valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric. Formula: The simplest descriptive formula is given, but this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound. For example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6. A few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg2+2 for the mercury(I) ion. CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. An asterisk (*) following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound. In most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather than the number for a specific crystalline form or mineral. Mol. Weight: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 1997 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights. The number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given. For compounds of radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-life is used, and the result is rounded to the nearest integer. Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features. Abbreviations are listed below. mp: Normal melting point in ˚C. The notation “tp” indicates the temperature at which solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist). When available, the triple point pressure is listed. bp: Normal boiling point in ˚C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure). The notation “sp” following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches as 101.325 kPa. See Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points. A notation “sublimes” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures. Density: Density values for solids and liquids are always in units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to refer to temperatures near room temperature unless otherwise stated. Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in grams per liter at 25˚C and 101.325 kPa; the unit is always specified for a gas value. Aqueous Solubility: Solubility is expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 g of water. The temperature in ˚C is given as a superscript. Solubility at other temperatures can be found for many compounds in the table “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures” in Section 8. Qualitative Solubility: Qualitative information on the solubility in other solvents (and in water, if quantitative data are unavailable) is given here. The abbreviations are: i insoluble sl slightly soluble s soluble vs very soluble

Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, including monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilations and databases, and in some cases the primary literature. Some of the most useful references for the properties covered here are listed below.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ac ace acid alk amorp anh aq blk

acetyl acetone acid solutions alkaline solutions amorphous anhydrous aqueous black

brn bz chl col conc cry cub cyhex

brown benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals, crystalline cubic cyclohexane

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dec dil diox eth EtOH exp flam gl

decomposes dilute dioxane ethyl ether ethanol explodes, explosive flammable glass, glassy



PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED) grn hc hex hp hex hyd hyg i liq MeOH mono octahed oran orth os

green hydrocarbon solvents hexagonal heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble in liquid methanol monoclinic octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents

peth pow prec pur py reac refrac rhom s silv sl soln sp stab subl

petroleum ether powder precipitate purple pyridine reacts with refractory rhombohedral soluble in silvery slightly soluble in solution sublimation point stable sublimes

temp tetr thf tol tp trans tricl trig unstab viol visc vs wh xyl yel

temperature tetragonal tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point transition, transformation triclinic trigonal unstable violet viscous very soluble in white xylene yellow

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992. Massalski, T. B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD, 15, 317-425, 1991. Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V. A., Constants of Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.



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CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

Formula

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ac AcBr3 AcCl3 AcF3 AcI3 Ac2O3 Al AlNH4(SO4)2 AlNH4(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O

7440-34-8 33689-81-5 22986-54-5 33689-80-4 33689-82-6 12002-61-8 7429-90-5 7784-25-0 7784-26-1

227 467 333 284 608 502 26.982 237.148 453.331

silv metal; cub wh hex cry wh hex cry wh hex cry wh cry wh hex cry silv-wh metal; cub cry wh powder col cry or powder

AlSb AlAs 2Al2O3 ⋅ B2O3 AlB2 Al(BH4)3 Al(BrO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlBr3 AlBr3 ⋅ 6H2O Al4C3 Al(ClO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlCl3 AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2O Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 Al(C2H5O)3 AlF3 AlF3 ⋅ H2O AlF3 ⋅ 3H2O Al2(SiF6)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlH3 Al(OH)3 Al2(OH)5Cl ⋅ 2H2O Al(H2PO2)3 AlI3 AlI3 ⋅ 6H2O Al(C3H5O3)3 Al(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlN Al(C18H33O2)3 AlPO4 Al(PO3)3 Al2O3 AlO(OH) Al(C15H31COO)3 Al(ClO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlP

25152-52-7 22831-42-1 11121-16-7 12041-50-8 16962-07-5 11126-81-1* 7727-15-3 7784-11-4 1299-86-1 15477-33-5 7446-70-0 7784-13-6 142-03-0 555-75-9 7784-18-1 32287-65-3 15098-87-0 17099-70-6 7784-21-6 21645-51-2 1327-41-9 7784-22-7 7784-23-8 10090-53-6 18917-91-4 13473-90-0 7784-27-2 24304-00-5 688-37-9 7784-30-7 32823-06-6 1344-28-1 14457-84-2 555-35-1 14452-39-2 20859-73-8

148.742 101.903 273.543 48.604 71.510 572.826 266.694 374.785 143.958 439.472 133.340 241.431 162.078 162.163 83.977 101.992 138.023 642.329 30.006 78.004 210.483 221.948 407.695 515.786 294.192 212.997 375.134 40.989 871.342 121.953 263.898 101.961 59.989 793.230 487.470 57.956

cub cry oran cub cry; hyg needles powder flam liq wh hyg cry wh-yel monocl cry; hyg col-yel hyg cry yel hex cry hyg cry wh hex cry or powder; hyg col hyg cry wh amorp powder liq, condenses to wh solid wh hex cry orth cry wh hyg cry hex prisms col hex cry wh amorp powder gl solid cry powder wh leaflets yel hyg cry powder powder wh hyg solid wh hyg mono cry blue-wh hex cry yel solid wh rhomb plates col powder; tetr wh powder; hex ortho cry wh-yel powder wh hyg cry grn or yel cub cry

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Actinium Actinium bromide Actinium chloride Actinium fluoride Actinium iodide Actinium oxide Aluminum Aluminum ammonium sulfate Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum antimonide Aluminum arsenide Aluminum borate Aluminum boride Aluminum borohydride Aluminum bromate nonahydrate Aluminum bromide Aluminum bromide hexahydrate Aluminum carbide Aluminum chlorate nonahydrate Aluminum chloride Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Aluminum diacetate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum fluoride Aluminum fluoride monohydrate Aluminum fluoride trihydrate Aluminum hexafluorosilicate nonahydrate Aluminum hydride Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum hydroxychloride Aluminum hypophosphite Aluminum iodide Aluminum iodide hexahydrate Aluminum lactate Aluminum nitrate Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Aluminum nitride Aluminum oleate Aluminum phosphate Aluminum metaphosphate Aluminum oxide (corundum) Aluminum oxyhydroxide Aluminum palmitate Aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate Aluminum phosphide

mp/°C

bp/°C

1051

3198 800 subl 960 subl

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 10 5.85 4.81 7.88

1977 660.32

2519

9.19 2.70

94.5

>280 dec

1.65

1065 1740 ≈1050 >920 dec -64.5 62 97.5 93 2100 192.6 100 dec 140 ≈2250 tp (220 MPa)

s H2O i H2O s H2O i H2O i H2O; s acid, alk sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH

4.26 3.76 3.19 44.5 >100 dec 255 >2200 dec

3.2 2.54 2.36

180 sp

2.48 2.398

45.125 45.125

1276 sp

3.10 2.17 1.914

0.5025 0.5025 0.5025

>500 dec >150 dec 2.42 220 dec 188.28

dec 73 3000 >1460 ≈1525 2053

82 dec 2550

382

3.98

135 dec

1.72 3.255

≈3000

68.925 68.925

2.56 2.78 3.97 3.44 2.0 2.40

i H2O s dil HCl reac H2O s H2O reac H2O; s bz, tol s H2O, EtOH, CS2 reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ctc, chl s EtOH, eth i H2O reac H2O; sl xyl

s H2O reac H2O i H2O; s alk, acid s H2O i H2O; s alk, acid reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O vs EtOH; sl ace vs EtOH; i pyr reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz i H2O; sl acid i H2O i H2O, os; sl alk i H2O; s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; s peth

182.40 reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-39

TeamLRN

No. Name

Formula

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Al2Se3 Al2SiO5 Al2O3 ⋅ 2SiO2 ⋅ 2H2O Al(C18H35O2)3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3 ⋅ 18H2O Al2S3 Al2Te3 Al(SCN)3 Am Am2O3 AmBr3 AmCl3 AmF3 AmI3 AmF4 AmO2 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4N3 NH4C7H5O2 NH4C4H4O5 (NH4)2B4O7 ⋅ 4H2O NH4BrO3 NH4Br NH4C8H15O2 NH2COONH4 (NH4)2CO3 NH4Ce(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CrO4 NH4Cr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O CoNH4PO4 (NH4)2Co(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O CuCl2 ⋅ 2NH4Cl CuCl2 ⋅ 2NH4Cl ⋅ 2H2O NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4NH2CSS NH4Fe(CrO4)2 (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3 ⋅ 3H2O

Aluminum selenide Aluminum silicate Aluminum silicate dihydrate Aluminum stearate Aluminum sulfate Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Aluminum sulfide Aluminum telluride Aluminum thiocyanate Americium Americium(III) oxide Americium(III) bromide Americium(III) chloride Americium(III) fluoride Americium(III) iodide Americium(IV) fluoride Americium(IV) oxide Ammonia Ammonium acetate Ammonium azide Ammonium benzoate Ammonium hydrogen malate Ammonium borate tetrahydrate Ammonium bromate Ammonium bromide Ammonium caprylate Ammonium carbamate Ammonium carbonate Ammonium cerium(III) sulfate tetrahydrate Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium chromate Ammonium chromic sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate Ammonium cobalt(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium copper(II) chloride Ammonium copper(II) chloride dihydrate Ammonium cyanide Ammonium dichromate Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium dithiocarbamate Ammonium ferric chromate Ammonium ferric oxalate trihydrate

CAS Reg No. 1302-82-5 12183-80-1 1332-58-7 637-12-7 10043-01-3 7784-31-8 1302-81-4 12043-29-7 538-17-0 7440-35-9 12254-64-7 14933-38-1 13464-46-5 13708-80-0 13813-47-3 15947-41-8 12005-67-3 7664-41-7 631-61-8 12164-94-2 1863-63-4 5972-71-4 12228-87-4 13843-59-9 12124-97-9 5972-76-9 1111-78-0 506-87-6 21995-38-0* 16774-21-3 10192-29-7 12125-02-9 7788-98-9 10022-47-6 14590-13-7 13586-38-4 10060-13-6* 10060-13-6 12211-52-8 7789-09-5 13462-93-6 7722-76-1 513-74-6 7789-08-4 13268-42-3

Mol. Physical Weight Form 290.84 162.046 258.161 877.390 342.154 666.429 150.161 436.76 201.232 243 534 483 349 300 624 319 275 17.031 77.083 60.059 139.152 151.118 263.377 145.941 97.943 161.243 78.071 96.086 422.343 548.223 101.490 53.492 152.071 478.345 171.943 395.229 241.434 277.464 44.056 252.065 158.975 115.026 110.204 305.871 428.063

yel-brown powder gray-grn cry wh-yel powder; tricl wh powder wh cry col monocl cry yel-gray powder gray-blk hex cry yel powder silv metal; hex or cub tan hex cry wh orth cry pink hex cry pink hex cry yel ortho cry tan monocl cry blk cub cry col gas wh hyg cry ortho cry; flam wh cry or powder ortho cry tetr cry col hex cry wh hyg tetr cry hyg monocl cry cry powder col cry powder monocl cry red-oran cry wh cry col cub cry yel cry blue-viol cry red-viol powder (hyd) red monocl prisms yel hyg orth cry blue-grn tetr cry col tetr cry oran-red monocl cry; hyg tetr cry wh tetr cry yel ortho cry red powder grn monocl cry; hyg

mp/°C

bp/°C

960

3.437 3.145 2.59 1.070

115 1040 dec 86 dec 1100 ≈895 1176

1.69 2.02 4.5 2011

500 1393 ≈950 >1000 dec -77.73 114 160 198 160 exp 542 dec ≈75

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

-33.33 exp

396 sp

12 11.77 6.85 5.87 9.53 6.9 7.23 11.68 0.696 g/L 1.073 1.346 1.26 1.15

2.429

reac H2O

38.525 38.525

i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i EtOH

s H2O; i EtOH, eth s acid s acid s H2O

1484 20.230

78.325

s acid vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ace s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O s EtOH, ace; sl eth reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, bz vs H2O; s EtOH

10015

58 dec

s H2O vs H2O 102 exp 520 tp (dec) 185 dec 94 dec

338 sp

1.80 1.519 1.90 1.72

28.70 39.525 3725

1.90 110 dec dec 180 dec 300 dec 190 99 dec

1.993 1.10 2.155 2.311 1.80 1.45

≈160 dec

1.780

35.620 52.725 40.425

sl ace, MeOH; i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O, EtOH vs H2O

sl EtOH; i ace s H2O i H2O vs H2O; i EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-40

No. Name

Ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium ferricyanide trihydrate Ammonium ferrocyanide trihydrate Ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium fluoride Ammonium tetrafluoroborate Ammonium fluorosulfonate Ammonium formate Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroosmiate(IV) Ammonium hexachloropalladate(IV) Ammonium hexabromoplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexafluoroaluminate Ammonium hexafluorogallate Ammonium hexafluorogermanate Ammonium hexafluorophosphate Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Ammonium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Ammonium hydrogen arsenate Ammonium hydrogen borate trihydrate Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium hydrogen citrate Ammonium hydrogen fluoride Ammonium hydrogen oxalate monohydrate Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium hydrogen selenate Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Ammonium hydrogen sulfide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen tartrate Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hypophosphite Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium lactate Ammonium metatungstate hexahydrate Ammonium metavanadate Ammonium molybdate(VI) tetrahydrate Ammonium molybdophosphate Ammonium nickel chloride hexahydrate Ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitroferricyanide Ammonium oleate Ammonium oxalate Ammonium oxalate monohydrate

NH4Fe(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O (NH4)3Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O NH4F NH4BF4 NH4SO3F NH4CHO2 (NH4)2IrCl6 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2PdCl6 (NH4)2PtBr6 (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)3AlF6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 NH4PF6 (NH4)2SiF6 (NH4)2ZrF6 (NH4)2HAsO4 NH4HB4O7 ⋅ 3H2O NH4HCO3 (NH4)2HC6H5O7 NH4HF2 NH4HC2O4 ⋅ H2O (NH4)2HPO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4HSO4 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4C4H4O6 NH4OH NH4H2PO2 NH4IO3 NH4I NH4C3H5O3 (NH4)6W7O24 ⋅ 6H2O NH4VO3 (NH4)6Mo7O24 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12MoO3 NH4NiCl3 ⋅ 6H2O (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O NH4NO3 NH4NO2 (NH4)2Fe(CN)5NO NH4C18H33O2 (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 ⋅ H2O

10138-04-2 14221-48-8* 14481-29-9* 10045-89-3 12125-01-8 13826-83-0 13446-08-7 540-69-2 16940-92-4 12125-08-5 19168-23-1 17363-02-9 16919-58-7 7784-19-2 14639-94-2 16962-47-3 16941-11-0 16919-19-0 16919-31-6 7784-44-3 10135-84-9 1066-33-7 3012-65-5 1341-49-7 5972-72-5* 7783-28-0 10294-60-7 7803-63-6 12124-99-1 10192-30-0 3095-65-6 1336-21-6 7803-65-8 13446-09-8 12027-06-4 52003-58-4 12028-48-7 7803-55-6 12054-85-2 54723-94-3* 16122-03-5* 7785-20-8 6484-52-2 13446-48-5 14402-70-1 544-60-5 1113-38-8 6009-70-7

482.194 320.111 338.149 392.141 37.037 104.844 117.101 63.057 441.010 439.02 355.21 710.58 443.87 195.087 237.828 222.68 163.003 178.153 241.291 176.004 228.332 79.056 226.184 57.044 125.081 132.055 162.01 115.111 51.113 99.111 167.117 35.046 83.028 192.941 144.943 107.108 1887.19 116.979 1235.86 1876.35 291.181 394.989 80.043 64.044 252.016 299.493 124.096 142.110

col to viol cry red cry yel cry blue-grn monocl cry wh hex cry; hyg wh powder; orth col needles hyg cry blk cry powder red cry or powder red-brn hyg cry powder red-oran cub cry cub cry col cub cry wh cry wh cub cry wh cub or trig cry wh hex cry wh powder col cry col or wh prisms col cry wh orth cry col rhomb cry wh cry rhom cry wh hyg cry wh tetr or orth cry col cry wh cry exists only in soln wh hyg cry wh powder wh tetr cry; hyg col cry wh cry wh-yel cry col or grn-yel cry yel cry pow grn hyg cry blue-grn cry wh hyg cry; orth wh-yel cry red-brn cry yel-brn paste col sol wh orth cry

≈37

1.71

dec ≈100 dec dec 487 dec 245 116 dec

1.86 1.015 1.871

subl dec 145 dec 380 dec >200 dec 380 58 dec dec

subl

107 dec 125 dec 155 dec dec 147 dec dec

dec 150 551 dec 92

240 dec

3.065 1.78 2.10 2.564 2.180 2.011 1.154 1.99 ≈2.5 1.586 1.48 1.50 1.56 1.619 2.162 1.78 1.17 2.03 1.68

14320 1.0925

s H2O, EtOH 0.5920 0.520

22.725

24.825

i EtOH s H2O s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; s ace, EtOH, MeOH i EtOH, ace s H2O s H2O s H2O i EtOH, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH

60.220 69.525 10020 1280 71.80

sl H2O, EtOH i EtOH, ace i EtOH, ace, py sl ace; i bz, eth sl H2O; s alk; i EtOH

405 sp

dec 200-260

3.3 2.514

3.8425 17825

2.326 2.498

4.820 43 0.02

1.65 1.923 1.72 1.69

21325 22125

1.5 1.50

5.2025 5.2025

21 dec

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH s EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace

200 dec 90 dec dec dec 169.7 60 exp

1.27 2.856 2.93 2.418

83.525 2520

vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH

sl EtOH, MeOH s H2O, EtOH; sl MeOH; i ace, eth s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s alk; i acid s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH sl MeOH i eth s H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl ace sl EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-41

TeamLRN

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

Formula

139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

NH4C15H31CO2 NH4B5O8 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)3ZnCl5 NH4ClO4 NH4MnO4 (NH4)2S2O8 NH4ReO4 (NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)2HPO3 ⋅ H2O

593-26-0 12007-89-5 14639-98-6 7790-98-9 13446-10-1 7727-54-0 13598-65-7 10361-65-6* 51503-61-8

273.455 272.150 296.77 117.490 136.975 228.204 268.244 203.133 134.071

yel-wh powder wh cry hyg orth cry wh orth cry purp rhomb cry monocl cry or wh powder col powder wh prisms hyg cry

(NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12MoO3 ⋅ H2O

54723-94-3

1894.36

yel cry or powder

(NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12WO3 ⋅ 2H2O NH4C6H2N3O7 NH4C7H5O3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)2SeO3 NH4C18H35O2 NH4NH2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3 ⋅ H2O (NH4)2C4H4O6 (NH4)2TeO4 NH4AlCl4 (NH4)2PtCl4 (NH4)2ZnCl4 (NH4)2WS4 NH4SCN (NH4)2S2O3 (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2 ⋅ H2O (NH4)10W12O41 (NH4)2U2O7 UO2(NH4)3F5 NH4C4H9CO2 (NH4)3ZrOH(CO3)3 ⋅ 2H2O Sb SbH3 SbAs SbBr3 SbCl3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2O3

1311-90-6 131-74-8 528-94-9 7783-21-3 7783-19-9 1002-89-7 7773-06-0 7783-20-2 12135-76-1 17026-44-7 7783-11-1 3164-29-2 13453-06-0 7784-14-7 13820-41-2 14639-97-5 13862-78-7 1762-95-4 7783-18-8 10580-03-7 11120-25-5 7783-22-4 18433-40-4 42739-38-8 12616-24-9* 7440-36-0 7803-52-3 12322-34-8 7789-61-9 10025-91-9 7783-56-4 7790-44-5 1309-64-4 1309-64-4

2967.18 246.135 155.151 179.04 163.04 301.509 114.125 132.141 68.143 116.141 134.156 184.147 227.68 186.832 372.97 243.28 348.18 76.122 148.207 293.996 3042.44 624.131 419.135 119.163 362.404 121.760 124.784 196.682 361.472 228.118 178.755 502.473 291.518 291.518

cry powder yel orth cry wh cry powder wh monocl cry wh or red hyg cry yel-wh powder wh hyg cry wh or brn orth cry yel-oran cry wh hyg cry col cry wh cry wh powder wh hyg solid red cry wh orth plates; hyg oran cry col hyg cry wh cry hyg cry cry pow red-yel amorp powder grn-yel monocl cry hyg cry prisms; unstable silv metal; hex col gas; flam hex cry yel orth cry; hyg col orth cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg red rhomb cry col cub cry wh orth cry

148

4-42

149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182

Ammonium palmitate Ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate Ammonium pentachlorozincate Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium permanganate Ammonium peroxydisulfate Ammonium perrhenate Ammonium phosphate trihydrate Ammonium phosphite, dibasic, monohydrate Ammonium phosphomolybdate monohydrate Ammonium phosphotungstate dihydrate Ammonium picrate Ammonium salicylate Ammonium selenate Ammonium selenite Ammonium stearate Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium sulfide Ammonium sulfite Ammonium sulfite monohydrate Ammonium tartrate Ammonium tellurate Ammonium tetrachloroaluminate Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II) Ammonium tetrachlorozincate Ammonium tetrathiotungstate Ammonium thiocyanate Ammonium thiosulfate Ammonium titanium oxalate monohydrate Ammonium tungstate(VI) Ammonium uranate(VI) Ammonium uranium fluoride Ammonium valerate Ammonium zirconyl carbonate dihydrate Antimony Stibine Antimony arsenide Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide (senarmontite) Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite)

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

22

s H2O; sl bz, xyl; i ace, EtOH, ctc 7.0318 1.81 1.95 2.22 1.982 3.97

dec, exp 70 dec dec

dec

1.72

dec dec 22 131 280 dec ≈0 dec

2.194

11725 12125

0.89 160 dec 1.77

1.41 1.601 3.024

dec

2.936 1.879 2.71 1.30 1.678

76.425 64.225 64.225

18125

2.3

108 630.628 -88 ≈680 96.6 73.4 292 168 570 trans 655

vs H2O s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

i ace s H2O

0.02

exp

dec dec dec 304 dec 150 dec dec ≈149 150 dec

24.525 7.915 83.525 6.2320 25.025

1587 -17 280 220.3 ≈345 401 1425 1425

6.68 5.100 g/L 6.0 4.35 3.14 4.38 4.92 5.58 5.7

98725 49225

sl H2O sl H2O vs H2O; s EtOH i EtOH, ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, MeOH; i ace vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, alk i EtOH, ace s H2O s H2O, eth s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O s H2O vs EtOH; s ace; i chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O; i EtOH i H2O, alk; s acid s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth s H2O i dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s ace, bz, chl s acid, EtOH, bz, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, ace; i ctc sl H2O; i os sl H2O; i os

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

No. Name

Antimony(III) oxychloride Antimony(III) selenide Antimony(III) sulfate Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(III) teluride Antimony(III,V) oxide Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(V) fluoride Antimony(V) dichlorotrifluoride Antimony(V) oxide Antimony(V) sulfide Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsine Diarsine Arsenic acid Arsenic acid hemihydrate Arsenious acid Arsenic diiodide Arsenic hemiselenide Arsenic sulfide Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Arsenic(III) oxide (claudetite) Arsenic(III) selenide Arsenic(III) sulfide Arsenic(III) telluride Arsenic(V) chloride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(V) selenide Arsenic(V) sulfide Triethyl arsenite Astatine Barium Barium acetate Barium acetate monohydrate Barium aluminate Barium azide Barium bromate monohydrate Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbide Barium carbonate

SbOCl Sb2Se3 Sb2(SO4)3 Sb2S3 Sb2Te3 Sb2O4 SbCl5 SbF5 SbCl2F3 Sb2O5 Sb2S5 Ar As AsH3 As2H4 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 ⋅ 0.5H2O H3AsO3 As2I4 As2Se As4S4 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsI3 As2O3 As2O3 As2Se3 As2S3 As2Te3 AsCl5 AsF5 As2O5 As2Se5 As2S5 As(OC2H5)3 At Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O BaAl2O4 Ba(N3)2 Ba(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaBr2 BaBr2 ⋅ 2H2O BaC2 BaCO3

7791-08-4 1315-05-5 7446-32-4 1345-04-6 1327-50-0 1332-81-6 7647-18-9 7783-70-2 7791-16-4 1314-60-9 1315-04-4 7440-37-1 7440-38-2 7784-42-1 15942-63-9 7778-39-4 7778-39-4* 13464-58-9 13770-56-4 1303-35-1 12279-90-2 7784-33-0 7784-34-1 7784-35-2 7784-45-4 1327-53-3 1327-53-3 1303-36-2 1303-33-9 12044-54-1 22441-45-8 7784-36-3 1303-28-2 1303-37-3 1303-34-0 3141-12-6 7440-68-8 7440-39-3 543-80-6 5908-64-5 12004-04-5 18810-58-7 10326-26-8 10553-31-8 7791-28-8 50813-65-5 513-77-9

173.212 480.40 531.711 339.718 626.32 307.518 299.024 216.752 249.660 323.517 403.850 39.948 74.922 77.946 153.875 141.944 150.951 125.944 657.461 228.80 427.950 314.634 181.280 131.917 455.635 197.841 197.841 386.72 246.041 532.64 252.186 169.914 229.840 544.64 310.173 210.103 210 137.327 255.416 273.431 255.288 221.367 411.147 297.135 333.166 161.348 197.336

wh momo cry grn orth cry wh cry powder; hyg gray-blk orth cry gray cry yel orth cry col or yel liq hyg visc liq visc liq yel powder; cub oran-yel powder col gas gray metal; rhomb col gas unstable liq exists only in soln wh hyg cry exists only in soln red cry blk cry red monocl cry yel orth cry; hyg col liq col liq red hex cry wh cub cry wh monocl cry brn-blk solid yel-oran monocl cry blk monocl cry stable at low temp col gas wh amorp powder blk solid brn-yel amorp solid liq cry silv-yel metal; cub wh powder wh cry hex cry monocl cry; exp wh monocl cry wh orth cry wh cry gray tetr cry wh orth cry

170 dec 611 dec 550 620 4 8.3 dec 75 dec -189.36 tp (69 kPa) 817 tp (3.70 MPa) -116

140 dec 141

-185.847 603 sp -62.5 ≈100

reac H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O sl H2O i H2O; s conc HCl

5.81 3.62 4.562 6.5 6.64 2.34 3.10 3.78 4.120 1.633 g/L 5.75 3.186 g/L

reac H2O; s chl, ctc reac H2O reac H2O 0.320 i H2O; s acid, alk sl H2O i H2O sl H2O

≈2

35.5

vs H2O, EtOH

137 320 31.1 -16 -5.9 140.9 274 313 260 310 621 ≈-50 dec -79.8 315 dec dec 302 727 110 dec 1827 ≈120 dec 260 dec 857 75 dec dec 1555

565 221 130 57.8 424 460 460 707

-52.8

3.5 3.40 2.150 2.7 4.73 3.86 3.74 4.75 3.46 6.50 6.945 g/L 4.32

166

1.21

1897

3.62 2.47 2.19

1835

2.936 3.99 4.781 3.7 3.74 4.2865

reac H2O; s os i H2O, os; dec acid, alk i H2O; sl bz; s alk reac H2O; s hc, ctc; vs eth, bz reac H2O; vs chl, ctc, eth reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz. tol 2.0525 2.0525

65.820

s dil acid, alk; i EtOH i H2O; s alk i H2O; s alk

reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i H2O; s alk s HNO3, os reac H2O; sl EtOH

79.225 79.225 17.320 0.83125 10025 10025 0.001420

sl EtOH sl EtOH; i eth i EtOH s MeOH; i EtOH, ace, diox reac H2O s acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-43

TeamLRN

183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229

Formula

230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274

Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaCl2 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O Ba3(CrO4)2 BaCrO4 Ba3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ H2O BaCuY2O5 Ba2Cu3YO7 Ba2Cu4YO8 Ba4Cu7Y2O15 Ba(CN)2 BaCr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O BaS2O6 ⋅ 2H2O Ba2Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 6H2O BaF2 Ba(CHO2)2 BaB6 BaSiF6 BaH2 BaHPO4 Ba(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 ⋅ 4H2O Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 ⋅ H2O Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O Ba(H2PO2)2 ⋅ H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaI2 BaI2 ⋅ 2H2O BaMnO4 Ba(BO2)2 ⋅ H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NbO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba3N2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO2)2 ⋅ H2O BaC2O4 BaC2O4 ⋅ H2O BaO Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Ba(MnO4)2

Barium chlorate Barium chlorate monohydrate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium chromate(V) Barium chromate(VI) Barium citrate monohydrate Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium cyanide Barium dichromate dihydrate Barium dithionate dihydrate Barium ferrocyanide hexahydrate Barium fluoride Barium formate Barium hexaboride Barium hexafluorosilicate Barium hydride Barium hydrogen phosphate Barium hydrosulfide Barium hydrosulfide tetrahydrate Barium hydroxide Barium hydroxide monohydrate Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium hypophosphite monohydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium manganate(VI) Barium metaborate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium niobate Barium nitrate Barium nitride Barium nitrite Barium nitrite monohydrate Barium oxalate Barium oxalate monohydrate Barium oxide Barium perchlorate Barium perchlorate trihydrate Barium permanganate

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

13477-00-4 304.228 wh cry 10294-38-9 322.244 wh monocl cry 10361-37-2 208.232 wh orth cry; hyg 10326-27-9 244.263 wh monocl cry 12345-14-1 643.968 grn-blk hex cry 10294-40-3 253.321 yel orth cry 512-25-4* 808.195 gray-wh cry 82642-06-6 458.682 grn cry; not superconductor 109064-29-1 666.194 blk solid; HT superconductor 114104-80-2 745.739 HT superconductor 124365-83-9 1411.933 HT superconductor 542-62-1 189.361 wh cry powder 10031-16-0 389.346 brn-red needles 13845-17-5 333.486 wh cry 13821-06-2* 594.694 yel monocl cry 7787-32-8 175.324 wh cub cry 541-43-5 227.362 cry 12046-08-1 202.193 blk cub cry 17125-80-3 279.403 wh orth needles 13477-09-3 139.343 gray orth cry 10048-98-3 233.306 wh cry powder 25417-81-6 203.475 yel hyg cry 12230-74-9 275.536 yel rhomb cry 17194-00-2 171.342 wh powder 22326-55-2 189.357 wh powder 12230-71-6 315.464 wh monocl cry 14871-79-5* 285.320 monocl plates 10567-69-8 487.132 wh cry powder 7787-34-0 505.148 cry 13718-50-8 391.136 wh orth cry 7787-33-9 427.167 col cry 7787-35-1 256.263 grn-gray hyg cry 26124-86-7 240.962 wh powder 7787-37-3 297.27 wh powder 12009-14-2 419.136 yel orth cry 10022-31-8 261.336 wh cub cry 12047-79-9 439.994 yel-brn cry 13465-94-6 229.338 col hex cry 7787-38-4 247.353 yel-wh hex cry 516-02-9 225.346 wh powder 13463-22-4 243.361 wh cry powder 1304-28-5 153.326 wh-yel powder; cub and hex 13465-95-7 336.227 col hex cry 10294-39-0 390.273 col cry 7787-36-2 375.198 brn-viol cry

mp/°C 414 120 dec 962 ≈120 dec

bp/°C

1560

1380

dec 140 dec 80 dec 1368 2070 300 dec 1200 400 dec

2260

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 3.179 3.9 3.097 5.25 4.50

476 dec 130 dec 711 740 dec >900 1450 1455 590 >500 dec 267 217 dec 400 dec 1972 505 200 dec

0.0002620

4.54

22.120

4.893 3.21 4.36 4.29 4.16 4.16

0.16125

50 dec 408 78 dec

37.925 37.925 37.025 37.025

3.743 2.18 2.90 5.23 5.00 5.15 5.0 4.85 3.3 4.975 5.44 3.24 4.78 3.234 3.18 2.658 2.66 5.72(cub) 3.20 2.74 3.77

0.01520

4.9125 4.9125 4.9125

sl EtOH, ace s acid; sl EtOH, ace i EtOH s H2O reac acid s H2O, acid

vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O sl EtOH i H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid; i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; sl acid reac H2O s dil acid s H2O s H2O s acid s H2O; i EtOH

0.039625 0.039625 22125 22125 0.0004120

s acid; i EtOH s EtOH, ace sl H2O

0.002120 10.325 79.525 79.525 0.0075 0.007520 1.520 31225 31225 62.520

i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O i EtOH s acid s dil acid, EtOH; i ace vs EtOH s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth reac EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-44

No. Name

Barium peroxide Barium metaphosphate Barium potassium chromate Barium pyrophosphate Barium selenate Barium selenide Barium selenite Barium disilicate Barium metasilicate Barium silicide Barium sodium niobate Barium stannate Barium stannate trihydrate Barium stearate Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Barium sulfite Barium tartrate Barium tetracyanoplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) Barium thiocyanate Barium thiocyanate dihydrate Barium thiocyanate trihydrate Barium thiosulfate Barium thiosulfate monohydrate Barium titanate Barium tungstate Barium uranium oxide Barium orthovanadate Barium zirconate Berkelium (α form) Berkelium (β form) Beryllium Beryllium acetate Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Beryllium aluminate Beryllium aluminum metasilicate Beryllium basic acetate Beryllium boride Beryllium borohydride Beryllium bromide Beryllium carbide Beryllium carbonate tetrahydrate Beryllium carbonate, basic Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium formate Beryllium hydride

BaO2 Ba(PO3)2 BaK2(CrO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSeO4 BaSe BaSeO3 BaSi2O5 BaSiO3 BaSi2 Ba2Na(NbO3)5 BaSnO3 BaSnO3 ⋅ 3H2O Ba(C18H35O2)2 BaSO4 BaS BaSO3 BaC4H4O6 BaPt(CN)4 ⋅ 4H2O BaHgI4 Ba(SCN)2 Ba(SCN)2 ⋅ 2H2O Ba(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O BaS2O3 BaS2O3 ⋅ H2O BaTiO3 BaWO4 BaU2O7 Ba3(VO4)2 BaZrO3 Bk Bk Be Be(C2H3O2)2 Be(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 BeAl2O4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Be4O(C2H3O2)6 BeB2 Be(BH4)2 BeBr2 Be2C BeCO3 ⋅ 4H2O Be3(OH)2(CO3)2 BeCl2 BeF2 Be(CHO2)2 BeH2

1304-29-6 169.326 gray-wh tetr cry 13466-20-1 295.271 wh powder 27133-66-0 447.511 yel hex cry 13466-21-2 448.597 wh powder 7787-41-9 280.29 wh rhomb cry 1304-39-8 216.29 cub cry powder 13718-59-7 264.29 solid 12650-28-1 273.495 wh orth cry 13255-26-0 213.411 col rhomb powder 1304-40-1 193.498 gray lumps 12323-03-4 1002.167 wh orth cry 12009-18-6 304.035 cub cry 12009-18-6* 358.081 wh cry powder 6865-35-6 704.266 wh powder 7727-43-7 233.391 wh orth cry 21109-95-5 169.393 col cub cry or gray powder 7787-39-5 217.391 wh monocl cry 5908-81-6 285.398 wh cry 13755-32-3 508.54 yel powder or cry 10048-99-4 845.54 yel-red hyg cry 2092-17-3 253.493 hyg cry 2092-17-3* 289.524 hyg wh cry 68016-36-4 307.539 wh needles; hyg 35112-53-9 249.457 wh cry powder 7787-40-8 267.473 wh cry powder 12047-27-7 233.192 wh tetr cry 7787-42-0 385.17 wh tetr cry 10380-31-1 725.381 oran-yel powder 39416-30-3 641.859 hex cry 12009-21-1 276.549 gray-wh cub cry 7440-40-6 247 hex 7440-40-6 247 cub cry 7440-41-7 9.012 hex 543-81-7 127.101 wh cry 10210-64-7 207.228 monocl cry powder 12004-06-7 126.973 orth cry 1302-52-9 537.502 col or grn-yel cry; hex 1332-52-1 406.312 wh cry 12228-40-9 30.634 refrac solid 17440-85-6 36.682 solid 7787-46-4 168.820 orth cry; hyg 506-66-1 30.035 red cub cry 60883-64-9 93.085 wh solid 66104-24-3 181.069 wh pow 7787-47-5 79.917 wh-yel orth cry; hyg 7787-49-7 47.009 tetr cry or gl; hyg 1111-71-3 99.047 powder 7787-52-2 11.028 wh amorp solid

450 dec 1560 1430 dec 1780

4.96

0.09120

3.63 3.9 4.75 5.02

0.008820 0.01520

1420 1605 1180 1437

3.70 4.40

160 1580 2229 dec

1.145 4.49 4.3 4.44 2.98 2.076

reac H2O i H2O

5.40 7.24

2.286 220 dec dec 1625 1475

1730

3.5 6.02 5.04

2471

5.14 5.52 14.78 13.25 1.85

reac dil acid i H2O; sl acid vs H2O s acid

0.0003120 8.9425 0.001125

16725 16725 16725 0.220 0.2

i H2O; s acid reac H2O i H2O sl H2O sl H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH i EtOH i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s ace, MeOH, EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i H2O

0.001620 i H2O; s acid

707 2500 1050 986 1287 60 dec 108

285 >1970 125 dec 508 >2100 dec 100 dec 415 552 >250 dec 250 dec

270

330 subl 520

i H2O, alk; sl acid

s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.168 3.65 2.64 1.25

i H2O; s eth, os reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, pyr reac H2O

3.465 1.90 0.360

482 1169

1.90 2.1 0.65

71.525

i H2O; s acid, alk s EtOH, eth, py; i bz, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; i os reac H2O; i eth, tol

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-45

TeamLRN

275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322

Formula

323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367

BeHPO4 Be(OH)2 BeI2 Be(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O Be3N2 BeO Be(ClO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O BeSeO4 ⋅ 4H2O BeSO4 BeSO4 ⋅ 4H2O BeS Bi BiAsO4 (BiO)2CO3 BiBr3 BiCl3 BiC6H5O7 BiF3 BiF5 BiH3 Bi(OH)3 BiI3 Bi(CF3COCHCOCF3)3 Bi2(MoO4)3 Bi(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Bi(C18H33O2)3 Bi2(C2O4)3 Bi2O3 BiOBr BiOCl BiOI BiONO3 BiPO4 K4BiI7 Bi2Se3 Bi2(SnO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 Bi2Te3 Bi2O4 Bi4(TiO4)3 Bi2(WO4)3 BiVO4 B

Beryllium hydrogen phosphate Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium nitrate trihydrate Beryllium nitride Beryllium oxide Beryllium perchlorate tetrahydrate Beryllium selenate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth arsenate Bismuth basic carbonate Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth citrate Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth pentafluoride Bismuth hydride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Bismuth hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Bismuth molybdate Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oleate Bismuth oxalate Bismuth oxide Bismuth oxybromide Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth oxyiodide Bismuth oxynitrate Bismuth phosphate Bismuth potassium iodide Bismuth selenide Bismuth stannate pentahydrate Bismuth subnitrate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Bismuth telluride Bismuth tetroxide Bismuth titanate Bismuth tungstate Bismuth vanadate Boron

CAS Reg No. 13598-15-7 13327-32-7 7787-53-3 13597-99-4 1304-54-7 1304-56-9 7787-48-6 10039-31-3 13510-49-1 7787-56-6 13598-22-6 7440-69-9 13702-38-0 5892-10-4 7787-58-8 7787-60-2 813-93-4 7787-61-3 7787-62-4 18288-22-7 10361-43-0 7787-64-6 51898-99-8 10035-06-0 52951-38-9 6591-55-5 1304-76-3 7787-57-7 7787-59-9 7787-63-5 10361-46-3 10049-01-1 41944-01-8 12068-69-8 12777-45-6 1304-85-4 7787-68-0 1345-07-9 1304-82-1 12048-50-9 12048-51-0 13595-87-4 14059-33-7 7440-42-8

Mol. Physical Weight Form 104.991 43.027 262.821 187.068 55.050 25.011 279.974 224.03 105.076 177.137 41.078 208.980 347.900 509.969 448.692 315.338 398.080 265.975 303.972 212.004 260.002 589.693 830.132 897.77 485.071 1053.340 682.018 465.959 304.883 260.432 351.883 286.985 303.951 1253.704 654.84 1008.162 1461.987 706.152 514.159 800.76 481.959 1171.516 1161.47 323.920 10.811

cry wh powder or cry hyg needles yel-wh hyg cry gray refrac cry; cub wh hex cry hyg cry orth cry col tetr cry; hyg col tetr cry col cub cry gray-wh soft metal wh mono cry wh powder yel cub cry yel-wh cub cry; hyg wh powder wh-gray cub cry wh tetr needles; hyg col gas; unstable wh-yel amorp powder blk hex cry pow monocl cry col tricl cry; hyg soft yel-brn solid wh powder yel monocl cry or powder col tetr cry wh tetr cry red tetr cry wh powder monocl cry red cry blk hex cry wh cry hyg cry pow wh needles or powder blk-brn orth cry gray hex plates red-oran powder wh orth cry wh pow orth cry blk rhomb cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

≈200 dec 470 ≈30 2200 2577 250 dec 100 dec 1127 ≈100 dec dec 271.402

1564

218 230

453 447

725 154 -67

900 230 ≈17

408.6 96

542

487 dec

1.92 4.32 10720 2.71 3.01 2.03 2.5 1.71 2.36 9.79 7.14 6.86 5.72 4.75 3.458 8.3 5.55 8.665 g/L 4.962 5.778 5.95 2.83

1890

>300 dec 260 dec

8.9 8.08 7.72 7.92 4.93 6.32

710 dec

7.5

260 dec 405 dec 850 580 305

4.928 5.08 6.78 7.74 5.6 7.85

trans 500 2075

i H2O sl H2O, alk; s acid reac H2O; s EtOH s EtOH reac acid, alk i H2O; sl acid, alk

19825

≈75 dec

817

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

4000

6.25 2.34

vs H2O 41.325 41.325

0.0007820

i EtOH reac hot H2O s acid i H2O; sl conc HNO3 i H2O; s acid reac H2O; s dil acid, ace; i EtOH reac H2O; s acid, EtOH, ace i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid s EtOH

reac H2O; s ace; i EtOH i H2O; s eth; sl bz i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH, chl; s HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid sl H2O, dil acid; i EtOH reac H2O; s alk iodide soln i H2O i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid reac H2O, EtOH i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH reac H2O

i H2O; s acid i H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-46

No. Name

Diborane Tetraborane(10) Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Hexaborane(12) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14) Borane carbonyl Borazine Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Metaboric acid (α form) Metaboric acid (β form) Metaboric acid (γ form) Tetrafluoroboric acid Boron arsenide Boron tribromide Boron carbide Boron trichloride Tetrachlorodiborane Boron trifluoride Tetrafluorodiborane Boron triiodide Boron nitride Boron oxide Boron phosphide Boron sulfide Bromine Bromic acid Bromine oxide Bromine dioxide Bromine azide Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromyl fluoride Cadmium Cadmium acetate Cadmium acetate dihydrate Cadmium antimonide Cadmium arsenide Cadmium azide Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chlorate dihydrate Cadmium chloride

B2H6 B4H10 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B6H12 B9H15 B10H14 BH3CO B3N3H6 H3BO3 HBO2 HBO2 HBO2 HBF4 BAs BBr3 B4C BCl3 B2Cl4 BF3 B2F4 BI3 BN B2O3 BP B2S3 Br2 HBrO3 Br2O BrO2 BrN3 BrCl BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrO2F Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2H2O CdSb Cd3As2 Cd(N3)2 CdBr2 CdBr2 ⋅ 4H2O CdCO3 Cd(ClO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O CdCl2

19287-45-7 18283-93-7 19624-22-7 18433-84-6 23777-80-2 12008-19-4 19465-30-6 17702-41-9 13205-44-2 6569-51-3 10043-35-3 13460-50-9 13460-50-9 13460-50-9 16872-11-0 12005-69-5 10294-33-4 12069-32-8 10294-34-5 13701-67-2 7637-07-2 13965-73-6 13517-10-7 10043-11-5 1303-86-2 20205-91-8 12007-33-9 7726-95-6 7789-31-3 21308-80-5 21255-83-4 13973-87-0 13863-41-7 13863-59-7 7787-71-5 7789-30-2 22585-64-4 7440-43-9 543-90-8 5743-04-4 12014-29-8 12006-15-4 14215-29-3 7789-42-6 13464-92-1 513-78-0 22750-54-5* 10108-64-2

27.670 53.323 63.126 65.142 74.945 76.961 112.418 122.221 41.845 80.501 61.833 43.818 43.818 43.818 87.813 85.733 250.523 55.255 117.169 163.433 67.806 97.616 391.524 24.818 69.620 41.785 117.820 159.808 128.910 175.807 111.903 121.924 115.357 98.902 136.899 174.896 130.901 112.411 230.500 266.529 234.171 487.076 196.451 272.219 344.281 172.420 315.343 183.316

col gas; flam col gas flam liq col liq; unstable col liq col liq; unstable col liq wh orth cry col gas col liq col tricl cry col orth cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cub cry col liq cub cry col liq; hyg hard blk cry col liq or gas col liq; flam col gas col gas; flam wh needles wh powder; hex or cub cry col gl or hex cry; hyg red cub cry or powder yel amorp solid red liq stable only in aq soln brn solid unstable yel cry red cry; exp unstable red-brn gas unstable red-brn gas col hyg liq col liq col liq silv-wh metal col cry wh cry orth cry gray tetr cry yel-wh orth cry; exp wh hex powder or flakes; hyg wh-yel cry wh hex cry col hyg cry rhomb cry; hyg

-165.5 -121 -46.6 -122 -62.3 -82.3 2.6 99.6 -137 -58 170.9 176 201 236

-92.4 18 60 65 108 dec ≈80

1.131 g/L 2.180 g/L 0.60

≈213 -64 53

0.94 1.710 g/L 0.824 1.5 1.784 2.045 2.487 ≈1.8 5.22 2.6 2.50 4.789 g/L

130 dec 920 dec -45 2350 -107 -92.6 -126.8 -56 49.7 2966 450 1125 dec softens ≈320 -7.2 -17.5 dec ≈0 dec ≈45 ≈-66 ≈-33 8.77 -60.5 -9 321.069 255 130 dec 456 721 exp 568 500 dec 80 dec 564

91 >3500 12.65 65 -101 -34 209.5

58.8

exp ≈5 dec ≈20 dec 125.8 40.76 50 dec 767

reac H2O reac H2O reac hot H2O reac H2O reac hot H2O reac H2O

0.67

2.772 g/L 3.990 g/L 3.35 2.18 2.55

5.8025

2.220

≈1.7 3.1028

844

960

4.258 2.28 4.08

reac H2O, EtOH i H2O, acid reac H2O, EtOH reac H2O s H2O reac H2O i H2O i H2O, acid s EtOH reac H2O, acid sl H2O s H2O

reac H2O; s eth, CS2

4.715 g/L 4.043 g/L 2.803 2.460 8.69 2.34 2.01 6.92 6.25 3.24 5.19

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, CS2, ctc reac H2O reac H2O sl EtOH s H2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O, EtOH

reac H2O reac H2O (exp) reac H2O i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH

11525 11525 2.640 12025

sl ace, eth s ace, EtOH i H2O; s acid s ace; sl EtOH; i eth

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-47

TeamLRN

368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415

Formula

416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460

CdCl2 ⋅ 2.5H2O CdCl2 ⋅ H2O CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 Cd(C8H15O2)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 CdSiO3 CdMoO4 Cd2Nb2O7 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O CdC2O4 CdC2O4 ⋅ 3H2O CdO Cd(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cd3(PO4)2 Cd3P2 CdSeO4 ⋅ 2H2O CdSe CdSO4 CdSO4 ⋅ H2O CdSO4 ⋅ 8H2O CdS CdTe Cd(BF4)2 CdTiO3 CdWO4 Ca Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CaAl2O4 Ca3Al2O6 Ca3(AsO4)2 CaAsO3 CaB6 CaBr2 CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O CaC2 CaCO3 CaCO3 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O

Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate Cadmium chloride monohydrate Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium 2-ethylhexanoate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium metasilicate Cadmium molybdate Cadmium niobate Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxalate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium perchlorate hexahydrate Cadmium phosphate Cadmium phosphide Cadmium selenate dihydrate Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfate monohydrate Cadmium sulfate octahydrate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Cadmium tetrafluoroborate Cadmium titanate Cadmium tungstate Calcium Calcium acetate Calcium acetate monohydrate Calcium aluminate Calcium aluminate (β form) Calcium arsenate Calcium arsenite Calcium boride Calcium bromide Calcium bromide hexahydrate Calcium carbide Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium chlorate Calcium chlorate dihydrate

CAS Reg No. 7790-78-5 34330-64-8 14312-00-6 542-83-6 2420-98-6 7790-79-6 21041-95-2 7790-81-0 7790-80-9 13477-19-5 13972-68-4 12187-14-3 10325-94-7 10022-68-1 814-88-0 20712-42-9 1306-19-0 10326-28-0 13477-17-3 12014-28-7 10060-09-0 1306-24-7 10124-36-4 7790-84-3 15244-35-6 1306-23-6 1306-25-8 14486-19-2 12014-14-1 7790-85-4 7440-70-2 62-54-4 5743-26-0 12042-68-1 12042-78-3 7778-44-1 52740-16-6 12007-99-7 7789-41-5 13477-28-6 75-20-7 471-34-1 471-34-1 10137-74-3 10035-05-9

Mol. Physical Weight Form 228.354 201.331 228.405 164.445 398.818 150.408 146.426 462.216 366.220 188.495 272.35 522.631 236.420 308.482 200.430 254.476 128.410 419.403 527.176 399.181 291.40 191.37 208.475 226.490 352.597 144.477 240.01 286.020 208.276 360.25 40.078 158.167 176.182 158.039 270.193 398.072 162.998 104.944 199.886 307.977 64.099 100.087 100.087 206.979 243.010

wh rhomb leaflets wh cry yel orth cry wh cub cry pow cub cry wh trig or hex cry wh powder hex flakes grn monocl cry col tetr cry cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col orth cry; hyg wh solid wh amorp powder brn cub cry wh hex cry pow gr tetr needles orth cry wh cub cry col orth cry monocl cry col monocl cry yel-oran cub cry brn-blk cub cry col hyg liq orth cry wh monocl cry silv-wh metal wh hyg cry wh needles or powder wh monocl cry wh cub cry; refr wh powder wh pow refrac solid rhomb cry; hyg wh hyg powder gray-blk orth cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry or powder wh cry wh monocl cry; hyg

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 3.327 4.5 2.23

1110 130 dec

1748

387 1252 ≈900 dec ≈1410 350 59.5

742

6.33 4.79 6.48 5.64 5.10 5.4 6.28 3.6 2.45 3.32

340 dec 1559 sp ≈1500 700 100 dec 1240 1000 105 40 dec 1750 1042

842 160 dec ≈150 dec 1605 1535 dec 2235 742 38 dec 2300 825 dec 1330 340 100 dec

1484

8.15 2.37 5.96 3.62 5.81 4.69 3.79 3.08 4.83 6.2 1.6 6.5 8.0 1.54 1.50 2.98 3.04 3.6

1815

2.49 3.38 2.29 2.22 2.83 2.71 2.711

12025 12025

s ace i H2O

1.715 4.3625 0.0001520 0.09125 86.225

15625 15625 0.006025 0.006025

s acid; i EtOH s dil acid s HNO3 s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s acid i H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace i EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid

191.525 i H2O s dil HCl 70.525 76.725 76.725 76.725

i H2O i EtOH

i H2O; s acid i H2O, dil acid vs H2O, EtOH

0.003620

15625 15625 0.0006620 0.0006620 19725 19725

i H2O, acid; s NH4OH reac H2O; i bz s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O i H2O s dil acid sl H2O; s acid s EtOH, ace reac H2O s dil acid s dil acid s EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-48

No. Name

499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507

Calcium chloride Calcium chloride dihydrate Calcium chloride hexahydrate Calcium chloride monohydrate Calcium chromate dihydrate Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyanide Calcium dichromate trihydrate Calcium 2-ethylhexanoate Calcium fluoride Calcium formate Calcium hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Calcium hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Calcium hydride Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypophosphite Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium iodide hexahydrate Calcium metaborate Calcium molybdate Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium nitride Calcium nitrite Calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxide Calcium oxide silicate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium perchlorate Calcium permanganate Calcium peroxide Calcium phosphate Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Calcium phosphide Calcium propanoate Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium selenate dihydrate Calcium selenide Calcium metasilicate Calcium silicide Calcium silicide Calcium stearate

CaCl2 CaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O CaCl2 ⋅ 6H2O CaCl2 ⋅ H2O CaCrO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaCN2 Ca(CN)2 CaCr2O7 ⋅ 3H2O Ca(C8H15O2)2 CaF2 Ca(CHO2)2 Ca(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CaSiF6 ⋅ 2H2O CaH2 CaHPO4 CaHPO4 ⋅ 2H2O Ca(OH)2 Ca(OCl)2 Ca(H2PO2)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaI2 ⋅ 6H2O Ca(BO2)2 CaMoO4 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O Ca3N2 Ca(NO2)2 CaC2O4 CaC2O4 ⋅ H2O CaO Ca3OSiO4 Ca(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 Ca(MnO4)2 CaO2 Ca3(PO4)2 Ca(H2PO4)2 ⋅ H2O

10043-52-4 10035-04-8 7774-34-7 13477-29-7 13765-19-0 156-62-7 592-01-8 14307-33-6* 136-51-6 7789-75-5 544-17-2 121012-90-6 16925-39-6 7789-78-8 7757-93-9 7789-77-7 1305-62-0 7778-54-3 7789-79-9 7789-80-2 10102-68-8 71626-98-7 13701-64-9 7789-82-4 10124-37-5 13477-34-4 12013-82-0 13780-06-8 563-72-4 5794-28-5 1305-78-8 12168-85-3 19372-44-2 13477-36-6 10118-76-0 1305-79-9 7758-87-4 10031-30-8

110.983 147.014 219.074 128.998 192.102 80.102 92.112 310.112 326.485 78.075 130.113 454.180 218.185 42.094 136.057 172.088 74.093 142.982 170.055 389.883 293.887 401.978 125.698 200.02 164.087 236.149 148.247 132.089 128.097 146.112 56.077 228.317 238.294 238.978 277.949 72.077 310.177 252.068

wh cub cry or powder; hyg hyg flakes or powder wh hex cry; hyg wh hyg cry yel orth cry col hex cry wh rhomb cry; hyg red-oran cry pow wh cub cry or powder orth cry pow col tetr cry gray orth cry or powder wh tricl cry monocl cry soft hex cry pow wh monocl cry wh monocl cry hyg hex cry wh hex needles or powder pow wh tetr cry wh cub cry; hyg wh cry red-brn cub cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg wh cry powder cub cry gray-wh cub cry refrac solid cry wh cry purp hyg cry wh-yel tetr cry; hyg wh amorp powder col tricl plates

Ca3P2 Ca(C3H5O2)2 Ca2P2O7 CaSeO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSe CaSiO3 CaSi2 CaSi Ca(C18H35O2)2

1305-99-3 4075-81-4 7790-76-3 7790-74-1 1305-84-6 1344-95-2 12013-56-8 12013-55-7 1592-23-0

182.182 186.219 254.099 219.07 119.04 116.162 96.249 68.164 607.017

red-brn hyg cry mono cry, pow wh powder wh monocl cry wh-brn cub cry wh monocl cry gray hex cry orth cry granular pow

775 175 dec 30 dec 260 dec

1935.5

≈1340

subl

100 dec 1418 300 dec 135 1000 dec ≈100 dec 100 300 dec 783 42 dec 965 dec 561 ≈40 dec 1195

200 dec 2898 2150 175 dec 270 dec

2.15 1.85 1.71 2.24 2.50 2.29

2533.4

3.18 2.02

0.001625 16.620

2.25 1.7 2.92 2.31 ≈2.2 2.350

0.5220

4.52 3.96 2.55 4.35 2.5 1.82 2.67 2.23 2.2 2.2 3.34

≈200 dec 1670 100 dec ≈1600

2.51

1353

3.09 2.75 3.8 2.92 2.50 2.39

vs EtOH vs EtOH s EtOH reac H2O s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; reac EtOH; i eth, ctc

2.37

2.65 2.4 2.9 3.14 2.220

1400 dec 1540 1040 1324 180

81.325 81.325 81.325 81.325 13.220

0.0225 0.0225 0.16020

0.30625 21525 21525 0.1320 0.001120 14425 14425 94.625 0.0006120 0.0006120

18825 33120 0.0001220

sl acid i EtOH i ace; reac hot H2O reac H2O, EtOH i EtOH i EtOH; s dil acid s acid s H2O; i EtOH s HNO3; i EtOH s MeOH, EtOH, ace; i eth vs EtOH i EtOH; s conc acid s EtOH, MeOH, ace s EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i EtOH sl EtOH s dil acid reac H2O; s acid

s EtOH reac EtOH sl H2O; s acid i EtOH; s dil acid sl H2O; s dil acid reac H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl MeOH, EtOH; i ace, bz i H2O; s dil acid

8.318 reac H2O i H2O i cold H2O; reac hot H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-49

TeamLRN

461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498

Formula

508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552

CaSO4 CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSO4 ⋅ 0.5H2O CaS CaSO3 ⋅ 2H2O CaTe Ca(AlH4)2 Ca(SCN)2 ⋅ 4H2O CaS2O3 ⋅ 6H2O CaTiO3 CaWO4 CaZrO3 Cf C C C60 C70 C60F60 CO CO2 CSe2 CS2 COSe COS CSSe CSTe C3O2 C3S2 COBr2 COCl2 COF2 C2N2 BrCN ClCN FCN ICN Ce CeB6 CeC2 CeN CeSi2 CeH2 CeI2 CeS CeBr3

Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfite dihydrate Calcium telluride Calcium tetrahydroaluminate Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate Calcium zirconate Californium Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon (fullerene-C 60) Carbon (fullerene-C 70) Fullerene fluoride Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide telluride Carbon suboxide Carbon subsulfide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cerium Cerium boride Cerium carbide Cerium nitride Cerium silicide Cerium(II) hydride Cerium(II) iodide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) bromide

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

7778-18-9 136.142 orth cry 10101-41-4 172.172 monocl cry or powder 10034-76-1 145.149 wh powder 20548-54-3 72.144 wh-yel cub cry; hyg 10257-55-3 156.173 wh powder 12013-57-9 167.68 wh cub cry 16941-10-9 102.105 gray powder; flam 2092-16-2 228.306 hygr cry 10124-41-1 260.300 tricl cry 12049-50-2 135.943 cub cry 7790-75-2 287.92 wh tetr cry 12013-47-7 179.300 pow 7440-71-3 251 hex or cub metal 7782-40-3 12.011 col cub cry 7782-42-5 12.011 soft blk hex cry 99685-96-8 720.642 yel needles or plates 115383-22-7 840.749 red-brn solid 134929-59-2 1860.546 col plates 630-08-0 28.010 col gas 124-38-9 44.010 col gas 506-80-9 169.93 yel liq 75-15-0 76.143 col or yel liq 1603-84-5 106.97 col gas; unstable 463-58-1 60.076 col gas 5951-19-9 123.04 yel liq 10340-06-4 171.68 red-yel liq; unstable 504-64-3 68.031 col gas 627-34-9 100.164 red liq 593-95-3 187.818 col liq 75-44-5 98.915 col gas 353-50-4 66.007 col gas 460-19-5 52.034 col gas 506-68-3 105.922 wh hyg needles 506-77-4 61.470 col gas 1495-50-7 45.016 col gas 506-78-5 152.922 col needles 7440-45-1 140.116 silv metal; cub or hex 12008-02-5 204.982 blue refrac solid; hex 12012-32-7 164.137 red hex cry 25764-08-3 154.123 refrac cub cry 12014-85-6 196.287 tetr cry 13569-50-1 142.132 cub cry 19139-47-0 393.925 bronze cry 12014-82-3 172.182 yel cub cry 14457-87-5 379.828 wh hex cry; hyg

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

1460 150 dec

2.96 2.32

2524

2.59

0.20525 0.20520 0.20525 0.007025

1600 dec 160 dec 45 dec 1980 1620 2550 900 4440 (12.4 GPa) 4489 tp (10.3 MPa) >280 >280 287 -205.02 -56.56 tp -43.7 -112.1 -124.4 -138.8 -85 -54 -111.3 -1 -127.78 -111.26 -27.83 52 -6.55 -82 146.7 798 2550 2250 2557 1620 808 2445 733

i os sl H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH; s acid

4.87

1.87 3.98 6.06

3825 sp

-191.5 -78.4 sp 125.5 46 -21.7 -50 84.5 20 dec 6.8 90 dec 64.5 8 -84.57 -21.1 61.5 13 -46 3443

15.1 3.513 2.2

1.145 g/L 1.799 g/L 2.6626 1.2555 4.372 g/L 2.456 g/L 1.99 2.781 g/L 1.27 2.5 4.043 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.127 g/L 2.005 2.513 g/L 1.840 g/L 1.84 6.770 4.87 5.47 7.89 5.31 5.45

reac H2O; s thf; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O; i EtOH 0.218

s hot acid

i H2O i H2O s os s bz, tol vs ace; s thf; i chl sl H2O; s chl, EtOH s H2O i H2O; vs ctc, tol i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, os reac H2O s H2O, EtOH i H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H2O; s bz, tol reac H2O sl H2O, eth; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s dil acid i H2O, HCl reac H2O i H2O reac H2O

5.9 1457

s H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-50

No. Name

Cerium(III) bromide heptahydrate Cerium(III) carbide Cerium(III) carbonate hydrate Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(III) iodide nonahydrate Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Cerium(III) oxide Cerium(III) sulfate octahydrate Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) fluoride Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Cesium Cesium acetate Cesium amide Cesium azide Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium cyanide Cesium fluoride Cesium formate Cesium hydride Cesium hydrogen carbonate Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium hydroxide Cesium iodate Cesium iodide Cesium metaborate Cesium nitrate Cesium oxide Cesium superoxide Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide tetrahydrate Chlorine Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trioxide

CeBr3 ⋅ 7H2O Ce2C3 Ce2(CO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O CeCl3 CeCl3 ⋅ 7H2O CeF3 CeI3 CeI3 ⋅ 9H2O Ce(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Ce2O3 Ce2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Ce2S3 CeF4 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Cs CsC2H3O2 CsNH2 CsN3 CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO3 CsCl CsCN CsF CsCHO2 CsH CsHCO3 CsHF2 CsHSO4 CsOH CsIO3 CsI CsBO2 CsNO3 Cs2O CsO2 CsClO4 CsIO4 Cs2SO4 Cs2S ⋅ 4H2O Cl2 HOCl HClO4 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O3

7789-56-2 12115-63-8 72520-94-6 7790-86-5 18618-55-8 7758-88-5 7790-87-6 7790-87-6* 10108-73-3* 1345-13-7 13454-94-9 12014-93-6 10060-10-3 1306-38-3 10294-42-5 7440-46-2 3396-11-0 22205-57-8 22750-57-8 13454-75-6 7787-69-1 534-17-8 13763-67-2 7647-17-8 21159-32-0 13400-13-0 3495-36-1 58724-12-2 15519-28-5 12280-52-3 7789-16-4 21351-79-1 13454-81-4 7789-17-5 92141-86-1 7789-18-6 20281-00-9 12018-61-0 13454-84-7 13478-04-1 10294-54-9 12214-16-3 7782-50-5 7790-92-3 7601-90-3 7791-21-1 10049-04-4 17496-59-2

505.935 316.264 550.335 246.474 372.581 197.111 520.829 682.967 434.222 328.230 712.545 376.430 216.110 172.115 404.305 132.905 191.949 148.928 174.925 260.807 212.809 325.820 216.356 168.358 158.923 151.903 177.923 133.913 193.922 171.910 229.977 149.912 307.807 259.809 175.715 194.910 281.810 164.904 232.356 323.807 361.875 369.939 70.905 52.460 100.459 86.904 67.452 118.903

col hyg needles yel-brn cub cry wh powder wh hex cry yel orth cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg yel orth cry; hyg wh-red cry col-red cry yel-grn cub cry wh orth cry red cub cry wh hyg powder wh-yel powder; cub yel-oran orth cry silv-wh metal hyg lumps wh tetr cry hyg tetr cry; exp col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry; hyg wh cry wh cub cry; flam rhom cry tetr cry col rhom prisms wh-yel hyg cry wh mono cry col cub cry; hyg cub cry wh hex or cub cry yel-oran hex cry yel tetr cry wh orth cry; hyg wh rhom prisms wh orth cry or hex prisms; hyg wh hyg cry grn-yel gas grn-yel; stable only in aq soln col hyg liq yel-brn gas oran-grn gas dark brn solid

732 1505

s H2O, EtOH 6.9

817 90 dec 1430 766 150 dec 2210 ≈250 dec 2450 ≈600 dec 2400 180 dec 28.5 194

3.97 6.157

17625 3730

671

9.6620 reac H2O 1011

326 636 792

≈1300

645 350 703

1297

≈170 dec 175 dec 170 dec 342.3 621 732 414 490 432 250

6.2 2.87 5.02 4.77 7.65 3.91 1.93

i H2O; s dil acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i H2O s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s ace i H2O; s acid s H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O, dil acid

3.70 ≈3.5 4.11 4.43 4.24 3.57 3.988 3.34 4.64 1.017 3.42

2240 3.8325 12325 26115 7.7825 19125 57325

20915

≈1280

1005

3.86 3.352 3.68 4.85 4.51 ≈3.7 3.66 4.65 3.77 3.327 4.26 4.24

-101.5

-34.04

2.898 g/L

-112 -120.6 -59 exp <25

≈90 dec 2.2 11

1.77 3.552 g/L 2.757 g/L

30030 2.625 84.825 27.925

2.0025 2.215 18225

s EtOH; i ace s EtOH, eth s EtOH vs H2O s MeOH; i diox, py vs H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH, ace s ace; sl EtOH vs H2O reac H2O

i EtOH, ace, py vs H2O sl H2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O sl H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-51

TeamLRN

553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600

Formula

601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645

Cl2O6 Cl2O7 ClF ClF3 ClOF3 ClF5 ClO2F ClO2F3 ClO3F ClOClO3 Cr CrSb Cr2As CrB CrB2 Cr5B3 Cr3C2 Cr(CO)6 Cr2N CrN CrP CrSe Cr3Si CrSi2 Cr(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CrBr2 CrCl2 Cr(H2O)4Cl2 ⋅ 4H2O CrF2 CrI2 CrC2O4 ⋅ H2O CrSO4 ⋅ 5H2O Cr3O4 Cr(C2H3O2)3 Cr(C2H3O2)3 ⋅ 6H2O CrBr3 Cr(H2O)6Br3 CrBr3(H2O)4 ⋅ 2H2O CrCl3 [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl ⋅ 2H2O CrF3 CrF3 ⋅ 3H2O Cr(OH)3 ⋅ 3H2O CrI3 Cr(NO3)3

Chlorine hexoxide Chlorine heptoxide Chlorine fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine trifluoride oxide Chlorine pentafluoride Chloryl fluoride Chloryl trifluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine perchlorate Chromium Chromium antimonide Chromium arsenide Chromium boride Chromium boride Chromium boride Chromium carbide Chromium carbonyl Chromium nitride Chromium nitride Chromium phosphide Chromium selenide Chromium silicide Chromium silicide Chromium(II) acetate monohydrate Chromium(II) bromide Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride tetrahydrate Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(II) oxalate monohydrate Chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chromium(II,III) oxide Chromium(III) acetate Chromium(III) acetate hexahydrate Chromium(III) bromide Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (β) Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (α) Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride trihydrate Chromium(III) hydroxide trihydrate Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(III) nitrate

CAS Reg No. 12442-63-6 10294-48-1 7790-89-8 7790-91-2 30708-80-6 13637-63-3 13637-83-7 38680-84-1 7616-94-6 27218-16-2 7440-47-3 12053-12-2 12254-85-2 12006-79-0 12007-16-8 12007-38-4 12012-35-0 13007-92-6 12053-27-9 24094-93-7 26342-61-0 12053-13-3 12018-36-9 12018-09-6 628-52-4* 10049-25-9 10049-05-5 13931-94-7 10049-10-2 13478-28-9 814-90-4* 13825-86-0 12018-34-7 1066-30-4 1066-30-4* 10031-25-1 10031-25-1* 18721-05-6 10025-73-7 10060-12-5 7788-97-8 16671-27-5 1308-14-1 13569-75-0 13548-38-4

Mol. Physical Weight Form 166.901 182.901 54.451 92.448 108.447 130.445 86.450 124.447 102.449 134.903 51.996 173.756 178.914 62.807 73.618 292.414 180.009 220.056 117.999 66.003 82.970 130.96 184.074 108.167 188.100 211.804 122.901 267.023 89.993 305.805 158.030 238.136 219.986 229.127 337.220 291.708 399.799 399.799 158.354 266.445 108.991 163.037 157.063 432.709 238.011

red liq col oily liq; exp col gas gas col liq col gas col gas col gas col gas unstable liq blue-wh metal; cub hex cry tetr cry refrac orth cry refrac solid; hex tetr cry gray orth cry col orth cry hex cry gray cub cry orth cry hex cry cub cry gray hex cry red monocl cry wh monocl cry; aq soln blue hyg needles; aq soln blue blue hyg cry blue-grn monocl cry red-brn cry; hyg yel-grn powder blue cry cub cry bl-grn pwd blue needles dark grn hex cry viol hyg cry grn hyg cry purp hex plates grn monocl cry; hyg grn needles grn hex cry blue-grn powder dark grn hex cry grn hyg powder

mp/°C

bp/°C

3.5 -91.5 -155.6 -76.34 -42 -103 -15 -81 -147 -117 1907 1110

≈200 82 -101.1 11.75 29 -13.1 -6 -22 -46.75 ≈25 dec 2671

2100 2200 1900 1895 130 dec 1650 1080 dec

subl

≈1500 1770 1490 842 814 51 dec 894 868

1300

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

1.9 2.226 g/L 3.779 g/L 5.332 g/L 3.534 g/L 5.087 g/L 4.187 g/L 1.810 7.15 7.11 7.04 6.1 5.22 6.10 6.68 1.77 6.8 5.9 5.25 6.1 6.4 4.91 1.79 4.236 2.88

reac H2O reac H2O

reac dil acid

i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH s H2O s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH

3.79 5.1 2.468 210

sl H2O s dil acid; sl EtOH; i ace

6.1

1130

1152

4.68

1300 dec

2.87

1400

3.8 2.2

500 dec >60 dec

5.32

sl H2O s H2O s hot H2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl ace; i eth i H2O, EtOH sl H2O i H2O; s acid sl H2O vs H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-52

No. Name

646 647 648 649 650 651 652

Cr(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O Cr2O3 Cr(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 CrPO4 CrPO4 ⋅ 3.5H2O CrPO4 ⋅ 6H2O CrK(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O

7789-02-8 1308-38-9 21679-31-2 7789-04-0 84359-31-9 84359-31-9 7788-99-0

400.148 151.990 349.320 146.967 210.021 255.059 499.405

grn-blk monocl cry grn hex cry red monocl cry blue orth cry blue-grn powder viol cry viol-blk cub cry

Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2S3 Cr2Te3 CrCl4 CrF4 CrO2 CrF5 CrF6 CrO3 H2CrO4 CrO2Cl2 Co CoSb CoAsS CoAs CoAs2 CoAs3 Co2B CoB Co2(CO)8 Co2P CoSi2 CoS2 Co4(CO)12 Co(C2H3O2)2 Co(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O CoAl2O4 Co3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Co(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoBr2 CoBr2 ⋅ 6H2O CoCO3 CoCl2 CoCl2 ⋅ 2H2O CoCl2 ⋅ 6H2O CoCrO4 CoCr2O4 Co(CN)2 Co(CN)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co3[Fe(CN)6]2

10101-53-8 12018-22-3 12053-39-3 15597-88-3 10049-11-3 12018-01-8 14884-42-5 13843-28-2 1333-82-0 7738-94-5 14977-61-8 7440-48-4 12052-42-5 12254-82-9 27016-73-5 12044-42-7 12256-04-1 12045-01-1 12006-77-8 10210-68-1 12134-02-0 12017-12-8 12013-10-4 17786-31-1 71-48-7 6147-53-1 13820-62-7 24719-19-5 13476-01-2 7789-43-7 13762-12-4 513-79-1 7646-79-9 16544-92-6 7791-13-1 24613-38-5 13455-25-9 542-84-7 20427-11-6 14049-81-1

392.183 200.190 486.79 193.807 127.990 83.995 146.988 165.986 99.994 118.010 154.900 58.933 180.693 165.921 133.855 208.776 283.698 128.677 69.744 341.947 148.840 115.104 123.065 571.854 177.022 249.082 176.894 598.760 422.829 218.741 326.832 118.942 129.838 165.869 237.929 174.927 226.923 110.967 146.998 600.699

red-brn hex cry brn-blk hex cry hex cry gas, stable at high temp grn cry brn-blk tetr powder red orth cry yel solid; stable at low temp red orth cry aq soln only red liq gray metal; hex or cub hex cry silv-wh solid orth cry monocl cry cub cry refrac solid refrac solid oran cry gray needles gray cub cry cub cry blk cry pink cry red monocl cry blue cub cry red monocl needles viol cry grn hex cry; hyg red hyg cry pink rhomb cry blue hyg leaflets viol-blue cry pink-red monocl cry yel-brn orth cry blue-grn cub cry blue hyg cry pink-brn needles red needles

66.3 2329 208 >1800

>100 dec ≈3000 345

>500 dec 89 dec

≈1300 >600 dec 277 ≈400 dec 34 -100 dec 197 -96.5 1495 1202

3.1 3.8 7.0 7.922 g/L

vs H2O i H2O, EtOH; sl acid, alk i H2O; s bz i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid, alk s H2O; i EtOH 6425

4.89

vs acid

i H2O; s acid

117 ≈250 dec

2.7

117 2927

1.91 8.86 8.8 ≈6.1 8.22 7.2 6.84 8.1 7.25 1.78 6.4 4.9 4.3 2.09

1180 942 1280 1460 51 dec 1386 1326 60 dec

400 dec

1000 dec

678 47 dec

100 dec

740

1049

87 dec

1.80 5.22 1.34 4.6 2.15 2.121 1.83

1.705 4.37 3.0 ≈2.5 4.91 2.46 4.2 3.36 2.477 1.924 ≈4.0 5.14 1.872

16925 s H2O reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz s dil acid

reac H2O, HNO3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O; s HNO3 s hot HCl

113.220 113.2 0.0001420 56.225 56.225 56.225

vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, dil acid i H2O i H2O; s dil acid vs H2O s MeOH, EtOH, ace i EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace, py s EtOH, ace, eth i H2O; s acid i H2O, conc acid i H2O i H2O, acid i H2O, HCl; s NH4OH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-53

TeamLRN

653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692

Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Chromium(III) phosphate Chromium(III) phosphate hemiheptahydrate Chromium(III) phosphate hexahydrate Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(III) sulfide Chromium(III) telluride Chromium(IV) chloride Chromium(IV) fluoride Chromium(IV) oxide Chromium(V) fluoride Chromium(VI) fluoride Chromium(VI) oxide Chromic acid Chromyl chloride Cobalt Cobalt antimonide Cobalt arsenic sulfide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt boride Cobalt boride Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt phosphide Cobalt silicide Cobalt disulfide Cobalt dodecacarbonyl Cobalt(II) acetate Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate Cobalt(II) aluminate Cobalt(II) arsenate octahydrate Cobalt(II) bromate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) bromide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) chromate Cobalt(II) chromite Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) cyanide dihydrate Cobalt(II) ferricyanide

Formula

693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737

CoF2 CoF2 ⋅ 4H2O Co(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CoSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2 CoI2 CoI2 ⋅ 6H2O CoTiO3 CoMoO4 Co(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoC2O4 CoC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O CoO Co(ClO4)2 Co3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O CoK2(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O CoSe CoSeO3 ⋅ 2H2O Co2SiO4 Co2SnO4 CoSO4 CoSO4 ⋅ 7H2O CoSO4 ⋅ H2O CoS CoTe Co(SCN)2 Co(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O CoWO4 Co3O4 Co(C2H3O2)3 NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] CoF3 Co(NH3)6Cl3 Co(OH)3 Co(NO3)3 Co2O3 Co2O3 ⋅ H2O CoK3(NO2)6 ⋅ 1.5H2O Co2S3 Co2TiO4 Cu

Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Cobalt(II) formate dihydrate Cobalt(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Cobalt(II) hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodate Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) iodide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) titanate Cobalt(II) molybdate Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) oxalate Cobalt(II) oxalate dihydrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) perchlorate Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate Cobalt(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) selenate pentahydrate Cobalt(II) selenide Cobalt(II) selenite dihydrate Cobalt(II) orthosilicate Cobalt(II) stannate Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate Cobalt(II) sulfate monohydrate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II) telluride Cobalt(II) thiocyanate Cobalt(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Cobalt(II) tungstate Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) acetate Cobalt(III) ammonium tetranitrodiammine Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride Cobalt(III) hydroxide Cobalt(III) nitrate Cobalt(III) oxide Cobalt(III) oxide monohydrate Cobalt(III) potassium nitrite sesquihydrate Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(III) titanate Copper

CAS Reg No. 10026-17-2 13817-37-3 6424-20-0 19648-83-0 12021-68-0 21041-93-0 13455-28-2 15238-00-3 15238-00-3* 12017-01-5 13762-14-6 10141-05-6 10026-22-9 814-89-1 5965-38-8 1307-96-6 13455-31-7 10294-50-5 10026-20-7 14590-19-3 1307-99-9 19034-13-0 12017-08-2 12139-93-4 10124-43-3 10026-24-1 13455-34-0 1317-42-6 12017-13-9 3017-60-5 97126-35-7 12640-47-0 1308-06-1 917-69-1 13600-89-0 10026-18-3 10534-89-1 1307-86-4 15520-84-0 1308-04-9 12016-80-7 13782-01-9* 1332-71-4 12017-38-8 7440-50-8

Mol. Physical Weight Form 96.930 168.992 184.998 473.035 309.100 92.948 408.738 312.742 420.833 154.798 218.87 182.942 291.034 146.952 182.982 74.932 257.833 510.865 437.349 291.97 137.89 221.92 209.950 300.574 154.997 281.103 173.012 90.999 186.53 175.099 229.145 306.77 240.798 236.064 295.054 115.928 267.474 109.955 244.948 165.864 183.880 479.284 214.064 229.731 63.546

red tetr cry red orth cry red cry powder pow pale red cry blue-grn cry blk-viol needles blk hex cry; hyg red hex prisms grn rhomb cry blk monocl cry pale red powder red monocl cry; hyg pink powder pink needles gray cub cry red needles pink amorp powder red monocl cry red tricl cry yel hex cry blue-red powder red-viol orth cry grn-blue cub cry red orth cry pink monocl cry red monocl cry blk amorp powder hex cry yel-brn pow viol rhomb cry blue monocl cry blk cub cry grn hyg cry red-brn orth cry brn hex cry red monocl cry brn powder grn cub cry; hyg gray-blk powder brn-blk hex cry yel cub cry blk cub cry grn-blk cub cry red metal; cub

mp/°C

bp/°C

1127 dec 140 dec 197

≈1400

≈160 dec 200 dec 520 130 dec 1040 100 dec ≈55 250 dec dec 1830

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.46 2.22 2.13

1.425 1.425 5.0320

2.087 3.60 5.09 5.60 2.90 5.0 4.7 2.49 1.88 3.02

76.822

6.44 3.33 2.77 2.22 2.51 7.65

75 dec dec 1055 1345

4.63 6.30 3.71 2.03 3.08 5.45 ≈8.8

>700 41 dec 1182

≈7.8 6.11 1.97 3.88 1.71 ≈4 ≈3.0 5.18

927 dec 895 dec 150 dec

1084.62

2562

2.6 4.8 5.1 8.96

i EtOH

sl H2O; s acid 0.4620 20325 20325

10325 10325 0.003720 0.0037 11325

s EtOH, eth, ace

s EtOH s acid, NH4OH sl acid; s NH4OH i H2O; s acid i EtOH, ace i H2O; s acid vs H2O

5515 i H2O, alk; s aqua regia i H2O i H2O; s dil HCl i H2O; s alk 38.325 38.325 38.325

sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s acid

10325 10325 900 dec 100 dec

s acid

s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s hot conc acid i H2O; s acid, alk s H2O, EtOH s H2O reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; reac os i H2O; s conc acid i H2O; s acid sl H2O; reac acid; i EtOH reac acid s conc HCl sl dil acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-54

No. Name

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper nitride Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Copper phosphide Copper silicide Copper(I) acetate Copper(I) acetylide Copper(I) azide Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) fluoride Copper(I) hydride Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) mercury iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) selenide Copper(I) sulfide Copper(I) sulfite monohydrate Copper(I) sulfite hemihydrate Copper(I) telluride Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(I,II) sulfite dihydrate Copper(II) acetate Copper(II) acetate metaarsenite Copper(II) acetate monohydrate Copper(II) acetylide Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) arsenite Copper(II) azide Copper(II) basic acetate Copper(II) borate Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) butanoate monohydrate Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Copper(II) chlorate hexahydrate Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) chloride hydroxide Copper(II) chromate Copper(II) chromite Copper(II) citrate hemipentahydrate Copper(II) cyanide Copper(II) cyclohexanebutanoate Copper(II) dichromate dihydrate Copper(II) ethanolate Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Copper(II) ferrocyanide

Cu(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Cu3N Cu(C8H15O2)2 CuP2 Cu5Si CuC2H3O2 Cu2C2 CuN3 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuF CuH CuI Cu2HgI4 Cu2O Cu2Se Cu2S Cu2SO3 ⋅ H2O Cu2SO3 ⋅ 0.5H2O Cu2Te CuSCN Cu2SO3 ⋅ CuSO3 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 3Cu(AsO2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CuC2 Cu3(AsO4)2 CuHAsO3 Cu(N3)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ CuO ⋅ 6H2O Cu(BO2)2 CuBr2 Cu(C4H7O2)2 ⋅ H2O CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 Cu(ClO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CuCl2 CuCl2 ⋅ 2H2O Cu2(OH)3Cl CuCrO4 CuCr2O4 Cu2C6H4O7 ⋅ 2.5H2O Cu(CN)2 Cu(C10H17O2)2 CuCr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C2H5O)2 Cu(C2H5CO2CHCOCH3)2 Cu2Fe(CN)6

13395-16-9 1308-80-1 149-11-1 12019-11-3 12159-07-8 598-54-9 1117-94-8 14336-80-2 7787-70-4 7758-89-6 544-92-3 13478-41-6 13517-00-5 7681-65-4 13876-85-2 1317-39-1 20405-64-5 22205-45-4

261.762 204.645 349.953 125.494 345.816 122.590 151.113 105.566 143.450 98.999 89.564 82.544 64.554 190.450 835.30 143.091 206.05 159.158 225.172 13982-53-1* 216.164 12019-52-2 254.69 1111-67-7 121.630 13814-81-8 386.797 142-71-2 181.635 12002-03-8 1013.795 6046-93-1 199.650 12540-13-5 87.567 10103-61-4 468.476 10290-12-7 187.474 14215-30-6 147.586 52503-64-7 369.271 39290-85-2 149.166 7789-45-9 223.354 540-16-9 255.756 12069-69-1 221.116 14721-21-2 338.539 7447-39-4 134.451 10125-13-0 170.482 1332-65-6 213.567 13548-42-0 179.540 12018-10-9 231.536 10402-15-0 360.221 14763-77-0 115.580 2218-80-6 402.028 13675-47-3 315.565 2850-65-9 153.667 14284-06-1 321.813 13601-13-3 339.041

blue powder cub cry pow monocl cry solid col cry red amorp powder; exp tetr cry; exp wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry wh powder or grn orth cry cub cry red-brn solid wh cub cry red cry powder red-brn cub cry blue-blk tetr cry blue-blk orth cry cry wh-yel hex cry blue hex cry wh-yel amorp powder red prisms or powder blue-grn hyg powder grn cry powder grn monocl cry brn-blk solid; exp blue-grn cry yel-grn powder brn orth cry; exp blue-grn cry or powder blue-grn powder blk monocl cry; hyg grn monocl plates grn monocl cry blue-grn hyg cry yel-brn monocl cry; hyg grn-blue orth cry; hyg pale grn cry red-brn cry gray-blk tetr cry blue-grn cry grn powder pow red-brn tricl cry blue hyg solid pow red-br cub cry or powder

284 dec 300 dec 252 dec ≈900 825 dec

subl

497 430 474

1345 ≈1400 dec

4.98 4.14 2.9 7.1

0.001220 0.004720

≈1290

5.67

0.00002020

1800 dec

6.0 6.84 5.6 3.83

60 dec 606 trans ≈60 (brn) 1235 1113 ≈1100

4.20 subl

1127 1084

115 exp 100

sl H2O; s chl 5.84

reac H2O

4.6 2.85

240 dec

i ace i EtOH, ace i H2O, EtOH; s KCN soln

i dil acid i H2O, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s acid i H2O; sl acid sl H2O; s HCl sl H2O; s acid, alk; i EtOH, eth i H2O, dil acid, EtOH, ace; s eth i H2O, EtOH; s HCl i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.88

i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid ≈2.6

498 200 dec 65 630 dec 100 dec

900

3.859 4.710

12625

4.0 100 dec 3.4 2.51

5.4 100 dec

16418 75.725 75.720

sl H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, NH 4OH i H2O; s acid s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth s H2O, diox, bz; sl EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid vs EtOH s EtOH, ace vs EtOH, MeOH; s ace; i eth i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH i H2O, dil acid sl H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s acid, alk

126 dec 2.286 120 dec 192 2.2

vs H2O i os s EtOH i H2O, acid, os

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-55

TeamLRN

738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

Formula

786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812

Copper(II) ferrous sulfide Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) formate Copper(II) formate tetrahydrate Copper(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) hexafluorosilicate tetrahydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) molybdate Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) oleate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) oxalate hemihydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) perchlorate Copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Copper(II) phosphate Copper(II) phosphate trihydrate Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate Copper(II) selenide Copper(II) selenite dihydrate Copper(II) stearate Copper(II) sulfate

CuFeS2 CuF2 CuF2 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(CHO2)2 Cu(CHO2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Cu(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CuSiF6 ⋅ 4H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(IO3)2 Cu(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O CuMoO4 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O Cu(C18H33O2)2 CuC2O4 CuC2O4 ⋅ 0.5H2O CuO Cu(ClO4)2 Cu(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cu3(PO4)2 Cu3(PO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O CuSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O CuSe CuSeO3 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C18H35O2)2 CuSO4

1308-56-1 7789-19-7 13454-88-1 544-19-4 5893-61-8 14781-45-4 12062-24-7 20427-59-2 13454-89-2 13454-90-5 13767-34-5 3251-23-8 13478-38-1 10031-43-3 1120-44-1 814-91-5 814-91-5* 1317-38-0 13770-18-8 10294-46-9 7798-23-4 10031-48-8 10031-45-5 1317-41-5 15168-20-4 660-60-6 7758-98-7

183.523 101.543 137.574 153.581 225.641 477.648 277.684 97.561 413.351 431.367 223.48 187.555 295.647 241.602 626.453 151.565 144.573 79.545 262.446 370.538 380.581 434.627 296.58 142.51 226.54 630.485 159.610

813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfate, basic Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) tartrate trihydrate Copper(II) telluride Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) tungstate dihydrate Copper(II) vanadate Curium Dysprosium Dysprosium boride Dysprosium nitride Dysprosium silicide Dysprosium(II) chloride Dysprosium(II) iodide Dysprosium(III) bromide Dysprosium(III) chloride

CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O Cu3(OH)4SO4 CuS CuC4H4O6 ⋅ 3H2O CuTe Cu(BF4)2 CuWO4 CuWO4 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(VO3)2 Cm Dy DyB4 DyN DySi2 DyCl2 DyI2 DyBr3 DyCl3

7758-99-8 1332-14-5 1317-40-4 815-82-7 12019-23-7 14735-84-3 13587-35-4 13587-35-4* 12789-09-2 7440-51-9 7429-91-6 12310-43-9 12019-88-4 12133-07-2 13767-31-2 36377-94-3 14456-48-5 10025-74-8

249.686 354.731 95.612 265.663 191.15 237.155 311.38 347.41 261.425 247 162.50 205.74 176.51 218.67 233.41 416.31 402.21 268.86

yel tetr cry wh monocl cry blue monocl cry blue cry blue monocl cry cry blue monocl cry blue-grn powder grn mono cry blue tricl cry grn cry blue-grn orth cry; hyg blue rhomb cry; hyg blue rhomb cry blue-grn solid blue-wh powder blue-wh cry blk powder or monocl cry grn hyg cry blue monocl cry; hyg blue-grn tricl cry blue-grn orth cry blue tricl cry blue-blk needles or plates blue orth cry blue-grn amorp powder wh-grn amorp powder or rhomb cry blue tricl cry grn rhomb cry blk hex cry blue-grn powder yel orth cry solid yel-brn powder grn powder pow silv metal; hex or cub silv metal; hex tetr cry cub cry orth cry blk cry purp cry wh hyg cry yel cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

950 836 130 dec

1676

98 dec dec 248 dec ≈500 255 114 310 dec 200 dec 1446 130 dec 82

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.2 4.23 2.934

i H2O, HCl; s HNO3 0.07525 0.07525 12.520 12.5

220 dec 2.56 3.37 5.241 4.872 3.4 subl 170 dec

2.07 2.32

99.717 0.1520 0.1520 0.038 14525 14525 14525 0.002620 0.002620

6.31 120 dec

2.22

14630 14630

2.56 5.99 3.31

27.425

3.60

22.025 22.025

trans 507

2.286 3.88 4.76

trans ≈400

7.09

80 dec 550 dec ≈250 560 dec 110 dec

i os sl EtOH; i os s MeOH, ace, tol sl EtOH i H2O; s acid, conc alk s dil acid s dil H2SO4 s diox; reac eth s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i EtOH, eth; s NH4OH s NH4OH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid s eth, diox; i bz, ctc vs EtOH, HOAc, ace; sl eth i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O; s acid, NH4OH s acid, NH4OH; sl ace; i EtOH reac acid i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s py i EtOH s MeOH; sl EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH, dil acid, alk sl H2O; s acid, alk s H2O

7.5 i H2O; sl HOAc; reac conc acid 1345 1412 2500

721 dec 659 879 680

≈3100 2567

13.51 8.55 6.98 9.93 5.2

3.67

s dil acid

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O s H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-56

No. Name

Dysprosium(III) fluoride Dysprosium(III) hydride Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Einsteinium Erbium Erbium boride Erbium bromide Erbium chloride Erbium chloride hexahydrate Erbium fluoride Erbium hydride Erbium iodide Erbium nitrate pentahydrate Erbium nitride Erbium oxide Erbium silicide Erbium sulfate Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide Erbium telluride Europium Europium boride Europium nitride Europium silicide Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) selenide Europium(II) sulfate Europium(II) sulfide Europium(II) telluride Europium(III) bromide Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate Europium(III) fluoride Europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Europium(III) sulfate octahydrate Fermium Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Fluorine dioxide Fluorine nitrate

DyF3 DyH3 DyI3 Dy(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Es Er ErB4 ErBr3 ErCl3 ErCl3 ⋅ 6H2O ErF3 ErH3 ErI3 Er(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O ErN Er2O3 ErSi2 Er2(SO4)3 Er2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Er2S3 Er2Te3 Eu EuB6 EuN EuSi2 EuBr2 EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuSe EuSO4 EuS EuTe EuBr3 EuCl3 EuCl3 ⋅ 6H2O EuF3 Eu(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 Eu2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Fm F2 F2O F2O2 FNO3

13569-80-7 13537-09-2 15474-63-2 10143-38-1* 1308-87-8 12133-10-7 7429-92-7 7440-52-0 12310-44-0 13536-73-7 10138-41-7 10025-75-9 13760-83-3 13550-53-3 13813-42-8 10168-80-6* 12020-21-2 12061-16-4 12020-28-9 13478-49-4 10031-52-4 12159-66-9 12020-39-2 7440-53-1 12008-05-8 12020-58-5 12434-24-1 13780-48-8 13769-20-5 14077-39-5 22015-35-6 12020-66-5 10031-54-6 12020-65-4 12020-69-8 13759-88-1 10025-76-0 13759-92-7 13765-25-8 10031-53-5 1308-96-9 13537-15-0 10031-52-4 7440-72-4 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 7783-44-0 7789-26-6

219.50 165.52 543.21 438.59 373.00 421.20 252 167.26 210.50 406.97 273.62 381.71 224.26 170.28 547.97 443.35 181.27 382.52 223.43 622.71 766.83 430.72 717.32 151.964 216.830 165.971 208.135 311.772 222.869 189.961 405.773 230.92 248.028 184.030 279.56 391.676 258.322 366.413 208.959 446.070 351.926 592.119 736.241 257 37.997 53.996 69.996 81.003

grn cry hex cry grn cry yel cry wh cub cry red-brn monocl cry metal; cub silv metal; hex tetr cry viol hyg cry viol monocl cry; hyg pink hyg cry pink orth cry hex cry viol hex cry; hyg red cry cub cry pink powder orth cry hyg powder pink monocl cry red-brn monocl cry orth cry soft silv metal; cub cub cry cub cry tetr cry wh cry wh orth cry grn-yel cub cry grn cry brn cub cry col orth cry cub cry blk cub cry gray cry grn-yel needles wh-yel hyg cry wh hyg cry wh-pink hyg cry pink powder pale pink cry pink cry metal pale yel gas col gas gas, stable only at low temp col gas

1154 7.1 978 88.6 2228 860 1529 2450 923 776 dec 1147

208.425 3900

7.81 6.08

s acid

2868

9.07 7.0

i H2O; s acid

7.8 ≈7.6 ≈5.5

1014 130 dec 2344 dec dec 1730 1213 822 ≈2600

240.825 3920

1529

1500 683 731 ≈1380 580

1526 dec 623 850 1276 85 dec 2291 375 dec 1527 -219.67 tp -223.8 -154 -175

s H2O s H2O s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O

4.1

10.6 8.64 7.26 3.68 3.20 6.07 7.11 5.24 4.91 8.7 5.46

s H2O s EtOH, ace i H2O; s acid

1320 1320

reac H2O

s H2O s H2O

4.9 6.5

s H2O 6.45 4.99 5.7 6.48

i H2O

s H2O 4.89 4.89

s H2O i H2O 19325

3790

-188.12 -144.75 -57 -46

7.42 4.99

1.553 g/L 2.207 g/L 2.861 g/L 3.311 g/L

i H2O; s acid 2.120 2.120 reac H2O sl H2O reac H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-57

TeamLRN

831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878

Formula

879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923

FOClO3 Fr Gd GdB6 GdN GdSi2 GdI2 GdSe GdBr3 GdCl3 GdCl3 ⋅ 6H2O GdF3 GdI3 Gd(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Gd(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Gd2S3 Gd2Te3 Ga GaSb GaAs GaN GaP Ga2O GaCl2 GaSe GaS GaTe Ga(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 GaBr3 GaCl3 GaF3 GaF3 ⋅ 3H2O GaH3 Ga(OH)3 GaI3 Ga(NO3)3 Ga2O3 GaOOH Ga2Se3 Ga2(SO4)3 Ga2(SO4)3 ⋅ 18H2O Ga2S3 Ga2Te3

Fluorine perchlorate Francium Gadolinium Gadolinium boride Gadolinium nitride Gadolinium silicide Gadolinium(II) iodide Gadolinium(II) selenide Gadolinium(III) bromide Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) iodide Gadolinium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gadolinium(III) telluride Gallium Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium nitride Gallium phosphide Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) chloride Gallium(II) selenide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(II) telluride Gallium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride trihydrate Gallium(III) hydride Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium(III) nitrate Gallium(III) oxide Gallium(III) oxide hydroxide Gallium(III) selenide Gallium(III) sulfate Gallium(III) sulfate octadecahydrate Gallium(III) sulfide Gallium(III) telluride

CAS Reg No. 10049-03-3 7440-73-5 7440-54-2 12008-06-9 25764-15-2 12134-75-7 13814-72-7 12024-81-6 13818-75-2 10138-52-0 19423-81-5 13765-26-9 13572-98-0 19598-90-4 52788-53-1 12064-62-9 13450-87-8 12134-77-9 12160-99-5 7440-55-3 12064-03-8 1303-00-0 25617-97-4 12063-98-8 12024-20-3 24597-12-4 12024-11-2 12024-10-1 12024-14-5 14405-43-7 13450-88-9 13450-90-3 7783-51-9 22886-66-4 13572-93-5 12023-99-3 13450-91-4 13494-90-1 12024-21-4 20665-52-5 12024-24-7 13494-91-2 13780-42-2 12024-22-5 12024-27-0

Mol. Physical Weight Form 118.449 223 157.25 222.12 171.26 213.42 411.06 236.21 396.96 263.61 371.70 214.25 537.96 451.36 433.34 362.50 746.81 410.70 697.30 69.723 191.483 144.645 83.730 100.697 155.445 140.628 148.68 101.789 197.32 367.047 309.435 176.081 126.718 180.764 72.747 120.745 450.436 255.738 187.444 102.730 376.33 427.637 751.912 235.644 522.25

col gas; exp short-lived alkali metal silv metal; hex blk-brn cub cry cub cry orth cry bronze cry cub cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry wh cry yel cry hyg tricl cry wh cry wh hyg powder col monocl cry yel cub cry orth cry silv liq or gray orth cry cub cry gray cub cry gray hex cry yel cub cry brn powder wh orth cry hex cry hex cry monocl cry wh powder wh orth cry col needles or gl solid wh powder or col needles wh cry visc liq unstable prec monocl cry wh cry powder wh cry orth cry cub cry hex cry octahed cry monocl cry cub cry

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

mp/°C

bp/°C

-167.3 27 1313 2510

-16

4.841 g/L

reac H2O

3273

7.90 5.31 9.10 5.9

s dil acid

831 2170 770 609 1231 925 91 dec 92 dec 2339 400 dec 1255 29.7666 tp 712 1238 >2500 1457 >660 172.4 960 965 824 193 121.5 77.9 >1000 >140 dec -15 212

8.1 4.56 4.52 2.424

3900

2204

>800 dec 535

subl 279 201

2.33 2.41 7.07 4.14 6.1 7.7 5.91 5.6137 5.3176 6.1 4.138 4.77 2.74 5.03 3.86 5.44 1.42 3.69 2.47 4.47

19025 19025

s EtOH i H2O; s acid

2.320

reac alk

i H2O sl H2O

≈0 dec 340

4.5

937

≈6.0 5.23 4.92

1090 790

3.7 5.57

1806

s H2O s H2O

s H2O, EtOH, eth s hot acid

s H2O, EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-58

No. Name

Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Tetragermane Pentagermane Bromogermane Chlorogermane Chlorotrifluorogermane Dibromogermane Dichlorogermane Dichlorodifluorogermane Fluorogermane Iodogermane Tribromogermane Trichlorogermane Trichlorofluorogermane Methylgermane Germanium(II) bromide Germanium(II) chloride Germanium(II) fluoride Germanium(II) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) nitride Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) selenide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Bromoauric acid pentahydrate Chloroauric acid tetrahydrate Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) cyanide Gold(I) iodide Gold(I) sulfide Gold(III) bromide Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) cyanide trihydrate Gold(III) fluoride Gold(III) hydroxide Gold(III) iodide

Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Ge4H10 Ge5H12 GeH3Br GeH3Cl GeF3Cl GeH2Br2 GeH2Cl2 GeF2Cl2 GeH3F GeH3I GeHBr3 GeHCl3 GeCl3F GeH3CH3 GeBr2 GeCl2 GeF2 GeI2 GeO GeSe GeS GeTe GeBr4 GeCl4 GeF4 GeI4 Ge3N4 GeO2 GeSe2 GeS2 Au HAuBr4 ⋅ 5H2O HAuCl4 ⋅ 4H2O AuBr AuCl AuCN AuI Au2S AuBr3 AuCl3 Au(CN)3 ⋅ 3H2O AuF3 Au(OH)3 AuI3

7440-56-4 7782-65-2 13818-89-8 14691-44-2 14691-47-5 15587-39-0 13569-43-2 13637-65-5 14188-40-0 13769-36-3 15230-48-5 24422-21-7 13537-30-9 13573-02-9 14779-70-5 1184-65-2 24422-20-6 1449-65-6 24415-00-7 10060-11-4 13940-63-1 13573-08-5 20619-16-3 12065-10-0 12025-32-0 12025-39-7 13450-92-5 10038-98-9 7783-58-6 13450-95-8 12065-36-0 1310-53-8 12065-11-1 12025-34-2 7440-57-5 17083-68-0 16903-35-8 10294-27-6 10294-29-8 506-65-0 10294-31-2 1303-60-2 10294-28-7 13453-07-1 535-37-5* 14720-21-9 1303-52-2 31032-13-0

72.61 76.64 151.27 225.89 300.52 375.15 155.54 111.09 165.06 234.43 145.53 181.51 94.63 202.54 313.33 179.98 197.97 90.67 232.42 143.51 110.61 326.42 88.61 151.57 104.68 200.21 392.23 214.42 148.60 580.23 273.86 104.61 230.53 136.74 196.967 607.667 411.847 276.871 232.420 222.985 323.871 425.999 436.679 303.325 329.065 253.962 247.989 577.680

gray-wh cub cry col gas; flam col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq gas col liq col liq col gas col gas liq col liq liq liq col gas yel monocl cry wh-yel hyg powder wh orth cry; hyg oran-yel hex cry blk solid gray orth cry or brn powder gray orth cry cub cry wh cry col liq col gas red-oran cub cry orth cry wh hex cry yel-oran orth ccry blk orth cry soft yel metal red-brn hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg yel-gray tetr cry yel orth cry yel hex cry yel-grn powder; tetr brn-blk cub cry; unstable red-br monocl cry red monocl cry wh hyg cry oran-yel hex cry brn powder unstable grn powder

938.25 -165 -109 -105.6

-32 -52 -66.2 -15 -68 -51.8 -15 -25 -71 -49.8 -158 122 dec 110 550 dec 700 dec 667 615 725 26.1 -51.50 -15 tp 146 900 dec 1115 707 dec 530 1064.18 27 165 dec 289 dec dec 120 dec 240 dec ≈160 dec >160 dec 50 dec >300 ≈100 dec 20 dec

2833 -88.1 29 110.5 176.9 234 52 28 -20.3 89 69.5 -2.8 ≈90 dec 75.3 37.5 -23 150 dec 130 dec

5.3234 3.133 g/L 1.98-109 2.20-105

i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O reac H2O reac H2O

2.34 1.75 6.747 g/L 2.80 1.90 7.419 g/L 3.868 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

1.93 3.706 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O; s eth, bz reac H2O reac H2O

3.64 5.4

186.35 86.55 -36.5 sp 377

5.6 4.1 6.16 3.132 1.88 6.074 g/L 4.322

2856

4.25 4.56 3.01 19.3 ≈3.9 8.20 7.6 7.2 8.25 ≈11 4.7

i H2O; s conc HNO3 reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, eth, EtOH, ctc reac H2O reac H2O i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O

s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth i H2O 0.00003120 i H2O, EtOH, eth, dil acid i H2O; s CN soln i H2O, acid; s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH 6820 vs H2O; sl EtOH

subl

6.75 i H2O; s acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-59

TeamLRN

924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971

Formula

972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016

Au2O3 Au2(SeO4)3 Au2Se3 Au2S3 Hf HfB2 HfBr4 HfC HfCl4 HfF4 HfH2 HfI4 HfN HfO2 HfOCl2 ⋅ 8H2O HfP HfSe2 HfSiO4 HfSi2 Hf(SO4)2 HfS2 He Ho HoBr3 HoCl3 HoF3 HoI3 HoN Ho2O3 HoSi2 Ho2S3 N2H4 N2H4 ⋅ H2O N2H4 ⋅ HBr N2H4 ⋅ HCl N2H4 ⋅ 2HCl N2H4 ⋅ HI N2H4 ⋅ HNO3 N2H4 ⋅ H2SO4 HN3 H2NOH (H2NOH)2 ⋅ H2SO4 H2 HBr HCl

Gold(III) oxide Gold(III) selenate Gold(III) selenide Gold(III) sulfide Hafnium Hafnium boride Hafnium(IV) bromide Hafnium carbide Hafnium(IV) chloride Hafnium fluoride Hafnium hydride Hafnium iodide Hafnium nitride Hafnium oxide Hafnium oxychloride octahydrate Hafnium phosphide Hafnium selenide Hafnium orthosilicate Hafnium silicide Hafnium sulfate Hafnium sulfide Helium Holmium Holmium bromide Holmium chloride Holmium fluoride Holmium iodide Holmium nitride Holmium oxide Holmium silicide Holmium sulfide Hydrazine Hydrazine hydrate Hydrazine hydrobromide Hydrazine hydrochloride Hydrazine dihydrochloride Hydrazine hydroiodide Hydrazine nitrate Hydrazine sulfate Hydrazoic acid Hydroxylamine Hydroxylamine sulfate Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride

CAS Reg No. 1303-58-8 10294-32-3 1303-62-4 1303-61-3 7440-58-6 12007-23-7 13777-22-5 12069-85-1 13499-05-3 13709-52-9 12770-26-2 13777-23-6 25817-87-2 12055-23-1 14456-34-9 12325-59-6 12162-21-9 13870-13-8 12401-56-8 15823-43-5 18855-94-2 7440-59-7 7440-60-0 13825-76-8 10138-62-2 13760-78-6 13813-41-7 12029-81-1 12055-62-8 12136-24-2 12162-59-3 302-01-2 7803-57-8 13775-80-9 2644-70-4 5341-61-7 10039-55-1 13464-97-6 10034-93-2 7782-79-8 7803-49-8 10039-54-0 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0

Mol. Physical Weight Form 441.931 822.81 630.81 490.131 178.49 200.11 498.11 190.50 320.30 254.48 180.51 686.11 192.50 210.49 409.52 209.46 336.41 270.57 234.66 370.62 242.62 4.003 164.930 404.642 271.288 221.925 545.643 178.937 377.859 221.101 426.059 32.045 50.060 112.957 68.506 104.966 159.957 95.058 130.125 43.028 33.030 164.139 2.016 80.912 36.461

brn powder yel cry blk amorp solid unstable blk powder gray metal; hex gray hex cry wh cub cry refrac cub cry wh monocl cry wh monocl cry refrac tetr cry yel-oran cub cry yel-brn cub cry wh cub cry wh tetr cry hex cry brn hex cry tetr cry gray orth cry wh cry purp-brn hex cry col gas silv metal; hex yel hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg pink-yel orth cry; hyg yel hex cry cub cry yel cub cry hex cry yel-oran monocl cry col oily liq fuming liq wh monocl cry flakes wh orth cry wh orth cry hyg cry monocl cry; exp col orth cry col liq; exp wh orth flakes or needles cry col gas; flam col gas col gas

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

≈150 dec dec 200 dec 2233 3100 424 tp ≈3000 432 tp >970 449 tp 3305 2774 dec

4.65 4603 323 sp 317 sp 970 sp 394 sp

s HF

reac H2O 7.1 11.4 5.6 13.8 9.68

i H2O s H2O

9.78 7.46 7.0 7.6

≈1700 >500 dec

1474 919 718 1143 994

13.3 10.5 4.90 12.2

i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid s aqua regia

-268.93 2700 1470 1500 >2200

2330

3900

1.4 -51.7 84 89 198 dec 125 70 254 -80 33.1 170 -259.198 tp -86.80 -114.17

113.55 119 ≈190 dec 240 dec

6.03 0.164 g/L 8.80 3.7 7.664 5.4 10.6 8.41 7.1 5.92 1.0036 1.030 2.3 1.5 1.42

1.378 35.7 58

1.21

-252.762 -66.38 -85

0.082 g/L 3.307 g/L 1.490 g/L

sl H2O; i EtOH s dil acid s H2O s H2O

s acid

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth s H2O, EtOH s H2O; i os s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O, MeOH vs H2O sl H2O vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-60

No. Name

Hydrogen chloride dihydrate Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Indium Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium nitride Indium phosphide Indium(I) bromide Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) iodide Indium(II) bromide Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) fluoride Indium(III) fluoride trihydrate Indium(III) hydroxide Indium(III) iodide Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) perchlorate octahydrate Indium(III) phosphate Indium(III) selenide Indium(III) sulfate Indium(III) sulfide Indium(III) telluride Iodine Iodic acid Periodic acid dihydrate Iodine tetroxide Iodine pentoxide Iodine nonaoxide Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine fluoride Iodine trifluoride Iodine pentafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) sulfide

HCl ⋅ 2H2O HCN HF HI H2O2 H2Se H2S H2S2 H2Te In InSb InAs InN InP InBr InCl InI InBr2 InCl2 InS InBr3 InCl3 InF3 InF3 ⋅ 3H2O In(OH)3 InI3 In2O3 In(ClO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O InPO4 In2Se3 In2(SO4)3 In2S3 In2Te3 I2 HIO3 HIO4 ⋅ 2H2O I2O4 I2O5 I4O9 IBr ICl ICl3 IF IF3 IF5 IF7 Ir Ir2S3

13465-05-9 74-90-8 7664-39-3 10034-85-2 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 13465-07-1 7783-09-7 7440-74-6 1312-41-0 1303-11-3 25617-98-5 22398-80-7 14280-53-6 13465-10-6 13966-94-4 21264-43-7 13465-11-7 12030-14-7 13465-09-3 10025-82-8 7783-52-0 14166-78-0 20661-21-6 13510-35-5 1312-43-2 13465-15-1 14693-82-4 1312-42-1 13464-82-9 12030-24-9 1312-45-4 7553-56-2 7782-68-5 10450-60-9 12399-08-5 12029-98-0 73560-00-6 7789-33-5 7790-99-0 865-44-1 13873-84-2 22520-96-3 7783-66-6 16921-96-3 7439-88-5 12136-42-4

72.492 27.026 20.006 127.912 34.015 80.98 34.082 66.148 129.62 114.818 236.578 189.740 128.825 145.792 194.722 150.271 241.722 274.626 185.723 146.884 354.530 221.176 171.813 225.859 165.840 495.531 277.634 557.291 209.789 466.52 517.827 325.834 612.44 253.809 175.910 227.940 317.807 333.806 651.613 206.808 162.357 233.262 145.902 183.899 221.896 259.893 192.217 480.632

col liq col liq col gas col or yel gas col liq col gas; flam col gas; flam col liq col gas soft wh metal blk cub cry gray cub cry hex cry blk cub cry oran-red orth cry yel cub cry orth cry orth cry col orth cry red-brn orth cry hyg yel-wh monocl cry yel monocl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg wh cry cub cry yel-red monocl cry; hyg yel cub cry wh cry wh orth cry blk hex cry hyg wh powder oran cub cry blk cub cry blue-blk plates col orth cry monocl hyg cry yel cry hyg wh cry hyg yel powder blk orth cry red cry or oily liq yel tricl cry; hyg disproportionates at room temp yel solid, stable at low temp yel liq col gas silv-wh metal; cub orth cry

-17.7 -13.29 -83.35 -50.76 -0.43 -65.73 -85.5 -49 156.60 525 942 1100 1062 290 211 364.4 235 692 420 583 1170 100 dec 207 1912 ≈80

26 20 -35.55 150.2 -41.25 -59.55 70.7 -2 2072

656 608 712

>1200

1.46 0.684 0.818 g/L 5.228 g/L 1.44 3.310 g/L 1.393 g/L 1.334 5.298 g/L 7.31 5.7747 5.67 6.88 4.81 4.96 4.19 5.32 4.22 3.64 5.2 4.74 4.0 4.39 4.4 4.69 7.18

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s os vs H2O s H2O s H2O s H2O, EtOH, alk s acid i acid sl acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O 41420 195.122

s EtOH sl H2O; s dil acid s H2O

130822 i H2O; s hot acid

200 dec

660

4.9 5.8 3.44 4.45 5.75 4.933 4.63

0.0320 30825

4.2 4.98

253.420

1050 667 113.7 110 dec 122 dec 85 dec ≈300 dec 75 dec 40 27.39 101 tp (16 atm)

116 dec 100 dec 64 sp dec

4.3 3.24 3.2

-28 dec 9.43 6.5 tp 2446

100.5 4.8 sp 4428

3.19 10.62 g/L 22.5 10.2

184.4

i H2O 11720

s bz, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O i EtOH, eth, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, bz

reac H2O s H2O s aqua regia

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-61

TeamLRN

1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064

Formula

1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109

IrBr3 IrBr3 ⋅ 4H2O IrCl3 IrF3 IrI3 Ir2O3 IrCl4 IrO2 IrS2 IrF6 Fe Fe(C5H5)2 Fe(CO)5 Fe2(CO)9 Fe3(CO)12 FeH2(CO)4 FeAs FeB Fe2B Fe3C FeP Fe2P Fe3P FeS2 FeSi FeSi2 Fe(AlO2)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O FeBr2 FeBr2 ⋅ 6H2O FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl2 ⋅ 2H2O FeCl2 ⋅ 4H2O FeCr2O4 FeF2 FeF2 ⋅ 4H2O Fe(OH)2 FeI2 FeI2 ⋅ 4H2O FeMoO4 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O FeC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O

Iridium(III) bromide Iridium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(III) fluoride Iridium(III) iodide Iridium(III) oxide Iridium(IV) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(VI) fluoride Iron Ferrocene Iron pentacarbonyl Iron nonacarbonyl Iron dodecacarbonyl Iron hydrocarbonyl Iron arsenide Iron boride Iron boride Iron carbide Iron phosphide Iron phosphide Iron phosphide Iron disulfide Iron silicide Iron silicide Iron(II) aluminate Iron(II) arsenate Iron(II) arsenate hexahydrate Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide hexahydrate Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride dihydrate Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) chromite Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) iodide tetrahydrate Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) nitrate Iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(II) oxalate dihydrate

CAS Reg No. 10049-24-8 10049-24-8* 10025-83-9 23370-59-4 7790-41-2 1312-46-5 10025-97-5 12030-49-8 12030-51-2 7783-75-7 7439-89-6 102-54-5 13463-40-6 15321-51-4 12088-65-2 17440-90-3 12044-16-5 12006-84-7 12006-86-9 12011-67-5 26508-33-8 1310-43-6 12023-53-9 1317-66-4 12022-95-6 12022-99-0 12068-49-4 10102-50-8 10102-50-8* 7789-46-0 13463-12-2 563-71-3 7758-94-3 16399-77-2 13478-10-9 1308-31-2 7789-28-8 13940-89-1 18624-44-7 7783-86-0 7783-86-0* 13718-70-2 14013-86-6 14013-86-6* 6047-25-2

Mol. Physical Weight Form 431.929 503.991 298.575 249.212 572.930 432.432 334.028 224.216 256.349 306.207 55.845 186.031 195.896 363.781 503.656 169.902 130.767 66.656 122.501 179.546 86.819 142.664 198.509 119.977 83.931 112.016 173.806 445.373 553.465 215.653 323.744 115.854 126.750 162.781 198.812 223.835 93.842 165.904 89.860 309.654 381.716 215.78 179.854 287.946 179.894

red-brn monocl cry grn-brn cry brn monocl cry blk hex cry dark brn monocl cry blue-blk cry brn hyg solid brn tetr cry orth cry yel cub cry; hyg silv-wh or gray met oran needles yel oily liq; flam oran-yel cry blk cry col liq; unstable gray orth cry refr solid; orth refr solid; tetr gray cub cry rhom cry gray hex needles gray solid blk cub cry gray cub cry gray tetr cry blk cub cry grn pow grn amorp pow yel-brn hex cry; hyg grn hyg cry gray-brn hex cry wh hex cry; hyg wh-grn monocl cry grn monocl cry blk cub cry wh tetr cry col hex cry wh-grn hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg blk hyg leaflets brn-yel monocl cry grn solid grn solid yel cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 6.82

763 dec 250 dec

5.30 ≈8.0 ≈7.4

1000 dec ≈700 dec 1100 dec 44 1538 172.5 -20 100 dec 140 -70 1030 1650 1389 1227

53.6 2861 249 103

677 120 dec 105 dec 1100

587 90 dec 1115 60 dec 150 dec

11.7 9.3 4.8 7.87

reac H2O s dil acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, dil HNO 3 i H2O; s eth, bz, ace

1.490 2.85 2.00

dec

s alk 7.85 ≈7 7.3 7.694 6.07 6.8 6.74 5.02 6.1 4.74 4.3

1370 1100 >600 dec 1410 1220

dec 691 27 dec

i H2O, acid, alk s H2O; i EtOH i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, dil acid i H2O, acid, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; sl hot HCl s H2O, EtOH

dec

1023

4.636 4.64 3.9 3.16 2.39 1.93 5.0 4.09 2.20 3.4 5.3 2.87 5.6

2.28

i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O

12025 12025 0.00006220 65.025 65.025 65.025

i H2O i H2O; s acid vs EtOH s EtOH vs EtOH, ace; sl bz s EtOH sl H2O; s dil HF; i EtOH, eth

0.00005220 s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH i H2O 87.525 87.525 0.07825

s acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-62

No. Name

Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) perchlorate Iron(II) phosphate octahydrate Iron(II) selenide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(II) tantalate Iron(II) tartrate Iron(II) telluride Iron(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Iron(II) titanate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II,III) oxide Iron(III) acetate, basic Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Iron(III) arsenate dihydrate Iron(III) bromide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) chromate Iron(III) citrate pentahydrate Iron(III) dichromate Iron(III) ferrocyanide Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) formate Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide oxide Iron(III) nitrate Iron(III) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Iron(III) oxalate Iron(III) oxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Iron(III) pyrophosphate nonahydrate Iron(III) hypophosphite Iron(III) sodium pyrophosphate Iron(III) sulfate Iron(III) sulfate nonahydrate Iron(III) thiocyanate monohydrate Iron(III) metavanadate Krypton Krypton difluoride Lanthanum Lanthanum boride

FeO Fe(ClO4)2 Fe3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O FeSe Fe2SiO4 FeSO4 FeSO4 ⋅ H2O FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O FeS Fe(TaO3)2 FeC4H4O6 FeTe Fe(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O FeTiO3 FeWO4 Fe3O4 FeOH(C2H3O2)2 Fe(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 FeAsO4 ⋅ 2H2O FeBr3 FeCl3 FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2O Fe2(CrO4)3 FeC6H5O7 ⋅ 5H2O Fe2(Cr2O7)3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 FeF3 FeF3 ⋅ 3H2O Fe(CHO2)3 Fe(OH)3 FeO(OH) Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Fe(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe2(C2O4)3 Fe2O3 FePO4 ⋅ 2H2O Fe4(P2O7)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe(H2PO2)3 FeNaP2O7 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe(SCN)3 ⋅ H2O Fe(VO3)3 Kr KrF2 La LaB6

1345-25-1 13933-23-8 14940-41-1 1310-32-3 10179-73-4 7720-78-7 17375-41-6 7782-63-0 1317-37-9

12125-63-2 6010-09-9 12168-52-4 13870-24-1 1317-61-9 10450-55-2 14024-18-1 10102-49-5 10031-26-2 7705-08-0 10025-77-1 10294-52-7 3522-50-7 10294-53-8 14038-43-8 7783-50-8 15469-38-2 555-76-0 1309-33-7 20344-49-4 10421-48-4 13476-08-9 7782-61-8 19469-07-9 1309-37-1 10045-86-0 10058-44-3 7783-84-8 10045-87-1 10028-22-5 13520-56-4 4119-52-2 65842-03-7 7439-90-9 13773-81-4 7439-91-0 12008-21-8

71.844 254.745 501.600 134.81 203.774 151.909 169.924 278.015 87.911 513.737 203.916 183.45 226.057 151.710 303.68 231.533 190.941 353.169 230.795 295.557 162.203 270.294 459.671 335.021 759.654 859.229 112.840 166.886 190.897 106.867 88.852 241.860 349.951 403.997 375.747 159.688 186.847 907.348 250.811 252.778 399.881 562.018 248.110 352.665 83.80 121.80 138.906 203.772

blk cub cry grn-wh hyg needles gray-blue monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry brn orth cry wh orth cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry blue-grn monocl cry col hex or tetr cry; hyg brn tetr cry wh cry tetr cry grn monocl cry blk rhomb cry monocl cry blk cub cry or amorp powder brn-red amorp powder red-oran cry grn-brn powder dark red hex cry; hyg grn hex cry; hyg yel-oran monocl cry; hyg yel powder red-brn cry red-brn solid dark blue powder grn hex cry yel-brn tetr cry red-yel cry pow yel monocl cry red-brn orth cry cry viol cub cry viol-gray hyg cry yel amorp powder red-brn hex cry gray-wh orth cry yel powder wh-gray powder wh pow gray-wh rhomb cry; hyg yel hex cry red hyg cry gray-brn powder col gas col tetr cry silv metal; hex blk cub cry; refrac

1377 >100 dec

300 dec ≈60 dec 1188

6.0

i H2O, alk; s acid 21025

dec

2.58 6.7 4.30 3.65 3.0 1.895 4.7 7.33

i H2O; s acid i H2O 29.525 29.525 29.525

0.88 914

6.8

≈1470 1597

4.72 7.51 5.17

179 dec dec 304 37 dec

5.24 3.18 4.5 2.90 1.82

45525 91.225 91.225

1.80 3.87 2.3

5.9225 5.9225

i EtOH i H2O; reac acid vs acid; s NH4OH s H2O, EtOH, eth

≈316

>1000

i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH, acid sl H2O; s os i H2O; s dil acid s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O, EtOH; s acid s H2O; i EtOH s H2O, acid i H2O, dil acid, os i EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH

3.12 4.26 35 dec 47 dec 100 dec 1565

1.68 5.25 2.87

1.5 3.10 2.1

400 dec dec -157.375 tp (73.2 kPa) ≈25 dec 918 2715

i H2O; s acid 82.520 82.520 82.520

-153.34 3464

3.425 g/L 3.24 6.15 4.76

44020 44020

vs EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i alk i H2O; s acid i H2O; s HCl i H2O; s acid i H2O i H2O; s HCl sl EtOH; i ace s H2O, EtOH, ace; i tol, chl i H2O, EtOH; s acid sl H2O reac H2O s dil acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-63

TeamLRN

1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157

Formula

1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202

LaBr3 LaC2 La2(CO3)3 ⋅ 8H2O LaCl3 LaCl3 ⋅ 7H2O LaF3 LaH3 La(OH)3 La(IO3)3 LaI3 La(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O LaN La2O3 LaSi2 La2(SO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O La2S3 LaS Lr Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2Pb(OH)2 Pb3(SbO4)2 Pb3(AsO4)2 Pb(AsO2)2 Pb(N3)2 Pb(BO2)2 ⋅ H2O Pb(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O PbBr2 Pb(C4H7O2)2 PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 ⋅ 2PbCO3 Pb(ClO3)2 PbCl2 PbClF PbCrO4 PbCrO4 ⋅ PbO Pb3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb(CN)2 Pb(C7H15CO2)2 PbF2 Pb(BF4)2 Pb(CHO2)2 Pb(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 PbHAsO4

Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum carbide Lanthanum carbonate octahydrate Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum chloride heptahydrate Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum hydride Lanthanum hydroxide Lanthanum iodate Lanthanum iodide Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate Lanthanum nitride Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum silicide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lanthanum sulfide Lawrencium Lead Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) acetate trihydrate Lead(II) acetate, basic Lead(II) antimonate Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) arsenite Lead(II) azide Lead(II) borate monohydrate Lead(II) bromate monohydrate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) butanoate Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) carbonate, basic Lead(II) chlorate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride fluoride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) chromate(VI) oxide Lead(II) citrate trihydrate Lead(II) cyanide Lead(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) fluoroborate Lead(II) formate Lead(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Lead(II) hydrogen arsenate

CAS Reg No. 13536-79-3 12071-15-7 6487-39-4 10099-58-8 20211-76-1 13709-38-1 13864-01-2 14507-19-8 13870-19-4 13813-22-4 10277-43-7 25764-10-7 1312-81-8 12056-90-5 10294-62-9 12031-49-1 12031-30-0 22537-19-5 7439-92-1 301-04-2 6080-56-4 1335-32-6 13510-89-9 3687-31-8 10031-13-7 13424-46-9 10214-39-8 10031-21-7 10031-22-8 819-73-8 598-63-0 1319-46-6 10294-47-0 7758-95-4 13847-57-9 7758-97-6 18454-12-1 512-26-5 592-05-2 301-08-6 7783-46-2 13814-96-5 811-54-1 19648-88-5 7784-40-9

Mol. Physical Weight Form 378.618 162.927 601.960 245.264 371.371 195.901 141.930 189.928 663.614 519.619 433.012 152.913 325.809 195.077 728.139 374.009 170.972 262 207.2 325.3 427.3 807.7 993.1 899.4 421.0 291.2 310.8 481.0 367.0 381.4 267.2 775.6 374.1 278.1 261.7 323.2 546.4 1053.8 259.2 493.6 245.2 380.8 297.2 621.3 347.1

wh hex cry; hyg tetr cry wh cry powder wh hex cry; hyg wh tricl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg blk cub cry wh amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg tricl cry cub cry wh amorp powder gray tetr cry hex cry red cub cry yel cub cry metal soft silv-gray metal; cub wh cry col cry wh pow oran-yel powder wh cry wh powder col orth needles; exp wh powder col cry wh orth cry col solid col orth cry wh hex cry col hyg cry wh orth needles or powder tetr cry yel-oran monocl cry red powder wh cry powder wh-yel powder visc liq wh orth cry stable only in aq soln wh prisms or needles cry wh monocl cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

788 2360

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.1 5.29 2.6 3.84

859 91 dec 1493

5.6 20025 3620

1749 dec

892

951

844

830 190 dec 155 280 dec

6.73 6.51 5.0 2.82 4.9 5.61 11.3 3.25 2.55

s H2O vs EtOH; s ace i H2O; s dil acid

2.720

i EtOH

s conc acid 44.320 vs H2O; sl EtOH 6.30

1042 dec exp ≈350 500 dec ≈180 dec 371 ≈90 ≈315 dec 400 dec 230 dec 501

s EtOH i H2O, acid

0.00002020 1.7

778 ≈40 dec

2110 2300 1627 327.462 280 75 dec dec

i H2O; s dil acid 95.725 95.725

5.9 5.36

dec

2304

s H2O

1293

6.58 5.8 5.85 4.7 5.6 5.53 6.69

1.3320 0.97525

6.6 ≈6.5 3.9 5.98 7.05 6.12

14418 1.0825 0.03520 0.00001720

1.56 8.44

0.067025

4.63

1.616

0.02318

i H2O, dil acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s dil HNO3 vs HOAc i H2O; s dil HNO3 i EtOH i H2O; s dil HNO3 i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s acid vs EtOH s alk s alk, dil acid i H2O s H2O; sl EtOH sl H2O; reac acid

s H2O i EtOH

210 5.943

i H2O; s HNO3, alk

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-64

No. Name

Lead(II) hydrogen phosphate Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) lactate Lead(II) molybdate Lead(II) niobate Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oleate Lead(II) oxalate Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide hydrate Lead(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Lead(II) perchlorate Lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) hypophosphite Lead(II) metasilicate Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) selenite Lead(II) sodium thiosulfate Lead(II) stearate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) tantalate Lead(II) telluride Lead(II) thiocyanate Lead(II) thiosulfate Lead(II) titanate Lead(II) tungstate (stolzite) Lead(II) tungstate (raspite) Lead(II) metavanadate Lead(II) zirconate Lead(II,IV) oxide

PbHPO4 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(C3H5O3)2 PbMoO4 Pb(NbO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Pb(C18H33O2)2 PbC2O4 PbO PbO 3PbO ⋅ H2O Pb(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Pb(ClO4)2 Pb(ClO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb3(PO4)2 Pb(H2PO2)2 PbSiO3 Pb2SiO4 PbSiF6 ⋅ 2H2O PbSeO4 PbSe PbSeO3 Na4Pb(S2O3)3 Pb(C18H35O2)2 PbSO4 PbS PbSO3 Pb(TaO3)2 PbTe Pb(SCN)2 PbS2O3 PbTiO3 PbWO4 PbWO4 Pb(VO3)2 PbZrO3 Pb2O3

15845-52-0 19783-14-3 25659-31-8 10101-63-0 18917-82-3 10190-55-3 12034-88-7 10099-74-8 1120-46-3 814-93-7 1317-36-8 1317-36-8 1311-11-1 15282-88-9 13453-62-8 13637-76-8 7446-27-7 10294-58-3 10099-76-0 13566-17-1 1310-03-8 7446-15-3 12069-00-0 7488-51-9 10101-94-7 1072-35-1 7446-14-2 1314-87-0 7446-10-8 12065-68-8 1314-91-6 592-87-0 13478-50-7 12060-00-3 7759-01-5 7759-01-5 10099-79-3 12060-01-4 1314-27-8

303.2 241.2 557.0 461.0 385.3 367.1 489.0 331.2 770.1 295.2 223.2 223.2 687.6 405.4 406.1 460.1 811.5 337.2 283.3 506.5 385.3 350.2 286.2 334.2 635.6 774.1 303.3 239.3 287.3 665.1 334.8 323.4 319.3 303.1 455.0 455.0 405.1 346.4 462.4

1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249

Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Lead(IV) acetate Lead(IV) bromide Lead(IV) chloride Lead(IV) fluoride Lead(IV) oxide Lithium Lithium acetate

Pb3O4 Pb(C2H3O2)4 PbBr4 PbCl4 PbF4 PbO2 Li LiC2H3O2

1314-41-6 546-67-8 13701-91-2 13463-30-4 7783-59-7 1309-60-0 7439-93-2 546-89-4

685.6 443.4 526.8 349.0 283.2 239.2 6.941 65.985

wh monocl cry wh powder wh orth cry yel hex cry or powder wh cry powder yel tetr cry rhomb or tetr cry col cub cry wax-like solid wh powder red tetr cry yel orth cry wh powder cry wh cry wh cry wh hex cry hyg cry powder wh monocl cry powder monocl cry col cry orth cry gray cub cry wh monocl cry wh cry wh powder orth cry blk powder or silv cub cry wh powder orth cry gray cub cry wh-yel powder wh cry yel tetr cry yel tetr cry monocl cry yel powder col orth cry blk monocl cry or red amorp powder red tetr cry col monocl cry unstable liq yel oily liq wh tetr cry; hyg red tetr cry or brn powder soft silv-wh metal cry

dec 145 dec

5.66 7.59 6.50 6.16

0.0001220 0.002525 0.07625

≈1060 1343 470

6.7 6.6 4.53

59.725

300 dec trans to massicot 489 897

5.28 9.35 9.64 7.41

410

872 dec

0.0002520

s acid i EtOH s H2O, hot EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NaOH i H2O sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth s dil HNO3 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO 3 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO 3 i H2O; s dil acid

143 100 dec 1014 dec 764 743 dec

2.6 7.01

44125 44125

6.49 7.60 6.37 8.1 7.0

1078 ≈500 ≈100 1087 1113 dec

1.4 6.29 7.60

0.01325

0.004425

s EtOH i H2O, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH i H2O, os vs H2O s conc acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O sl H2O i H2O; s hot EtOH i acid; sl alk i H2O; s acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O i H2O, acid

1130 trans 400

7.9 8.164 3.82 5.18 7.9 8.24 8.46

530 dec

≈8 10.05

i H2O; s acid i H2O; reac HCl s alk s alk i H2O; reac HNO3 i H2O, alk; s acid i H2O; s alk; reac conc HCl

830 ≈175

8.92 2.23

i H2O, EtOH; s hot HCl reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl

924 dec

-15 ≈600 290 dec 180.50 286

0.0520

0.0320 0.0320

≈50 dec

1342

6.7 9.64 0.534 45.025

reac H2O vs EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-65

TeamLRN

1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241

Formula

1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294

LiC2H3O2 ⋅ 2H2O LiAlH4 LiNH2 Li3AsO4 LiN3 LiBO2 LiBH4 LiBr Li2CO3 LiClO3 LiCl Li2CrO4 ⋅ 2H2O Li2Cr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O LiH2PO4 LiFeSi LiF Li(CHO2) ⋅ H2O LiH LiOH LiOH ⋅ H2O LiIO3 LiI LiI ⋅ 3H2O LiNbO3 LiNO3 Li3N LiNO2 ⋅ H2O Li3PO4 Li2O LiClO4 Li2O2 Li2SeO4 ⋅ H2O Li2SiO3 Li2SO4 Li2SO4 ⋅ H2O Li2S LiSCN Lu LuB4 LuBr3 LuCl3 LuF3 LuI3 LuN Lu2O3

Lithium acetate dihydrate Lithium aluminum hydride Lithium amide Lithium arsenate Lithium azide Lithium metaborate Lithium borohydride Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chlorate Lithium chloride Lithium chromate dihydrate Lithium dichromate dihydrate Lithium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium ferrosilicon Lithium fluoride Lithium formate monohydrate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide monohydrate Lithium iodate Lithium iodide Lithium iodide trihydrate Lithium niobate Lithium nitrate Lithium nitride Lithium nitrite monohydrate Lithium phosphate Lithium oxide Lithium perchlorate Lithium peroxide Lithium selenate monohydrate Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Lithium sulfide Lithium thiocyanate Lutetium Lutetium boride Lutetium bromide Lutetium chloride Lutetium fluoride Lutetium iodide Lutetium nitride Lutetium oxide

CAS Reg No. 6108-17-4 16853-85-3 7782-89-0 13478-14-3 19597-69-4 13453-69-5 16949-15-8 7550-35-8 554-13-2 13453-71-9 7447-41-8 7789-01-7 10022-48-7 13453-80-0 64082-35-5 7789-24-4 6108-23-2 7580-67-8 1310-65-2 1310-66-3 13765-03-2 10377-51-2 7790-22-9 12031-63-9 7790-69-4 26134-62-3 13568-33-7* 10377-52-3 12057-24-8 7791-03-9 12031-80-0 7790-71-8 10102-24-6 10377-48-7 10102-25-7 12136-58-2 556-65-0 7439-94-3 12688-52-7 14456-53-2 10099-66-8 13760-81-1 13813-45-1 12125-25-6 12032-20-1

Mol. Physical Weight Form 102.016 37.955 22.964 159.743 48.961 49.751 21.784 86.845 73.891 90.392 42.394 165.906 265.901 103.928 90.872 25.939 69.974 7.949 23.948 41.964 181.843 133.845 187.891 147.845 68.946 34.830 70.962 115.794 29.881 106.392 45.881 174.86 89.966 109.946 127.961 45.948 65.025 174.967 218.211 414.679 281.325 231.962 555.680 188.974 397.932

wh rhomb cry gray-wh monocl cry tetr cry col orth cry hyg monocl cry; exp wh monocl cry; hyg wh-gray orth cry or powder wh cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry col hyg rhom needles wh cub cry or powder; hyg yel orth cry; hyg yel-red hyg cry col hyg cry dark brittle cry wh cub cry or powder col-wh cry gray cub cry or powder; hyg col tetr cry wh monocl cry or powder wh hyg hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh hex cry col hex cry; hyg red hex cry col needles wh orth cry wh cub cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry monocl cry wh orth needles wh monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry silv metal; hex tetr cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry; hyg orth cry brn hex cry; hyg cub cry wh cub cry or powder

mp/°C

bp/°C

58 dec >125 dec 380

849 268 552 723 127.6 610 75 dec 130 dec >100

380 dec ≈1300 1300 dec 300 dec 1383

848.2

1673

688.7 471.1

1626

469 73 ≈1240 253 813 >100 1205 1570 236

1171

430 dec

1201 859 130 dec 1372

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 1.3 0.917 1.18 3.07 1.83 2.18 0.66 3.464 2.11 1.119 2.07 2.15 2.34 2.461 2.640 1.46 0.78 1.45 1.51 4.502 4.06 3.48 4.30 2.38 1.27 1.615 2.46 2.013 2.428 2.31 2.56 2.52 2.21 2.06 1.64

45.025

18125 1.3025 45925 84.525

s EtOH reac H2O, EtOH; s eth, thf reac H2O sl H2O; s HOAc vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s alk, eth, thf s EtOH, eth s acid; i EtOH vs EtOH; sl ace s EtOH, ace, py vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O

1260 0.13425

12.525 12.525 77.925 16525 16525 10225 139.525 0.02725 58.725

34.225 34.225

reac H2O s acid s H2O reac H2O, EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH vs EtOH, ace s EtOH reac H2O vs EtOH

s EtOH, ace, eth s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O i cold H2O; reac dil acid sl EtOH

12025 1663 2600 1025 925 1182 1050

3402

2427

3980

2200

9.84 ≈7.0 3.98 8.3 ≈5.6 11.6 9.41

s dil acid vs H2O s H2O i H2O vs H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-66

No. Name

Lutetium sulfate octahydrate Lutetium sulfide Lutetium telluride Magnesium Magnesium acetate Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate Magnesium amide Magnesium antimonide Magnesium boride Magnesium bromate hexahydrate Magnesium bromide Magnesium bromide hexahydrate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chlorate hexahydrate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium chromate heptahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium formate dihydrate Magnesium germanide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodate tetrahydrate Magnesium iodide Magnesium iodide octahydrate Magnesium nitrate Magnesium nitrate dihydrate Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Magnesium nitride Magnesium nitrite trihydrate Magnesium oxalate Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium perchlorate Magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate Magnesium permanganate hexahydrate Magnesium peroxide Magnesium phosphate pentahydrate Magnesium phosphate octahydrate Magnesium pyrophosphate trihydrate Magnesium phosphide Magnesium selenate hexahydrate Magnesium selenide Magnesium selenite hexahydrate Magnesium metasilicate Magnesium orthosilicate Magnesium trisilicate

Lu2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Lu2S3 Lu2Te3 Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Mg(NH2)2 Mg3Sb2 MgB2 Mg(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgBr2 MgBr2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCO3 Mg(ClO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCl2 MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCrO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgF2 Mg(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Mg2Ge MgH2 MgHPO4 ⋅ 3H2O Mg(OH)2 Mg(IO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O MgI2 MgI2 ⋅ 8H2O Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mg3N2 Mg(NO2)2 ⋅ 3H2O MgC2O4 MgC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O MgO Mg(ClO4)2 Mg(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mg(MnO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgO2 Mg3(PO4)2 ⋅ 5H2O Mg3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Mg2P2O7 ⋅ 3H2O Mg3P2 MgSeO4 ⋅ 6H2O MgSe MgSeO3 ⋅ 6H2O MgSiO3 Mg2SiO4 Mg2Si3O8

13473-77-3 12163-20-1 12163-22-3 7439-95-4 142-72-3 16674-78-5 7803-54-5 12057-75-9 12007-25-9 7789-36-8 7789-48-2 13446-53-2 546-93-0 13446-19-0 7786-30-3 7791-18-6 13423-61-5* 7783-40-6 6150-82-9 1310-52-7 7693-27-8 7757-86-0 1309-42-8 7790-32-1* 10377-58-9 7790-31-0 10377-60-3 15750-45-5 13446-18-9 12057-71-5 15070-34-5 547-66-0 6150-88-5 1309-48-4 10034-81-8 13446-19-0 10377-62-5 1335-26-8 7757-87-1* 13446-23-6 10102-34-8 12057-74-8 13446-28-1 1313-04-8 15593-61-0 13776-74-4 26686-77-1 14987-04-3

782.247 446.132 732.73 24.305 142.394 214.454 56.350 316.435 45.927 388.201 184.113 292.204 84.314 299.298 95.210 203.301 266.405 62.302 150.370 121.22 26.321 174.331 58.320 446.172 278.114 422.236 148.314 184.345 256.406 100.928 170.362 112.324 148.354 40.304 223.205 331.297 370.268 56.304 352.934 406.980 276.600 134.863 275.35 103.27 259.36 100.389 140.694 260.862

wh cry gray rhomb cry orth cry silv-wh metal wh orth/mcl cry col monocl cry; hyg wh powder; flam hex cry hex cry col cub cry wh hex cry; hyg col monocl cry wh hex cry wh hyg cry wh hex leaflets; hyg wh hyg cry yel rhom cry wh tetr cry wh cry cub cry wh tetr cry wh powder wh hex cry col mono cry wh hex cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg wh cub cry wh cry col monocl cry; hyg yel cub cry wh hyg prisms wh pdw wh powder wh cub cry wh hyg powder wh hyg cry blue-blk cry wh cub cry wh cry wh monocl cry wh powder yel cub cry wh monocl cry brn cub cry col hex cry wh monocl cry wh orth cry wh pow

vs H2O 1750 dec 650 323 dec 80 dec dec 1245 800 dec 200 dec 711 165 dec 990 ≈35 dec 714 ≈100 dec

1090

1263 dec 1117 327 550 dec 350 210 dec 634 41 dec

2227

1412

100 dec

≈1550 dec 1897

s dil acid 65.625 65.625

9825 10225 10225 0.1820 14225 56.025 56.025 54.825 0.01325

vs EtOH reac H2O

s EtOH i EtOH; s acid sl EtOH s EtOH

s H2O; i EtOH 3.09 1.45 2.13 2.37 3.3 4.43 2.10 ≈2.3 1.45 1.46 2.71

≈100 dec ≈95 dec ≈1500 dec 100 dec

2825 250 dec 190 dec dec 100 dec 400 dec

6.26 7.8 1.74 1.50 1.45 1.39 3.99 2.57 2.29 3.72 2.0 3.05 1.80 2.325 1.56 1.695 3.148

0.0006920 11.125 14625 14625 71.225 71.225 71.225 129.925 0.03825 0.03825

3600

3.6 2.2 1.98 2.18 ≈3.0 2.17 2.56 2.06 1.928 4.2 2.09 3.19 3.21

10025 10025

0.0000920 0.0000920

reac H2O sl H2O; s dil acid s dil acid

s EtOH s EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i EtOH; s dil acid sl H2O; i EtOH s EtOH s H2O i H2O; s dil acid s dil acid s acid i H2O; s acid reac H2O

55.525 reac H2O i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; sl HF i H2O i H2O, EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-67

TeamLRN

1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

Formula

1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372

MgSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Mg2Si Mg2Sn MgSO4 MgSO4 ⋅ H2O MgSO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgS MgSO3 ⋅ 3H2O MgSO3 ⋅ 6H2O MgS2O3 ⋅ 6H2O MgTiO3 MgWO4 Mn MnSb Mn2Sb MnB MnB2 Mn2B Mn3C Mn2(CO)10 MnP Mn2P Mn(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O MnB4O7 ⋅ 8H2O MnBr2 MnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2 ⋅ 4H2O Mn(H2PO4)2 ⋅ 2H2O

60950-56-3 22831-39-6 1313-08-2 7487-88-9 14168-73-1 10034-99-8 12032-36-9 19086-20-5 13446-29-2 13446-30-5 1312-99-8 13573-11-0 7439-96-5 12032-82-5 12032-97-2 12045-15-7 12228-50-1 12045-16-8 12266-65-8 10170-69-1 12032-78-9 12333-54-9 6156-78-1 12228-91-0 13446-03-2 10031-20-6 598-62-9 7773-01-5 13446-34-9 18718-07-5

274.472 76.696 167.320 120.369 138.384 246.475 56.371 158.415 212.461 244.527 120.170 272.14 54.938 176.698 231.636 65.749 76.560 120.687 176.825 389.977 85.912 140.850 245.087 354.300 214.746 286.808 114.947 125.843 197.905 284.944

wh cry gray cub cry blue cub cry col orth cry col monocl cry col orth cry red-brn cub cry col orth cry wh hex cry col cry col hex cry wh monocl cry hard gray metal hex cry tetr cry orth cry hex cry red-brn tetr cry refrac solid yel monocl cry orth cry hex cry red monocl cry red solid pink hex cry red hyg cry pink hex cry pink trig cry; hyg red monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry

MnF2 Mn(OH)2 MnI2 MnI2 ⋅ 4H2O MnMoO4 Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O MnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O MnO Mn(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mn2P2O7 MnSiO3 Mn2SiO4 MnSe

7782-64-1 18933-05-6 7790-33-2 7790-33-2* 14013-15-1 10377-93-2 10377-66-9 20694-39-7 6556-16-7 1344-43-0 15364-94-0 53731-35-4 7759-00-4 13568-32-6 1313-22-0

92.935 88.953 308.747 380.809 214.88 178.948 287.040 251.010 178.987 70.937 361.930 283.819 131.022 201.960 133.90

red tetr cry pink hex cry wh hex cry; hyg red cry yel monocl cry col orth cry; hyg rose monocl cry pink hyg cry wh cry powder gr cub cry or powder pink hex cry wh monocl cry red orth cry orth cry gray cub cry

1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387

Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Magnesium silicide Magnesium stannide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium sulfite trihydrate Magnesium sulfite hexahydrate Magnesium thiosulfate hexahydrate Magnesium titanate Magnesium tungstate Manganese Manganese antimonide Manganese antimonide Manganese boride Manganese boride Manganese boride Manganese carbide Manganese carbonyl Manganese phosphide Manganese phosphide Manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) tetraborate octahydrate Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) bromide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) iodide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) molybdate Manganese(II) nitrate Manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Manganese(II) pyrophosphate Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II) selenide

mp/°C

bp/°C

120 dec 1102 771 1127 150 dec 150 dec 2226 200 dec 170 dec 1565 1246 840 948 1890 1827 1580 1520 154 1147 1327 80 698 64 dec >200 dec 650 87.5

930 dec 638

28 dec 37.1 dec 150 dec 1839 1196 1291 1460

2061

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 1.79 1.99 3.60 2.66 2.57 1.67 2.68 2.12 1.72 1.82 3.85 6.89 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.45 5.3 7.20 6.89 1.75 5.49 6.0 1.59 4.385

1190

3.70 2.977 1.913

3.98 3.26 5.04 4.05 2.2 1.8 2.13 2.45 5.37 2.10 3.71 3.48 4.11 5.45

39.318

35.725 35.725 35.725 0.7925 0.7925 9325 0.01620

i EtOH reac H2O s H2O, dil HCl

sl EtOH reac H2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH s dil acids

i H2O; s os

s H2O, EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 15125 15125 0.0000820 77.325 77.325

1.0225 0.0003420

s dil acid s py, EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH

16125 16125 16125 0.03220

s diox, thf vs EtOH s EtOH s acid i H2O; s acid i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-68

No. Name

Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II) sulfide (γ form) Manganese(II) telluride Manganese(II) titanate Manganese(II) tungstate Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) hydroxide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(VII) oxide Mendelevium Mercury Mercury(I) acetate Mercury(I) bromate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chlorate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(I) nitrite Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) perchlorate tetrahydrate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(I) tungstate Mercury(II) acetate Mercury(II) amide chloride Mercury(II) bromate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chlorate Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) chromate Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) dichromate Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) fulminate Mercury(II) hydrogen arsenate Mercury(II) iodate Mercury(II) iodide

MnSO4 MnSO4 ⋅ H2O MnSO4 ⋅ 4H2O MnS MnS MnS MnTe MnTiO3 MnWO4 Mn3O4 MnF3 MnO(OH) Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7 Md Hg Hg2(C2H3O2)2 Hg2(BrO3)2 Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2(ClO3)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Hg2(NO2)2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2O Hg2(ClO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 Hg2WO4 Hg(C2H3O2)2 Hg(NH2)Cl Hg(BrO3)2 HgBr2 Hg(ClO3)2 HgCl2 HgCrO4 Hg(CN)2 HgCr2O7 HgF2 Hg(CNO)2 HgHAsO4 Hg(IO3)2 HgI2

7785-87-7 10034-96-5 10101-68-5 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 12032-88-1 12032-74-5 13918-22-4 1317-35-7 7783-53-1 1332-63-4 1317-34-6 1313-13-9 12057-92-0 7440-11-1 7439-97-6 631-60-7 13465-33-3 15385-58-7 6824-78-8 10294-44-7 10112-91-1 13967-25-4 15385-57-6 10415-75-5 7782-86-7 13492-25-6 2949-11-3 15829-53-5 65202-12-2 7783-36-0 38705-19-0 1600-27-7 10124-48-8 26522-91-8 7789-47-1 7487-94-7 13444-75-2 592-04-1 7789-10-8 7783-39-3 628-86-4 7784-37-4 7783-32-6 7774-29-0

151.002 169.017 223.063 87.004 87.004 87.004 182.54 150.803 302.78 228.812 111.933 87.945 157.874 86.937 221.872 258 200.59 519.27 656.98 560.99 461.19 568.08 472.09 439.18 654.99 525.19 561.22 493.19 489.20 417.18 672.14 497.24 517.35 649.02 318.68 252.07 456.39 360.40 367.49 271.50 316.58 252.62 416.58 238.59 284.62 340.52 550.40 454.40

wh orth cry red monocl cry red monocl cry grn cub cry red cub cry red hex cry hex cry red hex cry wh monocl cry brn tetr cry red monocl cry; hyg blk monocl cry blk cub cry blk tetr cry grn oil; exp Metal heavy silv liq col scales col cry wh tetr cry or powder yel-brn cry wh rhom cry wh tetr cry yel cub cry yel amorp powder cry col cry yel cry cry prob mixture of HgO+Hg cry wh-yel cry powder col pow yel amorp solid wh-yel cry or powder wh solid cry wh rhomb cry or powder wh needles wh orth cry red monocl cry col tetr cry red cry powder wh cub cry; hyg gray cry yel powder wh powder red tetr cry or powder

700

850 dec

95 exp

3.25 2.95 2.26 4.0 3.3 ≈3.3 6.0 4.55 7.2 4.84 3.54 ≈4.3 ≈5.0 5.08 2.40

356.62

13.5336

38 dec 1610

≈1150 1360 1567 >600 dec 250 dec 1080 dec 535 dec 5.9 827 -38.837 tp dec dec 407 130 dec ≈250 dec 525 tp 570 dec 290

383 sp subl

4.8 7.3

100 dec 64

9.8 7.56

dec dec 179 dec subl 322

3.28 5.38

320 dec

6.05 4.998 5.6 6.06 4.00

645 dec exp

8.95 4.42

175 dec 259

i H2O; s HCl reac H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O, HNO3 vs H2O

0.0000045 6.409 7.16 8.73 7.70

304

354

6.28

i EtOH i EtOH i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid

0.005420

7.307

70 dec 100 dec

130 dec 236 dec 276

63.725 63.725 63.725

0.000425

44225 0.05125 0.0325 2510 0.15 0.6125 25 7.3125 11.425

0.005525

i H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth i H2O; sl acid i H2O, EtOH, eth i EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH i EtOH, eth reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O sl H2O reac H2O i H2O; sl HNO3 i H2O; s HNO3 s dil HNO3 s HCl, KCNS i H2O, EtOH s EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s warm acid s acid sl chl; s EtOH, MeOH sl bz; s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth sl H2O s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s acid reac H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, NH4OH i H2O; s acid i H2O sl EtOH, ace, eth

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-69

TeamLRN

1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435

Formula

1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480

Hg(NO3)2 Hg(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Hg(NO3)2 ⋅ H2O HgC2O4 HgO (Hg3O2)SO4 Hg(CN)2 ⋅ HgO Hg(ClO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Hg3(PO4)2 HgSe HgSO4 HgS HgS HgTe Hg(SCN)2 HgWO4 Mo Mo2B Mo2B5 MoC Mo2C Mo(CO)6 MoN Mo2N MoP MoSi2 MoBr2 MoCl2 MoI2 MoBr3 MoCl3 MoF3 MoI3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4 MoF4 MoO2 MoSe2 MoS2 MoTe2 MoCl5 MoF5 MoOCl3 H2MoO4 ⋅ H2O

Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(II) nitrate monohydrate Mercury(II) oxalate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) oxide sulfate Mercury(II) oxycyanide Mercury(II) perchlorate trihydrate Mercury(II) phosphate Mercury(II) selenide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) telluride Mercury(II) thiocyanate Mercury(II) tungstate Molybdenum Molybdenum boride Molybdenum boride Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Molybdenum nitride Molybdenum nitride Molybdenum phosphide Molybdenum silicide Molybdenum(II) bromide Molybdenum(II) chloride Molybdenum(II) iodide Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) fluoride Molybdenum(III) iodide Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) fluoride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(IV) selenide Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Molybdenum(IV) telluride Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Molybdenum(V) oxytrichloride Molybdenum(VI) acid monohydrate

CAS Reg No. 10045-94-0 10045-94-0* 7783-34-8 3444-13-1 21908-53-2 1312-03-4 1335-31-5 7616-83-3 7782-66-3 20601-83-6 7783-35-9 1344-48-5 1344-48-5 12068-90-5 592-85-8 37913-38-5 7439-98-7 12006-99-4 12007-97-5 12011-97-1 12069-89-5 13939-06-5 12033-19-1 12033-31-7 12163-69-8 12136-78-6 13446-56-5 13478-17-6 14055-74-4 13446-57-6 13478-18-7 20193-58-2 14055-75-5 1313-29-7 13520-59-7 13320-71-3 23412-45-5 18868-43-4 12058-18-3 1317-33-5 12058-20-7 10241-05-1 13819-84-6 13814-74-9 7782-91-4

Mol. Physical Weight Form 324.60 360.63 342.62 288.61 216.59 729.83 469.21 453.54 791.71 279.55 296.65 232.66 232.66 328.19 316.76 448.43 95.94 202.69 245.94 107.95 203.89 264.00 109.95 205.89 126.91 152.11 255.75 166.85 349.75 335.65 202.30 152.94 476.65 239.88 415.56 237.75 171.93 127.94 253.86 160.07 351.14 273.20 190.93 218.30 179.97

col hyg cry monocl cry wh-yel hyg cry pwd red or yel orth cry yel pow wh orth cry cry wh-yel powder gray cub cry wh monocl cry blk cub cry or powder red hex cry gray cub cry monocl cry yel cry gray-blk metal; cub refrac tetr cry refrac hex cry refrac solid; cub gray orth cry wh orth cry hex cry gray cub cry blk hex cry gray tetr cry yel-red cry yel cry blk hyg cry grn hex cry dark red monocl cry brn hex cry blk solid gray-blk powder blk cry blk cry grn cry brn-viol tetr cry gray hex cry blk powder or hex cry gray hex cry gr-blk monocl cry; hyg yel monocl cry blk monocl cry wh powder

mp/°C

bp/°C

79

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.3 4.78 4.3

165 dec 500 dec

11.14

exp

4.44

subl 850 trans to blk HgS 344 673 ≈165 dec dec 2622 2000 1600 2577 2687 148 1750 790 dec

4639

155 dec

≈1900 900 dec 530 dec

10.2 9.2 ≈7.2 9.18 1.96 9.20 9.46 7.34 6.2

5.278 4.89 3.74 4.64

977 1027 >600 927 dec >170 dec dec ≈1100 dec >1200 1750 194 67 297

8.21 6.47 7.70 8.17 8.63 3.71

268 213.6 subl

6.47 6.90 5.06 7.7 2.93 3.5 3.1

s H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O, dil acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid 11.425 i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid, EtOH i H2O, acid; s aqua regia 0.07025

s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid, alk

i H2O; s bz; sl eth

i H2O; s HF

i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O; sl acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H2O i H2O; s conc acid s EtOH, eth reac H2O sl H2O; s alk

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-70

No. Name

Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrachloride Molybdenum(VI) dioxydichloride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Molybdenum(VI) metaphosphate Neodymium Neodymium boride Neodymium bromide Neodymium chloride Neodymium chloride hexahydrate Neodymium fluoride Neodymium iodide Neodymium nitrate Neodymium nitrate hexahydrate Neodymium nitride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Neodymium sulfide Nickel(II) phosphate octahydrate Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate Neodymium telluride Neon Neptunium Neptunium(IV) oxide Nickel Nickel antimonide Nickel arsenide Nickel boride Nickel boride Nickel boride Nickel carbonyl Nickel phosphide Nickel silicide Nickel silicide Nickel(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) arsenate octahydrate Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide trihydrate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) cyanide tetrahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) hydroxide monohydrate Nickel(II) iodate

MoF6 MoOF4 MoOCl4 MoO2Cl2 MoO3 Mo(PO3)6 Nd NdB6 NdBr3 NdCl3 NdCl3 ⋅ 6H2O NdF3 NdI3 Nd(NO3)3 Nd(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O NdN Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Ni(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Nd2S3 Ni3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O NiSeO4 ⋅ 6H2O Nd2Te3 Ne Np NpO2 Ni NiSb NiAs Ni3B NiB Ni2B Ni(CO)4 Ni2P Ni2Si NiSi2 Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O NiBr2 NiBr2 ⋅ 3H2O NiCO3 NiCl2 NiCl2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni(CN)2 ⋅ 4H2O NiF2 Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 ⋅ H2O Ni(IO3)2

7783-77-9 14459-59-7 13814-75-0 13637-68-8 1313-27-5 133863-98-6 7440-00-8 12008-23-0 13536-80-6 10024-93-8 13477-89-9 13709-42-7 13813-24-6 10045-95-1 14517-29-4 25764-11-8 1313-97-9 13477-91-3 13637-71-3* 12035-32-4 10381-36-9* 15060-62-5* 12035-35-7 7440-01-9 7439-99-8 12035-79-9 7440-02-0 12035-52-8 27016-75-7 12007-02-2 12007-00-0 12007-01-1 13463-39-3 12035-64-2 12059-14-2 12201-89-7 15699-18-0 7784-48-7 13462-88-9 13462-88-9* 3333-67-3 7718-54-9 7791-20-0 13477-95-7 10028-18-9 12054-48-7 36897-37-7 13477-98-0

209.93 187.93 253.75 198.84 143.94 569.77 144.24 209.11 383.95 250.60 358.69 201.24 524.95 330.26 438.35 158.25 336.48 576.67 365.685 384.68 510.145 309.74 671.28 20.180 237 269 58.693 180.453 133.615 186.891 69.504 128.198 170.734 148.361 145.473 114.864 394.989 598.040 218.501 272.547 118.702 129.598 237.689 182.789 96.690 92.708 110.723 408.498

wh cub cry or col liq; hyg volatile solid grn hyg powder yel-oran solid wh-yel rhomb cry yel powder silv metal; hex blk cub cry viol orth cry; hyg viol hex cry purp cry viol hex cry; hyg grn orth cry; hyg viol hyg. cry purp hyg cry blk cub cry blue hex cry; hyg pink needles grn hex needles orth cry grn plates grn tetr cry gray orth cry col gas silv metal grn cub cry wh metal; cub hex cry hex cry refrac solid grn refrac solid refrac solid col liq hex cry orth cry cub cry blue-grn cry yel-grn powder yel hex cry; hyg yel-grn hyg cry grn rhomb cry yel hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry grn plates yel tetr cry grn hex cry grn powder yel needles

17.5 98 101 ≈175 801

34.0 186.0

1021 2610 682 758 124 dec 1377 784

3074

1155

1540 1600 2300

2.54

3.31 4.70 3.28 7.01 4.93 5.3 4.13 2.3 6.51 5.85

reac H2O

0.1420

10025 10025

15225 15225 2233 ≈700 dec 140 2207

3760

7.69 7.24

reac H2O s conc acid i H2O, acid

s H2O vs EtOH; i eth, chl s EtOH i H2O s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace i H2O; s dil acid

7.120 158.825

s EtOH, ace

5.46 s acid

1377 -248.609 tp (43 kPa) 644 2547 1455 1147 967 1156 1035 1125 -19.3 1100 1255 993 dec 963 200 dec 1009 tp 200 dec 1474 230 dec

35.520

subl

2.314 7.0 0.825 g/L 20.2 11.1 8.90 8.74 7.77 8.17 7.13 7.90 1.31 7.33 7.40 4.83 1.923 4.98 5.10

985 sp

4.39 3.51

0.004320 67.525 67.525

4.7 4.1

2.5625 0.0001520 0.0001520 1.130

-246.053

2913

43 (exp ≈60)

5.07

sl H2O s HCl i H2O; sl dil acid

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc

6.520

i EtOH i H2O; s acid

13120 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s dil acid s EtOH s EtOH i H2O; sl dil acid; s NH 4OH i EtOH, eth s dil acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-71

TeamLRN

1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528

Formula

1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573

NiI2 NiI2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O NiO NiSe NiSO4 NiSO4 ⋅ 7H2O NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O NiS Ni(SCN)2 NiTiO3 Ni3S4 Ni2O3 Ni3S2 Nb NbB NbB2 NbC Nb2C NbN NbP NbSi2 NbO NbBr3 NbCl3 NbF3 NbCl4 NbF4 NbI4 NbO2 NbSe2 NbS2 NbTe2 NbBr5 NbCl5 NbF5 NbI5 Nb2O5 NbOBr3 NbOCl3 NbO2F N2 NO2NH2 HNO3

Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) iodide hexahydrate Nickel(II) nitrate Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) selenide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfate heptahydrate Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(II) thiocyanate Nickel(II) titanate Nickel(II,III) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium Niobium boride Niobium boride Niobium carbide Niobium carbide Niobium nitride Niobium phosphide Niobium silicide Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(III) bromide Niobium(III) chloride Niobium(III) fluoride Niobium(IV) chloride Niobium(IV) fluoride Niobium(IV) iodide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(IV) selenide Niobium(IV) sulfide Niobium(IV) telluride Niobium(V) bromide Niobium(V) chloride Niobium(V) fluoride Niobium(V) iodide Niobium(V) oxide Niobium(V) oxybromide Niobium(V) oxychloride Niobium(V) dioxyfluoride Nitrogen Nitramide Nitric acid

CAS Reg No. 13462-90-3 7790-34-3 13138-45-9 13478-00-7 1313-99-1 1314-05-2 7786-81-4 10101-98-1 10101-97-0 16812-54-7 13689-92-4 12035-39-1 12137-12-1 1314-06-3 12035-72-2 7440-03-1 12045-19-1 12007-29-3 12069-94-2 12011-99-3 24621-21-4 12034-66-1 12034-80-9 12034-57-0 15752-41-7 13569-59-0 15195-53-6 13569-70-5 13842-88-1 13870-21-8 12034-59-2 12034-77-4 12136-97-9 12034-83-2 13478-45-0 10026-12-7 7783-68-8 13779-92-5 1313-96-8 14459-75-7 13597-20-1 15195-33-2 7727-37-9 7782-94-7 7697-37-2

Mol. Physical Weight Form 312.502 420.593 182.702 290.794 74.692 137.65 154.757 280.863 262.848 90.759 174.859 154.558 304.344 165.385 240.212 92.906 103.717 114.528 104.917 197.824 106.913 123.880 149.077 108.905 332.618 199.264 149.901 234.717 168.900 600.524 124.905 250.83 157.038 348.11 492.426 270.170 187.898 727.428 265.810 348.617 215.263 143.903 28.013 62.028 63.013

blk hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry; hyg grn cry grn monocl cry; hyg grn cub cry yel-grn hex cry grn-yel orth cry grn orth cry blue-grn tetr cry yel hex cry grn pwd brn hex cry cub cry gray-blk cub cry hex cry gray metal; cub gray orth cry gray hex cry gray cub cry refrac hex cry gray cry; cub tetr cry gray hex cry gray cub cry dark brn solid blk solid blue cub cry viol-blk monocl cry blk tetr cry; hyg gray orth cry wh tetr cry or powder gray hex cry blk rhomb cry hex cry oran orth cry yel monocl cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg yel-blk monocl cry wh orth cry yel-brn cry wh tetr cry wh cub cry col gas unstable wh cry col liq; hyg

mp/°C

bp/°C

780

subl

56 dec 1955 980 840 dec

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.22

2.05 6.72 7.2 4.01 1.98 2.07 5.5

≈100 dec 976

15425 15425 99.225 99.225

40.425 40.425 40.425

vs EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i H2O; s acid

s EtOH sl EtOH i H2O

55.025 995 ≈600 dec 787 2477 2270 3050 3608 3080 2300

5.0 4.77 i H2O; s hot acid 4744

4300

1950 1936

5.87 8.57 7.5 6.97 7.82 7.8 8.47 6.5 5.7 7.30

i acid

i H2O, acid i H2O i HCl, acid

subl

275 subl >350 dec 503 1901 >1300

254 204.7 80 ≈200 dec 1512 ≈320 dec

-210.0 72 dec -41.6

360 254.0 229

subl subl

4.2 3.2 4.01 5.6 5.9 6.3 4.4 7.6 4.36 2.78 2.70 5.32 4.6

-195.798

3.72 4.0 1.145 g/L

83

1.512920

s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s HCl, ctc reac H2O; sl CS2, chl i H2O; s HF

sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace, eth; i chl vs H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-72

No. Name

Nitrous acid Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrogen tribromide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen triiodide Nitrogen chloride difluoride Chloramine Fluoramine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Tetrafluorohydrazine Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl chloride Nitrosyl fluoride Trifluoramine oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Nitrogen selenide Nobelium Osmium Osmium carbonyl Osmium(III) bromide Osmium(III) chloride Osmium(IV) chloride Osmium(IV) fluoride Osmium(IV) oxide Osmium(V) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Osmium(VIII) oxide Oxygen Ozone Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Palladium(II) bromide Palladium(II) chloride Palladium(II) fluoride Palladium(II) iodide Palladium(II) nitrate Palladium(II) oxide Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red)

HNO2 N2O NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 N2O5 NBr3 NCl3 NF3 NI3 NClF2 NH2Cl NH2F NHF2 N2F2 N2F2 N2F4 NOBr NOCl NOF NOF3 NO2Cl NO2F N4Se4 No Os Os3(CO)12 OsBr3 OsCl3 OsCl4 OsF4 OsO2 OsF5 OsF6 OsO4 O2 O3 Pd PdS PdBr2 PdCl2 PdF2 PdI2 Pd(NO3)2 PdO P P

7782-77-6 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 10102-44-0 10544-73-7 10544-72-6 10102-03-1 15162-90-0 10025-85-1 7783-54-2 13444-85-4 13637-87-1 10599-90-3 15861-05-9 10405-27-3 13812-43-6 13776-62-0 10036-47-2 13444-87-6 2696-92-6 7789-25-5 13847-65-9 13444-90-1 10022-50-1 12033-88-4 10028-14-5 7440-04-2 15696-40-9 59201-51-3 13444-93-4 10026-01-4 54120-05-7 12036-02-1 31576-40-6 13768-38-2 20816-12-0 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 7440-05-3 12125-22-3 13444-94-5 7647-10-1 13444-96-7 7790-38-7 10102-05-3 1314-08-5 7723-14-0 7723-14-0

47.014 44.012 30.006 46.006 76.011 92.011 108.010 253.719 120.365 71.002 394.720 87.457 51.476 35.021 53.012 66.010 66.010 104.007 109.910 65.459 49.004 87.001 81.459 65.004 371.87 259 190.23 906.81 429.94 296.59 332.04 266.22 222.23 285.22 304.22 254.23 31.999 47.998 106.42 138.49 266.23 177.33 144.42 360.23 230.43 122.42 30.974 30.974

stable only in soln col gas col gas brn gas; equil with N 2O4 blue solid or liq (low temp) col liq; equil with NO 2 col hex cry unstable solid yel oily liq; exp col gas unstable blk cry; exp col gas yel liq unstable gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red gas yel gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red monocl cry; hyg metal blue-wh metal; hex yel cry dark gray cry gray cub cry red-blk orth cry yel cry yel-brn tetr cry blue cry yel cub cry yel monocl cry col gas blue gas silv-wh metal; cub gray tetr cry red-blk monocl cry; hyg red rhomb cry; hyg viol tetr cry; hyg blk cry brn hyg cry grn-blk tetr cry col waxlike cub cry red-viol amorp powder

-90.8 -163.6 -101.1 -9.3 exp -100 -40 -206.79 -195 -66 -116 <-195 -172 -164.5 -56 -59.6 -132.5 -161 -145 -166 exp 827 3033

-88.48 -151.74 see N2O4 ≈3 dec 21.15 33 sp

1.799 g/L 1.226 g/L 1.880 g/L 1.42 1.4520 2.0

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O s chl; sl ctc

71 -128.75

1.653 2.902 g/L

i H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc i H2O

-67

3.575 g/L

-23 -105.75 -111.45 -74 ≈0 -5.5 -59.9 -87.5 -15 -72.4

1.431 g/L 2.167 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.698 g/L 4.251 g/L 4.492 g/L 2.676 g/L 2.003 g/L 3.556 g/L 3.330 g/L 2.657 g/L 4.2

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, CCl 4

5012

22.59 3.48

450 sp

4.38

reac H2O reac H2O

reac H2O i H2O, eth, EtOH; sl bz, CS 2 s aqua regia

340 dec >450 dec

i H2O; s HNO3 reac H2O

230 11.4 70 33.2 41 -218.79 -193 1554.8 250 dec 679 952 360 dec dec 750 dec 44.15 590 tp

225.9 47.5 135 -182.953 -111.35 2963

280.5 431 sp

4.1 5.1 1.308 g/L 1.962 g/L 12.0 6.7 ≈5.2 4.0 5.76 6.0 8.3 1.823 2.16

i H2O, acid reac H2O reac H2O 6.4420 sl H2O, EtOH, os sl H2O s aqua regia i H2O s H2O, EtOH, ace reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s dil HNO3 i H2O, acid; sl aqua regia i H2O; sl bz, EtOH, chl; s CS 2 i H2O, os

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-73

TeamLRN

1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621

Formula

1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666

P PH3 P2H4 P2Cl4 P2F4 P2I4 PH4Cl PH4I H3PO4 H3PO3 HPH2O2 HPO3 H4P2O6 H4P2O7 HPO2F2 HPF6 H2PFO3 P3N5 P4S3 P4S7 (PNCl2)3 PBr3 PBr2F PBrF2 PCl3 PCl2F PClF2 PF3 PI3 P2O3 P4O6 P2Se3 P2S3 PBr5 PBr4F PBr2F3 PCl5 PCl4F PCl3F2 PCl2F3 PClF4 PF5 P2O5 P2Se5 P2S5

Phosphorus (black) Phosphine Diphosphine Diphosphorus tetrachloride Diphosphorus tetrafluoride Diphosphorus tetraiodide Phosphonium chloride Phosphonium iodide Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) Phosphonic acid (phosphorous acid) Phosphinic acid (hypophosphorous acid) Metaphosphoric acid Hypophosphoric acid Diphosphoric acid (pyrophosphoric acid) Difluorophosphoric acid Hexafluorophosphoric acid Fluorophosphonic acid Phosphorus nitride Phosphorus sesquisulfide Phosphorus heptasulfide Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) dibromide fluoride Phosphorus(III) bromide difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(III) iodide Phosphorus(III) oxide Tetraphosphorus(III) hexoxide Phosphorus(III) selenide Phosphorus(III) sulfide Phosphorus(V) bromide Phosphorus(V) tetrabromide fluoride Phosphorus(V) dibromide trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride tetrafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) oxide Phosphorus(V) selenide Phosphorus(V) sulfide

CAS Reg No. 7723-14-0 7803-51-2 13445-50-6 13497-91-1 13824-74-3 13455-00-0 24567-53-1 12125-09-6 7664-38-2 13598-36-2 6303-21-5 37267-86-0 7803-60-3 2466-09-3 13779-41-4 16940-81-1 13537-32-1 12136-91-3 1314-85-8 12037-82-0 940-71-6 7789-60-8 15597-39-4 15597-40-7 7719-12-2 15597-63-4 14335-40-1 7783-55-3 13455-01-1 1314-24-5 12440-00-5 1314-86-9 12165-69-4 7789-69-7 13445-58-4 10026-13-8 13498-11-8 158704-27-9 13454-99-4 7647-19-0 1314-56-3 1314-82-5 1314-80-3

Mol. Physical Weight Form 30.974 33.998 65.980 203.759 137.942 569.566 70.459 161.910 97.995 81.996 65.997 79.980 161.976 177.975 101.978 145.972 99.986 162.955 220.093 348.357 347.657 270.686 209.780 148.875 137.332 120.877 104.424 87.969 411.687 109.946 219.891 298.83 158.146 430.494 369.588 247.777 208.238 191.783 175.329 158.874 142.421 125.966 141.945 456.75 222.278

blk orth cry or amorp solid col gas; flam col liq col oily liq col gas red tricl needles gas col tetr cry col visc liq wh hyg cry hyg cry or col oily liq gl solid; hyg col orth cry wh cry col liq col oily liq col visc liq yel-brn solid yel-grn orth cry pale yel monocl cry wh hyg cry col liq col liq col gas col liq col gas col gas col gas red-oran hex cry; hyg col monocl cry or liq soft wh cry oran-red cry yel solid yel orth cry, Donnay pale yel cry yel-red liq wh-yel tetr cry; hyg col liq col liq col gas col gas col gas wh orth cry; hyg blk-purp amorp solid grn-yel hyg cry

mp/°C 610 -133.8 -99 -28 -86.5 125.5 18.5 42.4 74.4 26.5 73 dec 71.5 ≈-94 25 dec <-70 800 dec 172.5 312 128.8 -41.5 -115 -133.8 -93.6 -144 -164.8 -151.5 61.2 23.8 23.8 245 290 ≈100 dec 87 dec -20 167 tp -59 -63 -125 -132 -93.8 562 285

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.69 1.390 g/L

-87.75 63.5 dec ≈180 dec -6.2 dec -27 sp 62.5 407 200 130

5.638 g/L 3.89 2.880 g/L 2.86

110 dec

1.583

1.65 1.49

i os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth reac H2O

54820 3090

reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH s EtOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH vs H2O

70923

1.82 407 523 173.2 78.5 -16.1 76.1 13.85 -47.3 -101.8 227 dec 173 175.4 ≈380 490

2.03 2.19 1.98 2.8 6.085 g/L 1.574 4.941 g/L 4.268 g/L 3.596 g/L 4.18 2.13 1.31

reac H2O reac H2O vs H2O i H2O; s os i H2O; s bz; vs CS2 sl CS2 reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH; s ace, CS 2

reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl, eth

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O

3.61

reac H2O; s bz, ctc, CS2, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 reac H2O, EtOH; s CS2, ctc

15 dec 160 sp 30 dec

2.1

reac H2O; s CS2, ctc

7.1 -43.4 -84.6 605

6.494 g/L 5.821 g/L 5.149 g/L 2.30

515

2.03

reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH reac hot H2O, ctc; i CS2 reac H2O; s CS2

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-74

No. Name

1667 1668

4-75

TeamLRN

1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712

POF2H POBr3

14939-34-5 7789-59-5

85.978 286.685

volatile liq faint oran plates

>-120 55

≈60 (gas unstab) 191.7

POBr2Cl POBr2F POBrCl2 POBrF2 POBrClF POCl3

13550-31-7 14014-19-8 13455-03-3 14014-18-7 14518-81-1 10025-87-3

242.234 225.779 197.782 164.874 181.328 153.331

yel solid col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq

31 -117.2 11 -84.8

165 110.1 136.5 31.6 79 105.5

POCl2F POClF2 POF3 POI3 PSBr3 PSBr2F PSBrF2 PSCl3 PSCl2F PSClF2 PSF3 PSI3 Pt PtBr2 PtCl2 PtI2 PtO PtS PtBr3 PtCl3 PtBr4 PtCl4 PtCl4 ⋅ 5H2O PtF4 PtI4 PtO2 PtS2 PtF6 Pt(NH3)2Cl2 Pt(NH3)2Cl2 H2PtCl6 ⋅ 6H2O PtSi Pu PuN PuO PuBr3 PuCl3 PuF3

13769-76-1 13769-75-0 13478-20-1 13455-04-4 3931-89-3 13706-10-0 13706-09-7 3982-91-0 155698-29-6 2524-02-9 2404-52-6 63972-04-3 7440-06-4 13455-12-4 10025-65-7 7790-39-8 12035-82-4 12038-20-9 25985-07-3 25909-39-1 68938-92-1 37773-49-2 13454-96-1 13455-15-7 7790-46-7 1314-15-4 12038-21-0 13693-05-5 15663-27-1 14913-33-8 16941-12-1 12137-83-6 7440-07-5 12033-54-4 12035-83-5 15752-46-2 13569-62-5 13842-83-6

136.876 120.423 103.968 427.686 302.752 241.846 180.941 169.398 152.943 136.490 120.035 443.753 195.08 354.89 265.98 448.89 211.08 227.14 434.79 301.44 514.69 336.89 426.97 271.07 702.70 227.08 259.21 309.07 300.04 300.04 517.90 223.16 244 258 260 484 350 301

col liq col gas col gas viol cry yel cry yel liq yel liq fuming liq col liq col gas col gas yel cry silv-gray metal; cub red-brn powder grn hex cry blk powder blk tetr cry tetr cry grn-blk cry grn-blk cry brn-blk cry red-brn cub cry red cry red cry brn-blk powder blk hex cry hex cry red cub cry yel solid pale yel solid brn-yel hyg cry orth cry silv-wh metal; monocl gray cub cry cub cry grn orth cry grn hex cry purp hex cry

-80.1 -96.4 -39.1 tp 53 37.8 -75.2 -136.9 -36.2 -96.0 -155.2 -148.8 48 1768.2 250 dec 581 dec 325 dec 325 dec

1.18

52.9 3.1 -39.7 sp 212 dec 125.3 35.5 125 64.7 6.3 -52.25 dec 3825

200 dec 435 dec 180 dec 327 dec

681 760 1396

reac H2O; s bz, eth, chl

2.10414

1.645

reac H2O, EtOH

4.922 g/L 4.250 g/L

reac H2O

2.85

1.635

reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, CS 2

5.579 g/L 4.906 g/L 21.5 6.65 6.0 6.4 14.1 10.25

i acid; s aqua regia i H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth; s HCl i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s aqua regia

5.26 4.30 2.43

600 130 dec 450 61.3 270 dec 270 dec 60 1229 640 2550

2.822

69.1

3228

0.4120 14225

s H2O, EtOH s H2O i H2O; s conc acid, dil alk

11.8 7.85 ≈4.0

2.43 12.4 19.7 14.4 14.0 6.75 5.71 9.33

sl EtOH, eth

0.25325 0.03625 14018

s DMF, DMSO vs EtOH

s H2O s H2O i H2O; sl acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674

Phosphonic difluoride Phosphoric tribromide (phosphoryl bromide) Phosphoric dibromide chloride Phosphoric dibromide fluoride Phosphoric bromide dichloride Phosphoric bromide difluoride Phosphoric bromide chloride fluoride Phosphoric trichloride (phosphoryl chloride) Phosphoric dichloride fluoride Phosphoric chloride difluoride Phosphoric trifluoride (phosphoryl fluoride) Phosphoric triodide (phosphoryl iodide) Phosphorothioc tribromide Phosphorothioc dibromide fluoride Phosphorothioc bromide difluoride Phosphorothioc trichloride Phosphorothioc dichloride fluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorothioc triiodide Platinum Platinum(II) bromide Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(II) iodide Platinum(II) oxide Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(III) bromide Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride pentahydrate Platinum(IV) fluoride Platinum(IV) iodide Platinum(IV) oxide Platinum(IV) sulfide Platinum(VI) fluoride cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum trans-Diamminedichloroplatinum Hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate Platinum silicide Plutonium Plutonium nitride Plutonium(II) oxide Plutonium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) chloride Plutonium(III) fluoride

Formula

1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757

PuI3 Pu2O3 PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 Po PoCl4 PoO2 K KC2H3O2 K2Al2O4 ⋅ 3H2O KAlSi3O8 KAl(SO4)2 KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KNH2 K3AsO4 KAsO2 KN3 KBH4 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO3 ⋅ 1.5H2O KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCNO KCN K2Cr2O7 KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O KF KF ⋅ 2H2O KBF4 K2TaF7 KCHO2 K2OsCl6 K2PtCl6 K3Co(CN)6 K2MnF6 K2SiF6 K2ZrF6 KH

Plutonium(III) iodide Plutonium(III) oxide Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Polonium Polonium(IV) chloride Polonium(IV) oxide Potassium Potassium acetate Potassium aluminate trihydrate Potassium aluminum silicate Potassium aluminum sulfate Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Potassium amide Potassium arsenate Potassium arsenite Potassium azide Potassium borohydride Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium carbonate sesquihydrate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium fluoride dihydrate Potassium fluoroborate Potassium fluorotantalate Potassium formate Potassium hexachloroosmate(IV) Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium hexacyanocobaltate Potassium hexafluoromanganate(IV) Potassium hexafluorosilicate Potassium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Potassium hydride

CAS Reg No. 13813-46-2 12036-34-9 13709-56-3 12059-95-9 13693-06-6 7440-08-6 10026-02-5 7446-06-2 7440-09-7 127-08-2 12003-63-3* 1327-44-2 10043-67-1 7784-24-9 17242-52-3 13464-36-3 13464-35-2 20762-60-1 13762-51-1 7758-01-2 7758-02-3 584-08-7 6381-79-9 3811-04-9 7447-40-7 7789-00-6 590-28-3 151-50-8 7778-50-9 7784-41-0 7778-77-0 13746-66-2 14459-95-1 7789-23-3 13455-21-5 14075-53-7 16924-00-8 590-29-4 16871-60-6 16921-30-5 13963-58-1 16962-31-5 16871-90-2 16923-95-8 7693-26-7

Mol. Physical Weight Form 625 536 320 276 358 209 351 241 39.098 98.142 250.204 278.332 258.207 474.391 55.121 256.215 146.019 81.118 53.941 167.000 119.002 138.206 165.229 122.549 74.551 194.191 81.115 65.116 294.185 180.034 136.085 329.244 422.388 58.096 94.127 125.903 392.134 84.116 481.14 485.99 332.332 247.125 220.273 283.411 40.106

grn orth cry; hyg blk cub cry red-brn monocl cry yel-brn cub cry red-brn orth cry silv metal; cub yel hyg cry yel cub cry soft silv-wh metal; cub wh hyg cry wh orth cry col monocl cry wh hyg powder col cry wh/yel-grn hyg cry col cry wh hyg pow tetr cry; exp wh cub cry wh hex cry col cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg granular cry wh monocl cry wh cub cry yel orth cry wh tetr cry wh cub cry; hyg oran-red tricl cry col cry wh tetr cry red cry yel monocl cry wh cub cry monocl cry col orth cry col cry col hyg cry red cub cry yel-oran cub cry yel monocl cry yel hex cry wh cry col mono cry cub cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

777 1027 2400 52 254 ≈300 500 dec 63.5 309

962 390 759

≈100 dec 335

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 6.92 10.5 7.1 11.5 5.08 9.20

s H2O

s H2O, EtOH, ace 8.9 0.89 1.57 2.13 2.56

26925

1.72

5.920 5.920

2.8

12525

2.04 1.11 3.27 2.74 2.29

49.717

reac H2O s EtOH; i eth vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O

reac H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH

≈500 dec 434 dec 734 898 368 771 975 ≈700 dec 634 398 288 253 dec 60 dec 858 41 dec 530 730 167

1435 dec dec

≈500 dec

1502

2.32 1.988 2.73 2.05 1.55 2.68 2.87 2.34 1.89 1.85 2.48 2.5 2.505 5.24 1.91

8.1725 67.825 11125 11120 8.6125 35.525 65.025 7525 69.920 15.125 196 25.025 48.825 36.025 10225 10225 0.5525 0.50 33118

250 dec dec

3.50 1.91

0.7720

dec

2.27 3.48 1.43

0.08420 0.782

s H2O i EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH

i eth, ace sl EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH, eth

sl EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH reac H2O i EtOH reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-76

No. Name

Potassium hydrogen arsenate Potassium hydrogen arsenite Potassium hydrogen carbonate Potassium hydrogen fluoride Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium hydrogen phosphite Potassium hydrogen selenite Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydrogen sulfide Potassium hydrogen sulfide hemihydrate Potassium hydrogen sulfite Potassium hydrogen tartrate Potassium hydroxide Potassium hypophosphite Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium iron(III) oxalate trihydrate Potassium manganate Potassium metaarsenate Potassium metabisulfite Potassium metaborate Potassium molybdate Potassium niobate Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium oxalate Potassium oxalate monohydrate Potassium oxide Potassium perbromate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium peroxide Potassium persulfate Potassium phosphate Potassium pyrophosphate trihydrate Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium selenate Potassium selenide Potassium selenite Potassium silver cyanide Potassium stannate trihydrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium sulfide pentahydrate Potassium sulfite Potassium sulfite dihydrate Potassium superoxide

K2HAsO4 KAsO2 ⋅ HAsO2 KHCO3 KHF2 K2HPO4 K2HPO3 KHSeO3 KHSO4 KHS KHS ⋅ 0.5H2O KHSO3 KHC4H4O6 KOH KH2PO2 KIO3 KI K3Fe(C2O4)3 ⋅ 3H2O K2MnO4 KAsO3 K2S2O5 KBO2 K2MoO4 KNbO3 KNO3 KNO2 K2C2O4 K2C2O4 ⋅ H2O K2O KBrO4 KClO4 KIO4 KMnO4 K2O2 K2S2O8 K3PO4 K4P2O7 ⋅ 3H2O K2S2O7 K2SeO4 K2Se K2SeO3 KAg(CN)2 K2SnO3 ⋅ 3H2O K2SO4 K2S K2S ⋅ 5H2O K2SO3 K2SO3 ⋅ 2H2O KO2

21093-83-4 10124-50-2 298-14-6 7789-29-9 7758-11-4 13492-26-7 7782-70-9 7646-93-7 1310-61-8 1310-61-8* 7773-03-7 868-14-4 1310-58-3 7782-87-8 7758-05-6 7681-11-0 10294-64-1 19197-73-0 16731-55-8 13709-94-9 13446-49-6 12030-85-2 7757-79-1 7758-09-0 583-52-8 6487-48-5 12136-45-7 22207-96-1 7778-74-7 7790-21-8 7722-64-7 17014-71-0 7727-21-1 7778-53-2 7320-34-5* 7790-62-7 7790-59-2 1312-74-9 10431-47-7 506-61-6 12142-33-5* 7778-80-5 1312-73-8 37248-34-3 10117-38-1 7790-56-9 12030-88-5

218.125 253.947 100.115 78.103 174.176 158.177 167.06 136.170 72.172 81.179 120.170 188.177 56.105 104.087 214.001 166.003 491.243 197.133 162.018 222.326 81.908 238.14 180.002 101.103 85.104 166.216 184.231 94.196 183.000 138.549 230.001 158.034 110.196 270.324 212.266 384.383 254.325 221.16 157.16 205.16 199.000 298.951 174.261 110.263 200.339 158.261 194.292 71.097

col mono prisms wh hyg powder col monocl cry col tetr cry wh hyg cry wh hyg powder hyg orth cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg wh-yel hyg cry wh cry powder wh cry wh rhomb cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh monocl cry col cub cry grn mono cry grn cry wh solid wh powder wh hex cry wh hyg cry wh rhomb cry col rhomb cry or powder wh hyg cry wh pwd col cry gray cub cry wh cry col orth cry; hyg col tetr cry purp orth cry yel amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg col hyg cry col needles wh powder red cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh cry col cry wh orth cry red-yel cub cry; hyg col rhomb cry col hex cry wh monocl cry yel tetr cry; hyg

18.76

300 dec ≈100 dec 238.9 dec dec >100 dec ≈200 ≈450 ≈175 190 dec 406 dec 560 dec 681 100 190 dec 660 ≈150 dec 919 ≈1100 337 441 160 dec 350 dec 275 dec 525 582 dec 490 ≈100 dec 1340 1090 ≈325 800 875 dec

1069 948 60 dec 380

2.17 2.37

36.225 39.220 16825 17020

2.32 1.69 1.7

50.625

i EtOH s H2O i EtOH i EtOH s EtOH i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i EtOH s acid, alk; i EtOH s EtOH; s MeOH vs H2O; s EtOH

1327

1.98 2.044

4920 0.5720 12125

1323 230 dec

3.89 3.12 2.133

9.2225 14825 4.70

49.525

reac acid; i EtOH

18325

400 dec 537 exp

2.3 ≈2.3 2.3 4.64 2.11 1.915

i EtOH i H2O i EtOH sl EtOH sl H2O

2.13 2.35

exp

2.52 3.618 2.7 2.48 2.564 2.33 2.28 3.07 2.29

38.325 31225 36.420

s H2O, EtOH, eth 4.2125 2.0825 0.5125 7.6025 4.720 10625

12.025

10625 10720 2.16

reac EtOH reac H2O i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O

11425 21725

3.20 2.66 1.74

sl EtOH i EtOH s H2O; reac HCl

s H2O sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth sl EtOH sl EtOH; dec dil acid reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-77

TeamLRN

1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805

Formula

1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850

K2TeO4 ⋅ 3H2O K2TeO3 K2B4O7 ⋅ 5H2O KAuCl4 ⋅ 2H2O K2PtCl4 K2Pt(CN)4 ⋅ 3H2O K2HgI4 KSCN K2S2O3 K2TiO3 KI3 ⋅ H2O K2CS3 K2WO4 K2U2O7 Pr PrB6 PrBr3 PrCl3 PrCl3 ⋅ 7H2O PrF3 PrI3 Pr(NO3)3 Pr(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O PrN Pr2O3 PrSi2 Pr2S3 Pr2Te3 Pm Pa PaCl5 Ra RaBr2 RaCl2 RaF2 Ra(NO3)2 RaSO4 Rn Re HReO4 Re2(CO)10 ReBr3 ReCl3 ReI3 ReCl4

Potassium tellurate(VI) trihydrate Potassium tellurite Potassium tetraborate pentahydrate Potassium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II) trihydrate Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) Potassium thiocyanate Potassium thiosulfate Potassium titanate Potassium triiodide monohydrate Potassium thiocarbonate Potassium tungstate Potassium uranate Praseodymium Praseodymium boride Praseodymium bromide Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium chloride heptahydrate Praseodymium fluoride Praseodymium iodide Praseodymium nitrate Praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate Praseodymium nitride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium silicide Praseodymium sulfide Praseodymium telluride Promethium Protactinium Protactinium(V) chloride Radium Radium bromide Radium chloride Radium fluoride Radium nitrate Radium sulfate Radon Rhenium Perrhenic acid Rhenium carbonyl Rhenium(III) bromide Rhenium(III) chloride Rhenium(III) iodide Rhenium(IV) chloride

CAS Reg No. 15571-91-2* 7790-58-1 1332-77-0 13682-61-6 10025-99-7 562-76-5* 7783-33-7 333-20-0 10294-66-3 12030-97-6 7790-42-3 26750-66-3 7790-60-5 7790-63-8 7440-10-0 12008-27-4 13536-53-3 10361-79-2 10025-90-8 13709-46-1 13813-23-5 10361-80-5 15878-77-0 25764-09-4 12036-32-7 12066-83-0 12038-13-0 12038-12-9 7440-12-2 7440-13-3 13760-41-3 7440-14-4 10031-23-9 10025-66-8 20610-49-5 10213-12-4 7446-16-4 10043-92-2 7440-15-5 13768-11-1 14285-68-8 13569-49-8 13569-63-6 15622-42-1 13569-71-6

Mol. Physical Weight Form 323.84 253.80 323.513 413.907 415.09 431.39 786.40 97.182 190.327 174.062 437.827 186.406 326.04 666.251 140.908 205.774 380.620 247.266 373.373 197.903 521.621 326.923 435.014 154.915 329.813 197.079 378.013 664.62 145 231.036 408.300 226 386 297 264 350 322 222 186.207 251.213 652.515 425.919 292.565 566.920 328.018

wh cry powder wh hyg cry wh cry powder yel monocl cry pink-red tetr cry col rhomb prisms yel hyg cry col tetr cry; hyg col hyg cry wh orth cry brn monocl cry; hyg yel-red hyg cry hyg cry oran cub cry silv metal; hex blk cub cry grn hex cry; hyg grn hex needles; hyg grn cry grn hex cry orth hyg cry pale grn hyg cry grn needles cub cry wh hex cry tetr cry cub cry cub cry silv metal; hex shiny metal; tetr or cub yel monocl cry wh metal; cub wh orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry cry wh cry col gas silv-gray metal exists only in soln yel-wh cry red-brn monocl cry red-blk hyg cry blk solid purp-blk cry; hyg

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

≈460 dec 16.530 500 dec

173

3.38

500 dec

4.29 1.88

1515 225 dec

3.1 3.5

921

3.12 6.12 6.77 4.84 5.28 4.0

931 2610 693 786 110 dec 1395 737

2183 1712 1765 1500 1042 1572 306 700 728 1000

3520

23825 16525

96.125 96.125

s H2O s EtOH s EtOH

16525 16525

s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace

70.620 24.520

s EtOH s EtOH

6.3 ≈5.8

3760

3000

7.46 6.9 5.46 5.1 ≈7.0 7.26 15.4 3.74 5 5.79 4.9 6.7

s H2O vs H2O sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH i EtOH reac H2O s H2O; reac EtOH, eth vs H2O vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid

13.9 -71 3186

-61.7 5596

9.074 g/L 20.8

500 subl

2.87 6.10 4.81

170 dec 500 dec dec 300 dec

4.9

i H2O, acid sl H2O i HCl vs H2O, os s os s ace, MeOH, EtOH s H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-78

No. Name

Rhenium(IV) fluoride Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(IV) telluride Rhenium(V) bromide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) oxide Rhenium(VI) chloride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VII) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhenium(VII) trioxychloride Rhenium(VII) trioxyfluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Rhenium(VII) sulfide Rhodium Rhodium carbonyl chloride Rhodium dodecacarbonyl Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) fluoride Rhodium(III) iodide Rhodium(III) oxide Rhodium(III) sulfate Rhodium(IV) oxide Rhodium(VI) fluoride Rubidium Rubidium acetate Rubidium aluminum sulfate Rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Rubidium azide Rubidium bromate Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chlorate Rubidium chloride Rubidium chromate Rubidium cyanide Rubidium fluoride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium formate Rubidium hydride Rubidium hydrogen carbonate

ReF4 ReO2 ReS2 ReTe2 ReBr5 ReCl5 ReF5 Re2O5 ReCl6 ReO2F2 ReF6 ReO3 ReOCl4 ReOF4 ReF7 Re2O7 ReO3Cl ReO3F ReO2F3 ReOF5 Re2S7 Rh [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 Rh4(CO)12 RhCl3 RhF3 RhI3 Rh2O3 Rh2(SO4)3 RhO2 RhF6 Rb RbC2H3O2 RbAl(SO4)2 RbAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbN3 RbBrO3 RbBr Rb2CO3 RbClO3 RbCl Rb2CrO4 RbCN RbF RbHF2 RbCHO2 RbH RbHCO3

15192-42-4 12036-09-8 12038-63-0 12067-00-4 30937-53-2 39368-69-9 30937-52-1 12165-05-8 31234-26-1 81155-18-2 10049-17-9 1314-28-9 13814-76-1 17026-29-8 17029-21-9 1314-68-7 7791-09-5 42246-24-2 57246-89-6 23377-53-9 12038-67-4 7440-16-6 14523-22-9 19584-30-6 10049-07-7 60804-25-3 15492-38-3 12036-35-0 10489-46-0 12137-27-8 13693-07-7 7440-17-7 563-67-7 13530-57-9 7784-29-4 22756-36-1 13446-70-3 7789-39-1 584-09-8 13446-71-4 7791-11-9 13446-72-5 19073-56-4 13446-74-7 12280-64-7 3495-35-0 13446-75-8 19088-74-5

262.201 218.206 250.339 441.41 585.727 363.471 281.199 452.411 398.923 256.203 300.197 234.205 344.017 278.200 319.196 484.410 269.658 253.203 275.201 297.198 596.876 102.906 388.757 747.743 209.264 159.901 483.619 253.809 494.002 134.905 216.896 85.468 144.512 304.577 520.761 127.488 213.370 165.372 230.945 168.919 120.921 286.930 111.486 104.466 124.473 130.486 86.476 146.485

blue tetr cry gray orth cry tricl cry orth cry brn solid brn-blk solid yel-grn solid blue-blk tetr cry red-grn solid col cry yel liq or cub cry redcub cry brn cry blue solid yel cub cry yel hyg cry col liq yel solid yel solid cream solid brn-blk tetr cry silv-wh metal; cub red-oran cry red hyg cry red monocl cry red hex cry blk monocl cry; hyg gray hex cry red-yel solid blk tetr cry blk cub cry soft silv metal; cub wh hyg cry hex cry col cub cry tetr cry; exp cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg yel rhom cry wh cub cry wh cub cry; hyg tetr cry wh hyg cry wh cub cry; flam wh rhomb cry

>300 subl 900 dec

110 dec 220 48

7.49 11.4 7.6 8.50 4.9

reac H2O

221.3 ≈7

29 156 18.5 400 dec 29.3 108 48.3 297 4.5 147 90 43.8 1963 124

33.8 223 171.7 73.7 360 128 164 185.4 73.0 3695

717

1100 dec >500 dec ≈70 39.30 246 ≈100 dec 317 430 682 837

4.06(cry) 6.9

4.32 6.10 3.87

4.87 12.4

1340

≈3.1 ≈1.9 2.79 3.68 3.35

833 188 dec ≈170 dec 175 dec

1410

i H2O i acid, sl aqua regia s os reac H2O i H2O; s alk

2.52 5.38 5.4 6.4 8.2

688

1390

s H2O, EtOH, eth, diox, py reac H2O reac H2O

7.2 3.1 1.53

715

s HNO3 i H2O, acid, alk reac H2O

3.19 2.76 3.518 2.3 3.2 3.3

1.6020 10716 2.9525 11625 22320 6.6325 93.925 76.225 30020

reac H2O vs H2O i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH

sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth i EtOH

reac H2O

2.60 11620

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-79

TeamLRN

1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898

Formula

1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

RbHSO4 RbOH RbIO3 RbI RbNO3 Rb2O RbClO4 Rb2O2 Rb2Se Rb2SO4 Rb2S RbO2 Ru Ru3(CO)12 Ru(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 RuBr3 RuCl3 RuF3 RuI3 RuF4 RuO2 RuF5 RuF6 RuO4 Sm SmB6 SmSi2 SmBr2 SmCl2 SmF2 SmI2 SmBr3 SmCl3 SmCl3 ⋅ 6H2O SmF3 SmI3 Sm(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Sm2S3 Sm2Te3 Sc ScB2 ScBr3

Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Rubidium hydroxide Rubidium iodate Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium oxide Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium peroxide Rubidium selenide Rubidium sulfate Rubidium sulfide Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ruthenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) fluoride Ruthenium(III) iodide Ruthenium(IV) fluoride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Ruthenium(V) fluoride Ruthenium(VI) fluoride Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Samarium Samarium boride Samarium silicide Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(II) chloride Samarium(II) fluoride Samarium(II) iodide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate Samarium(III) fluoride Samarium(III) iodide Samarium(III) nitrate Samarium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Samarium(III) telluride Scandium Scandium boride Scandium bromide

CAS Reg No. 15587-72-1 1310-82-3 13446-76-9 7790-29-6 13126-12-0 18088-11-4 13510-42-4 23611-30-5 31052-43-4 7488-54-2 31083-74-6 12137-25-6 7440-18-8 15243-33-1 14284-93-6 14014-88-1 10049-08-8 51621-05-7 13896-65-6 71500-16-8 12036-10-1 14521-18-7 13693-08-8 20427-56-9 7440-19-9 12008-29-6 12300-22-0 50801-97-3 13874-75-4 15192-17-3 32248-43-4 13759-87-0 10361-82-7 13465-55-9 13765-24-7 13813-25-7 10361-83-8 13759-83-6 12060-58-1 13465-58-2 12067-22-0 12040-00-5 7440-20-2 12007-34-0 13465-59-3

Mol. Physical Weight Form 182.540 102.475 260.370 212.372 147.473 186.935 184.919 202.935 249.90 267.000 203.002 117.467 101.07 639.33 398.39 340.78 207.43 158.07 481.78 177.06 133.07 196.06 215.06 165.07 150.36 215.23 206.53 310.17 221.27 188.36 404.17 390.07 256.72 364.81 207.36 531.07 336.38 444.47 348.72 733.03 396.92 683.52 44.956 66.578 284.668

col monocl cry gray-wh orth cry; hyg mono or cub cry wh cub cry wh hex cry; hyg yel-brn cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh orth cry wh cub cry wh orth cry wh cub cry tetr cry silv-wh metal; hex oran cry red-brn cry brn hex cry brn hex cry brn rhomb cry blk hex cry yel cry gray-blk tetr cry grn monocl cry dark brn orth cry yel monocl prisms silv metal; rhomb refrac solid orth cry brn cry brn cry purp cry grn cry yel cry yel cry yel cry wh cry oran cry yel-wh hyg solid pale yel cry yel-wh cub cry yel cry gray-brn cub cry orth cry silv metal; hex refrac solid wh hyg cry

mp/°C 208 382 dec 642 305 400 dec 281 733 1050 425 412 2333 150 dec 230 >400 dec >500 dec >600 dec

86.5 54 25.4 1074 2580

bp/°C

1300

600 dec

4150

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.9 3.2 4.33 3.55 3.11 4.0 2.8 3.8 3.22 3.6 2.91 ≈3.0 12.1

17330 2.4425 16525 65.025

reac H2O 1.525 reac H2O reac H2O 50.825 s H2O i acid, aqua regia

5.3 3.1 5.36 6.0

227 40 1794

669 855

7.05 3.90 3.54 3.29 7.52 5.07 5.14

i H2O; s EtOH

reac H2O i H2O, acid

1710

4.46 2.38

93.825 93.825

14425 78 2269

3780

1720 1541 2250 969

2836

7.6 2.93 5.87 7.31 2.99 3.17 9.33

reac H2O vs ctc; reac EtOH

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

3.69

520 640 682 dec 1306 850

s H2O s EtOH vs HCl s EtOH

reac H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O, MeOH, ace

2.6720

s H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-80

No. Name

Scandium chloride Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Scandium nitrate Scandium oxide Scandium sulfide Scandium telluride Selenium (α form) Selenium (gray) Selenium (vitreous) Selenic acid Selenous acid Selenium dioxide Selenium trioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride Selenium tetrabromide Selenium tetrachloride Selenium tetrafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Selenium oxybromide Selenium oxychloride Selenium oxyfluoride Selenium dioxydifluoride Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Silicon Silane Disilane Trisilane Tetrasilane 2-Silyltrisilane Pentasilane 2-Silyltetrasilane 2,2-Disilyltrisilane Hexasilane 2-Silylpentasilane 3-Silylpentasilane Heptasilane Cyclopentasilane Cyclohexasilane Bromosilane Bromotrichlorosilane Chlorosilane Chlorotrifluorosilane Dibromodichlorosilane

ScCl3 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 Sc(NO3)3 Sc2O3 Sc2S3 Sc2Te3 Se Se Se H2SeO4 H2SeO3 SeO2 SeO3 Se2Br2 Se2Cl2 SeBr4 SeCl4 SeF4 SeF6 SeOBr2 SeOCl2 SeOF2 SeO2F2 SeS2 Se2S6 Se4S4 Se6S2 Si SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 Si4H10 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si7H16 Si5H10 Si6H12 SiH3Br SiCl3Br SiH3Cl SiClF3 SiBr2Cl2

10361-84-9 13709-47-2 17674-34-9 13465-60-6 12060-08-1 12166-29-9 12166-44-8 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7783-08-6 7783-00-8 7446-08-4 13768-86-0 7789-52-8 10025-68-0 7789-65-3 10026-03-6 13465-66-2 7783-79-1 7789-51-7 7791-23-3 7783-43-9 14984-81-7 7488-56-4 75926-26-0 75926-28-2 75926-30-6 7440-21-3 7803-62-5 1590-87-0 7783-26-8 7783-29-1 13597-87-0 14868-53-2 14868-54-3 15947-57-6 14693-61-9 14868-55-4 14868-55-4 14693-65-3 289-22-5 291-59-8 13465-73-1 13465-74-2 13465-78-6 14049-36-6 13465-75-3

151.314 101.951 95.978 230.971 137.910 186.110 472.71 78.96 78.96 78.96 144.97 128.97 110.96 126.96 317.73 228.83 398.58 220.77 154.95 192.95 254.77 165.86 132.96 148.96 143.09 350.32 444.10 537.89 28.086 32.118 62.219 92.321 122.421 122.421 152.523 152.523 152.523 182.624 182.624 182.624 212.726 150.507 180.608 111.014 214.348 66.563 120.534 258.799

wh hyg cry wh powder col amorp sol wh cry wh cub cry yel orth cry blk hex cry red monocl cry gray metallic cry; hex blk amorp solid wh hyg solid wh hyg cry wh tetr needles or powder wh tetr cry; hyg red liq yel-brn oily liq oran-red cry wh-yel cry col liq col gas red-yel solid col or yel liq col liq col gas red-yel cry oran needles red cry oran cry gray cry or brn amorp solid col gas; flam col gas; flam flam liq col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col gas col liq col gas col gas col liq

967 1515

2.4

2485 1775

315 sp subl 225 dec 130 dec

3.864 2.91 5.29 4.39 4.81 4.28 2.95 3.0 3.95 3.44 3.60 2.774

191.4 sp 106 -46.6 sp 220 dec 177 125 -8.4

2.6 2.75 7.887 g/L 3.38 2.44 2.8 6.089 g/L

16925

221 220.5 trans to gray Se 180 58 70 dec 340 tp 118 -85 123 305 tp -10 -34.6 tp 41.6 8.5 15 -99.5 100 121.5 113 dec 121.5 1414 -185 -132.5 -117.4 -89.9 -99.4 -72.8 -109.9 -57.8 -44.7 -78.4 -69 -30.1 -10.5 16.5 -94 -62 -118 -138 -45.5

685 685 685 260 dec

2.44 3.29 3265 -111.9 -14.3 52.9 108.1 101.7 153.2 146.2 134.3 193.6 185.2 179.5 226.8 194.3 226 1.9 80.3 -30.4 -70.0 104

2.3290 1.313 g/L 2.543 g/L 0.739 0.792 0.792 0.827 0.820 0.815 0.847 0.840 0.843 0.859 0.963 4.538 g/L 1.826 2.721 g/L 4.927 g/L 2.172

26422

s H2O; i EtOH sl H2O i H2O; s dil acid s EtOH s conc acid

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth i H2O, CS2 i H2O; sl CS2 vs H2O; reac EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH; sl ace s H2O, os reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O reac H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz, tol reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid s CS2; sl bz s bz; sl CS2 s CS2 i H2O, acid; s alk reac H2O; i EtOH, bz reac H2O, ctc, chl; s EtOH, bz reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-81

TeamLRN

1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Formula

CAS Reg No.

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036

SiH2Br2 SiH2Cl2 SiCl2F2 SiH2F2 SiH2I2 SiH3F SiH3I SiBr4 SiCl4 SiF4 SiI4 SiHBr3 SiBr3Cl SiHCl3 SiCl3F SiCl3I SiHF3 SiHI3 (SiH3)2O H2SiO3 H4SiO4 H2SiF6 SiC Si3N4 SiO SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiS SiS2 Ag AgN3 Ag2F AgC2H3O2 Ag2C2 Ag3AsO4 AgC2H AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgClO3 AgCl AgClO2

13768-94-0 4109-96-0 18356-71-3 13824-36-7 13760-02-6 13537-33-2 13598-42-0 7789-66-4 10026-04-7 7783-61-1 13465-84-4 7789-57-3 13465-76-4 10025-78-2 14965-52-7 13465-85-5 13465-71-9 13465-72-0 13597-73-4 7699-41-4 10193-36-9 16961-83-4 409-21-2 12033-89-5 10097-28-6 14808-60-7 14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 12504-41-5 13759-10-9 7440-22-4 13863-88-2 1302-01-8 563-63-3 7659-31-6 13510-44-6 13092-75-6 7783-89-3 7785-23-1 534-16-7 7783-92-8 7783-90-6 7783-91-7

Dibromosilane Dichlorosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Difluorosilane Diiodosilane Fluorosilane Iodosilane Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluorosilane Tetraiodosilane Tribromosilane Tribromochlorosilane Trichlorosilane Trichlorofluorosilane Trichloroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Triiodosilane Disiloxane Metasilicic acid Orthosilicic acid Fluorosilicic acid Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Silicon nitride Silicon monoxide Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Silicon dioxide (β-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silicon monosulfide Silicon disulfide Silver Silver azide Silver subfluoride Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) acetylide Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) acetylide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorite

Mol. Physical Weight Form 189.910 101.007 136.988 68.099 283.911 50.108 158.014 347.702 169.897 104.080 535.704 268.806 303.251 135.452 153.442 261.348 86.089 409.807 78.218 78.100 96.116 144.092 40.097 140.284 44.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.152 92.218 107.868 149.888 234.734 166.912 239.757 462.524 132.897 235.770 187.772 275.745 191.319 143.321 175.320

liq col gas; flam col gas col gas col liq col gas col liq col fuming liq col fuming liq col gas wh powder flam liq col liq fuming liq col gas col liq col gas liq gas wh amorp powder exists only in soln stable only in aq soln hard grn-black hex cry gray refrac solid; hex blk cub cry, stable >1200 col hex cry col hex cry col hex cry col hex cry col amorp solid yel-red hyg powder wh rhomb cry silv metal; cub orth cry; exp yel hex cry wh needles or powder wh powder; exp red cub cry wh powder; exp wh tetr cry yel cub cry yel monocl cry wh tetr cry wh cub cry yel cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

-70.1 -122 -44 -122 -1

66 8.3 -32 -77.8 150 -98.6 45.6 154 57.65 -86 287.35 109 127 33 12.25 113.5 -95 220 dec -15.2

-57 5.39 -68.74 -90.2 120.5 -73 -20.8 -128.2 -60 -131 8 -144

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.129 g/L 5.599 g/L 2.783 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O

2.048 g/L 2.8 1.5 4.254 g/L 4.1 2.7 2.497 1.331 6.272 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

3.519 g/L 3.197 g/L i H2O; s HF

2830 1900 trans to beta quartz 573 trans to tridymite 867 trans cristobalite 1470 1722 1713 ≈900 1090 961.78 exp ≈250 100 dec dec

2950 2950 2950 2950 2950 940 subl 2162

dec 360 dec 432 218 230 455 105 exp

1502 270 dec 1547

3.16 3.17 2.18 2.648 2.533600 2.265 2.334 2.196 1.85 2.04 10.5 4.9 8.6 3.26

s H2O i H2O, EtOH

i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH; i bz 0.0008120 reac H2O 1.0420

6.657

0.00085

5.21 6.47 6.077 4.430 5.56

0.19325 0.00001425 0.003620 17.625 0.0001925 0.5525

s NH4OH

i acid s acid sl EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-82

No. Name

Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) citrate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) dichromate Silver(I) diethyldithiocarbamate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) hexafluoroantimonate Silver(I) hexafluoroarsenate Silver(I) hexafluorophosphate Silver(I) hydrogen fluoride Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) lactate monohydrate Silver(I) metaphosphate Silver(I) molybdate Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) perchlorate monohydrate Silver(I) permanganate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) picrate monohydrate Silver(I) selenate Silver(I) selenide Silver(I) selenite Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) telluride Silver(I) tetraiodomercurate(II) Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(I) thiosulfate Silver(II) oxide Silver(I) tungstate Silver(II) fluoride Silver(II) oxide (Ag2O2) Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium acetate trihydrate Sodium aluminate Sodium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Sodium amide Sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate Sodium arsenite Sodium azide

Ag2CrO4 Ag3C6H5O7 AgCN Ag2Cr2O7 Ag(C2H5)2NCS2 AgF AgSbF6 AgAsF6 AgPF6 AgHF2 AgIO3 AgI AgC3H5O3 ⋅ H2O AgPO3 Ag2MoO4 AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2C2O4 Ag2O AgClO4 AgClO4 ⋅ H2O AgMnO4 Ag3PO4 AgC6H2N3O7 ⋅ H2O Ag2SeO4 Ag2Se Ag2SeO3 Ag2SO4 Ag2S Ag2SO3 Ag2Te Ag2HgI4 AgSCN Ag2S2O3 AgO Ag2WO4 AgF2 Ag2O2 Na NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 ⋅ 3H2O NaAlO2 NaAlH4 NaAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O NaNH2 NaNH4HPO4 ⋅ 4H2O NaAsO2 NaN3

7784-01-2 126-45-4 506-64-9 7784-02-3 1470-61-7 7775-41-9 26042-64-8 12005-82-2 26042-63-7 12249-52-4 7783-97-3 7783-96-2 128-00-7 13465-96-8 13765-74-7 7761-88-8 7783-99-5 533-51-7 20667-12-3 7783-93-9 14242-05-8 7783-98-4 7784-09-0 146-84-9 7784-07-8 1302-09-6 7784-05-6 10294-26-5 21548-73-2 13465-98-0 12002-99-2 7784-03-4 1701-93-5 23149-52-2 1301-96-8 13465-93-5 7783-95-1 25455-73-6 7440-23-5 127-09-3 6131-90-4 1302-42-7 13770-96-2 10102-71-3 7782-92-5 13011-54-6 7784-46-5 26628-22-8

331.730 512.705 133.886 431.724 256.140 126.866 343.618 296.780 252.832 146.873 282.770 234.772 214.954 186.840 375.67 169.873 153.874 303.755 231.735 207.319 225.334 226.804 418.576 353.979 358.69 294.70 342.69 311.800 247.802 295.800 343.34 923.94 165.952 327.866 123.867 463.57 145.865 247.735 22.990 82.034 136.079 81.971 54.004 458.283 39.013 209.069 129.911 65.010

brn-red monocl cry wh cry powder wh-gray hex cry red cry pow yel-brn cub cry; hyg pow pow pow hyg cry wh orth cry yel powder; hex gray cry powder grn glass yel cub cry col rhomb cry yel needles wh cry powder brn-blk cub cry col cub cry; hyg hyg wh cry viol monocl cry yel powder yel cry orth cry gray hex needles needles col cry or powder gray-blk orth powder wh cry blk orth cry yel tetr cry wh powder wh cry gray powder; monocl or cub yel cry wh or gray hyg cry gray-blk cub cry soft silv met; cub col cry col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg solid col cry wh-grn orth cry monocl cry wh-gray hyg powder col hex cry

320 dec

5.625

0.0000140

3.95 4.770

0.0000011

173 435

1159

5.852

17220

102 dec dec >200 558

1506

5.53 5.68

0.05325 0.000003

490 483 212 140 dec exp 140 ≈200 dec 486 dec 43 dec dec 849

880 530 652 825 100 dec 955 trans to red cub ≈40 dec dec >100 dec 620 690 >100 97.794 328.2 58 dec 1650 174 dec ≈60 210 ≈80 dec 300 dec

440 dec

6.37 6.18 4.35 4.453 5.03 7.2 2.806 4.49 6.37

>550 dec

5.72 8.216 5.930 5.45 7.23

23425 0.41525 0.004320 0.0025 55825 55825 0.9118 0.0064

882.940

500 dec

i EtOH; s acid, alk s bz, py, os reac EtOH sl dil acid sl H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth i H2O sl H2O; s acid

0.8425

8.4 6.1

4.58 7.44 0.97 1.528 1.45 4.63 1.24 1.61 1.39 1.54 1.87 1.846

i acid sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NH4OH sl H2O sl EtOH, ace i EtOH; reac acid

0.11820

0.0004620

7.5

i H2O; s HNO3 i EtOH, dil acid sl H2O s py

0.002725 0.015

50.425 50.425

39.720

40.820

i H2O; s acid s acid, NH4OH i H2O, dil acid i H2O sl H2O; s NH4OH s alk; reac acid s HNO3, NH4OH reac H2O i H2O; s acid, NH4OH reac H2O sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH i eth; s thf i EtOH reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH; i eth

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-83

TeamLRN

2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084

CAS Reg No.

Mol. Physical Weight Form

mp/°C

bp/°C

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

Formula

2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103

NaBH4 NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr ⋅ 2H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3 ⋅ 10H2O Na2CO3 ⋅ H2O NaClO3 NaCl NaClO2 Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 ⋅ 4H2O Na3C6H5O7 ⋅ 2H2O NaCNO NaCN NaBH3(CN) Na2Cr2O7 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 ⋅ H2O

16940-66-2 7789-38-0 7647-15-6 13466-08-5 497-19-8 6132-02-1 5968-11-6 7775-09-9 7647-14-5 7758-19-2 7775-11-3 10034-82-9 6132-04-3 917-61-3 143-33-9 25895-60-7 10588-01-9 7558-80-7 10049-21-5

37.833 150.892 102.894 138.925 105.989 286.142 124.005 106.441 58.443 90.442 161.974 234.035 294.099 65.007 49.008 62.843 261.968 119.977 137.993

wh cub cry; hyg col cub cry wh cub cry wh cry wh hyg powder col cry col orth cry col cub cry col cub cry wh hyg cry yel orth cry yel hyg cry wh cry col needles wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg powder red hyg cry col mono cry wh hyg cry

≈400 dec 381 747 36 dec 858.1 34 dec 100 dec 248 800.7 ≈180 dec 792 dec 150 dec 550 563 240 dec 357 200 dec 100 dec

NaH2PO4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2H2P2O6 ⋅ 6H2O

13472-35-0 7782-95-8*

156.008 314.031

col orth cry mono plates

60 dec 110 dec

1.91 1.849

Na2H2P2O7 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O6 ⋅ 2H2O NaC2H5O Na3Fe(CN)6 ⋅ H2O Na4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 10H2O NaF NaBF4 Na2PO3F NaCHO2 Na2GeO3 Na2PtBr6 ⋅ 6H2O

7758-16-9 7775-14-6 7631-94-9* 141-52-6 14217-21-1* 13601-19-9 7681-49-4 13755-29-8 10163-15-2 141-53-7 12025-19-3 39277-13-9

221.939 174.110 242.139 68.050 298.933 484.061 41.988 109.795 143.950 68.008 166.59 828.57

wh powder gray-wh pow col orth cry wh-yel hyg pow red hyg cry yel monocl cry col cub or tetr cry wh orth prisms pow wh hyg cry wh mono hyg cry cry

220 dec 52 dec 110 dec

≈1.9

Na2IrCl6 ⋅ 6H2O Na2PtCl6 Na2PtCl6 ⋅ 6H2O Na3AlF6 NaSbF6 NaPF6 ⋅ H2O Na2SiF6 Na3Co(NO2)6 NaH Na2HAsO4

19567-78-3 16923-58-3 16923-58-3 13775-53-6 16925-25-0 20644-15-9 16893-85-9 14649-73-1 7646-69-7 7778-43-0

559.004 453.77 561.87 209.941 258.740 185.969 188.056 403.935 23.998 185.908

cry yel hyg cry yel cry col monocl cry; trans cub 560 wh cub cry col orth cry wh hex cry yel-brn cry pow silv cub cry; flam wh pow

2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127

Sodium borohydride Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium bromide dihydrate Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium carbonate monohydrate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chromate Sodium chromate tetrahydrate Sodium citrate dihydrate Sodium cyanate Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanoborohydride Sodium dichromate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphate hexahydrate Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Sodium dithionate Sodium dithionate dihydrate Sodium ethanolate Sodium ferricyanide monohydrate Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate Sodium fluoride Sodium tetrafluoroborate Sodium fluorophosphate Sodium formate Sodium germanate Sodium hexabromoplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroiridate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Sodium hexafluoroantimonate Sodium hexafluorophosphate monohydrate Sodium hexafluorosilicate Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) Sodium hydride Sodium hydrogen arsenate

≈50 dec 996 384 257.3 1083

1390

>300 dec 1465

1.07 3.34 3.200 2.18 2.54 1.46 2.25 2.5 2.17 2.72

1.89 1.6 1.12 400 dec

1704

dec

5520 39.425 94.625 94.625 30.725 30.725 30.725 10025 36.025 6417 87.625 87.625

58.220

reac EtOH i EtOH s EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl EtOH vs H2O; s thf; sl EtOH; i bz, eth

18725 94.925 94.925

i EtOH

94.925 2.025

i EtOH i EtOH

2.19

24.120 15.120

1.46 2.78 2.47

2020 4.1325 10820

s H2O sl EtOH i EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i os i EtOH sl EtOH

1.92 3.31

94.925

sl EtOH

600 dec 110 dec 1009

dec 425 dec ≈195 dec

2.50 2.97 3.375 2.369 2.7

5316 5316 12920 1030 0.6720

1.39 5120

s EtOH s EtOH; i eth i H2O s EtOH, ace s EtOH, MeOH, ace i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O, EtOH sl EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-84

No. Name

Sodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium hydrogen fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfide Sodium hydrogen sulfide dihydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium bismuthate Sodium metabisulfite Sodium metaborate Sodium metasilicate Sodium molybdate Sodium molybdate dihydrate Sodium niobate Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate Sodium orthovanadate Sodium oxalate Sodium oxide Sodium perborate tetrahydrate Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate monohydrate Sodium periodate Sodium periodate trihydrate Sodium permanganate trihydrate Sodium peroxide Sodium perrhenate Sodium persulfate Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Chlorinated trisodium phosphate Sodium phosphinate Sodium phosphinate monohydrate Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium selenate Sodium selenate decahydrate Sodium selenide Sodium selenite

Na2HAsO4 ⋅ 7H2O NaHCO3 NaHF2 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 ⋅ 12H2O Na2HPO4 ⋅ 7H2O NaHSO4 NaHSO4 ⋅ H2O NaHS NaHS ⋅ 2H2O NaHSO3 NaOH NaClO NaOCl ⋅ 5H2O NaIO3 NaI NaBiO3 Na2S2O5 NaBO2 Na2SiO3 Na2MoO4 Na2MoO4 ⋅ 2H2O NaNbO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ⋅ 2H2O Na3VO4 Na2C2O4 Na2O NaBO3 ⋅ 4H2O NaClO4 NaClO4 ⋅ H2O NaIO4 NaIO4 ⋅ 3H2O NaMnO4 ⋅ 3H2O Na2O2 NaReO4 Na2S2O8 Na3PO4 ⋅ 12H2O Na3PO4 ⋅ NaOCl NaH2PO2 NaH2PO2 ⋅ H2O NaKC4H4O6 ⋅ 4H2O Na4P2O7 Na2SeO4 Na2SeO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2Se Na2SeO3

10048-95-0 144-55-8 1333-83-1 7558-79-4 10039-32-4 7782-85-6 7681-38-1 10034-88-5 16721-80-5 16721-80-5 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-52-9 10022-70-5 7681-55-2 7681-82-5 12232-99-4 7681-57-4 7775-19-1 6834-92-0 7631-95-0 10102-40-6 12034-09-2 7631-99-4 7632-00-0 13755-38-9 13721-39-6 62-76-0 1313-59-3 7632-04-4 7601-89-0 7791-07-3 7790-28-5 13472-31-6 10101-50-5* 1313-60-6 13472-33-8 7775-27-1 10101-89-0 56802-99-4 7681-53-0 10039-56-2 304-59-6 7722-88-5 13410-01-0 10102-23-5 1313-85-5 10102-18-8

312.014 84.007 61.995 141.959 358.143 268.066 120.062 138.077 56.064 92.095 104.062 39.997 74.442 164.518 197.892 149.894 279.968 190.109 65.800 122.064 205.92 241.95 163.894 84.995 68.996 297.949 183.909 133.999 61.979 153.861 122.441 140.456 213.892 267.938 195.972 77.979 273.195 238.107 380.124 238.383 87.979 105.994 282.220 265.902 188.94 369.09 124.94 172.94

wh monocl cry wh monocl cry wh hex cry wh hyg powder col cry col cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry col rhomb cry yel hyg needles wh cry wh orth cry; hyg stable in aq soln pale grn orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry; hyg yel-brn hyg cry wh cry wh hex cry wh amorp solid; hyg col cub cry cry powder rhomb cry col hex cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg red cry col hex prisms wh powder wh amorp powder wh cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh tetr cry wh hex cry red-blk hyg cry yel hyg powder cry wh hyg cry col hex cry wh cry wh cry col hyg cry wh cry col cry col orth cry wh cry amorp solid wh tetr cry

≈50 dec ≈50 dec >160 dec

1.87 2.20 2.08 1.7 ≈1.5 ≈1.7 2.43 2.10 1.79

≈35 dec ≈315 350 55 dec 323 anh form exp 18 dec 660

1388

1.48 2.13

1304

1.6 4.28 3.67

966 1089 687 100 dec 1422 307 271

1434

5120 10.325 3.2520 11.825 11.825 11.825 28.525 28.525

10025 79.925 9.4725 18425 66.725

>320 dec

2.46 2.61 ≈3.5 ≈3.5 4.55 2.26 2.17 1.72

91.225 84.825 4016

2.34 2.27

3.6125

2.52 2.02 3.86 3.22 2.47 2.805 5.39

20525 20525 14.425 14.425 14420

≈75

1.62

14.425 2525 10025 10025

>875

anh at 130

1.79 2.53 1.61 2.62

i EtOH i EtOH reac EtOH s H2O, EtOh, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s EtOH, MeOH s H2O i EtOH s EtOH, ace i cold H2O, reac acid sl EtOH s H2O s cold H2O; reac hot H2O

65.025 65.025

860 ≈250 dec 1132 dec 60 dec 480 dec ≈130 dec ≈300 dec 175 dec 170 dec 675 300

310 dec ≈70 dec 988

sl EtOH i EtOH

i H2O sl EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH; reac acid sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH reac H2O reac H2O

s acid reac EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; reac EtOH i EtOH

s EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH

7.0925 58.525 58.525 89.825

reac H2O i EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-85

TeamLRN

2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175

Formula

2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220

NaC18H35O2 Na2C4H4O4 ⋅ 6H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2S Na2S ⋅ 9H2O Na2S ⋅ 5H2O Na2SO3 Na2SO3 ⋅ 7H2O NaO2 Na2TeO4 Na2TeO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O Na2B4O7 ⋅ 5H2O Na2B4O7 ⋅ 4H2O NaAlCl4 NaAuCl4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2PdCl4 ⋅ 3H2O Na2PtCl4 ⋅ 4H2O Na2BeF4 NaSCN Na3PO3S ⋅ 12H2O Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O Na3(PO3)3 Na3(PO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Na5P3O10 Na2WO4 Na2WO4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2U2O7 ⋅ H2O NaVO3 NaVO3 ⋅ 4H2O Sr Sr(AsO2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Sr(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O SrBr2 SrBr2 ⋅ 6H2O SrC2 SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O SrCrO4 Sr(CN)2 ⋅ 4H2O

Sodium stearate Sodium succinate hexahydrate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide nonahydrate Sodium sulfide pentahydrate Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfite heptahydrate Sodium superoxide Sodium tellurate Sodium tellurite Sodium tetraborate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Sodium tetraborate tetrahydrate Sodium tetrachloroaluminate Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) trihydrate Sodium tetrachloroplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Sodium tetrafluoroberyllate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiophosphate dodecahydrate Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Sodium trimetaphosphate Sodium trimetaphosphate hexahydrate Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium tungstate Sodium tungstate dihydrate Sodium uranate(VI) monohydrate Sodium vanadate(V) Sodium vanadate(V) tetrahydrate Strontium Strontium arsenite tetrahydrate Strontium bromate monohydrate Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbide Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium cyanide dihydrate

CAS Reg No. 822-16-2 150-90-3 7757-82-6 7727-73-3 1313-82-2 1313-84-4 1313-83-3 7757-83-7 10102-15-5 12034-12-7 10101-83-4 10102-20-2 1330-43-4 1303-96-4 12045-88-4 12045-87-3 7784-16-9 13874-02-7 13820-53-6 10026-00-3 13871-27-7 540-72-7 10101-88-9 7772-98-7 10102-17-7 7785-84-4 7785-84-4 7758-29-4 13472-45-2 10213-10-2 13721-34-1 13718-26-8 13718-26-8 7440-24-6 10378-48-0 14519-18-7 10476-81-0 7789-53-9 12071-29-3 1633-05-2 7791-10-8 10476-85-4 10025-70-4 7789-06-2

Mol. Physical Weight Form 306.460 270.144 142.044 322.197 78.046 240.184 168.122 126.044 252.151 54.989 237.58 221.58 201.220 381.373 291.296 273.281 191.783 397.799 348.26 454.93 130.986 81.074 396.191 158.110 248.186 305.885 413.976 367.864 293.82 329.85 652.049 121.930 193.992 87.62 373.52 361.44 247.43 355.52 111.64 147.63 254.52 158.53 266.62 203.61 211.72

wh pow cry pow wh orth cry or powder col monocl cry wh cub cry; hyg wh-yel hyg cry col orth cry wh hex cry wh monocl cry; unstable yel cub cry wh powder wh rhomb prisms col gl solid; hyg wh monocl cry hex cry wh monocl cry orth cry oran-yel rhom cry brn-red hyg cry red prisms orth cry col hyg cry hex hyg leaflets col mono cry col cry wh cry tricl-rhom hyg prisms wh hyg pow wh rhom cry wh orth cry yel pow col mono prisms yel-wh cry pow silv-wh metal; cub wh pow yel hyg mono cry wh tetr cry col hyg cry blk tetr cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg col hyg cry yel monocl cry wh hyg cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

120 dec 884 32 dec 1172 ≈50 dec 120 dec dec

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

2.7 1.46 1.856 1.43 1.58 2.63 1.56 2.2

552

20 28.125 28.125 20.625 20.625 20.625 30.725 30.725

sl H2O, EtOH; vs hot H2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH; i eth sl EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth i EtOH sl EtOH reac H2O

0.8 743 75 dec dec

1575

2.4 1.73 1.88 1.95 2.01

15010

100 dec 100 575 287 60 100 dec ≈50 dec

2.47

1.69 1.69 2.49 1.786 4.18 3.25

s H2O s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH sl H2O

76.425 76.425 22 22 2025 74.225 74.225

vs hot H2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH

i EtOH i H2O; s acid

2125 2125

630

120 dec 657 88 dec >1700 1494 120 dec 874 100 dec dec dec

sl H2O sl MeOH i EtOH

15125

53 622 695 100 dec

777

3.1725 3.1725 3.1725 3.1725

1382

2.64 3.773 4.216

1250

3.19 3.5 3.15 3.052 1.96 3.9

reac H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; sol dil acid 39.025 10725 10725 0.0003420 17625 54.725 54.725 0.10620

s EtOH; i eth i H2O s dil acid sl EtOH s EtOH s dil acid vs H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-86

No. Name

Strontium ferrocyanide pentadecahydrate Strontium fluoride Strontium formate Strontium formate dihydrate Strontium hexaboride Strontium hydride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium iodide hexahydrate Strontium niobate Strontium nitrate Strontium nitride Strontium nitrite Strontium oxide Strontium perchlorate Strontium permanganate trihydrate Strontium peroxide Strontium phosphate Strontium selenate Strontium selenide Strontium orthosilicate Strontium silicide Strontium sulfate Strontium sulfide Strontium sulfite Strontium telluride Strontium thiosulfate pentahydrate Strontium titanate Strontium tungstate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic)

SrFe(CN)6 ⋅ 15H2O SrF2 Sr(CHO2)2 Sr(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O SrB6 SrH2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 SrI2 ⋅ 6H2O SrNb2O6 Sr(NO3)2 Sr3N2 Sr(NO2)2 SrO Sr(ClO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O SrO2 Sr3(PO4)2 SrSeO4 SrSe Sr2SiO4 SrSi2 SrSO4 SrS SrSO3 SrTe SrS2O3 ⋅ 5H2O SrTiO3 SrWO4 S S

1314-18-7 7446-28-8 7446-21-1 1315-07-7 13597-55-2 12138-28-2 7759-02-6 1314-96-1 13451-02-0 12040-08-3 15123-90-7 12060-59-2 13451-05-3 7704-34-9 7704-34-9

569.80 125.62 177.66 213.69 152.49 89.64 121.64 437.43 341.43 449.52 369.43 211.63 290.87 179.63 103.62 286.52 379.54 119.62 452.80 230.58 166.58 267.32 143.79 183.68 119.69 167.68 215.22 289.83 183.49 335.46 32.066 32.066

2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267

Sulfuric acid Peroxysulfuric acid Nitrosylsulfuric acid Chlorosulfonic acid Fluorosulfonic acid Sulfurous acid Sulfamic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Sulfur bromide Sulfur chloride Sulfur fluoride Sulfur fluoride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur tetrafluoride

H2SO4 H2SO5 HNOSO4 SO2(OH)Cl SO2(OH)F H2SO3 H2NSO3H SO2 SO3 SSBr2 SSCl2 SSF2 FSSF SCl2 SF4

7664-93-9 7722-86-3 7782-78-7 7790-94-5 7789-21-1 7782-99-2 5329-14-6 7446-09-5 7446-11-9 13172-31-1 10025-67-9 16860-99-4 13709-35-8 10545-99-0 7783-60-0

98.080 114.079 127.078 116.525 100.070 82.080 97.095 64.065 80.064 223.940 135.037 102.129 102.129 102.971 108.060

7783-48-4 592-89-2 6160-34-5 12046-54-7 13598-33-9 18480-07-4 13470-01-4 10476-86-5 73796-25-5 12034-89-8 10042-76-9 12033-82-8 13470-06-9 1314-11-0 13450-97-0

yel mono cry wh cub cry or powder wh cry col rhom cry blk cub cry orth cry col orth cry; hyg tricl cry wh hyg cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg monocl cry wh cub cry refrac solid wh-yel hyg needles col cub cry col hyg cry pur cub cry wh tetr cry; unstable wh powder orth cry wh cub cry orth cry silv-gray cub cry wh orth cry gray cub cry col cry wh cub cry mono needles wh cub cry col tetr cry yel orth cry yel monocl needles, stable 95.3-120 col oily liq wh cry; unstable prisms col-yel liq col liq exists only in soln orth cry col gas col liq red oily liq yel-red oily liq col gas col gas red visc liq col gas

1477 71.9 100 dec 2235 1050 535 538 120 dec 1225 570 1200 240 dec 2531

2460

710 dec 1773 dec

645

2.8 5.1

175 dec 215 dec

2.75 4.78 4.25 4.54 4.5 3.35 3.96 3.70

1600 1100 1606 2226 dec 100 dec 2080 dec 95.3 (trans to monocl) 115.21

4.24 2.693 2.25 3.39 3.26 3.625 5.045 4.55 4.4 5.11 2.99

50 0.02125 9.10 9.137

2.2525 0.16525 17725 17725 80.225

444.60 444.60

10.31 45 dec 73 dec -80 -89

337

1.830220

152 163

1.75 1.726

≈205 dec -75.5 16.8 -46 -77 -164.6 -133 -122 -125

-10.05 45 >25 dec 137 -10.6 15 59.6 -40.45

2.15 2.619 g/L 1.92 2.63 1.69 4.174 g/L 4.174 g/L 1.62 4.417 g/L

i EtOH, eth i H2O; s HNO3 reac H2O

s EtOH i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O; s HCl

72.130 30625 25018 0.00001120 0.11520

0.013525 0.001525

4.83 2.17 5.1 6.187 2.07 2.07

s dil acid

36.325 0.1415

14.70

reac H2O s EtOH, MeOH reac H2O s acid s hot HCl

i EtOH; sl acid sl H2O; s acid s H2SO4, HCl i EtOH i H2O i EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS 2 vs H2O vs H2O reac H2O; s H2SO4 reac H2O; s py reac H2O soln of SO2 in H2O sl ace; i eth s H2O, EtOh, eth, chl reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-87

TeamLRN

2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252

Formula

CAS Reg No.

2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312

SF6 SF5Br SF5Cl S2F10 (NH2)2SO2 SO2Cl2 SO2F2 S2O5Cl2 SOBr2 SOCl2 SOF2 F5SOF Ta TaAl3 TaB TaB2 TaC Ta2C TaN TaSi2 TaO2 TaSe2 TaS2 TaTe2 TaBr5 TaCl5 TaF5 TaI5 Ta2O5 Tc TcF5 TcF6 Te H6TeO6 H2TeO3 TeO2 TeO3 TeBr2 TeCl2 TeBr4 TeCl4 TeF4 TeI4 TeF6 Tb

2551-62-4 15607-89-3 13780-57-9 5714-22-7 7803-58-9 7791-25-5 2699-79-8 7791-27-7 507-16-4 7719-09-7 7783-42-8 15179-32-5 7440-25-7 12004-76-1 12007-07-7 12007-35-1 12070-06-3 12070-07-4 12033-62-4 12039-79-1 12036-14-5 12039-55-3 12143-72-5 12067-66-2 13451-11-1 7721-01-9 7783-71-3 14693-81-3 1314-61-0 7440-26-8 31052-14-9 13842-93-8 13494-80-9 7803-68-1 10049-23-7 7446-07-3 13451-18-8 7789-54-0 10025-71-5 10031-27-3 10026-07-0 15192-26-4 7790-48-9 7783-80-4 7440-27-9

Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur bromide pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfuryl amide Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Pyrosulfuryl chloride Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride Sulfur fluoride hypofluorite Tantalum Tantalum aluminide Tantalum boride Tantalum boride Tantalum carbide Tantalum carbide Tantalum nitride Tantalum silicide Tantalum(IV) oxide Tantalum(IV) selenide Tantalum(IV) sulfide Tantalum(IV) telluride Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) iodide Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Technetium(V) fluoride Technetium(VI) fluoride Tellurium Telluric(VI) acid Tellurous acid Tellurium dioxide Tellurium trioxide Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium tetrabromide Tellurium tetrachloride Tellurium tetrafluoride Tellurium tetraiodide Tellurium hexafluoride Terbium

Mol. Physical Weight Form 146.056 206.962 162.511 254.116 96.110 134.970 102.062 215.034 207.873 118.970 86.062 162.055 180.948 261.893 191.759 202.570 192.959 373.907 194.955 237.119 212.947 338.87 245.080 436.15 580.468 358.212 275.940 815.470 441.893 98 193 212 127.60 229.64 177.61 159.60 175.60 287.41 198.51 447.22 269.41 203.59 635.22 241.59 158.925

col gas col gas col gas liq orth plates col liq col gas col fuming liq yel liq yel fuming liq col gas col gas gray metal; cub gray refrac powder refrac orth cry blk hex cry gold-brown powder; cub refrac hex cry blk hex cry gray powder tetr cry hex cry blk hex cry monocl cry yel cry powder yel monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry; hyg wh rhomb cry or powder hex cry yel solid yel cub cry gray-wh rhomb cry wh monocl cry wh cry wh orth cry yel-oran cry grn-brn hyg cry blk amorp solid; hyg yel-oran monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg col cry blk orth cry col gas silv metal; hex

mp/°C

bp/°C

-50.7 tp -79 -64 -52.7 93 -51 -135.8 -37 -50 -101 -129.5 -86 3007 ≈1400 2040 3140 3880 3327 3090 2200

-63.8 sp 3.1 -19.05 30; dec 150 250 dec 69.4 -55.4 151 140 75.6 -43.8 -35.1 5458

4780

>3000 265 216 95.1 496 1784 2157 50 37.4 449.51 136 40 dec 733 430 210 208 388 224 129 280 -37.6 tp 1356

349 239.35 229.2 543 4265 dec 55.3 988

1245 339 328 ≈420 dec 387 195 dec -38.9 sp 3230

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.970 g/L 8.459 g/L 6.642 g/L 2.08

sl H2O; s EtOH

i H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; s bz, tol, eth sl H2O, EtOH; s tol, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s bz, eth

1.680 4.172 g/L 1.837 1.631 3.518 g/L 6.624 g/L 16.4 7.02 14.2 11.2 14.3 15.1 13.7 9.14 10.0 6.7 6.86 9.4 4.99 3.68 5.0 5.80 8.2 11 3.0 6.24 3.07 3.0 5.9 5.07 6.9 4.3 3.0 5.05 9.875 g/L 8.23

reac HF i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, acid, alk s HF-HNO3 mixture i H2O; sl aqua regia; reac alk

i H2O

reac H2O; s EtOH s H2O, eth; sl CS2, ctc i H2O, EtOH, acid; s HF

i H2O, bz, CS2 50.130 sl H2O; s dil acid, alk i H2O; s alk, acid i H2O reac H2O; s eth; sl chl reac H2O; i ctc reac H2O; s eth reac H2O; s EtOH, tol reac H2O reac H2O; sl ace reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-88

No. Name

Terbium chloride Terbium chloride hexahydrate Terbium iodide Terbium nitrate Terbium nitrate hexahydrate Terbium nitride Terbium oxide Terbium silicide Terbium sulfide Thallium Thallium(I) acetate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) ethanolate Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) formate Thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate Thallium(I) hydroxide Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) molybdate Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) oxalate Thallium(I) oxide Thallium(I) perchlorate Thallium(I) selenate Thallium(I) selenide Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thallium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Thallium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride tetrahydrate Thallium(III) fluoride Thallium(III) nitrate Thallium(III) oxide Thallium(III) sulfate Thallium selenide Thorium Thorium hydride Thorium boride Thorium(IV) bromide Thorium carbide

TbCl3 TbCl3 ⋅ 6H2O TbI3 Tb(NO3)3 Tb(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O TbN Tb2O3 TbSi2 Tb2S3 Tl TlC2H3O2 TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN TlC2H5O TlF TlCHO2 TlPF6 TlOH TlIO3 TlI Tl2MoO4 TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2C2O4 Tl2O TlClO4 Tl2SeO4 Tl2Se Tl2SO4 Tl2S TlBr3 ⋅ 4H2O TlCl3 TlCl3 ⋅ 4H2O TlF3 Tl(NO3)3 Tl2O3 Tl2(SO4)3 TlSe Th ThH2 ThB6 ThBr4 ThC

10042-88-3 13798-24-8 13813-40-6 10043-27-3 13451-19-9 12033-64-6 12036-41-8 12039-80-4 12138-11-3 7440-28-0 563-68-8 14550-84-6 7789-40-4 6533-73-9 13453-30-0 7791-12-0 13453-34-4 20398-06-5 7789-27-7 992-98-3 60969-19-9 12026-06-1 14767-09-0 7790-30-9 34128-09-1 10102-45-1 13826-63-6 30737-24-7 1314-12-1 13453-40-2 7446-22-2 15572-25-5 7446-18-6 1314-97-2 13701-90-1 13453-32-2 13453-32-2* 7783-57-5 13746-98-0 1314-32-5 16222-66-5 12039-52-0 7440-29-1 16689-88-6 12229-63-9 13453-49-1 12012-16-7

265.283 373.374 539.638 344.940 453.031 172.932 365.849 215.096 414.049 204.383 263.427 332.285 284.287 468.776 287.834 239.836 524.761 230.401 249.443 223.381 249.401 349.347 221.390 379.285 331.287 568.71 266.388 250.389 496.786 424.766 303.834 551.73 487.73 504.831 440.833 516.157 310.741 382.803 261.378 390.398 456.765 696.958 283.34 232.038 234.054 296.904 551.654 244.049

wh orth cry; hyg hyg cry hex cry; hyg pink hyg solid col needles cub cry wh cub cry orth cry cub cry soft blue-wh metal hyg wh cry col needles yel cub cry wh monocl cry col hex cry wh cub cry yel cry wh hex plates cloudy liq wh orth cry hyg col needles wh cub cry yel needles wh needles yel cry powder yel-wh cub cry wh cry cub cry wh powder blk rhomb cry; hyg col orth cry orth cry gray plates wh rhomb prisms blue-blk cry yel orth cry monocl cry orth cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry brn cub cry col leaflets blk solid soft gray-wh metal; cub tetr cry refrac solid wh hyg cry cub cry

588

4.35 4.35 ≈5.2

957

15725 89 2303

304 131 120 dec 460 272

1473

430

720

-3 326 101

130 dec 826

819

139 dec

9.55 7.91 6.66 6.35 11.8 3.68 7.5 7.11 5.5 7.0 6.523 3.49 8.36 4.97 4.6 7.44

0.4930 0.05920 4.6920 3.9220 0.3320 0.00320

34.318 0.058 0.008520

7.1

206

450 dec

9.5520 32.125 1.8320

579

≈1080

5.55 5.7 6.31 9.52 4.8 6.875

5.4725 0.0220

550 dec

6.77 8.39 3.65 4.7 3.00 8.65

834

10.2

155

330 1750 2450 679 2500

4788

i EtOH i EtOH sl acid, alk s H2O, acid, EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; s MeOH

824

1367

i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH s EtOH

24525

441.7

>400 340 632 448

s H2O vs H2O s H2O s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace

sl HNO3 i EtOH i H2O i EtOH

s H2O, EtOH 19.730 2.820

11.7 9.5 6.99

i EtOH, eth i H2O, acid sl alk; s acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; reac acid reac H2O i H2O, acid s acid

6520 10.6

reac H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-89

TeamLRN

2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360

Formula

2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405

ThC2 ThCl4 ThF4 ThI4 Th(NO3)4 ⋅ 4H2O ThN ThO2 ThSe2 ThSiO4 ThSi2 Th(SO4)2 ⋅ 9H2O ThS2 Tm TmBr3 TmCl3 TmCl3 ⋅ 7H2O TmF3 TmI3 Tm(NO3)3 Tm(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Tm2O3 Sn Sn SnH4 SnH3CH3 Sn(C2H3O2)2 SnBr2 SnCl2 SnCl2 ⋅ 2H2O SnF2 SnZrF6 Sn(OH)2 SnI2 SnC2O4 SnO Sn2P2O7 SnSe SnSO4 SnS SnC4H4O6 SnTe SnBr4 SnCl4 SnCl4 ⋅ 5H2O Sn(CrO4)2

Thorium dicarbide Thorium(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) iodide Thorium(IV) nitrate tetrahydrate Thorium nitride Thorium(IV) oxide Thorium(IV) selenide Thorium orthosilicate Thorium silicide Thorium(IV) sulfate nonahydrate Thorium(IV) sulfide Thulium Thulium bromide Thulium chloride Thulium chloride heptahydrate Thulium fluoride Thulium iodide Thulium nitrate Thulium nitrate pentahydrate Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin (white) Stannane Methylstannane Tin(II) acetate Tin(II) bromide Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) fluoride Tin(II) hexafluorozirconate Tin(II) hydroxide Tin(II) iodide Tin(II) oxalate Tin(II) oxide Tin(II) pyrophosphate Tin(II) selenide Tin(II) sulfate Tin(II) sulfide Tin(II) tartrate Tin(II) telluride Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate Tin(IV) chromate

CAS Reg No. 12071-31-7 10026-08-1 13709-59-6 7790-49-0 33088-16-3 12033-65-7 1314-20-1 60763-24-8 14553-44-7 12067-54-8 10381-37-0 12138-07-7 7440-30-4 14456-51-0 13537-18-3 13778-39-7 13760-79-7 13813-43-9 14985-19-4 36548-87-5 12036-44-1 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 2406-52-2 1631-78-3 638-39-1 10031-24-0 7772-99-8 10025-69-1 7783-47-3 12419-43-1 12026-24-3 10294-70-9 814-94-8 21651-19-4 15578-26-4 1315-06-6 7488-55-3 1314-95-0 815-85-0 12040-02-7 7789-67-5 7646-78-8 10026-06-9 38455-77-5

Mol. Physical Weight Form 256.059 373.849 308.032 739.656 552.119 246.045 264.037 389.96 324.122 288.209 586.303 296.170 168.934 408.646 275.292 401.399 225.929 549.647 354.949 445.025 385.866 118.710 118.710 122.742 136.769 236.799 278.518 189.615 225.646 156.707 323.924 152.725 372.519 206.729 134.709 411.363 197.67 214.774 150.776 266.781 246.31 438.326 260.521 350.597 350.697

yel monocl cry gray-wh tetr needles; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry wh hyg cry refrac cub cry wh cub cry orth cry brn tetr cry tetr cry wh monocl cry dark brn cry silv metal; hex wh hyg cry yel hyg cry hyg cry wh cry yel hyg cry grn hyg solid grn hyg cry grn-wh cub cry cub cry silv tetr cry unstable col gas col gas wh orth cry yel powder wh orth cry wh monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg cry wh amorp solid red-oran powder wh powder blue-blk tetr cry wh amorp powder gray orth cry wh orth cry gray orth cry wh cry powder gray cub cry wh cry col fuming liq wh-yel cry brn-yel cry powder

mp/°C ≈2650 770 1110 570 500 dec 2820 3390

1850 dec 1905 1545 954 824

bp/°C 921 1680 837

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 9.0 4.59 6.1

reac H2O s H2O, EtOH

19120 4400

1950

11.6 10.0 8.5 6.7 7.9 2.8 7.30 9.32

4.220 i H2O; s acid s dil acid s H2O s H2O s H2O, EtOH s H2O

1158 1021 21225 2341 trans to wh Sn 13.2 231.93 -146 183 215 247.1 37 dec 213

320 280 dec 1080 dec 400 dec 861 378 dec 880 790 29.1 -34.07 56 dec dec

3945 2602 2602 -51.8 0 subl 639 623 850

714

1210

205 114.15

8.6 5.769 7.265 5.017 g/L 5.590 g/L 2.31 5.12 3.90 2.71 4.57 4.21 5.28 3.56 6.45 4.009 6.18 4.15 5.08 6.5 3.34 2.234 2.04

s EtOH reac H2O i H2O, alk; sl acid

850 17810 17810

0.9820

s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace sl acid

reac H2O s dil HCl s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, ace, eth; i xyl s EtOH, NaOH; vs HCl s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl s H2O s bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O; s conc acid i H2O; s aqua regia

18.819 i H2O; s conc acid s H2O, dil HCl vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, ctc, bz, ace vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-90

No. Name

Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) iodide Tin(IV) oxide Tin(IV) selenide Tin(IV) selenite Tin(IV) sulfide Titanium Titanium hydride Titanium boride Titanium carbide Titanium nitride Titanium phosphide Titanium silicide Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(III) sulfate Titanium(III) sulfide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Titanium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) fluoride Titanium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxysulfate monohydrate Titanium(IV) sulfate Titanium(IV) sulfide Tungsten Tungstic acid Tungsten boride Tungsten boride Tungsten boride Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbonyl Tungsten nitride Tungsten nitride Tungsten silicide Tungsten silicide Tungsten(II) bromide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(II) iodide

SnF4 SnI4 SnO2 SnSe2 Sn(SeO3)2 SnS2 Ti TiH2 TiB2 TiC TiN TiP TiSi2 TiBr2 TiCl2 TiI2 TiO TiS TiBr3 TiCl3 TiF3 Ti2O3 Ti2(SO4)3 Ti2S3 Ti3O5 TiBr4 TiCl4 TiF4 TiI4 TiO2 TiOSO4 ⋅ H2O Ti(SO4)2 TiS2 W H2WO4 W2B WB W2B5 W2C WC W(CO)6 WN2 W2N WSi2 W5Si3 WBr2 WCl2 WI2

7783-62-2 7790-47-8 18282-10-5 20770-09-6 7446-25-5 1315-01-1 7440-32-6 7704-98-5 12045-63-5 12070-08-5 25583-20-4 12037-65-9 12039-83-7 13783-04-5 10049-06-6 13783-07-8 12137-20-1 12039-07-5 13135-31-4 7705-07-9 13470-08-1 1344-54-3 10343-61-0 12039-16-6 12065-65-5 7789-68-6 7550-45-0 7783-63-3 7720-83-4 13463-67-7 13825-74-6* 13693-11-3 12039-13-3 7440-33-7 7783-03-1 12007-10-2 12007-09-9 12007-98-6 12070-13-2 12070-12-1 14040-11-0 60922-26-1 12033-72-6 12039-88-2 12039-95-1 13470-10-5 13470-12-7 13470-17-2

194.704 626.328 150.709 276.63 372.63 182.842 47.867 49.883 69.489 59.878 61.874 78.841 104.038 207.675 118.772 301.676 63.866 79.933 287.579 154.225 104.862 143.732 383.925 191.932 223.598 367.483 189.678 123.861 555.485 79.866 177.945 239.994 111.999 183.84 249.85 378.49 194.65 421.74 379.69 195.85 351.90 211.85 381.69 240.01 1003.46 343.65 254.75 437.65

wh tetr cry yel-brn cub cry gray tetr cry red-brn cry cry powder gold-yel hex cry gray metal; hex gray-blk powder gray refrac solid; hex cub cry yel-brn cub cry gray hex cry blk orth cry blk powder blk hex cryc blk hex cry cub cry brn hex cry blue-blk hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg viol hex cry viol hex cry grn cry blk hex cry blk monocl cry yel-oran cub cry; hyg col or yel liq wh hyg powder red hyg powder wh tetr cry col orth cry wh-yel hyg cry yel-brn hex cry; hyg gray-wh metal; cub yel amorp powder refrac blk powder blk refrac powder refrac solid refrac hex cry gray hex cry wh cry hex cry gray cub cry blue-gray tetr cry blue-gray refrac solid yel powder yel solid oran cry

143 1630 650 600 dec 1670 ≈450 dec 3225 3067 2950 1990 1500 1035

705 subl 364.35

3287

1500

1750 1780 425 dec 1200 1842

1777 39 -24.12 284 150 1843

960 1400

230 136.45 subl 377

4.78 4.46 6.85 ≈5.0 4.5 4.506 3.75 4.38 4.93 5.21 4.08 4.0 4.0 3.13 5.02 4.95 3.85 2.64 2.98 4.486 3.56 4.24 3.37 1.73 2.798 4.3 4.23 2.71

150 dec 3414 100 dec 2670 2665 2365 ≈2800 2785 170 dec 600 dec dec 2160 2320 400 dec >500 dec

5555

subl

3.37 19.3 5.5 16.0 15.2 11.0 14.8 15.6 2.65 7.7 17.8 9.3 14.4

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, eth i H2O, EtOH; s hot conc alk i H2O; s alk, conc acid i H2O; s hot HCl i H2O; s alk, aqua regia i H2O i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s aqua regia i H2O, acid, alk; s HF reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, eth reac H2O s conc acid s H2O reac H2O i H2O, dil acid, alk s hot HF i H2O, EtOH; s dil HCl

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, py reac H2O i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid reac H2O s H2O s H2SO4 i H2O, acid; s alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O; s HNO3/HF i H2O; s os

i H2O

s H2O 6.79

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-91

TeamLRN

2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453

Formula

CAS Reg No.

2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498

WBr3 WCl3 WBr4 WCl4 WF4 WI4 WO2 WSe2 WS2 WTe2 WBr5 WCl5 W(C2H5O)5 WF5 WOBr3 WOCl3 WBr6 WCl6 WO2Br2 WO2Cl2 WO2I2 WF6 WO3 WOBr4 WOCl4 WOF4 WS3 U UB2 UB4 UC UC2 U2C3 UN U2N3 UBr3 UCl3 UF3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UI4 UO2

15163-24-3 20193-56-0 14055-81-3 13470-13-8 13766-47-7 14055-84-6 12036-22-5 12067-46-8 12138-09-9 12067-76-4 13470-11-6 13470-14-9 62571-53-3 19357-83-6 20213-56-3 14249-98-0 13701-86-5 13283-01-7 13520-75-7 13520-76-8 14447-89-3 7783-82-6 1314-35-8 13520-77-9 13520-78-0 13520-79-1 12125-19-8 7440-61-1 12007-36-2 12007-84-0 12070-09-6 12071-33-9 12076-62-9 25658-43-9 12033-83-9 13470-19-4 10025-93-1 13775-06-9 13598-56-6 13775-18-3 13470-20-7 10026-10-5 10049-14-6 13470-22-9 1344-57-6

Tungsten(III) bromide Tungsten(III) chloride Tungsten(IV) bromide Tungsten(IV) chloride Tungsten(IV) fluoride Tungsten(IV) iodide Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) selenide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(IV) telluride Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(V) ethanolate Tungsten(V) fluoride Tungsten(V) oxytribromide Tungsten(V) oxytrichloride Tungsten(VI) bromide Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide Tungsten(VI) dioxydichloride Tungsten(VI) dioxydiiodide Tungsten(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) sulfide Uranium Uranium boride Uranium boride Uranium carbide Uranium carbide Uranium carbide Uranium nitride Uranium nitride Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) oxide

Mol. Physical Weight Form 423.55 290.20 503.46 325.65 259.83 691.46 215.84 341.76 247.97 439.04 583.36 361.10 409.14 278.83 439.55 306.20 663.26 396.56 375.65 286.74 469.65 297.83 231.84 519.46 341.65 275.83 280.04 238.029 259.651 281.273 250.040 262.050 512.090 252.036 518.078 477.741 344.387 295.024 241.053 618.742 557.645 379.840 314.023 745.647 270.028

blk hex cry red solid blk orth cry blk hyg powder red-brn cry blk powder blue monocl cry gray hex cry gray hex cry gray orth cry brn-blk hyg solid blk hyg cry pow yel solid dark brn tetr cry grn tetr cry blue-blk cry purp hex cry; hyg red cry yel orth cry grn monocl cry col gas yel powder red tetr cry red hyg cry wh monocl cry brn powder silv-wh orth cry refrac solid refrac solid gray cub cry gray tetr cry gray cub cry gray cub cry cub cry red hyg cry grn hyg cry blk hex cry gray-blk cub cry blk hyg cry brn hyg cry grn octahed cry grn monocl cry blk hyg cry brn cub cry

mp/°C >80 dec 550 dec

bp/°C

i H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

subl 240 subl

450 dec >800 dec dec ≈1500 dec 1250 dec 1020 286 242

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility

4.62

reac H2O; s EtOH; i eth chl i H2O, os

10.8 9.2 7.6 9.43

i H2O, HCl, alk

333 286 105(0.05 mmHg)

reac H2O s EtAc

>80 dec ≈5.9 ≈4.6 309 275 265 400 dec 2.3 1472 277 211 106 1135 2430 2530 2790 2350 ≈1700 dec 2805 dec 727 837 dec 766 519 590 1036 506 2827

346.75 440 subl

17.1 327 227.55 185.9 4131

4370

3.52

s EtOH, os

4.67 6.39 12.17 g/L 7.2 ≈5.5 11.92 5.07

i H2O reac H2O i H2O; sl acid; s alk reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, CS2 reac H2O sl H2O; s alk

19.1 12.7 9.32

i H2O

11.3 12.7 14.3 11.3

reac H2O; sl EtOH i H2O s H2O vs H2O; i bz, ctc i H2O; s acid

5.51 8.9 11.1

791 1417

4.72 6.7 10.97

0.0125

s H2O s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH s conc acid, alk s H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-92

No. Name

Uranium(IV,V) oxide Uranium(V) bromide Uranium(V) chloride Uranium(V) fluoride Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(VI) chloride Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Uranium(VI) oxide monohydrate Uranium peroxide dihydrate Uranyl chloride Uranyl fluoride Uranyl nitrate Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate Uranyl sulfate Uranyl sulfate trihydrate Vanadium Vanadium boride Vanadium boride Vanadium carbide Vanadium carbide Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium nitride Vanadium silicide Vanadium silicide Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(II) fluoride Vanadium(II) iodide Vanadium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) sulfate heptahydrate Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) fluoride trihydrate Vanadium(III) iodide Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfate Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadyl bromide Vanadyl chloride

U4O9 UBr5 UCl5 UF5 U3O8 UCl6 UF6 UO3 UO3 ⋅ H2O UO4 ⋅ 2H2O UO2Cl2 UO2F2 UO2(NO3)2 UO2(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O UO2SO4 UO2SO4 ⋅ 3H2O V VB VB2 VC V2C V(CO)6 VN VSi2 V3Si VBr2 VCl2 VF2 VI2 VO VSO4 ⋅ 7H2O V(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 VBr3 VCl3 VF3 VF3 ⋅ 3H2O VI3 V2O3 V2(SO4)3 V2S3 VBr4 VCl4 VF4 VO2 VF5 V2O5 VOBr VOCl

12037-15-9 1096.111 cub cry 13775-16-1 637.549 brn hyg cry 13470-21-8 415.293 brn hyg cry 13775-07-0 333.021 pale blue tetr cry; hyg 1344-59-8 842.082 grn-blk orth cry 13763-23-0 450.745 green hex cry 7783-81-5 352.019 wh monocl solid 1344-58-7 286.027 oran-yel cry 12326-21-5 304.043 yel orth cry 19525-15-6 338.057 yel hyg cry 7791-26-6 340.933 yel orth cry; hyg 13536-84-0 308.025 yel hyg solid 10102-06-4 394.037 yel cry 13520-83-7 502.129 yel orth cry; hyg 1314-64-3 366.091 yel cry 20910-28-5 420.138 yel cry 7440-62-2 50.942 gray-wh metal; cub 12045-27-1 61.753 refrac solid 12007-37-3 72.564 refrac solid 12070-10-9 62.953 refrac blk cry; cub 12012-17-8 113.894 hex cry 14024-00-1 219.002 blue-grn cry; flam 24646-85-3 64.949 blk powder; cub 12039-87-1 107.113 metallic prisms 12039-76-8 180.911 cub cry 14890-41-6 210.750 oran-brn hex cry 10580-52-6 121.847 grn hex plates 13842-80-3 88.939 blue hyg cry 15513-84-5 304.751 red-viol hex cry 12035-98-2 66.941 grn cry 36907-42-3 273.112 viol cry 13476-99-8 348.266 brn cry 13470-26-3 290.654 gray-brn hyg cry 7718-98-1 157.300 red-viol hex cry; hyg 10049-12-4 107.937 yel-grn hex cry 10049-12-4* 161.983 grn rhomb cry 15513-94-7 431.655 brn-blk rhomb cry; hyg 1314-34-7 149.881 blk powder 13701-70-7 390.074 yel powder 1315-03-3 198.081 grn-blk powder 13595-30-7 370.558 unstable magenta cry 7632-51-1 192.753 unstable red liq 10049-16-8 126.936 grn hyg powder 12036-21-4 82.941 blue-blk powder 7783-72-4 145.934 col liq 1314-62-1 181.880 yel-brn orth cry 13520-88-2 146.845 viol cry 13520-87-1 102.394 brn orth cry

11.2 287 348 1300 dec 177 64.0 tp

56.5 sp

570 dec 115 dec 577

5.81 8.38 3.6 5.09 ≈7.3 7.05

60

118 dec

2.81

1910 2250 2450 2810 2167 60 dec 2050

3407

3.28 6.0

800 subl 910 subl

64.420 12725 12725 15216

i H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz i bz s eth s EtOH, eth sl EtOH i H2O; s acid i H2O

5.77

i H2O

6.13 4.42 5.70 4.58 3.23

i H2O; s aqua regia s HF

800 subl

5.44 5.758

≈185

subl

500 dec ≈1400 ≈100 dec

subl

≈1.0 4.00 3.00 3.363

1789

2067 ≈400 dec dec -23 dec -25.7 325 dec 1967 19.5 670 480 dec

reac H2O; s ctc, chl i H2O; s acid

subl

1935 ≈1350

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth reac H2O reac H2O s acid s MeOH, ace, bz chl reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH sl H2O reac H2O i H2O sl H2O i H2O; s hot HCl

5.21 4.87 4.7 148 subl 48.3 1800 dec

1.816 3.15 4.339 2.50 3.35

127

1.72

0.0725

reac H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O i H2O; s acid, alk reac H2O s conc acid, alk; i EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-93

TeamLRN

2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546

Formula

2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591

VOBr2 VOCl2 VOF2 VOSeO3 ⋅ H2O VOSO4 ⋅ 2H2O VOBr3 VOCl3 VOF3 H2O Xe XeO3 XeO4 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO2F2 XeOF4 XeFRuF6 XeFSb2F11 Xe2F3AsF6 XeF3SbF6 XeF3Sb2F11 XeF5AsF6 XeF5RuF6 Yb YbSi2 YbBr2 YbCl2 YbI2 YbCl3 YbCl3 ⋅ 6H2O YbF3 Yb(NO3)3 Yb2O3 Yb2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Y Y3Al5O12 YSb YAs YB6 YBr3 YC2 Y2(CO3)3 ⋅ 3H2O YCl3 YF3

Vanadyl dibromide Vanadyl dichloride Vanadyl difluoride Vanadyl selenite hydrate Vanadyl sulfate dihydrate Vanadyl tribromide Vanadyl trichloride Vanadyl trifluoride Water Xenon Xenon trioxide Xenon tetroxide Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Xenon dioxydifluoride Xenon oxytetrafluoride Xenon fluoride hexafluororuthenate Xenon fluoride undecafluoroantimonate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroarsenate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroantimonate Xenon trifluoride undecafluoroantimonate Xenon pentafluoride hexafluoroarsenate Xenon pentafluoride hexafluororuthenate Ytterbium Ytterbium silicide Ytterbium(II) bromide Ytterbium(II) chloride Ytterbium(II) iodide Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate Ytterbium(III) fluoride Ytterbium(III) nitrate Ytterbium(III) oxide Ytterbium(III) sulfate octahydrate Yttrium Yttrium aluminum oxide Yttrium antimonide Yttrium arsenide Yttrium boride Yttrium bromide Yttrium carbide Yttrium carbonate trihydrate Yttrium chloride Yttrium fluoride

CAS Reg No. 13520-89-3 10213-09-9 13814-83-0 133578-89-9 27774-13-6 13520-90-6 7727-18-6 13709-31-4 7732-18-5 7440-63-3 13776-58-4 12340-14-6 13709-36-9 13709-61-0 13693-09-9 13875-06-4 13774-85-1 22527-13-5 15364-10-0 50432-32-1 39797-63-2 35718-37-7 20328-94-3 39796-98-0 7440-64-4 12039-89-3 25502-05-0 13874-77-6 19357-86-9 10361-91-8 19423-87-1 13760-80-0 13768-67-7 1314-37-0 10034-98-7 7440-65-5 12005-21-9 12186-97-9 12255-48-0 12008-32-1 13469-98-2 12071-35-1 5970-44-5 10361-92-9 13709-49-4

Mol. Physical Weight Form 226.749 137.846 104.938 211.92 199.036 306.653 173.299 123.936 18.015 131.29 179.29 195.29 169.29 207.28 245.28 201.29 223.28 365.35 602.79 508.49 424.04 640.79 415.19 441.34 173.04 229.21 332.85 243.95 426.85 279.40 387.49 230.04 359.06 394.08 778.39 88.906 593.619 210.666 163.828 153.772 328.618 112.927 411.885 195.264 145.901

yel-brn cry grn hyg cry yel cry grn tricl plates blue cry powder deep red liq fuming red liq yel hyg powder col liq col gas col orth cry yel solid; exp col tetr cry col monocl cry col monocl cry col orth cry col liq yel-grn monocl cry yel monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn tricl cry wh monocl cry grn orth cry silv metal; cub hex cry yel cry grn cry blk cry wh hyg powder grn hyg cry wh cry col hyg solid col cub cry col cry silv metal; hex grn cub cry cub cry cub cry refrac solid col hyg cry refrac solid red-brn powder wh monocl cry; hyg wh hyg powder

mp/°C

bp/°C

180 dec 380 dec

Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.88

reac H2O; s EtOH

3.506

-79 300 0.00 -111.745 tp (81.6 kPa) exp ≈25 -35.9 129.03 tp 117.10 tp 49.5 30.8 exp -46.2 110 63 99 ≈110 82 130.5 152 819

180 dec 127 480 100.0 -108.09 ≈0 dec 114.35 sp 115.75 sp 75.6

1196

673 721 772 875 150 dec 1157

s H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s MeOH, eth, ace reac H2O s EtOH, MeOH, ace sl H2O s H2O

1.829 2.459 0.9970 5.366 g/L 4.55 4.32 4.04 3.56 4.10 3.170 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.92 3.98 3.51 3.79 6.90 7.54

sl H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

reac H2O

s dil acid

5.27

2.57 8.2 23925

2355

4070

1522

3345

2310 2600 904 ≈2400

9.2 3.3 4.47 ≈4.5 5.97 5.59 3.72

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O s EtOH s dil acid

38.420 reac H2O; s dil acid

83.330 4.13 i H2O; s dil acid

721 ≈1150

2.61 4.0

75.120 i H2O

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-94

No. Name

Yttrium nitrate Yttrium nitrate tetrahydrate Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate Yttrium oxide Yttrium phosphide Yttrium sulfate octahydrate Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc acetate dihydrate Zinc ammonium sulfate Zinc antimonide Zinc arsenate Zinc arsenate octahydrate Zinc arsenide Zinc arsenite Zinc borate Zinc borate hemiheptahydrate Zinc borate pentahydrate Zinc bromate hexahydrate Zinc bromide Zinc caprylate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate hydroxide Zinc chlorate Zinc chloride Zinc chromate Zinc chromite Zinc citrate dihydrate Zinc cyanide Zinc dithionate Zinc fluoride Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate Zinc fluoroborate hexahydrate Zinc formate dihydrate Zinc hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate Zinc iodide Zinc laurate Zinc molybdate Zinc nitrate Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zinc nitride Zinc nitrite Zinc oleate Zinc oxalate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc oxide

Y(NO3)3 Y(NO3)3 ⋅ 4H2O Y(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Y2O3 YP Y2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Y2S3 Zn Zn(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Zn(NH4)2(SO4)2 ZnSb Zn3(AsO4)2 Zn3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Zn3As2 Zn(AsO2)2 3ZnO ⋅ 2B2O3 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3 ⋅ 3.5H2O 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3 ⋅ 5H2O Zn(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O ZnBr2 Zn(C8H15O2)2 ZnCO3 3Zn(OH)2 ⋅ 2ZnCO3 Zn(ClO3)2 ZnCl2 ZnCrO4 ZnCr2O4 Zn3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ 2H2O Zn(CN)2 ZnS2O4 ZnF2 ZnF2 ⋅ 4H2O Zn(BF4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O ZnSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ZnI2 Zn(C12H23O2)2 ZnMoO4 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn3N2 Zn(NO2)2 Zn(C18H33O2)2 ZnC2O4 ZnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O ZnO

10361-93-0 13773-69-8 13494-98-9 1314-36-9 12294-01-8 7446-33-5 12039-19-9 7440-66-6 5970-45-6 7783-24-6 12039-35-9 13464-44-3 13464-45-4 12006-40-5 10326-24-6 27043-84-1 12513-27-8 12536-65-1 13517-27-6 7699-45-8 557-09-5 3486-35-9 12070-69-8 10361-95-2 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 12018-19-8 546-46-3 557-21-1 7779-86-4 7783-49-5 13986-18-0 27860-83-9 5970-62-7 16871-71-9 20427-58-1 7790-37-6 10139-47-6 2452-01-9 13767-32-3 7779-88-6 10196-18-6 1313-49-1 10102-02-0 557-07-3 547-68-2 4255-07-6 1314-13-2

274.921 346.982 383.012 225.810 119.880 610.125 274.010 65.39 219.51 293.59 187.15 474.01 618.13 346.01 279.23 383.41 434.69 461.72 429.29 225.20 351.80 125.40 549.01 232.29 136.29 181.38 233.38 610.40 117.42 193.52 103.39 175.45 347.09 191.46 315.56 99.41 415.20 319.20 464.01 225.33 189.40 297.49 224.18 157.40 628.30 153.41 189.44 81.39

wh hyg solid red-wh prisms hyg cry wh cry; cub cub cry red monocl cry yel cub cry blue-wh metal; hex wh powder wh cry silv-wh orth cry wh powder wh monocl cry pow col powder wh amorp powder wh cry wh pow wh hyg solid wh hex cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh rhomb cry wh pow yel hyg cry wh hyg cry yel prisms grn cub cry col powder wh powder wh amorp solid wh tetr needles; hyg wh orth cry hex cry wh cry wh cry col orth cry wh cry powder wh hyg cry wh powder wh tetr cry wh powder col orth cry blue-gray cub cry hyg solid wh powder wh pwd wh powder wh powder; hex

2.68 2438

1925 419.53 237 dec

907

565

3.33 5.528

980

60 dec 290 316

200 dec 872

697

732

1500

125 dec 446 128 >700 36 dec 700 dec

7.4716

30.020 9.220

0.00725

4.4

0.00009120

2.15 2.907 3.40 5.29

20020 40825 3.08

1.852

0.0004720 4020 1.5525 1.5525

3.05 625

0.00007820 0.00007820

3.64 4.22 3.64 2.57 4.5

4.9 2.30 2.12 2.207

4.74

48825

5.220 0.00004220 0.6425 43825

4.3 2.067 6.22

12025 12025

70 dec 100 dec 1974

2.56 5.6

s EtOH

s dil acid

6.33

1015

100 394 136 140 dec

5.03 ≈4.4 2.6 3.87 7.14 1.735

14925 14925 14925

0.002625 0.002625

s acid, alk s EtOH reac H2O s acid, alk s acid, alk i H2O; s acid sl H2O; s dil acid i H2O sl HCl vs H2O vs EtOH; s eth sl H2O s dil acid, alk

s EtOH, ace s acid; i ace sl H2O; s dil acid, alk reac acid

vs H2O; s EtOH i EtOH s H2O

s EtOH, eth sl H2O i H2O vs EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

4-95

TeamLRN

2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639

Formula

2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681

Zn(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Zn(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(MnO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O ZnO2 Zn3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Zn3P2 Zn2P2O7 ZnSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O ZnSe Zn2SiO4 ZnSeO3 Zn(C18H35O2)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 ⋅ H2O ZnSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ZnS ZnS ZnSO3 ⋅ 2H2O ZnTe Zn(SCN)2 Zr ZrB2 ZrC ZrCl2 ZrH2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrF4 Zr(OH)4 ZrI4 Zr(NO3)4 ⋅ 5H2O ZrO2 ZrSiO4 Zr(SO4)2 Zr(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O ZrS2 ZrN ZrP2 ZrSi2 ZrOCl2 ZrOCl2 ⋅ 8H2O

Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate Zinc permanganate hexahydrate Zinc peroxide Zinc phosphate Zinc phosphate tetrahydrate Zinc phosphide Zinc pyrophosphate Zinc selenate pentahydrate Zinc selenide Zinc orthosilicate Zinc selenite Zinc stearate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfite dihydrate Zinc telluride Zinc thiocyanate Zirconium Zirconium boride Zirconium carbide Zirconium(II) chloride Zirconium(II) hydride Zirconium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zirconium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) sulfate Zirconium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Zirconium(IV) sulfide Zirconium nitride Zirconium phosphide Zirconium silicide Zirconyl chloride Zirconyl chloride octahydrate

CAS Reg No. 14024-63-6 10025-64-6 23414-72-4 1314-22-3 7779-90-0 7543-51-3 1314-84-7 7446-26-6 13597-54-1 1315-09-9 13597-65-4 13597-46-1 557-05-1 7733-02-0 7446-19-7 7446-20-0 1314-98-3 1314-98-3 7488-52-0 1315-11-3 557-42-6 7440-67-7 12045-64-6 12020-14-3 13762-26-0 7704-99-6 13777-25-8 10026-11-6 7783-64-4 14475-63-9 13986-26-0 13746-89-9 1314-23-4 10101-52-7 14644-61-2 7446-31-3 12039-15-5 25658-42-8 12037-80-8 12039-90-6 7699-43-6 13520-92-8

Mol. Physical Weight Form 263.61 372.38 411.35 97.39 386.11 458.17 258.12 304.72 298.42 144.35 222.86 192.35 632.33 161.45 179.47 287.56 97.46 97.46 181.49 192.99 181.56 91.224 112.846 103.235 162.129 93.240 410.840 233.035 167.218 159.254 598.842 429.320 123.223 183.308 283.351 355.413 155.356 105.231 153.172 147.395 178.128 322.251

cry wh cub cry; hyg blk orth cry; hyg yel-wh powder wh monocl cry col orth cry gray tetr cry wh cry powder tricl cry yel-red cub cry wh hex cry wh pow wh powder col orth cry wh monocl cry col orth cry gray-wh cub cry wh hex cry wh powder red cub cry wh hyg cry gray-wh metal; hex gray refrac solid; hex gray refrac solid; cub blk cry gray tetr cry wh cub cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry wh amorp powder oran cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh amorp powder wh tetr cry wh hyg cry wh tetr cry red-brn hex cry yel cub cry orth cry gray powder wh solid tetr cry

mp/°C

bp/°C

137 dec 106 dec >150 dec 900

212 exp

1160 50 dec >1100 1509

subl

130 680 dec 238 dec 100 dec 1700 1700 200 dec 1239 1854 3245 3532 772 dec 800 dec 450 tp 437 tp 932 tp dec 499 tp 100 dec 2709 1540 dec 410 dec 100 dec 1480 2960 1620 250 dec 400 dec

Density Solubility Qualitative /g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.2 2.45 1.57 4.0 3.04 4.55 3.75 2.59 5.65 4.1 1.095 3.8 3.20 1.97 4.04 4.09

121.325

63.425 i H2O; s dil acid i H2O, dil acid i H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 57.725 57.725 57.725

0.22425 5.9 4409

360 sp 331 sp 912 sp 431 sp

6.52 6.17 6.73 3.16 5.6 3.98 2.80 4.43 3.25 4.85 5.68 4.6 3.22 2.80 3.82 7.09 ≈5.1 4.88 1.91

sl H2O; s EtOH s EtOH s H2O; reac EtOH i H2O; reac acid, EtOH, ace i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; reac acid; s bz i H2O; s dil acid

i EtOH i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i EtOH i H2O sl H2O; s EtOH s hot conc acid s HF reac H2O i H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.525 i H2O; s acid vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; sl acid i H2O, acid s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O i H2O s conc HF; sl dil acid i H2O, aqua regia; s HF s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Table 1 Data for the Trivalent Ions of the Rare Earth Elements Electronic configuration for R3+ Rare earth

Symbol

Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Atomic no. 21 39 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Atomic wt.a

No. 4f electrons

44.955910 88.90585 138.9055 140.115 140.90765 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967

0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

S

L

J

Spectroscopic ground state symbol

— — — 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2 —

— — — 3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3 —

— — — 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2 —

— — — 2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2 —

Note: For additional information, see Goldschmidt, Z.B., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978; DeLaeter, J.R., and Heumann, K.G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1313 , 1991; Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2423, 1994.

a

1993 standard atomic weights.

Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below Rare earth metal αSc αY αLa αCeb βCe γCec αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tbe αTb α′Dyf αDy Ho

Crystal structurea hcp hcp dhcp fcc dhcp fcc dhcp dhcp dhcp rhombd bcc hcp ortho hcp ortho hcp hcp

ao 3.3088 3.6482 3.7740 4.85b 3.6810 5.1610 3.6721 3.6582 3.65 3.6290d 4.5827 3.6336 3.605e 3.6055 3.595f 3.5915 3.5778

Lattice constants(Å) bo — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.244e — 6.184f — —

co 5.2680 5.7318 12.171 — 11.857 — 11.8326 11.7966 11.65 26.207 — 5.7810 5.706e 5.6966 5.678f 5.6501 5.6178

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Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)

Atomic volume (cm3/mol)

Density (g/cm3)

1.6406 1.8012 1.8791 1.72b 1.8321 1.8247 1.8279 1.8214 1.811 1.8041 2.0418 1.8013 1.784e 1.7833 1.774f 1.7740 1.7661

15.039 19.893 22.602 17.2b 20.947 20.696 20.803 20.583 20.24 20.000 28.979 19.903 19.34e 19.310 19.00f 19.004 18.752

2.989 4.469 6.146 8.16b 6.689 6.770 6.773 7.008 7.264 7.520 5.244 7.901 8.219e 8.230 8.551f 8.551 8.795

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below (continued) Rare earth metal Er Tm αYbg βYb Lu

Crystal structurea

Lattice constants(Å) bo

ao

hcp hcp hcp fcc hcp

3.5592 3.5375 3.8799g 5.4848 3.5052

— — — — —

co 5.5850 5.5540 6.3859g — 5.5494

Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)

Atomic volume (cm3/mol)

Density (g/cm3)

1.7566 1.7462 1.9451g 1.9392 1.7349

18.449 18.124 25.067g 24.841 17.779

9.066 9.321 6.903g 6.966 9.841

Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 1996, to be published. a

b c d d f g

hcp = hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP2, A3, Mg-type; dhcp = double-c hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP4, A3′, αLa-type; fcc = facecentered cubic; Fm3m, cF4, A1, Cu-type; rhomb = rhombohedral; R3m, hR3, αSm-type; bcc = body-centered cubic; Im3m, cI2, A2, W-type; ortho = orthorhombic; Cmcm, oC4, α′ Dy-type. At 77 K (–196°C). Equilibrium room temperature (standard state) phase. Rhombohedral is the primitive cell. Lattice parameters given are for the nonprimitive hexagonal cell. At 220 K (–53°C). At 86 K (–187°C). At 23°C.

Table 3 Crystallographic Data for Rare Earth Metals at High Temperature Rare earth metal

Structure

βSc βY βLa γLa δCe βPr βNd βPm βSm

bcc bcc fcc bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc hcp

γSm βGd βTb βDy γYb

bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc

Lattice parameter (Å) 3.73 (est.) 4.10a 5.303 4.26 4.12 4.13 4.13 4.10 (est.) a = 3.6630 c = 5.8448 4.10 (est.) 4.06 4.07a 4.03a 4.44

Metallic radius CN = 8 CN = 12 (Å) (Å)

Temp. (°C)

Atomic volume (cm3/mol)

Density (g/cm3)

1337 1478 325 887 757 821 883 890 450b

1.62 1.78 — 1.84 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.78 —

1.66 1.83 1.875 1.90 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.83 1.8176

15.6 20.8 22.45 23.3 21.1 21.2 21.2 20.8 20.450

2.88 4.28 6.187 5.97 6.65 6.64 6.80 6.99 7.353

922 1265 1289 1381 763c

1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.92

1.82 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.98

20.8 20.2 20.3 19.7 26.4

7.25 7.80 7.82 8.23 6.57

Note: The rare earths Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu are monomorphic. For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986, 1. a

b c

Determined by extrapolation to 0% solute of a vs. composition data for R-Mg alloys at 24°C and corrected for thermal expansion to temperature given. The hcp phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4). The bcc phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4).

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 4 High Temperature Transition Temperatures and Melting Point of Rare Earth Metals

Transition I (α – β)a

Rare earth metal

Temp. (°C)

Sc Y Lab Cec,d Pr Nd Pm Sme Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Transition II (β – γ)a Temp. (C°)

Phases

1337 1478 310 139 795 863 890 734 — 1235 1289 1381 — — — 795 —

hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc dhcp → fcc dhcp → fcc (β - γ) dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc rhom → hcp — hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc — — — fcc 1 bcc (β - γ) —

— — 865 726 — — — 922 — — — — — — — — —

Melting point (C°)

Phases — — fcc 1 bcc fcc 1 bcc (γ - δ) — — — hcp 1 bcc — — — — — — — — —

1541 1522 918 798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663

Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a b c d e

For all the transformations listed, unless otherwise noted. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (β → α), 260°C. The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (γ → β), –16°C. On cooling, hcp → rhomb (β → α), 727°C.

Table 5 Low Temperature Transition Temperatures of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Ce

Tb Dy Yb

Cooling Transformation

°C

K

γ → βa γ→α β→α α → α′ α→ α′ β→α

–16 –172 –228 –53 –187 –13

257 101 45 220 86 260

Rare earth metal Ce

Yb

Heating Transformation α→β α→β+γ β → γa α→β

°C

K

–148 –104 139 7

125 169 412 280

Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. Koskenmaki, D.C. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., 1978, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 337. Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a

The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C (283 ± 5K).

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 6 Heat Capacity, Standard Entropy, Heats of Transformation, and Fusion of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal

Heat capacity at 298 K (J/mol K)

Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

25.5 26.5 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.3a 29.5 27.7 37.0 28.9 27.7 27.2 28.1 27.0 26.7 26.9

Standard entropy S°298 (J/mol K)

trans. 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 β 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 — α 1 α 1 α 1 — — — β 1 —

34.6 44.4 56.9 72.0 73.2 71.5 71.6a 69.6 77.8 68.1 73.2 75.6 75.3 73.2 74.0 59.9 51.0

Heat of transformation (kJ/mol) ∆Htr1 trans. 2

β β β γ β β β β

4.00 4.99 0.36 0.05 3.17 3.03 3.0a 0.2a — 3.91 5.02 4.16 — — — 1.75 —

β β β

γ

Heat of fusion (kJ/mol)

∆Htr2

— — β 1 γ γ 1 δ — — — β 1 γ — — — — — — — — —

— — 3.12 2.99 — — — 3.11 — — — — — — — — —

14.1 11.4 6.20 5.46 6.89 7.14 7.7a 8.62 9.21 10.0 10.79 11.06 17.0a 19.9 16.8 7.66 22a

Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl 2, 1982; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983. a

Estimated.

Table 7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Heats of Sublimation of Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal

10–8 atm (0.001 Pa)

Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

1036 1222 1301 1290 1083 955 — 508 399 1167 1124 804 845 908 599 301 1241

Temperature in °Ca for a vapor pressure of 10–6 atm 10–4 atm (0.101 Pa) (10.1Pa) 1243 1460 1566 1554 1333 1175 — 642 515 1408 1354 988 1036 1113 748 400 1483

1533 1812 1938 1926 1701 1500 — 835 685 1760 1698 1252 1313 1405 964 541 1832

10–2 atm (1013 Pa) 1999 2360 2506 2487 2305 2029 — 1150 964 2306 2237 1685 1771 1896 1300 776 2387

Boiling pointa (°C) 2836 3345 3464 3443 3520 3074 3000b 1794 1529 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402

Heat of sublimation at 25°C (kJ/mol) 377.8 424.7 431.0 422.6 355.6 327.6 348b 206.7 175.3 397.5 388.7 290.4 300.8 317.1 232.2 152.1 427.6

Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973 and Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. a b

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) values. Estimated.

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Table 8 Magnetic Properties of the Rare Earth Metals χA × 106 at 298 K (emu/mol)

αSc αY αLa βLa γCe βCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb α′Tb αDy α′Dy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu

295.2 187.7 95.9 105 2,270 2,500 5,530 5,930 — 1,278d 30,900 185,000e 170,000 — 98,000 — 72,900 48,000 24,700 67d 182.9

Effective magnetic moment Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic at ~298 K at ~0 K Obs. Theoryb Obs. Theorya — — — — 2.54 2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.85 7.94 7.94 9.72 — 10.64 — 10.60 9.58 7.56 — —

— — — — 2.52 2.61 3.56 3.45 — 1.74 8.48 7.98 9.77 — 10.83 — 11.2 9.9 7.61 — —

— — — — 2.14 2.14 3.20 3.27 2.40 0.71 7.0 7.0 — 9.0 — 10.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 — —

— — — — — — 2.7c 2.2c — 0.5c 5.9 7.63 — 9.34 — 10.33 10.34 9.1 7.14 — —

Easy axis — — — — — — a b — a <110> 30° to c — b — a b 30° to c c — —

Néel temp. TN (K) Hex Cubic sites sites

Curie temp. TC (K)

— — — — — 13.7 0.03 19.9 — 109 — — 230.0 — 180.2 — 132 85 58 — —

— — — — — — — — — — — 293.4 — 219.5 — 90.5g 19.5 18.7 32.0 — —

— — — — 14.4 12.5 — 7.5 — 14.0 90.4 — — — — — — — — — —

θp (K) |c — — — — — — — 0 — — — 317 195 — 121 — 73.0 61.7 41.0 — —

⊥c — — — — — — — 5 — — — 317 239 — 169 — 88.0 32.5 –17.0 — —

Polycryst. or avg. — — — – –50 –41 0 3.3 — — 100 317 224 — 153 — 83.0 42.2 2.3 — —

Note: For additional information, see McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411 and Legvold, S., in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Wohlfarth, E.P., Ed., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1980, 183; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., 1996, to be published; Steward, A.M. and Collocott, S.J., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1, 677, 1988. a b c d e g

g[J(J + 1)]1/2. gJ. At 38 T and 4.2 K. At 290 K. At 350 K. On cooling TC = 89.6 K and on warming TC = 91.5 K.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)

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Rare earth metal

Table 9 Room Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Resistance, and Hall Coefficient

αa

αSc αY aLa bCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu

7.6 6.0 4.5 — 6.3 4.5 7.6 9b 9.6 35.0 9.1c 9.3 7.1 7.0 7.9 8.8 26.3 4.8

Expansion αi × 106) (°C–1) αc αpoly 15.3 19.7 27.2 — — 11.2 13.5 16b 19.0 — 10.0c 12.4 15.6 19.5 20.9 22.2 — 20.0

10.2 10.6 12.1 — 6.3 6.7 9.6 11b 12.7 35.0 9.4c 10.3 9.9 11.2 12.2 13.3 26.3 9.9

Thermal conductivity (W/cm-K) 0.158 0.172 0.134 — 0.113 0.125 0.165 0.15b 0.133 0.139b 0.105 0.111 0.107 0.162 0.145 0.169 0.385 0.164

ρa

Electrical resistance (µΩ⋅cm) ρc

70.9 72.5 — — — — — — — — 135.1 123.5 111.0 101.5 94.5 88.0 — 76.6

26.9 35.5 — — — — — — — — 121.7 101.5 76.6 60.5 60.3 47.2 — 34.7

ρpoly 56.2a 59.6 61.5 82.8 74.4 70.0 64.3 75b 94.0 90.0 131.0 115.0 92.6 81.4 86.0 67.6 25.0 58.2

Ra

Hall coefficient (Ri × 1012) (V⋅cm/A⋅Oe) Rc

Rpoly

— –0.27 — — — — — — — — –10 –1.0 –0.3 +0.2 +0.3 — — +0.45

— –1.6 — — — — — — — — –54 –3.7 –3.7 –3.2 –3.6 — — –2.6

–0.13 — –0.35 — +1.81 +0.709 +0.971 — –0.21 +24.4 –4.48d — — — — –1.8 +3.77 –0.535

Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173 and McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. a b c d

Calculated from single crystal values. Estimated. At 100°C. At 77°C.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 10 Electronic Specific Heat Constant (γ), Electron-Electron (Coulomb) Coupling Constant (µ*), ElectronPhonon Coupling Constant (λ), Debye Temperature at 0 K(θD), and Superconducting Transition Temperature Rare earth metal

γ (mJ/mol⋅K2)

µ*

λ

αSc αY αLa βLa αCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tb α′Dy Ho Er Tm αYb βYb Lu

10.334 7.878 9.45 11.5 12.8 20 f — 8.1 ± 1.5g f 4.48 3.71 4.9 2.1 8.7 f 3.30 8.36 8.194

0.16 0.15 0.08 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.14

0.30 0.30 0.76 — — 1.07d 0.86d — 0.81d — 0.30 0.34d 0.32d 0.30d 0.33d 0.36d — — 0.31

θD (K) from Heat Elastic capacity constants 345.3 244.4 150 140 179 155e 157e 159e 162e,f f 169 169.6 192 175e 176.9 179e 117.6 109 183.2

— 258 154 — — 153 163 — 169 118 182 177 183 190 188 200 118 — 185

Superconducting temperature (K) 0.050a 1.3b 5.10 6.00 0.022c — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.022h

Note: For additional information, see Sundström, L.J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 379, Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591, Probst, C. and Wittig, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 749, and Tsang, T.-W.E., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Schmidt, F.A., and Thome, D.K., Phys. Rev., B, 31, 235, 1985. Collocott, S.J., Hill, R.W. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys. F, 18, L223, 1988. Hill, R.W. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., J. Phys. F, 18, 2545, 1988. Skriver, H.L. and Mertig, I., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 6553, 1990. Collocott, S.J. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 4, 6743, 1992. Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993. a b c d e f

g h

At 18.6 GPa. At 11 GPa. At 2.2 GPa. Calculated value. Estimated. Heat capacity results have been reported, but the resultant γ and θD values are unreliable because of the presence of impurities and/or there was no reliable procedure or model to correct for the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity. Based on the values reported for the purer Sm sample (IV). At 4.5 GPa.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 11 Room Temperature Elastic Moduli and Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties (MPa) Elastic moduli (GPa) Rare earth metal

Young’s (elastic) modulus

Shear modulus

Bulk modulus

Poisson’s ratio

Sc Y αLa βCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu

74.4 63.5 36.6 — 33.6 37.3 41.4 46b 49.7 18.2 54.8 55.7 61.4 64.8 69.9 74.0 23.9 68.6

29.1 25.6 14.3 — 13.5 14.8 16.3 18b 19.5 7.9 21.8 22.1 24.7 26.3 28.3 30.5 9.9 27.2

56.6 41.2 27.9 — 21.5 28.8 31.8 33b 37.8 8.3 37.9 38.7 40.5 40.2 44.4 44.5 30.5 47.6

0.279 0.243 0.280 — 0.24 0.281 0.281 0.28b 0.274 0.152 0.259 0.261 0.247 0.231 0.237 0.213 0.207 0.261

Yield strength 0.2% offset 173a 42 126a 86 28 73 71 — 68 — 15 — 43 — 60 — 7 —

Ultimate tensile strength 255a 129 130 138 117 147 164 — 156 — 118 — 139 — 136 — 58 —

Uniform elongation (%) 5.0a 34.0 7.9a — 22.0 15.4 25.0 — 17.0 — 37.0 — 30.0 — 11.5 — 43.0 —

Reduction in area (%) 8.0a — — 24.0 30.0 67.0 72.0 — 29.5 — 56.0 — 30.0 — 11.9 — 92.0 —

Recryst. temp. (°C) 550 550 300 — 325 400 400 400b 440 300 500 500 550 520 520 600 300 600

Note: For additional information, see Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591. a b

Value is questionable. Estimated.

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Table 12 Liquid Metal Properties Near the Melting Point

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Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Density (g/cm3) 2.80 4.24 5.96 6.68 6.59 6.72 6.9b 7.16 4.87 7.4 7.65 8.2 8.34 8.6 9.0b 6.21 9.3

Surface tension (N/m) 0.954 0.871 0.718 0.706 0.707 0.687 0.680b 0.431 0.264 0.664 0.669 0.648 0.650 0.637 — 0.320 0.940

Viscosity (centipoise) — — 2.65 3.20 2.85 — — — — — — — — — — 2.67 —

Heat capacity (J/mol K)

Thermal conductivity (W/cm K)

44.2b 43.1 34.3 37.7 43.0 48.8 50b 50.2b 38.1 37.2 46.5 49.9 43.9 38.7 41.4 36.8 47.9b

— — 0.238 0.210 0.251 0.195 — — — 0.149 — 0.187 — — — — —

Magnetic susceptibility χ × 104 (emu/mol) — — 1.20 9.37 17.3 18.7 — 18.3 97 67 82 95 88 69 41 — —

Electrical resistivity (µΩ⋅cm) — — 133 130 139 151 160b 182 242 195 193 210 221 226 235b 113 224

∆VL→sa (%) — — –0.6 +1.1 –0.02 –0.9 — –3.6 –4.8 –2.0 –3.1 –4.5 –7.4 –9.0 –6.9 –5.1 –3.6

Spectral emittance at λ = 645 nm ε Temp. range (%) (°C) — 36.8 25.4 32.2 28.4 39.4 — 43.7 — 34.2 — 29.7 — 37.2 — — —

— 1522–1647 920–1287 877–1547 931–1537 1021–1567 — 1075 — 1313–1600 — 1412–1437 — 1529–1587 — — —

Note: For additional information, see Van Zytveld, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 12, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1989, 357. Stretz, L.A. and Bautista, R.G., in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, part I, H.H. Plumb, Ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, 1972, 489. King, T.S., Baria, D.N., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 411, 1976. Baria, D.N., King, T.S., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 577, 1976. a b

Volume change on freezing. Estimated.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)

Rare earth metal

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 13 Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts)

Rare earth

I Neutral atom

II Singly ionized

III Doubly ionized

IV Triply ionized

V Quadruply ionized

Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

6.56144 6.217 5.5770 5.5387 5.464 5.5250 5.554 5.6437 5.6704 6.1500 5.8639 5.9389 6.0216 6.1078 6.18431 6.25416 5.42585

12.79967 12.24 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9

24.75666 20.52 19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594

73.4894 60.597 49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25

91.65 77.0 61.6 65.55 57.53 — — — — — — — — — — — 66.8

Note: For references, see the table “Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10.

Table 14 Effective Ionic Radii (Å)a Rare earth ion

CN = 6

CN = 8

CN = 6

R3+ CN = 8

CN = 12

CN = 6

CN = 8

Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

— — — — — — — 1.19 1.17 — — — — — — 1.00 —

— — — — — — — 1.27 1.25 — — — — — — 1.07 —

0.745 0.900 1.045 1.010 0.997 0.983 0.97 0.958 0.947 0.938 0.923 0.912 0.901 0.890 0.880 0.868 0.861

0.87 1.015 1.18 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97

1.116 1.220 1.320 1.290 1.286 1.276 1.267 1.260 1.252 1.246 1.236 1.228 1.221 1.214 1.207 1.199 1.194

— — — 0.80 0.78 — — — — — 0.76 — — — — — —

— — — 0.97 0.96 — — — — — 0.88 — — — — — —

R2+

R4+

Note: For additional information, see Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 25, 925, 1969 and Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 26, 1046, 1970. a

Radius of O2– is 1.40 Å for a coordination number (CN) of 6.

4-121

MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS This table summarizes the significant points on the phase diagrams for the elements for which data are available. Values are given for the solidliquid-gas triple point ttp, normal melting point tm, normal boiling point tb, and critical temperature tc; all are on the ITS-90 scale. An “sp” notation indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements. The major data sources are listed below; values from Reference 1, which deals with reference points on the ITS-90 scale, were adopted when applicable.

REFERENCES 1. Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. 2. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements,” CALPHAD, 15, 317-425, 1991. 3. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 4. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 5. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic (gray) Astatine Barium Berkelium (
form) Berkelium ( form) Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium

ttp/˚C

tm/˚C 1051 660.32 1176 630.628

-189.36 (69 kPa) 817 (3.70 MPa) 302 727 1050 986 1287 271.402 2075 -7.2 321.069 842 900 4489 (10.3 MPa)

tb/˚C 3198 2519 2011 1587 -185.847 603 sp

tc/˚C

-122.28 1400

1897

2471 1564 4000 58.8 767 1484

315

3825 sp 4440 (12.4 GPa) 798 28.5 -101.5 1907 1495 1084.62 1345 1412 860 1529 822 1527

-219.67

3443 671 -34.04 2671 2927 2562 ˜3100 2567 2868 1529 -188.12

27 1313 29.7666 938.25 1064.18 2233 1474

4-1

TeamLRN

1665 143.8

3273 2204 2833 2856 4603 -268.93 2700

-129.02

-267.96

MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Element ttp/˚C tm/˚C Hydrogen -259.198 (7.2 kPa) -259.1 Indium 156.5936 156.60 Iodine 113.7 Iridium 2446 Iron 1538 Krypton -157.375 (73.2 kPa) Lanthanum 918 Lawrencium 1627 Lead 327.462 Lithium 180.50 Lutetium 1663 Magnesium 650 Manganese 1246 Mendelevium 827 Mercury -38.837 -38.8290 Molybdenum 2622 Neodymium 1021 Neon -248.609 (43 kPa) Neptunium 644 Nickel 1455 Niobium 2477 Nitrogen -209.999 -210.0 Nobelium 827 Osmium 3033 Oxygen -218.79 Palladium 1554.8 Phosphorus (white) 44.15 Phosphorus (red) 590 Phosphorus (black) 610 Platinum 1768.2 Plutonium 640 Polonium 254 Potassium 63.5 Praseodymium 931 Promethium 1042 Protactinium 1572 Radium 700 Radon -71 Rhenium 3186 Rhodium 1963 Rubidium 39.26 39.30 Ruthenium 2333 Samarium 1074 Scandium 1541 Selenium (vitreous) 180 (trans to gray) Selenium (gray) 220.5 Silicon 1414 Silver 961.78 Sodium 97.794 Strontium 777 Sulfur (rhombic) 95.3 (trans to monocl) Sulfur (monoclinic) 115.21 Tantalum 3007 Technetium 2157

4-2

tb/˚C -252.762 2072 184.4 4428 2861 -153.34 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090 2061

tc/˚C -240.18 546

-63.74

2950

356.62 4639 3074 -246.053

-228.7

2913 4744 -195.798

-146.94

5012 -182.953 2963 280.5 431 sp 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000

-61.7 5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 685 685 3265 2162 882.940 1382 444.61 444.61 5458 4265

1477

-118.56 721 721

1950

104

1820

1493 1493

2300 1041 1041

MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Element Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (gray) Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

ttp/˚C

tm/˚C 449.51 1356 304 1750 1545 13.2 (trans to white) 231.93 1670 3414 1135 1910

-111.745 (81.6 kPa) 819 1522 419.53 1854

4-3

TeamLRN

tb/˚C 988 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 -108.09 1196 3345 907 4409

tc/˚C

16.62

HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25° C This table gives the specific heat capacity (cp) in J/g K and the molar heat capacity (Cp) in J/mol K at a temperature of 25° C and a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres) for all the elements for which reliable data are available.

Name Actinium Aluminum Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine (Br2) Cadmium Calcium Carbon (graphite) Cerium Cesium Chlorine (Cl2) Chromium Cobalt Copper Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine (F2) Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen (H2) Indium Iodine (I2) Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mercury

cp J/g K

Cp J/mol K

0.120 0.897 0.207 0.520 0.329 0.204 1.825 0.122 1.026 0.474 0.232 0.647 0.709 0.192 0.242 0.479 0.449 0.421 0.385 0.173 0.168 0.182 0.824 0.236 0.373 0.320 0.129 0.144 5.193 0.165 14.304 0.233 0.214 0.131 0.449 0.248 0.195 0.130 3.582 0.154 1.023 0.479 0.140

27.2 24.20 25.23 20.786 24.64 28.07 16.443 25.52 11.087 75.69 26.020 25.929 8.517 26.94 32.210 33.949 23.35 24.81 24.440 28.16 28.12 27.66 31.304 37.03 26.03 23.222 25.418 25.73 20.786 27.15 28.836 26.74 54.43 25.10 25.10 20.786 27.11 26.84 24.860 26.86 24.869 26.32 27.983

Name Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen (N2) Osmium Oxygen (O2) Palladium Phosphorus (white) Platinum Potassium Praseodymium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur (rhombic) Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

4-135

cp J/g K

Cp J/mol K

0.251 0.190 1.030 0.444 0.265 1.040 0.130 0.918 0.246 0.769 0.133 0.757 0.193 0.094 0.137 0.243 0.363 0.238 0.197 0.568 0.321 0.712 0.235 1.228 0.306 0.708 0.140 0.202 0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.523 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.158 0.155 0.298 0.388 0.278

24.06 27.45 20.786 26.07 24.60 29.124 24.7 29.378 25.98 23.824 25.86 29.600 27.20 20.786 25.48 24.98 31.060 24.06 29.54 25.52 25.363 19.99 25.350 28.230 26.79 22.70 25.36 25.73 28.91 26.32 27.32 27.03 26.99 25.060 24.27 27.665 24.89 20.786 26.74 26.53 25.390 25.36

VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS C. B. Alcock This table gives coefficients in an equation for the vapor pressure of 65 metallic elements in both the solid and liquid state. Vapor pressures in the range 10-10 to 102 Pa (10-15 to 10-3 atm) are covered. The equation is: for p in pascals: log (p/Pa) = 5.006 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in atmospheres: log(p/atm) = A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3, where T is the temperature in K This equation reproduces the observed vapor pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, Pergamon Press. REFERENCE Alcock, C. B., Itkin, V. P., and Horrigan, M. K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. Element, state Li sol Li liq Na sol Na liq K sol K liq Rb sol Rb liq Cs sol Cs liq Be sol Be liq Mg sol Ca sol Sr sol Ba sol Ba liq Al sol Al liq Ga sol Ga liq In sol In liq Tl sol Tl liq Sn sol Sn liq Pb sol Pb liq Sc sol Sc liq Y sol Y liq La sol La liq Ti sol Ti liq Zr sol Zr liq Hf sol V sol

A 5.667 5.055 5.298 4.704 4.961 4.402 4.857 4.312 4.711 4.165 8.042 5.786 8.489 10.127 9.226 12.405 4.007 9.459 5.911 6.657 6.754 5.991 5.374 5.971 5.259 6.036 5.262 5.643 4.911 6.650 5.795 9.735 5.795 7.463 5.911 11.925 6.358 10.008 6.806 9.445 9.744

B -8310 -8023 -5603 -5377 -4646 -4453 -4215 -4040 -3999 -3830 -17020 -15731 -7813 -9517 -8572 -9690 -8163 -17342 -16211 -14208 -13984 -12548 -12276 -9447 -9037 -15710 -15332 -10143 -9701 -19721 -17681 -22306 -20341 -22551 -21855 -24991 -22747 -31512 -30295 -32482 -27132

C

D

-0.4440 -0.8253 -1.4030 -1.1926 -2.2890 -0.7927

-0.3413

0.2885 -0.8705 -0.3142 -1.3376 -0.7890 -0.6735 -0.5501

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

-0.3663

Temperature range 298-m.p. m.p.-1000 298-m.p. m.p.-700 298-m.p. m.p.-600 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-1500 298-m.p. m.p.-1100 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. m.p.-2300 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2400 298-m.p m.p.-2500 298-m.p. 298-m.p.

VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state V liq Nb sol Ta sol Cr sol Mo sol W sol W sol Mn sol Re sol Fe sol Fe liq Ru sol Os sol Co sol Co liq Rh sol Rh liq Ir sol Ni sol Ni liq Pd sol Pd liq Pt sol Pt liq Cu sol Cu liq Ag sol Ag liq Au sol Au liq Zn sol Zn liq Cd sol Cd liq Hg liq Ce sol Ce liq Pr sol Pr liq Nd sol Nd liq Sm sol Eu sol Gd sol Gd liq Tb sol Tb liq Dy sol Ho sol Er sol Er liq Tm sol Yb sol Lu sol Lu liq Th sol Th liq Pa sol

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

A 6.929 8.822 16.807 6.800 11.529 2.945 -54.527 12.805 11.543 7.100 6.347 9.755 9.419 10.976 6.488 10.168 6.802 10.506 10.557 6.666 9.502 5.426 4.882 6.386 9.123 5.849 9.127 5.752 9.152 5.832 6.102 5.378 5.939 5.242 5.116 6.139 5.611 8.859 4.772 8.996 4.912 9.988 9.240 8.344 5.557 9.510 5.411 9.579 9.785 9.916 4.668 8.882 9.111 8.793 5.648 8.668 -18.453 10.552

B -25011 -37818 -41346 -20733 -34626 -44094 -57687 -15097 -40726 -21723 -19574 -34154 -41198 -22576 -20578 -29010 -26792 -35099 -22606 -20765 -19813 -17899 -29387 -26856 -17748 -16415 -14999 -13827 -19343 -18024 -6776 -6286 -5799 -5392 -3190 -21752 -21200 -18720 -17315 -17264 -15824 -11034 -9459 -20861 -19389 -20457 -18639 -15336 -15899 -16642 -14380 -12270 -8111 -22423 -20302 -31483 -24569 -34869

C

-0.2575 -3.2152 0.4391 -1.1331 1.3677 -12.2231 -1.7896 -1.1629 0.4536

D

0.7437 -0.4094

-0.5846

-0.4723 -0.3896 -1.0280 -0.7068 -0.7500 -0.8717 -0.9258 1.1039 -0.7317 -0.7845 -0.7479

-0.9512 -0.9519 -1.3287 -1.1661 -0.5775 -0.9247 -1.1114 -1.1753 -1.2154 -0.9564 -1.0849 -0.6200 -0.5288 6.6473 -1.0075

-0.4527

Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-2500 248-2500 298-2000 298-2500 298-2350 2200-2500 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-2050 298-m.p. m.p.-750 298-m.p. m.p.-650 298-400 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2250 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1900 298-1400 298-900 298-m.p. m.p.-2350 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p.

VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state Pa liq U sol U liq Np sol Np liq Pu sol Pu sol Pu liq Am sol Cm sol Cm liq

A 6.177 0.770 20.735 19.643 10.076 26.160 18.858 3.666 11.311 8.369 5.223

B -32874 -27729 -28776 -24886 -23378 -19162 -18460 -16658 -15059 -20364 -18292

C

2.6982 -4.0962 -3.9991 -1.3250 -6.6675 -4.4720 -1.3449 -0.5770

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

D

-1.5471

Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-600 500-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2200

DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm) where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20°C beyond the melting point. Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1. REFERENCE 1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq., 29, 43, 1995. Formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 As Au B Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2 Be BeCl2 BeF2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Ca CaBr2 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 CeF3 Co Cr Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI

Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfate Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Arsenic Gold Boron Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Bismuth Bismuth bromide Bismuth chloride Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium iodide Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide

tm/°C

ρm/g cm–3

961.78 432 455 558 212 652 660.32 97.5 192.6 188.32 817 1064.18 2075 727 857 962 1368 711 1287 415 552 271.40 218 230 842 742 775 1418 783 321.07 568 564 387 799 817 1430 1495 1907 28.44 636 645 703 621

9.320 5.577 4.83 5.58 3.970 4.84 2.375 2.647 1.302 3.223 5.22 17.31 2.08 3.338 3.991 3.174 4.14 4.26 1.690 1.54 1.96 10.05 4.76 3.916 1.378 3.111 2.085 2.52 3.443 7.996 4.075 3.392 4.396 6.55 3.25 4.659 7.75 6.3 1.843 3.133 2.79 3.649 3.197

4-126

k/g cm–3 °C–1

tmax

0.0009 0.001035 0.00094 0.00101 0.001098 0.001089 0.000233 0.002435 0.002711 0.0025 0.000544 0.001343

1500 667 627 802 360 770 1340 267 296 240

0.000299 0.000924 0.000681 0.000999 0.000977 0.00011 0.0011 0.000015 0.00135 0.002637 0.0023 0.000230 0.0005 0.000422 0.000391 0.000751 0.001218 0.00108 0.00082 0.001117 0.000710 0.00092 0.000936 0.00165 0.0011 0.000556 0.001223 0.001065 0.001282 0.001183

1200 1550 900 1081 1727 975 473 850 800 927 350 1484 791 950 2027 1028 500 720 807 700 1460 950 1927 1580 2100 510 860 906 912 907

DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cu CuCl Dy DyCl3 Er Eu Fe FeCl2 Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaI3 Gd GdCl3 GdI3 Ge Hf HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Ho In InBr3 InCl3 InI3 Ir K KBr KCl KF KI KNO3 La LaBr3 LaCl3 LaF3 LaI3 Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mn MnCl2 Mo Na NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl NaF NaI

Name Cesium nitrate Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(I) chloride Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium Europium Iron Iron(II) chloride Gallium Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) iodide Germanium Hafnium Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Indium Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) iodide Iridium Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Lanthanum Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride Magnesium iodide Manganese Manganese(II) chloride Molybdenum Sodium Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide

tm/°C

ρm/g cm–3

414 1005 1084.62 430 1411 680 1529 822 1538 677 29.76 121.5 77.9 212 1314 609 925 938.25 2233 236 276 259 1472 156.60 420 583 207 2446 63.38 734 771 858 681 337 920 788 859 1493 778 180.5 552 610 848.2 469 253 859 1663 650 711 714 634 1246 650 2623 97.80 747 858.1 800.7 996 660

2.820 3.1 8.02 3.692 8.37 3.62 8.86 5.13 6.98 2.348 6.08 3.116 2.053 3.630 7.4 3.56 4.12 5.60 12 5.126 4.368 5.222 8.34 7.02 3.121 2.140 3.820 19 0.828 2.127 1.527 1.910 2.448 1.865 5.94 4.933 3.209 4.589 4.29 0.512 2.528 1.502 1.81 3.109 1.781 2.003 9.3 1.584 2.62 1.68 3.05 5.95 2.353 9.33 0.927 2.342 1.972 1.556 1.948 2.742

4-127

TeamLRN

k/g cm–3 °C–1

tmax

0.001166 0.00095 0.000609 0.00076 0.00143 0.00068 0.00157 0.0028 0.000572 0.000555 0.00062 0.00246 0.002083 0.002377

491 1530 1630 585 1540 987 1700 980 1680 877 400 135 141 252

0.000671 0.000908 0.00055

1007 1032 1600

0.003233 0.002862 0.003235

319 304 354

0.000836 0.0015 0.0021 0.0015

500 528 666 360

0.000232 0.000825 0.000583 0.000651 0.000956 0.000723 0.00061 0.000096 0.000777 0.000682 0.001110 0.00052 0.000652 0.000432 0.000490 0.000917 0.000546 0.000407

500 930 939 1037 904 457 1600 912 973 2177 907 285 739 781 1047 667 441 1214

0.000234 0.000478 0.000271 0.000651 0.00105 0.000437

900 935 826 888 1590 850

0.00023 0.000816 0.000448 0.000543 0.000636 0.000949

600 945 1004 1027 1097 912

DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula NaNO3 Na2SO4 Nd Ni NiCl2 Os Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbI2 Pd Pr PrCl3 Pt Pu Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 Re Rh Ru S Sb SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sc Se Si Sm Sn SnCl2 SnCl4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 SrI2 Ta TaCl5 Tb Te ThCl4 ThF4 Ti TiCl4 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 Tm U UCl3

Name Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Neodymium Nickel Nickel(II) chloride Osmium Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodide Palladium Praseodymium Praseodymium chloride Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium iodide Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Terbium Tellurium Thorium chloride Thorium fluoride Titanium Titanium(IV) chloride Thallium Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) sulfate Thulium Uranium Uranium(III) chloride

tm/°C

ρm/g cm–3

307 884 1016 1455 1009 3033 327.46 371 501 410 1554.9 931 786 1768.4 640 39.31 682 837 715 833 642 305 1050 3186 1964 2334 115.21 630.63 73.4 4 168 1541 221 1414 1072 231.93 247 -33 777 657 874 1477 538 3017 216 1359 449.51 770 1110 1668 -25 304 460 430 441.8 206 632 1545 1135 837

1.90 2.069 6.89 7.81 2.653 20 10.66 5.73 4.951 5.691 10.38 6.50 3.23 19.77 16.63 1.46 2.715 2.84 2.248 2.87 2.904 2.519 2.56 18.9 10.7 10.65 1.819 6.53 2.681 2.37 4.171 2.80 3.99 2.57 7.16 6.99 3.36 2.37 6.980 3.70 2.727 3.470 4.085 15 2.700 7.65 5.70 3.363 6.058 4.11 1.807 11.22 5.98 5.628 6.15 4.91 5.62 8.56 17.3 4.84

4-128

k/g cm–3 °C–1

tmax

0.000715 0.000483 0.00076 0.000726 0.00066

370 1077 1350 1700 1057

0.00122 0.00165 0.0015 0.001594 0.001169 0.00093 0.00074 0.0024 0.001419 0.000451 0.001072 0.000640 0.000883 0.00102 0.001143 0.001068 0.000665

700 600 710 697 1700 1460 977 2200 950 800 907 1007 923 1067 902 417 1545

0.000895

2200

0.00080 0.00067 0.002293 0.001869 0.002483

160 745 77 77 322

0.000936

1500

0.000601 0.001253 0.002687

1200 480 138

0.000745 0.000578 0.000751 0.000885

1004 1037 1927 1026

0.004316

457

0.00035 0.0014 0.000759

600 847 1378

0.001735 0.00144 0.001755 0.0018 0.001761 0.001873 0.00130 0.00050

137 600 647 642 737 279 927 1675

0.007943

1057

DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula UCl4 UF4 V W Y YCl3 Yb Zn ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 ZnSO4 Zr ZrCl4

Name Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Yttrium chloride Ytterbium Zinc Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc iodide Zinc sulfate Zirconium Zirconium chloride

tm/°C

ρm/g cm–3

590 1036 1910 3422 1526 721 824 419.53 394 290 446 680 1855 437

3.572 6.485 5.5 17.6 4.24 2.510 6.21 6.57 3.47 2.54 3.878 3.14 5.8 1.643

4-129

TeamLRN

k/g cm–3 °C–1

tmax

0.001945 0.000992

667 1341

0.0005

845

0.0011 0.000959 0.00053 0.00136 0.00047

700 602 557 588 987

0.007464

492

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary units for χm are cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI units are m3 mol-1. Substances that have no unpaired electron orbital or spin angular momentum generally have negative values of χm and are called diamagnetic. Their molar susceptibility varies only slightly with temperature. Substances with unpaired electrons, which are termed paramagnetic, have positive χm and show a much stronger temperature dependence, varying roughly as 1/T. The net susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is the sum of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions, but the former almost always dominates. This table gives values of χm for the elements and selected inorganic compounds. All values refer to nominal room temperature (285 to 300 K) unless otherwise indicated. When the physical state (s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous solution) is not given, the most common crystalline form is understood. An entry of Ferro. indicates a ferromagnetic substance. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acids are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds ). In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).

REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/19, Subvolumes a to i2, Magnetic Properties of Metals, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986-1992. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/2, II/8, II/10, II/11,and II/12a, Coordination and Organometallic Transition Metal Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1966-1984. 4. Tables de Constantes et Données Numérique, Volume 7, Relaxation Paramagnetique, Masson, Paris, 1957.

Name Aluminum Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfate Ammonia (g) Ammonia (aq) Ammonium acetate Ammonium bromide Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium fluoride Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony Stibine (g) Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(V) chloride Argon (g) Arsenic (gray)

Formula Al AlF3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 NH3 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl NH4F NH4IO3 NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN Sb SbH3 SbBr3 SbCl3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3 SbCl5 Ar As

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +16.5 -13.9 -37 -93 -16.3 -18.3 -41.1 -47 -42.5 -42.1 -36.7 -23 -62.3 -66 -33 -67 -48.1 -99 -34.6 -111.4 -86.7 -46 -147.2 -69.4 -86 -120.5 -19.32 -5.6

Name Arsenic (yellow) Arsine (g) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Barium Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbonate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide Barium iodate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium peroxide Barium sulfate Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth

4-143

Formula As AsH3 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsI3 As2O3 As2S3 Ba BaBr2 BaBr2·2H2O BaCO3 BaCl2 BaCl2·2H2O BaF2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(IO3)2 BaI2 BaI2·2H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaO BaO2 BaSO4 Be BeCl2 Be(OH)2 BeO BeSO4 Bi

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -23.2 -35.2 -106 -72.5 -142.2 -30.34 -70 +20.6 -92 -119.3 -58.9 -72.6 -100 -51 -53.2 -122.5 -124.4 -163 -66.5 -29.1 -40.6 -65.8 -9.0 -26.5 -23.1 -11.9 -37 -280.1

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth fluoride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oxide Bismuth phosphate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Boron Diborane (g) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron trichloride Boron oxide Bromine (l) Bromine (g) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chloride Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Carbon dioxide (g) Cerium (β) Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Cesium

Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

BiBr3 BiCl3 BiF3 Bi(OH)3 BiI3 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O Bi2O3 BiPO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 B B2H6 H3BO3 BCl3 B2O3 Br2 Br2 BrF3 BrF5 Cd CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O

-147 -26.5 -61.2 -65.8 -200.5 -159 -83 -77 -199 -123 -6.7 -21.0 -34.1 -59.9 -38.7 -56.4 -73.5 -33.9 -45.1 -19.7 -87.3 -131.5

CdCO3 CdCl2 CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdO CdSO4 CdS Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaO CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O C C CO CO2 Ce CeS CeCl3 CeF3 Ce2S3 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2·4H2O

-46.7 -68.7 -16.8 -54 -40.6 -41 -108.4 -117.2 -55.1 -140 -30 -59.2 -50 +40 -73.8 -38.2 -54.7 -28 -22 -101.4 -109 -15.0 -49.7 -74 -5.9 -6.0 -11.8 -21.0 +2500 +2110 +2490 +2190 +5080 +26 -97

Cs

+29

Name Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Cesium superoxide Cesium sulfate Chlorine (l) Chlorine trifluoride (g) Chromium Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(VI) oxide Cobalt Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) oxide Copper Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfide Dysprosium (α) Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Erbium Erbium oxide Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide Europium Europium(II) bromide

4-144

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Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO3 CsCl CsF CsI CsO2 Cs2SO4 Cl2 ClF3 Cr CrCl2 CrCl3 CrF3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 CrO3 Co CoBr2 CoCl2 CoCl2·6H2O

-75.1 -67.2 -103.6 -65 -56.7 -44.5 -82.6 +1534 -116 -40.4 -26.5 +167 +7230 +6350 +4370 +1960 +11800 +40 Ferro. +13000 +12660 +9710

Co(CN)2 CoF2 CoI2 CoSO4 CoS Co3O4 CoF3 Co2O3 Cu CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI Cu2O CuBr2 CuCl2 CuCl2·2H2O CuF2 CuF2·2H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O

+3825 +9490 +10760 +10000 +225 +7380 +1900 +4560 -5.46 -49 -40 -24 -63 -20 +685 +1080 +1420 +1050 +1600 +1170 +1570 +1625

CuO CuSO4 CuSO4·5H2O CuS Dy Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Er Er2O3 Er2(SO4)3·8H2O Er2S3 Eu EuBr2

+238 +1330 +1460 -2.0 +98000 +89600 +95200 +48000 +73920 +74600 +77200 +30900 +26800

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) sulfide Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Fluorine Gadolinium (350 K) Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) sulfide Germanium Germane (g) Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) iodide Gold(III) chloride Hafnium Hafnium oxide Helium (g) Holmium Holmium oxide Hydrazine (l) Hydrogen (l, 20.3 K) Hydrogen (g) Hydrogen chloride (l) Hydrogen chloride (aq) Hydrogen fluoride (l) Hydrogen fluoride (aq) Hydrogen iodide (s, 195 K) Hydrogen iodide (l, 233 K) Hydrogen iodide (aq) Hydrogen peroxide (l) Hydrogen sulfide (g) Indium Indium(I) chloride Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Iodine Iodic acid

Formula EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuS Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 F2 Gd GdCl3 Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3·8H2O Gd2S3 Ga Ga2O GaS GaCl3 Ga2S3 Ge GeH4 GeO GeS GeCl4 GeF4 GeI4 GeO2 GeS2 Au AuBr AuCl AuI AuCl3 Hf HfO2 He Ho Ho2O3 N2H4 H2 H2 HCl HCl HF HF HI HI HI H2O2 H2S In InCl InCl2 InS InBr3 InCl3 In2O3 In2S3 I2 HIO3

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +26500 +23750 +26000 +23800 +10100 +10400 -9.63 +185000 +27930 +53200 +53280 +55500 -21.6 -34 -23 -63 -80 -11.6 -29.7 -28.8 -40.9 -72 -50 -171 -34.3 -53.9 -28 -61 -67 -91 -112 +71 -23 -2.02 +72900 +88100 -201 -5.44 -3.99 -22.6 -22 -8.6 -9.3 -47.3 -48.3 -50.2 -17.3 -25.5 -10.2 -30 -56 -28 -107 -86 -56 -98 -90 -48

Name Iodine pentoxide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine pentafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iron Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Krypton (g) Lanthanum (α) Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lead Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide (aq) Lithium iodide Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium fluoride

4-145

Formula I2O5 ICl ICl3 IF5 Ir IrCl3 IrO2 Fe FeBr2 FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl2·4H2O FeF2 FeI2 FeO FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·7H2O FeS FeCl3 FeCl3·6H2O FeF3 FeF3·3H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Kr La La2O3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O La2S3 Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO Pb3(PO4)2 PbSO4 PbS Li LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiF LiH LiOH LiI Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCO3 MgCl2 MgF2

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -79.4 -54.6 -90.2 -58.1 +25 -14.4 +224 Ferro. +13600 +11300 +14750 +12900 +9500 +13600 +7200 +12400 +10500 +11200 +1074 +13450 +15250 +13760 +7870 +15200 -29.0 +95.9 -78 -262 -37 -23 -89.1 -90.6 -61.2 -73.8 -18 -58.1 -131 -126.5 -74 -42 -182 -69.7 -83.6 +14.2 -34.3 -27 -24.3 -10.1 -4.6 -12.3 -50 -41.6 +182.9 +13.1 -72 -32.4 -47.4 -22.7

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Manganese Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Mercury (s, 234 K) Mercury (l) Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide Mercury(II) thiocyanate Molybdenum Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride

Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

Mg(OH)2 MgI2 MgO MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O

-22.1 -111 -10.2 -42 -61

MgSO4·7H2O

-135.7

Mn MnBr2 MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2·4H2O

+511 +13900 +11400 +14350 +14600

MnF2 Mn(OH)2 MnI2 MnO MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O

+10700 +13500 +14400 +4850 +13660 +14200

MnSO4·4H2O

+14600

MnS

+5630

MnS

+3850

Mn3O4 MnF3 Mn2O3 MnO2 Hg Hg Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2O Hg2SO4 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgF2 HgI2 Hg(NO3)2 HgO HgSO4 HgS Hg(SCN)2 Mo MoBr3 MoCl3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4 MoO2 MoCl5 MoF6

+12400 +10500 +14100 +2280 -24.1 -33.5 -105 -120 -106 -166 -121 -76.3 -123 -94.2 -82 -67 -57.3 -165 -74 -46 -78.1 -55.4 -96.5 +72 +525 +43 -42.0 +520 +1750 +41 +990 -26.0

Name Molybdenum(VI) oxide Neodymium (α) Neodymium fluoride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Neodymium sulfide Neon (g) Neptunium Nickel Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium Niobium(V) oxide Nitrogen (g) Nitric acid (l) Nitrous oxide (g) Nitric oxide (s, 90 K) Nitric oxide (l, 118 K) Nitric oxide (g) Nitrogen dioxide (g, 408 K) Nitrogen trioxide (g) Nitrogen tetroxide (g) Osmium Oxygen (s, 54 K) Oxygen (l, 90 K) Oxygen (g) Ozone (l) Palladium Palladium(II) chloride Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphine (g) Phosphoric acid (aq) Phosphorous acid (aq) Phosphorus(III) chloride (l) Platinum Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) fluoride Plutonium Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Potassium Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate

4-146

TeamLRN

Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

MoO3 Nd NdF3 Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Nd2S3 Ne Np Ni NiBr2 NiCl2 NiCl2·6H2O

+3 +5930 +4980 +10200 +9990 +5550 -6.96 +575 Ferro. +5600 +6145 +4240

NiF2 Ni(OH)2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiO NiSO4 NiS Ni3S2 Nb Nb2O5 N2 HNO3 N2O NO NO NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 Os O2 O2 O2 O3 Pd PdCl2 P P PH3 H3PO4 H3PO3 PCl3 Pt PtCl2 PtCl3 PtCl4 PtF4 Pu PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 K KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 KClO3

+2410 +4500 +3875 +4300 +660 +4005 +190 +1030 +208 -10 -12.0 -19.9 -18.9 +19.8 +114.2 +1461 +150 -16 -23.0 +11 +10200 +7699 +3449 +6.7 +540 -38 -26.66 -20.77 -26.2 -43.8 -42.5 -63.4 +193 -54 -66.7 -93 +445 +525 +1760 +730 +173 +20.8 -52.6 -49.1 -59 -42.8

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide (aq) Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium superoxide Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium (α) Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium sulfide Protactinium Rhenium Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhodium Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) oxide Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Samarium (α) Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Scandium (α) Selenium Selenium dioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride (l) Selenium hexafluoride (g) Silicon Silane (g)

Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

KCl K2CrO4 KCN K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O

-38.8 -3.9 -37 +2290 -172.3

KF KHSO4 KOH KIO3 KI KNO3 KNO2 KMnO4 K2SO4 K2S KO2 KSCN Pr PrCl3 Pr2O3 Pr2S3 Pa Re ReO2 ReS2 ReCl5 ReO3 Re2O7 Rh RhCl3 Rh2O3 Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 RbO2 Ru RuCl3 RuO2 Sm SmBr2 SmBr3 Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O

-23.6 -49.8 -22 -63.1 -63.8 -33.7 -23.3 +20 -67 -60 +3230 -48 +5530 +44.5 +8994 +10770 +277 +67 +44 +38 +1225 +16 -16 +102 -7.5 +104 +17 -56.4 -75.4 -46 -31.9 -72.2 -41 -88.4 +1527 +39 +1998 +162 +1278 +5337 +972 +1988 +1710

Sm2S3 Sc Se SeO2 Se2Br2 Se2Cl2 SeF6 Si SiH4

+3300 +295.2 -25 -27.2 -113 -94.8 -51 -3.12 -20.4

Name Disilane (g) Tetramethylsilane (l) Tetraethylsilane (l) Tetrabromosilane (l) Tetrachlorosilane (l) Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(II) oxide Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium dichromate Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide (aq) Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium tetraborate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium fluoride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide

4-147

Formula

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

Si2H6 (CH3)4Si (C2H5)4Si SiBr4 SiCl4 SiC SiO2 Ag AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgF AgI AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2O Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 AgSCN AgO Na NaC2H3O2 NaBrO3 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2Cr2O7 NaF Na2HPO4 NaOH NaIO3 NaI NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2S Na2B4O7 Sr SrBr2 SrBr2·6H2O

-37.3 -74.80 -120.2 -126 -87.5 -12.8 -29.6 -19.5 -61 -80.90 -49 -40 -43.2 -36.5 -80 -45.7 -42 -134 -120 -92.90 -61.8 -19.6 +16 -37.6 -44.2 -41 -41 -34.7 -30.2 +55 -15.6 -56.6 -15.8 -53 -57 -25.6 -14.5 -19.8 -28.10 -52 -184 -39 -85 +92 -86.6 -160

SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2·6H2O

-47 -73 -61.5 -145

SrCrO4 SrF2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO

-5.1 -37.2 -40 -108 -112 -57.2 -35

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Strontium peroxide Strontium sulfate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfuric acid (l) Sulfur dioxide (g) Sulfur trioxide (l) Sulfur chloride (l) Sulfur dichloride (l) Sulfur hexafluoride (g) Thionyl chloride (l) Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Tellurium Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium hexafluoride (g) Terbium (α) Terbium oxide Thallium Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thorium Thorium(IV) oxide Thulium Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) oxide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride (l) Tin(IV) oxide Titanium Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) oxide Tungsten

Formula SrO2 SrSO4 S S H2SO4 SO2 SO3 SSCl2 SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 Ta TaCl5 Ta2O5 Tc Te TeBr2 TeCl2 TeF6 Tb Tb2O3 Tl TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN TlF TlIO3 TlI TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2SO4 Tl2S Th ThO2 Tm Tm2O3 Sn SnCl2 SnCl2·2H2O SnO SnBr4 SnCl4 SnO2 Ti TiBr2 TiCl2 TiI2 TiS TiBr3 TiCl3 TiF3 Ti2O3 TiCl4 TiO2 W

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -32.3 -57.9 -15.5 -14.9 -39 -18.2 -28.54 -62.2 -49.4 -44 -44.3 +154 +140 -32 +115 -38 -106 -94 -66 +170000 +78340 -50 -75.9 -63.9 -101.6 -65.5 -57.8 -39.3 -49 -44.4 -86.8 -82.2 -56.5 -50.8 -112.6 -88.8 +97 -16 +24700 +51444 -37.4 -69 -91.4 -19 -149 -115 -41 +151 +720 +484 +1790 +432 +660 +1110 +1300 +132 -54 +5.9 +53

Name Tungsten carbide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride (g) Tungsten(VI) oxide Uranium Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) oxide Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Water (s, 273 K) Water (l, 293 K) Water (l, 373 K) Water (g, 373 K)) Xenon (g) Ytterbium (β) Yttrium (α) Yttrium oxide Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride Zinc cyanide Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodide Zinc oxide Zinc phosphate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide Zirconium Zirconium carbide Zirconium nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide

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Formula WC WCl2 WO2 WS2 WBr5 WCl5 WCl6 WF6 WO3 U UBr3 UCl3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UO2 UF6 UO3 V VBr2 VCl2 VBr3 VCl3 VF3 V2O3 V2S3 VCl4 VO2 V2O5 H2O H2O H2O H2O Xe Yb Y Y2O3 Y2S3 Zn ZnCO3 ZnCl2 Zn(CN)2 ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2 ZnO Zn3(PO4)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·7H2O ZnS Zr ZrC Zr(NO3)4·5H2O ZrO2

χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +10 -25 +57 +5850 +270 +387 -71 -53 -15.8 +409 +4740 +3460 +6244 +4460 +3530 +3680 +3530 +2360 +43 +128 +285 +3230 +2410 +2910 +3030 +2757 +1976 +1560 +1215 +99 +128 -12.63 -12.96 -13.09 -13.1 -45.5 +67 +187.7 +44.4 +100 -9.15 -34 -55.33 -46 -34.3 -67 -108 -27.2 -141 -47.8 -63 -138 -25 +120 -26 -77 -13.8

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS This table gives the index of refraction n of several inorganic substances in the liquid state at specified temperatures. The measurements refer to ambient atmospheric pressure except for substances whose normal boiling points are greater than the indicated temperature; in this case the pressure is the saturated vapor pressure of the substance. All values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm unless otherwise indicated. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical formula as normally written. Data on the index of refraction at other temperatures and wavelengths may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, C., and Wohlfarth, B., Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/38A, Martienssen, W., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996. 2. Francis, A.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 534, 1960. Formula

Name

Ar AsCl3 BBr3 BrF3 BrF5 Br2 COS CO2 CS2 C3O2 Cl2 CrO2Cl2 Fe(CO)5 GeBr4 GeCl4 HBr HCN HCl HClO4 HF HI HNO3 H2 H2O H2O2 H2S

Argon Arsenic(III) chloride Boron tribromide Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromine Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon suboxide Chlorine Chromyl chloride Iron pentacarbonyl Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen chloride Perchloric acid Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Nitric acid Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO4 H2S2 He Kr NH3

Sulfuric acid Hydrogen disulfide Helium Krypton Ammonia

NO N2 N2H4 N2O O2 PBr3 PCl3 PH3 P2O3 S SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 SO2 SO2Cl2

Nitric oxide Nitrogen Hydrazine Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphine Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur Sulfur dichloride Sulfur hexafluoride Thionyl chloride Sulfur dioxide Sulfuryl chloride

4-136

t/°C

n

-188 16 16 25 25 15 25 24 20 0 20 23 14 26 25 10 20 18 50 25 16 25 -253 20 28 -80 20 20 20 -269 -157 -77 20 -90 -196 22 25 -183 25 21 17 27 125 14 25 10 25 12

1.2312 1.604 1.312 1.4536 1.3529 1.659 1.3506 1.6630 1.62774 1.453 1.3834 1.524 1.523 1.6269 1.4614 1.325 1.26136 1.3287 a 1.3819 1.1574 1.466 1.393 1.1096 1.33336 1.4061 1.460 1.3682 1.4183 1.630 1.02451 c 1.3032 c 1.3944 b 1.3327 1.330 1.19876 b 1.470 1.238 1.2243 c 1.687 1.5122 1.317 1.540 1.9170 1.557 1.167 1.527 1.3396 1.444

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS (continued)

a b c

Formula

Name

t/°C

n

SO3 SSCl2 SbCl5 SiBr4 SiCl4 SnBr4 SnCl4 TiCl4 Xe

Sulfur trioxide Sulfur chloride Antimony(V) chloride Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Xenon

20 20 22 31 25 31 25 18 -112

1.40965 1.671 1.5925 1.5685 1.41156 1.6628 1.5086 1.6076 1.3918 c

At 581 nm At 578 nm At 546 nm

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PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS The chemical formula, crystal system, density, hardness, and index of refraction of some common minerals are given in this table. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: • • • • •

Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cub = cubic. Density: Typical density in g/cm3. Individual samples may vary by a few percent. Hardness: On the Mohs’ scale (range of 1 to 10, with talc = 1 and diamond = 10). Index of refraction: Values are given for the three coordinate axes in the order of least, intermediate, and greatest index. For cubic crystals there is only a single value. See Reference 1 for details on the axis systems. Variations of several percent, depending on the origin and exact composition of the sample, are common. REFERENCES 1. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 2. Carmichael, R.S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973.

Name Acanthite Actinolite Aegirine Akermanite Alabandite Albite Allanite Allemontite Almandine Altaite Aluminite Alunite Alunogen Amblygonite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Andorite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Ankerite Anorthite Anorthoclase Anthophyllite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Atacamite Augelite Augite Autunite Axinite

Formula Ag2S Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS NaAlSi3O8 (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe) O◊OH(Si2O7)(SiO4) SbAs Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al2(SO4)(OH)4◊7H2O (K,Na)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 Al2(SO4)3◊18H2O (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) NaAlSi2O6◊H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 NaAlSi3O8·CaAl2Si2O8 PbAgSb3S6 Ca3(Fe,Ti)2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 CaAl2Si2O8 (Na,K)AlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2 Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) KFCa4Si8O20◊8H2O CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S As2O3 FeAsS Cu2(OH)3Cl Al2(PO4)(OH)3 (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)2(Si,Al)2O6 Ca(UO22)(PO4)2◊10H20 (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH)

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

Hardness

orth monocl monocl tetr cub tricl

7.2 3.23 3.58 2.94 4.0 2.63

2.3 5.5 6 5.5 3.8 6.3

monocl hex cub cub monocl rhomb monocl tricl cub tetr orth tricl rhomb cub orth orth rhomb tricl tricl rhomb hex tetr orth orth orth cub monocl rhomb monocl monocl tetr tricl

3.8 6.0 4.32 8.16 1.74 2.8 1.69 3.1 2.27 4.23 3.15 2.67 5.35 3.86 6.29 2.96 3.0 2.76 2.58 3.21 3.2 2.35 2.83 2.66 7.2 3.86 6.1 3.76 2.70 3.38 3.2 3.31

5.8 3.5 6.8 3 1.5 3.8 1.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 7.5 6.3 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 6.3 6 5.8 5 4.8 3.5

4-151

2.3 1.5 5.8 3.3 4.8 6 2.3 6.8

na

Index of refraction nb ng

1.624 1.763 1.632

1.655 1.800 1.640

1.664 1.815

1.527

1.531

1.538

1.75

1.78

1.80

1.464 1.592 1.47 1.604

1.470

1.830 1.459 1.572 1.467 1.591 1.486 2.488 1.635 1.550 1.887 1.877 1.570 1.529 1.577 1.523 1.645 1.645 1.535 1.531 1.494

2.561 1.639 1.553

1.883 1.575 1.720 1.585 1.528 1.658 1.648 1.536 1.680 1.494

1.478 1.613

1.644 1.557

1.894 1.614 1.590 1.529 1.668

1.686 1.497

1.755 1.831 1.574 1.703 1.553 1.684

1.861 1.576 1.707 1.577 1.691

1.880 1.588 1.738 1.694

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Benitoite Bertrandite Beryl Beryllonite Biotite Bismuthinite Bixbyite Bloedite Boehmite Boracite Borax Bornite Boulangerite Bournonite Braggite Braunite Bravoite Breithauptite Brochantite Bromyrite Brookite Brucite Bunsenite Cacoxenite Calcite Caledonite Calomel Cancrinite Carnalite Carnotite Cassiterite Celestite Celsian Cerargyrite Cerussite Cervantite Chabazite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chiolite Chlorite Chloritoid Chondrodite Chromite Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Cinnabar Claudetite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobaltite Colemanite Columbite Connellite

Formula Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaSO4 BaTi(SiO3)3 Be4Si2O7(OH)2 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 NaBe(PO)4 K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Bi2S3 (Mn,Fe)2O3 Na2Mg(SO4)2◊4H2O AlO(OH) Mg3B7O13Cl Na2B4O7◊10H2O Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 PbCuSbS3 PtS (Mn,Si)2O3 (Ni,Fe)S2 NiSb Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 AgBr TiO2 Mg(OH)2 NiO Fe4(PO4)3(OH)3◊12H20 CaCO3 Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 Hg2Cl2 (Na,Ca,K)7[Al6Si6O24] (CO3,SO4,Cl,OH)2◊H20 KMgCl3◊6H20 K2(UO2)2(VO4)2◊3H2O SnO2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 AgCl PbCO3 Sb2O4 Ca[Al2Si4O12]◊6H2O CuSO4◊5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Na5Al3F14 (Mg,Al,Fe)12(Si,Al)8O20(OH)16 FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 Mg(OH,F)2◊2Mg2SiO4 FeCr2O4 BeAl2O4 CuSiO3◊2H2O HgS As2O3 Mg(OH,F)2◊4Mg2SiO4 Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) CoAsS Ca2B6O11◊5H2O (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 Cu19(SO4)Cl4(OH)32◊3H2O

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

monocl monocl orth rhomb rhomb hex monocl monocl orth cub monocl orth rhomb monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr tetr cub hex monocl cub orth hex cub hex hex rhomb tetr

3.77 5.7 4.49 3.65 2.6 2.64 2.81 3.0 6.78 4.95 2.25 3.44 2.94 1.73 5.07 6.1 5.83 10.2 4.78 4.62 ª8.7 3.79 6.47 4.23 2.37 6.72 2.3 2.71 5.76 7.16

hex rhomb rhomb tetr orth monocl cub orth orth trig tricl orth tetr tetr monocl monocl monocl cub orth rhomb hex monocl monocl monocl cub monocl rhomb hex

2.42 1.60

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6.85 3.96 3.25 5.56 6.6 6.64 2.08 2.29 5.6 4.2 3.00 3.0 3.66 3.21 5.0 3.65 2.4 8.17 3.74 3.21 3.30 ª6.1 2.42 5.20 3.36

Hardness 3.8 6.5 3.3 6.3 6 7.8 5.8 2.8 2 6.3 2.8 3.8 7.3 2.3 3 2.8 2.8 6.3 5.8 5.5 3.8 2.5 5.8 2.5 5.5 3.5 3 2.8 1.5 5.5 2.5 1.5 6.5 3.3 6.3 2.5 3.3 4.5 4.5 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 2.5 6.5 6.5 5.5 8.5 2 2.3 2.5 6 6.5 5.5 4.5 6 3

na

Index of refraction nb ng

1.730 2.13 1.636 1.757 1.589 1.582 1.552 1.595

1.758 2.19 1.637 1.804 1.602 1.589 1.558 1.651

1.483 1.64 1.66 1.447

1.486 1.65 1.66 1.469

1.487 1.66 1.67 1.472

1.728 2.253 2.583 1.575

1.771

1.800

2.584 1.59

2.700

1.580 1.486 1.818 1.973

1.646 1.658 1.866 2.656

1.495 1.466 1.75 2.006 1.622 1.583 2.071 1.804

1.509 1.475 1.92 2.097 1.624 1.588

1.631 1.594

2.076

2.079

1.537

1.543

1.349 1.62 1.721 1.615

1.62 1.726 1.634

1.482 1.514

1.838 2.20 1.648 1.613 1.561 1.651

1.909

1.494 1.95

1.342 1.61 1.717 1.604 2.16 1.746 1.575 2.814 1.87 1.633 1.693

1.748 1.597 3.143 1.92 1.647 1.700

1.756 1.598

1.586

1.592

1.614

1.731

1.752

2.01 1.668 1.712

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Copiapite Coquimbite Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Covellite Cristobalite Crocoite Cryolite Cryolithionite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreelite Derbylite Diamond Diaspore Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Douglasite Dyscrasite Eddingtonite Eglestonite Emplectite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Erythrite Eucairite Euclasite Eudialite Eulytite Euxenite Fayalite Ferberite Fergussonite Fluorite Forsterite Franklinite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galenabismuthite Ganomalite Gaylussite Gehlenite Geikielite Gibbsite Glauberite Glauconite Glaucophane Gmelinite

Formula (Fe,Mg)Fe4(SO4)6(OH)2◊20H2O Fe2(SO4)3◊9H2O Al3(Mg,Fe)2Si5AlO18 Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS SiO2 PbCrO4 Na3AlF6 Na3Li3Al2F12 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Cu2O CaSi2B2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) Cr2FeS4 Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 C AlO(OH) Cu2–xS CaMgSi2O6 CuSiO2(OH)2 CaMg(CO3)2 K2FeCl4◊2H2O Ag3Sb BaAl2Si3O10◊4H2O Hg4OCl2 CuBiS2 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4◊7H2O (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2◊8H2O CuAgSe BeAlSiO4(OH) (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti)(Si3O9)2 (OH,Cl) Bi4Si3O12 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Fe2SiO4 FeWO4 (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 CaF2 Mg2SiO4 ZnFe2O4 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS PbBi2S4 (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 Na2Ca(CO3)2◊5H2O Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Al(OH)3 Na2Ca(SO4)2 (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7 O20(OH)4 Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]◊6H2O

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

Hardness

tricl hex rhomb hex orth hex hex monocl monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb cub orth cub monocl rhomb rhomb orth rhomb rhomb cub rhomb rhomb monocl monocl orth monocl orth monocl

2.13 2.1 2.66 3.97 5.98 4.8 2.33 6.12 2.97 2.77 4.11 3.4 6.0 3.0 2.98 3.81 4.53 3.51 3.4 5.55 3.30 3.5 2.86 2.16 9.74 2.8 8.4 6.38 4.5 3.19 3.44 1.67 3.06 7.7 3.1

2.8 2.5 7 9 2.5 1.8 6.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.5 5.5 3.8 7 5.3

hex cub rhomb orth monocl tetr cub orth cub cub cub cub rhomb hex monocl tetr hex monocl monocl

3.0 6.6 5.5 4.30 7.51 5.7 3.18 3.21 5.21 4.62 4.04 7.60 7.04 5.6 1.99 3.04 3.85 2.42 2.80

5.5 4.5 6 6.5 4.3 6 4 7 6 7.8 7.8 2.5 3 3.5 2.8 5.5 5.5 3 2.8

monocl monocl hex

2.7 3.19 2.10

2 6 4.5

4-153

5 10 6.8 2.8 6 5 3.5

na

Index of refraction nb ng

1.52 1.54 1.540 1.761 2.199

1.54 1.56 1.549 1.769 2.217

1.59

1.484 2.29 1.338 1.340

1.487 2.36 1.338

2.66 1.339

1.650

1.660

1.676

1.63 1.624

1.63 1.652

1.63 1.668

2.45 2.418 1.694

2.45

2.51

1.715

1.741

1.680 1.65 1.500 1.488

1.687 1.70 1.679 1.500

1.708

1.541 2.49

1.553

1.557

1.656 1.733 1.433 1.626

1.662 1.755 1.455 1.661

1.669 1.765 1.461 1.699

1.651

1.655

1.671

1.623 2.05 2.2 1.827

1.600

1.615

1.869

1.879

1.651

1.670

1.553 2.260

3.8 2.5 2 3 5.5 6 2.3 2 2.5 7.5

2.1 1.434 1.635 2.36 1.805 1.92 3.91 1.910 1.444 1.658 1.95 1.57 1.515

1.945 1.516 1.669 2.31 1.57 1.535

1.60 1.634 1.477

1.63 1.645 1.485

1.523

1.59 1.536 1.63 1.648

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Grossularite Gummite Gypsum Halite Hambergite Hanksite Harmotome Hausmannite Haüyne Hedenbergite Helvite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herderite Hessite Heulandite Hopeite Hornblende Huebnerite Humite Huntite Hydrogrossularite Hydromagnesite Illite Ilmenite Iodyrite Jacobsite Jadeite Jamesonite Jarosite Kainite Kaliophylite Kaolinite Kernite Kieserite Kyanite Lanarkite Lanthanite Laumontite Laurionite Lawsonite Lazulite Lazurite Leadhillite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Levyne Litharge Loellingite Maghemite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Manganite

Formula FeO(OH) ZnSO4◊7H2O CdS Ca3Al2Si3O12 UO3◊H2O CaSO4◊2H2O NaCl Be2(OH)(BO3) Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Ba[Al2Si6O16]◊6H2O Mn3O4 (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 CaFeSi2O6 Mn4Be3Si3O12S Fe2O3 Zn4Si2O7(OH)2◊H2O Fe(AlO2)2 CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) Ag2Te (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]◊6H2O Zn3(PO4)2◊4H2O Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(Si7AlO22)(OH)2 MnWO4 Mg(OH,F)2◊3Mg2SiO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)1-m(OH)4m 3MgCO3◊Mg(OH)2◊3H2O KAl4[Si7AlO20](OH)4 FeTiO3 AgI MnFe2O4 NaAlSi2O6 Pb4FeSb6S14 KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 KMg(SO4)Cl◊3H2O KAlSiO4 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Na2B4O7◊4H2O MgSO4◊H2O Al2OSiO4 Pb2(SO4)O (La,Ce)2(CO3)3◊8H2O Ca4[Al8Si16O48]◊16H2O Pb(OH)Cl CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7◊H2O (Mg,Fe)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Na4SSi3Al3O12 Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 FeO(OH) K2(Li,Al)5-6[Si6-7Al2-1O20](OH,F)4 KAlSi2O6 (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12◊6H2O PbO FeAs2 Fe2O3 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2(CO3) MnO(OH)

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

orth orth hex cub orth monocl cub rhomb hex monocl tetr cub monocl cub hex rhomb cub monocl orth monocl orth monocl monocl orth trig cub monocl monocl rhomb hex cub monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl monocl monocl tricl monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb monocl cub monocl orth monocl tetr rhomb tetr rhomb cub hex cub monocl monocl

4.3 1.97 4.8 3.59 7.05 2.32 2.17 2.36 2.56 2.44 4.84 2.47 3.53 3.32 5.25 3.45 4.3 2.98 8.4 2.2 3.0 3.24 7.2 3.3 2.70 3.4 2.24 2.8 4.72 5.68 4.87 3.34 5.63 3.09 2.15 2.61 2.65 1.95 2.57 3.59 6.92 2.72 2.3 6.24 3.08 3.23 2.42 6.55 4.26 2.85 2.49 2.10 9.35 7.40 4.88 3.05 5.17 4.05 ª4.3

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Hardness 5.3 2.3 3.3 6.8 3.8 2 2 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.8 6 6 6 5 7.8 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.2 5.5 4.3 6 6.8 3.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 7.8 6 2.5 3 2.8 6 2.3 2.5 3.5 6.3 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 6 5.8 5.3 2.8 5 3.3 5.8 4.5 2 5.3 7.8 4 6 3.8 4

na

Index of refraction nb ng

2.268 1.457 2.506 1.734

2.401 1.480 2.529

2.457 1.484

1.520 1.544 1.56 1.461 1.506 2.15 1.502 1.721 1.739 2.91 1.614 1.835 1.592

1.525

1.530

1.59 1.481 1.507 2.46

1.63 1.511

1.727

1.746

3.19 1.617

1.636

1.612

1.621

1.498 1.58 1.67 2.17 1.625

1.498 1.59 1.67 2.22 1.636

1.506 1.59 1.69 2.32 1.657

1.70 1.523 1.56

1.527 1.59

1.545 1.59

2.21 2.3 1.649 1.715 1.494 1.532 1.549 1.454 1.520 1.715 1.928 1.52 1.508 2.08 1.655 1.615 1.500 1.87 1.94 1.536 1.510 1.496 2.535 2.63 1.536 2.42 1.655 2.25

2.22 1.654

1.663

1.820 1.505 1.537 1.564 1.472 1.533 1.722 2.007 1.587 1.517 2.12 1.675 1.64

1.565 1.488 1.584 1.731 2.036 1.613 1.519 2.16 1.685 1.650

2.00 2.20 1.565

2.01 2.51 1.566

1.516

1.501 2.665

1.741 1.875 2.25

1.909 2.53

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Manganosite Marcasite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Matlockite Meionite Melanterite Melilite Mellite Mendipite Mesolite Metacinnabar Microcline Miersite Millerite Mimetite Minium Mirabilite Moissanite Molybdenite Monazite Monetite Monticellite Montmorillonite Montroydite Mordenite Muscovite Nantokite Natrolite Nepheline Newberyite Niccolite Norbergite Nosean Oldhamite Oligoclase Olivenite Olivine Opal Orpiment Orthoclase Orthopyroxene Paragonite Parisite Pectolite Penfieldite Pentlandite Percylite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Pharmacosiderite Phenakite Phillipsite Phlogopite Phosgenite Piemontite

Formula MnO FeS2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbClF Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 FeSO4◊7H2O (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Si)3O7 Al2C12O12◊18H2O Pb3O2Cl2 Na2Ca2(Al2Si3O10)3◊8H2O HgS KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb5(AsO4,PO4)3Cl Pb3O4 Na2SO4◊10H2O SiC MoS2 (Ce,La,Th)PO4 CaHPO4 Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 (0.5Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe)4 [(Si,Al)8O20](OH)4◊nH2O HgO (Na,K,Ca)[Al2Si10O24]◊7H2O KAl2Si3AlO10(OH,F)2 CuCl Na2Al2Si3O10◊2H2O Na3KAl4Si4O16 MgHPO4◊3H2O NiAs Mg(OH,F)2◊Mg2SiO4 Na8Al6Si6O24SO4 CaS ([NaSi]0.9-0.7[CaAl]0.1-0.3)AlSi2O8 Cu2(AsO4)(OH) (Mg,Fe)SiO4 SiO2◊nH2O As2S3 KAlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)SiO3 NaAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 (Ce,La,Na)FCO3◊CaCO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Pb4Cl6(OH)2 (Fe,Ni)9S8 PbCuCl2(OH)2 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)3◊5H2O Be2SiO4 K(Ca0.5,Na)2[Al3Si5O16]◊6H2O KMg3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Pb2(CO3)Cl2 Ca2(Mn,Fe,Al)3O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

Hardness

cub cub tetr cub orth tetr tetr monocl tetr tetr rhomb orth cub monocl hex hex hex tetr monocl hex hex monocl tricl orth

5.37 5.02 2.56 5.67 1.77 7.05 2.78 1.89 3.00 1.64 7.24 2.26 7.70 2.56 5.68 5.5 7.24 8.9 1.46 3.16 5.06 5.2 2.92 3.18

5.5 6.3 5.5 2.5 2.3 2.8 5.5 2 5.5 2.3 2.5 5 3 6.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 2.5 1.8 9.5 1.3 5 3.5 5.5

monocl orth orth monocl cub orth hex orth hex orth cub cub tricl rhomb rhomb amorp monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl hex cub cub cub cub monocl cub rhomb monocl monocl tetr monocl

2.5 11.14 2.13 2.83 4.14 2.23 2.61 2.13 7.77 3.21 2.35 2.59 2.64 4.2 3.81 1.9 3.46 2.56 3.6 2.85 4.42 2.88 6.6 4.8

1.5 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.5 5 5.8 3.3 5.3 6.5 5.5 4 6.3 3 6.8 5 1.8 6 5.5 2.5 4.5 4.8

4-155

3.6 3.98 2.42 2.80 2.98 2.2 2.83 6.13 3.49

3.8 2.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 2.5 7.5 4.3 2.3 2.5 6

na

Index of refraction nb ng

1.541 2.346 1.520 2.006 1.559 1.47 1.639 1.511 2.24 1.506

1.548 1.523 2.145 1.595 1.48 1.645 1.539 2.27

1.533

1.522 2.20

1.526

1.530

2.128

2.147

1.394 2.648

1.396 2.691

1.398

1.787 1.587 1.647

1.789 1.61 1.655

1.840 1.640 1.664

1.55 2.37 1.478 1.563 1.930 1.478 1.534 1.514

1.57 2.50 1.480 1.596

1.57 2.65 1.482 1.602

1.481 1.538 1.517

1.491

1.565 1.495 2.137 1.539 1.77 1.73 1.44 2.40 1.523 1.709 1.572 1.672 1.603 2.13

1.573

1.592

1.543 1.80 1.76

1.547 1.85 1.78

2.81 1.527 1.712 1.602 1.771 1.610 2.21

3.02 1.531 1.723 1.605

1.511

1.519

2.05 1.735 2.34 1.506 1.690 1.654 1.494 1.560 2.118 1.762

1.670 1.497 1.597 2.145 1.773

1.49

2.31

1.533

1.639

1.505 1.598 1.796

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name

Formula

Pigeonite Pollucite Polybasite Powellite Prehnite Proustite Pseudobrookite Psilomelane Pumpellyite

(Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 CsAlSi2O6 (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 Ca(Mo,W)O4 Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 Ag3AsS3 Fe2TiO5 BaMn9O16(OH)4 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe,Mg)[Si2(O,OH)7] (SiO4)(OH,O)3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 NaCaNb2O6F Mn(OH)2 MnO2 Pb5(PO4,AsO4)3Cl Mg3Al2Si3O12 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Fe7S8 SiO2 NiAs2 PbWO4 As4S4 MnCO3 (Mn,Fe,Ca)SiO3 Na2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2 TiO2 (Co,Fe)As2 (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 (Mg,Fe)2Al4O6SiO4 (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24 (Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4) CaWO4 CaAl2Si3O10◊3H2O Fe(AsO4)◊2H2O MgF2 Sb2O3 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 FeCO3 Al2OSiO4 (Co,Ni)As3 ZnCO3 Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO4(O,OH,F) MgAl2O4 LiAlSi2O6 Cu2FeSn4 (Fe,Mg,Zn)2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6 [(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2 Na(NH4)H(PO4)◊4H2O Sb(Ta,Nb)O4 Sb2S3 NaCa2[Al5Si13O36]◊14H2O

Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyrochroite Pyrolusite Pyromorphite Pyrope Pyrophyllite Pyrrhotite Quartz Rammelsbergite Raspite Realgar Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Samarskite Sapphirine Scapolite Scheelite Scolecite Scorodite Sellaite Senarmontite Serpentine Siderite Sillimanite Skutterudite Smithsonite Sodalite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Stannite Staurolite Stercorite Stibiotantalite Stibnite Stilbite

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

Hardness

monocl tetr monocl tetr rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb

3.38 2.9 6.1 4.35 2.93 5.57 4.36 4.71

6 6.5 2.5 3.8 6.3 2.3 6 5.5

monocl rhomb cub cub hex tetr hex cub monocl hex hex orth monocl monocl hex orth monocl tetr rhomb

3.21 5.85 5.02 5.3 3.26 5.08 7.04 3.58 2.78 4.62 2.65 7.1 8.46 3.5 3.70 3.48 3.3 4.23 7.3

5.5 2.5 6.3 5.3 2.5 6.3 3.8 6.8 1.5 4 7 5.8 2.8 1.8 3.8 6 5 6.2 4.8

rhomb monocl

5.69 3.49

tetr tetr monocl rhomb tetr cub monocl hex rhomb cub rhomb cub cub cub cub monocl cub monocl tetr monocl tricl rhomb orth monocl

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na

Index of refraction nb ng

1.702 1.517

1.703

1.971 1.622 2.792 2.38

1.980 1.628 3.088 2.39

1.688 2.88

1.695 3.08

1.68

1.72

2.048 1.714 1.545

2.058 1.579

1.544

1.553

1.27 2.538 1.597 1.725 1.675 2.609

1.27 2.684 1.816 1.729 1.683 2.900

5.5 7.5

2.200 1.709

1.712

2.64 6.06 2.27 3.28 3.15 5.58 2.55 3.9 3.25 6.8 4.4 2.30 10.58 4.19 4.0 3.50 3.55 3.13 4.4

5.5 4.8 5 3.8 5 2.3 3 4.3 7 5.8 4.3 5.8 6.5 6.8 3.8 5 7.8 6.8 4

1.551 1.920 1.510 1.784 1.378 2.087 1.55 1.635 1.658

1.800 2.369 1.90 1.719 1.656

1.95

2.03

1.662

1.671

3.79 1.62 6.6 4.56 2.2

7.5 2 5.5 2 3.8

1.743 1.439 2.38

1.747 1.442 2.41

1.755 1.469 2.46

1.492

1.499

1.503

1.621 1.485

1.573 1.936 1.518 1.795 1.390 1.56 1.875 1.660

1.728

1.648 2.42

1.705

1.599

1.30 2.704 1.737 1.694

1.715

1.519 1.814

1.56 1.660

1.848

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name

Formula

(K,Na,Ca)0.6(Fe,Mg)6Si8Al (O,OH)27◊2H2O Stolzite PbWO4 Strengite FePO4◊2H2O Strontianite SrCO3 Struvite Mg(NH4)(PO4)◊6H2O Sulfur S Sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2 Sylvite KCl Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Tantalite (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 Tapiolite FeTa2O6 Tellurobismuthite Bi2Te3 Terlinguaite Hg2OCl Tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 Thenardite Na2SO4 Thermonatrite Na2CO3◊H2O Thomsenolite NaCaAlF6◊H2O Thorianite ThO2 Thorite ThSiO4 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2◊8H2O Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18 (BO3)3 Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH,F)2 Trevorite NiFe2O4 Tridymite SiO2 Triphyllite-Lithiophyllite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 Troegerite (UO2)3(AsO4)2◊12H2O Troilite FeS Trona Na3H(CO3)2◊2H2O Turquois Cu(Al,Fe)6(PO4)4(OH)8◊4H2O Ullmannite NiSbS Uraninite UO2 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12 Valentinite Sb2O3 Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl Variseite-Strengite (Al,Fe)(PO4)◊2H2O Vaterite CaCO3 Vermiculite (Mg,Ca)0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6[(Al,Si)8O20] (OH)4◊8H2O Vesuvianite Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(Si2O7)2(SiO4)5 (OH,F)4 Villiaumite NaF Vivianite Fe3(PO4)2◊8H2O Wagnerite Mg2(PO4)F Wavellite Al3(OH)3(PO4)2◊5H2O Whewellite CaC2O4◊H2O Willemite Zn2SiO4 Witherite BaCO3 Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Wollastonite CaSiO3 Wulfenite PbMoO4 Wurtzite ZnS Xenotime YPO4 Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2◊10H2O Zincite ZnO Zircon ZrSiO4 Zoisite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)

Crystal system

Density g/cm3

Hardness

monocl tetr orth orth rhomb orth monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr hex monocl cub orth orth monocl cub tetr rhomb tetr

2.8 8.2 2.87 3.5 1.71 2.07 8.16 1.99 2.71 7.95 7.9 7.74 8.73 4.9 2.7 2.25 2.98 10.0 6.7 3.53 3.22

3.5 2.8 4 3.5 2 2 1.8 2 1 6.5 6.3 1.8 2.5 3.8 2.8 1.3 2 6.5 4.8 8 2.3

1.585 2.19 1.707 1.518 1.495 1.958

1.665 2.27 1.719 1.666 1.496 2.038

1.490 1.545 2.26 2.27

1.592 2.32 2.42

1.595 2.43

2.35

2.64

2.66

1.468 1.420 1.407 2.200 1.8 1.618 1.582

1.475 1.506 1.414

1.483 1.524 1.415

1.620 1.592

1.627

rhomb monocl cub hex rhomb tetr hex monocl tricl cub cub cub orth hex rhomb hex

3.14 3.0 5.33 2.27 3.46

1.62 1.599 2.3 1.475 1.68 1.59

1.65 1.612 1.476 1.68 1.630

1.479 1.69

4.7 2.14 2.9 6.65 11.0 3.83 5.7 6.8 2.72 2.71

7 5.5 7.8 7 4.5 2.5 4 2.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 6.8 2.8 2.9 4

1.412 1.70

1.492 1.73

1.540 1.75

1.865 2.18 2.350 1.635 1.550

2.35 2.416 1.654 1.645

2.35

monocl

2.3

1.5

1.542

1.556

tetr cub monocl monocl rhomb cub hex orth monocl monocl tetr hex tetr tetr hex tetr rhomb

3.33 2.78 2.58 3.15 2.36 2.2 4.1 4.29 7.3 2.92 6.7 4.09 4.8

6.5 2.3 1.8 5.3 3.6 2.8 5.5 3.5 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.8 4.5

1.73

5.6 4.6 3.26

4 7.5 6

1.72 1.327 1.598 1.568 1.527 1.491 1.691 1.529 2.26 1.628 2.283 2.356 1.721 1.606 2.013 1.94 1.695

na

Index of refraction nb ng

Stilpnomelane

4-157

1.629 1.572 1.535 1.554 1.719 1.676 2.32 1.639 2.403 2.378 1.816 2.029 1.99 1.699

1.665 1.741 1.668 1.504 2.245

1.622

1.668

1.556

1.652 1.582 1.553 1.650 1.677 2.42 1.642

1.711

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS This table contains x-ray crystallographic data on about 400 common minerals, as well as selected crystalline elements. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: Name: Common name of the mineral. Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cubic = cubic. Structure type: Prototype for the structural arrangement of the crystallographic cell. Z: Number of formula units per the unit cell. a, b, c: Lengths of the cell edges in Å (1Å = 10-8 cm). a, b, g : Angles between cell axes. REFERENCES 1. Robie, R.A., Bethke, P.M., and Beardsley, K.M., U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 3. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992.

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Formula

Crystal system

Acanthite Acmite (Aegirine) Akermanite Alabandite Almandine (Almandite) Altaite Aluminum Alunite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Annite Anorthite Anthophyllite Antimony Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Argentopyrite Arsenic Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Azurite Baddeleyite Banalsite Barite Berlinite Beryl Berzelianite Bismite Bismuth Bismuthinite Bixbyite Boehmite Borax Bornite (metastable) Breithauptite Brochantite Bromargyrite Bromellite Brookite Brucite

Ag2S NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 NaAlSi2O6◊H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 Ca3Fe2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 KFe3[AlSi3O10](OH)2 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Sb CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S AgFe2S3 As As2O3 FeAsS Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaNa2Al4Si4O16 BaSO4 AlPO4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Cu2Se Bi2O3 Bi Bi2S3 Mn2O3 AlO(OH) Na2B4O7◊10H2O Cu5FeS4 NiSb Cu4SO4(OH)6 AgBr BeO TiO2 Mg(OH)2

monocl monocl tetr cubic cubic cubic cubic rhomb cubic tetr orth cubic orth orth monocl tricl orth rhomb orth orth cubic orth rhomb cubic tricl monocl monocl orth orth hex hex cubic monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl cubic hex monocl cubic hex orth hex

Structure type diopside melilite rock salt garnet rock salt copper

garnet barite anhydrite 1M mica primitive cell arsenic aragonite arcanite

arsenic diamond

baddeleyite barite a-quartz beryl pseudo-orth arsenic stibnite thallium trioxide lepidocrocite

niccolite rock salt zincite cadmium iodide

Z

a/Å

b/Å

c/Å

4 4 2 4 8 4 4 3 16 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 16 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 6 4 16 4 4 8 2 4 4 2 8 1

4.228 9.658 7.8435 5.223 11.526 6.4606 4.049 6.982 13.733 3.785 7.7959 12.048 8.480 6.991 10.29 8.177 18.61 4.2996 5.741 5.772 4.870 6.64 3.760 11.074 5.760 5.008 5.1454 8.50 8.878 4.942 9.215 5.85 7.48 4.5367 11.150 9.411 2.868 11.858 10.94 3.942 13.066 5.7745 2.6979 5.456 3.147

6.928 8.795

7.862 5.294 5.010

a

b

g

99.58∞ 107.42∞

17.32

7.8983 5.398 6.996 9.33 12.877 18.01 7.968 10.072 11.47

9.514 5.5583 6.958 6.238 5.39 14.169 5.24 11.2516 4.959 7.483

93.17∞

105.1∞ 115.85∞

6.45 10.555

5.690 5.844 5.2075 9.97 5.450

5.785 10.336 5.3107 16.72 7.152 10.97 9.192

8.14 11.300

5.83 11.8383 3.981

12.227 10.674

3.700 12.197

106.68∞

9.85

5.155 6.022

103.27∞

9.182

91.22∞

4.3772 5.143 4.769

90.00∞

112.23∞ 92.45∞ 99.23∞

112.9∞

90.00∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-157

Name

Crystal system

NiO CaMn(SiO3)2 CdTe CdSe CaCO3 Hg2Cl2 Ca10(PO4)6CO3◊H2O SnO2 CoS2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 CeO2 PbCO3 Sb2O4 CuSO4◊5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Ca5(PO4)3Cl AgCl FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 MgCl2 2Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 BeAl2O4 HgS As2O3 PbSe MgSiO3 FeSiO3 4Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH Co2SiO4 CoO CoS CoTiO3 CoCO3 CoAsS SiO2 USiO4 Ca2B6O11◊5H2O HgTe PtS Cu Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS

cubic tricl cubic hex rhomb tetr hex tetr cubic orth monocl cubic orth orth tricl orth tetr hex cubic monocl rhomb monocl orth hex monocl cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl orth cubic cubic rhomb rhomb cubic monocl tetr monocl cubic tetr cubic rhomb orth hex

Structure type rock salt sphalerite zincite calcite apatite rutile pyrite barite fluorite aragonite

apatite rock salt

olivine cinnabar rock salt

olivine rock salt sphalerite ilmenite calcite NiSbS zircon sphalerite face-centered cubic corundum

Z

a/Å

4 6 4 2 6 4 1 2 4 4 8 4 4 4 2 96 4 2 4 8 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 16 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6

4.177 7.736 6.4805 4.2977 4.9899 4.478 9.436 4.738 5.5345 8.359 8.627 5.4110 6.152 5.424 6.1045 11.881 5.2988 9.629 5.5491 9.48 3.632 7.89 5.4756 4.149 5.339 6.1255 9.620 9.7085 13.68 8.887 4.782 4.260 5.339 5.066 4.6581 5.60 7.152 6.995 8.743 6.4600 3.4699 3.6150 4.7591 4.535 3.792

b/Å

c/Å

7.157

13.824

a 90.52∞

b 94.58∞

g 103.87∞

7.0021 17.064 10.910 6.883 3.188 5.352 13.045

6.866 14.408

8.436 11.76 10.72 27.323

5.195 4.804 5.949 13.491 10.434 6.777

5.48

101.77∞

12.984

18.18 17.795 10.29 4.4267 9.495 4.5405

8.825 9.0872 4.75 5.581 10.301

5.188 5.2284 10.27 10.14 6.003

108.33∞ 108.43∞ 100.83∞ 115.93∞

4.743 9.4041

115.20∞

97.57∞

107.28∞

109.03∞

94.27∞

13.918 14.958 12.379 11.264

7.152 6.263 6.102 6.1098

7.62

12.9894 9.05 16.34

120.00∞ 110.12∞

77.43∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-158

Bunsenite Bustamite Cadmium telluride Cadmoselite Calcite Calomel Carbonate-apatite Cassiterite Cattierite Celestite Celsian Cerianite Cerussite Cervantite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chlorapatite Chlorargyrite Chloritoid Chloromagnesite Chondrodite Chrysoberyl Cinnabar Claudetite Clausthalite Clinoenstatite Clinoferrosilite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobalt olivine Cobalt oxide Cobalt sulfide Cobalt titanate Cobalticalcite Cobaltite Coesite Coffinite Colemanite Coloradoite Cooperite Copper Corundum Cotunnite Covellite

Formula

TeamLRN

Name

Name

SiO2 SiO2 Na3AlF6 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe,Mn)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Cu2O CaB2Si2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) FeCr2S4 C AlO(OH) Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Cu1.79S CaMg(SiO3)2 CuSiO2(OH)2 Cu2O(SO4) CaMg(CO3)2 NaMg3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 NaLiAl7.67B3Si6O27(OH)4 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4◊7H2O Cr2O3 AgCuSe AlBeSiO4(OH) Cu3SbS4 Fe2SiO4 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) Ca2Fe2SiO7 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) KFeSi2O6 KFeSi3O8 KFeSi3O8 FeAs2.95 FeWO4 KFe3[FeSi3O10](OH)2 FeSe2 Ca2Fe5[Si8O22](OH)2 NaCa2Mg5[AlSi7O22]F2 3Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 KMg3[AlSi3O10]F2 Na2CaMg5[Si8O22]F2 Ca2Mg5[Si8O22]F2

Crystal system tetr cubic monocl orth monocl cubic orth monocl cubic cubic orth monocl cubic monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb rhomb orth orth monocl orth rhomb orth monocl tetr orth orth tetr hex tetr tricl monocl cubic monocl monocl orth monocl monocl orth orth monocl monocl monocl

Structure type

tremolite

spinel diamond

deformed fluorite diopside phenacite calcite tourmaline tourmaline

corundum

olivine cordierite melilite beryl

wolframite marcasite tremolite tremolite

1M mica tremolite tremolite

Z

a/Å

4 8 2 4 2 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 18 4 3 3 3 2 16 2 4 6 10 4 2 4 4 2 2 16 4 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2

4.971 7.1382 5.40 6.46 9.522 4.2696 8.04 9.62 9.966 3.5670 4.401 5.150 5.5695 9.743 14.61 8.334 4.8079 15.942 15.842 6.426 8.829 8.89 11.86 4.9607 4.105 4.763 5.384 4.817 9.726 7.54 9.860 13.205 8.68 8.689 8.1814 4.732 5.430 4.801 9.97 9.847 10.243 8.727 5.299 9.823 9.781

b/Å

c/Å

a

b

g

6.918 5.60 11.12 18.223

7.776 6.23 5.332

101.92∞

8.77 7.60

7.74 4.84

90.15∞

9.421 8.940

2.845 14.736

103.58∞

8.923

13.10 13.12

5.251 7.80 7.628 16.010 7.224 7.009 6.144 5.192 10.19 6.858 13.599 6.31 4.618 10.770 6.105 9.287 4.855 9.285 13.970 7.340 7.319

5.708 9.404 5.778 18.34 18.00 20.72 10.271 9.188 17.96 18.01

4.965 10.341 3.587 5.30 5.282 4.735 4.709 10.135 5.268 5.267

6.312

7.422 18.22 5.63 11.99 20.35 14.29 10.477 17.065

90.18∞

105.93∞ 108.4∞

115.40∞

100.25∞

90.75∞

116.05∞ 116.10∞ 90.00∞ 100.07∞ 104.50∞ 104.83∞

99.92∞ 104.33∞ 104.52∞

86.23∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-159

Cristobalite (a) Cristobalite (b) Cryolite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreeite Diamond Diaspore Dickite Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolerophanite Dolomite Dravite Elbaite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Eskolaite Eucairite Euclase Famatimite Fayalite Fe-Cordierite Fe-Gehlenite Fe-Indialite Fe-Leucite Fe-Microcline Fe-Sanidine Fe-Skutterudite Ferberite Ferriannite Ferroselite Ferrotremolite Fluor-edenite Fluor-humite Fluor-norbergite Fluor-phlogopite Fluor-richterite Fluor-tremolite

Formula

Ca5(PO4)3F CaF2 Mg2SiO4 FeTe2 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS Ga2O3 Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 NiAsS Al(OH)3 CaMnSiO4 (Co,Fe)AsS Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 FeO(OH) Au Ca3V2Si3O12 ZnSO4◊7H2O C CdS Fe3S4 Ca3Al2Si3O12 Fe7[Si8O22](OH)2 FeSbS CaSO4◊2H2O HfO2 NaCl Be2(OH,F)BO3 Ca2ZnSi2O7 MnS2 Mn3O4 CdS Ni3S2 CaFe(SiO3)2 Fe2O3 Zn4(OH)2Si2O7◊H2O Fe(AlO2)2 SnS Ag2Te MgSO4◊6H2O NaAlSi3O8 Ag2S

Crystal system hex cubic orth orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb tetr rhomb orth cubic monocl orth orth monocl monocl orth cubic cubic orth hex hex cubic cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl cubic orth tetr cubic tetr cubic rhomb monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl monocl tricl cubic

Structure type apatite fluorite olivine marcasite spinel spinel rock salt corundum melilite ilmenite

olivine tremolite tremolite face-centered cubic garnet epsomite graphite zincite spinel garnet tremolite

baddeleyite rock salt melilite pyrite sphalerite diopside corundum spinel germanium sulfide

Z

a/Å

2 4 4 2 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 4 24 2 2 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 8 2 8 4 4 4 8 2 4 8 4 3 4 6 2 8 4 4 8 4 4

9.3684 5.4638 4.758 5.265 8.0848 8.258 5.9360 4.9793 7.690 5.054 6.075 5.693 9.719 4.944 6.64 9.748 9.663 4.596 4.0786 12.070 11.779 2.4612 4.1354 9.876 11.851 9.572 10.00 5.68 5.1156 5.6402 9.755 7.87 6.1014 8.136 5.833 5.746 9.854 5.025 8.370 8.150 4.328 8.13 10.110 8.160 6.269

b/Å

c/Å

a

b

g

6.8841 10.214 6.265

5.984 3.869

13.812

13.429 5.0675 13.898 5.592

5.0705 11.19 28.39 17.915 17.696 9.957

8.6412 6.529 5.64 5.273 5.277 3.021

12.050

6.822 6.7079 6.7120

18.44 5.93 15.18 5.1722

5.342 6.73 6.29 5.2948

12.201

4.426 5.01

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-160

Fluorapatite Fluorite Forsterite Frohbergite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Gallium oxide Gehlenite Geikielite Gerhardite Gersdorfite Gibbsite Glauchroite Glaucodot Glaucophane I Glaucophane II Goethite Gold Goldmanite Goslarite Graphite Greenockite Greigite Grossularite Grunerite Gudmundite Gypsum Hafnia Halite Hambergite Hardystonite Hauerite Hausmannite Hawleyite Heazelwoodite Hedenbergite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herzenbergite Hessite Hexahydrite High albite (Analbite) High argentite

Formula

94.57∞

102.78∞ 103.67∞

101.77∞ 90.00∞ 113.83∞ 99.18∞

9.422

10.719

7.134 5.263 13.735 5.120

11.190 4.48 7.212 12.870

3.978 8.09 24.41 7.106

9.024

104.23∞

93.54∞

111.9∞ 98.30∞ 116.36∞

90.19∞

TeamLRN

Name

Name

Cu5FeS4 NaAlSiO4 Cu2S MgSiO3 Cu2S GeO2 KAlSi2O6 Ag2Se KAlSi3O8 MnWO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca5(PO4)3OH H2 O FeTiO3 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) AgI Fe MnFe2O4 NaAl(SiO3)2 Ag1.55Cu0.45S CaMn(SiO3)2 KAlSiO4 KAlSiO4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 V2 O3 SiO2 Na2B4O7◊4H2O CaFeSiO4 CuSe MnFeSiO4 Al2OSiO4 Ca2SiO4 RuS2 FeCl2 CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2◊H2O Pb MgSO4◊4H2O FeO(OH) K2Al3Li2AlSi7O20(OH)4 KAlSi2O6 CaO Ca2SiO4 Co3S4 PbO FeAs2

Crystal system cubic cubic hex tricl cubic hex cubic cubic monocl monocl rhomb hex hex rhomb hex hex cubic cubic monocl tetr monocl hex hex tricl rhomb tetr monocl orth hex orth tricl monocl cubic rhomb orth cubic monocl orth monocl tetr cubic orth cubic tetr orth

Structure type

Z

1 4 2 8 4 a-quartz 3 16 2 4 wolframite 2 calcite 3 apatite 2 4 ilmenite 6 beryl 2 zincite 2 body-centered cubic 2 spinel 8 diopside 4 16 diopside 4 54 2 2 corundum 6 12 4 olivine 4 deformed covellite 78 olivine 4 4 4 pyrite 4 3 4 face-centered cubic 4 4 4 2M2 mica 2 16 rock salt 4 olivine 4 spinel 8 2 marcasite 2

a/Å 5.50 7.325 3.961 10.000 5.725 4.987 13.43 4.993 8.615 4.834 9.498 9.418 4.5212 5.093 9.7698 4.5955 2.8664 8.499 9.409 8.673 9.83 26.930 5.1597 5.155 4.952 7.456 7.022 4.886 14.206 4.854 7.123 5.48 5.60 3.593 8.787 4.9505 5.922 3.868 9.2 13.074 4.8108 5.091 9.401 3.9759 5.300

b/Å

c/Å

8.934

6.722 5.170

a

88.27∞

b

70.03∞

g

91.01∞

5.652

13.031 5.758

7.177 4.999 7.816 6.883 7.3666 14.055 9.3517 7.5005

115.98∞ 91.18∞

8.564

107.50∞

10.602 7.848 6.76

5.220 11.756 5.27 8.522 8.7032 7.407 14.002 8.604 15.676 6.434 17.25 6.162 5.564 9.28

5.836

17.58 13.123

9.04

8.959

9.151 11.146

13.604 12.525 5.3

7.905 3.066 20.0 13.738

11.371

6.782

5.981

5.023 2.882

105.00∞

91.68∞

104.87∞

89.93∞

108.83∞

89.92∞

101.25∞ 94.55∞

90.85∞ 98.00∞

105.97∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-161

High bornite High carnegeite High chalcocite High clinoenstatite High digenite High germania High leucite High naumanite High sanidine Huebnerite Huntite Hydroxylapatite Ice Ilmenite Indialite (Cordierite) Iodargyrite Iron (a) Jacobsite Jadeite Jalpaite Johannsenite Kaliophilite Kalsilite Kaolinite Karelianite Keatite Kernite Kerschsteinite Klockmannite Knebelite Kyanite Larnite Laurite Lawrencite Lawsonite Lead Leonhardtite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Lime Lime olivine Linnaeite Litharge Loellingite

Formula

NaAlSi3O8 Cu5FeS4 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) GeO2 NaAlSiO4 Cu3AsS4 FeS Na2Mg3Fe2[Si8O22](OH)2 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2CO3 Au2Bi MnS MnS MnO FeS2 CaAl2[AlSi2O10](OH)2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbO PbClF Ni11As8 Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 SiO2 FeSO4◊7H2O NiTe2 HgS AgSbS2 KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb3O4 Fe3Si4O10(OH)2 Na2SO4◊10H2O Mn2Al3(AlSi5O18) MoS2 Mo MoO3 CdO CaMgSiO4 HgO 2Al2O3◊SiO2 3Al2O3◊2SiO2 KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2

Crystal system tricl tetr orth tetr hex tetr tetr monocl rhomb cubic monocl cubic hex cubic cubic orth monocl tetr cubic orth orth tetr tetr tetr cubic monocl hex cubic monocl tricl cubic rhomb tetr monocl monocl hex hex cubic orth cubic orth orth orth orth monocl

Structure type

rutile

tremolite calcite spinel

zincite sphalerite rock salt marcasite 2M mica sphalerite arcanite

clathrate type cadmium iodide sphalerite

sphalerite

beryl molybdenite

rock salt olivine

2M2 mica

Z

a/Å

4 16 4 2 8 2 2 2 6 8 4 8 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 46 4 1 4 8 4 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 3 4

8.139 10.94 9.721 4.3963 9.986 5.289 3.675 9.733 4.6330 8.3940 9.502 7.958 3.976 5.611 4.4448 4.443 5.13 12.064 6.0507 7.782 5.489 4.106 6.870 12.174 13.402 14.072 3.869 5.8517 12.862 8.582 6.4963 9.616 8.815 5.4 11.51 9.925 3.1604 3.1653 3.962 4.6953 4.827 6.608 7.5788 7.557 5.203

b/Å 12.788 17.062

17.946

11.974

c/Å 7.160 21.88 9.339 2.8626 8.330 10.440 5.030 5.299 15.016

a 94.27∞

b

g

116.57∞

87.68∞

103.30∞

3.240

98.75∞

6.432

5.423 8.92

3.3876 19.50 7.514

5.993 4.755

10.636 5.891 7.23 21.81 7.652

6.503

11.041 5.308

4.111 12.964

13.220 7.222

9.42 10.38

3.152 6.565 19.4 12.83 9.297 12.295

13.858

3.697

11.084 5.518 7.6909 7.6876 8.995

6.376 3.519 2.8883 2.8842 20.030

95.00∞

105.57∞

90.62∞

98.63∞ 115.92∞

100.00∞ 107.75∞

94.47∞

87.68∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-162

Low albite Low bornite Low cordierite Low germania Low nepheline Luzonite Mackinawite Magnesioriebeckite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Maldonite Manganese sulfide (g) Manganese sulfide (b) Manganosite Marcasite Margarite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Massicot Matlockite Maucherite Meionite Melanophlogite Melanterite Melonite Metacinnabar Miargyrite Microcline Miersite Millerite Minium Minnesotaite Mirabilite Mn-Indialite Molybdenite Molybdenum Molybdite Monteponite Monticellite Montroydite Mullite (2:1) Mullite (3:2) Muscovite

Formula

TeamLRN

Name

Name

Al2Si2O5(OH)4 CuCl NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Na2Al2Si3O10◊2H2O NaMgF3 NiAs2.95 NiAs Ni NiCO3 Ni2SiO4 NiSe2 KNO3 BaMg(CO3)2 CaS As2S3 KAlSi3O8 FeSiO3 CdCO3 BaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 NiAs2 TeO2 CaSiO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Fe5.25Ni3.75S8 Fe4.75Ni5.25S8 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Ag3AuTe2 Be2SiO4 KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 MgCr2O4 Ca2Al1.5Mn1.5(SiO4)3OH Pt Ni3S4 Ca(OH)2 CaMoO4 MgSiO3 Ag3AsS3 CaSiO3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 MnO2 Mg3Al2Si3O12

Crystal system monocl cubic rhomb orth orth cubic hex cubic rhomb orth cubic orth rhomb cubic monocl monocl orth rhomb monocl monocl orth tetr monocl tricl cubic cubic cubic orth monocl cubic rhomb monocl cubic monocl cubic cubic hex tetr orth rhomb tricl rhomb cubic tetr cubic

Structure type sphalerite

perovskite niccolite face-centered cubic calcite olivine pyrite aragonite calcite rock salt

enstatite calcite 2M1 mica

rock salt perovskite

phenacite 1M mica spinel face-centered cubic spinel cadmium iodide scheelite

pyrite rutile garnet

Z

a/Å

b/Å

c/Å

4 4 3 8 4 8 2 4 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 16 6 4 4 8 4 12 2 4 4 4 4 2 8 18 2 8 2 4 8 1 4 8 6 24 6 4 2 8

8.909 5.416 6.974 18.30 5.363 8.3300 3.618 3.5238 4.5975 4.727 5.9604 6.431 5.020 5.689 11.49 8.562 9.080 4.9204 8.58 5.13 5.75 4.810 15.417 7.99 10.196 10.095 4.2117 5.3670 11.32 10.38 12.472 5.326 8.333 8.95 3.9231 9.480 3.5933 5.226 9.25 10.816 6.90 11.052 5.4175 4.388 11.459

5.146

15.697

18.63 7.676

16.69 6.60 5.503

a

b

g

113.70∞

5.034

10.121

14.723 5.915

9.164

5.414 16.75

9.59 12.996 18.431

4.25 7.193 5.238 16.298 9.08 19.32 11.428 7.613 7.066 7.02

9.583 8.89 5.82 7.321 7.04

7.6438 5.14

90.45∞ 116.02∞

90.00∞ 95.17∞

90.05∞

5.4439 7.62

95.40∞ 95.27∞

105.90∞

9.210

8.252 10.311

100.17∞

5.70

9.41

115.70∞

8.74 11.78

4.9086 11.43 5.32 8.6948 19.65 8.7177 2.865

102.47∞

90.00∞

90.80∞

90.00∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-163

Nacrite Nantokite Natroalunite Natrolite Neighborite Ni-Skutterudite Niccolite Nickel Nickel carbonate Nickel olivine Nickel selenide Niter Norsethite Oldhamite Orpiment Orthoclase Orthoferrosilite Otavite Paracelsian Paragonite Pararammelsbergite Paratellurite Parawollastonite Pectolite Pentlandite Pentlandite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Petzite Phenacite Phlogopite Picrochromite Piemontite Platinum Polymidite Portlandite Powellite Protoenstatite Proustite Pseudowollastonite Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrolusite Pyrope

Formula

MnTiO3 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 MnFe(SiO3)2 Fe0.980S Fe0.885S SiO2 SiO2 NiAs2 AsS NiSO4◊4H2O MnCO3 MnSiO3 Na2Fe5FSi8O22(OH)2 TiO2 Co0.5Fe0.5As2 ZnWO4 Mg2Al4O6SiO4 MnCl2 CaWO4 NaFe3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 Se SeO2 MgF2 Sb2O3 Ni3Pb2S2 Na2Ca2(CO3)3 FeCO3 Si Al2OSiO4 Ag Ag2Te Ag2Te ZnCO3 NaNO3 NaCaAlSi2O7 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO5 MgAl2O4 LiAl(SiO3)2 LiAl(SiO3)2 Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 AgFe2S3 Sb2S3

Crystal system rhomb monocl tricl hex hex hex hex orth monocl tetr rhomb tricl monocl tetr orth monocl monocl rhomb tetr rhomb hex tetr tetr cubic rhomb orth rhomb cubic orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb rhomb tetr cubic cubic cubic monocl cubic monocl tetr monocl orth orth

Structure type ilmenite 2M1 mica defect niccolite defect niccolite

marcasite

calcite tremolite marcasite wolframite

scheelite tourmaline

rutile arsenic trioxide

calcite diamond face-centered cubic

calcite calcite melilite pyrite garnet sphalerite spinel diopside

stibnite

Z

a/Å

6 4 7 2 2 3 3 2 16 4 6 10 2 2 2 2 8 3 4 3 3 8 2 16 3 2 6 8 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4

5.155 5.14 7.56 3.446 3.440 4.9136 4.999 4.757 9.29 6.782 4.7771 7.682 9.729 4.5937 5.231 4.691 9.96 3.711 5.242 16.032 4.3642 8.35 4.621 11.152 5.576 4.961 4.6887 5.4305 7.4843 4.0862 5.29 6.585 4.6528 5.0696 8.511 5.968 11.621 5.4093 7.07 8.080 9.451 7.5332 7.90 11.60 11.229

b/Å 8.90 17.45

5.797 13.53

11.818 18.065 5.953 5.720 28.60

11.03

7.6730

c/Å 14.18 18.55 6.67 5.848 5.709 5.4051 5.4592 3.542 6.57 18.28 15.664 6.707 5.334 2.9618 2.962 4.925 9.85 17.59 11.372 7.149 4.9588 5.05 3.050

a

84.00∞

b 99.92∞ 94.30∞

113.70∞

106.55∞

92.36∞

93.95∞ 103.31∞

89.36∞ 110.5∞

13.658 7.12 15.373 5.7711

15.025 16.829 4.809

8.72

6.56

113.95∞

8.387

5.208 9.1540 5.63 6.63 3.8389

110.07∞

16.65 12.675 11.310

g

90.00∞

105.66∞

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-164

Pyrophanite Pyrophyllite Pyroxmangite Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite Quartz (a) Quartz (b) Rammelsbergite Realgar Retgersite Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Sanmartinite Sapphirine Scacchite Scheelite Schorl Selenium Selenolite Sellaite Senarmontite Shandite Shortite Siderite Silicon Sillimanite Silver Silver telluride I Silver telluride II Smithsonite Soda niter Sodium melilite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Spodumene (b) Staurolite Sternbergite Stibnite

Formula

TeamLRN

Name

Name

ZnSe SiO2 PbWO4 Ag0.93Cu1.07S SrCO3 S S S KCl K2Ca(SO4)2◊H2O CaAl2Si2O8 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Ta PbSnS2 TeO2 Te Bi2Te3 Cu12As4S13 CuO Mn2SiO4 Cu12Sb4S13 Na2SO4 ThO2 ThSiO4 HgSe Sn Ti Ti2O3 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 NiFe2O4 SiO2 CoSe2 FeS CaAl2SiO6 W WS2 CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8◊4H2O Cu3Se2 UO2 NaCr(SiO3)2 Ca3Cr2Si3O12 CaMg4Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 NiS2

Crystal system cubic tetr tetr orth orth monocl orth rhomb cubic monocl hex orth monocl cubic orth orth hex rhomb cubic monocl orth cubic orth cubic tetr cubic tetr hex rhomb orth monocl cubic hex cubic hex monocl cubic hex tricl tetr cubic monocl cubic rhomb cubic

Structure type sphalerite rutile scheelite

Z

4 2 4 4 aragonite 4 S8 ring molecules 48 S8 ring molecules 128 S6 ring molecules 18 rock salt 4 2 2 2 2M1 mica 4 tungsten 2 germanium sulfide 2 tellurite 8 selenium 3 3 tetrahedrite 2 4 olivine 4 tetrahedrite 2 thenardite 8 fluorite 4 zircon 4 sphalerite 4 4 2 corundum 6 4 tremolite 2 spinel 8 4 pyrite 4 niccolite 2 diopside 4 2 molybdenite 2 1 2 fluorite 4 diopside 4 garnet 8 tourmaline 3 pyrite 4

a/Å 5.6685 4.1790 5.4616 4.066 6.029 11.04 10.4646 10.818 6.2931 9.775 5.10 8.22 5.287 3.3058 4.266 5.607 4.4570 4.3835 10.190 4.684 4.871 10.327 5.863 5.5952 7.143 6.0853 5.8315 2.953 5.149 8.394 9.840 8.339 5.0463 5.8588 3.446 9.615 3.1653 3.154 7.424 6.402 5.4682 9.550 11.999 15.86 5.6873

b/Å

6.628 8.414 10.98 12.8660

7.156 8.60 9.158

c/Å

a

2.6649 12.046 7.972 5.107 10.92 24.4860 4.280

4.090 5.463 5.9290 30.487

3.425 10.636

5.129 6.232

12.304

9.821

g

96.73∞

6.251 14.72 4.83 18.95

11.419 12.034

b

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

4-165

Stilleite Stishovite Stolzite Stromeyerite Strontianite Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfur (orthorhombic) Sulfur (rhombohedral) Sylvite Syngenite Synthetic anorthite Synthetic anorthite Talc Tantalum Teallite Tellurite Tellurium Tellurobismuthite Tennantite Tenorite Tephroite Tetrahedrite Thenardite Thorianite Thorite Tiemannite Tin Titanium Titanium(III) oxide Topaz Tremolite Trevorite Tridymite (b) Trogtalite Troilite Tschermakite Tungsten Tungstenite Turquois Umangite Uraninite Ureyite Uvarovite Uvite Vaesite

Formula

104.00∞

99.50∞

99.47∞

6.327

8.792 18.052

3.1813 4.729 13.642 4.649 5.275

104.70∞

8.2563

8.661

5.877 5.272

7.629

12.362 9.910 4.276

8.712

5.273 7.19

106.12∞

68.61∞

69.71∞

107.44∞

65.08∞

Sb2O3 MgSO4◊3Na2SO4 CaCO3 NaF FeNi2S4 Zn2SiO4 BaCO3 Fe0.5Mn0.5WO4 CaSiO3 PbMoO4 ZnS Fe0.953O YPO4 Zn ZnTe ZnO ZnSO4 ZrSiO4 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH

Crystal system orth monocl hex cubic cubic rhomb orth monocl tricl tetr hex cubic tetr hex cubic hex orth tetr orth

Structure type antimony trioxide

Z

4 2 6 rock salt 4 spinel 8 phenacite 18 aragonite 4 wolframite 2 6 scheelite 4 zincite 2 defect rock salt 4 zircon 4 hexagonal close pack 2 sphalerite 4 zincite 2 barite 4 zircon 4 4

a/Å 4.914 9.797 7.135 4.6342 9.464 13.94 6.430 4.782 7.94 5.435 3.8230 4.3088 6.885 2.665 6.1020 3.2495 8.588 6.604 16.15

b/Å 12.468 9.217

8.904 5.731 7.32

c/Å 5.421 8.199 8.524

9.309 5.314 4.982 7.07 12.110 6.2565 5.982 4.947

6.740 5.581

a

5.2069 4.770 5.979 10.06

b

g

113.50∞

90.03∞

90.57∞ 95.37∞

103.43∞

4-166

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA ON MINERALS (continued)

Valentinite Vanthoffite Vaterite Villiaumite Violarite Willemite Witherite Wolframite Wollastonite Wulfenite Wurtzite Wustite Xenotime Zinc Zinc telluride Zincite Zinkosite Zircon Zoisite

Formula

TeamLRN

Name

Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems Heat of Combustion Electrical Conductivity of Water Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling Kinetic Data for Combustion Modeling

CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances. This table presents the final results of the project. Use of these recommended, internally consistent values is encouraged in the analysis of thermodynamic measurements, data reduction, and preparation of other thermodynamic tables. The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, the entropy at 298.15 K, and the quantity H° (298.15 K)–H° (0). A value of 0 in the ∆fH° column for an element indicates the reference state for that element. The standard state pressure is 100000 Pa (1 bar). See the reference for information on the dependence of gas-phase entropy on the choice of standard state pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order of their chemical formulas when written in the most common form. The table is reprinted with permission of CODATA. REFERENCE Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.

Substance Ag Ag Ag+ AgCl Al Al Al+3 AlF3 Al2O3 Ar B B BF3 B2O3 Be Be BeO Br BrBr2 Br2 C C CO CO2 CO2 CO3-2 Ca Ca Ca+2 CaO Cd Cd Cd+2 CdO CdSO4⋅8/3H2O Cl ClClO4Cl2 Cs Cs Cs+

State cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr, corundum g cr, rhombic g g cr cr g cr g aq l g cr, graphite g g g aq, undissoc. aq cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr g aq aq g cr g aq

∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 284.9 ± 0.8 105.79 ± 0.08 -127.01 ± 0.05 0 330.0 ± 4.0 -538.4 ± 1.5 -1510.4 ± 1.3 -1675.7 ± 1.3 0 0 565 ± 5 -1136.0 ± 0.8 -1273.5 ± 1.4 0 324 ± 5 -609.4 ± 2.5 111.87 ± 0.12 -121.41 ± 0.15 0 30.91 ± 0.11 0 716.68 ± 0.45 -110.53 ± 0.17 -393.51 ± 0.13 -413.26 ± 0.20 -675.23 ± 0.25 0 177.8 ± 0.8 -543.0 ± 1.0 -634.92 ± 0.90 0 111.80 ± 0.20 -75.92 ± 0.60 -258.35 ± 0.40 -1729.30 ± 0.80 121.301 ± 0.008 -167.080 ± 0.10 -128.10 ± 0.40 0 0 76.5 ± 1.0 -258.00 ± 0.50

5-1

TeamLRN

S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1

H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1

42.55 ± 0.20 172.997 ± 0.004 73.45 ± 0.40 96.25 ± 0.20 28.30 ± 0.10 164.554 ± 0.004 -325 ± 10 66.5 ± 0.5 50.92 ± 0.10 154.846 ± 0.003 5.90 ± 0.08 153.436 ± 0.015 254.42 ± 0.20 53.97 ± 0.30 9.50 ± 0.08 136.275 ± 0.003 13.77 ± 0.04 175.018 ± 0.004 82.55 ± 0.20 152.21 ± 0.30 245.468 ± 0.005 5.74 ± 0.10 158.100 ± 0.003 197.660 ± 0.004 213.785 ± 0.010 119.36 ± 0.60 -50.0 ± 1.0 41.59 ± 0.40 154.887 ± 0.004 -56.2 ± 1.0 38.1 ± 0.4 51.80 ± 0.15 167.749 ± 0.004 -72.8 ± 1.5 54.8 ± 1.5 229.65 ± 0.40 165.190 ± 0.004 56.60 ± 0.20 184.0 ± 1.5 223.081 ± 0.010 85.23 ± 0.40 175.601 ± 0.003 132.1 ± 0.5

5.745 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 12.033 ± 0.020 4.540 ± 0.020 6.919 ± 0.001 11.62 ± 0.04 10.016 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 1.222 ± 0.008 6.316 ± 0.002 11.650 ± 0.020 9.301 ± 0.040 1.950 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 2.837 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 24.52 ± 0.01 9.725 ± 0.001 1.050 ± 0.020 6.536 ± 0.001 8.671 ± 0.001 9.365 ± 0.003 5.736 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 6.75 ± 0.06 6.247 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.41 ± 0.08 35.56 ± 0.04 6.272 ± 0.001 9.181 ± 0.001 7.711 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001

CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)

Substance Cu Cu Cu+2 CuSO4 F FF2 Ge Ge GeF4 GeO2 H H+ HBr HCO3HCl HF HI HPO4-2 HSHSO4H2 H2O H2O H2PO4H2S H2S H3BO3 H3BO3 He Hg Hg Hg+2 HgO Hg2+2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2SO4 I II2 I2 K K K+ Kr Li Li Li+ Mg Mg Mg+2 MgF2 MgO N NH3 NH4+ NO3-

State cr g aq cr g aq g cr g g cr, tetragonal g aq g aq g g g aq aq aq g l g aq g aq, undissoc. cr aq, undissoc. g l g aq cr, red aq cr cr g aq cr g cr g aq g cr g aq cr g aq cr cr g g aq aq

∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 337.4 ± 1.2 64.9 ± 1.0 -771.4 ± 1.2 79.38 ± 0.30 -335.35 ± 0.65 0 0 372 ± 3 -1190.20 ± 0.50 -580.0 ± 1.0 217.998 ± 0.006 0 -36.29 ± 0.16 -689.93 ± 0.20 -92.31 ± 0.10 -273.30 ± 0.70 26.50 ± 0.10 -1299.0 ± 1.5 -16.3 ± 1.5 -886.9 ± 1.0 0 -285.830 ± 0.040 -241.826 ± 0.040 -1302.6 ± 1.5 -20.6 ± 0.5 -38.6 ± 1.5 -1094.8 ± 0.8 -1072.8 ± 0.8 0 0 61.38 ± 0.04 170.21 ± 0.20 -90.79 ± 0.12 166.87 ± 0.50 -265.37 ± 0.40 -743.09 ± 0.40 106.76 ± 0.04 -56.78 ± 0.05 0 62.42 ± 0.08 0 89.0 ± 0.8 -252.14 ± 0.08 0 0 159.3 ± 1.0 -278.47 ± 0.08 0 147.1 ± 0.8 -467.0 ± 0.6 -1124.2 ± 1.2 -601.60 ± 0.30 472.68 ± 0.40 -45.94 ± 0.35 -133.26 ± 0.25 -206.85 ± 0.40

5-2

S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1

H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1

33.15 ± 0.08 166.398 ± 0.004 -98 ± 4 109.2 ± 0.4 158.751 ± 0.004 -13.8 ± 0.8 202.791 ± 0.005 31.09 ± 0.15 167.904 ± 0.005 301.9 ± 1.0 39.71 ± 0.15 114.717 ± 0.002 0 198.700 ± 0.004 98.4 ± 0.5 186.902 ± 0.005 173.779 ± 0.003 206.590 ± 0.004 -33.5 ± 1.5 67 ± 5 131.7 ± 3.0 130.680 ± 0.003 69.95 ± 0.03 188.835 ± 0.010 92.5 ± 1.5 205.81 ± 0.05 126 ± 5 89.95 ± 0.60 162.4 ± 0.6 126.153 ± 0.002 75.90 ± 0.12 174.971 ± 0.005 -36.19 ± 0.80 70.25 ± 0.30 65.74 ± 0.80 191.6 ± 0.8 200.70 ± 0.20 180.787 ± 0.004 106.45 ± 0.30 116.14 ± 0.30 260.687 ± 0.005 64.68 ± 0.20 160.341 ± 0.003 101.20 ± 0.20 164.085 ± 0.003 29.12 ± 0.20 138.782 ± 0.010 12.24 ± 0.15 32.67 ± 0.10 148.648 ± 0.003 -137 ± 4 57.2 ± 0.5 26.95 ± 0.15 153.301 ± 0.003 192.77 ± 0.05 111.17 ± 0.40 146.70 ± 0.40

5.004 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 16.86 ± 0.08 6.518 ± 0.001 8.825 ± 0.001 4.636 ± 0.020 7.398 ± 0.001 17.29 ± 0.10 7.230 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 8.648 ± 0.001 8.640 ± 0.001 8.599 ± 0.001 8.657 ± 0.001

8.468 ± 0.001 13.273 ± 0.020 9.905 ± 0.005 9.957 ± 0.010 13.52 ± 0.04 6.197 ± 0.001 9.342 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 9.117 ± 0.025 23.35 ± 0.20 26.070 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 13.196 ± 0.040 10.116 ± 0.001 7.088 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 4.632 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 4.998 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 9.91 ± 0.06 5.160 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 10.043 ± 0.010

CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)

Substance N2 Na Na Na+ Ne O OHO2 P P P2 P4 Pb Pb Pb+2 PbSO4 Rb Rb Rb+ S S SO2 SO4-2 S2 Si Si SiF4 SiO2 Sn Sn Sn+2 SnO SnO2 Th Th ThO2 Ti Ti TiCl4 TiO2 U U UO2 UO2+2 UO3 U3O8 Xe Zn Zn Zn+2 ZnO

State g cr g aq g g aq g cr, white g g g cr g aq cr cr g aq cr, rhombic g g aq g cr g g cr, alpha quartz cr, white g aq cr, tetragonal cr, tetragonal cr g cr cr g g cr, rutile cr g cr aq cr, gamma cr g cr g aq cr

∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 0 107.5 ± 0.7 -240.34 ± 0.06 0 249.18 ± 0.10 -230.015 ± 0.040 0 0 316.5 ± 1.0 144.0 ± 2.0 58.9 ± 0.3 0 195.2 ± 0.8 0.92 ± 0.25 -919.97 ± 0.40 0 80.9 ± 0.8 -251.12 ± 0.10 0 277.17 ± 0.15 -296.81 ± 0.20 -909.34 ± 0.40 128.60 ± 0.30 0 450 ± 8 -1615.0 ± 0.8 -910.7 ± 1.0 0 301.2 ± 1.5 -8.9 ± 1.0 -280.71 ± 0.20 -577.63 ± 0.20 0 602 ± 6 -1226.4 ± 3.5 0 473 ± 3 -763.2 ± 3.0 -944.0 ± 0.8 0 533 ± 8 -1085.0 ± 1.0 -1019.0 ± 1.5 -1223.8 ± 1.2 -3574.8 ± 2.5 0 0 130.40 ± 0.40 -153.39 ± 0.20 -350.46 ± 0.27

5-3

TeamLRN

S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1

H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1

191.609 ± 0.004 51.30 ± 0.20 153.718 ± 0.003 58.45 ± 0.15 146.328 ± 0.003 161.059 ± 0.003 -10.90 ± 0.20 205.152 ± 0.005 41.09 ± 0.25 163.199 ± 0.003 218.123 ± 0.004 280.01 ± 0.50 64.80 ± 0.30 175.375 ± 0.005 18.5 ± 1.0 148.50 ± 0.60 76.78 ± 0.30 170.094 ± 0.003 121.75 ± 0.25 32.054 ± 0.050 167.829 ± 0.006 248.223 ± 0.050 18.50 ± 0.40 228.167 ± 0.010 18.81 ± 0.08 167.981 ± 0.004 282.76 ± 0.50 41.46 ± 0.20 51.18 ± 0.08 168.492 ± 0.004 -16.7 ± 4.0 57.17 ± 0.30 49.04 ± 0.10 51.8 ± 0.5 190.17 ± 0.05 65.23 ± 0.20 30.72 ± 0.10 180.298 ± 0.010 353.2 ± 4.0 50.62 ± 0.30 50.20 ± 0.20 199.79 ± 0.10 77.03 ± 0.20 -98.2 ± 3.0 96.11 ± 0.40 282.55 ± 0.50 169.685 ± 0.003 41.63 ± 0.15 160.990 ± 0.004 -109.8 ± 0.5 43.65 ± 0.40

8.670 ± 0.001 6.460 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 6.725 ± 0.001 8.680 ± 0.002 5.360 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.904 ± 0.001 14.10 ± 0.20 6.870 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 20.050 ± 0.040 7.489 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 4.412 ± 0.006 6.657 ± 0.001 10.549 ± 0.010 9.132 ± 0.002 3.217 ± 0.008 7.550 ± 0.001 15.36 ± 0.05 6.916 ± 0.020 6.323 ± 0.008 6.215 ± 0.001 8.736 ± 0.020 8.384 ± 0.020 6.35 ± 0.05 6.197 ± 0.003 10.560 ± 0.020 4.824 ± 0.015 7.539 ± 0.002 21.5 ± 0.5 8.68 ± 0.05 6.364 ± 0.020 6.499 ± 0.020 11.280 ± 0.020 14.585 ± 0.050 42.74 ± 0.10 6.197 ± 0.001 5.657 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.933 ± 0.040

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2500 individual substances in the crystalline, liquid, and gaseous states. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modified Hill order; all substances not containing carbon appear first, followed by those that contain carbon. The properties tabulated are: DfH° DfG° S° Cp

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K

The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). The standard states are defined for different phases by: • • •

The standard state of a pure gaseous substance is that of the substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure liquid substance is that of the liquid under the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure crystalline substance is that of the crystalline substance under the standard state pressure.

An entry of 0.0 for DfH° for an element indicates the reference state of that element. See References 1 and 2 for further information on reference states. A blank means no value is available. The data are derived from the sources listed in the references, from other papers appearing in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, and from the primary research literature. We are indebted to M. V. Korobov for providing data on fullerene compounds.

References 1. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 3. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl.1, 1985. 4. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998. 5. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 6. Pedley, J. B., Naylor, R. D., and Kirby, S. P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 1986. 7. Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1994. 8. Domalski, E. S., and Hearing, E. D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase, Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1-525, 1996. 9. Zabransky, M., Ruzicka , V., Majer, V., and Domalski, E. S., Heat Capacity of Liquids, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. 10. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 11. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 12. NIST Chemistry Webbook, <webbook.nist.gov>.

5-4

Crystal Molecular Formula

Name


fH ° kJ/mol


fG ° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH ° kJ/mol


fG ° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH ° kJ/mol


fG ° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

5-5 TeamLRN

Ac Ag AgBr AgBrO3 AgCl AgClO3 AgClO4 AgF AgF2 AgI AgIO3 AgNO3 Ag2 Ag2CrO4 Ag2O Ag2O2 Ag2O3 Ag2O4S Ag2S Al AlB3H12 AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl2 AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlF4Na AlH AlH3 AlH4K AlH4Li AlH4Na AlI AlI3 AlN AlO AlO4P AlP

Actinium Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(II) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) nitrate Disilver Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) oxide Silver(II) oxide Silver(III) oxide Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide (argentite) Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum monobromide Aluminum bromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum dichloride Aluminum chloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum fluoride Sodium tetrafluoroaluminate Aluminum monohydride Aluminum hydride Potassium aluminum hydride Lithium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum hydride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum iodide Aluminum nitride Aluminum monoxide Aluminum phosphate Aluminum phosphide

0.0 0.0 -100.4 -10.5 -127.0 -30.3 -31.1 -204.6 -360.0 -61.8 -171.1 -124.4 -731.7 -31.1 -24.3 33.9 -715.9 -32.6 0.0

-96.9 71.3 -109.8 64.5

56.5 42.6 107.1 151.9 96.3 142.0

27.2 25.4 52.4

-66.2 -93.7 -33.4

115.5 149.4 140.9

56.8 102.9 93.1

-641.8 -11.2 27.6 121.4 -618.4 -40.7

217.6 121.3 117.0 100.0 200.4 144.0 28.3

142.3 65.9 88.0

180.2

131.4 76.5 24.4

100.6

-704.2

-628.8

109.3

91.1

-1510.4

-1431.1

66.5

75.1

30.0

40.2

-44.7

78.7

83.2

-313.8 -318.0

-300.8 -287.0

159.0 20.2

98.7 30.1

-1733.8 -166.5

-1617.9

90.8

93.2

-46.0 -183.7 -116.3 -15.5

366.0 246.0

188.1 173.0

20.8 20.8

410.0

358.8

257.1

37.0

330.0 13.0 -4.0 -425.1 -47.7 -331.0 -583.2 -258.2 -1204.6 -1869.0 259.2

289.4 147.0 -42.0

164.6 379.2 239.5

21.4

-74.1

228.1

35.0

-283.7 -1188.2 -1827.5 231.2

215.0 277.1 345.7 187.9

31.9 62.6 105.9 29.4

50.8

-16.3 -527.2

406.0 284.9

145.0

289.1

194.6

65.5 -207.5 91.2

35.6

36.0

65.3

218.4

30.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

Substances not containing carbon:

Crystal Name

AlS Al2 Al2Br6 Al2Cl6 Al2F6 Al2I6 Al2O Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsGa AsH3 AsH3O4 AsI3 AsIn AsO As2 As2O5 As2S3 At Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuF3 AuH AuI Au2 B BBr BBr3 BCl BClO BCl3 BCsO2 BF

Aluminum monosulfide Dialuminum Aluminum hexabromide Aluminum hexachloride Aluminum hexafluoride Aluminum hexaiodide Aluminum oxide (Al 2O) Aluminum oxide (corundum) Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic (yellow) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gallium arsenide Arsine Arsenic acid Arsenic(III) iodide Indium arsenide Arsenic monoxide Diarsenic Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Astatine Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(III) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) fluoride Gold hydride Gold(I) iodide Digold Boron (b-rhombohedral) Bromoborane(1) Boron tribromide Chloroborane(1) Chloroxyborane Boron trichloride Cesium metaborate Fluoroborane(1)


fG ° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH ° kJ/mol


fG ° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH ° kJ/mol 200.9 485.9 -970.7 -1290.8 -2628.0 -516.7 -130.0

-1675.7 -724.0 0.0

-1582.3

0.0 14.6 -197.5

50.9 116.9

79.0 105.1

35.1

24.6

-305.0 -821.3 -71.0 -906.3 -58.2 -58.6

-924.9 -169.0 0.0 0.0 -14.0 -53.3 -34.7 -117.6 -363.6

-67.8

-59.4 -53.6

-782.3 -168.6

64.2

213.1 75.7

-259.4 -774.2

216.3 181.2

126.6


fG ° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

150.1 433.3

230.6 233.2

33.4 36.4

-1220.4

490.0

-159.0

259.4

45.7

0.0 302.5

261.0

154.8 174.2

20.8 20.8

-130.0 -261.5 -785.8

-159.0 -248.9 -770.8

363.9 327.2 289.1

79.2 75.7 65.6

66.4

68.9

222.8

38.1

388.3

80.6

46.2

105.8 47.8

105.4 163.6

116.5 116.3

47.4

25.4

70.0 222.2

171.9

239.4

35.0

366.1

326.3

180.5

20.8

295.0

265.7

211.2

29.2

0.0 0.0

-972.0

5.9

-915.0

104.4

11.1 -239.7

-238.5

229.7

-427.2

-387.4

206.3

106.7

515.1 565.0 238.1 -205.6 149.5 -314.0 -403.8

521.0 195.4 -232.5 120.9

153.4 225.0 324.2 213.2

36.9 20.8 32.9 67.8 31.7

-388.7

290.1

62.7

-122.2

-149.8

200.5

29.6

80.6

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-6

Molecular Formula


fH ° kJ/mol

Fluorooxyborane Boron trifluoride Aminetrifluoroboron Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron Sodium tetrafluoroborate Borane(1) Metaboric acid (b, monoclinic) Borane(3) Boric acid Potassium borohydride Lithium borohydride Sodium borohydride Boron triiodide Potassium metaborate Lithium metaborate Boron nitride Sodium metaborate Boron monoxide Boron dioxide Rubidium metaborate Boron monosulfide Diboron Tetrachlorodiborane Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Diboron dioxide Boron oxide Boron sulfide Borazine Tetraborane(10) Sodium tetraborate Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14) Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium nitrite Barium nitrate

-607.0 -1136.0

-1119.4

254.4

442.7 -561.9 89.2 -994.1

412.7 -551.0 93.3

171.8 240.1 188.2

29.2 42.2 36.0

71.1

20.7

349.2

70.8

647.5

614.5

212.3

29.5

25.0 -300.4

-4.0 -305.9

203.5 229.6

29.2 43.0

342.0 830.5 -490.4 -1440.1 36.4 -454.8 -843.8 67.0

288.8 774.0 -460.6 -1410.4 87.6 -462.3 -832.0

216.2 201.9 357.4 317.3 232.1 242.5 279.8

30.0 30.5 95.4 79.1 56.7 57.3 66.9

66.1

184.3

280.3

93.2

73.2 103.3 94.6 158.4 47.3 180.0

173.6 230.6 211.3 357.5 232.8 146.0

280.6 321.0 296.8 364.9 350.7 170.2

99.6 130.3 125.7 187.0 186.1 20.8

-1353.9 -854.0 -1844.7

-1750.1

145.3

-794.3

-723.4

38.0

-1094.3 -227.4 -190.8 -188.6

-968.9 -160.3 -125.0 -123.9

90.0 106.3 75.9 101.3

86.1 96.1 82.6 86.8

-981.6 -1032.2 -254.4 -977.0

-923.4 -976.1 -228.4 -920.7

80.0 51.5 14.8 73.5

66.7 59.8 19.7 65.9

-971.0

-1273.5 -240.6

-3291.1

-913.0

-1194.3

-3096.0

94.3

54.0 100.0

189.5

120.3

74.1

-523.0

-464.8

262.3

-541.0

-392.7

199.6

62.8 111.7

186.8 42.7 73.2 56.3

0.0 -757.3 -855.0 -1456.9 -1207.1 -177.0 -944.7 -602.1 -768.2 -988.0

-736.8 -806.7 -1293.2 -1156.8 -138.2

62.5 146.0 123.7 203.0 96.4 63.0

-792.6

214.0

137.7

28.1 75.1 71.2 46.0

151.4

171.8

184.2

151.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-7 TeamLRN

BFO BF3 BF3H3N BF3H3P BF4Na BH BHO2 BH3 BH3O3 BH4K BH4Li BH4Na BI3 BKO2 BLiO2 BN BNaO2 BO BO2 BO2Rb BS B2 B2Cl4 B2F4 B2H6 B2O2 B2O3 B2S3 B3H6N3 B4H10 B4Na2O7 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B9H15 B10H14 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaCl2H4O2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaN2O4 BaN2O6

Crystal Name

BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeH2O2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S BeS Bi BiClO BiCl3 BiH3O3 BiI3 Bi2 Bi2O3 Bi2O12S3 Bi2S3 Bk Br BrCl BrCl3Si BrCs BrCu BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrGe BrGeH3 BrH BrHSi BrH3Si BrH4N BrI BrIn BrK BrKO3 BrKO4 BrLi BrNO

Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth trichloride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Dibismuth Bismuth oxide Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Berkelium Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromotrichlorosilane Cesium bromide Copper(I) bromide Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Germanium monobromide Bromogermane Hydrogen bromide Bromosilylene Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Iodine bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Potassium bromate Potassium perbromate Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide

-548.0 -1473.2 -460.0 0.0 -353.5 -490.4 -1026.8 -902.5 -192.5 -609.4 -1205.2 -234.3 0.0 -366.9 -379.1 -711.3


fG° kJ/mol -520.3 -1362.2 -456.0

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol

72.1 132.2 78.2 9.5 108.0 75.8 53.4 45.5 121.0 13.8 77.9 34.0 56.7 120.5 177.0

47.3 101.8 49.4 16.4 69.4 62.4 51.8 62.1 71.1 25.6 85.7 34.0 25.5

-112.0

105.0

-493.7

151.5

113.5

-140.6

200.4

122.2

-445.6 -979.4 -815.0 -580.1 -1093.8

-322.1 -315.0


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

324.0

286.6

136.3

20.8

207.1

168.2

187.0

20.8

-265.7

-256.0

358.9

79.7

-175.3 219.7 -573.9 -2544.3 -143.1 0.0

-405.8 -104.6

-391.4 -100.8

113.1 96.1

-175.2

113.0

-175.3 -393.8 -360.2 -287.9 -351.2

-169.0 -380.7 -271.2 -174.4 -342.0

113.0 95.9 149.2 170.1 74.3

111.9 14.6

82.4 -1.0

175.0 240.1 350.1

20.8 35.0 90.9

-93.8 -255.6 -428.9 235.6

-109.2 -229.4 -350.6

229.0 292.5 320.2

-36.3 -464.4

-53.4

274.8 198.7

33.0 66.6 99.6 37.1 56.4 29.1

262.4

52.8

52.9 54.7 -300.8 -458.6

-270.8

36.9

-240.5 -351.8

178.2 225.1

124.6

96.0 40.8 -56.9

3.7 -94.3

258.8 259.5

36.4 36.7

82.2

82.4

273.7

45.5

52.3 105.2 120.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-8

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Bromosilyldyne Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Cobalt(II) bromide Chromium(II) bromide Copper(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(I) bromide Magnesium bromide Manganese(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Platinum(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Selenium dibromide Tin(II) bromide Strontium bromide Titanium(II) bromide Zinc bromide Cerium(III) bromide Tribromochlorosilane Dysprosium(III) bromide Iron(III) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Indium(III) bromide Phosphoric tribromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Platinum(III) bromide Rhenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Scandium bromide Titanium(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Protactinium(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) bromide

-361.1 -334.1

-349.0 -242.6

86.8 128.9

-394.6

-381.8

110.0

-173.2

-167.4

120.5

-682.8 -316.2 -220.9 -302.1 -141.8 -249.8

-663.6 -296.3

130.0 137.2

-238.1

140.6

-170.7 -206.9 -524.3 -384.9 -212.1 -278.7 -82.0

-153.1 -181.1 -503.8

172.0 218.0 117.2

-261.9

161.5

51.4

-143.1

-177.1

241.2

36.3

125.8 152.0

109.6 155.0

233.0 271.1

34.2 45.4

52.8

0.0

152.2

75.7

209.0 -37.7 30.9

38.6 3.1

245.5

36.0

309.7

65.5

377.1

95.3

76.7 79.5

80.1 -13.0 -21.0

-243.5 -717.6 -402.0 -328.7 -891.4 -836.2 -268.2 -386.6

-697.1

135.1

-312.1

138.5

-359.8

75.3

180.0 -355.6

-336.4

248.1

-317.6 -282.0

-328.5

348.6

80.8

-184.5

-175.7

240.2

-139.3

-162.8

359.8 348.1

89.9 76.0

-194.6

-223.9

372.9

80.2

-300.0

-318.0

396.2

101.8

-428.9 -458.6 -120.9 -167.0 -138.0 -259.4 -743.1 -548.5

-239.3

207.1

-523.8

176.6

-787.8

234.0

101.7 -347.7

-824.0 -156.5

-331.4

280.7

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-9 TeamLRN

BrNa BrNaO3 BrO BrO2 BrRb BrSi BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Co Br2Cr Br2Cu Br2Fe Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Hg2 Br2Mg Br2Mn Br2Ni Br2Pb Br2Pt Br2S2 Br2Se Br2Sn Br2Sr Br2Ti Br2Zn Br3Ce Br3ClSi Br3Dy Br3Fe Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Pt Br3Re Br3Ru Br3Sb Br3Sc Br3Ti Br4Ge Br4Pa Br4Pt

Crystal Name

Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Te Br4Ti Br4V Br4Zr Br5P Br5Ta Br6W Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaH2O2 CaI2 CaN2O6 CaO CaO4S CaS Ca3O8P2 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdH2O2 CdI2 CdO CdO4S CdS CdTe Ce CeCl3 CeI3 CeO2 CeS Ce2O3 Cf Cl ClCs ClCsO4 ClCu ClF ClFO3 ClF3

Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tellurium tetrabromide Titanium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Tungsten(VI) bromide Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Calcium phosphate Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Cerium (g, fcc) Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) oxide Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Cesium perchlorate Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -457.3

-377.4 -190.4 -616.7 -760.7 -269.9 -598.3 -348.5 0.0 -795.4 -1228.0 -181.5 -985.2 -533.5 -938.2 -634.9 -1434.5 -482.4 -4120.8 0.0 -391.5 -700.4 -560.7 -203.3 -258.4 -933.3 -161.9 -92.5 0.0 -1060.5 -669.3 -1088.7 -459.4 -1796.2 0.0 -443.0 -443.1 -137.2


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K 97.1 103.4

131.5

-549.4 -336.8

-568.2

398.4

100.8

25.9 72.9 67.0 41.0 87.5

177.8

144.0

154.9

20.8

167.7

20.8

243.5

-984.8

41.6 108.4 68.5 41.4 83.4 142.0 193.2 38.1 106.5 56.5 236.0 51.8 115.3 77.4 96.0 161.1 54.8 123.0 64.9 100.0 72.0 151.0

-1024.6 -451.5 -1706.2

62.3 78.2 150.6

61.6 50.0 114.6

-414.5 -314.3 -119.9

101.2 175.1 86.2

52.5 108.3 48.5

-343.9 -647.7 -473.6 -201.4 -228.7 -822.7 -156.5 -92.0


fH° kJ/mol

377.9 411.9

-589.5

149.4 42.0 99.7 47.4 227.8 26.0 74.7

277.8

Cp J/mol K

-431.8 -331.4

264.4

-443.9

Gas

S° J/mol K

-415.5 -314.6

-350.2

-748.8 -1175.6 -142.5 -897.5 -528.9 -742.8 -603.3 -1322.0 -477.4 -3884.7


fG° kJ/mol

111.8

80.0 43.4 99.6

26.9 87.4

-189.5

423.0

385.0

191.8

23.1

121.3

105.3

165.2

21.8

-50.3 -23.8 -163.2

-51.8 48.2 -123.0

217.9 279.0 281.6

32.1 64.9 63.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-10

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Germanium monochloride Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorosilane Ammonium chloride Ammonium perchlorate Phosphonium chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chlorate Sodium perchlorate Chlorine oxide Vanadyl chloride Chlorine dioxide Chlorine superoxide (ClOO) Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium chloride Chlorosilylidyne Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(I) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride

-1065.7 155.2

124.2

-92.3 -78.7

-95.3 -66.1

247.0 263.7 186.9 236.7

36.9 54.7 29.1 37.2

250.7

51.0

-40.6 -314.4 -295.3 -145.2

-202.9 -88.8

94.6 186.2

84.1

-23.9 -186.2 -436.5 -397.7 -432.8 -408.6 -381.0

-408.5 -296.3 -303.1 -384.4

82.6 143.1 151.0 59.3

-411.2 -307.0 -365.8 -383.3

-384.1

72.1

-262.3 -254.9

123.4 142.3

-607.0

-556.0

75.0

-13.6

135.1

51.3 100.3 112.4 48.0

17.8 -75.0 -214.6

-5.5

247.6

35.6

-233.3

239.1

36.5

51.7 12.6

66.1 54.4

261.7 272.2

44.7 53.2

101.8

98.1

226.6

31.5

102.5 89.1

120.5 105.0

256.8 263.7

42.0 46.0

50.5

-437.2 -435.4

-306.9 -407.8

161.1 95.9

52.4

-204.1

-184.9

111.3

50.9

-312.5 -395.4

-269.8 -356.0

109.2 115.3

78.5 71.2

-220.1 -341.8

-175.7 -302.3

108.1 118.0

71.9 76.7

-224.3 -265.4 -641.3 -481.3 -305.3

-178.6 -210.7 -591.8 -440.5 -259.0

146.0 191.6 89.6 118.2 97.7

189.9 -67.8 0.0

-579.5

-510.8

221.8

-538.1

36.9

-501.6

223.1

33.9

329.8

84.5

285.7

60.5

266.2 309.8 311.9

45.4 66.5 77.0

71.4 72.9 71.7 -245.6 -394.1

121.0 134.0

80.3 -212.5 -364.0

97.9 -198.3 -320.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-11 TeamLRN

ClF5S ClGe ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClHO4 ClH3Si ClH4N ClH4NO4 ClH4P ClI ClIn ClK ClKO3 ClKO4 ClLi ClLiO4 ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClNaO2 ClNaO3 ClNaO4 ClO ClOV ClO2 ClO2 ClO4Rb ClRb ClSi ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2Hg2 Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S

Crystal Name

Cl2O2U Cl2Pb Cl2Pt Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl2Zr Cl3Cr Cl3Dy Cl3Er Cl3Eu Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3Gd Cl3HSi Cl3Ho Cl3In Cl3Ir Cl3La Cl3Lu Cl3N Cl3Nd Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3Os Cl3P Cl3Pr Cl3Pt Cl3Re Cl3Rh Cl3Ru Cl3Sb Cl3Sc Cl3Sm Cl3Tb Cl3Ti Cl3Tl Cl3Tm Cl3U Cl3V

Uranyl chloride Lead(II) chloride Platinum(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Zirconium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium chloride Europium(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Holmium chloride Indium(III) chloride Iridium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Lutetium chloride Nitrogen trichloride Neodymium chloride Phosphoric trichloride Vanadyl trichloride Osmium(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Praseodymium chloride Platinum(III) chloride Rhenium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Scandium chloride Samarium(III) chloride Terbium chloride Titanium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride Thulium chloride Uranium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) chloride

-1243.9 -359.4 -123.4


fG° kJ/mol -1146.4 -314.1

Liquid

S° J/mol K 150.5 136.0

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

107.9

-50.0 -59.4 -325.1 -828.9 -513.8 -415.1 -502.0 -556.5 -1000.0 -998.7 -936.0 -399.5 -524.7 -1008.0

-781.1 -464.4 -369.4

114.9 87.4 111.5

75.6 69.8 71.3

-486.1

123.0

91.8

-266.1

100.0 -334.0 -454.8

142.3 142.0

96.7 88.0 -539.3

-1005.4 -537.2 -245.6 -1072.2 -945.6

-482.5

227.6

-513.0

-482.0

313.9

75.8

-558.5 -695.6

-512.9 -659.3

325.5 344.3

84.9 89.9

-287.0

-267.8

311.8

71.8

88.0 -374.0 108.8 -649.0 230.0

-1041.0

113.0 -597.1 -734.7

-520.8 -668.5

222.5 244.3

-319.7

-272.3

217.1

138.8

-190.4 -1056.9 -182.0 -264.0 -299.2 -205.0 -382.2 -925.1 -1025.9 -997.0 -720.9 -315.1 -986.6 -866.5 -580.7

100.0 -188.0

123.8

92.4

-323.7

184.1

107.9

-653.5

139.7

97.2

-799.1 -511.2

159.0 131.0

102.5 93.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-12

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Yttrium chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Protactinium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Protactinium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Uranium(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Chromium Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(IV) oxide Chromium(VI) oxide Lead(II) chromate Chromium iron oxide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(II,III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydrogen fluoride

-1000.0 -959.8

-750.2 -531.8

-990.4 -1043.0

-901.3 -953.0

190.8 192.0

-462.7

245.6

-687.0 -511.3

-619.8 -440.1

239.7 258.6

145.3 165.3

-804.2

-737.2

252.3

145.2

-569.4

-503.7

255.0

120.5

75.0

-495.8 -884.5

-457.3

347.7

96.1

-657.0 -471.5

-617.0 -432.2

330.7 365.8

90.3 98.3

-964.4 -763.2 -809.6 -525.5

-932.0 -726.3 -786.6 -492.0

390.7 353.2 419.0 362.4

107.5 95.4

-703.7 -374.9

-646.0 -305.0

400.6 364.6

120.8 112.8

-329.3 -231.8

-326.4 -1186.2

-1094.1

190.4

138.5 120.3

-1019.2

-930.0

197.1

122.0

-980.5 -797.5 -443.5 -1145.0 -859.0 -1092.0 -602.5 0.0 0.0 -692.0 -539.7 -88.7 -420.5 -237.9 -888.3 -82.8 -147.3 -891.0 0.0 -778.0 -1159.0 -156.9 -205.0 -598.0

-889.9 -683.2

181.6 210.5

119.8 148.1

-1034.0

238.0

-962.0

285.8

175.7

-1013.0 -513.8

-928.0

431.0

30.0 82.0 79.0

24.8 68.8

424.7

380.3

179.5

23.0

-647.2 -454.3

-214.2 -782.3

53.0 118.0

55.2

-774.0

102.5 23.8

123.4 23.4

396.6

351.8

174.5

20.8

93.9

78.7

266.2

56.0

175.6

20.8

-1088.0

-292.9 -930.9 -1444.7 -1139.7 -1531.0 0.0 -553.5 -923.8

-1343.8 -1058.1

146.0 81.2

133.6 118.7

-525.5 -858.9

85.2 92.8 135.2

32.2 51.1 87.3

76.5

49.6

96.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-13 TeamLRN

Cl3Y Cl3Yb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Pa Cl4Pb Cl4Pt Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Pa Cl5Ta Cl6U Cl6W Cm Co CoF2 CoH2O2 CoI2 CoN2O6 CoO CoO4S CoS Co2S3 Co3O4 Cr CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrI3 CrO2 CrO3 CrO4Pb Cr2FeO4 Cr2O3 Cr3O4 Cs CsF CsF2H

Crystal Name

CsH CsHO CsHO4S CsH2N CsI CsNO3 CsO2 Cs2O Cs2O3S Cs2O4S Cs2S Cu CuF2 CuH2O2 CuI CuN2O6 CuO CuO4S CuO4W CuS CuSe Cu2 Cu2O Cu2S Dy DyI3 Dy2O3 Er ErF3 Er2O3 Es Eu Eu2O3 Eu3O4 F FGa FGe FGeH3 FH FH3Si FH4N FI FIn

Cesium hydride Cesium hydroxide Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium amide Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate Cesium superoxide Cesium oxide Cesium sulfite Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide Copper Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) selenide Dicopper Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) sulfide Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) oxide Erbium Erbium fluoride Erbium oxide Einsteinium Europium Europium(III) oxide Europium(II,III) oxide Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Germanium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Fluorosilane Ammonium fluoride Iodine fluoride Indium(I) fluoride

-54.2 -416.2 -1158.1 -118.4 -346.6 -506.0 -286.2 -345.8 -1134.7 -1443.0 -359.8 0.0 -542.7 -449.8 -67.8 -302.9 -157.3 -771.4 -1105.0 -53.1 -39.5 -168.6 -79.5 0.0 -620.5 -1863.1 0.0 -1711.0 -1897.9 0.0 0.0 -1651.4 -2272.0


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-371.8

104.2

69.9

-340.6 -406.5

123.1 155.2

52.8

-308.1

146.9

76.0

-1323.6

211.9

134.9

33.2

24.4

-69.5

96.7

54.1

-129.7 -662.2

42.6 109.2

42.3

-53.6

66.5

47.8

-146.0 -86.2

93.1 120.9 75.6

63.6 76.3 27.7

149.8 73.2

116.3 28.1

-1808.7

155.6

108.5

-1556.8 -2142.0

77.8 146.0 205.0

27.7 122.2

-1771.5


fH° kJ/mol

-299.8 -464.0

-348.7

72.0


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-256.0

-256.5

254.8

49.7

337.4

297.7

166.4

20.8

484.2

431.9

241.6

36.6

290.4

254.4

196.6

20.8

317.1

280.7

195.6

20.8

175.3

142.2

188.8

20.8

79.4 -251.9 -33.4

62.3

158.8

-273.3

-275.4

252.8 173.8 238.4

22.7 33.3 34.7 51.6 47.4

65.3 -95.7 -203.4

-118.5

236.2

33.4

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-14

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Rubidium fluoride Fluorosilylidyne Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Difluoramine Sodium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Nickel(II) fluoride Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Uranyl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Difluorosilylene Strontium fluoride Zinc fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Trifluorosilane Holmium fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Neodymium fluoride Phosphoric trifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Antimony(III) fluoride Scandium fluoride Samarium(III) fluoride Thorium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) fluoride Yttrium fluoride Germanium(IV) fluoride

-567.3 -616.0

-576.6

-537.8 -587.7

-546.3

66.6 35.7

51.1

49.0 41.6 -66.5

-51.0

248.1 260.4 259.8

41.3 49.8 44.1

109.0 25.4

105.3 39.4

216.4 259.5

32.0 44.5

7.1 -182.4 0.0

-24.3

225.8

32.6

202.8

31.3

252.8

43.4

46.9

-557.7 -324.7 -711.3 -927.7

-668.6 -859.7

87.0 104.3

68.1 76.9

-920.3 -922.6 -1124.2

-852.2 -855.6 -1071.1

90.9 120.1 57.2

75.0 79.4 61.6

-651.4

-604.1

73.6

43.1 69.5 82.0

57.8

249.9

41.0

24.5

41.8

19.2

58.2

247.5 278.7 277.2 284.0

43.3 56.8 62.1 66.0

-619.0

-628.0

252.7

43.9

271.9

60.5

64.1

-1653.5 -664.0

-1557.4 -617.1

135.6 110.5

103.2

-1216.3 -764.4 -1163.0

-1164.8 -713.3 -1085.3

82.1 73.7 84.0

70.0 65.7 -1297.0

-1707.0 -132.1

-90.6

260.8

53.4

-1254.3 -958.4

-1205.8 -936.9

285.4 273.1

68.8 58.7

-1247.0

-1234.0

300.5

67.8

-1166.1 -1058.5 -1288.7 -1190.2

-1160.6 -1051.9 -1277.8 -1150.0

339.2 331.9 311.8 301.9

73.3 74.3 70.3

-1657.0

-915.5 -1629.2 -1778.0

-1555.6

92.0

-1502.1 -1718.8

-1433.4 -1644.7

123.4 100.0

95.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-15 TeamLRN

FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FNa FO FO2 FRb FSi FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2HN F2HNa F2HRb F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2N2 F2Ni F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2O2U F2Pb F2Si F2Sr F2Zn F3Ga F3Gd F3HSi F3Ho F3N F3Nd F3OP F3P F3Sb F3Sc F3Sm F3Th F3U F3Y F4Ge

Crystal Name

F4Hf F4N2 F4Pb F4S F4Si F4Th F4U F4V F4Xe F4Zr F5I F5Nb F5P F5Ta F5V F6H8N2Si F6Ir F6K2Si F6Mo F6Na2Si F6Os F6Pt F6S F6Se F6Si2 F6Te F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeI3 FeMoO4 FeO FeO4S FeO4W FeS FeS2 Fe2O3 Fe2O4Si Fe3O4 Fm Fr Ga

Hafnium fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Lead(IV) fluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Iridium(VI) fluoride Potassium hexafluorosilicate Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sodium hexafluorosilicate Osmium(VI) fluoride Platinum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Hexafluorodisilane Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(III) iodide Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II) sulfide Iron disulfide Iron(III) oxide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II,III) oxide Fermium Francium Gallium

-1930.5


fG° kJ/mol -1830.4

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

113.0


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-1669.8 -8.4

79.9

301.2

79.2

-763.2 -1615.0 -1759.0 -1598.7

-722.0 -1572.8 -1724.0 -1572.7

299.6 282.8 341.7 368.0

77.6 73.6 93.0 91.2

-822.5 -1739.7 -1594.4

-751.7 -1673.6 -1520.7

327.7 321.9 300.8

99.2 97.1 84.8

-1433.9

-1369.8

320.9

98.6

-544.0

-460.0

357.8

121.1

-1557.7

-1472.2

350.5

120.6

-1116.5 -1017.0 -2307.3

358.1 348.3 291.5 313.9 391.0

120.8 122.8 97.0 110.5 129.9

-2063.7 -1632.1 370.7

377.9 341.1 180.5

129.6 119.0 25.7

233.7

169.0

25.3

-941.8

-2097.8 -1914.2 -1403.3 -261.5 -1911.3

-2003.4 -1823.3

142.0 151.7

110.7 116.0

-1809.9

104.6

103.7

-1813.8

-1699.0

160.2

134.7

-2681.7 -579.7 -2956.0

-2365.3 -461.6 -2798.6

280.2 247.7 226.0

228.1

-2909.6

-2754.2

207.1 246.0 235.6

187.1

-864.8

-1903.6 -1480.3

-1585.5

-2427.0

-2299.7

219.1

129.5

-2197.0

-2068.5

227.6

166.8 -1747.7

0.0 -113.0

27.3

25.1

-975.0

129.3

118.5

-820.8 -1054.0 -100.4 -166.9 -742.2 -1379.0 -1015.4

107.5 131.8 60.3 52.9 87.4 145.2 146.4

100.6 114.6 50.5 62.2 103.9 132.9 143.4

0.0

95.4 40.8

26.1

-1373.1

-1473.0

-1631.4

175.7

259.7

251.5

169.8

-1220.5 -1117.0 -2383.3 -1318.0 -2147.4 -1721.7 416.3 71.0

-1075.0 -272.0 -928.4 -1155.0 -100.0 -178.2 -824.2 -1479.9 -1118.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

5.6

272.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-16

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium nitride Gallium monoxide Gallium phosphide Gallium antimonide Digallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) oxide Germanium Iodogermane Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium phosphide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Digermanium Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Iodic acid Potassium hydride Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydrogen sulfate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Hydroxyl Rubidium hydroxide Thallium(I) hydroxide Hydroperoxy Metaphosphoric acid Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Perrhenic acid

-964.4 -238.9 -110.5

-831.3

100.0 205.0

100.0 279.5

-88.0 -41.8

-38.9

76.1

253.5

231.1

32.1

397.5

359.8

194.3

27.5

372.0

331.2

90.8 -56.9 -46.2

113.4 -106.3 -73.2

167.9 283.2 217.1 428.9 224.3

30.7 57.5 45.0 104.1 30.9

92.0

42.0

234.0

33.7

473.1 162.3 226.8 218.0 26.5

416.3

252.8

35.6

203.3 1.7

114.7 206.6

20.8 29.2

-232.0

-229.7

238.3

49.2

-229.0 351.5 -79.5 -133.9 294.1

-234.2 345.6 -46.0 -73.5 328.1

214.4 181.2 254.1 266.9 239.0

46.0 29.2 45.6 54.1 43.7

-191.0

-193.9

229.0

48.0

39.0 -238.0

34.2 -239.1

183.7 248.5

29.9 49.5

10.5

22.6

229.0

34.9

48.5 438.5

-356.0 -1089.1 0.0 -1819.6 0.0

-141.8 -261.9 -580.0 -21.0 -69.0 20.0

-998.3

85.0 68.1 31.1

-144.3 -237.2 -521.4 -17.0 -71.5

271.1 50.0 39.7 63.0 71.0

92.1 37.0 106.7 23.3

52.1

137.3 193.7

-230.1 -57.7 -424.6 -1160.6 -90.5 -487.5

-379.4 -1031.3 -68.3 -441.5

81.2 138.1 20.0 42.8

68.9 27.9 49.6

-174.1 264.0 -56.3 -425.8 -1125.5 -1748.1

-33.5 -379.7 -992.8 -1608.2

40.0 64.4 113.0 150.5

-418.8 -238.9

-373.9 -195.8

94.0 88.0

-948.5 -1159.0 -762.3

-656.4

158.2

36.4 59.5

-80.7 327.3

155.6 140.6

109.9

135.3 69.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-17 TeamLRN

GaH3O3 GaI3 GaN GaO GaP GaSb Ga2 Ga2O Ga2O3 Gd Gd2O3 Ge GeH3I GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeO2 GeP GeS GeTe Ge2 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 H HI HIO3 HK HKO HKO4S HLi HLiO HN HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HNa HNaO HNaO4S HNa2O4P HO HORb HOTl HO2 HO3P HO4RbS HO4Re

Crystal Name

HRb HS HSi HTa2 H2 H2KN H2KO4P H2LiN H2Mg H2MgO2 H2N H2NNa H2NRb H2N2O2 H2NiO2 H2O H2O2 H2O2Sn H2O2Sr H2O2Zn H2O3Si H2O4S H2O4Se H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Sr H2Te H2Th H2Zr H3ISi H3N H3NO H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P H3P H3Sb H3U H4IN H4N2 H4N2O2 H4N2O3

Rubidium hydride Mercapto Silylidyne Tantalum hydride Hydrogen Potassium amide Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium amide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydroxide Amidogen Sodium amide Rubidium amide Nitramide Nickel(II) hydroxide Water Hydrogen peroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Strontium hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Metasilicic acid Sulfuric acid Selenic acid Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Strontium hydride Hydrogen telluride Thorium hydride Zirconium(II) hydride Iodosilane Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphinic acid Phosphonic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphine Stibine Uranium(III) hydride Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitrate


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-52.3 142.7 361.0 -32.6

-69.0

79.1

113.3

-123.8 -113.0 -89.5 -529.7

-561.1 -959.0 -641.9 -1188.7

-1415.9

134.9

116.6

-35.9 -833.5

31.1 63.2

35.4 77.0

-64.0

76.9

66.2

-447.2

88.0

-491.6

155.0

-553.5 -1092.4

81.2 134.0

32.3

130.7

28.8

90.8 0.0

-128.9 -1568.3 -179.5 -75.3 -924.5

195.7

-285.8 -187.8

-237.1 -120.4

70.0 109.6

75.3 89.1

-814.0

-690.0

156.9

138.9

184.9

194.6

195.0

33.9

-241.8 -136.3

-228.6 -105.6

188.8 232.7

33.6 43.1

-20.6 15.5 29.7

-33.4

205.8

15.9

219.0

34.2 51.5 34.7

-45.9

-16.4

270.9 192.8

54.4 35.1

5.4 145.1

13.5 147.8

210.2 232.8

37.1 41.1

95.4

159.4

238.5

48.4

-530.1 -18.1

84.1

-180.3 99.6 -139.7 -169.0

-114.2 -604.6 -964.4 -1284.4

-127.2 -201.4

-100.0 -128.8

50.7 35.0

36.7 31.0

-595.4 -1124.3

-72.8 -112.5

110.5

63.7 117.0

106.1

-1271.7

-183.9

151.1

150.8

145.0

49.3 50.6

-256.5 -365.6

-1123.6

139.3

149.3

121.2

98.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-18

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Ammonium azide Orthosilicic acid Diphosphoric acid Diphosphine Silane Stannane Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Disilane Ammonium sulfate Trisilane Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium phosphate Helium Hafnium Hafnium oxide Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) telluride Dimercury Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) sulfate Holmium Holmium oxide Iodine (atomic) Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Potassium iodate Potassium periodate Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodate Sodium periodate Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Magnesium iodide Nickel(II) iodide Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Strontium iodide

115.5 -1481.1 -2241.0

274.2 -1332.9

112.5 192.0 -2231.7 -5.0

-361.2

-254.0

165.6

20.9 34.3 162.8

56.9 188.3

204.6 227.7

42.8 49.0

80.3

127.3

272.7

80.8

0.0 619.2

576.5

126.2 186.9

20.8 20.8

61.4

31.8

175.0

20.8

108.8

68.2

288.1

37.4

300.8

264.8

195.6

20.8

106.8 7.5

70.2 -37.7

180.8 267.3

20.8 36.8

126.0

102.5

239.6

32.9

7.1 62.4

19.3

260.7

36.9

154.9

-768.6 -1027.0 -1180.9

-901.7

220.1

187.5 92.5

-1566.9 -1671.9 0.0 -1144.7

120.9

188.0

-1088.2

43.6 59.3

25.7 60.3

-105.4 -90.8 -707.5 -58.2 -42.0

-101.7 -58.5

180.0 70.3

44.1

-50.6

82.4

48.4

-121.3 -743.1 0.0 -1880.7

-111.0 -625.8 -1791.1

233.5 200.7 75.3 158.2

-116.3 -327.9 -501.4 -467.2 -270.4 -287.8 -481.8 -429.3

-120.5 -324.9 -418.4 -361.4 -270.3 -286.1

130.0 106.3 151.5 175.7 86.8 98.5

-323.0

163.0

-333.8 -123.8 0.0 -364.0 -78.2 -175.5 -143.5 -558.1

-328.9 -125.4

53.2

-358.2

118.4 127.6 116.1 129.7

-173.6

174.9

77.4

0.0

132.0 27.2 115.0

75.9

28.0

52.9 106.5 51.0 52.1 92.0

54.4

81.6

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-19 TeamLRN

H4N4 H4O4Si H4O7P2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H5NO H5NO3S H5NO4S H6Si2 H8N2O4S H8Si3 H9N2O4P H12N3O4P He Hf HfO2 Hg HgI2 HgO HgO4S HgS HgTe Hg2 Hg2I2 Hg2O4S Ho Ho2O3 I IIn IK IKO3 IKO4 ILi INa INaO3 INaO4 IO IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Ni I2Pb I2Sn I2Sr

Crystal Name

I2Zn I3In I3La I3Lu I3P I3Ru I3Sb I4Pt I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4V I4Zr In InO InP InS InSb In2 In2O3 In2S3 In2Te5 Ir IrO2 IrS2 Ir2S3 K KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KNa KO2 K2 K2O K2O2 K2O4S K2S K3O4P Kr La LaS La2O3 Li

Zinc iodide Indium(III) iodide Lanthanum iodide Lutetium iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Ruthenium(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Platinum(IV) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Vanadium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Indium monoxide Indium phosphide Indium(II) sulfide Indium antimonide Diindium Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Indium(IV) telluride Iridium Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(III) sulfide Potassium Potassium permanganate Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium Potassium superoxide Dipotassium Potassium oxide Potassium peroxide Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium phosphate Krypton Lanthanum Lanthanum monosulfide Lanthanum oxide Lithium


fG° kJ/mol

-208.0 -238.0 -668.9 -548.0 -45.6 -65.7 -100.4 -72.8 -189.5

-209.0

-375.7

-371.5

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

161.1 -120.5

-481.6 0.0

249.4

84.9 125.7

57.8

26.7 45.4

374.4

78.4

446.1

105.4

208.7 364.4

173.8 236.5

20.8 32.6

-277.8 -122.6 243.3 387.0

-88.7 -138.1 -30.5

-77.0 -131.8 -25.5

59.8 67.0 86.2

49.5

-925.8 -427.0 -175.3 0.0 -274.1 -138.0 -234.0 0.0 -837.2 -369.8 -494.6

-830.7 -412.5

104.2 163.6

92.0 118.0

35.5

25.1 57.3

665.3

617.9

193.6

20.8

64.7 171.7 152.1 133.1

29.6 117.6 107.4 96.4

89.0

60.5

160.3

20.8

-737.6 -306.6 -394.9

-284.9

-239.4

116.7

77.5 123.7

87.5

249.7

37.9

0.0 431.0

393.6

164.1 182.4

20.8 22.8

159.3

126.6

138.8

20.8

238.0 344.3 380.9

6.3

-361.5 -494.1 -1437.8 -380.7 -1950.2 0.0 -456.0 -1793.7 0.0

-425.1 -1321.4 -364.0

102.1 175.6 105.0

131.5

-451.5 -1705.8

56.9 73.2 127.3 29.1

27.1 59.0 108.8 24.8

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-20

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Lithium nitrite Lithium nitrate Dilithium Lithium oxide Lithium peroxide Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfide Lithium phosphate Lawrencium Lutetium Lutetium oxide Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium nitrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium selenate Magnesium sulfide Dimagnesium Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) nitrate Sodium permanganate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) sulfide (a form) Manganese(II) selenide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II,III) oxide Molybdenum Sodium molybdate Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxide Lead(II) molybdate Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Molybdenum silicide Nitrogen (atomic) Sodium nitrite Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Rubidium nitrite Rubidium nitrate

-372.4 -483.1

-302.0 -381.1

96.0 90.0

-597.9 -634.3 -1648.1 -1436.5 -441.4 -2095.8 0.0 0.0 -1878.2 0.0 0.0 -790.7 -601.6 -1284.9 -968.5 -346.0

-561.2

37.6

54.1

-1557.2 -1321.7

79.8 115.1

99.1 117.6

-1789.0

51.0 110.0

-589.4 -569.3 -1170.6

215.9

174.4

197.0

36.1

26.9 101.8

427.6

387.8

184.8

20.9

32.7 164.0 27.0 91.6

24.9 141.9 37.2 96.5

147.1

112.5

148.6

20.8

-341.8

50.3

45.6

-2055.1

95.1 32.0

118.5 26.3

280.7

238.5

173.7

20.8

45.4 54.1 86.4 50.0 51.0 107.7 129.9 139.7 24.1 141.7 56.0 75.0 119.7 63.6 93.1

658.1

612.5

182.0

20.8

-1354.3 -533.0 -668.0 -951.4 -225.9 -125.7

59.7 53.1 89.1 78.2 90.8 110.5 163.2 155.6 28.7 159.7 46.3 77.7 166.1 62.6 106.3

472.7

455.5

153.3

20.8

-284.6 -367.0

103.8 116.5

91.3 33.2

87.6 51.3

210.8 240.1

29.9 37.2

287.7 -2174.0 0.0 -576.3 -1156.0 -385.2 -520.0 -1320.9 -214.2 -106.7 -959.0 -1730.5 -1387.8 0.0 -1468.1 -588.9 -745.1 -1051.9 -235.1 -125.2 -358.7 -467.9

-367.4 -495.1

-362.9 -465.1 -1240.5 -218.4 -111.7 -881.1 -1632.1 -1283.2

-306.2 -395.8

172.0 147.3

92.9

102.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-21 TeamLRN

LiNO2 LiNO3 Li2 Li2O Li2O2 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Li2S Li3O4P Lr Lu Lu2O3 Md Mg MgN2O6 MgO MgO4S MgO4Se MgS Mg2 Mg2O4Si Mn MnN2O6 MnNaO4 MnO MnO2 MnO3Si MnS MnSe Mn2O3 Mn2O4Si Mn3O4 Mo MoNa2O4 MoO2 MoO3 MoO4Pb MoS2 Mo3Si N NNaO2 NNaO3 NO NO2 NO2Rb NO3Rb

Crystal Name

NO3Tl NP N2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O4Sr N2O5 N2O6Pb N2O6Ra N2O6Sr N2O6Zn N3Na N4Si3 Na NaO2 Na2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2O3S Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Nd2O3 Ne Ni NiO4S NiS Ni2O3 No O OP OPb OPb OPd ORa ORb2 ORh

Thallium(I) nitrate Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Strontium nitrite Nitrogen pentoxide Lead(II) nitrate Radium nitrate Strontium nitrate Zinc nitrate Sodium azide Silicon nitride Sodium Sodium superoxide Disodium Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfite Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neodymium oxide Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nobelium Oxygen (atomic) Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Palladium(II) oxide Radium oxide Rubidium oxide Rhodium monoxide

-243.9 -63.0


fG° kJ/mol -152.4

Liquid

S° J/mol K 160.7

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol

-414.2 -510.9 -1100.8 -1554.9 -1387.1 -364.8 0.0 -405.8 -796.2 -1899.5 0.0 -1807.9 0.0 -872.9 -82.0 -489.5 0.0

-217.3 -219.0 -85.4 -523.0 -339.0

113.9

178.2

143.1

-796.1 -780.0

222.0 194.6

149.9

93.8 -642.6

96.9 101.3 51.3 115.9

-218.4 -375.5 -447.7 -1012.5 -1462.8 -1270.2 -349.8

28.2 72.1

-1720.8

24.6 41.3 57.5 132.1 27.5 111.3

-759.7 -79.5

29.9 92.0 53.0

26.1 138.0 47.1

-187.9 -188.9

68.7 66.5

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

97.5

209.2

142.7

171.5 0.0 81.6 86.6 11.1

149.4 103.7 142.4 99.8

211.1 191.6 220.0 314.7 304.4

29.7 29.1 38.6 72.7 79.2

13.3

117.1

355.7

95.3

107.5

77.0

153.7

20.8

142.1

103.9

230.2

37.6

725.9

681.1

186.3

30.2

327.6

292.4

189.4

22.1

0.0 429.7

384.5

146.3 182.2

20.8 23.4

249.2 -28.5

231.7 -51.9

161.1 222.8

21.9 31.8

348.9

325.9

218.0

76.6

75.1 95.0 145.9 113.9 149.6 83.7 36.4 48.1 54.5 137.2 71.5 158.6

-378.6 -740.5 -1766.0

Gas

S° J/mol K

99.5

50.3 -19.5 -762.3 -43.1 -451.9 -992.0 -978.2 -483.7 21.7 -743.5 0.0 -260.2


fG° kJ/mol

69.1 89.2 120.3 128.2

45.8 45.8 31.4

385.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-22

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Sulfur monoxide Selenium monoxide Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Thallium(I) oxide Uranium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Phosphorus dioxide Lead(IV) oxide Rubidium superoxide Rubidium peroxide Ruthenium(IV) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide (a-quartz) Tin(IV) oxide Tellurium dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) metasilicate Praseodymium oxide Rhodium(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Scandium oxide Strontium metasilicate Samarium(III) oxide Terbium oxide Titanium(III) oxide Thulium oxide Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Ytterbium(III) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) selenate

-280.7 -592.0 -519.7 -178.7

-251.9 -561.9 -495.0 -147.3

57.2 54.4 50.0 126.0

44.3 45.0 40.0

-431.8 -350.5

-404.2 -320.5

38.9 43.7

45.4 40.3

6.3 53.4 -99.6 15.1 1.5

-19.9 26.8 -126.4 -8.4

222.0 234.0 211.6 232.1

30.2 31.3 29.9 31.6

0.0 -279.9

-281.6

205.2 252.1

29.4 39.5

-296.8

-300.1

248.2

39.9

-465.7

-471.5

274.6

51.4

142.7

163.2

238.9

39.2

-395.7

-371.1

256.8

50.7

-337.2

-292.8

293.8

74.1

21.0

-277.4 -278.7 -472.0 -305.0

-217.3

68.6

64.6

-320.5 -225.4 -910.7 -577.6 -322.6 -1226.4 -944.0 -1085.0 -589.7 -1100.6 -669.9 -1145.7 -1809.6 -343.0 -454.5 -1908.8 -1633.9 -1823.0 -1865.2 -1520.9 -1888.7 -1223.8 -1218.8 -842.9 -1905.3 -1814.6 -394.1 -920.0 -609.2

-856.3 -515.8 -270.3 -1169.2 -888.8 -1031.8 -533.9 -1042.8

41.5 49.0 79.5 65.2 50.6 77.0 50.5 50.4

-1062.1

109.6

-374.2 -1819.4 -1549.7 -1734.6

70.7 77.0 96.7 151.0

-1434.2 -1794.5 -1145.7 -1139.3 -764.0 -1816.6 -1726.7 -304.9 -813.0 -504.9

78.8 139.7 96.1 98.3 75.9 99.1 133.1 143.9 148.5 167.8

44.4 52.6

-322.0

61.8 55.0 63.6 56.1 56.2

90.0 117.4 103.8 -441.0

-373.8

113.8

94.2 88.5 114.5 115.9 97.4 116.7 81.7 103.2 73.8 102.5 115.4 103.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-23 TeamLRN

OS OSe OSi OSn OSr OTi OTl2 OU OV OZn O2 O2P O2Pb O2Rb O2Rb2 O2Ru O2S O2Se O2Si O2Sn O2Te O2Th O2Ti O2U O2W O2Zr O3 O3PbS O3PbSi O3Pr2 O3Rh2 O3S O3Sc2 O3SiSr O3Sm2 O3Tb2 O3Ti2 O3Tm2 O3U O3V2 O3W O3Y2 O3Yb2 O4Os O4PbS O4PbSe

Crystal Name

O4Pb2Si O4Pb3 O4RaS O4Rb2S O4Ru O4SSr O4STl2 O4SZn O4SiSr2 O4SiZn2 O4SiZr O4TiZr O5Sb2 O5Ta2 O5Ti3 O5V2 O5V3 O7Re2 O7U3 O8S2Zr O8U3 O9U4 Os P P P P2 P4 Pa Pb PbS PbSe PbTe Pd PdS Pm Po Pr Pt PtS PtS2 Pu Ra

Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Radium sulfate Rubidium sulfate Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Zinc sulfate Strontium orthosilicate Zinc orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium titanate Antimony(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadium(III,IV) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Uranium(IV,VI) oxide Zirconium(IV) sulfate Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(IV,V) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (black) Diphosphorus Tetraphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) telluride Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Promethium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(IV) sulfide Plutonium Radium

-1363.1 -718.4 -1471.1 -1435.6 -239.3 -1453.1 -931.8 -982.8 -2304.5 -1636.7 -2033.4 -2024.1 -971.9 -2046.0 -2459.4 -1550.6 -1933.0 -1240.1 -3427.1 -2217.1 -3574.8 -4510.4 0.0 0.0 -17.6 -39.3

0.0 0.0 -100.4 -102.9 -70.7 0.0 -75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -81.6 -108.8 0.0 0.0


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

-1252.6 -601.2 -1365.6 -1316.9 -152.2 -1340.9 -830.4 -871.5 -2191.1 -1523.2 -1919.1 -1915.8 -829.2 -1911.2 -2317.4 -1419.5 -1803.0 -1066.0 -3242.9

186.6 211.3 138.0 197.4 146.4 117.0 230.5 110.5 153.1 131.4 84.1 116.7 125.1 143.1 129.3 131.0 163.0 207.1 250.5

-3369.5 -4275.1

282.6 334.1 32.6 41.1 22.8

-98.7 -101.7 -69.5 -67.0

-76.1 -99.6

51.9 64.8 91.2 102.5 110.0 37.6 46.0

73.2 41.6 55.1 74.7 71.0

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

137.2 146.9 134.1

99.2 134.3 123.3 98.7 114.0 135.1 154.8 127.7 166.1 215.5 172.0 238.4 293.3 24.7 23.8 21.2

26.4 49.5 50.2 50.5 26.0

27.2 25.9 43.4 65.9

-1100.0

-994.0

452.0

791.0 316.5

745.0 280.1

192.6 163.2

20.8 20.8

144.0 58.9 607.0 195.2

103.5 24.4 563.0 162.2

218.1 280.0 198.1 175.4

32.1 67.2 22.9 20.8

378.2

339.7

167.1

20.8

187.1

24.3

355.6 565.3

320.9 520.5

189.8 192.4

21.4 25.5

159.0

130.0

176.5

20.8

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-24

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Disulfur Antimony Diantimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Selenium (a form) Selenium (vitreous) Strontium selenide Thallium(I) selenide Zinc selenide Diselenium Silicon Disilicon Samarium Tin (white) Tin (gray) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Ditellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

0.0 0.0 0.0

76.8 36.9 31.5

31.1 25.5 25.0

0.0 0.0 0.3

28.5 32.1

24.1 22.6

-98.3 -467.8 -93.7

77.0 68.2 151.0

49.3 48.7

-201.3

57.7

46.0

0.0

45.7

25.2

0.0 0.0 6.7 5.0 -385.8 -59.0 -163.0

34.6 42.4

25.5 25.4

-100.0 -472.4 -97.1 -192.6 -206.0

-59.0 -163.0

53.1 724.6 510.8 595.8 236.7

170.1 188.9 185.8 176.2 186.5 167.8

20.8 20.8 21.0 20.8 21.5 23.7

112.5

60.9

223.7

32.3

128.6 262.3 235.6 377.8 227.1 227.1 227.1

79.7 222.1 187.0 336.0 187.0

228.2 180.3 254.9 174.8 176.7

32.5 20.8 36.4 22.1 20.8

146.0 450.0 594.0 206.7 301.2

96.2 405.5 536.0 172.8 266.2

252.0 168.0 229.9 183.0 168.5

35.4 22.3 34.4 30.4 21.3

164.4 782.0 388.7 678.0 196.7 168.2 602.0 473.0 182.2 232.2 533.0 514.2 849.4 0.0 421.3 152.3 130.4 608.8

130.9 739.3 349.7

164.6 185.2 203.6 181.1 182.7 268.1 190.2 180.3 181.0 190.1 199.8 182.3 174.0 169.7 179.5 173.1 161.0 181.4

20.8 20.9 24.6 20.8 20.8 36.7 20.8 24.4 20.8 20.8 23.7 26.0 21.3 20.8 25.9 20.8 20.8 26.7

172.0 84.0

0.0

18.8

20.0

0.0 0.0 -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

69.6 51.2 44.1 55.0 41.5 73.2

29.5 27.0 25.8 26.8 25.4 28.9

49.7

25.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

51.8 30.7 64.2 74.0 50.2 28.9 32.6

27.3 25.0 26.3 27.0 27.7 24.9 24.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

44.4 59.9 41.6 39.0

26.5 26.7 25.4 25.4

0.1

80.9 769.9 556.9 0.0 642.7 277.2

157.1 118.0 560.7 428.4 147.4 197.5 488.4 754.4 807.1 381.1 118.4 94.8 566.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-25 TeamLRN

Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S S SSi SSn SSr STl2 SZn SZn S2 Sb Sb2 Sc Se Se Se SeSr SeTl2 SeZn Se2 Si Si2 Sm Sn Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Te2 Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Crystal Molecular Formula

Name


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

5-26

C C CAgN CAg2O3 CBaO3 CBeO3 CBrClF2 CBrCl2F CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBrN3O6 CBr2ClF CBr2Cl2 CBr2F2 CBr2O CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr4 CCaO3 CCaO3 CCdO3 CClFO CClF3 CClN CClN3O6 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3 CCl3F CCl4 CCoO3 CCs2O3 CCuN CFN CF2O CF3 CF3I CF4 CFeO3

Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) carbonate Barium carbonate Beryllium carbonate Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Cyanogen bromide Bromotrinitromethane Dibromochlorofluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Carbonyl bromide Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Cadmium carbonate Carbonyl chloride fluoride Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Chlorotrinitromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethyl Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Cobalt(II) carbonate Cesium carbonate Copper(I) cyanide Cyanogen fluoride Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Iron(II) carbonate

0.0 1.9 146.0 -505.8 -1213.0 -1025.0

2.9 156.9 -436.8 -1134.4

5.7 2.4 107.2 167.4 112.1 52.0

8.5 6.1 66.7 112.3 86.0 65.0

716.7

32.5

-127.2

29.4 -1207.6 -1207.8 -750.6

47.7 -1129.1 -1128.2 -669.4

212.5 91.7 88.0 92.5

144.3 83.5 82.3

112.1 -27.1

-301.3 -128.2 -713.0 -1139.7 96.2

-1054.3 111.3

204.5 84.5

-236.8

225.4

121.6 130.7

158.1

20.8

318.5 330.6

165.3

248.3

74.6 80.0 85.3 69.3 46.9

-96.2

-110.9

83.9

67.0

342.8 347.8 325.3 309.1 357.8 345.9 358.1

82.4 87.1 77.0 61.8 89.4 84.4 91.2

276.7

-41.1 -648.3 186.2 80.3

140.5

671.3

-706.3 138.0 18.4 -477.4 -219.1 59.0 -268.3 -95.7

131.0

236.2

52.4 66.9 45.0

-439.4 -204.9

300.8 283.5

72.3 57.7 78.1 83.3

123.9 224.7 -639.8 -477.0 -587.8 -933.6

-740.6

-666.7

92.9

82.1

-464.0

264.5 307.4 261.6

41.8 46.8 49.6 70.9 61.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

Substances containing carbon:

Iron carbide Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodibromomethane Dibromofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Cesium hydrogen carbonate Formyl fluoride Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Potassium formate Potassium hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen cyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isothiocyanic acid Trinitromethane Sodium formate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Bromofluoromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Dinitromethane Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Trithiocarbonic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane

25.1

20.1

104.6

105.9 595.8

-424.9

-22.3

-5.0

220.9

130.7

23.8 -482.6

8.0

-134.1

-73.7

201.7

114.2

-102.7

6.0

304.3 316.4 295.1 327.7 316.8 330.9 280.9 293.1 295.7

63.2 67.4 58.7 69.2 65.1 71.2 55.9 60.9 65.7

246.6 259.7 356.2

39.9 51.0 75.0

201.8 238.0 247.8 435.6

35.9 44.9 46.9 134.1

224.7 194.9 287.6 276.3 293.2 264.4 270.2 246.7 309.7 242.9

34.6 33.8 52.7 49.2 54.7 47.0 51.0 42.9 57.7 52.5

358.1 218.8

86.4 35.4

194.2 249.4 246.4 234.6 351.1 222.9 254.1

38.7 59.5 42.4 40.8 102.4 37.5 44.1

-966.1

-181.1 -679.7 -963.2

-695.4 251.0 -863.5

115.5 108.9

125.0

112.8

70.6

-32.8 -666.5 -950.8

-599.9 -851.0

103.8 101.7

135.1

124.7

127.6 -13.4

113.0

43.1 390.4

28.0 372.9

-95.4 -452.3 119.5

95.8

-61.5 -108.6

-102.5

82.7 87.6

-124.2 68.5

90.4

177.8

101.2

174.1

134.0

58.8 -104.9 -177.6 -425.0 24.0

-361.4

129.0

99.0

-378.7

262.8

163.1

145.7 -111.2 -35.4 -81.9 -528.9

163.2

126.0

14.4

-59.8

-13.6

147.9 -92.9 -26.3

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-27 TeamLRN

CFe3 CH CHBrClF CHBrCl2 CHBrF2 CHBr2Cl CHBr2F CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHCsO3 CHFO CHF3 CHI3 CHKO2 CHKO3 CHN CHNO CHNS CHN3O6 CHNaO2 CHNaO3 CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2BrF CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N2O4 CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH2S3 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I

Crystal Name

CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO3 CH5N3 CH5N3S CH5N5O2 CH6ClN CH6N2 CH6Si CHg2O3 CIN CI4 CKN CKNS CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CMnO3 CN CNNa CNNaO CN4O8 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Pb CO3Rb2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CO3Zn CS CS2

Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Ammonium cyanide Urea Thiourea Nitroguanidine Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Guanidine Hydrazinecarbothioamide 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine Methylamine hydrochloride Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Mercury(I) carbonate Cyanogen iodide Tetraiodomethane Potassium cyanide Potassium thiocyanate Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Manganese(II) carbonate Cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanate Tetranitromethane Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Lead(II) carbonate Rubidium carbonate Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Zinc carbonate Carbon monosulfide Carbon disulfide


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

0.4 -333.1 -89.1 -92.4

-849.4 -56.0 24.7 22.1 -298.1

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-254.0 -112.6

-14.4

171.8

106.6

-156.3

-43.4

217.1

157.3

-193.9 -80.8 -66.1 -122.0 -74.6


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

282.9

55.5

-50.5

305.8 186.3

76.6 35.7

134.0 -245.8 22.9

-665.9

-239.2 -46.7 -47.3

-166.6 -7.7 35.7

126.8 169.2 150.2

81.1 90.5 102.1

-201.0 -22.9 -22.5

-162.3 -9.3 32.7

239.9 255.2 242.9

44.1 50.3 50.1

54.2

180.0

165.9

134.9

94.7

187.0

278.8 256.5

71.1 65.9

225.5 474.0

196.6

256.8 391.9

48.3 95.9

437.6

407.5

202.6

29.2

503.7

176.1

120.9

-553.5 166.2 -392.9 -113.0 -200.2 -1151.0 -1215.9 -1095.8 -894.1

-468.1 185.0

180.0 96.2

-101.9 -178.3 -1063.5 -1132.1 -1012.1 -816.7

128.5 124.3 155.5 90.4 65.7 85.8

66.3 88.5 114.4 99.1 75.5 81.5

-87.5 -405.4

-76.4 -358.1

115.6 96.7

70.4 86.6

-1130.7

-1044.4

135.0

112.3

38.4

-699.1 -1136.0 -1220.1 -700.0 -812.8


fH° kJ/mol

-625.5 -1051.0 -1140.1 -614.6 -731.5

131.0 181.3 97.1 155.2 82.4

82.4 -110.5 -142.0 -393.5

-137.2 -169.2 -394.4

197.7 231.6 213.8

29.1 41.5 37.1

234.0 116.7

184.0 67.1

210.6 237.8

29.8 45.4

87.4 117.6 81.4 79.7 89.0

64.6

151.3

76.4

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-28

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Carbon diselenide Silicon carbide (cubic) Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Dicarbon Bromopentafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethene Hexabromoethane Calcium carbide Calcium cyanide Calcium oxalate Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Bromoacetylene 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Acetylene 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethene trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

164.8 -65.3 -62.8

-62.8 -60.2

16.6 16.5

26.9 26.7 831.9 -1064.4 -656.6 -789.1

-691.7 -817.7

-59.8 -184.5 -1360.6

-64.9

70.0

775.9

199.4

43.2

387.1 441.9

102.7 139.3

322.1

83.9 184.2

336.6

96.1

382.9

123.4

298.1 300.1 332.3 253.7

77.9 80.5 106.7 55.7

242.0 303.0 313.9 352.8 324.8

54.3 72.1 76.5 102.5 80.3

231.7

52.4

200.9

44.0

311.3 313.5

68.8 70.3

62.7

-522.7 -960.2 -367.6 -745.0 -50.6

111.7 170.1 3.0

266.9

143.4

-505.5 -1118.8 -937.0 -335.8 -716.8 -10.9 -489.9

-523.8

-407.0

173.6 -280.8 -202.8

237.3

-239.8 -143.6 -497.9 -658.9 -1344.2

198.2

-820.5

-675.3 -720.0

-644.8 -690.4 -315.5

-43.6 -234.5 -280.4

228.4

124.4 151.0

-9.0 -196.6 -241.0

173.8

-142.0

-289.1

-503.3 -187.6

-1069.9

-490.5 -1031.4 -1100.4 227.4 -694.5

209.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-29 TeamLRN

CSe2 CSi CSi C2 C2BrF5 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Ca C2CaN2 C2CaO4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl2F C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2H2 C2H2BrF3 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2

Crystal Name

C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl3NO C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F3I C2H2I2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4 C2H2O4Sr C2H2S C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3BrO2 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO2 C2H3NO3

1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethene Ketene Glyoxal Oxalic acid Strontium formate Thiirene Bromoethene Acetyl bromide Bromoacetic acid Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethene Acetyl iodide Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Isocyanomethane Methyl isocyanate Nitroethene Oxamic acid


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-36.9 165.7 -23.9 -26.4 -24.3 -283.7 -496.3

24.1 27.3

201.5 198.4 195.9

111.3 116.4 116.8

2.8 4.6 5.0 -244.8

246.9

162.3

-149.2 -335.0

326.5 289.0 289.6 290.0

89.1 67.1 65.1 66.7

356.0 362.8 266.2 268.3

102.7 100.8 60.1 58.2

-48.3 -189.7 -662.7

247.6 272.5 320.6

51.8 60.6 86.2

25.4 28.6

-358.0 -195.0

-829.9 -1393.3

-94.1

109.8

-67.9 91.0

-644.5 -207.4 -47.5 -212.0 -731.8

275.8 81.8

255.3 275.8

54.7 55.5

-223.5 59.4

300.0 79.2 -190.4 -383.5 37.2

-338.3 53.6 -205.8 -368.5

337.0 264.0 307.2 295.1 325.9 320.2 323.1 337.2

80.5 53.7 82.5 67.8 78.8 88.7 93.3 89.0

279.9

78.2

285.0

57.9

243.4 246.9

52.2 52.9

300.5

73.7

14.6 -272.9

-208.0

200.8

117.0

-242.8 -427.6

227.4 232.6

144.3 150.9

-932.4

-144.4 -151.3 -138.8 -442.1 -744.6 -730.7 -888.4

-163.5

-126.4

-509.7 -177.4 -190.8 -467.2

-723.0 40.6 130.8 -92.0 -661.2

86.5 159.5

149.6 159.0

91.5

74.0 163.5 33.3 -552.3

91.9 165.7

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-30

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Methyl isothiocyanate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Diiodoethane Oxamide Ethanedial dioxime 1,1-Dinitroethane 1,2-Dinitroethane Ethanedithioamide 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Acetaldehyde Oxirane Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Thiirane Ethynylsilane Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Glycine 2-Nitroethanol Ethyl nitrate Thioacetamide Ethane Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl mercury N-Methylurea 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide Oxalyl dihydrazide Ethanol

79.4 -708.8

-607.2

123.0

79.9 52.4

68.4

219.3

42.9

327.7

80.8

-70.8

305.1 308.4 282.5

76.2 78.7 67.8

-133.0 -13.0

263.8 242.5

55.3 47.9

-374.2

283.5 285.3

-583.0 82.0

-504.9 96.8

63.4 64.4 82.4 87.1 53.3 72.6 64.5 62.8

130.1 -66.2 -79.2 -158.4 -166.8

-73.8

223.3

136.0

211.8

126.3 128.4

9.3 -504.4 -90.5

-37.5 -313.4 -127.7 -126.4 -497.0 75.0 -387.1

-148.2 -165.2 -20.8 76.8

83.0 -192.2 -78.0 -216.9 -484.3 -386.1

-127.6 -11.8

160.2 153.9

89.0 88.0

-389.9

159.8

123.3 119.1

-90.5 -136.8 -295.4

-25.8 -59.3

198.7 190.8

100.8 104.3

-61.9 -112.1

-23.9 -60.4

318.6 255.2 269.4 286.7 276.0

-40.0 91.9

14.7

211.7

115.1

-8.1 126.5 -238.3

19.2

264.5 306.0

58.6 66.9

320.5

79.0

52.5

51.6

-317.0

115.0

-166.2 -52.6 -175.1 -432.2 -357.4

91.3 123.8 134.4

-143.9 -528.5 -350.7 -190.4 -71.7 63.6 59.8

139.0 140.3

201.9 209.0

132.0

-277.6

-174.8

160.7

112.3

-103.8 -392.1 -154.1 11.4 -84.0 101.6 94.4

-32.0 146.9 146.1

229.2 303.0 306.0

83.3

-234.8

-167.9

281.6

65.6

-332.8 -498.7 -295.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-31 TeamLRN

C2H3NS C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2S2 C2H4N4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H4S C2H4Si C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H5NO3 C2H5NS C2H6 C2H6Cd C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6N4O2 C2H6N4O2 C2H6O

Crystal Name

C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O3S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8ClN C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2O4 C2HgO4 C2I2 C2I4 C2K2O4 C2MgO4 C2N2 C2N4O6 C2Na2O4 C2O4Pb C3F8 C3H2N2 C3H2O2 C3H2O3 C3H3Cl3 C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4

Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfite Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine Dimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Ammonium oxalate Mercury(II) oxalate Diiodoacetylene Tetraiodoethene Potassium oxalate Magnesium oxalate Cyanogen Trinitroacetonitrile Sodium oxalate Lead(II) oxalate Perfluoropropane Malononitrile 2-Propynoic acid 1,3-Dioxol-2-one 1,2,3-Trichloropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -203.3 -204.2 -460.0

-450.1

-302.4


fG° kJ/mol -99.9

Gas

S° J/mol K 188.3 163.2

Cp J/mol K 153.0 148.6

142.0 -523.6 -735.5 -73.6 -65.3 -54.3 -62.6 23.4 -74.1 -43.9

-5.5

207.0 196.4

117.9 118.1

235.4 201.6

146.1 129.2 130.0 137.7 195.5

70.0

182.3

206.4

198.0


fH° kJ/mol -184.1 -151.3 -392.2 -373.1 -483.4 -687.0 -46.1 -37.4 -9.7 -24.7 53.0 -47.5 -18.8


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-112.6

266.4

64.4

-272.7

303.8 310.6

82.7 100.0

-4.8

296.2 286.0

72.7 74.1

36.3 68.5

283.8 273.1

71.5 70.7

313.1

70.3

241.9

56.8

-289.3 -63.0 48.9 52.7 -1123.0 -678.2

172.6 164.1

-18.0 84.1 92.2

226.0

305.0 -1346.0 -1269.0 285.9 183.7

306.7 -1318.0

-851.4

-750.1

146.0

105.4 -1783.2 265.5

186.4 -193.2 -459.9 -101.8 147.1 -48.0 42.1

-73.3 -208.7 -251.8

-418.6 -614.2 180.6 -15.5 78.6 190.5 184.9 277.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-32

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Acrolein 1,2-Propanedione Acrylic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromoacetone 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Iodoacetone 3-Iodopropanoic acid Propanenitrile 2-Propyn-1-amine Ethyl isocyanide Acrylamide Nitroacetone Methyl nitroacetate Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane Propanediamide N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide 1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Allyl alcohol

-1114.9 105.4

-1061.3 179.4 132.9

-309.1 -383.8 -329.9 -571.5 7.9 12.2

-271.0

49.8

71.3

-148.4 -522.5

175.3

145.7 122.1 133.9

125.1 131.6

-282.9 -508.4 40.8 45.2 -181.0 -21.0 -107.8 -475.8

-549.3 -505.3 -487.0 -230.6 53.7

183.6

-462.9 -444.0 -182.9 91.5 -130.5

119.3

51.7

-460.0

-212.1

110.6

15.5 205.7 108.6 -224.0 -278.6 -464.0 -370.9 4.0 35.2 -113.6 -198.8 -199.9 -205.8 -381.5 -385.3

141.7 -130.2

149.1

-279.1 20.0 53.3 -71.6 -162.8 -159.2 -173.2 -316.3 -318.4 35.6

104.5

545.9

234.2

237.5

55.6

482.4

230.2

-9.0 -546.1 -544.2

-441.2 -100.7

-163.2 -207.1 -181.2 -171.8

138.9

192.0 -124.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-33 TeamLRN

C3H4F4O C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5BrO C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5IO C3H5IO2 C3H5N C3H5N C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO3 C3H5NO4 C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N6O6 C3H6O

Crystal Name

C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H6S C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H6S3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2S C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H8

Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thiolactic acid 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane Methylthiirane 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3,5-Trithiane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propanamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate DL-Alanine D-Alanine L-Alanine b-Alanine Sarcosine L-Cysteine Propyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrate DL-Serine L-Serine Propane


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -215.6 -248.4 -123.0 -110.8 -510.7


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K 199.8 196.5

126.3 120.4

191.0

152.8 149.3 141.9 118.0

-445.9 -333.5 -468.4 -522.5

133.0

Cp J/mol K

111.4 24.7 11.3

-517.1 -563.6 -561.2 -604.0 -558.0 -513.3 -534.1

156.4


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

304.5 295.3 286.9

80.7 74.5 72.6

324.4

86.0

107.1

285.0

68.3

47.7 54.7 130.4

313.5 323.3 336.4

86.5 84.7 111.3

350.0

104.1

362.6

123.2

270.3

73.6

-152.7

-413.3 -298.0

-285.9 -293.5 -30.0 -40.3 187.7

147.1 150.6

-338.2 -167.2 -180.3 -497.3

-185.6 -217.1 -94.7 -80.5 -455.7

-465.9 60.6 45.8 0.0 10.0 80.0 -87.0 -99.4 -131.9 -144.9

184.9

-121.9 -130.5 -160.5 -172.3 -525.3 -517.5

-66.0 -74.8 -10.0 45.8 -239.3


fH° kJ/mol

170.3

77.0 -192.4 -259.0 -124.3 -138.9 -446.3

-465.9 -424.0 -367.3 -214.5 -229.7

-174.1 -191.0

-120.9

-103.8

-739.0 -732.7 -23.4

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-34

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

N-Ethylurea N,N-Dimethylurea N,N'-Dimethylurea Oxymethurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl aluminum Trimethylborane Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Propylamine hydrochloride Trimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) Trimethylsilane Trimethylamine borane Aminetrimethylboron Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedinitrile Maleic anhydride 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Nitrofuran N-Bromosuccinimide N-Chlorosuccinimide Succinonitrile Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Furan Diketene

-357.8 -319.1 -312.1 -717.0 -302.6 -318.1

193.6 181.1

-501.0 -480.8 -377.8 -669.6 -99.9 -105.9 -91.6 -79.4 -136.4 -143.1

143.9 156.5 190.8

244.0 206.3 242.5 233.5 239.1 -9.9 -32.1

209.4 238.9

171.1 162.0 218.9 144.6 145.3 144.6 155.6

-255.1 -272.6 -216.4 -429.8 -408.0 -348.5 -577.9 -67.8 -76.2 -59.6 -29.8 -74.1 -124.3

322.6 309.2 309.2

85.6 89.3 93.3

-35.9

314.7

88.5

-243.5 39.9 32.2

369.1 325.4 312.2 287.1

91.2 97.5 91.8

331.0

117.9

267.2

65.4

189.9 -382.8 -101.5 -112.3 -45.7

-246.4

278.2 218.3 208.5

164.1 163.8 137.9

-352.8 -70.1 -83.7 -23.6

-354.7 -282.9 -97.8 -142.5 -284.1

70.7 -79.3

-53.6

187.0 218.0 -24.5 -1542.6 127.2

268.2 -469.8 -577.3 -104.1 -335.9 -357.9

340.2 -398.3 -28.8

139.7

191.6

145.6

209.7 196.1 195.7 278.3 -302.9

177.0

114.8

-34.8 -190.3

139.8 145.9 224.9 -429.4 -634.7

120.5 -62.3 -233.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-35 TeamLRN

C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9Al C3H9B C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H10ClN C3H10ClN C3H10N2 C3H10Si C3H12BN C3H12BN C4Cl6 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2N2 C4H2O3 C4H2O4 C4H3NO3 C4H4BrNO2 C4H4ClNO2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4O C4H4O2

Crystal Name

C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4

Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Succinimide 4-Methylthiazole Cytosine 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene 2,5-Piperazinedione Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal trans-2-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate g-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid Propyl chlorocarbonate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline Iminodiacetic acid Ethyl nitroacetate

-608.6 -789.4 -811.7


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K 160.8 168.0

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

137.0 142.0 80.2 95.1 117.8

181.2

123.8

63.1 140.8

156.4

126.3 127.7

199.0

123.6

-459.0 67.9 -221.3


fH° kJ/mol -527.9 -679.4 -675.8 114.9 134.3 159.7


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

126.1

278.8

72.8

133.5 131.6

303.5 297.1

79.8 83.3

108.2 182.8 -375.4 111.8

132.6 138.6 88.5 141.4 119.1

162.3 110.0 165.2 145.7 156.7

-446.5 -39.8 -138.7

-13.6 -100.6 161.1

-349.2 -362.2 -420.9 -624.4 -613.2 -940.5 -756.3

167.3

153.1 52.9 47.0 -208.1 -575.5 -556.3 -566.3 -533.4 -5.8 -13.8 -120.9 -286.2 -169.5

-932.6 -487.1

239.5

158.8 141.4 218.6

-314.4 -333.0 -366.5 -572.5 -582.5 -823.0 -708.9 90.7 86.9 -170.1

-492.7 33.6 23.4

-130.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-36

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

L-Aspartic acid Creatinine 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 1,4-Diiodobutane Succinamide Dimethylglyoxime L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine 1,4-Dinitrobutane Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane

-973.3 -238.5 -20.8 -29.8 -33.3 -37.5 3.7 1.7 -142.1 -148.0 -140.3 -139.6 -156.6 -237.3 -229.8

227.0 219.9

118.0 127.0

0.1 -7.1 -11.4 -16.9 27.7 -91.6 -87.8 -102.0 -113.3 -195.0 -183.4

220.9 -30.0 -581.2 -199.7 -789.4 -747.7 -237.5 -167.4 -168.9 -239.2 -247.3 -273.3 -216.2 -268.2 -533.8 -500.3 -479.3 -379.7 -353.9 -386.9

230.9 246.6

147.0 163.7

239.1 204.3

158.7 124.0

222.2

178.6 173.0

257.7

170.7 171.2 143.9 152.1

270.2

187.9 -140.8

568.8

275.5

-204.8 -215.7 -238.5 -184.1 -228.1 -475.9

343.7

103.4

339.9 302.4

101.7 76.3

309.6 333.5 326.2

92.5 110.4 109.7

-462.7 -443.6 -340.6 -315.3 -352.0

180.0 -72.9

-143.8 -154.9 -164.4 -188.1

-34.1 -10.0 0.0 -107.1 -120.3 -132.4 -154.4

45.8 72.4 84.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-37 TeamLRN

C4H7NO4 C4H7N3O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8I2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8N8O8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl

Crystal Name

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9ClO C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10Hg C4H10N2 C4H10N2O C4H10N2O2 C4H10N2O4 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10OS C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2

2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Cyclobutanamine Pyrrolidine Butanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Nitrobutane 2-Nitroisobutane Propyl carbamate 4-Aminobutanoic acid 3-Nitro-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol DL-Threonine L-Threonine Creatine Butane Isobutane Diethyl mercury Piperazine Trimethylurea N-Nitrodiethylamine L-Asparagine, monohydrate 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Diethyl sulfoxide 1,2-Butanediol, (±) 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-192.8 -191.1 -211.3 -335.6


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-161.1 -159.3 -182.2 -301.3 162.3

-107.5 5.6 -41.1 -346.9

204.1

156.6

-72.1 41.2 -3.6 -282.0

179.0 -368.6 -278.3

175.6 164.8

-192.5 -217.2

-282.6 -228.0 -143.9 -177.1 -471.4 -441.0

-552.6 -581.0

369.9

115.1

359.5

112.7

326.7 342.7

113.6 119.5

-390.0 -410.1 -758.8 -807.2 -537.2 -147.3 -154.2 30.1

140.9 182.8

-125.7 -134.2 75.3

-45.6 -330.5 -106.2

-53.0

-1086.6 -327.3 -342.6 -334.7 -359.2 -279.5 -266.0 -278.8 -268.0 -523.6 -501.0 -505.3 -541.5 -539.7

225.8 214.9 214.7 193.3 172.4 262.9 253.8

177.2 196.9 181.5 218.6 175.6 165.4 161.9

223.4

200.1 213.0 210.8

-274.9 -292.8 -283.8 -312.5 -252.1 -238.1 -252.0 -205.6 -433.2 -428.7 -482.3

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-38

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Tetramethylammonium bromide Diethylamine hydrochloride Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium iodide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 2-Butynedinitrile Nickel carbonyl Iron pentacarbonyl Hexafluoroacetylacetone 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid 1H-Purine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Furfural 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione Pyridine

-376.6 -420.6 -293.6 -628.5 -600.7 -813.2 -124.7 -131.0 -132.0 -140.5 -119.4 -118.5 -124.7 -105.7 -120.1 -127.6 -137.5 -150.6 -132.6 -103.7 -253.7 -493.8 -717.8 -251.0 -358.6 -276.4 -203.9

193.3

244.8

171.2

269.3 272.5 263.1

171.4 171.6 172.4

305.0

204.0 179.2 192.1 183.2 169.2

233.5

-133.9 97.9 -264.0 -52.3

-100.0

277.3

204.1

-389.7 -245.9 -571.2 -552.2 -756.3 -88.0 -96.9 -97.3 -109.6 -83.5 -82.2 -90.5 -50.6 -79.4 -91.9 -104.6 -121.0 -98.7 -72.2 -203.6 -397.1

-90.3 135.9 -239.1 -18.8

368.1

117.0

-99.9

359.0

143.9

-587.2

410.6

145.2

254.0 500.4 -633.0 -774.0 -2286.7 -516.8 169.4 -110.8 -379.6 -618.8

145.6 161.1 173.2

-588.2 -705.3

313.4 338.1

204.6 240.6

529.2 -602.9

134.5 151.3 166.1 -201.6

163.2

-504.5 -1040.2 100.2

132.7

-498.4

-151.0 -390.0 -447.2 -993.3 140.4

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-39 TeamLRN

C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H11NO3 C4H12BrN C4H12ClN C4H12ClN C4H12IN C4H12N2 C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4N2 C4NiO4 C5FeO5 C5H2F6O2 C5H3NO5 C5H4N4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5F3O2 C5H5N

Crystal Name

C5H5NO C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O4 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8N4O12 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde Adenine Guanine cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine Furfuryl alcohol trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methylenecyclobutane Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Cyclopentanone 4-Pentenoic acid Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Propyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine

-106.4 96.9 -183.9


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

147.0


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

205.7 226.5 228.2 105.9

-462.8


fH° kJ/mol

150.8 -276.2

204.0

134.3 -328.7 -211.8

-824.4 44.6 43.1 80.9 103.0 62.4 23.3 20.5

218.5

149.8

83.5 82.5 125.7 147.4 103.1 74.0 70.2

220.2 140.7 81.4 76.1 105.7 133.1 101.2 48.2 4.3 157.5 93.8

229.3 201.2 193.7

152.6 122.4 134.5

-538.6 -235.9

75.5 34.0 185.2 121.6 -387.0 -192.1

-430.6 184.1 -370.6 -382.9

-354.2 -341.9 191.2

-423.8 -461.3 -436.7 -623.2

-382.0 -406.5 -379.6

-515.5 -33.1 -39.8 33.5

-467.0 10.5 -2.3

-960.0

232.0

179.4

614.7

294.8

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-40

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

2-Piperidinone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone L-Proline D-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Ethylcyclopropane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitropiperidine L-Glutamine Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran S-Propyl thioacetate Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate

-306.6 -262.2

307.8

-515.2 -1005.3 -1009.7

-366.2

-46.9 -53.7 -58.2 -61.1 -51.5 -68.6 -105.1 -44.5 -24.8 -33.3 -26.3 -30.7

262.6 258.6 256.5 254.0 253.3 251.0 204.5

154.0 151.7 157.0 157.2 156.1 152.8 128.8

-21.1 -27.6 -31.9 -35.2 -27.5 -41.7 -76.4

-8.2

-137.6 16.6 -44.5

-31.1 -93.0 -826.4 -300.1 -267.2 -297.3 -296.5 -299.5 -182.2 -258.3 -294.5 -559.4 -554.5 -561.6

204.1

182.5

266.0 268.5

184.1 190.9 179.9

259.8

210.3

-510.0 -491.3

-564.5

-518.9 -502.7

-242.5 -228.4 -258.8 -257.9 -262.6 -148.2 -223.4 -250.4 -491.9

200.2 196.2 199.4

-481.6 -463.4

198.2 -296.5 -416.1 -485.0 -490.1

-376.9

-435.7 -681.5

-369.1 -637.9 310.0 254.0

362.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-41 TeamLRN

C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10N2O C5H10N2O2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10OS C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3

Crystal Name

C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H11NO4 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2S C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2

Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL) D-Ribose D-Xylose a-D-Arabinopyranose Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentanamide 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide 1-Nitropentane DL-Valine L-Valine 5-Aminopentanoic acid L-Methionine 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Butylurea tert-Butylurea N,N-Diethylurea Tetramethylurea Tetramethylthiourea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethoxymethane


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-909.2 -1047.2 -1057.8 -1057.9 -106.3 -89.5 -170.2 -213.2 -216.0 -235.7 -226.6 -95.1 -86.4

218.2 256.9

163.3 165.2

241.0 210.0

181.2 179.9

-379.5 -399.7 -215.4 -628.9 -617.9 -604.1 -577.5 -606.4

-63.5 -48.1 -128.9 -174.9 -179.7 -202.2 -185.1 -54.9 -47.1 -290.2 -313.1 -164.4 -455.1 -460.0 -413.5

-173.5 -178.4 -190.2

260.4

167.2 164.8

-419.5 -417.4 -372.2 -262.2 -38.1 -351.6 -365.2 -368.9 -356.6 -356.4 -379.5 -366.6 -399.4 -290.6 -313.6 -303.6 -528.8

208.1 239.7

247.1

295.3 265.3 295.0

192.7 187.5 197.2

-146.9 -153.6 -168.0

44.9 -294.6 -311.0 -314.9 -301.4 -300.7 -329.3 -313.5 -258.1 -283.7 -272.0 -450.8

-551.2 -450.5

-414.7

53.1

323.0

109.7

390.9

137.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-42

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol Pentaerythritol Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylmethanediamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentachlorophenol Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenol p-Benzoquinone

-443.6 -459.4

-429.9 271.1

-744.6 -920.6 -1118.5

-776.7 -151.3 -154.4 -154.4 -162.8 -158.8 -165.4 -142.9 -157.1 -144.8 -156.1

290.1

198.1

307.5 276.1 309.5

200.9 199.9 198.4

-110.0 -114.9 -114.9 -127.1 -121.3 -129.0 -102.4 -121.3 -104.8 -118.3

218.0 -51.1 -858.4 -127.6

260.2

201.2 -991.3 -1963.5 -2406.3

-292.5 -852.7 -1024.1

253.2

280.8

221.6

202.0 -841.8 -1007.7 -683.8

-806.5

-70.8

3.8 -8.1 -13.4

-63.1 -78.4 -37.0 -217.9 -467.5 -48.7

214.6 239.7 250.2 -17.5 -20.7

-42.3 -226.4

175.4

162.4

147.8 -330.0 -343.9 -342.3

-2.0 -27.0 -38.0 -232.7 -185.7

-18.2 -809.3 -35.5 -955.4 -1932.7 -2370.4

200.4 197.5 200.0 129.0

222.6 223.8

159.0 159.1 157.5

30.2 25.7 22.5 -156.3 -293.8 -309.2 -306.7

-36.0 -128.1 -122.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-43 TeamLRN

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12O3 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H14N2 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6HCl5O C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O8 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5 C6H4O2

Crystal Name

C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6 C6H6O6 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2

Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2,3-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitroaniline 2,5-Dinitroaniline 2,6-Dinitroaniline 3,5-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadiyne Benzene 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Adiponitrile


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

60.9 11.1 -206.4 -197.7 -89.1

Gas

S° J/mol K 219.2

Cp J/mol K 154.3 150.1 188.7

205.9 205.4

146.4 158.7 185.8

-344.9 -202.4 236.5 -11.7 -67.8 -44.3 -50.6 -38.9

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

52.0

-115.9 164.9 68.5 -221.5

348.8

120.4

129.7

269.2

82.4

-7.0

317.9

107.9

335.5

384.2 49.1 -4.6 -20.3

144.0

147.3 166.0 158.8 167.0 127.4

124.5

173.4

136.0

-9.4 -14.4 -20.7

63.8 58.4 58.8 -96.4 27.8 -265.3 -267.5 -274.7 -434.2 -444.0 -452.9

136.0

63.7 31.6 56.7 61.9 59.2 111.5 85.1

82.9

198.7

-10.3 -364.5 -354.1 -368.0 -551.1 -563.8 -584.6 -581.4 -1224.4 -1232.7


fG° kJ/mol

-189.3 -181.3 -150.6 117.2 12.5

-33.3 -26.1 -38.3 -42.0 -165.1


fH° kJ/mol

222.8

216.3 209.1

173.2 191.9 158.6 158.7 159.0 128.7

111.3 87.5 99.2 106.4 103.8 156.5 149.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-44

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine Phenylhydrazine Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide Dimethyl maleate L-Ascorbic acid Citric acid Butyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole Triacetamide Nitrilotriacetic acid L-Histidine 1,5-Hexadiene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene Butyl dichloroacetate Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate Butyl chloroacetate Caprolactam 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene

-0.3 -7.8 3.0

154.5

159.6 141.0 96.3

217.0

202.9

263.2 -1164.6 -1543.8 -545.8 -553.4 0.7

-492.3 -500.2 44.1

-16.7 -610.5

39.8 -550.1

54.1 78.4 -38.5 -36.4 -23.7 -17.6 -550.1 -271.2 -265.2

84.2

-422.3

-1311.9 -466.7

214.6

148.3

182.2

-5.0 -3.8 7.4 14.6 -497.8 -226.1

212.5 -420.0 -395.0

-375.6 -350.2 248.0

-679.1

-626.5

-994.3 -805.5

-742.0 310.0

-207.2 -566.5 -537.6 -538.4 -329.4

-163.7 -513.8 -485.7 -487.4 -239.6

156.8 -293.0 -74.2 -83.9 -85.5 -78.9 -86.1 -90.0 -78.2

295.2

183.3

-43.5 -52.3 -53.9 -47.6 -54.4 -59.4 -49.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-45 TeamLRN

C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2S C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H9NO6 C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12

Crystal Name

C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N2S4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S

4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane L-Cystine Thiram Butyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde b-D-Fructose D-Galactose a-D-Glucose D-Mannose L-Sorbose Thiepane Cyclohexanethiol Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -80.0 -98.5 -94.5 -94.6 -87.0 -91.6 -87.1 -93.2 -87.5 -101.4 -156.4 -137.9 -59.0 -96.2

-1032.7 40.2


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

270.2

Cp J/mol K

174.7 154.9


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-51.3 -66.9 -62.3 -63.1 -57.5 -61.5 -56.0 -62.4 -60.3 -68.1 -123.4 -106.2 -27.5

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-46

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

301.7 -218.8 280.3 -322.0 -320.2

305.3

-325.9 -328.6 -348.2 -345.5 -583.8 -529.2 -554.5

232.0 210.4 213.3 216.9 213.3

208.2

227.8 231.0 233.8 228.0 229.3 257.9 221.3 376.0

-514.2 -530.0

-673.1

-182.6 -278.9 -277.6 -286.0 -290.6 -286.2 -511.9 -485.3 -516.5

-471.1 -491.2

-631.7

-1265.6 -1286.3 -1273.3 -1263.0 -1271.5 -140.7 -109.8

255.6

192.6

-65.8 -96.2 -64.7

79.4

363.5

131.3

1-Bromohexane 2-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine 2-Methylpiperidine, (±) Hexanamide N-Butylacetamide DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine L-Norleucine 6-Aminohexanoic acid Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane DL-Lysine D-Arginine 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 1,2-Hexanediol 1,6-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfate Galactitol

-194.2 -246.1 -147.6 -124.9 -397.9 -380.9 -640.6 -637.3 -637.4 -635.3 -637.8 -639.1 -637.3

250.6

-148.3 -204.3 -104.0 -84.4 -324.2 -305.9

-486.8

290.6 292.5 272.5 287.8

195.6 193.7 190.7 191.9 189.7

-166.9 -174.6 -171.9 -185.9 -178.1 51.3

287.4

240.4

-315.9 -333.5

232.0 -377.5 -392.0 -392.4

286.2 248.0 275.9 273.0

-394.7 -396.4 -328.8 -351.5

-569.9

203.5

200.1

-198.7 -204.6 -202.4 -213.8 -207.4 11.5 -678.7 -623.5

453.0

323.9

293.4 221.6 216.8 159.0

-293.0 -319.2 -313.9 -254.9 -490.1 -461.2

-329.4 -577.1 -548.6 336.0 281.0 -491.4 -451.4

259.4 301.0 274.1

-453.5 -408.1

-750.9 -804.3 -859.0 -1317.0

-725.0 -792.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-47 TeamLRN

C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O4S C6H14O6

Crystal Name

C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S2 C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H18N3OP C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C6N4 C7F8 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H4Cl2O C7H4N2O6 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2

D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol Diisopropyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Dipropyl disulfide Triethylborane Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Tetracyanoethene Perfluorotoluene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Benzoyl chloride 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -1314.5 -175.7 -188.3 -187.1 -181.6 -172.3 -167.1 -171.5 -194.6 -156.1 -178.5 -127.7 -305.9

-664.2 -205.0

9.4

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

313.0

232.0

336.7

241.2

219.9

389.0

-877.7

325.9


fH° kJ/mol -129.9 -148.3 -147.9 -142.0 -127.8 -121.8 -118.3 -157.7 -116.0 -143.8 -92.7

-541.5

433.8

321.0 311.4

242.3 -1311.1 -2931.1 -3420.0 -883.8 -189.7

355.5 561.8 306.4

262.3 353.1 419.0 225.8

-777.7 -912.1 705.0 -2897.2 -3383.6 -842.7

-409.8 -158.0 -404.5 -424.3 -428.9

163.2

209.1

188.4 165.2

215.7 44.8

243.3

-87.0 -385.2

-103.2 -325.0 -342.3 -341.0

163.2

-24.2 -378.8 -394.7 -392.2 -63.2 79.5 151.9 -66.4 167.6

221.2

172.0

146.8

181.7 243.0 33.2 -36.7 -294.0

222.0 -182.0


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

16.1

437.8

-534.5 -856.0

535.0 490.0

Cp J/mol K

-558.3

-815.0 -982.8 623.8


fG° kJ/mol

-105.9

238.5 205.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-48

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Bromotoluene 2-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 4-Fluorotoluene Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene (Nitromethyl)benzene Salicylaldoxime Toluene Phenylurea o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Ethyl 2-pentynoate Methyl 2-hexynoate Isopentyl trichloroacetate Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane Vinylcyclopentane 1-Ethylcyclopentene 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Butyl acrylate Diethyl malonate Butyl 2-chloropropanoate

-589.9

-494.8 12.0 166.8 -32.5 -186.9

171.2

-202.6 -380.4 -389.8 -391.9 -9.7 -31.5 -48.1

172.3

18.9 -147.4 -100.9 -296.0 -283.6 -296.7

31.0 30.7

-22.8 -183.7 12.4 -218.6 -204.6 -199.3

165.4 167.3

157.3

154.6 -194.0

212.6

224.9

-160.7 -114.8 34.2 -6.3 -8.1

216.7

217.9

150.2

-23.5

50.5 -128.6 -132.3 -125.4 -100.4 -67.9 94.4 56.4 54.6 55.3

207.1 48.1 19.4 16.1 18.7 12.7 18.3 22.5 -301.8 -242.7 -580.9 -47.2

243.7 248.5 248.8 244.2 240.7 241.7

189.5 184.8 184.7 185.2 191.8 184.5

101.6 67.1 63.6 66.5 58.1 68.8 72.0 -250.3 -523.1 4.8 -54.8 1.7 -25.2

-95.1 -33.2 -61.3 -34.8 -53.3

-19.8

-277.6 -422.6 -571.7

251.0 285.0

-375.3 -517.3

167.6 165.4 167.7

351.0 352.5 347.0

130.2 125.5 126.2

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-49 TeamLRN

C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8N2O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO2

Crystal Name

C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2

Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Heptanenitrile 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 5-Methyl-1-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol -603.1 -557.9 -572.6 -630.7 -82.8 -97.9 -105.1 -109.5 -104.3 -109.3 -100.0 -115.9 -112.7 -117.0 -110.6 -123.1 -105.3 -121.7 -114.1 -117.7 -156.6 -190.1 -163.4 -172.1 -165.3 -171.2 -170.1 -168.1 -119.8 -212.3 -311.5

-356.1 -352.9 -390.2 -415.7 -416.1 -394.4 -413.2 -433.3 -610.2


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

327.6

Cp J/mol K

211.8

184.8 279.9 269.2

335.4

318.0

230.1 232.6

233.7

265.4


fH° kJ/mol -549.6 -502.3 -517.3 -578.4 -31.0 -62.3

-65.7 -79.4 -76.8 -83.8 -81.6 -88.7 -72.6 -88.8 -79.5 -85.5 -118.1 -154.7 -126.9 -138.2 -129.5 -136.6 -135.8 -133.6 -157.9 -263.8 -297.1 -298.3 -313.6 -311.3 -327.0 -352.5 -350.9 -329.1 -347.5 -367.2 -536.2


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-50

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate a-Methylglucoside 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 1,7-Heptanediol 2,2-Diethoxypropane 1-Heptanethiol Phthalic anhydride 1H-Indole-2,3-dione Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 1H-Indole Styrene Phenyl vinyl ether Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Acetanilide 1,7-Octadiyne Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol

261.0 248.5 -553.0 -571.0 -577.2 -540.2

-505.9 -527.0 -536.0 -492.2

-1233.3 -218.4 -224.2 -229.5 -226.4 -224.9 -238.3 -233.1 -234.6 -234.2 -236.5 -403.3 -392.8 -574.2 -538.9 -200.5 -460.1 -268.2 -782.0 -803.0 -816.1 100.6 86.6

-416.5 -426.1 -429.2

-209.4

180.0

160.0

207.9

188.1

314.5 300.3

219.6 221.1

303.2

224.2

292.2

213.5 272.1

-167.8 -187.6 -194.5 -191.3 -189.5 -205.7 -198.7 -201.6 -201.0 -204.4 -336.5 -358.1 -506.9 -149.9 -371.4

-696.3 -717.9 166.3 156.5 147.9 22.7 -86.7

103.8 -26.2 -142.5

182.0

-343.5

221.3 249.0

-287.9

183.2 186.1 183.0 181.5

29.9 19.1 17.3 18.0 -145.2 -146.1 -144.1

174.9 163.6 169.0

179.3 334.4 -12.3 -24.4 -25.4 -24.4 -208.8 -214.3

-224.4

323.3

224.7 222.9

206.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-51 TeamLRN

C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H5NO2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9NO C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

Crystal Name

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12N4 C8H12O2 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14ClN5 C8H14O3 C8H15ClO2 C8H15ClO2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Ethoxybenzene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 1-Octen-3-yne cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 2,2'-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione Ethylidenecyclohexane Allylcyclopentane Atrazine Butanoic anhydride 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-241.1


fH° kJ/mol -157.2 -163.8 -161.6 -162.1 -157.3 -162.4

-228.7 -246.6 -237.4 -242.3 -244.4 252.6 228.5

-152.6 -290.3 8.2 46.0 -39.2 -38.9

-101.6 -223.3 56.3 100.5

238.9 140.7 124.3 101.3

166.5 143.5

-103.5 -64.5

-307.6 -59.5 -24.1

228.9 -379.9

-125.4 283.7 -627.3 -593.4 -107.3 -124.5 -135.7 -135.7 -126.4 -144.9 -137.9 -145.9 -142.4 -167.7 -212.1 -218.7 -211.8 -218.2 -222.9 -215.7 -215.6 -222.4

241.0 239.0 239.0

280.9 267.2 274.1 273.2 272.6 276.3 271.1 268.0

211.8 209.2 210.2 209.4 209.4 212.8 212.1 210.2

-575.0 -539.4 -50.5 -81.3

-89.3 -107.7 -100.3 -110.5 -104.9 -124.4 -171.5 -180.9 -172.1 -179.9 -184.6 -176.5 -176.6 -184.5


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-52

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

Propylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl pentanoate Isopropyl pentanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane Octanamide Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane, (S) 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether tert-Butyl isobutyl ether

-188.8 -193.8 -190.8 -195.1 -194.4 -196.0

310.8

216.3

-147.7

-156.2

-291.9 -299.6

-348.5 273.3 -381.6 -636.0 -635.1

297.9

-338.3 -554.3 -559.5

282.8 -587.4 -583.0 -592.2 -567.1 -245.1 -291.3

285.1

-473.2 -250.1 -255.0 -252.3 -251.6 -250.4 -261.9 -252.6 -257.0 -260.4 -257.5 -251.8 -249.6 -252.8 -256.9 -259.2 -253.5 -255.0 -269.0

273.7

356.4 362.6

254.6 252.0 250.2 251.1

249.2 246.6

329.3

239.1 245.6 247.3

239.2 -40.1 -426.5 -432.8 -377.9 -401.5 -399.6 -409.1

347.0

305.2 330.1 317.5 278.2 276.1

-542.9 -533.6 -544.9 -515.5 -189.3 -238.9 -362.7 -208.5 -215.3 -212.5 -211.9 -210.7 -224.5 -213.8 -219.2 -222.5 -219.9 -212.8 -211.0 -214.8 -220.0 -224.0 -216.3 -217.3 -226.0 9.2 -355.6 -365.3 -332.8 -360.6 -362.0 -369.0

365.4

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-53 TeamLRN

C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17NO C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

Crystal Name

C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O3S C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S2 C8H18S2 C8H19N C8H19N C8H20BrN C8H20O4Si C8H20Pb C8H20Si C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10Cl2N2O C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O

1,8-Octanediol 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfite Tetraethylene glycol Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutyl disulfide Di-tert-butyl disulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylammonium bromide Ethyl silicate Tetraethyl lead Tetraethylsilane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol Indene 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Diuron 2,2'-Dipyrrolylmethane Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol

-626.6 -681.7 354.9 341.4 -693.1 -981.7 -220.7 -220.7 -232.6 -229.2 -222.9 -255.2 -206.0 -218.5

405.1

428.8 284.3

292.9

-625.3 -883.0 -167.7 -167.7 -188.8 -180.5 -160.6 -201.0 -156.6 -179.2

-342.7 52.7

533.1 464.6

364.4 307.4 298.1 287.8

141.2 144.3

216.0

196.2

200.5 204.6 -25.5

110.6

215.3

186.9

163.4

100.3 11.5

234.4

190.2

150.5 60.3

-144.9 82.1

109.6

-815.6

-329.0 126.2 246.0 148.5 -466.9 -685.1

213.6 214.0

203.0 216.4

-312.9 -38.3 -41.1 -46.4 -48.7 -49.8 -58.5 -61.8 -63.4 -233.7 -252.5

287.8

214.7 210.7

267.9

216.4 215.0 209.3

7.9 4.0 1.3 -1.8 -3.2 -9.5 -13.8 -15.9 -182.2 -196.0


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-54

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

4-Isopropylphenol Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Isophorone Triacetin 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 1-Nonyne Nonanedioic acid 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone Propylcyclohexane 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Butyl pentanoate sec-Butyl pentanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 1,9-Nonanediol Tripropylamine 2-Quinolinecarbonitrile 3-Quinolinecarbonitrile

-265.9 -148.3

-209.4 -78.4

-474.5 -463.2 -478.7 -470.3 -1330.8

458.3

253.5 384.7

-1245.0

-89.2 16.3

62.3

-1054.3 -334.2 -237.4 -397.2 -398.2 -408.5 -659.7

311.9

242.0

401.4

303.6 297.3 362.4

-613.3 -624.2 -620.0 -590.3 -171.8 -206.9 -274.7 -288.1 -282.7 -282.8 -293.3 -281.1 -284.0 -280.2 -277.5 -275.4 -272.7 -269.7 -278.3 -277.7 -280.0 -277.9

284.4

-273.4 -192.3 -212.1 -340.7 -344.9 -357.6 -577.3 -560.2 -573.2 -568.6 -533.9 -159.9 -228.2

-242.6

278.2

-233.3

271.5

-237.1 -236.9 -241.6 -236.1

266.3

-403.0 -453.4

-376.5

-207.1

-161.0

-657.6 246.5 242.3

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-55 TeamLRN

C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H15N C9H16 C9H16O4 C9H17NO C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O2 C9H21N C10H6N2 C10H6N2

Crystal Name

C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H7I C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16

1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 1-Tetralone Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±) tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol Dipentene d-Limonene a-Pinene b-Pinene a-Terpinene


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

29.8 39.7 54.6

212.6

55.4 161.5 144.3 42.6 78.5 212.3 -121.5

201.6

167.4

165.7 166.9 -124.1

67.8 60.2

119.8 137.4 233.8 235.1 111.2 150.6 289.1 -30.4 -29.9 132.8 134.3

71.6 84.2 -209.6 303.1 -730.9 -732.6

261.1 -29.2 -63.2 -66.4 -71.9 -69.8 -73.3 -78.6 -78.0 -68.5 -73.5 -72.8 -80.5 -86.0 -80.1 -84.8 -84.1 -87.8

-119.9 -309.7

245.6

321.2

217.5 243.4

26.0 -11.8 -18.4 -23.0 -21.9

236.4

215.1 -50.8 -54.5 -16.4 -7.7

249.4 249.0

-218.5 -2.6 28.3 38.7 -20.6

224.1

333.1

131.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-56

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

b-Myrcene cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Camphor, (±) 1,1'-Bicyclopentyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid Decanenitrile 1-Decene cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene Butylcyclohexane Decanoic acid Methyl nonanoate 1-Nitrodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether 1,10-Decanediol Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Decanethiol Dipentyl sulfide Diisopentyl sulfide Octyldimethylamine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene L-Tryptophan 1,1-Dimethylindan 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene Spiro[5.5]undecane 1-Undecene Methyl decanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Acenaphthylene Phenazine Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene

14.5 -24.0 -1759.5 -319.4

271.2

-267.5 -178.9 -219.4 -230.6

265.0 264.9

232.0 228.5

425.0

300.8

345.0

271.0

-213.7 -594.9 -554.2

314.4 313.3 314.4 370.6 250.0 379.0

-249.5 -260.2 -258.6 -396.6

-1082.6 -158.4 -173.8 -163.6 -263.1 -684.3 -616.2 -351.5 -300.9 -309.8 -307.9 -478.1

-713.7

420.1 423.8

-169.2 -182.1 -921.9 -91.5 -123.3

-678.9 -309.9

-276.5 -266.4 -281.8 -232.8

476.1

350.0 350.4

-333.5 -346.1

-223.1 -232.5 56.3

44.9 -415.3

-211.5 -204.9 -221.5

220.0 251.0

254.8

224.4

196.0 238.1

106.7 -53.6 -109.7 -109.7

-1.6 -57.0 -67.2 -188.3

-144.6 -244.5 344.9 -640.5 -327.2 -504.8

344.9

-573.8 -270.8

418.4 186.7 237.0 -5.3 120.0

166.4

259.7 328.8 83.4 205.1

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-57 TeamLRN

C10H16 C10H16 C10H16N2O8 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21NO2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O2 C10H22S C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H14 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H22 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12F27N C12H8 C12H8N2 C12H8O C12H8S

Crystal Name

C12H8S2 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H12N2 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H17NO4 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H22O4 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O12 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H8O2 C13H9N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10N2 C13H10O C13H11N

Thianthrene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Benzidine Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate 3,9-Dodecadiyne 5,7-Dodecadiyne 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanedioic acid Sucrose b-D-Lactose 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Methyl undecanoate a-Lactose monohydrate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Xanthone Acridine Phenanthridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene 9-Acridinamine Benzophenone 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole

182.0 101.7 70.3 99.4 243.4 227.2 -32.1 -359.2 -371.9 130.2 93.8 81.0 70.7


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

188.9 209.4

190.4 198.4

233.9

216.6


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

286.0 200.7 156.0 181.4 342.0 -14.9

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-58

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

52.0

219.3 184.4

-776.6 -76.6

425.1

366.1

-688.4 -16.7

-916.7 197.8 181.5 -146.5 -162.4

306.3

245.6

-77.4 -215.7 -976.9

-273.7 -1130.0 -2226.1 -2236.7 -774.6

404.3

-226.2 -737.9 -665.2

484.8

360.7

-165.4 -642.0 -593.8

-2484.1 -344.7 -392.3 -350.9 -528.5

375.8 438.1 452.0

-269.9 -321.1 -289.4 -436.6

-281.6 379.4 -191.5 179.4 141.9 150.6 89.9 159.2 -34.5 105.5

207.3

203.1 224.8

273.9 240.5 233.7 175.0 54.9 201.0

173.1

Diphenylmethane N-Benzylaniline 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane Tridecanedioic acid 1-Tridecene Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione 9,10-Phenanthrenedione 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzoyl peroxide cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-Diphenylethane 1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene Pentetic acid Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecanoic acid Methyl tridecanoate 1-Tetradecanol 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Decylcyclopentane Pentadecanoic acid Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene Dibutyl phthalate a-D-Glucose pentaacetate b-D-Glucose pentaacetate Decylbenzene 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol

71.5 101.4

239.3

89.7

139.0

270.9 -1148.3 391.8 -693.0

-614.9 406.7

-599.4 -188.5 -154.7 -595.8 129.2 116.2 312.4 -153.9 -369.4

207.5 215.1

-75.7 -46.6 -471.7 230.9 207.5

210.5 220.6 225.9

-55.5 -281.7 252.3 236.1

183.3 136.9 48.7 51.5

142.9 -188.8

-212.0 -2225.2 -833.5

432.0

-629.6 -368.6 -245.8 -410.0

388.0

-174.9 -693.7 -635.3

-296.9

-861.7 -658.2 189.9 125.5

-260.2 -788.8 -717.9 -580.6

443.3

230.6 224.9

-367.3 -811.7 -743.9

-699.0 -656.9

-842.6

289.0 225.7 -750.9

230.2 229.7

-2249.4 -2232.6

-891.5

-686.5

452.4

460.7

422.0

-218.3 -328.7 -838.1 -771.0 -444.5 -456.1

587.9

488.9

501.6

-138.6 -248.4 -737.1 -680.0 -350.2 -374.8 -517.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-59 TeamLRN

C13H12 C13H13N C13H14N2 C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H8O4 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H10O4 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H22 C14H23N3O10 C14H27N C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H30O C15H16O2 C15H24 C15H24O C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10 C16H22O4 C16H22O11 C16H22O11 C16H26 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H34 C16H34O

Crystal Name

C16H36IN C17H34O2 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl C18H38 C18H39N C19H16O C19H36O2 C19H36O2 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14O4 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C21H21O4P C22H14 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C24H38O4 C24H51N C26H18 C26H54 C26H54 C28H18 C31H64 C32H66 C60 C70

Tetrabutylammonium iodide Heptadecanoic acid Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid 1-Chlorooctadecane Octadecane Trihexylamine Triphenylmethanol Methyl oleate Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Diphenyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate Eicosanoic acid Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Dibenz[a,h]anthracene trans-13-Docosenoic acid Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Trioctylamine 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane 9,9'-Bianthracene 11-Decylheneicosane Dotriacontane Carbon (fullerene-C 60) Carbon (fullerene-C 70)


fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

-498.6 -924.4 170.8 145.3

Cp J/mol K 475.7


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K


fH° kJ/mol


fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-865.6 293.0 269.8

163.0 234.7

298.8 285.6

274.8 278.7

397.5

356.2 312.5

337.1

369.1 279.0 326.8

-320.0 577.0 619.0 -947.7

501.5

-567.4

480.2

-884.7 -544.1

-781.2 -446.0 -414.6

485.6 -433.0

-2.5 -734.5 -737.0 182.8

264.6

-649.9

274.9 254.8

-489.2

-1011.9 570.0

545.1 578.0

-775.8 -773.3 -940.0

-812.4 283.9

-960.7 -816.9 704.7 -585.0 308.7 -713.5 -716.0 326.2 -848.0 -968.3 2327.0 2555.0

2302.0 2537.0

426.0 464.0

520.0 650.0

465.6 -587.6 -593.4 454.3 -705.8 -697.2 2502.0 2755.0

2442.0 2692.0

544.0 614.0

512.0 585.0

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

5-60

Molecular Formula


fH° kJ/mol

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE L. V. Gurvich, V. S. Iorish, V. S. Yungman, and O. V. Dorofeeva The thermodynamic properties C° p (T), S° (T), H° (T)-H° (Tr), -[G° (T)-H° (Tr)]/T and formation properties ∆f H° (T), ∆f G° (T), log Kf° (T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298.15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state.The reference temperature, Tr, is equal to 298.15 K. The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa). The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables format (Reference 2). The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which are based upon TRC Tables. See the references for information on standard states and other details. REFERENCES 1. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Eds., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985.

Order of Listing of Tables No.

Formula

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Ar Br Br2 BrH C C C2 C3 CO CO2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H8 C6H6 C6H6 C10H8 C10H8 CH2O CH4O C2H4O C2H6O C2H4O2 C3H6O C6H6O CF4 CHF3 CClF3 CCl2F2 CHClF2 CH5N Cl Cl2 ClH Cu Cu CuO Cu2O

Name Argon Bromine Dibromine Hydrogen bromide Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Dicarbon Tricarbon Carbon oxide Carbon dioxide Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Cyclopropane Propane Benzene Benzene Naphthalene Naphthalene Formaldehyde Methanol Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Phenol Carbon tetrafluoride Trifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Methylamine Chlorine Dichlorine Hydrogen chloride Copper Copper Copper oxide Dicopper oxide

State g g g g cr cr g g g g g g g g g g l g cr, l g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g cr, l g cr cr

No.

Formula

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

CuCl2 CuCl2 F F2 FH Ge Ge GeO2 GeCl4 H H2 HO H2O H2O I I2 I2 IH K K K2O KOH KOH KCl KCl N2 NO NO2 NH3 O O2 S S S2 S8 SO2 Si Si SiO2 SiCl4

5-61 5.030 final-473

TeamLRN

Name Copper dichloride Copper dichloride Fluorine Difluorine Hydrogen fluoride Germanium Germanium Germanium dioxide Germanium tetrachloride Hydrogen Dihydrogen Hydroxyl Water Water Iodine Diiodine Diiodine Hydrogen iodide Potassium Potassium Dipotassium oxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride Potassium chloride Dinitrogen Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Oxygen Dioxygen Sulfur Sulfur Disulfur Octasulfur Sulfur dioxide Silicon Silicon Silicon dioxide Silicon tetrachloride

State cr, l g g g g cr, l g cr, l g g g g l g g cr, l g g cr, l g cr, l cr, l g cr, l g g g g g g g cr, l g g g g cr g cr g

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

1. ARGON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Cp°

20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

154.845 154.973 160.953 165.591 169.381 172.585 175.361 177.809 179.999 181.980 183.789 185.453 186.993 188.427

154.845 154.845 155.660 157.200 158.924 160.653 162.322 163.909 165.410 166.828 168.167 169.434 170.634 171.773

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982

175.017 175.146 181.126 185.765 189.559 192.776 195.575 198.061 200.302 202.347 204.231 205.980 207.612 209.142

175.017 175.018 175.833 177.373 179.097 180.827 182.499 184.093 185.604 187.034 188.390 189.676 190.900 192.065

245.467 245.690 249.387 256.169 264.406 271.188 276.951 281.962 286.396 290.373 293.979 297.279 300.322 303.146 305.782

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.277 8.364 10.461 12.571 14.698 16.844 19.010 21.195 23.397 25.615

111.870 111.838 96.677 96.910 97.131 97.348 97.568 97.796 98.036 98.291 98.560 98.844 99.141 99.449

82.379 82.196 75.460 70.129 64.752 59.338 53.893 48.420 42.921 37.397 31.850 26.279 20.686 15.072

–14.432 –14.311 –9.854 –7.326 –5.637 –4.428 –3.519 –2.810 –2.242 –1.776 –1.386 –1.056 –0.772 –0.525

245.467 245.468 245.671 246.892 249.600 252.650 255.720 258.694 261.530 264.219 266.763 269.170 271.451 273.615 275.673

0.000 0.067 1.235 3.711 7.403 11.123 14.862 18.615 22.379 26.154 29.938 33.730 37.532 41.343 45.164

30.910 30.836

198.697 198.698 199.842 202.005 204.436 206.886 209.269

0.000 0.054 2.971 5.903 8.868 11.882 14.957

–36.290 –36.333 –52.109 –52.484 –52.844 –53.168 –53.446

Br2 (g)

36.057 36.074 36.340 36.729 37.082 37.305 37.464 37.590 37.697 37.793 37.883 37.970 38.060 38.158 38.264

4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800

H°-H° (Tr)

Br (g) 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.798 20.833 20.908 21.027 21.184 21.365 21.559 21.752 21.937 22.107 22.258

3. DIBROMINE 298.15 300 332.25 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

Ar (g)

2. BROMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

29.141 29.141 29.220 29.454 29.872 30.431 31.063

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

3.105 2.933 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–0.544 –0.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

HBr (g) 198.697 198.878 207.269 213.811 219.216 223.861 227.965

5-62

–53.360 –53.466 –55.940 –56.854 –57.694 –58.476 –59.214

9.348 9.309 7.305 5.939 5.023 4.363 3.866

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

31.709 32.335 32.919 33.454 33.938 34.374 34.766

5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

8.536 8.610 11.974 14.537 16.607 18.306 19.699 20.832 21.739 22.452 23.000 23.409 23.707 23.919

6. CARBON (DIAMOND) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

6.109 6.201 10.321 13.404 15.885 17.930 19.619 21.006 22.129 23.020 23.709 24.222 24.585 24.824

7. DICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

18.095 21.298 24.561 27.880 31.250 34.666 38.123

∆fG°

Log Kf

–53.677 –53.864 –54.012 –54.129 –54.220 –54.291 –54.348

–59.921 –60.604 –61.271 –61.925 –62.571 –63.211 –63.846

3.478 3.166 2.909 2.696 2.514 2.358 2.223

0.000 0.016 1.054 2.385 3.945 5.694 7.596 9.625 11.755 13.966 16.240 18.562 20.918 23.300

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

HBr (g) (continued) 231.661 235.035 238.145 241.032 243.729 246.261 248.646

211.555 213.737 215.816 217.799 219.691 221.499 223.230

C (cr; graphite) 5.740 5.793 8.757 11.715 14.555 17.247 19.785 22.173 24.417 26.524 28.502 30.360 32.106 33.749

5.740 5.740 6.122 6.946 7.979 9.113 10.290 11.479 12.662 13.827 14.968 16.082 17.164 18.216

C (cr; diamond) 2.362 2.400 4.783 7.431 10.102 12.709 15.217 17.611 19.884 22.037 24.071 25.990 27.799 29.504

2.362 2.362 2.659 3.347 4.251 5.274 6.361 7.479 8.607 9.731 10.842 11.934 13.003 14.047

0.000 0.011 0.850 2.042 3.511 5.205 7.085 9.118 11.277 13.536 15.874 18.272 20.714 23.185

1.850 1.846 1.645 1.507 1.415 1.361 1.338 1.343 1.372 1.420 1.484 1.561 1.646 1.735

2.857 2.863 3.235 3.649 4.087 4.537 4.993 5.450 5.905 6.356 6.802 7.242 7.675 8.103

–0.501 –0.499 –0.422 –0.381 –0.356 –0.339 –0.326 –0.316 –0.308 –0.302 –0.296 –0.291 –0.286 –0.282

197.095 197.365 209.809 218.924 225.966 231.726 236.637 240.943 244.793 248.284 251.484 254.444 257.201 259.785

197.095 197.096 198.802 201.959 205.395 208.758 211.943 214.931 217.728 220.349 222.812 225.133 227.326 229.405

0.000 0.081 4.403 8.483 12.342 16.078 19.755 23.411 27.065 30.728 34.406 38.104 41.824 45.570

830.457 830.506 832.751 834.170 834.909 835.148 835.020 834.618 834.012 833.252 832.383 831.437 830.445 829.427

775.116 774.772 755.833 736.423 716.795 697.085 677.366 657.681 638.052 618.492 599.006 579.596 560.261 540.997

–135.795 –134.898 –98.700 –76.933 –62.402 –52.016 –44.227 –38.170 –33.328 –29.369 –26.074 –23.288 –20.903 –18.839

C2 (g)

43.548 43.575 42.169 39.529 37.837 36.984 36.621 36.524 36.569 36.696 36.874 37.089 37.329 37.589

5-63

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p

T/K

8. TRICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

37.135 37.220 41.328 44.627 47.327 49.569 51.442 53.008 54.320 55.423 56.354 57.144 57.818 58.397

11. METHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

237.611 237.872 250.164 260.003 268.322 275.582 282.045 287.876 293.189 298.069 302.578 306.768 310.679 314.346

237.611 237.611 239.280 242.471 246.104 249.807 253.440 256.948 260.310 263.524 266.593 269.524 272.326 275.006

0.000 0.078 4.354 8.766 13.331 18.042 22.884 27.835 32.879 37.999 43.182 48.417 53.695 59.010

197.658 197.659 198.803 200.973 203.419 205.895 208.309 210.631 212.851 214.969 216.990 218.920 220.763 222.527

213.783 214.013 225.305 234.895 243.278 250.747 257.492 263.644 269.299 274.529 279.393 283.936 288.196 292.205

186.369 186.590 197.501 207.202 216.246 224.821 233.008

∆fG°

Log Kf

839.958 839.989 841.149 841.570 841.453 840.919 840.053 838.919 837.572 836.059 834.420 832.690 830.899 829.068

774.249 773.841 751.592 729.141 706.659 684.230 661.901 639.698 617.633 595.711 573.933 552.295 530.793 509.421

–135.643 –134.736 –98.147 –76.172 –61.519 –51.057 –43.217 –37.127 –32.261 –28.288 –24.982 –22.191 –19.804 –17.739

0.000 0.054 2.976 5.930 8.941 12.021 15.175 18.399 21.687 25.032 28.426 31.864 35.338 38.845

–110.530 –110.519 –110.121 –110.027 –110.157 –110.453 –110.870 –111.378 –111.952 –112.573 –113.228 –113.904 –114.594 –115.291

–137.168 –137.333 –146.341 –155.412 –164.480 –173.513 –182.494 –191.417 –200.281 –209.084 –217.829 –226.518 –235.155 –243.742

24.031 23.912 19.110 16.236 14.319 12.948 11.915 11.109 10.461 9.928 9.482 9.101 8.774 8.488

213.783 213.784 215.296 218.280 221.762 225.379 228.978 232.493 235.895 239.172 242.324 245.352 248.261 251.059

0.000 0.069 4.004 8.307 12.909 17.758 22.811 28.036 33.404 38.893 44.483 50.159 55.908 61.719

–393.510 –393.511 –393.586 –393.672 –393.791 –393.946 –394.133 –394.343 –394.568 –394.801 –395.035 –395.265 –395.488 –395.702

–394.373 –394.379 –394.656 –394.914 –395.152 –395.367 –395.558 –395.724 –395.865 –395.984 –396.081 –396.159 –396.219 –396.264

69.092 68.667 51.536 41.256 34.401 29.502 25.827 22.967 20.678 18.803 17.241 15.918 14.783 13.799

186.369 186.370 187.825 190.744 194.248 198.008 201.875

0.000 0.066 3.871 8.229 13.199 18.769 24.907

–74.600 –74.656 –77.703 –80.520 –82.969 –85.023 –86.693

–50.530 –50.381 –41.827 –32.525 –22.690 –12.476 –1.993

8.853 8.772 5.462 3.398 1.975 0.931 0.130

CO (g)

29.141 29.142 29.340 29.792 30.440 31.170 31.898 32.573 33.178 33.709 34.169 34.568 34.914 35.213

10. CARBON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

C3 (g)

42.202 42.218 43.383 44.883 46.406 47.796 48.997 50.006 50.844 51.535 52.106 52.579 52.974 53.307

9. CARBON OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

197.658 197.838 206.243 212.834 218.321 223.067 227.277 231.074 234.538 237.726 240.679 243.430 246.005 248.424

CO2 (g)

CH4 (g)

35.695 35.765 40.631 46.627 52.742 58.603 64.084

5-64

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

11. METHANE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

14. ETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

205.773 209.660 213.511 217.310 221.048 224.720 228.322

31.571 38.719 46.306 54.289 62.630 71.291 80.242

–88.006 –88.996 –89.698 –90.145 –90.367 –90.390 –90.237

8.677 19.475 30.358 41.294 52.258 63.231 74.200

–0.504 –1.017 –1.442 –1.797 –2.100 –2.359 –2.584

200.927 201.199 214.814 226.552 236.842 246.021 254.331 261.947 268.995 275.565 281.725 287.528 293.014 298.218

200.927 200.927 202.741 206.357 210.598 215.014 219.418 223.726 227.905 231.942 235.837 239.592 243.214 246.709

0.000 0.082 4.829 10.097 15.747 21.704 27.931 34.399 41.090 47.985 55.067 62.317 69.721 77.264

227.400 227.397 227.161 226.846 226.445 225.968 225.436 224.873 224.300 223.734 223.189 222.676 222.203 221.774

209.879 209.770 203.928 198.154 192.452 186.823 181.267 175.779 170.355 164.988 159.672 154.400 149.166 143.964

–36.769 –36.524 –26.630 –20.701 –16.754 –13.941 –11.835 –10.202 –8.898 –7.835 –6.950 –6.204 –5.565 –5.013

219.316 219.582 233.327 246.198 258.332 269.770 280.559 290.754 300.405 309.556 318.247 326.512 334.384 341.892

219.316 219.317 221.124 224.864 229.441 234.393 239.496 244.630 249.730 254.756 259.688 264.513 269.225 273.821

0.000 0.079 4.881 10.667 17.335 24.764 32.851 41.512 50.675 60.280 70.271 80.599 91.223 102.107

52.400 52.341 49.254 46.533 44.221 42.278 40.655 39.310 38.205 37.310 36.596 36.041 35.623 35.327

68.358 68.457 74.302 80.887 87.982 95.434 103.142 111.036 119.067 127.198 135.402 143.660 151.955 160.275

–11.976 –11.919 –9.703 –8.450 –7.659 –7.121 –6.734 –6.444 –6.219 –6.040 –5.894 –5.772 –5.669 –5.581

229.161 229.487 246.378 262.344 277.568 292.080 305.904 319.075 331.628 343.597 355.012 365.908 376.314 386.260

229.161 229.162 231.379 235.989 241.660 247.835 254.236 260.715 267.183 273.590 279.904 286.103 292.178 298.121

0.000 0.097 5.999 13.177 21.545 30.972 41.334 52.525 64.445 77.007 90.131 103.746 117.790 132.209

–84.000 –84.094 –88.988 –93.238 –96.779 –99.663 –101.963 –103.754 –105.105 –106.082 –106.741 –107.131 –107.292 –107.260

–32.015 –31.692 –13.473 5.912 26.086 46.800 67.887 89.231 110.750 132.385 154.096 175.850 197.625 219.404

5.609 5.518 1.759 –0.618 –2.271 –3.492 –4.433 –5.179 –5.785 –6.286 –6.708 –7.066 –7.373 –7.640

240.852 248.379 255.607 262.551 269.225 275.643 281.817

C2H2 (g)

44.036 44.174 50.388 54.751 58.121 60.970 63.511 65.831 67.960 69.909 71.686 73.299 74.758 76.077

13. ETHYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

CH4 (g) (continued)

69.137 73.746 77.919 81.682 85.067 88.112 90.856

12. ACETYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

C2H4 (g)

42.883 43.059 53.045 62.479 70.673 77.733 83.868 89.234 93.939 98.061 101.670 104.829 107.594 110.018

C2H6 (g) 52.487 52.711 65.459 77.941 89.188 99.136 107.936 115.709 122.552 128.553 133.804 138.391 142.399 145.905

5-65

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

15. CYCLOPROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 400 500

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

237.488 237.832 256.695 275.637 294.092 311.763 328.564 344.501 359.616 373.961 387.588 400.549 412.892 424.662

237.488 237.489 239.924 245.177 251.801 259.115 266.755 274.516 282.277 289.965 297.538 304.967 312.239 319.344

0.000 0.103 6.708 15.230 25.374 36.854 49.447 62.987 77.339 92.395 108.060 124.257 140.915 157.976

270.313 270.769 294.739 317.768 339.753 360.668 380.528 399.381 417.293 434.321 450.526 465.961 480.675 494.721

270.313 270.314 273.447 280.025 288.162 297.039 306.245 315.555 324.841 334.026 343.064 351.929 360.604 369.080

173.450 174.292 216.837 257.048

269.190 269.700 297.840 326.050 353.360 379.330 403.860 426.970 448.740 469.280 488.690 507.070 524.490 541.040

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

53.300 53.195 47.967 43.730 40.405 37.825 35.854 34.384 33.334 32.640 32.249 32.119 32.215 32.507

104.514 104.832 122.857 142.091 162.089 182.583 203.404 224.441 245.618 266.883 288.197 309.533 330.870 352.193

–18.310 –18.253 –16.043 –14.844 –14.111 –13.624 –13.281 –13.026 –12.830 –12.673 –12.545 –12.437 –12.345 –12.264

0.000 0.136 8.517 18.872 30.955 44.540 59.427 75.444 92.452 110.325 128.954 148.241 168.100 188.460

–103.847 –103.972 –110.33 –115.658 –119.973 –123.384 –126.016 –127.982 –129.380 –130.296 –130.802 –130.961 –130.829 –130.445

–23.458 –22.959 15.029 34.507 64.961 96.065 127.603 159.430 191.444 223.574 255.770 287.993 320.217 352.422

4.110 3.997 –0.657 –3.605 –5.655 –7.168 –8.331 –9.253 –10.000 –10.617 –11.133 –11.572 –11.947 –12.272

173.450 173.453 179.082 190.639

0.000 .252 15.102 33.204

49.080 49.077 48.978 50.330

124.521 124.989 150.320 175.559

–21.815 –21.762 –19.630 –18.340

269.190 269.190 272.823 280.658 290.517 301.360 312.658 324.084 335.473 346.710 357.743 368.534 379.056 389.302

0.000 0.153 10.007 22.696 37.706 54.579 72.962 92.597 113.267 134.827 157.137 180.097 203.607 227.607

82.880 82.780 77.780 73.740 70.490 67.910 65.910 64.410 63.340 62.620 62.200 62.000 61.990 62.110

129.750 130.040 146.570 164.260 182.680 201.590 220.820 240.280 259.890 277.640 299.320 319.090 338.870 358.640

–22.731 –22.641 –19.140 –17.160 –15.903 –15.042 –14.418 –13.945 –13.575 –13.184 –13.029 –12.821 –12.643 –12.489

C6H6 (l)

135.950 136.312 161.793 207.599

18. BENZENE

H°-H° (Tr)

C3H8 (g)

73.597 73.931 94.014 112.591 128.700 142.674 154.766 165.352 174.598 182.673 189.745 195.853 201.209 205.895

17. BENZENE

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

C3H6 (g)

55.571 55.941 76.052 93.859 108.542 120.682 130.910 139.658 147.207 153.749 159.432 164.378 168.689 172.453

16. PROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

C6H6 (g)

82.430 83.020 113.510 139.340 160.090 176.790 190.460 201.840 211.430 219.580 226.540 232.520 237.680 242.140

5-66

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

19. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 353.43

165.720 167.001 208.722

353.43 400 470

217.200 241.577 276.409

131.920 132.840 180.070 219.740 251.530 277.010 297.730 314.850 329.170 341.240 351.500 360.260 367.780 374.270

35.387 35.443 39.240 43.736 48.181 52.280 55.941 59.156 61.951 64.368 66.453 68.251 69.803 71.146

22. METHANOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

44.101 44.219 51.713 59.800 67.294 73.958 79.838 85.025 89.597 93.624 97.165 100.277 103.014 105.422

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

201.585 202.349 224.543

–35.316 –35.232 –33.186

224.543 241.475 266.859

–33.186 –31.533 –29.658

C10H8 (cr, l)

C10H8 (g) 333.150 333.970 378.800 423.400 466.380 507.140 545.520 581.610 615.550 647.500 677.650 706.130 733.110 758.720

21. FORMALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

167.390 167.390 0.000 78.530 168.419 167.393 0.308 78.466 198.948 169.833 10.290 96.099 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 53.702 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 252.650 169.833 29.270 96.099 280.916 181.124 39.917 96.067 322.712 199.114 58.091 97.012

20. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

333.150 333.157 338.950 351.400 367.007 384.146 401.935 419.918 437.806 455.426 472.707 489.568 506.009 522.019

0.000 0.244 15.940 36.000 59.624 86.096 114.868 145.523 177.744 211.281 245.932 281.531 317.941 355.051

150.580 150.450 144.190 139.220 135.350 132.330 130.050 128.430 127.510 127.100 126.960 127.060 127.390 127.920

224.100 224.560 250.270 277.340 305.330 333.950 362.920 392.150 421.700 450.630 480.450 509.770 539.740 568.940

–39.260 –39.098 –32.681 –28.973 –26.581 –24.919 –23.696 –22.759 –22.027 –21.398 –20.913 –20.482 –20.137 –19.812

218.760 218.761 220.192 223.028 226.381 229.924 233.517 237.088 240.603 244.042 247.396 250.660 253.833 256.915

0.000 0.066 3.789 7.936 12.534 17.560 22.975 28.734 34.792 41.111 47.655 54.392 61.297 68.346

–108.700 –108.731 –110.438 –112.073 –113.545 –114.833 –115.942 –116.889 –117.696 –118.382 –118.966 –119.463 –119.887 –120.249

–102.667 –102.630 –100.340 –97.623 –94.592 –91.328 –87.893 –84.328 –80.666 –76.929 –73.134 –69.294 –65.418 –61.514

17.987 17.869 13.103 10.198 8.235 6.815 5.739 4.894 4.213 3.653 3.183 2.784 2.441 2.142

239.865 239.866 241.685 245.374 249.830 254.616 259.526 264.455 269.343 274.158 278.879 283.497 288.007 292.405

0.000 0.082 4.864 10.442 16.803 23.873 31.569 39.817 48.553 57.718 67.262 77.137 87.304 97.729

–201.000 –201.068 –204.622 –207.750 –210.387 –212.570 –214.350 –215.782 –216.916 –217.794 –218.457 –218.936 –219.261 –219.456

–162.298 –162.057 –148.509 –134.109 –119.125 –103.737 –88.063 –72.188 –56.170 –40.050 –23.861 –7.624 8.644 24.930

28.434 28.216 19.393 14.010 10.371 7.741 5.750 4.190 2.934 1.902 1.039 0.306 –0.322 –0.868

H2CO (g) 218.760 218.979 229.665 238.900 247.270 255.011 262.236 269.014 275.395 281.416 287.108 292.500 297.616 302.479

CH3OH (g) 239.865 240.139 253.845 266.257 277.835 288.719 298.987 308.696 317.896 326.629 334.930 342.833 350.367 357.558

5-67

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

23. ACETALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800

263.840 263.837 266.147 270.850 276.550 282.667 288.938 295.189 301.431 307.537 313.512 319.350 325.031 330.571

0.000 0.103 6.189 13.345 21.486 30.494 40.258 50.698 61.669 73.153 85.065 97.344 109.954 122.834

281.622 281.623 284.390 290.115 297.112 304.674 312.456 320.276 328.033 335.670 343.156 350.473 357.612 364.571

283.470 283.863 304.404 323.751 341.988 359.162 375.331 390.558 404.904 418.429 431.189 443.240 454.637 465.432

295.349 295.809 319.658 341.916 362.836 382.627 401.246

∆fG°

Log Kf

–166.190 –166.250 –169.530 –172.420 –174.870 –176.910 –178.570 –179.880 –180.850 –181.560 –182.070 –182.420 –182.640 –182.750

–133.010 –132.800 –121.130 –108.700 –95.720 –82.350 –68.730 –54.920 –40.930 –27.010 –12.860 1.240 15.470 29.580

23.302 23.122 15.818 11.356 8.334 6.145 4.487 3.187 2.138 1.283 0.560 –0.050 –0.577 –1.030

0.000 0.122 7.474 16.318 26.487 37.790 50.065 63.185 77.042 91.543 106.609 122.168 138.160 154.531

–234.800 –234.897 –239.826 –243.940 –247.260 –249.895 –251.951 –253.515 –254.662 –255.454 –255.947 –256.184 –256.206 –256.044

–167.874 –167.458 –144.216 –119.820 –94.672 –69.023 –43.038 –16.825 9.539 36.000 62.520 89.070 115.630 142.185

29.410 29.157 18.832 12.517 8.242 5.151 2.810 0.976 –0.498 –1.709 –2.721 –3.579 –4.314 –4.951

283.470 283.471 286.164 291.765 298.631 306.064 313.722 321.422 329.060 336.576 343.933 351.113 358.105 364.903

0.000 0.118 7.296 15.993 26.014 37.169 49.287 62.223 75.844 90.039 104.707 119.765 135.146 150.793

–432.249 –432.324 –436.006 –438.875 –440.993 –442.466 –443.395 –443.873 –443.982 –443.798 –443.385 –442.795 –442.071 –441.247

–374.254 –373.893 –353.840 –332.950 –311.554 –289.856 –267.985 –246.026 –224.034 –202.046 –180.086 –158.167 –136.299 –114.486

65.567 65.100 46.206 34.783 27.123 21.629 17.497 14.279 11.702 9.594 7.839 6.355 5.085 3.987

295.349 295.349 298.498 304.988 312.873 321.470 330.265

0.000 0.138 8.464 18.464 29.978 42.810 56.785

–217.150 –217.233 –222.212 –226.522 –230.120 –233.049 –235.350

–152.716 –152.339 –129.913 –106.315 –81.923 –56.986 –31.673

26.757 26.521 16.962 11.107 7.133 4.252 2.068

C2H5OH (g) 281.622 282.029 303.076 322.750 341.257 358.659 375.038 390.482 405.075 418.892 431.997 444.448 456.298 467.591

C2H4O2 (g)

63.438 63.739 79.665 93.926 106.181 116.627 125.501 132.989 139.257 144.462 148.760 152.302 155.220 157.631

26. ACETONE

kJ/mol ∆fH°

263.840 264.180 281.620 297.540 312.360 326.230 339.260 351.520 363.100 374.040 384.400 394.230 403.570 412.460

65.652 65.926 81.169 95.400 107.656 118.129 127.171 135.049 141.934 147.958 153.232 157.849 161.896 165.447

25. ACETIC ACID 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

C2H4O (g)

55.318 55.510 66.282 76.675 85.942 94.035 101.070 107.190 112.490 117.080 121.060 124.500 127.490 130.090

24. ETHANOL

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

C3H6O (g)

74.517 74.810 91.755 107.864 122.047 134.306 144.934

5-68

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

26. ACETONE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

27. PHENOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

418.860 435.513 451.286 466.265 480.491 493.963 506.850

339.141 347.950 356.617 365.155 373.513 381.596 389.533

71.747 87.563 104.136 121.332 139.072 157.314 175.975

314.810 315.450 349.820 383.040 414.450 443.860 471.310 496.950 520.960 543.500 564.720 584.740 603.680 621.650

314.810 314.810 319.278 328.736 340.430 353.134 366.211 379.327 392.302 405.033 417.468 429.568 441.331 452.767

–237.149 –238.404 –239.283 –239.827 –240.120 –240.203 –240.120

–6.109 19.707 45.396 71.463 97.362 123.470 149.369

0.353 –1.030 –2.157 –3.110 –3.912 –4.607 –5.202

0.000 0.192 12.217 27.152 44.412 63.508 84.079 105.861 128.658 152.314 176.703 201.723 227.288 253.325

–96.400 –96.490 –100.870 –104.240 –106.810 –108.800 –110.300 –111.370 –111.990 –112.280 –112.390 –112.330 –112.120 –111.780

–32.630 –32.230 –10.180 12.970 36.650 60.750 85.020 109.590 134.280 158.620 183.350 208.070 233.050 257.540

5.720 5.610 1.330 –1.360 –3.190 –4.530 –5.550 –6.360 –7.010 –7.530 –7.980 –8.360 –8.700 –8.970

261.455 261.456 264.001 269.155 275.284 281.732 288.199 294.542 300.695 306.629 312.334 317.811 323.069 328.116

0.000 0.113 6.822 14.499 22.890 31.801 41.094 50.670 60.460 70.416 80.500 90.687 100.957 111.295

–933.200 –933.219 –933.986 –934.372 –934.490 –934.431 –934.261 –934.024 –933.745 –933.442 –933.125 –932.800 –932.470 –932.137

–888.518 –888.240 –873.120 –857.852 –842.533 –827.210 –811.903 –796.622 –781.369 –766.146 –750.952 –735.784 –720.641 –705.522

155.663 154.654 114.016 89.618 73.348 61.726 53.011 46.234 40.814 36.381 32.688 29.564 26.887 24.568

259.675 259.676 261.807 266.149 271.368 276.917 282.542 288.116 293.572 298.879 304.022 308.997 313.804 318.449

0.000 0.095 5.722 12.275 19.593 27.519 35.930 44.732 53.854 63.240 72.849 82.647 92.607 102.709

–696.700 –696.735 –698.427 –699.715 –700.634 –701.253 –701.636 –701.832 –701.879 –701.805 –701.629 –701.368 –701.033 –700.635

–662.237 –662.023 –650.186 –637.969 –625.528 –612.957 –600.315 –587.636 –574.944 –562.253 –549.574 –536.913 –524.274 –511.662

116.020 115.267 84.905 66.647 54.456 45.739 39.196 34.105 30.032 26.699 23.922 21.573 19.561 17.817

C6H6O (g) 103.220 103.860 135.790 161.910 182.480 198.840 212.140 223.190 232.490 240.410 247.200 253.060 258.120 262.520

61.050 61.284 72.399 80.713 86.783 91.212 94.479 96.929 98.798 100.250 101.396 102.314 103.059 103.671

51.069 51.258 61.148 69.631 76.453 81.868 86.201 89.719 92.617 95.038 97.084 98.833 100.344 101.660

CF4 (g)

261.455 261.833 281.057 298.153 313.434 327.162 339.566 350.842 361.156 370.643 379.417 387.571 395.181 402.313

29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Log Kf

C3H6O (g) (continued)

154.097 162.046 168.908 174.891 180.079 184.556 188.447

28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

∆fG°

CHF3 (g)

259.675 259.991 276.113 290.700 304.022 316.230 327.455 337.818 347.426 356.370 364.730 372.571 379.952 386.921

5-69

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

C°p

J/K⋅mol S°

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

66.886 67.111 77.528 85.013 90.329 94.132 96.899 98.951 100.507 101.708 102.651 103.404 104.012 104.512

285.419 285.834 306.646 324.797 340.794 355.020 367.780 379.317 389.827 399.465 408.357 416.604 424.290 431.484

31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

72.476 72.691 82.408 89.063 93.635 96.832 99.121 100.801 102.062 103.030 103.786 104.388 104.874 105.270

300.903 301.352 323.682 342.833 359.500 374.189 387.276 399.053 409.742 419.517 428.515 436.847 444.602 451.851

32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

55.853 56.039 65.395 73.008 78.940 83.551 87.185 90.100 92.475 94.433 96.066 97.438 98.601 99.593

33. METHYLAMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800

50.053 50.227 60.171 70.057 78.929 86.711 93.545

280.915 281.261 298.701 314.145 328.003 340.533 351.936 362.379 371.999 380.908 389.196 396.941 404.206 411.044

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

0.000 0.124 7.383 15.532 24.314 33.547 43.106 52.903 62.880 72.993 83.213 93.517 103.889 114.316

∆fG°

Log Kf

–707.800 –707.810 –708.153 –708.170 –707.975 –707.654 –707.264 –706.837 –706.396 –705.950 –705.505 –705.064 –704.628 –704.196

–667.238 –666.986 –653.316 –639.599 –625.901 –612.246 –598.642 –585.090 –571.586 –558.126 –544.707 –531.326 –517.977 –504.660

116.896 116.131 85.313 66.818 54.489 45.686 39.087 33.957 29.856 26.503 23.710 21.349 19.326 17.574

0.000 0.134 7.919 16.514 25.663 35.196 44.999 55.000 65.146 75.402 85.745 96.154 106.618 117.126

–486.000 –486.002 –485.945 –485.618 –485.136 –484.576 –483.984 –483.388 –482.800 –482.226 –481.667 –481.121 –480.588 –480.065

–447.030 –446.788 –433.716 –420.692 –407.751 –394.897 –382.126 –369.429 –356.799 –344.227 –331.706 –319.232 –306.799 –294.404

78.317 77.792 56.637 43.949 35.497 29.467 24.950 21.441 18.637 16.346 14.439 12.827 11.447 10.252

280.915 280.916 283.231 287.898 293.448 299.294 305.172 310.956 316.586 322.033 327.289 332.352 337.228 341.923

0.000 0.104 6.188 13.123 20.733 28.867 37.411 46.280 55.413 64.761 74.289 83.966 93.769 103.681

–475.000 –475.028 –476.390 –477.398 –478.103 –478.574 –478.870 –479.031 –479.090 –479.068 –478.982 –478.843 –478.661 –478.443

–443.845 –443.652 –432.978 –422.001 –410.851 –399.603 –388.299 –376.967 –365.622 –354.276 –342.935 –331.603 –320.283 –308.978

77.759 77.246 56.540 44.086 35.767 29.818 25.353 21.878 19.098 16.823 14.927 13.324 11.950 10.759

242.881 242.893 244.975 249.244 254.431 260.008 265.749

0.000 0.091 5.604 12.121 19.579 27.873 36.893

–22.529 –22.614 –26.846 –30.431 –33.364 –35.712 –37.548

32.734 33.077 52.294 72.510 93.382 114.702 136.316

–5.735 –5.759 –6.829 –7.575 –8.129 –8.559 –8.900

CClF3 (g) 285.419 285.421 288.187 293.734 300.271 307.096 313.897 320.536 326.947 333.108 339.013 344.668 350.084 355.273

CCl2F2 (g) 300.903 300.905 303.883 309.804 316.729 323.909 331.027 337.942 344.596 350.969 357.061 362.882 368.445 373.767

CHClF2 (g)

CH5N (g) 242.881 243.196 258.986 273.486 287.063 299.826 311.865

5-70

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

33. METHYLAMINE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

∆fG°

Log Kf

323.239 334.006 344.233 353.944 363.190 372.012 380.426

271.511 277.220 282.861 288.374 293.775 299.061 304.209

46.555 56.786 67.509 78.685 90.239 102.131 114.326

–38.949 –39.967 –40.681 –41.136 –41.376 –41.451 –41.381

158.138 180.098 201.822 224.240 246.364 268.504 290.639

–9.178 –9.407 –9.584 –9.761 –9.899 –10.018 –10.121

165.190 165.325 171.703 176.752 180.905 184.411 187.432 190.079 192.430 194.542 196.458 198.211 199.826 201.323

165.190 165.190 166.055 167.708 169.571 171.448 173.261 174.986 176.615 178.150 179.597 180.963 182.253 183.475

0.000 0.040 2.259 4.522 6.800 9.074 11.337 13.584 15.815 18.031 20.233 22.423 24.602 26.772

121.302 121.311 121.795 122.272 122.734 123.172 123.585 123.971 124.334 124.675 124.996 125.299 125.587 125.861

105.306 105.207 99.766 94.203 88.546 82.813 77.019 71.175 65.289 59.368 53.416 47.439 41.439 35.418

–18.449 –18.318 –13.028 –9.841 –7.709 –6.179 –5.029 –4.131 –3.410 –2.819 –2.325 –1.906 –1.546 –1.233

33.949 33.981 35.296 36.064 36.547 36.874 37.111 37.294 37.442 37.567 37.678 37.778 37.872 37.961

223.079 223.290 233.263 241.229 247.850 253.510 258.450 262.832 266.769 270.343 273.617 276.637 279.440 282.056

223.079 223.080 224.431 227.021 229.956 232.926 235.815 238.578 241.203 243.692 246.052 248.290 250.416 252.439

0.000 0.063 3.533 7.104 10.736 14.408 18.108 21.829 25.566 29.316 33.079 36.851 40.634 44.426

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

186.902 186.902 188.045 190.206 192.630 195.069 197.435 199.700 201.858 203.912 205.867 207.732 209.513 211.217

0.000 0.054 2.969 5.892 8.835 11.812 14.836 17.913 21.049 24.241 27.488 30.786 34.132 37.522

–92.310 –92.314 –92.587 –92.911 –93.249 –93.577 –93.879 –94.149 –94.384 –94.587 –94.760 –94.908 –95.035 –95.146

–95.298 –95.317 –96.278 –97.164 –97.983 –98.746 –99.464 –100.145 –100.798 –101.430 –102.044 –102.645 –103.235 –103.817

16.696 16.596 12.573 10.151 8.530 7.368 6.494 5.812 5.265 4.816 4.442 4.124 3.852 3.615

Cl2 (g)

36. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

kJ/mol ∆fH°

Cl (g)

21.838 21.852 22.467 22.744 22.781 22.692 22.549 22.389 22.233 22.089 21.959 21.843 21.742 21.652

35. DICHLORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

CH5N (g) (continued)

99.573 104.886 109.576 113.708 117.341 120.542 123.353

34. CHLORINE

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

29.136 29.137 29.175 29.304 29.576 29.988 30.500 31.063 31.639 32.201 32.734 33.229 33.684 34.100

HCl (g)

186.902 187.082 195.468 201.990 207.354 211.943 215.980 219.604 222.907 225.949 228.774 231.414 233.893 236.232

5-71

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

37. COPPER

24.440 24.460 25.339 25.966 26.479 26.953 27.448 28.014 28.700 29.553 30.617 31.940 32.844

1358 1400 1500

32.800 32.800 32.800

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

42.300 42.417 46.783 49.190 50.827 52.099 53.178 54.144 55.040 55.890 56.709 57.507 58.288 59.057

40. DICOPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

33.150 33.150 0.000 0.000 33.301 33.150 0.045 0.000 40.467 34.122 2.538 0.000 46.192 35.982 5.105 0.000 50.973 38.093 7.728 0.000 55.090 40.234 10.399 0.000 58.721 42.322 13.119 0.000 61.986 44.328 15.891 0.000 64.971 46.245 18.726 0.000 67.745 48.075 21.637 0.000 70.361 49.824 24.644 0.000 72.862 51.501 27.769 0.000 74.275 52.443 29.647 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 13.141 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 9.676 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 83.951 52.443 42.788 0.000 84.950 53.403 44.166 0.000 87.213 55.583 47.446 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

Cu (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.788 20.793 20.803 20.823 20.856

39. COPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

Cu (cr, l)

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1358

38. COPPER

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

62.600 62.721 67.587 70.784

166.397 166.525 172.505 177.143 180.933 184.137 186.913 189.361 191.551 193.532 195.341 197.006 198.548 199.986

166.397 166.397 167.213 168.752 170.476 172.205 173.874 175.461 176.963 178.380 179.719 180.986 182.186 183.325

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.826 22.907 24.991

337.600 337.594 337.179 336.691 336.147 335.554 334.913 334.219 333.463 332.631 331.703 330.657 316.342 315.146

297.873 297.626 284.364 271.215 258.170 245.221 232.359 219.581 206.883 194.265 181.726 169.270 157.305 145.987

–52.185 –51.821 –37.134 –28.333 –22.475 –18.298 –15.171 –12.744 –10.806 –9.225 –7.910 –6.801 –5.869 –5.084

42.740 42.741 44.467 47.852 51.755 55.757 59.691 63.491 67.134 70.615 73.941 77.118 80.158 83.070

0.000 0.078 4.564 9.372 14.377 19.526 24.791 30.158 35.617 41.164 46.794 52.505 58.295 64.163

–162.000 –161.994 –161.487 –160.775 –159.973 –159.124 –158.247 –157.356 –156.462 –155.582 –154.733 –153.940 –166.354 –165.589

–134.277 –134.105 –124.876 –115.803 –106.883 –98.102 –89.444 –80.897 –72.450 –64.091 –55.812 –47.601 –39.043 –29.975

23.524 23.349 16.307 12.098 9.305 7.320 5.840 4.695 3.784 3.043 2.429 1.913 1.457 1.044

92.550 92.551 95.078 99.995

0.000 0.116 6.654 13.580

–173.100 –173.102 –173.036 –172.772

–150.344 –150.203 –142.572 –134.984

26.339 26.152 18.618 14.101

CuO (cr) 42.740 43.002 55.878 66.596 75.717 83.651 90.680 97.000 102.751 108.037 112.936 117.507 121.797 125.845

Cu2O (cr) 92.550 92.938 111.712 127.155

5-72

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

40. DICOPPER OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

73.323 75.552 77.616 79.584 81.492 83.360 85.202 87.026 88.836 90.636

71.880 71.998 76.338 78.654 80.175 81.056

675 700 800 871

82.400 82.400 82.400 82.400

871 900 1000 1100 1130.75

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

140.291 151.764 161.989 171.245 179.729 187.584 194.917 201.808 208.324 214.515

56.814 56.869 58.992 60.111 60.761 61.168 61.439 61.630 61.776 61.900 62.022 62.159 62.325 62.531

43. FLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

kJ/mol ∆fH°

105.643 111.429 117.121 122.629 127.920 132.992 137.850 142.507 146.978 151.276

20.789 28.235 35.894 43.755 51.809 60.052 68.480 77.092 85.885 94.858

–172.389 –171.914 –171.363 –170.750 –170.097 –169.431 –168.791 –168.223 –194.030 –193.438

∆fG°

Log Kf

–127.460 –120.009 –112.631 –105.325 –98.091 –90.922 –83.814 –76.756 –68.926 –60.010

11.096 8.955 7.354 6.113 5.124 4.317 3.648 3.084 2.572 2.090

–173.826 –173.552 –158.962 –144.765 –130.901 –120.693

30.453 30.218 20.758 15.123 11.396 9.340

–120.693 –117.350 –104.137 –94.893

9.340 8.757 6.799 5.691

–94.893 –91.655 –80.730 –70.144 –66.951

5.691 5.319 4.217 3.331 3.093

CuCl2 (cr, l)

108.070 108.070 0.000 –218.000 108.515 108.071 0.133 –217.975 129.899 110.957 7.577 –216.494 147.204 116.532 15.336 –214.873 161.687 122.884 23.282 –213.182 171.183 127.732 29.329 –211.185 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.037 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 172.220 127.732 30.029 –211.185 175.216 129.375 32.089 –210.719 186.219 135.808 40.329 –208.898 193.226 140.207 46.179 –192.649 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.001 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 17.221 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 210.447 140.207 61.180 –192.649 213.723 142.523 64.080 –191.640 224.259 150.179 74.080 –188.212 233.790 157.353 84.080 –184.873 236.547 159.470 87.155 –183.867

42. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

Cu2O (cr) (continued)

41. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 675

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

CuCl2 (g)

278.418 278.769 295.456 308.752 319.774 329.173 337.360 344.608 351.109 357.003 362.394 367.364 371.976 376.283

278.418 278.419 280.679 285.010 289.911 294.865 299.677 304.274 308.638 312.771 316.685 320.395 323.916 327.265

0.000 0.105 5.911 11.871 17.918 24.015 30.147 36.301 42.471 48.655 54.851 61.060 67.284 73.526

–43.268 –43.271 –43.428 –43.606 –43.814 –44.060 –44.349 –44.688 –45.088 –45.566 –46.139 –46.829 –60.784 –61.613

–49.883 –49.924 –52.119 –54.271 –56.385 –58.462 –60.500 –62.499 –64.457 –66.372 –68.239 –70.053 –71.404 –72.133

8.739 8.692 6.806 5.670 4.909 4.362 3.950 3.627 3.367 3.152 2.970 2.815 2.664 2.512

158.750 158.891 165.394 170.363 174.368 177.717 180.595 183.117

158.750 158.750 159.639 161.307 163.161 165.008 166.780 168.458

0.000 0.042 2.302 4.528 6.724 8.897 11.052 13.193

79.380 79.393 80.043 80.587 81.046 81.442 81.792 82.106

62.280 62.173 56.332 50.340 44.246 38.081 31.862 25.601

–10.911 –10.825 –7.356 –5.259 –3.852 –2.842 –2.080 –1.486

F (g)

22.746 22.742 22.432 22.100 21.832 21.629 21.475 21.357

5-73

TeamLRN

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

43. FLUORINE 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

H°-H° (Tr)

185.362 187.386 189.227 190.917 192.479 193.930

170.039 171.525 172.925 174.245 175.492 176.673

15.324 17.447 19.563 21.675 23.782 25.886

202.790 202.984 212.233 219.739 226.070 231.545 236.365 240.669 244.557 248.103 251.363 254.381 257.191 259.820

202.790 202.790 204.040 206.453 209.208 212.017 214.765 217.409 219.932 222.334 224.619 226.794 228.866 230.843

31.304 31.337 32.995 34.258 35.171 35.839 36.343 36.740 37.065 37.342 37.588 37.811 38.019 38.214

∆fG°

Log Kf

82.391 82.654 82.897 83.123 83.335 83.533

19.308 12.986 6.642 0.278 –6.103 –12.498

–1.009 –0.617 –0.289 –0.011 0.228 0.435

0.000 0.058 3.277 6.643 10.117 13.669 17.279 20.934 24.625 28.346 32.093 35.863 39.654 43.466

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

173.776 173.776 174.919 177.078 179.496 181.923 184.269 186.505 188.626 190.636 192.543 194.355 196.081 197.729

0.000 0.054 2.968 5.884 8.804 11.732 14.676 17.645 20.644 23.680 26.756 29.875 33.037 36.241

–273.300 –273.302 –273.450 –273.679 –273.961 –274.277 –274.614 –274.961 –275.309 –275.652 –275.988 –276.315 –276.631 –276.937

–275.399 –275.412 –276.096 –276.733 –277.318 –277.852 –278.340 –278.785 –279.191 –279.563 –279.904 –280.217 –280.505 –280.771

48.248 47.953 36.054 28.910 24.142 20.733 18.174 16.180 14.583 13.275 12.184 11.259 10.466 9.777

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

F2 (g)

45. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

kJ/mol ∆fH°

F (g) (continued)

21.266 21.194 21.137 21.091 21.054 21.022

44. DIFLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

29.137 29.137 29.149 29.172 29.230 29.350 29.549 29.827 30.169 30.558 30.974 31.403 31.831 32.250

46. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1211.4

23.222 23.249 24.310 24.962 25.452 25.867 26.240 26.591 26.926 27.252 27.571 27.608

1211.4 1300

27.600 27.600

HF (g)

173.776 173.956 182.340 188.846 194.169 198.683 202.614 206.110 209.270 212.163 214.840 217.336 219.679 221.889

Ge (cr, l) 31.090 31.090 0.000 0.000 31.234 31.090 0.043 0.000 38.083 32.017 2.426 0.000 43.582 33.798 4.892 0.000 48.178 35.822 7.414 0.000 52.133 37.876 9.980 0.000 55.612 39.880 12.586 0.000 58.723 41.804 15.227 0.000 61.542 43.639 17.903 0.000 64.124 45.386 20.612 0.000 66.509 47.048 23.353 0.000 66.770 47.232 23.668 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 37.030 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 30.568 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 97.338 47.232 60.698 0.000 99.286 50.714 63.143 0.000

5-74

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

46. GERMANIUM 1400 1500

30.733 30.757 31.071 30.360 29.265 28.102 27.029 26.108 25.349 24.741 24.264 23.898 23.624 23.426

50.166 50.475 61.281 66.273 69.089 70.974 72.449 73.764 75.049 76.378 77.796 79.332 79.460

1308 1388

80.075 81.297

1388 1400 1500

78.500 78.500 78.500

95.918 96.041 100.750 103.206 104.624 105.509 106.096 106.504 106.799 107.020 107.189 107.320 107.425 107.509

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

54.258 57.460

65.903 68.663

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

167.903 168.094 177.025 183.893 189.334 193.758 197.439 200.567 203.277 205.664 207.795 209.722 211.483 213.105

167.903 167.904 169.119 171.415 173.965 176.487 178.882 181.122 183.205 185.141 186.941 188.621 190.192 191.666

0.000 0.057 3.162 6.239 9.222 12.090 14.845 17.501 20.072 22.575 25.025 27.432 29.807 32.159

367.800 367.814 368.536 369.147 369.608 369.910 370.060 370.073 369.969 369.763 369.471 332.088 331.704 331.296

327.009 326.756 312.959 298.991 284.914 270.773 256.598 242.414 228.234 214.069 199.928 188.521 177.492 166.491

–57.290 –56.893 –40.868 –31.235 –24.804 –20.205 –16.754 –14.069 –11.922 –10.165 –8.703 –7.575 –6.622 –5.798

–521.605 –521.242 –501.610 –482.134 –462.859 –443.776 –424.866 –406.113 –387.502 –369.024 –350.671 –329.732 –328.034

91.382 90.755 65.503 50.368 40.295 33.115 27.741 23.570 20.241 17.523 15.264 13.249 13.100

–328.034 –312.415

13.100 11.757

–312.415 –310.228 –292.057

11.757 11.575 10.170

–461.582 –461.343 –448.540 –435.882 –423.347 –410.914 –398.565 –386.287 –374.068 –361.899 –349.772 –334.973 –319.857 –304.771

80.866 80.326 58.573 45.536 36.855 30.662 26.023 22.419 19.539 17.185 15.225 13.459 11.934 10.613

Ge (g)

GeO2 (cr, l)

39.710 39.710 0.000 –580.200 40.021 39.711 0.093 –580.204 56.248 41.850 5.759 –579.893 70.519 46.191 12.164 –579.013 82.872 51.299 18.943 –577.915 93.671 56.597 25.952 –576.729 103.247 61.841 33.125 –575.498 111.857 66.928 40.436 –574.235 119.696 71.819 47.877 –572.934 126.910 76.504 55.447 –571.582 133.616 80.987 63.155 –570.166 139.903 85.279 71.010 –605.685 140.390 85.615 71.646 –584.059 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 21.500 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 16.437 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 156.827 85.615 93.146 –584.059 161.617 89.858 99.601 –565.504 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 17.200 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.392 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 174.009 89.858 116.801 –565.504 174.685 90.582 117.743 –565.328 180.100 96.372 125.593 –563.882

49. GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

101.331 103.236

48. GERMANIUM DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1308

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

Ge (cr, l) (continued)

27.600 27.600

47. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

348.393 348.987 377.342 400.114 419.067 435.266 449.396 461.917 473.155 483.344 492.664 501.249 509.206 516.621

GeCl4 (g) 348.393 348.395 352.229 359.604 367.980 376.463 384.715 392.611 400.113 407.224 413.961 420.349 426.416 432.185

0.000 0.178 10.045 20.255 30.652 41.162 51.744 62.375 73.041 83.733 94.444 105.169 115.907 126.654

5-75

TeamLRN

–500.000 –499.991 –499.447 –498.845 –498.234 –497.634 –497.057 –496.509 –495.993 –495.512 –495.067 –531.677 –531.265 –530.861

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

C°p

50. HYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

53. WATER 298.15 300 373.21

54. WATER 298.15

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

114.716 114.845 120.824 125.463 129.252 132.457 135.232 137.680 139.870 141.852 143.660 145.324 146.864 148.298

114.716 114.716 115.532 117.071 118.795 120.524 122.193 123.780 125.282 126.700 128.039 129.305 130.505 131.644

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982

130.680 130.858 139.217 145.738 151.078 155.607 159.549 163.052 166.217 169.113 171.791 174.288 176.633 178.846

130.680 130.680 131.818 133.974 136.393 138.822 141.172 143.412 145.537 147.550 149.460 151.275 153.003 154.653

183.737 183.922 192.476 199.067 204.445 209.003 212.979 216.522 219.731 222.677 225.406 227.954 230.347 232.606

∆fG°

Log Kf

217.998 218.010 218.635 219.253 219.867 220.476 221.079 221.670 222.247 222.806 223.345 223.864 224.360 224.835

203.276 203.185 198.149 192.956 187.639 182.219 176.712 171.131 165.485 159.781 154.028 148.230 142.393 136.522

–35.613 –35.377 –25.875 –20.158 –16.335 –13.597 –11.538 –9.932 –8.644 –7.587 –6.705 –5.956 –5.313 –4.754

0.000 0.053 2.960 5.882 8.811 11.749 14.702 17.676 20.680 23.719 26.797 29.918 33.082 36.290

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

183.737 183.738 184.906 187.104 189.560 192.020 194.396 196.661 198.810 200.848 202.782 204.621 206.374 208.048

0.000 0.055 3.028 5.982 8.931 11.888 14.866 17.874 20.921 24.012 27.149 30.332 33.562 36.836

39.349 39.350 39.384 39.347 39.252 39.113 38.945 38.763 38.577 38.393 38.215 38.046 37.886 37.735

34.631 34.602 33.012 31.422 29.845 28.287 26.752 25.239 23.746 22.272 20.814 19.371 17.941 16.521

–6.067 –6.025 –4.311 –3.283 –2.598 –2.111 –1.747 –1.465 –1.240 –1.058 –0.906 –0.778 –0.669 –0.575

69.950 70.416 86.896

69.950 69.951 71.715

0.000 0.139 5.666

–285.830 –285.771 –283.454

–237.141 –236.839 –225.160

41.546 41.237 31.513

188.832

188.832

0.000

–241.826

–228.582

40.046

H2 (g)

28.836 28.849 29.181 29.260 29.327 29.440 29.623 29.880 30.204 30.580 30.991 31.422 31.860 32.296

52. HYDROXYL

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

H (g)

20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

51. DIHYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

OH (g)

29.886 29.879 29.604 29.495 29.513 29.655 29.914 30.265 30.682 31.135 31.603 32.069 32.522 32.956

H2O (l) 75.300 75.281 76.079

H2O (g) 33.598

5-76

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p

T/K

54. WATER 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

189.040 198.791 206.542 213.067 218.762 223.858 228.501 232.792 236.797 240.565 244.129 247.516 250.746

188.833 190.158 192.685 195.552 198.469 201.329 204.094 206.752 209.303 211.753 214.108 216.374 218.559

0.062 3.453 6.929 10.509 14.205 18.023 21.966 26.040 30.243 34.574 39.028 43.599 48.282

180.787 180.915 186.895 191.533 195.323 198.527 201.303 203.751 205.942 207.924 209.735 211.403 212.950 214.392

180.787 180.787 181.602 183.142 184.866 186.594 188.263 189.851 191.352 192.770 194.110 195.377 196.577 197.717

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.432 12.510 14.589 16.669 18.751 20.835 22.921 25.013

∆fG°

Log Kf

–241.844 –242.845 –243.822 –244.751 –245.620 –246.424 –247.158 –247.820 –248.410 –248.933 –249.392 –249.792 –250.139

–228.500 –223.900 –219.050 –214.008 –208.814 –203.501 –198.091 –192.603 –187.052 –181.450 –175.807 –170.132 –164.429

39.785 29.238 22.884 18.631 15.582 13.287 11.497 10.060 8.882 7.898 7.064 6.348 5.726

106.760 106.748 97.974 75.988 76.190 76.385 76.574 76.757 76.936 77.109 77.277 77.440 77.596 77.745

70.172 69.945 58.060 50.202 45.025 39.816 34.579 29.319 24.038 18.740 13.426 8.098 2.758 –2.592

–12.294 –12.178 –7.582 –5.244 –3.920 –2.971 –2.258 –1.702 –1.256 –0.890 –0.584 –0.325 –0.103 0.090

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

I (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.789 20.795 20.806 20.824 20.851 20.889 20.936

56. DIIODINE

I2 (cr, l)

298.15 300 386.75

54.440 54.518 61.531

386.75 400 457.67

79.555 79.555 79.555

57. DIIODINE 298.15 300 400 457.67 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

H2O (g) (continued) 33.606 34.283 35.259 36.371 37.557 38.800 40.084 41.385 42.675 43.932 45.138 46.281 47.356

55. IODINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

116.139 116.139 0.000 0.000 116.476 116.140 0.101 0.000 131.039 117.884 5.088 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.665 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 40.504 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 171.543 117.884 20.753 0.000 174.223 119.706 21.807 0.000 184.938 127.266 26.395 0.000

I2 (g)

36.887 36.897 37.256 37.385 37.464 37.613 37.735 37.847 37.956 38.070 38.196 38.341 38.514 38.719 38.959

260.685 260.913 271.584 276.610 279.921 286.765 292.573 297.619 302.083 306.088 309.722 313.052 316.127 318.989 321.668

260.685 260.685 262.138 263.652 264.891 267.983 271.092 274.099 276.965 279.681 282.249 284.679 286.981 289.166 291.245

0.000 0.068 3.778 5.931 7.515 11.269 15.037 18.816 22.606 26.407 30.220 34.047 37.890 41.751 45.635

5-77

TeamLRN

62.420 62.387 44.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

19.324 19.056 5.447 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–3.385 –3.318 –0.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

58. HYDROGEN IODIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

298.15 300 336.86

29.600 29.671 32.130

336.86 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4

32.129 31.552 30.741 30.158 29.851 29.838 30.130 30.730 31.053

60. POTASSIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

0.000 0.054 2.977 5.928 8.931 12.002 15.145 18.362 21.646 24.991 28.391 31.839 35.330 38.858

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

26.500 26.477 17.093 –5.481 –5.819 –6.101 –6.323 –6.489 –6.608 –6.689 –6.741 –6.775 –6.797 –6.814

1.700 1.546 –6.289 –9.946 –10.806 –11.614 –12.386 –13.133 –13.865 –14.586 –15.302 –16.014 –16.723 –17.432

–0.298 –0.269 0.821 1.039 0.941 0.867 0.809 0.762 0.724 0.693 0.666 0.643 0.624 0.607

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

K (cr, l) 64.680 64.680 0.000 0.000 64.863 64.681 0.055 0.000 68.422 64.896 1.188 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.321 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.891 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 75.313 64.896 3.509 0.000 80.784 66.986 5.519 0.000 87.734 70.469 8.632 0.000 93.283 73.824 11.675 0.000 97.905 76.943 14.673 0.000 101.887 79.818 17.655 0.000 105.415 82.470 20.651 0.000 108.618 84.927 23.691 0.000 109.812 85.847 24.908 0.000

K (g)

20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.789 20.793 20.801

72.000 72.130 79.154 86.178 92.500

206.589 206.589 207.734 209.904 212.348 214.820 217.230 219.548 221.763 223.878 225.896 227.823 229.666 231.430

206.589 206.769 215.176 221.760 227.233 231.965 236.162 239.950 243.409 246.597 249.555 252.314 254.901 257.336

160.340 160.468 166.448 171.086 174.876 178.080 180.856 183.304 185.494 186.297 187.475 189.284 190.948 192.489 193.923

61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 590

H°-H° (Tr)

HI (g)

29.157 29.158 29.329 29.738 30.351 31.070 31.807 32.511 33.156 33.735 34.249 34.703 35.106 35.463

59. POTASSIUM

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

160.340 160.340 161.155 162.695 164.419 166.148 167.817 169.404 170.905 171.474 172.323 173.662 174.929 176.129 177.268

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 15.408 16.667 18.746 20.825 22.904 24.983

89.000 88.984 85.598 84.563 83.599 82.680 81.776 80.859 79.897 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

60.479 60.302 51.332 42.887 34.643 26.557 18.601 10.759 3.021 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–10.596 –10.499 –6.703 –4.480 –3.016 –1.982 –1.215 –0.624 –0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

K2O (cr, l)

96.000 96.000 0.000 –361.700 96.446 96.001 0.133 –361.704 118.158 98.914 7.698 –366.554 136.575 104.647 15.964 –366.043 151.348 110.662 24.005 –364.204 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.186 J/K⋅mol, crIII–crII

5-78

–321.171 –320.920 –306.416 –291.423 –278.079

56.267 55.876 40.013 30.444 24.619

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

Cp°

61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 590 600 645

100.000 100.000 100.000

645 700 800 900 1000 1013

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

1013 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

64.900 65.038 72.519 80.000 81.496

520 600 678

79.000 79.000 79.000

678 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000

49.184 49.236 51.178 52.178 52.804 53.296 53.758 54.229 54.713 55.203 55.686 56.153 56.598 57.016

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

–278.079 –276.621 –270.109

24.619 24.082 21.874

–270.109 –262.592 –249.183 –236.067 –223.202 –221.546

21.874 19.595 16.270 13.701 11.659 11.424

–221.546 –203.633 –178.740 –154.185 –129.941 –105.986

11.424 9.670 7.780 6.195 4.848 3.691

–378.747 –378.463 –362.765 –347.093 –344.002

66.354 65.895 47.372 36.260 34.555

–344.002 –332.766 –321.998

34.555 28.969 24.807

–321.998 –319.297 –307.206 –295.383 –283.791 –267.780 –249.014 –230.490 –212.184 –194.080

24.807 23.826 20.058 17.143 14.824 12.716 10.839 9.261 7.917 6.758

–229.685 –229.696 –229.667 –229.129 –228.413 –227.562 –226.599 –225.538 –224.388 –218.535 –209.674 –200.826 –191.991 –183.169

40.239 39.993 29.991 23.937 19.885 16.981 14.795 13.090 11.721 10.377 9.127 8.069 7.163 6.378

K2O (cr, l) (continued)

KOH (cr, l)

78.870 78.870 0.000 –424.580 79.272 78.871 0.120 –424.569 99.007 81.512 6.998 –426.094 115.993 86.745 14.624 –424.572 119.159 87.931 16.239 –417.725 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 6.450 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.404 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 131.563 87.931 22.689 –417.725 142.868 94.520 29.009 –416.274 152.523 100.649 35.171 –405.464 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 9.400 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 13.865 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 166.388 100.649 44.571 –405.464 169.038 102.757 46.397 –404.981 180.121 111.750 54.697 –402.808 189.897 119.901 62.997 –400.694 198.642 127.345 71.297 –398.668 206.553 134.192 79.597 –475.618 213.775 140.527 87.897 –472.711 220.418 146.421 96.197 –469.843 226.569 151.929 104.497 –467.011 232.296 157.098 112.797 –464.217

63. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

152.534 110.662 24.705 –364.204 154.215 111.374 25.705 –363.968 161.447 114.618 30.205 –358.901 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 4.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.202 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 167.649 114.618 34.205 –358.901 175.832 119.111 39.705 –357.592 189.185 127.054 49.705 –355.224 200.963 134.625 59.705 –352.919 211.499 141.794 69.705 –350.732 212.791 142.697 71.005 –323.459 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 27.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S =26.654 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 239.444 142.697 98.005 –323.459 247.684 150.679 106.705 –479.439 256.385 159.131 116.705 –475.371 264.389 166.924 126.705 –471.321 271.800 174.154 136.705 –467.287 278.699 180.896 146.705 –463.268

62. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 520

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

238.283 238.588 253.053 264.591 274.163 282.340 289.487 295.846 301.585 306.823 311.647 316.122 320.300 324.220

KOH (g) 238.283 238.284 240.243 243.998 248.251 252.551 256.730 260.730 264.533 268.143 271.570 274.827 277.927 280.884

0.000 0.091 5.124 10.296 15.547 20.853 26.206 31.605 37.052 42.548 48.092 53.684 59.322 65.003

5-79

TeamLRN

–227.989 –228.007 –231.377 –232.309 –233.145 –233.934 –234.708 –235.495 –236.322 –316.077 –315.925 –315.764 –315.595 –315.420

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

J/K⋅mol S°

Cp°

64. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1044

51.300 51.333 52.977 54.448 55.885 57.425 59.205 61.361 64.032 65.405

1044 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000

36.505 36.518 37.066 37.384 37.597 37.769 37.907 38.041 38.162 38.279 38.401 38.518 38.639 38.761

66. DINITROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

29.124 29.125 29.249 29.580 30.109 30.754 31.433 32.090 32.696 33.241 33.723 34.147 34.517 34.842

67. NITRIC OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500

29.862 29.858 29.954 30.493

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

–408.568 –408.395 –398.651 –388.749 –378.960 –369.295 –359.760 –350.360 –341.100 –336.720

71.579 71.107 52.058 40.612 32.991 27.557 23.490 20.334 17.817 16.847

–336.720 –328.790 –314.856 –301.192 –287.778 –274.594

16.847 15.613 13.705 12.102 10.737 9.562

KCl (cr, l)

82.570 82.570 0.000 –436.490 82.887 82.571 0.095 –436.481 97.886 84.605 5.312 –438.463 109.867 88.498 10.685 –437.990 119.921 92.919 16.201 –437.332 128.649 97.413 21.865 –436.502 136.430 101.812 27.694 –435.505 143.523 106.058 33.719 –434.337 150.121 110.138 39.983 –432.981 152.908 111.882 42.830 –485.450 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 26.320 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 25.210 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 178.118 111.882 69.150 –485.450 181.880 115.351 73.182 –483.633 188.145 121.160 80.382 –480.393 193.908 126.537 87.582 –477.158 199.244 131.542 94.782 –473.928 204.211 136.223 101.982 –470.704

65. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

KCl (g)

239.091 239.317 249.904 258.212 265.048 270.857 275.910 280.382 284.397 288.039 291.375 294.454 297.313 299.983

239.091 239.092 240.532 243.267 246.344 249.441 252.441 255.302 258.014 260.581 263.010 265.312 267.496 269.574

0.000 0.068 3.749 7.473 11.222 14.991 18.775 22.572 26.383 30.205 34.039 37.885 41.743 45.613

–214.575 –214.594 –218.112 –219.287 –220.396 –221.461 –222.509 –223.568 –224.667 –304.696 –304.821 –304.941 –305.053 –305.159

–233.320 –233.436 –239.107 –244.219 –249.100 –253.799 –258.347 –262.764 –267.061 –266.627 –263.161 –259.684 –256.199 –252.706

40.876 40.644 31.224 25.513 21.686 18.938 16.868 15.250 13.950 12.661 11.455 10.434 9.559 8.800

191.608 191.788 200.180 206.738 212.175 216.864 221.015 224.756 228.169 231.311 234.224 236.941 239.485 241.878

191.608 191.608 192.752 194.916 197.352 199.812 202.208 204.509 206.706 208.802 210.801 212.708 214.531 216.275

0.000 0.054 2.971 5.911 8.894 11.936 15.046 18.222 21.462 24.759 28.108 31.502 34.936 38.404

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

210.745 210.746 211.916 214.133

0.000 0.055 3.041 6.061

91.277 91.278 91.320 91.340

87.590 87.567 86.323 85.071

–15.345 –15.247 –11.272 –8.887

N2 (g)

NO (g) 210.745 210.930 219.519 226.255

5-80

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

67. NITRIC OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

37.178 37.236 40.513 43.664 46.383 48.612 50.405 51.844 53.007 53.956 54.741 55.399 55.960 56.446

69. AMMONIA 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

70. OXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

NO (g) (continued)

31.243 32.031 32.770 33.425 33.990 34.473 34.883 35.234 35.533 35.792

68. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

231.879 236.754 241.081 244.979 248.531 251.794 254.811 257.618 260.240 262.700

216.635 219.168 221.642 224.022 226.298 228.469 230.540 232.516 234.404 236.209

9.147 12.310 15.551 18.862 22.233 25.657 29.125 32.632 36.170 39.737

91.354 91.369 91.386 91.405 91.426 91.445 91.464 91.481 91.495 91.506

83.816 82.558 81.298 80.036 78.772 77.505 76.237 74.967 73.697 72.425

–7.297 –6.160 –5.308 –4.645 –4.115 –3.680 –3.318 –3.012 –2.750 –2.522

240.166 240.397 251.554 260.939 269.147 276.471 283.083 289.106 294.631 299.729 304.459 308.867 312.994 316.871

240.166 240.167 241.666 244.605 248.026 251.575 255.107 258.555 261.891 265.102 268.187 271.148 273.992 276.722

0.000 0.069 3.955 8.167 12.673 17.427 22.381 27.496 32.741 38.090 43.526 49.034 54.603 60.224

34.193 34.181 33.637 33.319 33.174 33.151 33.213 33.334 33.495 33.686 33.898 34.124 34.360 34.604

52.316 52.429 58.600 64.882 71.211 77.553 83.893 90.221 96.534 102.828 109.105 115.363 121.603 127.827

–9.165 –9.129 –7.652 –6.778 –6.199 –5.787 –5.478 –5.236 –5.042 –4.883 –4.749 –4.635 –4.537 –4.451

192.768 192.989 203.647 212.633 220.578 227.781 234.414 240.589 246.384 251.854 257.039 261.970 266.673 271.168

192.768 192.769 194.202 197.011 200.289 203.709 207.138 210.516 213.816 217.027 220.147 223.176 226.117 228.971

0.000 0.066 3.778 7.811 12.174 16.850 21.821 27.066 32.569 38.309 44.270 50.432 56.779 63.295

–45.940 –45.981 –48.087 –49.908 –51.430 –52.682 –53.695 –54.499 –55.122 –55.589 –55.920 –56.136 –56.251 –56.282

–16.407 –16.223 –5.980 4.764 15.846 27.161 38.639 50.231 61.903 73.629 85.392 97.177 108.975 120.779

2.874 2.825 0.781 –0.498 –1.379 –2.027 –2.523 –2.915 –3.233 –3.496 –3.717 –3.905 –4.066 –4.206

161.058 161.194 167.430 172.197 176.060 179.310 182.115 184.584 186.789 188.782 190.599 192.270

161.058 161.059 161.912 163.511 165.290 167.067 168.777 170.399 171.930 173.372 174.733 176.019

0.000 0.041 2.207 4.343 6.462 8.570 10.671 12.767 14.860 16.950 19.039 21.126

249.180 249.193 249.874 250.481 251.019 251.500 251.932 252.325 252.686 253.022 253.335 253.630

231.743 231.635 225.677 219.556 213.319 206.997 200.610 194.171 187.689 181.173 174.628 168.057

–40.600 –40.331 –29.470 –22.937 –18.571 –15.446 –13.098 –11.269 –9.804 –8.603 –7.601 –6.753

NO2 (g)

NH3 (g)

35.630 35.678 38.674 41.994 45.229 48.269 51.112 53.769 56.244 58.535 60.644 62.576 64.339 65.945

O (g) 21.911 21.901 21.482 21.257 21.124 21.040 20.984 20.944 20.915 20.893 20.877 20.864

5-81

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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

70. OXYGEN 1400 1500

kJ/mol ∆fH°

193.815 195.254

177.236 178.389

23.212 25.296

205.148 205.330 213.873 220.695 226.454 231.470 235.925 239.937 243.585 246.930 250.019 252.888 255.568 258.081

205.148 205.148 206.308 208.525 211.045 213.612 216.128 218.554 220.878 223.096 225.213 227.233 229.162 231.007

0.000 0.054 3.026 6.085 9.245 12.500 15.838 19.244 22.707 26.217 29.768 33.352 36.968 40.611

∆fG°

Log Kf

253.908 254.171

161.463 154.851

–6.024 –5.392

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

S (cr, l)

298.15 300 368.3

22.690 22.737 24.237

368.3 388.36

24.773 25.180

388.36 400 500 600 700 800 882.38

31.710 32.369 38.026 34.371 32.451 32.000 32.000

73. SULFUR

32.070 32.070 0.000 0.000 32.210 32.070 0.042 0.000 37.030 32.554 1.649 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.401 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.089 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 38.119 32.553 2.050 0.000 39.444 32.875 2.551 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 1.722 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 4.431 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 43.875 32.872 4.273 0.000 44.824 33.206 4.647 0.000 53.578 36.411 8.584 0.000 60.116 39.842 12.164 0.000 65.278 43.120 15.511 0.000 69.557 46.163 18.715 0.000 72.693 48.496 21.351 0.000

S (g) 23.673 23.669 23.233 22.741 22.338 22.031 21.800 21.624 21.489 21.386 21.307 21.249 21.209 21.186

74. DISULFUR 298.15 300 400 500

H°-H° (Tr)

O2 (g)

29.378 29.387 30.109 31.094 32.095 32.987 33.741 34.365 34.881 35.314 35.683 36.006 36.297 36.567

72. SULFUR

298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

O (g) (continued) 20.853 20.845

71. DIOXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

167.828 167.974 174.730 179.860 183.969 187.388 190.314 192.871 195.142 197.185 199.043 200.746 202.319 203.781

167.828 167.828 168.752 170.482 172.398 174.302 176.125 177.847 179.465 180.985 182.413 183.759 185.029 186.231

0.000 0.044 2.391 4.689 6.942 9.160 11.351 13.522 15.677 17.821 19.955 22.083 24.206 26.325

277.180 277.182 274.924 273.286 271.958 270.829 269.816 215.723 216.018 216.284 216.525 216.743 216.940 217.119

236.704 236.453 222.962 210.145 197.646 185.352 173.210 162.258 156.301 150.317 144.309 138.282 132.239 126.182

–41.469 –41.170 –29.115 –21.953 –17.206 –13.831 –11.309 –9.417 –8.164 –7.138 –6.282 –5.556 –4.934 –4.394

228.165 228.366 237.956 245.686

228.165 228.165 229.462 231.959

0.000 0.060 3.398 6.863

128.600 128.576 122.703 118.296

79.696 79.393 63.380 49.031

–13.962 –13.823 –8.276 –5.122

S2 (g)

32.505 32.540 34.108 35.133

5-82

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

74. DISULFUR 600 700 800 882.38 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

J/K⋅mol S°

C°p

T/K

77. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

∆fG°

252.156 257.715 262.589 266.200 266.932 270.852 274.430 277.725 280.781 283.635 286.314

234.800 237.686 240.501 242.734 243.201 245.773 248.218 250.541 252.751 254.856 256.865

10.413 14.020 17.671 20.706 21.358 25.079 28.833 32.620 36.439 40.290 44.173

114.685 111.599 108.841

432.536 433.505 480.190 518.176 550.180 577.948 602.596 624.821 645.067 663.625 680.707 696.480 711.089 724.662

432.536 432.539 438.834 451.022 464.951 479.152 493.071 506.495 519.355 531.639 543.359 554.539 565.206 575.389

0.000 0.290 16.542 33.577 51.137 69.157 87.620 106.494 125.712 145.185 164.817 184.524 204.237 223.909

101.277 101.231 80.642 66.185 55.101 46.349 39.177 –392.062 –387.728 –383.272 –378.786 –374.356 –370.048 –365.905

48.810 48.484 32.003 21.409 13.549 7.343 2.263 6.554 50.614 94.233 137.444 180.283 222.785 264.984

–8.551 –8.442 –4.179 –2.237 –1.180 –0.548 –0.148 –0.380 –2.644 –4.475 –5.983 –7.244 –8.312 –9.227

248.219 248.466 260.435 270.465 279.167 286.859 293.746 299.971 305.646 310.855 315.665 320.131 324.299 328.203

248.219 248.220 249.828 252.978 256.634 260.413 264.157 267.796 271.301 274.664 277.882 280.963 283.911 286.735

0.000 0.074 4.243 8.744 13.520 18.513 23.671 28.958 34.345 39.810 45.339 50.920 56.543 62.203

–296.810 –296.833 –300.240 –302.735 –304.699 –306.308 –307.691 –362.075 –362.012 –361.934 –361.849 –361.763 –361.680 –361.605

–300.090 –300.110 –300.935 –300.831 –300.258 –299.386 –298.302 –295.987 –288.647 –281.314 –273.989 –266.671 –259.359 –252.053

52.574 52.253 39.298 31.427 26.139 22.340 19.477 17.178 15.077 13.358 11.926 10.715 9.677 8.777

18.810 18.933 25.023 30.152 34.537 38.361 41.752 44.802 47.578 50.130 52.493

18.810 18.810 19.624 21.231 23.092 25.006 26.891 28.715 30.464 32.138 33.737

0.000 0.037 2.160 4.461 6.867 9.348 11.888 14.478 17.114 19.791 22.508

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Log Kf

39.842 39.909 43.427 46.490 48.938 50.829 52.282 53.407 54.290 54.993 55.564 56.033 56.426 56.759

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

35.530 22.588 10.060 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–3.093 –1.685 –0.657 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

S8 (g)

156.500 156.768 167.125 173.181 177.936 182.441 186.764 190.595 193.618 195.684 196.825 197.195 196.988 196.396

76. SULFUR DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

H°-H° (Tr)

S2 (g) (continued)

35.815 36.305 36.697 36.985 37.045 37.377 37.704 38.030 38.353 38.669 38.976

75. OCTASULFUR 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

kJ/mol ∆fH°

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

SO2 (g)

Si (cr) 19.789 19.855 22.301 23.610 24.472 25.124 25.662 26.135 26.568 26.974 27.362

5-83

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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)

T/K

77. SILICON 1300 1400 1500

78. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Cp°

H°-H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

Log Kf

54.698 56.767 58.719

35.265 36.728 38.130

25.263 28.055 30.883

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

167.980 168.117 174.416 179.204 183.074 186.327 189.135 191.606 193.815 195.815 197.643 199.329 200.895 202.360

167.980 167.980 168.843 170.456 172.246 174.032 175.748 177.375 178.911 180.358 181.723 183.014 184.236 185.396

0.000 0.041 2.229 4.374 6.497 8.607 10.709 12.808 14.904 17.002 19.103 21.209 23.323 25.446

450.000 450.004 450.070 449.913 449.630 449.259 448.821 448.329 447.791 447.211 446.595 445.946 445.268 444.563

405.525 405.249 390.312 375.388 360.508 345.682 330.915 316.205 301.553 286.957 272.416 257.927 243.489 229.101

–71.045 –70.559 –50.969 –39.216 –31.385 –25.795 –21.606 –18.352 –15.751 –13.626 –11.858 –10.364 –9.085 –7.978

–856.288 –855.951 –837.651 –819.369 –801.197 –783.157 –765.265 –756.747

150.016 149.032 109.385 85.598 69.749 58.439 49.966 46.613

–756.747 –747.587 –730.034 –712.557 –695.148

46.613 43.388 38.133 33.836 30.259

–695.148 –677.994 –660.903 –643.867

30.259 27.242 24.658 22.421

–622.390 –622.143 –608.841 –595.637 –582.527 –569.501 –556.548 –543.657 –530.819 –518.027 –505.274 –492.553 –479.860 –467.189

109.039 108.323 79.505 62.225 50.713 42.496 36.338 31.553 27.727 24.599 21.994 19.791 17.904 16.269

Si (g) 22.251 22.234 21.613 21.316 21.153 21.057 21.000 20.971 20.968 20.989 21.033 21.099 21.183 21.282

44.602 44.712 53.477 60.533 64.452 68.234 76.224 82.967

848 900 1000 1100 1200

67.446 67.953 68.941 69.940 70.947

1200 1300 1400 1500

71.199 71.743 72.249 72.739

SiO2 (cr) 41.460 41.460 0.000 –910.700 41.736 41.461 0.083 –910.708 55.744 43.311 4.973 –910.912 68.505 47.094 10.705 –910.540 79.919 51.633 16.971 –909.841 90.114 56.414 23.590 –908.958 99.674 61.226 30.758 –907.668 104.298 63.533 34.569 –906.310 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.411 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 0.484 J/K⋅mol, crII–crII′ 104.782 63.532 34.980 –906.310 108.811 66.033 38.500 –905.922 116.021 70.676 45.345 –905.176 122.639 75.104 52.289 –904.420 128.768 79.323 59.333 –901.382 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.261 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.883 J/K⋅mol, crII′–crI 130.651 79.323 61.594 –901.382 136.372 83.494 68.742 –900.574 141.707 87.463 75.941 –899.782 146.709 91.248 83.191 –899.004

80. SILICON TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

-(G°-H° (Tr))/T

Si (cr) (continued) 27.737 28.103 28.462

79. SILICON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 848

J/K⋅mol S°

90.404 90.562 96.893 100.449 102.587 103.954 104.875 105.523 105.995 106.349 106.620 106.834 107.003 107.141

331.446 332.006 359.019 381.058 399.576 415.500 429.445 441.837 452.981 463.101 472.366 480.909 488.833 496.220

SiCl4 (g) 331.446 331.448 335.088 342.147 350.216 358.432 366.455 374.155 381.490 388.456 395.068 401.347 407.316 413.000

0.000 0.167 9.572 19.456 29.616 39.948 50.392 60.914 71.491 82.109 92.758 103.431 114.123 124.830

5-84

–662.200 –662.195 –661.853 –661.413 –660.924 –660.417 –659.912 –659.422 –658.954 –658.515 –658.107 –657.735 –657.400 –657.104

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS This table contains standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and neutral species in aqueous solution. It includes enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity, and thus serves as a companion to the preceding table, “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances”. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution with molality m = 1 mol/kg (mean ionic molality m± in the case of a species which is assumed to dissociate at infinite dilution). Further details on conventions may be found in Reference 1. Cations are listed by formula in the first part of the table, followed by anions and finally neutral species. All values refer to standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa pressure. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Zemaitis, J. F., Clark, D. M., Rafal, M., and Scrivner, N. C., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1986. Species

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cations Ag+ Al+3 AlOH+2 Ba+2 BaOH+ Be+2 Bi+3 BiOH+2 Ca+2 CaOH+ Cd+2 CdOH+ Ce+3 Ce+4 Co+2 Co+3 Cr+2 Cs+ Cu+ Cu+2 Dy+3 Er+3 Eu+2 Eu+3 Fe+2 Fe+3 FeOH+ FeOH+2 Fe(OH)2+ Ga+2 Ga+3 GaOH+2 Ga(OH)2+ Gd+3 H+ Hg+2 Hg2+2 HgOH+ Ho+3 In+ In+2 In+3

105.6 -531.0 -537.6 -382.8

-542.8 -75.9 -696.2 -537.2 -58.2 92.0 -143.5 -258.3 71.7 64.8 -699.0 -705.4 -527.0 -605.0 -89.1 -48.5 -324.7 -290.8

-211.7

-686.0 0 171.1 172.4 -84.5 -705.0

-105.0

77.1 -485.0 -694.1 -560.8 -730.5 -379.7 82.8 -146.4 -553.6 -718.4 -77.6 -261.1 -672.0 -503.8 -54.4 134.0 -292.0 50.0 65.5 -665.0 -669.1 -540.2 -574.1 -78.9 -4.7 -277.4 -229.4 -438.0 -88.0 -159.0 -380.3 -597.4 -661.0 0 164.4 153.5 -52.3 -673.7 -12.1 -50.7 -98.0

72.7 -321.7

21.8

9.6 -129.7

-53.1 -73.2 -205.0 -301.0 -113.0 -305.0 133.1 40.6 -99.6 -231.0 -244.3 -8.0 -222.0 -137.7 -315.9 -29.0 -142.0

-10.5

21.0 21.0 8.0

-331.0

-205.9 0 -32.2 84.5 71.0 -226.8

-151.0

Species

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1

InOH+2 In(OH)2+ K+ La+3 Li+ Lu+3 LuF+2 Mg+2 MgOH+ Mn+2 MnOH+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ Nd+3 Ni+2 NiOH+ PH4+ Pa+4 Pb+2 PbOH+ Pd+2 Po+2 Po+4 Pr+3 Pt+2 Ra+2 Rb+ Re+ Sc+3 ScOH+2 Sm+2 Sm+3 Sn+2 SnOH+ Sr+2 SrOH+ Tb+3 Te(OH)3+ Th+4 Th(OH)+3 Th(OH)2+2 Tl+ Tl+3

-370.3 -619.0 -252.4 -707.1 -278.5 -665.0

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

0

17.0

5-85

TeamLRN

-466.9 -220.8 -450.6 -132.5 -7.5 -240.1 -696.2 -54.0 -287.9 -619.0 -1.7 149.0

-704.6 -527.6 -251.2 -614.2 -861.5 -691.6 -8.8 -286.2 -545.8 -682.8 -608.4 -769.0 -1030.1 -1282.4 5.4 196.6

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

-313.0 -525.0 -283.3 -683.7 -293.3 -628.0 -931.4 -454.8 -626.7 -228.1 -405.0 -79.3 82.5 -261.9 -671.6 -45.6 -227.6 92.1

-88.0 25.0 102.5 -217.6 13.4 -264.0

21.8 -13.0 68.6 25.0

-24.4 -226.3 176.5 71.0 293.0 -679.1 254.8 -561.5 -284.0 -33.0 -586.6 -801.2 -497.5 -666.6 -27.2 -254.8 -559.5 -721.3 -651.9 -496.1 -705.1 -920.5 -1140.9 -32.4 214.6

10.5

-138.1 -73.6 -17.0 113.4 151.0 59.0 -206.7 -128.9 -71.0

50.0 79.9 70.3 46.4 -21.0

-184.0

-209.0

-29.0

54.0 121.5 -255.0 -134.0 -211.7 -17.0 50.0 -32.6

-21.0

-226.0 111.7 -422.6 -343.0 -218.0 125.5 -192.0

17.0

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species TlOH+2 Tl(OH)2+ Tm+3 U+3 U+4 Y+3 Y2(OH)2+4 Yb+2 Yb+3 Y(OH)+2 Zn+2 ZnOH+

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1

-697.9 -489.1 -591.2 -723.4

-674.5 -153.9

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 -15.9 -244.7 -662.0 -476.2 -531.9 -693.8 -1780.3 -527.0 -644.0 -879.1 -147.1 -330.1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

-243.0 -188.0 -410.0 -251.0

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

25.0

-238.0

25.0

-112.1

46.0

Anions AlO2Al(OH)4AsO2AsO4-3 BF4BH4BO2B4O7-2 BeO2-2 BrBrOBrO3BrO4CHOOCH3COOC2O4-2 C2O4HClClOClO2ClO3ClO4CNCO3-2 CrO4-2 Cr2O7-2 FFe(CN)6-3 Fe(CN)6-4 HB4O7HCO3HF2HPO3FHPO4-2 HP2O7-3 HSHSO3HSO4HS2O4HSeHSeO3HSeO4H2AsO3H2AsO4-

-930.9 -1502.5 -429.0 -888.1 -1574.9 48.2 -772.4 -790.8 -121.6 -94.1 -67.1 13.0 -425.6 -486.0 -825.1 -818.4 -167.2 -107.1 -66.5 -104.0 -129.3 150.6 -677.1 -881.2 -1490.3 -332.6 561.9 455.6 -692.0 -649.9 -1292.1 -2274.8 -17.6 -626.2 -887.3 15.9 -514.6 -581.6 -714.8 -909.6

-830.9 -1305.3 -350.0 -648.4 -1486.9 114.4 -678.9 -2604.8 -640.1 -104.0 -33.4 18.6 118.1 -351.0 -369.3 -673.9 -698.3 -131.2 -36.8 17.2 -8.0 -8.5 172.4 -527.8 -727.8 -1301.1 -278.8 729.4 695.1 -2685.1 -586.8 -578.1 -1198.2 -1089.2 -1972.2 12.1 -527.7 -755.9 -614.5 44.0 -411.5 -452.2 -587.1 -753.2

-36.8 102.9 40.6 -162.8 180.0 110.5 -37.2 -159.0 82.4 42.0 161.7 199.6 92.0 86.6 45.6 149.4 56.5 42.0 101.3 162.3 182.0 94.1 -56.9 50.2 261.9 -13.8 270.3 95.0

-141.8

-87.9 -6.3

79.0 135.1 149.4 110.5 117.0

H2PO4H2P2O7-2 IIOIO3IO4MnO4MnO4-2 MoO4-2 NO2NO3N3OCNOHPO4-3 P2O7-4 ReS-2 SCNSO3-2 SO4-2 S2-2 S2O3-2 S2O4-2 S2O8-2 Se-2 SeO3-2 SeO4-2 VO3VO4-3 WO4-2

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1296.3 -2278.6 -55.2 -107.5 -221.3 -151.5 -541.4 -653.0 -997.9 -104.6 -207.4 275.1 -146.0 -230.0 -1277.4 -2271.1 46.0 33.1 76.4 -635.5 -909.3 30.1 -652.3 -753.5 -1344.7 -509.2 -599.1 -888.3

-106.7

-84.0

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

-1130.2 -2010.2 -51.6 -38.5 -128.0 -58.5 -447.2 -500.7 -836.3 -32.2 -111.3 348.2 -97.4 -157.2 -1018.7 -1919.0 10.1 85.8 92.7 -486.5 -744.5 79.5 -522.5 -600.3 -1114.9 129.3 -369.8 -441.3 -783.6 -899.0

90.4 163.0 111.3 -5.4 118.4 222.0 191.2 59.0 27.2 123.0 146.4 107.9 106.7 -10.8 -220.5 -117.0 230.0 -14.6 144.3 -29.0 20.1 28.5 67.0 92.0 244.3

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

-142.3

-82.0

-97.5 -86.6

-148.5

-40.2 -293.0

13.0 54.0 50.0

-1075.7

-136.4

91.2 92.5 -33.5 46.0 62.8 139.7 131.8

Species

Neutral species AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 BaBr2 BaCO3 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 CCl3COOH CHCl2COOH CHOOCs CHOOH CHOOK

5-86

-16.0 -61.6 -227.1 50.4 -101.8 -698.1 -895.0 -1033.0 -1531.0 -699.0 -3791.0 -780.7 -1214.8 -872.0 -1202.9 -1921.6 -648.0 -952.4 -1446.9 -1292.0 -516.3 -512.1 -683.8 -425.6 -677.9

-26.9 -54.1 -201.7 25.5 -34.2 -590.3 -799.0 -879.0 -1322.0 -640.0 -3205.0 -768.7 -1088.6 -823.2 -1118.4 -1734.3 -663.9 -783.3 -1305.3 -1124.3

155.2 129.3 59.0 184.1 219.2 165.7 -74.5 -152.3 -363.2 12.1 -583.2 174.5 -47.3 122.6 -18.0 192.0 232.2 302.5 29.7 -109.6

-643.0 -351.0 -634.2

226.0 92.0 192.0

-120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -120.5 -64.9 -251.0

-87.9 -66.1

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species CHOONH4 CHOONa CHOORb CH2ClCOOH CH3COOCs CH3COOH CH3COOK CH3COONH4 CH3COONa CH3COORb (COOH)2 (CH3)3N CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CeCl3 CoBr2 CoCl2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 CsBr CsCl CsF CsHCO3 CsHSO4 CsI CsNO3 Cs2CO3 Cs2S Cs2SO4 Cs2Se Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 DyCl3 ErCl3 EuCl2 EuCl3 FeBr2 FeBr3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeF3 FeI2 FeI3 Fe(NO3)3 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -558.1 -665.7 -676.7 -501.3 -744.3 -486.0 -738.4 -618.5 -726.1 -737.2 -825.1 -76.0 -785.9 -1220.0 -877.1 -1208.1 -653.2 -957.6 -1452.1 -319.0 -410.2 -741.2 -186.3 -490.6 -985.2 -1197.5 -301.2 -392.5 -168.6 -472.8 -967.3 -379.8 -425.4 -590.9 -950.3 -1145.6 -313.5 -465.6 -1193.7 -483.7 -1425.8 -350.0 -844.5 -1197.0 -1207.1 -862.0 -1106.2 -332.2 -413.4 -423.4 -550.2 -754.4 -1046.4 -199.6 -214.2 -670.7 -998.3 -2825.0

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

Species

-430.4 -612.9 -635.1

205.0 151.0 213.0

-7.9 -41.4

-661.3 -369.3 -652.6 -448.6 -631.2 -653.3 -673.9 93.1 -761.5 -1081.4 -816.0 -1111.2 -656.7 -776.1 -1298.1 -285.5 -340.1 -635.2 -180.8 -300.1 -822.1 -1065.6 -262.3 -316.7 -157.7 -276.9 -799.1 -396.0 -423.2 -570.8 -878.8 -1047.9 -343.6 -403.3 -1111.9 -498.3 -1328.6 -454.8 -157.0 -679.0 -1059.0 -1062.7

219.7 86.6 189.1 200.0 145.6 207.9 45.6 133.5 111.7 -110.0 59.8 -80.8 169.5 239.7 -33.1 91.6 39.7 -100.8 149.4 219.7 -53.1 -38.0 50.0

-967.7 -286.8 -316.7 -341.3 -398.3 -636.5 -840.9 -182.1 -159.4 -338.3 -823.4 -2242.8

-54.0 27.2 -68.6 -24.7 -146.4 -165.3 -357.3 84.9 18.0 123.4 -117.6 -571.5

GdCl3 HBr HCN HCl HF HI HNO3 HSCN H2SO4 HoCl3 KBr KCl KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KI KNO3 K2CO3 K2S K2SO4 K2Se LaCl3 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2CO3 Li2SO4 LuCl3 MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnI2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4BrO3 NH4CN NH4Cl NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4HSO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4H2AsO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4H3P2O7 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2

109.0 180.0 -92.0 215.5 189.5 119.2 224.3 264.8 244.3 279.5 209.2 251.0 286.2 193.3 -79.5 -61.9 -75.3

-6.3 15.5 73.6 40.2

-146.9

-152.7 -99.0

-389.0 -389.0 -402.0

5-87

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∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1188.0 -121.6 150.6 -167.2 -332.6 -55.2 -207.4 76.4 -909.3 -1206.7 -373.9 -419.5 -585.0 -944.4 -1139.7 -307.6 -459.7 -1181.9 -471.5 -1414.0 -1208.8 -400.0 -445.6 -611.1 -333.7 -485.9 -1234.1 -1466.2 -1167.0 -709.9 -801.2 -577.2 -881.6 -1376.1 -464.0 -555.1 -331.0 -635.5 -1130.1 -254.1 -199.6 18.0 -299.7 -236.5 -261.8 -465.1 -824.5 -150.2 -758.7 -1019.9 -714.2 -847.3 -1042.1 -1428.8 -2409.1 -187.7 -354.0 -237.2

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

-1059.0 -104.0 172.4 -131.2 -278.8 -51.6 -111.3 92.7 -744.5 -1067.3 -387.2 -414.5 -562.1 -870.0 -1039.2 -334.9 -394.5 -1094.4 -480.7 -1311.1 -437.2 -1077.3 -397.3 -424.6 -571.9 -344.8 -404.5 -1114.6 -1331.2 -1021.0 -662.7 -717.1 -558.1 -677.3 -1199.5

-36.8 82.4 94.1 56.5 -13.8 111.3 146.4 144.3 20.1 -57.7 184.9 159.0 88.7 193.7 234.3 213.8 248.9 148.1 190.4 225.1

-410.0 -141.8

-50.0 95.8 69.9 -0.4 124.7 160.2 -29.7 47.3 -96.0 26.8 -25.1 84.5 154.8 -118.0

-490.8

38.9

-222.0

-450.9 -972.7 -183.3 -60.7 93.0 -210.5 -87.3 -87.8 -358.1 -666.1 -67.2 -607.0 -835.2 -531.6 -666.4 -832.5 -1209.6 -2102.6 -130.9 -207.4 -111.6

218.0 -53.6 195.8 275.1 207.5 169.9 275.7 295.4 99.6 204.6 176.1 253.1 245.2 262.8 223.8 230.5 203.8 326.0 224.7 231.8 236.4

-121.0 -243.0 -61.9

-136.4 -106.7 -142.3 -86.6 -40.2 -293.0 -393.0 -120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -63.0 -120.5 -64.9

-251.0 -423.0 -73.2 -67.8 -38.1 -73.6 -18.0 -155.6 -385.0

-56.5

-26.8

-3.8

-62.3 -17.6

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species NH4NO3 NH4OH NH4SCN (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2HAsO4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaI NaNO3 Na2CO3 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2Se NdCl3 NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PrCl3 RaCl2 Ra(NO3)2

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -339.9 -362.5 -56.1 -942.2 -1146.2 -1755.2 -1171.4 -1557.2 -231.8 -900.4 -1174.3 -864.0 -1674.9 -361.7 -407.3 -572.8 -932.1 -1127.5 -295.3 -447.5 -1157.4 -447.3 -1389.5 -1197.9 -297.1 -388.3 -719.2 -164.4 -468.6 -963.2 -244.8 -336.0 -666.9 -112.1 -416.3 -1206.2 -861.9 -942.2

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

Species

-190.6 -236.5 13.4 -686.4 -886.4 -1459.5 -873.2 -1247.8 -72.6 -645.0 -903.1 -599.8 -1256.6 -365.8 -393.1 -540.7 -848.7 -1017.8 -313.5 -373.2 -1051.6 -438.1 -1268.4 -394.6 -1065.6 -253.6 -307.9 -603.3 -149.0 -268.5 -790.3 -232.3 -286.9 -582.0 -127.6 -246.9 -1072.7 -823.8 -784.0

259.8 102.5 257.7 169.9 277.0 488.7 225.1 193.3 212.1 197.5 246.9 280.7 117.0 141.4 115.5 45.2 150.2 190.8 170.3 205.4 61.1 103.3 138.1

-6.7 -68.6 39.7

RaSO4 RbBr RbCl RbF RbHCO3 RbHSO4 RbI RbNO3 Rb2CO3 Rb2S Rb2SO4 SmCl3 SrBr2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 TbCl3 TlBr TlBr3 TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 TmCl3 UCl4 UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)2 UO2SO4 YbCl3 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4

-37.7 36.0 -15.1 -156.5 93.7 164.0 -108.8 175.3 123.4 -17.2 233.0 303.3 -42.0 167.0 347.0

-133.1

-95.4 -90.0 -60.2 -38.0 -95.8 -40.2

-201.0 -431.0

-439.0

5-88

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1436.8 -372.7 -418.3 -583.8 -943.2 -1138.5 -306.4 -458.5 -1179.5 -469.4 -1411.6 -1193.3 -788.9 -1222.9 -880.1 -656.2 -960.5 -1455.1 -1184.1 -116.2 -168.2 -161.8 -305.0 -327.3 -49.8 -202.0 -898.6 -1199.1 -1259.8 -1696.6 -1434.3 -1928.8 -1176.1 -397.0 -488.2 -819.1 -264.3 -568.6 -1063.2

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

-1306.2 -387.9 -415.2 -562.8 -870.8 -1039.9 -335.6 -395.2 -1095.8 -482.0 -1312.5 -1060.2 -767.4 -1087.3 -821.9 -662.6 -782.0 -1304.0 -1045.5 -136.4 -97.1 -163.6 -179.0 -311.2 -84.0 -143.7 -809.3 -1055.6 -1056.8 -1481.5 -1176.0 -1698.2 -1037.6 -355.0 -409.5 -704.6 -250.2 -369.6 -891.6

75.0 203.9 178.0 107.5 212.7 253.1 232.6 267.8 186.2 228.4 263.2 -42.7 132.2 -89.5 80.3 190.0 260.2 -12.6 -59.0 207.9 54.0 182.0 -23.0 111.7 236.8 272.0 271.1 -75.0 -184.0 -154.4 195.4 -77.4 -71.0 52.7 0.8 -139.7 110.5 180.7 -92.0

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

-431.0

-393.0

-385.0

-385.0 -238.0 -226.0 -167.0 -238.0 -126.0 -247.0

HEAT OF COMBUSTION The heat of combustion of a substance at 25°C can be calculated from the enthalpy of formation (∆fH°) data in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in this Section. We can write the general combustion reaction as X + O 2 → CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) + other products For a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the reaction is simply

1 1  1  C a H b O c + a + b – c O 2 → a CO 2 (g) + b H 2 O(l)  4 2  2 and the standard heat of combustion ∆cH°, which is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the reaction (i.e., the heat released in the combustion process), is given by 1 ∆ c H o = − a∆ t H o (CO 2 , g) − b ∆ t H o (H 2 O, l) + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c ) 2 = 393.51 a + 142.915 b + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c )

This equation applies if the reactants start in their standard states (25°C and one atmosphere pressure) and the products return to the same conditions. The same equation applies to a compound containing another element if that element ends in its standard reference state (e.g., nitrogen, if the product is N2); in general, however, the exact products containing the other elements must be known in order to calculate the heat of combustion. The following table gives the standard heat of combustion calculated in this manner for a few representative substances.

Molecular formula

Name

∆cH°/kJ mol–1

Molecular formula C3H8O C3H8O3 C4H10O C5H12O C6H6O

Inorganic substances C CO H2 H3N H4N2 N2O

Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Hydrogen (g) Ammonia (g) Hydrazine (g) Nitrous oxide (g)

393.5 283.0 285.8 382.8 667.1 82.1

Methane (g) Acetylene (g) Ethylene (g) Ethane (g) Propylene (g) Cyclopropane (g) Propane (g) 1,3-Butadiene (g) Butane (g) Pentane (l) Benzene (l) Cyclohexane (l) Hexane (l) Toluene (l) Heptane (l) Naphthalene (s)

CH2O C2H2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O

890.8 1301.1 1411.2 1560.7 2058.0 2091.3 2219.2 2541.5 2877.6 3509.0 3267.6 3919.6 4163.2 3910.3 4817.0 5156.3

Methanol (l) Ethanol (l) Dimethyl ether (g) Ethylene glycol (l)

2021.3 1655.4 2723.9 3330.9 3053.5

Formaldehyde (g) Ketene (g) Acetaldehyde (l) Acetone (l) Propanal (l) 2-Butanone (l)

570.7 1025.4 1166.9 1789.9 1822.7 2444.1

Acids and esters CH2O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C7H6O2

Formic acid (l) Acetic acid (l) Methyl formate (l) Methyl acetate (l) Ethyl acetate (l) Benzoic acid (s)

254.6 874.2 972.6 1592.2 2238.1 3226.9

Nitrogen compounds CHN CH3NO2 CH5N C2H3N C2H5NO C3H9N C5H5N C6H7N

Alcohols and ethers CH4O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2

1-Propanol (l) Glycerol (l) Diethyl ether (l) 1-Pentanol (l) Phenol (s)

∆cH°/kJ mol–1

Carbonyl compounds

Hydrocarbons CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H6 C4H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C10H8

Name

726.1 1366.8 1460.4 1189.2

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

Hydrogen cyanide (g) Nitromethane (l) Methylamine (g) Acetonitrile (l) Acetamide (s) Trimethylamine (g) Pyridine (l) Aniline (l)

671.5 709.2 1085.6 1247.2 1184.6 2443.1 2782.3 3392.8

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER This table gives the electrical conductivity of highly purified water over a range of temperature and pressure. The first column of conductivity data refers to water at its own vapor pressure. Equations for calculating the conductivity at any temperature and pressure may be found in the reference.

REFERENCE Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 221, 1987.

Conductivity in µS/cm at the indicated pressure t/°C

Sat. vapor

50 MPa

100 MPa

200 MPa

400 MPa

600 MPa

0 25 100 200 300 400 600

0.0115 0.0550 0.765 2.99 2.41

0.0150 0.0686 0.942 4.08 4.87 1.17

0.0189 0.0836 1.13 5.22 7.80 4.91 0.134

0.0275 0.117 1.53 7.65 14.1 14.3 4.65

0.0458 0.194 2.45 13.1 28.9 39.2 33.8

0.0667 0.291 3.51 19.5 46.5 71.3 85.7

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI The molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., Ω-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of Λ for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970. c/mol L–1

HF

HCl

HBr

HI

Inf. dil. 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

405.1

426.1 424.5 422.6 421.2 415.7 411.9 398.9 391.1 360.7 332.2 305.8 281.4 258.9 237.6

427.7 425.9 424.3 422.9 417.6 413.7 400.4 391.9 361.9 334.5 307.6 281.7 257.8 236.8

426.4 424.6 423.0 421.7 416.4 412.8 400.8 394.0 369.8 343.9 316.4 288.9 262.5 237.9

c/mol L–1

128.1 96.1 50.1 39.1 26.3 24.3

–20°C

–10°C

0°C

c/mol L–1

HF

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10°C

HCl

HBr

HI

218.3 200.0 183.1 167.4 152.9 139.7 127.7 116.9 107.0 98.2 90.3 83.1 76.6 70.7

217.5 199.4 182.4 166.5 151.8 138.2 125.7 114.2 103.8 94.4 85.8

215.4 195.1 176.8 160.4 145.5 131.7 118.6 105.7

20°C

30°C

40°C

50°C

336.4 312.2 287.5 262.9 239.8 219.3 201.6 185.6 170.6 156.6 143.6 131.5 120.4 110.2 100.9 92.4 84.7 77.8 71.5 65.8 60.7 56.1 51.9 48.0 44.4

386.8 359.0 331.1 303.3 277.0 253.3 232.9 214.2 196.6 180.2 165.0 151.0 138.2 126.4 115.7 106.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 75.9 70.1 64.9 60.1 55.6 51.4

436.9 402.9 371.6 342.4 315.2 289.3 263.9 242.2 222.5 204.1 187.1 171.3 156.9 143.3 131.6 120.6 110.7 101.7 93.6 86.3 79.6 73.6 68.0 62.8 57.9

482.4 445.3 410.8 378.2 347.6 319.0 292.1 268.2 246.7 226.5 207.7 190.3 174.3 159.7 146.2 134.0 123.0 112.9 103.9 95.7 88.4 81.7 75.6 70.0 64.8

HCl 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5

85.5 79.3 73.7 68.5 63.6 58.9 54.4 50.2 46.3 42.7 39.4 36.4 33.6 31.2 28.9 26.8 24.9 23.1 21.4

131.7 120.8 111.3 102.7 94.9 87.8 81.1 74.9 69.1 63.7 58.6 54.0 49.8 45.9 42.3 39.1 36.1 33.4 31.0 28.7 26.7

228.7 211.7 196.2 182.0 168.5 154.6 139.6 129.2 119.5 110.3 101.7 93.7 86.2 79.3 73.0 67.1 61.7 56.8 52.3 48.2 44.5 41.1 38.0 35.3 32.7

283.0 261.6 241.5 222.7 205.1 188.5 172.2 158.1 145.4 133.5 122.5 112.3 103.0 94.4 86.5 79.4 72.9 67.1 61.8 57.0 52.7 48.8 45.3 42.0 39.0

5-90

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MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued) c/mol

L–1

–20°C

–10°C

0°C

10°C

20°C

30°C

40°C

50°C

347.0 329.0 298.9 271.8 244.8 222.2 203.2 186.8 171.2 155.7 142.1 129.6 118.0 107.1

398.9 380.4 340.6 314.1 281.7 255.0 234.4 214.2 195.1 178.2 162.8 148.0 134.1 121.4

453.6 418.6 381.8 350.5 316.0 287.8 263.7 239.7 218.8 199.6 181.4 165.4 150.5 136.3

496.8 465.2 421.4 387.4 349.1 318.6 291.9 266.9 242.6 221.3 201.8 183.4 166.3 150.8

HBr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

84.0 78.0 72.3 67.0 61.8 56.8 51.9

150.8 136.8 125.7 116.1 107.5 99.0 91.4 84.2 77.2 70.7 64.6

240.9 229.6 209.5 188.6 171.7 157.2 144.1 132.3 123.0 112.6 103.1 94.3 86.0 78.4

295.9 276.0 254.9 231.3 208.3 189.5 174.6 160.2 146.4 134.0 122.7 112.0 102.0 92.6

5-91

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity Λ at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/ L. The units of Λ are 10–4 m2 S mol–1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the DebyeHückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as Λ = Λ° – (A + BΛ°)c1/2 For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. Λ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.

Concentration (mol/L) Compound

Infinite dilution

0.0005

0.001

0.005

Λ° AgNO3 1/2BaCl2 1/2CaCl2 1/2Ca(OH)2 1/2CuSO4 HCl KBr KCl KClO4 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 KHCO3 KI KIO4 KNO3 KMnO4 KOH KReO4 1/3LaCl3 LiCl LiClO4 1/2MgCl2 NH4Cl NaCl NaClO4 NaI NaOOCCH3 NaOH Na picrate 1/2Na2SO4 1/2SrCl2 1/2ZnSO4

133.29 139.91 135.77 258 133.6 425.95 151.9 149.79 139.97 174.5 184 117.94 150.31 127.86 144.89 134.8 271.5 128.20 145.9 114.97 105.93 129.34 149.6 126.39 117.42 126.88 91.0 247.7 80.45 129.8 135.73 132.7

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

121.35 119.03 115.59 214 72.16 407.04 140.41 138.27 127.86 — 122.76 107.17 139.38 114.08 132.34 — — 114.49 115.3 104.60 96.13 109.99 138.25 115.70 106.91 116.64 81.20 — — 106.73 115.48 74.20

115.18 111.42 108.42 — 59.02 398.89 135.61 133.30 121.56 — 107.65 — 134.90 106.67 126.25 — 219 106.40 106.2 100.06 92.15 103.03 133.22 111.01 102.35 112.73 76.88 — 66.3 97.70 108.20 61.17

109.09 105.14 102.41 — 50.55 391.13 131.32 128.90 115.14 — 97.82 — 131.05 98.2 120.34 113 213 97.40 99.1 95.81 88.52 97.05 128.69 106.69 98.38 108.73 72.76 — 61.8 89.94 102.14 52.61

Λ 131.29 135.89 131.86 — 121.6 422.53 149.8 147.74 138.69 166.4 — 116.04 148.2 125.74 142.70 132.7 — 126.03 139.6 113.09 104.13 125.55 147.5 124.44 115.58 125.30 89.2 245.5 78.7 125.68 131.84 121.3

130.45 134.27 130.30 — 115.20 421.15 148.9 146.88 137.80 163.1 167.16 115.28 143.32 124.88 141.77 131.9 234 125.12 137.0 112.34 103.39 124.15 146.7 123.68 114.82 124.19 88.5 244.6 78.6 124.09 130.27 114.47

127.14 127.96 124.19 233 94.02 415.59 146.02 143.48 134.09 150.7 146.02 112.18 144.30 121.18 138.41 — 230 121.31 127.5 109.35 100.52 118.25 134.4 120.59 111.70 121.19 85.68 240.7 75.7 117.09 124.18 95.44

5-92

TeamLRN

124.70 123.88 120.30 226 83.08 411.80 143.36 141.20 131.39 — 134.76 110.03 142.11 118.45 132.75 126.5 228 118.49 121.8 107.27 98.56 114.49 141.21 118.45 109.54 119.18 83.72 237.9 73.7 112.38 120.23 84.87

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity λ for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation

(

)

D = RT / F 2 (λ / z ) where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, λ and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation

Dsalt =

(z+ + z– )D+ D– z + D+ + z – D–

For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity Λ°, which is the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as

Λ° = λ + + λ – where λ+ and λ– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is Λ° = ν+λ+ + ν−λ− where ν+ and ν− refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.

Ion

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1

D 10-5 cm2 s-1

Ion

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1

D 10-5 cm2 s-1

Inorganic Cations Ag+ 1/3Al3+ 1/2Ba2+ 1/2Be2+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Cd2+ 1/3Ce3+ 1/2Co2+ 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 1/3Cr3+ Cs+ 1/2Cu2+ D+ 1/3Dy3+ 1/3Er3+ 1/3Eu3+ 1/2Fe2+ 1/3Fe3+ 1/3Gd3+ H+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/2Hg2+

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

61.9 61 63.6 45 59.47 54 69.8 55 101.9 74.7 69 67 77.2 53.6 249.9 65.6 65.9 67.8 54 68 67.3 349.65 68.6 63.6

1.648 0.541 0.847 0.599 0.792 0.719 0.620 0.732 0.904 0.663 0.306 0.595 2.056 0.714 6.655 0.582 0.585 0.602 0.719 0.604 0.597 9.311 0.913 0.847

1/3Ho3+ K+ 1/3La3+ Li+ 1/2Mg2+ 1/2Mn2+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ 1/3Nd3+ 1/2Ni2+ 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 1/2Pb2+ 1/3Pr3+ 1/2Ra2+ Rb+ 1/3Sc3+ 1/3Sm3+ 1/2Sr2+ Tl+ 1/3Tm3+ 1/2UO22+ 1/3Y3+ 1/3Yb3+ 1/2Zn2+

66.3 73.48 69.7 38.66 53.0 53.5 73.5 59 50.08 69.4 49.6 52 71 69.5 66.8 77.8 64.7 68.5 59.4 74.7 65.4 32 62 65.6 52.8

0.589 1.957 0.619 1.029 0.706 0.712 1.957 1.571 1.334 0.616 0.661 0.346 0.945 0.617 0.889 2.072 0.574 0.608 0.791 1.989 0.581 0.426 0.550 0.582 0.703

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued) Ion

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1

D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1/2SeO421/2WO42-

Inorganic Anions Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN-

50 36 21 78.1 43 55.7 78 64.6 69.3 76.31 52 64.6 67.3 98.9 85 55.4 110.4 100.9 34 44.5 75 57 36 46 65 58 52 31 76.8 40.5 54.5 61.3 74.5 54.5 71.8 71.42 48.3 69 64.6 119 198 56.9 63.3 92.8 96 83.6 109 54.9 66 72 80.0 85.0 66.5 93 86 31.9 64.7

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1

Ion

1.331 0.959 0.559 2.080 1.145 1.483 2.077 1.720 0.923 2.032 1.385 1.720 1.792 0.878 1.132 1.475 0.735 0.896 0.905 1.185 1.997 0.759 0.959 1.225 1.731 1.545 1.385 0.825 2.045 1.078 1.451 1.632 1.984 1.451 1.912 1.902 1.286 1.837 1.720 3.169 5.273 1.515 0.843 0.824 0.639 0.742 0.581 1.462 1.758 0.959 1.065 1.132 0.885 1.238 1.145 0.849 1.723

75.7 69

D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1.008 0.919

Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ Isobutylammonium+ Butyltrimethylammonium+ Decylpyridinium+ Decyltrimethylammonium+ Diethylammonium+ Dimethylammonium+ Dipropylammonium+ Dodecylammonium+ Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ Ethanolammonium+ Ethylammonium+ Ethyltrimethylammonium+ Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ Hexyltrimethylammonium+ Histidyl+ Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ Methylammonium+ Octadecylpyridinium+ Octadecyltributylammonium+ Octadecyltriethylammonium+ Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ Octadecyltripropylammonium+ Octyltrimethylammonium+ Pentylammonium+ Piperidinium+ Propylammonium+ Pyrilammonium+ Tetrabutylammonium+ Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ Tetraethylammonium+ Tetramethylammonium+ Tetraisopentylammonium+ Tetrapentylammmonium+ Tetrapropylammonium+ Triethylammonium+ Triethylsulfonium+ Trimethylammonium+ Trimethylhexylammonium+ Trimethylsulfonium+ Tripropylammonium+

34.6 38 33.6 29.5 24.4 42.0 51.8 30.1 23.8 22.6 42.2 47.2 40.5 20.9 29.6 23.0 39.4 58.7 20 16.6 17.9 19.9 17.2 26.5 37 37.2 40.8 24.3 19.5 21.5 32.6 44.9 17.9 17.5 23.4 34.3 36.1 47.23 34.6 51.4 26.1

0.921 1.012 0.895 0.786 0.650 1.118 1.379 0.802 0.634 0.602 1.124 1.257 1.078 0.557 0.788 0.612 1.049 1.563 0.533 0.442 0.477 0.530 0.458 0.706 0.985 0.991 1.086 0.647 0.519 0.573 0.868 1.196 0.477 0.466 0.623 0.913 0.961 1.258 0.921 1.369 0.695

Organic Anions Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate-

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

40.9 29.0 40.6 32.4 39.2 30 32.6 39.8 31 30.2

1.089 0.772 0.541 0.863 1.044 0.799 0.868 1.060 0.825 0.804

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

Ion 1/3Citrate3CrotonateCyanoacetateCyclohexane carboxylate1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2DecylsulfateDichloroacetate1/2Diethylbarbiturate2Dihydrogencitrate1/2Dimethylmalonate23,5-DinitrobenzoateDodecylsulfateEthylmalonateEthylsulfateFluoroacetateFluorobenzoateFormate1/2Fumarate21/2Glutarate2HydrogenoxalateIsovalerate-

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1 70.2 33.2 43.4 28.7 53.4 26 38.3 26.3 30 49.4 28.3 24 49.3 39.6 44.4 33 54.6 61.8 52.6 40.2 32.7

D 10-5 cm2 s-1 0.623 0.884 1.156 0.764 0.711 0.692 1.020 0.350 0.799 0.658 0.754 0.639 1.313 1.055 1.182 0.879 1.454 0.823 0.700 1.070 0.871

Ion IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate 1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate-

λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1

D 10-5 cm2 s-1

40.6 38.8 58.8 61.9 63.5 48.8 28.4 74.11 29 30.6 52.3 54.7 30.37 31.9 35.8 37.1 36 36 58.8 29.3 59.6 35

1.081 1.033 0.783 0.824 0.845 1.299 0.756 0.987 0.772 0.815 0.696 0.728 0.809 0.849 0.953 0.988 0.959 0.479 0.783 0.780 0.794 0.932

ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS Petr Vany´sek This table gives mean activity coefficients at 25°C for molalities in the range 0.1 to 1.0. See the following table for definitions, references, and data over a wider concentration range.

AgNO3 AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 BaCl2 BeSO4 CaCl2 CdCl2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CoCl2 CrCl3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr2(SO4)3 CsBr CsCl CsI CsNO3 CsOH CsOAc Cs2SO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeCl2 HBr HCl HClO4 HI HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KClO3 K2CrO4 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH2PO4 KI KNO3 KOAc KOH KSCN K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO4 LiI LiNO3 LiOH LiOAc Li2SO4 MgCl2 MgSO4 MnCl2 MnSO4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.734 0.337 0.035 0.500 0.150 0.518 0.2280 0.513 0.150 0.522 0.331 0.319 0.0458 0.754 0.756 0.754 0.733 0.795 0.799 0.456 0.508 0.511 0.150 0.5185 0.805 0.796 0.803 0.818 0.791 0.2655 0.772 0.770 0.749 0.456 0.775 0.268 0.139 0.731 0.778 0.739 0.796 0.798 0.769 0.441 0.796 0.790 0.812 0.815 0.788 0.760 0.784 0.468 0.529 0.150 0.516 0.150

0.657 0.305 0.0225 0.444 0.109 0.472 0.1638 0.464 0.103 0.479 0.298 0.285 0.0300 0.694 0.694 0.692 0.655 0.761 0.771 0.382 0.455 0.460 0.104 0.473 0.782 0.767 0.778 0.807 0.754 0.2090 0.722 0.718 0.681 0.382 0.727 0.212 0.0993 0.653 0.733 0.663 0.766 0.760 0.716 0.360 0.766 0.757 0.794 0.802 0.752 0.702 0.742 0.398 0.489 0.107 0.469 0.105

0.606 0.302 0.0176 0.419 0.0885 0.455 0.1329 0.442 0.0822 0.463 0.294 0.279 0.0238 0.654 0.656 0.651 0.602 0.744 0.761 0.338 0.429 0.439 0.0829 0.454 0.777 0.756 0.768 0.811 0.735 0.1826 0.693 0.688 0.635 0.340 0.700 0.184 0.0808 0.602 0.707 0.614 0.754 0.742 0.685 0.316 0.756 0.744 0.792 0.804 0.736 0.665 0.721 0.361 0.477 0.0874 0.450 0.0848

0.567 0.313 0.0153 0.405 0.0769 0.448 0.1139 0.430 0.0699 0.459 0.300 0.281 0.0207 0.626 0.628 0.621 0.561 0.739 0.759 0.311 0.417 0.429 0.0704 0.448 0.781 0.755 0.766 0.823 0.725 — 0.673 0.666 0.599 0.313 0.682 0.167 0.0693 0.561 0.689 0.576 0.750 0.734 0.663 0.286 0.752 0.740 0.798 0.813 0.728 0.638 0.709 0.337 0.475 0.0756 0.442 0.0725

0.536 0.331 0.0143 0.397 0.0692 0.448 0.1006 0.425 0.0615 0.462 0.314 0.291 0.0190 0.603 0.606 0.599 0.528 0.739 0.762 0.291 0.411 0.426 0.0620 0.450 0.789 0.757 0.769 0.839 0.720 0.1557 0.657 0.649 0.568 0.292 0.670 0.155 0.0614 0.529 0.676 0.545 0.751 0.732 0.646 0.264 0.753 0.739 0.808 0.824 0.726 0.617 0.700 0.319 0.481 0.0675 0.440 0.0640

0.509 0.356 0.014 0.391 0.0639 0.453 0.0905 0.423 0.0553 0.470 0.335 0.304 0.0182 0.586 0.589 0.581 0.501 0.742 0.768 0.274 0.409 0.427 0.0559 0.454 0.801 0.763 0.776 0.860 0.717 — 0.646 0.637 0.541 0.276 0.661 0.146 0.0556 0.501 0.667 0.519 0.754 0.733 0.633 0.246 0.758 0.743 0.820 0.838 0.727 0.599 0.691 0.307 0.491 0.0616 0.443 0.0578

0.485 0.388 0.0142 0.391 0.0600 0.460 0.0827 0.423 0.0505 0.479 0.362 0.322 0.0181 0.571 0.575 0.567 0.478 0.748 0.776 0.262 0.409 0.431 0.0512 0.463 0.815 0.772 0.785 0.883 0.717 0.1417 0.636 0.626 0.518 0.263 0.654 0.140 0.0512 0.477 0.660 0.496 0.759 0.736 0.623 0.232 0.767 0.748 0.834 0.852 0.729 0.585 0.689 0.297 0.506 0.0571 0.448 0.0530

0.464 0.429 0.0149 0.391 0.0570 0.470 0.0765 0.425 0.0468 0.492 0.397 0.344 0.0185 0.558 0.563 0.554 0.458 0.754 0.783 0.251 0.410 0.437 0.0475 0.473 0.832 0.783 0.795 0.908 0.718 — 0.629 0.618 — 0.253 0.650 0.135 0.0479 0.456 0.654 0.476 0.766 0.742 0.614 — 0.777 0.755 0.852 0.870 0.733 0.573 0.688 0.289 0.522 0.0536 0.455 0.0493

0.446 0.479 0.0159 0.392 0.0546 0.484 0.0713 0.428 0.0438 0.511 0.436 0.371 0.0194 0.547 0.553 0.543 0.439 0.762 0.792 0.242 0.413 0.445 0.0446 0.488 0.850 0.795 0.808 0.935 0.721 — 0.622 0.610 — 0.243 0.646 0.131 0.0454 0.438 0.649 0.459 0.774 0.749 0.606 — 0.789 0.764 0.869 0.888 0.737 0.563 0.688 0.282 0.544 0.0508 0.466 0.0463

0.429 0.539 0.0175 0.395 0.0530 0.500 0.0669 0.433 0.0415 0.531 0.481 0.401 0.0208 0.538 0.544 0.533 0.422 0.771 0.802 0.235 0.417 0.455 0.0423 0.506 0.871 0.809 0.823 0.963 0.724 0.1316 0.617 0.604 — 0.235 0.645 0.128 — 0.421 0.645 0.443 0.783 0.756 0.599 — 0.803 0.774 0.887 0.910 0.743 0.554 0.689 0.277 0.570 0.0485 0.479 0.0439

TeamLRN

ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)

NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 Na2CrO4 NaF NaH2PO4 NaI NaNO3 NaOAc NaOH NaSCN Na2SO4 NiCl2 NiSO4 Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl RbI RbNO3 RbOAc Rb2SO4 SrCl2 TlClO4 TlNO3 UO2Cl2 UO2SO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.770 0.740 0.439 0.782 0.778 0.772 0.775 0.464 0.765 0.744 0.787 0.762 0.791 0.766 0.787 0.445 0.522 0.150 0.395 0.763 0.764 0.762 0.734 0.796 0.451 0.511 0.730 0.702 0.544 0.150 0.515 0.531 0.150

0.718 0.677 0.356 0.741 0.735 0.720 0.729 0.394 0.710 0.675 0.751 0.703 0.757 0.727 0.750 0.365 0.479 0.105 0.308 0.706 0.709 0.705 0.658 0.767 0.374 0.462 0.652 0.606 0.510 0.102 0.462 0.489 0.140

0.687 0.636 0.311 0.719 0.710 0.688 0.701 0.353 0.676 0.629 0.735 0.666 0.744 0.708 — 0.320 0.463 0.0841 0.260 0.673 0.675 0.671 0.606 0.756 0.331 0.442 0.599 0.545 0.520 0.0807 0.432 0.474 0.0835

0.4 0.665 0.606 0.280 0.704 0.693 0.664 0.683 0.327 0.651 0.593 0.727 0.638 0.737 0.697 0.720 0.289 0.460 0.0713 0.228 0.650 0.652 0.647 0.565 0.753 0.301 0.433 0.559 0.500 0.505 0.0689 0.411 0.469 0.0714

0.5

0.6

0.649 0.582 0.257 0.697 0.681 0.645 0.668 0.307 0.632 0.563 0.723 0.617 0.735 0.690 0.715 0.266 0.464 0.0627 0.205 0.632 0.634 0.629 0.534 0.755 0.279 0.430 0.527 — 0.517 0.0611 0.394 0.473 0.0630

0.636 0.562 0.240 0.692 0.673 0.630 0.656 0.292 0.616 0.539 0.723 0.599 0.736 0.685 0.712 0.248 0.471 0.0562 0.187 0.617 0.620 0.614 0.508 0.759 0.263 0.431 — — 0.532 0.0566 0.380 0.480 0.0569

0.7 0.625 0.545 0.226 0.689 0.667 0.617 0.648 0.280 0.603 0.517 0.724 0.583 0.740 0.681 0.710 0.233 0.482 0.0515 0.172 0.605 0.608 0.602 0.485 0.766 0.249 0.434 — — 0.549 0.0515 0.369 0.489 0.0523

0.8 0.617 0.530 0.214 0.687 0.662 0.606 0.641 0.269 0.592 0.499 0.727 0.570 0.745 0.679 0.710 0.221 0.496 0.0478 0.160 0.595 0.599 0.591 0.465 0.773 0.238 0.441 — — 0.571 0.0483 0.357 0.501 0.0487

0.9

1.0

0.609 0.516 0.205 0.687 0.659 0.597 0.635 0.261 0.582 0.483 0.731 0.558 0.752 0.678 0.711 0.210 0.515 0.0448 0.150 0.586 0.590 0.583 0.446 0.782 0.228 0.449 — — 0.595 0.0458 0.348 0.518 0.0458

0.603 0.504 0.196 0.687 0.657 0.589 0.629 0.253 0.573 0.468 0.736 0.548 0.757 0.678 0.712 0.201 0.563 0.0425 0.141 0.578 0.583 0.575 0.430 0.792 0.219 0.461 — — 0.620 0.0439 0.339 0.535 0.0435

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION The mean activity coefficient γ of an electrolyte XaYb is defined as

(

γ = γ a+ γ b–

)

1 / (a+b)

where γ+ and γ– are activity coefficients of the individual ions (which cannot be directly measured). This table gives the mean activity coefficients of about 100 electrolytes in aqueous solution as a function of concentration, expressed in molality terms. All values refer to a temperature of 25°C. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by formula. REFERENCES 1. Hamer,W. J., and Wu, Y. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1047, 1972. 2. Staples, B. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 385, 1977; 10, 767, 1981; 10, 779, 1981. 3. Goldberg, R. N. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 263, 1978; 8, 923, 1979; 8, 1005, 1979; 10, 1, 1981; 10, 671, 1981.

Mean Activity Coefficient at 25°C m/mol kg-1

AgNO3

BaBr2

BaCl2

BaI2

CaBr2

CaCl2

CaI2

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000

0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.794 0.732 0.656 0.536 0.430 0.316 0.181 0.108 0.085

0.881 0.850 0.785 0.727 0.661 0.573 0.517 0.463 0.435 0.470 0.654

0.887 0.849 0.782 0.721 0.653 0.559 0.492 0.436 0.391 0.393

0.890 0.853 0.792 0.737 0.678 0.600 0.551 0.520 0.536 0.664 1.242

0.890 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.540 0.502 0.500 0.604 1.125 18.7

0.888 0.851 0.787 0.727 0.664 0.577 0.517 0.469 0.444 0.495 0.784 5.907 43.1

0.890 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.600 0.552 0.524 0.554 0.729

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

Cd(NO2)2 0.881 0.837 0.759 0.681 0.589 0.451 0.344 0.247 0.148 0.098 0.069 0.054

Cd(NO3)2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.728 0.664 0.576 0.515 0.465 0.428 0.437 0.517

CoBr2 0.890 0.854 0.794 0.740 0.681 0.605 0.556 0.523 0.538 0.685 1.421 13.9

m/mol kg-1

CsCl

CsF

CsI

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100

0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.805 0.751

0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.830 0.792

0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.863 0.804 0.749

CoCl2 0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.670 0.586 0.528 0.483 0.465 0.532 0.864

CoI2 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.724 0.661 0.582 0.540 0.527 0.596 0.845 2.287 55.3 196

Co(NO3)2

CsBr

0.888 0.850 0.786 0.728 0.663 0.576 0.516 0.469 0.446 0.492 0.722 3.338

0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.806 0.752 0.691 0.605 0.540 0.485 0.454

CsNO3

CsOH

Cs2SO4

CuBr2

0.964 0.951 0.924 0.897 0.860 0.796 0.733

0.966 0.953 0.930 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.802

0.885 0.845 0.775 0.709 0.634 0.526 0.444

0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.541

5-97

TeamLRN

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1

CsCl

CsF

CsI

0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

0.691 0.607 0.546 0.496 0.474 0.508

0.755 0.721 0.726 0.803

0.688 0.601 0.534 0.470

CuCl2

Cu(ClO4)2

Cu(NO3)2

0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.654 0.561 0.495 0.441 0.401 0.405 0.453 0.601

0.890 0.854 0.795 0.741 0.685 0.613 0.572 0.553 0.617 0.892 2.445

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000

CsNO3

CsOH

Cs2SO4

CuBr2

0.655 0.529 0.421

0.772 0.755 0.782

0.369 0.285 0.233

0.504 0.503 0.591 0.859

FeCl2

HBr

HCl

HClO4

0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.664 0.577 0.516 0.466 0.431 0.456 0.615 2.083

0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659 0.570 0.509 0.462 0.443 0.500 0.782

0.966 0.953 0.930 0.907 0.879 0.837 0.806 0.783 0.790 0.872 1.167 3.800 33.4

0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.832 0.797 0.768 0.759 0.811 1.009 2.380 10.4

0.966 0.953 0.929 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.803 0.776 0.769 0.826 1.055 3.100 30.8 323

m/mol kg-1

HF

HI

HNO3

H2SO4

KBr

KCNS

KCl

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

0.551 0.429 0.302 0.225 0.163 0.106 0.0766 0.0550 0.0352 0.0249 0.0175 0.0110 0.0085 0.0077 0.0075

0.966 0.953 0.931 0.909 0.884 0.847 0.823 0.811 0.845 0.969 1.363 4.760 49.100

0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.875 0.829 0.792 0.756 0.725 0.730 0.788 1.063 1.644 2.212 2.607

0.804 0.740 0.634 0.542 0.445 0.325 0.251 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.119 0.197 0.527 1.077 1.701

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.817 0.771 0.772 0.658 0.617 0.593 0.626

0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.815 0.768 0.716 0.647 0.598 0.556 0.525

0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.768 0.717 0.649 0.604 0.573 0.593

m/mol kg-1

KClO3

K2CrO4

KF

KH2PO4*

K2HPO4**

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.899 0.865 0.805 0.749 0.681 0.569

0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.539 0.460 0.385 0.296 0.239

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.773 0.726 0.670 0.645

0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.793 0.730 0.652 0.529 0.422

5-98

0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.538 0.457 0.379 0.283

KI

KNO3

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.820 0.776 0.731 0.676 0.646

0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.860 0.797 0.735 0.662 0.546 0.444

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1

KClO3

2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

K2CrO4

KF

0.199

0.658 0.871 1.715 3.120

KI

KNO3

0.638

0.332

K2SO4

LiBr

LiCl

LiClO4

LiI

LiNO3

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.821 0.779 0.740 0.710 0.733 0.860 1.697 6.110 19.9 46.4

0.885 0.844 0.772 0.704 0.625 0.511 0.424 0.343 0.251

0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.877 0.832 0.797 0.767 0.754 0.803 1.012 2.696 20.0 147 486

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.756 0.739 0.775 0.924 2.000 9.600 30.9

0.966 0.953 0.931 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.815 0.795 0.806 0.887 1.161

0.966 0.953 0.930 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.817 0.802 0.824 0.912 1.197

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.788 0.753 0.726 0.743 0.837 1.298 2.500 3.960 4.970

LiOH

Li2SO4

MgBr2

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

0.964 0.950 0.923 0.895 0.858 0.794 0.735 0.668 0.579 0.522 0.484 0.493

0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.645 0.544 0.469 0.400 0.325 0.284 0.270

0.889 0.852 0.790 0.733 0.672 0.593 0.543 0.512 0.540 0.715 1.590 36.1

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

K2HPO4**

KOH

m/mol kg-1

m/mol kg-1

KH2PO4*

MgCl2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.672 0.590 0.535 0.493 0.485 0.577 1.065 14.40

MgI2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.602 0.556 0.535 0.594 0.858 2.326 109.8

MnBr2

MnCl2

0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.595 0.543 0.508 0.519 0.650 1.224 6.697

0.888 0.850 0.786 0.727 0.662 0.574 0.513 0.464 0.437 0.477 0.661 1.539

Mn(ClO4)2

NH4Cl

NH4ClO4

(NH4)2HPO4**

NH4NO3

NaBr

NaBrO3

0.892 0.858 0.801 0.752 0.700 0.637 0.604 0.596 0.686 1.030 3.072

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.769 0.718 0.649 0.603 0.569 0.563

0.964 0.950 0.924 0.895 0.859 0.794 0.734 0.663 0.560 0.479 0.399

0.882 0.839 0.763 0.688 0.600 0.469 0.367 0.273 0.171 0.114 0.074

0.964 0.951 0.925 0.897 0.862 0.801 0.744 0.678 0.582 0.502 0.419 0.303 0.220 0.179 0.154

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.873 0.824 0.783 0.742 0.697 0.687 0.730 1.083

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.759 0.698 0.605 0.528 0.449

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TeamLRN

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1

Na2CO3

NaCl

NaClO3

NaClO4

Na2CrO4

NaF

Na2HPO4*

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.644 0.541 0.462 0.385 0.292 0.229 0.182

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.822 0.779 0.734 0.681 0.657 0.668 0.874

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.771 0.719 0.646 0.590 0.537

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.821 0.777 0.729 0.668 0.630 0.608 0.648

0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.653 0.554 0.479 0.406 0.318 0.261 0.231

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.901 0.868 0.813 0.764 0.710 0.633 0.573

0.887 0.848 0.780 0.717 0.644 0.539 0.456 0.373 0.266 0.191 0.133

NaI

NaNO3

NaOH

Na2SO3

Na2SO4

Na2WO4

NiBr2

0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.753 0.722 0.734 0.823 1.402 4.011

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.810 0.759 0.701 0.617 0.550 0.480 0.388 0.329

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.819 0.775 0.731 0.685 0.674 0.714 1.076 3.258 9.796 19.410

0.887 0.847 0.779 0.716 0.644 0.540 0.462 0.386 0.296 0.237 0.196

0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.637 0.529 0.446 0.366 0.268 0.204 0.155

0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.638 0.534 0.457 0.388 0.320 0.291 0.291

0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.675 0.596 0.546 0.514 0.535 0.692 1.476

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

m/mol kg-1

NiCl2

Ni(ClO4)2

Ni(NO3)2

Pb(ClO4)2

Pb(NO3)2

RbBr

RbCl

0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.669 0.584 0.527 0.482 0.465 0.538 0.915 4.785

0.891 0.855 0.797 0.745 0.690 0.621 0.582 0.567 0.639 0.946 2.812

0.889 0.851 0.787 0.730 0.666 0.581 0.524 0.481 0.467 0.528 0.797

0.889 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.580 0.522 0.476 0.458 0.516 0.799 4.043 33.8

0.882 0.840 0.764 0.690 0.604 0.476 0.379 0.291 0.195 0.136

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.811 0.760 0.705 0.630 0.578 0.535 0.514

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.761 0.707 0.633 0.583 0.546 0.544

m/mol kg-1

RbF

RbI

RbNO3

Rb2SO4

SrBr2

SrCl2

SrI2

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020

0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871

0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866

0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859

0.886 0.845 0.776 0.710 0.635

0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.673

0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659

0.890 0.854 0.793 0.740 0.681

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

5-100

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1

RbF

RbI

RbNO3

Rb2SO4

SrBr2

SrCl2

SrI2

0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

0.821 0.780 0.739 0.701 0.697 0.724

0.810 0.759 0.703 0.627 0.574 0.532 0.517

0.795 0.733 0.657 0.536 0.430 0.320

0.526 0.443 0.365 0.274 0.217

0.591 0.535 0.492 0.476 0.545 0.921

0.569 0.506 0.455 0.421 0.451 0.650

0.606 0.557 0.526 0.542 0.686

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

UO2Cl2

UO2(NO3)2

ZnBr2

ZnCl2

ZnI2

0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.583 0.529 0.493 0.501 0.601 0.948

0.888 0.849 0.784 0.726 0.663 0.583 0.535 0.509 0.532 0.673 1.223 3.020

0.890 0.854 0.794 0.741 0.683 0.606 0.553 0.515 0.516 0.558 0.578 0.788 2.317 5.381 7.965

0.887 0.847 0.781 0.719 0.652 0.561 0.499 0.447 0.384 0.330 0.283 0.342 0.876 1.914 2.968

0.893 0.859 0.804 0.757 0.708 0.644 0.601 0.574 0.635 0.836 1.062 1.546 4.698

* The anion is H2PO4–. ** The anion is HPO4–2.

5-101

TeamLRN

ENTHALPY OF DILUTION OF ACIDS The quantity given in this table is –∆dilH, the negative of the enthalpy (heat) of dilution to infinite dilution for aqueous solutions of several common acids; i.e., the negative of the enthalphy change when a solution of molality m at a temperature of 25°C is diluted with an infinite amount of water. The tabulated numbers thus represent the heat produced (or, if the value is negative, the heat absorbed) when the acid is diluted. The initial molality m is given in the first column. The second column gives the dilution ratio, which is the number of moles of water that must be added to one mole of the acid to produce a solution of the molality in the first column. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. –∆dilH in kJ/mol at 25°C m 55.506 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5.5506 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5551 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0925 0.0793 0.0694 0.0617 0.05551 0.05 0.02775 0.01850 0.01388 0.01110 0.00555 0.00278 0.00111 0.000555 0.000111 0

Dil. ratio 1.0 2.775 3.700 5.551 6.167 6.938 7.929 9.251 10 11.10 12.33 13.88 15.86 18.50 22.20 27.75 37.00 55.51 100 111.0 277.5 555.1 600 700 800 900 1000 1110 2000 3000 4000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 500000 ∞

HF

HCl

HClO4

HBr

HI

HNO3

CH2O2

C2H4O2

14.88 14.34 13.87 13.81 13.77 13.73 13.69 13.66 13.62 13.58 13.53 13.47 13.45 13.43 13.40 13.36 13.30 13.22 13.20 13.09 12.80 12.79 12.70 12.61 12.50 12.42 12.24 11.29 10.66 10.25 9.874 8.912 7.531 5.439 3.766 1.255 0

45.61 19.87 15.40 10.24 9.213 8.201 7.217 6.268 5.841 5.318 4.899 4.402 3.958 3.506 3.063 2.623 2.167 1.695 1.234 1.172 0.761 0.556 0.540 0.502 0.473 0.448 0.427 0.406 0.310 0.251 0.226 0.197 0.142 0.105 0.067 0.042 0.021 0

13.81 7.920 2.013 1.280 0.611 0.046 -0.351 -0.490 -0.628 -0.732 -0.787 -0.820 -0.782 -0.724 -0.623 -0.431 -0.201 0.050 0.075 0.247 0.272 0.272 0.272 0.268 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.226 0.197 0.180 0.167 0.126 0.092 0.059 0.042 0.021 0

48.83 19.92 14.29 8.694 7.719 6.786 5.925 5.004 4.590 4.113 3.711 3.330 2.966 2.611 2.301 1.996 1.665 1.314 0.983 0.941 0.649 0.498 0.481 0.452 0.427 0.406 0.385 0.372 0.285 0.234 0.205 0.184 0.130 0.092 0.054 0.038 0.021 0

21.71 14.02 7.615 6.569 5.607 4.728 3.975 3.577 3.197 2.828 2.460 2.105 1.787 1.527 1.318 1.125 0.933 0.736 0.711 0.536 0.439 0.427 0.402 0.385 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.264 0.218 0.192 0.172 0.121 0.084 0.050 0.038 0.021 0

19.73 9.498 6.883 3.933 3.368 2.791 2.251 1.749 1.540 1.310 1.109 0.958 0.791 0.665 0.582 0.527 0.506 0.506 0.502 0.498 0.439 0.372 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.326 0.318 0.305 0.247 0.213 0.192 0.176 0.130 0.096 0.063 0.046 0.021 0

0.046 0.038 0.109 0.205 0.230 0.255 0.272 0.280 0.285 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.285 0.276 0.259 0.226 0.184 0.176 0.146 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.130 0.126 0.121 0.121 0.117 0.117 0.113 0.109 0.105 0.096 0.084 0.054 0.038 0

2.167 2.075 1.962 1.824 1.782 1.724 1.648 1.540 1.477 1.393 1.310 1.218 1.121 1.025 0.912 0.803 0.678 0.544 0.423 0.406 0.331 0.289 0.285 0.285 0.280 0.276 0.272 0.272 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.255 0.243 0.230 0.222 0.209 0.167 0

5-102

ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION OF ELECTROLYTES This table gives the molar enthalpy (heat) of solution at infinite dilution for some common uni-univalent electrolytes. This is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of solute in its standard state is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Values are given in kilojoules per mole at 25°C. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Series — Natl. Bur. Stand.(U.S.), No.2, 1965.

Solute

State

∆sol H° kJ/mol

HF HCl HClO4 HClO4 ⋅ H2O HBr HI HIO3 HNO3 HCOOH CH3COOH

g g l c g g c l l l

–61.50 –74.84 –88.76 –32.95 –85.14 –81.67 8.79 –33.28 –0.86 –1.51

NH3 NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4Br NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS CH3NH3Cl (CH3)3NHCl N(CH3)4Cl N(CH3)4Br N(CH3)4I

g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–30.50 14.78 33.47 16.78 13.72 31.80 19.25 25.69 –2.38 17.57 22.59 5.77 1.46 4.08 24.27 42.07

AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3

c c c

7.36 36.94 22.59

LiOH LiOH ⋅ H2O LiF LiCl LiCl ⋅ H2O LiClO4 LiClO4 ⋅ 3H2O LiBr LiBr ⋅ H2O

c c c c c c c c c

–23.56 –6.69 4.73 –37.03 –19.08 –26.55 32.61 –48.83 –23.26

Solute

State

∆sol H° kJ/mol

LiBr ⋅ 2H2O LiBrO3 LiI LiI ⋅ H2O LiI ⋅ 2H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O LiNO2 LiNO2 ⋅ H2O LiNO3

c c c c c c c c c

–9.41 1.42 –63.30 –29.66 –14.77 0.59 –11.00 7.03 –2.51

NaOH NaOH ⋅ H2O NaF NaCl NaClO2 NaClO2 ⋅ 3H2O NaClO3 NaClO4 NaClO4 ⋅ H2O NaBr NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NaBrO3 NaI NaI ⋅ 2H2O NaIO3 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2⋅ 3H2O NaCN NaCN ⋅ 0.5H2O NaCN ⋅ 2H2O NaCNO NaCNS

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–44.51 –21.41 0.91 3.88 0.33 28.58 21.72 13.88 22.51 –0.60 18.64 26.90 –7.53 16.13 20.29 13.89 20.50 –17.32 19.66 1.21 3.31 18.58 19.20 6.83

KOH KOH ⋅ H2O KOH ⋅ 1.5H2O KF KF ⋅ 2H2O

c c c c c

–57.61 –14.64 –10.46 –17.73 6.97

5-103

TeamLRN

State

∆sol H° kJ/mol

KCl KClO3 KClO4 KBr KBrO3 KI KIO3 KNO2 KNO3 KC2H3O2 KCN KCNO KCNS KMnO4

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

17.22 41.38 51.04 19.87 41.13 20.33 27.74 13.35 34.89 –15.33 11.72 20.25 24.23 43.56

RbOH RbOH ⋅ H2O RbOH ⋅ 2H2O RbF RbF ⋅ H2O RbF ⋅ 1.5H2O RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbBr RbBrO3 RbI RbNO3

c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–62.34 –17.99 0.88 –26.11 –0.42 1.34 17.28 47.74 56.74 21.88 48.95 25.10 36.48

CsOH CsOH ⋅ H2O CsF CsF ⋅ H2O CsF ⋅ 1.5H2O CsCl CsClO4 CsBr CsBrO3 CsI CsNO3

c c c c c c c c c c c

–71.55 –20.50 –36.86 –10.46 –5.44 17.78 55.44 25.98 50.46 33.35 40.00

Solute

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING The present compilation of kinetic data represents the 12th evaluation prepared by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The Panel was established in 1977 by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program Office for the purpose of providing a critical tabulation of the latest kinetic and photochemical data for use by modelers in computer simulations of stratospheric chemistry. The recommended rate data and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. The major use of theoretical extrapolation of data is in connection with three-body reactions, in which the required pressure or temperature dependence is sometimes unavailable from laboratory measurements, and can be estimated by use of appropriate theoretical treatment. In the case of important rate constants for which no experimental data are available, the panel may provide estimates of rate constant parameters based on analogy to similar reactions for which data are available. Rate constants are expressed in the form k(T) = A exp(-E/RT), where A is the pre-exponential factor, E the activation energy, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. Uncertainties are expressed by the factor f, e.g., a value of 4.2x10-10 with f = 2 indicates that the true value is believed to lie between 2.1x10-10 and 8.4x10-10. The value of f at other temperatures may be calculated from f(298), given in the last column, by: f(T) = f(298) exp[(∆E/R)(1/T-1/298)] , where ∆E/R is the uncertainty in E/R. Table 1 covers rate constant data on second order reactions, grouped by class, while Table 2 covers association reactions. Relevant equilibrium constant data are given in Table 3. All concentrations are measured in molecules cm-3. Notes on each reaction, as well as related photochemical data, may be found in the reference. The assistance of Robert Hampson is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCE DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for use in Atmospheric Modeling. Evaluation Number 12, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 974, Pasadena CA, 1997. The report is also available at the World Wide Web site < http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/jpl97>. Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions

Reaction

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

8.0x10-12

2060±250

8.0x10-15

1.15

3.2x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 1.8x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 7.4x10-11 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11

-(70±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(110±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(120±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100

4.0x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 2.6x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 1.1x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11

1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10

0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100

3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10

1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5

1.5x10-10

0±100

1.5x10-10

1.2

Ox Reactions O + O3 → O2 + O2 O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + O2 → O + O2 O(1D) + O3 → O2 + O2 → O2 + O + O O(1D) + H2 → OH + H O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH O(1D) + N2 → O + N2 O(1D) + N2O → N2 + O2 → NO + NO O(1D) + NH3 → OH + NH2 O(1D) + CO2 → O + CO2 O(1D) + CH4 → products O(1D) + HCl → products O(1D) + HF → OH + F O(1D) + HBr → products O(1D) + Cl2 → products O(1D) + CCl2O → products O(1D) + CClFO → products O(1D) + CF2O → products O(1D) + CCl4 → products (CFC-10) O(1D) + CH3Br → products O(1D) + CH2Br2 → products O(1D) + CHBr3 → products O(1D) + CH3F → products (HFC-41)

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction O(1D) + CH2F2 → products (HFC-32) O(1D) + CHF3 → products (HFC-23) O(1D) + CHCl2F → products (HCFC-21) O(1D) + CHClF2 → products (HCFC-22) O(1D) + CCl3F → products (CFC-11) O(1D) + CCl2F2 → products (CFC-12) O(1D) + CClF3 → products (CFC-13) O(1D) + CClBrF2 → products (Halon-1211) O(1D) + CBr2F2 → products (Halon-1202) O(1D) + CBrF3 → products (Halon-1301) O(1D) + CF4 → CF4 + O (CFC-14) O(1D) + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) O(1D) + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) O(1D) + CH3CCl2F → products (HCFC-141b) O(1D) + CH3CClF2 → products (HCFC-142b) O(1D) + CH3CF3 → products (HFC-143a) O(1D) + CH2ClCClF2 → products (HCFC-132b) O(1D) + CH2ClCF3 → products (HCFC-133a) O(1D) + CH2FCF3 → products (HFC-134a) O(1D) + CHCl2CF3 → products (HCFC-123) O(1D) + CHClFCF3 → products (HCFC-124) O(1D) + CHF2CF3 → products (HFC-125) O(1D) + CCl3CF3 → products (CFC-113a) O(1D) + CCl2FCClF2 → products (CFC-113) O(1D) + CCl2FCF3 → products (CFC-114a) O(1D) + CClF2CClF2 → products (CFC-114) O(1D) + CClF2CF3 → products (CFC-115) O(1D) + CBrF2CBrF2 → products (Halon-2402)

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

5.1x10-11

0±100

5.1x10-11

1.3

9.1x10-12

0±100

9.1x10-12

1.2

1.9x10-10

0±100

1.9x10-10

1.3

1.0x10-10

0±100

1.0x10-10

1.2

2.3x10-10

0±100

2.3x10-10

1.2

1.4x10-10

0±100

1.4x10-10

1.3

8.7x10-11

0±100

8.7x10-11

1.3

1.5x10-10

0±100

1.5x10-10

1.3

2.2x10-10

0±100

2.2x10-10

1.3

1.0x10-10

0±100

1.0x10-10

1.3

-

-

2.0x10-14

1.5

2.6x10-10

0±100

2.6x10-10

1.3

2.0x10-10

0±100

2.0x10-10

1.3

2.6x10-10

0±100

2.6x10-10

1.3

2.2x10-10

0±100

2.2x10-10

1.3

1.0x10-10

0±100

1.0x10-10

3.0

1.6x10-10

0±100

1.6x10-10

2.0

1.2x10-10

0±100

1.2x10-10

1.3

4.9x10-11

0±100

4.9x10-11

1.3

2.0x10-10

0±100

2.0x10-10

1.3

8.6x10-11

0±100

8.6x10-11

1.3

1.2x10-10

0±100

1.2x10-10

2.0

2x10-10

0±100

2x10-10

2.0

2x10-10

0±100

2x10-10

2.0

1x10-10

0±100

1x10-10

2.0

1.3x10-10

0±100

1.3x10-10

1.3

5x10-11

0±100

5x10-11

1.3

1.6x10-10

0±100

1.6x10-10

1.3

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction O(1D) + CF3CF3 → O + CF3CF3 (CFC-116) O(1D) + CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 → products (HFC-338pcc) O(1D) + c-C4F8 → products O(1D) + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) O(1D) + C5F12 → products (CFC-41-12) O(1D) + C6F14 → products (CFC-51-14) O(1D) + 1,2-(CF3)2c-C4F6 → products O(1D) + SF6 → products

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

-

-

1.5x10-13

1.5

1.8x10-11 -

0±100 -

1.8x10-11 8x10-13

1.5 1.3

2.1x10-10

0±100

2.1x10-10

4

-

-

3.9x10-13

2

-

-

1x10-12

2

-

-

2.8x10-13 1.8x10-14

2 1.5

3.6x10-18 5.2x10-11 2.2x10-11 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13

220±100 2840±500 0±200 0±200 0±200

<2x10-16 1.7x10-18 3.8x10-15 4.8x10-18 <9x10-17 <10-20 <2x10-20 8x10-14 3.9x10-17 2.2x10-11 5.4x10-12 <10-13 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13

1.2 1.2 1.5 5.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2

2.2x10-11 3.0x10-11 1.4x10-12 1.4x10-10 8.1x10-11 1.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 5.0x10-12 4.2x10-12 4.8x10-11 2.9x10-12 1.1x10-14 2.3x10-13 1.7x10-33[M]

-(120±100) -(200±100) 2000±1000 470±200 0±100 940±300 2000±100 2130±200 240±240 -(250±200) 160±100 500± -(600±200) -(1000±400)

3.3x10-11 5.9x10-11 1.7x10-15 2.9x10-11 8.1x10-11 6.8x10-14 6.7x10-15 4.0x10-15 1.9x10-12 1.1x10-10 1.7x10-12 2.0x10-15 1.7x10-12 4.9x10-32[M]

1.2 1.2 2.0 1.25 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

6.5x10-12 1.0x10-11

-(120±120) 0±150

1.1 1.5

7.8x10-11

3400±750

9.7x10-12 1.0x10-11 <3.0x10-16 <3.0x10-17 8.6x10-16

Singlet O2 Reactions O2(1∆) + O → products O2(1∆) + O2 → products O2(1∆) + O3 → O + 2O2 O2(1∆) + H2O → products O2(1∆) + N → NO + O O2(1∆) + N2 → products O2(1∆) + CO2 → products O2(1Σ) + O → products O2(1Σ) + O2 → products O2(1Σ) + O3 → products O2(1Σ) + H2O → products O2(1Σ) + N → products O2(1Σ) + N2 → products O2(1Σ) + CO2 → products HOx Reactions O + OH → O2 + H O + HO2 → OH + O2 O + H2O2 → OH + HO2 H + O3 → OH + O2 H + HO2 → products OH + O3 → HO2 + O2 OH + H2 → H2O+ H OH + HD → products OH + OH → H2O + O OH + HO2 → H2O + O2 OH + H2O2 → H2O+ HO2 HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 H2O2 + O2 NOx Reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 O + NO3→ O2 + NO2 O + N2O5 → products O + HNO3 → OH + NO3 O + HO2NO2 → products

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

3.0

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction H + NO2 → OH + NO OH + NO3 → products OH + HONO → H2O + NO2 OH + HNO3 → H2O + NO3 OH + HO2NO2 → products OH + NH3 → H2O + NH2 HO2 + NO → NO2 + OH HO2 + NO2 → ΗΟΝΟ + Ο2 HO2 + NO3 → products HO2 + NH2 → products N + O2 → NO + O N + O3 → NO + O2 N + NO → N2 + O N + NO2 → N2O + O NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 NO + NO3 → 2NO2 NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 NO2 + NO3 → NO + NO2 +O2 NO3 + NO3 → 2NO2 + O2 NH2 + O2 → products NH2 + O3 → products NH2 + NO → products NH2 + NO2 → products NH + NO → products NH + NO2 → products O3 + HNO2 → O2 + HNO3 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 N2(A,v) + O2 → products N2(A,v) + O3 → products

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

4.0x10-10

340±300

1.8x10-11 See reference 1.3x10-12 1.7x10-12 3.5x10-12 See reference

390± 1.3 -(380±) 710±200 -(250±50)

1.3x10-10 2.2x10-11 4.5x10-12

1.3 1.5 1.5

4.6x10-12 1.6x10-13 8.1x10-12

1.5 1.2 1.15

3.5x10-12 3.4x10-11 8.5x10-17 <2.0x10-16 3.0x10-11 1.2x10-11 1.8x10-14 2.6x10-11 3.2x10-17

1.5 2.0 1.25

2.3x10-16 <6.0x10-21 1.9x10-13 1.8x10-11 1.9x10-11 4.9x10-11 1.6x10-11 <5.0x10-19 <2.0x10-21 2.5x10-12, v=0 4.1x10-11, v=0

1.5

1.3 10 1.3 1.25 1.25 3 1.25 1.2 1.3

1775±100

1.1x10-10 1.5x10-17 1.4x10-13 1.6x10-13 4.5x10-13 1.0x10-20 1.7x10-18 1.1x10-17 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 6.3x10-15

1950 ± 200 0±200 600±300 -(200±200) 0±200 400±150 1070±100 660±100 -(270±200) 235±100 -(200±400)

5.0x10-15 1.0x10-11 8.9x10-13 7.4x10-12 4.0x10-13 3.1x10-14 2.4x10-13 1.1x10-12 1.4x10-11 3.2x10-12 8.0x10-13

1.15 1.25 1.2 1.5 1.3 3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3

1.5x10-11

3600±400

2.1x10-11 5.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 1.5x10-11 1.2x10-13 See reference 8.5x10-13

-(100±100) -(220±100) 1400±200 -(170±100) 2450±150

4.3x10-12 4.0x10-12 2.1x10-12 4.9x10-11 3.5x10-13

930±500 -(450±150) -(650±250) 0±300 -(1140±500)

2450±500

1.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.15

3.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 2.0

1.5 2.0

Reactions of Organic Compounds O + CH3 → products O + HCN → products O + C2H2 → products O + H2CO → products O + CH3CHO → CH3CO + OH O3 + C2H2 → products O3 + C2H4 → products O3 + C3H6 → products OH + CO → Products OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O OH + 13CH4 → 13CH3 + H2O OH + CH3D → products OH + H2CO → H2O + HCO OH + CH3OH → products OH + CH3OOH → Products OH + HC(O)OH → products OH + HCN → products OH + C2H6 → H2O + C2H5 OH + C3H8 → H2O + C3H7 OH + CH3CHO → CH3CO + H2O OH + C2H5OH → products OH + CH3C(O)OH → products

1.1x10-10 1.0x10-11 3.0x10-11 3.4x10-11 1.8x10-11 1.0x10-14 1.2x10-14 6.5x10-15 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 2.45x10-12 See reference 3.5x10-12 1.0x10-11 6.7x10-12 3.8x10-12 4.0x10-13 1.2x10-13 8.7 x 10-12 1.0 x 10-11 5.6x10-12 7.0x10-12 4.0x10-13

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0±250 4000±1000 1600±250 1600±250 1100±200 4100±500 2630±100 1900±200 0±300

1.1

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction OH + CH3C(O)CH3 → CH3C(O)CH2 + H2O OH + CH3CN → products OH+ CH3ONO2 → products OH + CH3C(O)O2NO2 (PAN)→ products OH+ C2H5ONO2 → products HO2 + CH2O → adduct HO2 + CH3O2 → CH3OOH + O2 HO2 + C2H5O2 → C2H5OOH + O2 HO2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products NO3 + CO → products NO3 + CH2O → products NO3 + CH3CHO → products CH3 + O2 → products CH3 + O3 → products HCO + O2 → CO + HO2 CH2OH + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + NO → CH2O + HNO CH3O+ NO2 → CH2O + HONO CH3O2 + O3 → products CH3O2 + CH3O2 → products CH3O2 + NO → CH3O + NO2 CH3O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + HO2 C2H5O + O2 → CH3CHO + HO2 C2H5O2 + C2H5O2 → products C2H5O2 + NO → products CH3C(O)O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products CH3C(O)O2 + NO → products

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

2.2 x 10-12 7.8x10-13 5.0x10-13

685±100 1050±200 890±500

2.2x10-13 2.3x10-14 2.4x10-14

1.15 1.5 3

8.2x10-13 6.7x10-15 3.8x10-13 7.5x10-13 4.5x10-13

450±300 -(600±600) -(800±400) -(700±250) -(1000±600)

1.4x10-12

1900±300

5.4x10-12 3.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 3.9x10-14 See reference 1.1 x 10-11

220±150 -(140±140) 0±200 900±300

2.5x10-13 3.0x10-12 1.3x10-12

-(190±190) -(280±60) -(640±200)

6.3 x 10-14 6.8x10-14 2.6x10-12

<4 x 10-14 1.8x10-13 5.0x10-14 5.6x10-12 8.0x10-12 1.3x10-11 <4.0x10-19 5.8x10-16 2.4x10-15 <3.0x10-16 2.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 1.9x10-15

3 5 2 1.5 2 1.3 1.3 2 1.3 1.3 1.5 5

550±200 0±300 -(365±150)

2.0 x 10-13 <3.0x10-17 4.7x10-13 7.7x10-12 1.1x10-11 <2.0x10-14 1.0x10-14 6.8x10-14 8.7x10-12

2.9x10-12 5.3x10-12

-(500±150) -(360±150)

1.5x10-11 1.8x10-11

1.5 1.4

2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11

0±250 0±250

2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11

3.0 5.0

3.0x10-12

1500±300

2.0x10-14

1.1

1.9x10-12

1550±200

1.0x10-14

1.2

1.0x10-12

2440±200

2.8x10-16 <2x10-17

1.3

7.0x10-12

1100±300

1.7x10-13

1.4

2.4x10-12

1260±200

3.5x10-14

1.2

1.7x10-11

1500±500

1.1x10-13

2.0

1.8x10-12

2170±150

1.2x10-15

1.1

4.0x10-12

1650±300

1.6x10-14

1.5

1.5x10-12

1750±200

4.2x10-15

1.1

1200±600

1.5 1.15 1.5 1.5 2 1.2

FOx Reactions O + FO → F + O2 O + FO2 → FO + O2 OH + CH3F → CH2F + H2O (HFC-41) OH + CH2F2 → CHF2 + H2O (HFC-32) OH + CHF3 → CF3 + H2O (HFC-23) OH + CF3OH → CF3O + H2O OH + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) OH + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) OH + CH2FCH2F → CHFCH2F (HFC-152) + H2O OH + CH3CF3 → CH2CF3 + H2O (HFC-143a) OH + CH2FCHF2 → products (HFC-143) OH + CH2FCF3 → CHFCF3 + H2O (HFC-134a)

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction OH + CHF2CHF2 → CF2CHF2 (HFC-134) + H2O OH + CHF2CF3 → CF2CF3 + H2O (HFC-125) OH + CH3OCHF2 → products (HFOC-152a) OH + CF3OCH3 → CF3OCH2 + H2O (HFOC-143a) OH + CF2HOCF2H → CF2OCF2H (HFOC-134) + H2O OH + CF3OCHF2 → CF3OCF2 + H2O (HFOC-125) OH + CF3CH2CH3 → products (HFC-263fb) OH + CH2FCF2CHF2 → products (HFC-245ca) OH + CHF2CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-245ea) OH + CF3CHFCH2F → products (HFC-245eb) OH + CHF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-245fa) OH + CF3CF2CH2F → CF3CF2CHF (HFC-236cb) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-236ea) OH + CF3CH2CF3 → CF3CHCF3 (HFC-236fa) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCF3 → CF3CFCF3+H2O (HFC-227ea) OH + CHF2OCH2CF3 → products (HFOC-245fa) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH3 → products (HFC-365mfc) OH + CF3CH2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-356mff) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2F → products (HFC-356mcf) OH + CHF2CF2CF2CF2H → products (HFC-338pcc) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-458mfcf) OH + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3 → (HFC-55-10-mcff) products F + O3 → FO + O2 F + H2 → HF + H F + H2O → HF + OH F + HNO3 → HF + NO3 F + CH4 → HF + CH3 FO + O3 → products FO + NO → NO2 + F FO + FO → 2 F + O2 FO2 + O3 → products FO2 + NO → FNO + O2

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

1.6x10-12

1680±300

5.7x10-15

2.0

5.6x10-13

1700±300

1.9x10-15

1.3

6.0x10-12

1530±150

3.5x10-14

1.2

1.5x10-12

1450±150

1.2x10-14

1.1

1.9x10-12

2000±150

2.3x10-15

1.2

4.7x10-13

2100±300

4.1x10-16

1.2

-

-

4.2x10-14

1.5

2.4x10-12

1660±150

9.1x10-15

1.3

-

-

1.6x10-14

2.0

-

-

1.5x10-14

2.0

6.1x10-13

1330±150

7.0x10-15

1.2

1.5x10-12

1750±500

4.2x10-15

2.0

1.1x10-12

1590±150

5.3x10-15

1.1

1.3x10-12

2480±150

3.2x10-16

1.1

5.0x10-13

1700±300

1.7x10-15

1.1

2.6x10-12

1610±150

1.2x10-14

2.0

2.0x10-12

1750±200

5.7x10-15

1.3

3.0x10-12

1800±300

7.1x10-15

1.3

1.7x10-12

1110±200

4.2x10-14

2.0

7.8x10-13

1530±200

4.6x10-15

1.5

1.2x10-12

1830±200

2.6x10-15

2.0

5.2x10-13

1500±300

3.4x10-15

1.3

2.2x10-11 1.4x10-10 1.4x10-11 6.0x10-12 1.6x10-10

230±200 500±200 0±200 -(400±200) 260±200

1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4

8.2x10-12 1.0x10-11

-(300±200) 0±250

7.5x10-12

690±400

8.3x10-15 1.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 1.4x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.7x10-11 <1 x 10-14 2.2x10-11 1.0x10-11 <3.4x10-16 7.5x10-13

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TeamLRN

1.5 1.5 2.0

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction FO2 + NO2 → products FO2 + CO → products FO2 + CH4 → products CF3O + O2 → FO2 + CF2O CF3O + O3 → CF3O2 + O2 CF3O + H2O → OH + CF3OH CF3O + NO → CF2O + FNO CF3O + NO2 → products CF3O + CO → products CF3O + CH4 → CH3 + CF3OH CF3O + C2H6 → C2H5 + CF3OH CF3O2 + O3 → CF3O + 2O2 CF3O2 + CO → CF3O + CO2 CF3O2 + NO → CF3O + NO2

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

3.8x10-11

2040±500

<3 x 10-11 2 x 10-12 3 x 10-12 3.7 x 10-11 See reference

5000 1400±600 >3600 -(110±70)

2.6 x 10-12 4.9 x 10-12

1420±200 400±100

5.4 x 10-12

-(320±150)

<2 x 10-15 2.2 x 10-14 1.3 x 10-12 <3 x 10-15 <5 x 10-16 1.6 x 10-11

3.0x10-11 2.4x10-12 2.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-13 2.9x10-12 2.1x10-12 1.4x10-12 1.1x10-11 4.5x10-13 2.6x10-12 3.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.2x10-12 4.0x10-12 3.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12

-(70±70) 960±300 530±150 3300±350 0±300 800±200 4700±1000 900±400 -(120±150) -(800±200) 350±100 500±500 1250±300 330±200 1400±250 1050±150 900±150 >2300

3.8x10-11 1.0x10-13 4.5x10-12 1.5x10-16 1.7x10-13 2.0x10-13 3.0x10-19 <1.0x10-19 6.7x10-14 1.7x10-11 6.8x10-12 8.0x10-13 5.0x10-13 3.6x10-14 3.9x10-13 3.6x10-14 1.1x10-13 1.0x10-13 <5.0x10-16

1.2 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 -

~1.0x10-12

>3700

<5.0x10-18

-

~1.0x10-12

>3600

<6.0x10-18

-

2.8x10-12

1270±200

3.9x10-14

1.2

1.7x10-12

1250±150

2.6x10-14

1.2

1.0x10-12 2.4x10-12

1600±150 360±200

4.7x10-15 7.2x10-13

1.1 3.0

1.8x10-12 4.9x10-13 9.4x10-12 8.2x10-12

1550±150 -(450±200) 1200±200 600±300

1.0x10-14 2.2x10-12 1.7x10-13 1.1x10-12

1.1 1.25

1.7x10-12

1700±150

5.7x10-15

1.2

1.3x10-12

1800±150

3.1x10-15

1.2

4.0x10-14 <5.1x10-16 <2x10-16 <1.5 x 10-18 1.8 x 10-14 <2 x 10-17 5.4 x 10-11

f(298) 2.0

1.3 1.2

1.1 1.2

1.1

ClOx Reactions O + ClO → Cl + O2 O + OClO → ClO + O2 O + Cl2O → ClO + ClO O + HCl → OH + Cl O + HOCl → OH + ClO O + ClONO2 → products O3 + OClO → products O3 + Cl2O2 → products OH + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl OH + ClO → products OH + OClO → HOCl + O2 OH + HCl → H2O + Cl OH + HOCl → H2O + ClO OH + ClNO2 → HOCl + NO2 OH + ClONO2 → products OH + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + H2O OH + CH2Cl2 → CHCl2 + H2O OH + CHCl3 → CCl3 + H2O OH + CCl4 → products OH + CFCl3 → products (CFC-11) OH + CF2Cl2 → products (CFC-12) OH + CH2ClF → CHClF + H2O (HCFC-31) OH + CHFCl2 → CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-21) OH + CHF2Cl → CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-22) OH + CH3OCl → products OH + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + H2O (HCC-140) OH + C2HCl3 → products OH + C2Cl4 → products OH + CCl3CHO → H2O + CCl3CO OH + CH3CFCl2 → CH2CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-141b) OH + CH3CF2Cl → CH2CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-142b)

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

1.25

1.5

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction OH + CH2ClCF2Cl → CHClCF2Cl (HCFC-132b) + H2O OH + CHCl2CF2Cl → CCl2CF2Cl (HCFC-122) + H2O OH + CHFClCFCl2 → CFClCFCl2 (HCFC-122a) + H2O OH + CH2ClCF3 → CHClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-133a) OH + CHCl2CF3 → CCl2CF3 + H2O (HCFC-123) OH + CHFClCF2Cl → CFClCF2Cl (HCFC-123a) + H2O OH + CHFClCF3 → CFClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-124) OH + CH3CF2CFCl2 → products (HCFC-243cc) OH + CF3CF2CHCl2 → products (HCFC-225ca) OH + CF2ClCF2CHFCl → products (HCFC-225cb) HO2 + Cl → HCl + O2 → OH + ClO HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 H2O + ClONO2 → products NO + OClO → NO2 + ClO NO + Cl2O2 → products NO3 + HCl → HNO3 + Cl HO2NO2 + HCl → products Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 Cl + H2 → HCl + H Cl + H2O2 → HCl + HO2 Cl + NO3 → ClO + NO2 Cl + N2O → ClO + N2 Cl + HNO3 → products Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3 Cl + CH3D → products Cl + H2CO → HCl + HCO Cl + CH3O2 → products Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5 Cl + C2H5O2 → ClO + C2H5O → HCl + C2H4O2 Cl + CH3CN → products Cl + CH3CO3NO2 → products Cl + C3H8 → HCl + C3H7 Cl + OClO → ClO + ClO Cl + ClOO → Cl2 + O2 → ClO + ClO Cl + Cl2O → Cl2 + ClO Cl + Cl2O2 → products Cl + HOCl → products Cl + ClNO → NO + Cl2 Cl + ClONO2 → products Cl + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + HCl Cl + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CHCl2 Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

3.6x10-12

1600±400

1.7x10-14

2.0

1.0x10-12

900±150

4.9x10-14

1.2

1.0x10-12

1250±150

1.5x10-14

1.1

5.2x10-13

1100±300

1.3x10-14

1.3

7.0x10-13

900±150

3.4x10-14

1.2

9.2x10-13

1280±150

1.3x10-14

1.2

8.0x10-13

1350±150

8.6x10-15

1.2

7.7x10-13

1700±300

2.6x10-15

2.0

1.0x10-12

1100±200

2.5x10-14

1.3

5.5x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.1x10-11 4.8x10-13 2.5x10-12 2.9x10-11 3.7x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.4x10-11 See reference 1.1x10-11 8.1x10-11 5.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.6x10-11 1.2x10-10 3.4x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 6.2x10-11 2.5x10-12 5.8x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.2x10-11 3.1x10-11 8.2x10-12

1250±200 -(170±200) 450±200 -(700±) 600±300 260±100 2300±200 980±500 0±400

8.3x10-15 3.2x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.0x10-12 <2.0x10-21 3.4x10-13 <2.0x10-14 <5.0x10-17 <1.0x10-21 1.2x10-11 1.6x10-14 4.1x10-13 2.4x10-11

1400±150 30±100 0±250 90±90 2140±300 -(40±250) -(160±200) 0±250 0±250 -(130±130) 130±250 -(100±200) -(135±50) 1250±200 1350±500 1325±300

<2.0x10-16 1.0x10-13 7.4x10-14 7.3x10-11 1.6x10-10 5.4x10-11 5.7x10-11 7.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.2x10-14 <1x10-14 1.4x10-10 5.8x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 9.6x10-11 1.0x10-10 1.6x10-12 8.1x10-11 1.0x10-11 4.8x10-13 3.3x10-13 9.6x10-14

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1.3

1.5 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.15 1.25 1.5

1.5 1.1 2.0 1.15 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.25 3.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction Cl + CH3F → HCl + CH2F (HFC-41) Cl + CH2F2 → HCl + CHF2 (HFC-32) Cl + CF3H → HCl + CF3 (HFC-23) Cl + CH2FCl → HCl + CHFCl (HCFC-31) Cl + CHFCl2 → HCl + CFCl2 (HCFC-21) Cl + CHF2Cl → HCl + CF2Cl (HCFC-22) Cl + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + HCl Cl + CH3CH2F → HCl + CH3CHF (HFC-161) → HCl + CH2CH2F Cl + CH3CHF2 → HCl + CH3CF2 (HFC-152a) → HCl + CH2CHF2 Cl + CH2FCH2F → HCl + CHFCH2F (HFC-152) Cl + CH3CFCl2 → HCl + CH2CFCl2 (HCFC-141b) Cl + CH3CF2Cl → HCl + CH2CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) Cl + CH3CF3 → HCl + CH2CF3 (HFC-143a) Cl + CH2FCHF2 → HCl + CH2FCF2 (HFC-143) → HCl + CHFCHF2 Cl + CH2ClCF3 → HCl + CHClCF3 (HCFC-133a) Cl + CH2FCF3 → HCl + CHFCF3 (HFC-134a) Cl + CHF2CHF2 → HCl + CF2CHF2 (HCF-134) Cl + CHCl2CF3 → HCl + CCl2CF3 (HCFC-123) Cl + CHFClCF3 → HCl + CFClCF3 (HCFC-124) Cl + CHF2CF3 → HCl + CF2CF3 (HFC-125) ClO + O3 → ClOO + O2 → OClO + O2 ClO + H2 → products ClO + NO → NO2 + Cl ClO + NO3 → ClOO + NO2 ClO + N2O → products ClO + CO → products ClO + CH4 → products ClO + H2CO → products ClO + CH3O2 → products ClO + ClO → Cl2 + O2 → ClOO + Cl → OClO + Cl HCl + ClONO2 → products

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

2.0x10-11

1200±500

3.5x10-13

1.3

1.2x10-11

1630±500

5.0x10-14

1.5

-

-

3.0x10-18

5.0

1.2x10-11

1390±500

1.1x10-13

2.0

5.5x10-12

1675±200

2.0x10-14

1.3

5.9x10-12 2.8x10-12

2430±200 1790±400

1.7x10-15 7.0x10-15

1.3 2.0

1.8x10-11 1.4x10-11

290±500 880±500

6.8x10-12 7.3x10-13

3.0 3.0

6.4x10-12 7.2x10-12

950±500 2390±500

2.6x10-13 2.4x10-15

1.3 3.0

2.6x10-11

1060±500

7.5x10-13

3.0

1.8x10-12

2000±300

2.2x10-15

1.2

1.4x10-12

2420±500

4.2x10-16

1.2

1.2x10-11

3880±500

2.6x10-17

5.0

5.5x10-12 7.7x10-12

1610±500 1720±500

2.5x10-14 2.4x10-14

3.0 3.0

1.8x10-12

1710±500

5.9x10-15

3.0

-

-

1.5x10-15

1.2

7.5x10-12

2430±500

2.2x10-15

1.5

4.4x10-12

1750±500

1.2x10-14

1.3

1.1x10-12

1800±500

2.7x10-15

1.3

1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 6.4x10-12 4.7x10-13 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 3.3x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.0x10-11 3.5x10-13 -

>4000 >4800 -(290±100) 0±400 >4300 >3700 >3700 >2100 115±115 1590±300 2450±500 1370±300 -

2.4x10-16 <1.4x10-17 <1.0x10-18 <1.0x10-19 1.7x10-11 4.7x10-13 <6.0x10-19 <4.0x10-18 <4.0x10-18 <1.0x10-15 2.2x10-12 4.8x10-15 8.0x10-15 3.5x10-15 <1.0x10-20

1.3 1.15 1.5 -

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction CH2ClO + O2 → CHClO + HO2 CH2ClO2 + HO2 → CH2ClO2H + O2 CH2ClO2 + NO → CH2ClO + NO2 CCl3O2 + NO → CCl2O + NO2 + Cl CCl2FO2 + NO → CClFO + NO2 + Cl CClF2O2 + NO → CF2O + NO2 + Cl

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

-

-

6 x 10-14

5

3.3 x 10-13 7 x 10-12 7.3 x 10-12

-(820±200) -(300±200) -(270±200)

5.2 x 10-12 1.9 x 10-11 1.8 x 10-11

1.5 1.5 1.3

4.5 x 10-12

-(350±200)

1.5 x 10-11

1.3

3.8 x 10-12

-(400±200)

1.5 x 10-11

1.2

1.9x10-11 5.8x10-12 1.2x10-10 4.2x10-11 1.1x10-11 4.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.6x10-12 1.1x10-12 2.3x10-12 1.4x10-12 7.2x10-13 1.3x10-12 9.3x10-13 1.5x10-11 3.4x10-12 4.3x10-11 1.5x10-11 6.4x10-12 1.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.1x10-11 ~1.0x10-12 8.8x10-12 1.6x10-12 2.9x10-12 5.8x10-13 1.5x10-12

-(230±150) 1500±200 430±300 0±600 0±250 1470±150 900±300 710±200 1400±200 930±150 1340±200 1110±150 995±150 1250±150 600±600 -(540±200) 1370±500 1060±100 810±100 800±200 >3000 800±200 1300±300 470±150 >3200 -(260±130) -(430±200) -(220±200) -(170±200) -(230±150)

4.1x10-11 3.8x10-14 2.8x10-11 4.2x10-11 7.5x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.9x10-14 1.2x10-13 1.5x10-13 1.0x10-14 1.0x10-13 <1.5x10-16 <5.0x10-16 <1.2x10-16 1.6x10-14 1.8x10-14 4.5x10-14 1.4x10-14 <1.5x10-16 2.0x10-12 2.1x10-11 <1.0x10-16 4.3x10-13 4.3x10-13 4.2x10-13 1.2x10-12 <5.0x10-16 1.6x10-11 1.1x10-12 3.4x10-13 4.3x10-12 3.0x10-12 <2.0x10-17 2.1x10-11 1.0x10-12 6.8x10-12 6.1x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.2x10-12

1.5 1.3 3.0 1.3 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.1 1.2

4x10-12

-(300±200)

1.1 x 10-11

1.5

BrOx Reactions O + BrO → Br + O2 O + HBr → OH + Br O + HOBr → OH + BrO OH + Br2 → HOBr + Br OH + BrO → products OH + HBr → H2O + Br OH + CH3Br → CH2Br + H2O OH + CH2Br2 → CHBr2 + H2O OH + CHBr3 → CBr3 + H2O OH + CHF2Br → CF2Br + H2O OH + CH2ClBr → CHClBr + H2O OH + CF2ClBr → products OH + CF2Br2 → products OH + CF3Br → products OH + CH2BrCF3 → CHBrCF3 + H2O OH + CHFBrCF3 → CFBrCF3 OH + CHClBrCF3 → CClBrCF3 + H2O OH + CF2BrCHFCl → CF2BrCFCl + H2O OH + CF2BrCF2Br → products HO2 + Br → HBr + O2 HO2 + BrO → products NO3 + HBr → HNO3 + Br Cl + CH2ClBr → HCl + CHClBr Cl + CH3Br → HCl + CH2Br Cl + CH2Br2 → HCl + CHBr2 Br + O3 → BrO + O2 Br + H2O2 → HBr + HO2 Br + NO3 → BrO + NO2 Br + H2CO → HBr + HCO Br + OClO → BrO + ClO Br + Cl2O → BrCl + ClO Br + Cl2O2 → products BrO + O3 → products BrO + NO → NO2 + Br BrO + NO3 → products BrO + ClO → Br + OClO → Br + ClOO → BrCl + O2 BrO + BrO → products CH2BrO2 + NO → CH2O + NO2 + Br

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-

1.3

1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 3.0 1.2 1.2 1.2

2.0 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.15 3.0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

1.4x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.8x10-10 3.0x10-11 7.2x10-14 3.1x10-14 3.8x10-13 8.4x10-11

1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1.5

IOx Reactions O + I2 → IO + I O + IO → O2 + I OH + I2 → ΗΟΙ + Ι OH + HI → H2O + I OH + CH3I → H2O + CH2I OH + CF3I → HOI + CF3 HO2 + I → HI + O2 HO2 + IO → HOI + O2 NO3 + HI → HNO3 + I I + O3 → IO + O2 I + BrO → IO + Br IO + NO → I + NO2 IO + ClO → products IO + BrO → products IO + IO → products INO + INO → I2 + 2NO INO2 + INO2 → I2 + 2NO2

1.4x10-10

0±250

3.1x10-12

1120±500

1.5x10-11

1090±500

See reference 2.3x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.1x10-12 1.5x10-11 8.4x10-11 2.9x10-11

870±200 -(240±150) -(280±200) -(500±500) 2620±600 2600±1000

1.2x10-12 1.2x10-11 2.0x10-11 1.3x10-11 6.9x10-11 8.0x10-11 1.3x10-14 4.7x10-15

1.2 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.0

2.7x10-10 9.2x10-12 2.1x10-11 3.2x10-11 1.3x10-11 5.5x10-11 3.0x10-12 6.0x10-12 1.1x10-13 See reference 9.9x10-12 1.2x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.4x10-13 1.9x10-13 1.3x10-12 -

760±250 1800±550 2200±150 650±150 -(410±100) -(250±100) >7000 75±75 1200±500 -(360±100) 260±100 -(400±200) -(210±210) -(500±200) 270±270 -

1.6x10-10 2.1x10-11 2.2x10-14 1.3x10-14 3.6x10-12 5.0x10-11 1.3x10-10 <2.0x10-20 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-22 4.7x10-12 1.9x10-15 3.3x10-11 5.0x10-12 2.3x10-10 6.6x10-11 8.6x10-11 <3.0x10-15 <4.0x10-15 <5.0x10-15 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-26 <8.0x10-16 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-16 8.9x10-13 1.0x10-12 5.3x10-13 <7.0x10-21 <1.0x10-17 <5.0x10-17 2.4.x10-10

5.0 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.15 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.25 1.2 1.4 -

SOx Reactions O + SH → SO + H O + CS → CO + S O + H2S → OH + SH O + OCS → CO + SO O + CS2 → CS + SO O + CH3SCH3 → CH3SO + CH3 O + CH3SSCH3 → CH3SO + CH3S O3 + H2S → products O3 + CH3SCH3 → products O3 + SO2 → SO3 + O2 OH + H2S → SH + H2O OH + OCS → products OH + CS2 → products OH + CH3SH → CH3S + H2O OH + CH3SCH3 → H2O + CH2SCH3 OH + CH3SSCH3 → products OH + S → H + SO OH + SO → H + SO2 HO2 + H2S → products HO2 + CH3SH → products HO2 + CH3SCH3 → products HO2 + SO2 → products NO2 + SO2 → products NO3+ H2S → products NO3 + OCS → products NO3 + CS2 → products NO3 + CH3SH → products NO3 + CH3SCH3→ CH3SCH2 + HNO3 NO3 + CH3SSCH3 → products NO3 + SO2 → products N2O5 + CH3SCH3 → products CH3O2 + SO2 → products F + CH3SCH3 → products

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

-

2.0

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)

Reaction Cl + H2S → HCl + SH Cl + OCS → products Cl + CS2 → products Cl + CH3SH → CH3S + HCl Cl + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + OCS → products ClO + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + SO → Cl +SO2 ClO + SO2 → Cl + SO3 Br + H2S → HBr + SH Br + CH3SH → CH3S + HBr Br + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + SO → Br + SO2 IO + CH3SH → products IO + CH3SCH3 → products S + O2 → SO + O S + O3 → SO + O2 SO + O2 → SO2 + O SO + O3 → SO2 + O2 SO + NO2 → SO2 + NO SO + OClO → SO2 + ClO SO3 + H2O → products SO3 + NO2 → products SH + O2 → OH + SO SH + O3 → HSO + O2 SH + H2O2 → products SH + NO2 → HSO + NO SH + Cl2 → ClSH + Cl SH + BrCl → products SH + Br2 → BrSH + Br SH + F2 → FSH + F HSO + O2 → products HSO + O3 → products HSO + NO → products HSO + NO2 → HSO2 + NO HSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO2 HOSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO3 CS + O2 → OCS + O CS + O3 → OCS + O2 CS + NO2 → OCS + NO CH3S + O2 → products CH3S + O3 → products CH3S + NO → products CH3S + NO2 → CH3SO + NO CH2SH + O2 → products CH2SH + O3 → products CH2SH + NO → products CH2SH + NO2 → products CH3SO + O3 → products CH3SO + NO2 → CH3SO2 + NO CH3SOO + O3 → products CH3SOO + NO → products CH3SO2+ NO2 → products CH3SCH2 + NO3 → products CH3SCH2O2 + NO → CH3SCH2O + NO2

A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

3.7x10-11 1.2x10-10 See reference 2.8x10-11 1.4x10-11 9.2x10-12 See reference 1.5x10-14

-(210±100) -(150±50) 0±50 2750±300 390±100

7.4x10-11 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-15 2.0x10-10 <2.0x10-16 9.5x10-15 2.8x10-11 <4.0x10-18 1.4x10-15 2.5x10-12

1.25 1.25 2.0 1.3 2.0 2.0

-(850±200)

2.3x10-12

0±200

2.6x10-13 3.6x10-12 1.4x10-11

2400±500 1100±200 0±50

2.6x10-13 5.7x10-11 6.6x10-16 1.2x10-14 2.3x10-12 1.2x10-11 8.4x10-17 9.0x10-14 1.4x10-11 1.9x10-12 1.0x10-19 <4.0x10-19 3.5x10-12 <5.0x10-15 6.5x10-11 1.7x10-12 7.4x10-11 1.0x10-10 4.0x10-13 <2.0x10-17 1.0x10-13 <1.0x10-15 9.6x10-12 3.0x10-13 4.4x10-13 2.9x10-19 3.0x10-16 7.6x10-17 <3.0x10-18 5.3x10-12 <1.0x10-13 6.1x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.5x10-11 1.9x10-11 5.2x10-11 6.0x10-13 1.2x10-11 <8.0x10-13 1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11 3.0 x 10-10 1.9 x 10-11

1.3 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 3.0 10.0 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 3.0

See reference

9.0x10-12

280±200

2.9x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.3x10-11

-(240±50) 690±200 -(350±200) -(160±160) 1390±200

1.3x10-12

330±200

2.0x10-12

-(290±100)

2.1x10-11

-(320±100)

1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11

0±100 0±100

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3.0

1.15 1.15 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) A cm3 molecule-1 s-1

Reaction

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1

f(298)

4.6x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.5x10-12

2.0 2.0 2.0

7.3x10-10 <4.0x10-11 1.3x10-12 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.6x10-10 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 <10-14 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10

1.2 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.5 3.0

CH3SS + O3 → products CH3SS + NO2 → products CH3SSO + NO2 → products Metal Reactions Na + O3 → NaO + O2 → NaO2 + O Na + N2O → NaO + N2 Na + Cl2 → NaCl + Cl NaO + O → Na + O2 NaO + O3 → NaO2 + O2 → Na + 2O2 NaO + H2 → NaOH + H NaO + H2O → NaOH + OH NaO + NO → Na + NO2 NaO + HCl → products NaO2 + O→ NaO + O2 NaO2 + NO→ NaO + NO2 NaO2 + HCl→ products NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

1.0x10-9 2.8x10-10 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.1x10-9 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10

95±50 1600±400 0±200 0±400 570±300 0±800 0±600 0±400 0±400 0±400 0±600 0±400 0±400

2.0

2.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0

Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.

Reaction

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m

Ox Reactions O + O2→ O3

(6.0±0.5) (-34)

2.3±0.5

-

-

O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + N2→ N2O

(3.5±3.0) (-37)

0.6

-

-

HOx Reactions H + O2 → HO2 OH + OH → H2O2

(5.7±0.5) (-32) (6.2±1.2) (-31)

1.6±0.5 1.0

(7.5±4.0) (-11) (2.6±1.0) (-11)

0±1.0 0±0.5

NOx Reactions O + NO → NO2 O + NO2 → NO3 OH + NO → HONO OH + NO2 → HNO3 HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 NO3 → NO + O2

(9.0±2.0) (-32) (9.0±1.0) (-32) (7.0±1.0) (-31) (2.5±0.1) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (2.2±0.5) (-30) See reference

1.5±0.3 2.0±1.0 2.6±0.3 4.4±0.3 3.2±0.4 3.9±1.0

(3.0±1.0) (-11) (2.2±0.3) (-11) (3.6±1.0) (-11) (1.6±0.2) (-11) (4.7±1.0) (-12) (1.5±0.8) (-12)

0±1.0 0±1.0 0.1±0.5 1.7±0.2 1.4±1.4 0.7±0.4

Hydrocarbon Reactions CH3 + O2 → CH3O2 C2H5 + O2 → C2H5O2 OH + C2H2 → HOCHCH OH + C2H4 → HOCH2CH2

(4.5±1.5) (-31) (1.5±1.0) (-28) (5.5±2.0) (-30) (1.0±0.6) (-28)

3.0±1.0 3.0±1.0 0.0±0.2 0.8±2.0

(1.8±0.2) (-12) (8.0±1.0) (-12) (8.3±1.0) (-13) (8.8±0.9) (-12)

1.7±1.7 0±1.0 -2 0

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CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.

Reaction

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n

CH3O + NO → CH3ONO CH3O + NO2 → CH3ONO2 C2H5O + NO → C2H5ONO C2H5O + NO2 → C2H5ONO2 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m

(1.4±0.5) (-29) (1.1±0.4) (-28) (2.8±1.0) (-27) (2.0±1.0) (-27) (1.5±0.8) (-30)

3.8±1.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0

(3.6±1.6) (-11) (1.6±0.5) (-11) (5.0±1.0) (-11) (2.8±0.4) (-11) (6.5±3.2) (-12)

0.6±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.0±2.0

(9.7±3.8) (-29)

5.6±2.8

(9.3±0.4)(-12)

1.5±0.3

FOx Reactions F + O2 → FO2 F + NO → FNO F + NO2 → FNO2 FO + NO2 → FONO2 CF3 + O2 → CF3O2 CF3O + NO2 → CF3ONO2 CF3O2 + NO2CF3O2NO2 CF3O + CO → CF3OCO CF3O → CF2O + F

(4.4±0.4) (-33) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (6.3±3.0) (-32) (2.6±2.0) (-31) (3.0±0.3) (-29) See reference (2.2±0.5) (-29) (2.5±0.2) (-31) See reference

1.2±0.5 1.0±10 2.0±2.0 1.3±1.3 4.0±2.0

(2.8±1.4) (-10) (2.6±1.3) (-10) (2.0±1.0) (-11) (4.0±1.0) (-12)

0.0±1.0 0.0±1.0 1.5±1.5 1.0±1.0

5.0±1.0 -

(6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.8±0.4) (-14)

2.5±1.0 -1.2

ClOx Reactions Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + NO → ClNO Cl + NO2 ClONO → ClNO2 Cl + CO → ClCO Cl + C2H2 → ClC2H2 Cl + C2H4 → ClC2H4 Cl + C2Cl4 → C2Cl5 ClO + NO2 → ClONO2 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + O → ClO3 CH2Cl + O2 → CH2ClO2 CHCl2 + O2 → CHCl2O2 CCl3 + O2 → CCl3O2 CFCl2 + O2 → CFCl2O2 CF2Cl + O2 → CF2ClO2 CCl3O2 + NO2 → CCl3O2NO2 CFCl2O2 + NO2 → CFCl2O2NO2 CF2ClO2 + NO2 → CF2ClO2NO2

(2.7±1.0) (-33) (9.0±2.0) (-32) (1.3±0.2) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (1.3±0.5) (-33) ((5.9±1.0) (-30) (1.6±1) (-29) (1.4±0.6) (-28) (1.8±0.3) (-31) See reference (2.2±0.4) (-32) (6.2±1.0) (-32) (1.9±0.5) (-31) (1.9±0.1) (-30) (1.3±0.1) (-30) (6.9±0.2) (-31) (5.0±0.8) (-30) (3.0±1.5) (-30) (5.0±1.0) (-29) (3.5±0.5) (-29) (3.3±0.7) (-29)

1.5±0.5 1.6±0.5 2.0±1.0 2.0±1.0 3.8±0.5 2.1±1.0 3.3±1.0 8.5±1.0 3.4±1.0

(1.0±0.5) (-10) (1.0±0.5) (-10) (2.1±0.4) (-10) (3.1±2) (-10) (4.0±1.0) (-11) (1.5±0.7) (-11)

1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±0.5 1.0±0.5 1.2±0.5 1.9±1.9

3.1±0.5 4.7±0.6 1.1±1.0 3.2±0.2 4.0±0.2 6.4±0.3 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 5.0±1.0 5.0±1.0 6.7±1.3

(3.5±2) (-12) (2.4±1.2) (-11) (3.1±0.8) (-11) (2.9±0.2) (-12) (2.8±0.2) (-12) (2.4±0.2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (3±2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (4.1±1.9) (-12)

1.0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 1.2±0.6 1.4±0.6 2.1±0.6 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.8±0.7

BrOx Reactions Br + NO2 → BrNO2 BrO + NO2 → BrONO2

(4.2±0.8) (-31) (5.2±0.6) (-31)

2.4±0.5 3.2±0.8

(2.7±0.5) (-11) (6.9±1.0) (-12)

0±1.0 2.9±1.0

IOx Reactions I + NO → INO I + NO2 → INO2 IO + NO2 → IONO2

(1.8±0.5) (-32) (3.0±1.5) (-31) (5.9±2.0) (-31)

1.0±0.5 1.0±1.0 3.5±1.0

(1.7±1.0) (-11) (6.6±5.0) (-11) (9.0±1.0) (-12)

0±1.0 0±1.0 1.5±1.0

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CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.

Reaction

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m

SOx Reactions HS + NO → HSNO CH3S +NO → CH3SNO O + SO2 → SO3 OH + SO2 → HOSO2 CH3SCH2 + O2 → CH3SCH2O2 SO3 + NH3 → H3NSO3

(2.4±0.4) (-31) (3.2±0.4) (-29) (1.3±)(-33) (3.0±1.0) (-31) See reference (3.9±0.8) (-30)

3.0±1.0 4.0±1.0 -3.6±0.7 3.3±1.5

(2.7±0.5) (-11) (3.9±0.6) (-11)

0 2.7±1.0

(1.5±0.5) (-12)

0

3.0±3.0

(4.7±1.3) (-11)

0±1.0

Metal Reactions Na + O2 → NaO2 NaO + O2 → NaO3 NaO + CO2 → NaCO3 NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3

(3.2±0.3) (-30) (3.5±0.7) (-30) (8.7±2.6) (-28) (1.3±0.3) (-28)

1.4±0.3 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0

(6.0±2.0) (-10) (5.7±3.0) (-10) (6.5±3.0) (-10) (6.8±4.0) (-10)

0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0

Table 3. Equilibrium Constants K(T)/cm3 molecule-1 = A exp (B/T) Reaction HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO + NO2 → N2O3 NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2 F + O2 → FOO Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + CO → ClCO ClO + O2 → ClO.O2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 OH + CS2 → CS2OH CH3S + O2 → CH3SO2

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[200 < T/K < 300] A/cm3 molecule-1

B/K

2.1x10-27 3.3x10-27 5.2x10-29 2.7x10-27 1.3x10-28

10900±1000 4667±100 6643±250 11000±500 11200±1000

1.6x10-11 2.1x10-20 2.5x10-19 2.9x10-11 2.7x10-12

5 2 2 1.3 2

9.0x10-29 3.2x10-25 5.7x10-25 1.6x10-25 2.9x10-26 1.3x10-27 1.1x10-24 1x10-28 4.5x10-25 1.8x10-27

14000±200 6100±1200 2500±750 4000±500 <3700 8744±850 5455±300 9300±1000 5140±500 5545±300

2.3x10-8 2.5x10-16 2.5x10-21 1.1x10-19 <7.2x10-21 7.2x10-15 9.8x10-17 3.6x10-15 1.4x10-17 2.2x10-19

2 1.0 2 5 1.5 3 5 1.4 1.4

K (298 K)

f (298 K)

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Section 6: Fluid Properties Thermodynamic Properties of Air Properties of Water in the Range 0-100°C Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O Standard Density of Water Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions Density of D2O Vapor Pressure of Ice Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies Thermophysical Properties of Fluids Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Van der Waals Constants for Gases Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points Critical Constants Sublimation Pressure of Solids Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration Enthalpy of Vaporization Enthalpy of Fusion Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density Properties of Cryogenic Fluids Properties of Liquid Helium Properties of Refrigerants Density and Specific Volume of Mercury Thermal Properties of Mercury Vapor Pressure of Mercury Surface Tension of Common Liquids Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

Viscosity of Gases Viscosity of Liquids Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions Viscosity of Liquid Metals Thermal Conductivity of Gases Thermal Conductivity of Liquids Diffusion in Gases Diffusion of Gases in Water Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution

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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR These tables summarize the thermodynamic properties of air in the liquid and gaseous states, as well as along the saturation line. In the table for the saturation state, P(boil) is the bubble point temperature (i.e., the pressure at which boiling begins as the temperature of the liquid is raised), and P(con) is the dew point temperature (pressure at which condensation begins as the temperature of the gas is lowered). The other properties tabulated are density (ρ), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and isobaric heat capacity (Cp). More detailed tables may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. Vasserman, A.A., and Rabinovich, V.A., Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and its Components, Izdatel’stvo Komiteta, Standartov, Moscow, 1968. 2. Vasserman, A.A., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components, Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, 1966. Properties in the saturation state: T K 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 132.55

P(boil) bar

P(con) bar

0.1468 0.3234 0.6366 1.146 1.921 3.036 4.574 6.621 12.59 21.61 34.16 37.69

0.0861 0.2052 0.4321 0.8245 1.453 2.397 3.748 5.599 11.22 20.14 33.32 37.69

ρ (liq) g/cm3

ρ (gas) g/L

0.939 0.917 0.894 0.871 0.845 0.819 0.792 0.763 0.699 0.622 0.487 0.313

0.464 1.033 2.048 3.709 6.258 9.980 15.21 22.39 45.15 87.34 184.33 312.89

Properties of liquid air: P bar

T K

ρ g/cm3

1 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100

75 75 80 85 90 95 75 80 90 100 75 100 125 150 75 100 125 150

0.8935 0.8942 0.8718 0.8482 0.8230 0.7962 0.8952 0.8729 0.8245 0.7695 0.9025 0.7859 0.6222 0.1879 0.9111 0.8033 0.6746 0.4871

H J/g –131.7 –131.4 –122.3 –112.9 –103.3 –93.5 –131.1 –122.0 –103.1 –83.2 –128.2 –81.8 –28.3 91.9 –124.5 –79.4 –31.4 32.8

S J/g K 2.918 2.916 3.031 3.143 3.250 3.356 2.913 3.028 3.246 3.452 2.892 3.415 3.889 4.764 2.867 3.376 3.805 4.271

Cp J/g K 1.843 1.840 1.868 1.901 1.941 1.991 1.836 1.863 1.932 2.041 1.806 1.939 2.614 2.721 1.774 1.852 2.062 2.832

Properties of air in the gaseous state: P bar 1 1 1

T K

ρ g/L

H J/g

S J/g K

Cp J/g K

100 200 300

3.556 1.746 1.161

98.3 199.7 300.3

5.759 6.463 6.871

1.032 1.007 1.007

6-1

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR (continued) P bar

T K

ρ g/L

H J/g

S J/g K

Cp J/g K

1 1 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100

500 1000 200 300 500 1000 200 300 500 1000

0.696 0.348 17.835 11.643 6.944 3.471 213.950 116.945 66.934 33.613

503.4 1046.6 195.2 298.3 502.9 1047.2 148.8 279.9 499.0 1052.4

7.389 8.138 5.766 6.204 6.727 7.477 4.949 5.486 6.048 6.812

1.030 1.141 1.049 1.021 1.034 1.142 1.650 1.158 1.073 1.151

6-2

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PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE RANGE 0 — 100 °C This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 — 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68.

t

Density g/cm3

Cp J/g K

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.99984 0.99970 0.99821 0.99565 0.99222 0.98803 0.98320 0.97778 0.97182 0.96535 0.95840

Ref.

1—3

°C

Vap. pres. kPa

Visc. µPa s

4.2176 4.1921 4.1818 4.1784 4.1785 4.1806 4.1843 4.1895 4.1963 4.2050 4.2159

0.6113 1.2281 2.3388 4.2455 7.3814 12.344 19.932 31.176 47.373 70.117 101.325

1793 1307 1002 797.7 653.2 547.0 466.5 404.0 354.4 314.5 281.8

2

1, 3

3

Ther. cond. mW/K m

Diel. const.

Surf. ten. mN/m

561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1

87.90 83.96 80.20 76.60 73.17 69.88 66.73 63.73 60.86 58.12 55.51

75.64 74.23 72.75 71.20 69.60 67.94 66.24 64.47 62.67 60.82 58.91

3

4

5

REFERENCES 1. L. Harr, J. S. Gallagher, and G. S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. K. N. Marsh, Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 3. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 4. D. G. Archer and P. Wang, The dielectric constant of water and Debye-Hückel limiting law slopes, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 371, 1990. 5. N. B. Vargaftik, et al., International tables of the surface tension of water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.

6-3

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t

∆vapH kJ/mol

t

°C

°C

∆vapH kJ/mol

0 25 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

45.054 43.990 43.350 42.482 41.585 40.657 39.684 38.643 37.518 36.304

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374

34.962 33.468 31.809 29.930 27.795 25.300 22.297 18.502 12.966 2.066

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FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF H2O AND D2O Temperatures are given on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCES 1. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., Straub, J., Watanabe, K., and Hill, P.G., Assessment of critical parameter values for H2O and D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 193, 1985. 3. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 601, 1984. 4. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 175, 1984. 5. Hill, P.G., MacMillan, R.D.C., and Lee, V., A fundamental equation of state for heavy water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 1, 1982. Unit Molar mass Melting point(101.325 kPa) Boiling point(101.325 kPa) Triple point temperature Triple point pressure Triple point density(l) Triple point density(g) Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density Critical specific volume Maximum density(saturated liquid) Temperature of maximum density

g/mol °C °C °C Pa g/cm3 mg/L °C MPa g/cm3 cm3/g g/cm3 °C

6-4

H2O 18.01528 0.00 100.00 0.01 611.73 0.99978 4.885 373.99 22.064 0.322 3.11 0.99995 4.0

D2O 20.02748 3.82 101.42 3.82 661 1.1055 5.75 370.74 21.671 0.356 2.81 1.1053 11.2

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H2O AND D2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid (λl) and vapor (λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure. REFERENCES 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983.

t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350

P/kPa

H2O λ l /(mW/K m)

0.6 1.2 2.3 4.2 7.4 12.3 19.9 31.2 47.4 70.1 101.3 476 1555 3978 8593 16530

561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 682.1 663.4 621.4 547.7 447.6

λ v /(mW/K m) 16.49 17.21 17.95 18.70 19.48 20.28 21.10 21.96 22.86 23.80 24.79 30.77 39.10 51.18 71.78 134.59

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P/kPa

1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 11.1 18.2 28.8 44.2 66.1 96.2 465 1546 3995 8688 16820

D2O λ l /(mW/K m)

575 589 600 610 618 625 629 633 635 636 625 592 541 473 391

λ v /(mW/K m)

17.0 17.8 18.5 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 30.8 39.0 52.0 75.2 143.0

STANDARD DENSITY OF WATER This table gives the density ρ of standard mean ocean water (SMOW), free from dissolved salts and gases, at a pressure of 101325 Pa. SMOW is a standard water sample of high purity and known isotopic composition. Methods of correcting for different isotopic compositions are discussed in the reference. The table below is reprinted with the permission of IUPAC. Note that the temperature scale is IPTS-68. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

t68/°C

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

999.8426 999.9015 999.9429 999.9672 999.9750 999.9668 999.9430 999.9043 999.8509 999.7834 999.7021 999.6074 999.4996 999.3792 999.2464 999.1016 998.9450 998.7769 998.5976 998.4073 998.2063 997.9948 997.7730 997.5412 997.2994 997.0480 996.7870 996.5166 996.2371 995.9486 995.6511 995.3450 995.0302 994.7071 994.3756 994.0359 993.6883 993.3328 992.9695 992.5987 992.2204

8493 9065 9461 9687 9748 9651 9398 8996 8448 7759 6932 5972 4882 3665 2325 0864 9287 7595 5790 3877 1856 9731 7503 5174 2747 0223 7604 4891 2087 9192 6209 3139 9983* 6743 3420 0015 6531 2968 9328 5612

8558 9112 9491 9700 9746 9632 9365 8948 8385 7682 6842 5869 4766 3536 2184 0712 9123 7419 5604 3680 1649 9513 7275 4936 2499 9965* 7337 4615 1801 8898 5906 2827 9663* 6414 3083 9671* 6178 2607 8960 5236

8622 9158 9519 9712 9742 9612 9330 8898 8321 7604 6751 5764 4648 3407 2042 0558 8957 7243 5416 3481 1440 9294 7045 4697 2250 9707* 7069 4337 1515 8603 5602 2514 9342* 6085 2745 9325* 5825 2246 8591 4860

ρ/kg m-3 0.4 8683 9202 9546 9722 9736 9591 9293 8847 8256 7525 6658 5658 4530 3276 1899 0403 8791 7065 5228 3282 1230 9073 6815 4456 2000 9447* 6800 4059 1228 8306 5297 2201 9020* 5755 2407 8978* 5470 1884 8221 4483

* The leading figure decreases by 1.

6-5

0.5 8743 9244 9571 9731 9728 9568 9255 8794 8189 7444 6564 5551 4410 3143 1755 0247 8623 6886 5038 3081 1019 8852 6584 4215 1749 9186* 6530 3780 0940 8009 4991 1887 8697* 5423 2068 8631* 5115 1521 7850 4105

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

8801 9284 9595 9738 9719 9544 9216 8740 8121 7362 6468 5443 4289 3010 1609 0090 8455 6706 4847 2880 0807 8630 6351 3973 1497 8925* 6259 3500 0651 7712 4685 1572 8373* 5092 1728 8283* 4759 1157 7479 3726

8857 9323 9616 9743 9709 9518 9175 8684 8051 7279 6372 5333 4167 2875 1463 9932* 8285 6525 4655 2677 0594 8406 6118 3730 1244 8663* 5987 3219 0361 7413 4377 1255 8049* 4759 1387 7934* 4403 0793 7107 3347

8912 9360 9636 9747 9696 9490 9132 8627 7980 7194 6274 5222 4043 2740 1315 9772* 8114 6343 4462 2474 0380 8182 5883 3485 0990 8399* 5714 2938 0070 7113 4069 0939 7724* 4425 1045 7585* 4045 0428 6735 2966

8964 9395 9655 9749 9683 9461 9088 8569 7908 7108 6174 5110 3918 2602 1166 9612* 7942 6160 4268 2269 0164 7957 5648 3240 0735 8135* 5441 2655 9778* 6813 3760 0621 7397* 4091 0703 7234* 3687 0062 6361 2586

PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER The common form of ice at ambient temperature and pressure is hexagonal ice, designated as ice Ih (see phase diagram in Section 12). The data given here refer to that form. Data have been taken from the references indicated; values have been interpolated and smoothed in some cases. All properties are sensitive to the method of preparation of the sample, since air or other gases are sometimes occluded. For this reason there is often disagreement among values found in the literature. Density values (except at 0˚C) and the thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the temperature variation in the crystal lattice constants of ice (see Ref. 1). The thermal expansion coefficient appears to become negative around -200˚C, but there is considerable scatter in the data.

Density of ice Ih and supercooled water in g cm-3 t/˚C

ρ (ice)

ρ (supercooled water)

0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 Ref.

0.9167 0.9187 0.9203 0.9216 0.9228 0.9240 0.9252 0.9274 0.9292 0.9305 0.9314 0.9331 0.9340 1

0.9998 0.9982 0.9935 0.9839

8

Phase transition properties: ∆fusH(0˚C) = 333.6 J/g (Ref. 2) ∆subH(0˚C) = 2838 J/g (Ref. 2)

Other properties of ice Ih : αV: cubic thermal expansion coefficient, αV = −(1/V)(∂V/∂t)p κ : adiabatic compressibility, κ = –(1/V)( ∂V/∂p)S .ε

:relative permittivity (dielectric constant)

k : thermal conductivity cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure

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PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER (continued) t/˚C 0 −10 −20 −30 −40 −50 −60 −80 −100 −120 −140 −160 −180 −200 −220 −240 −250 Ref.

αV/10−6 ˚C-1 159 155 149 143 137 130 122 105 85 77 60 45 30

1,2,3,5

κ/10−5 MPa-1 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 1,5

ε

k/W cm-1 ˚C-1

91.6 94.4 97.5 99.7 101.9 106.9 119.5

6

0.0214 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.037 0.042 0.049 0.057 0.070 0.087 0.118 0.20 0.32 7

cp/J g-1 ˚C-1 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.10 0.97 0.83 0.67 0.50 0.29 0.17 1

REFERENCES 1. Eisenberg, D., and Kauzmann, W., The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, V/1b, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 3. LaPlaca, S., and Post, B., Acta Cryst., 13, 503, 1960. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 4. Brill, R., and Tippe, A., Acta Cryst., 23, 343, 1967. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 5. Leadbetter, A. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 287, 403, 1965. [Compressibility and thermal expansion] 6. Auty, R. P., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309, 1952. [Dielectric constant] 7. Slack, G. A., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 3065, 1980. [Thermal conductivity] 8. Hare, D. E., and Sorensen, C. M., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4840, 1987. [Supercooled water] 9. Hobbs, P. V., Ice Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.

6-7

VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS This table gives the following properties of aqueous solutions of NaCl as a function of temperature and concentration: Specific volume v (reciprocal of density) in cm3/g Isothermal compressibility κT = -(1/v)(∂v/∂P)T in GPa-1 Cubic expansion coefficient αv = (1/v)(∂v/∂T)P in kK-1 All data refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The reference gives properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure. REFERENCE Rogers, P. S. Z., and Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 15, 1982.

Molality in mol/kg T/°C

0.100

0.250

0.500

0.750

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

0.925426 0.927905 0.930909 0.932590 0.934382 0.938287 0.942603 0.9474 0.9526 0.9581 0.9640 0.9703

0.896292 0.899262 0.902565 0.904339 0.906194 0.910145 0.914411 0.9191 0.9240 0.9293 0.9348 0.9406

0.870996 0.874201 0.877643 0.879457 0.881334 0.885276 0.889473 0.8940 0.8987 0.9037 0.9089 0.9144

0.848646 0.851958 0.855469 0.857301 0.859185 0.863108 0.867241 0.8716 0.8762 0.8809 0.8858 0.8910

0.346 0.341 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.338 0.340 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39

0.315 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.315 0.317 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37

0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.296 0.299 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34

0.313 0.349 0.384 0.401 0.418 0.451 0.484 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64

0.355 0.380 0.406 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.486 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61

Specific volume v in cm3/g 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.995732 0.995998 0.997620 0.998834 1.000279 1.003796 1.008064 1.0130 1.0186 1.0249 1.0317 1.0391

0.989259 0.989781 0.991564 0.992832 0.994319 0.997883 1.002161 1.0071 1.0127 1.0188 1.0256 1.0329

0.978889 0.979804 0.981833 0.983185 0.984735 0.988374 0.992668 0.9976 1.0031 1.0092 1.0157 1.0228

0.968991 0.970256 0.972505 0.973932 0.975539 0.979243 0.983551 0.9885 0.9939 0.9999 1.0063 1.0133

0.959525 0.961101 0.963544 0.965038 0.966694 0.970455 0.974772 0.9797 0.9851 0.9909 0.9972 1.0040

Compressibility κT in GPa–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.503 0.472 0.453 0.447 0.443 0.438 0.438 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49

0.492 0.463 0.446 0.440 0.436 0.432 0.431 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48

0.475 0.449 0.433 0.428 0.425 0.421 0.421 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47

0.459 0.436 0.422 0.417 0.414 0.411 0.411 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46

0.443 0.423 0.411 0.407 0.404 0.401 0.402 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

0.389 0.377 0.371 0.369 0.367 0.367 0.369 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.42

Cubic expansion coefficient αV in kK–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-0.058 0.102 0.218 0.267 0.311 0.389 0.458 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.74

-0.026 0.123 0.232 0.278 0.320 0.394 0.460 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.73

0.024 0.156 0.254 0.296 0.334 0.402 0.464 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.72

0.069 0.186 0.274 0.312 0.347 0.410 0.467 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71

0.110 0.213 0.292 0.327 0.359 0.417 0.470 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.70

6-6

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0.237 0.297 0.349 0.373 0.395 0.438 0.479 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66

DENSITY OF D2O Density of liquid D2O in g/cm3 at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). REFERENCE Kirillin, V.A., Ed., Heavy Water: Thermophysical Properties, Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel’stvo, Moscow, 1963.

t/°C Density

3.8 1.1053

5 1.1055

10 1.1057

15 1.1056

20 1.105

25 1.1044

30 1.1034

t/°C Density

35 1.1019

40 1.1001

45 1.0979

50 1.0957

55 1.0931

60 1.0905

65 1.0875

t/°C Density

70 1.0847

75 1.0815

80 1.0783

85 1.0748

90 1.0712

95 1.0673

100 1.0635

6-7

VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE The values of the vapor (sublimation) pressure of ice in this table were calculated from the equation recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS) in 1993. Temperature values correspond to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in the pressure is estimated to be 0.1% for t > -25°C and 0.5% for t < -25°C. The first entry in the table is the triple point of water. REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. t/°C

p/Pa

0.01 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 –13 –14 –15

611.657 611.15 562.67 517.72 476.06 437.47 401.76 368.73 338.19 309.98 283.94 259.90 237.74 217.32 198.52 181.22 165.30

t/°C –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –21 –22 –23 –24 –25 –26 –27 –28 –29 –30 –31 –32

p/Pa 150.68 137.25 124.92 113.62 103.26 93.77 85.10 77.16 69.91 63.29 57.25 51.74 46.73 42.16 38.01 34.24 30.82

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t/°C –33 –34 –35 –36 –37 –38 –39 –40 –45 –50 –55 –60 –65 –70 –75 –80

p/Pa 27.71 24.90 22.35 20.04 17.96 16.07 14.37 12.84 7.202 3.936 2.093 1.080 0.540 0.261 0.122 0.055

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C This table gives the vapor pressure of water at intervals of 1° C from the melting point to the critical point. REFERENCE Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. t/°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

P/kPa 0.61129 0.65716 0.70605 0.75813 0.81359 0.87260 0.93537 1.0021 1.0730 1.1482 1.2281 1.3129 1.4027 1.4979 1.5988 1.7056 1.8185 1.9380 2.0644 2.1978 2.3388 2.4877 2.6447 2.8104 2.9850 3.1690 3.3629 3.5670 3.7818 4.0078 4.2455 4.4953 4.7578 5.0335 5.3229 5.6267 5.9453 6.2795 6.6298 6.9969 7.3814 7.7840 8.2054 8.6463 9.1075 9.5898 10.094 10.620 11.171 11.745 12.344 12.970 13.623

t/°C 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

t/°C

P/kPa 14.303 15.012 15.752 16.522 17.324 18.159 19.028 19.932 20.873 21.851 22.868 23.925 25.022 26.163 27.347 28.576 29.852 31.176 32.549 33.972 35.448 36.978 38.563 40.205 41.905 43.665 45.487 47.373 49.324 51.342 53.428 55.585 57.815 60.119 62.499 64.958 67.496 70.117 72.823 75.614 78.494 81.465 84.529 87.688 90.945 94.301 97.759 101.32 104.99 108.77 112.66 116.67 120.79

106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158

6-8

P/kPa 125.03 129.39 133.88 138.50 143.24 148.12 153.13 158.29 163.58 169.02 174.61 180.34 186.23 192.28 198.48 204.85 211.38 218.09 224.96 232.01 239.24 246.66 254.25 262.04 270.02 278.20 286.57 295.15 303.93 312.93 322.14 331.57 341.22 351.09 361.19 371.53 382.11 392.92 403.98 415.29 426.85 438.67 450.75 463.10 475.72 488.61 501.78 515.23 528.96 542.99 557.32 571.94 586.87

t/°C 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211

P/kPa 602.11 617.66 633.53 649.73 666.25 683.10 700.29 717.83 735.70 753.94 772.52 791.47 810.78 830.47 850.53 870.98 891.80 913.03 934.64 956.66 979.09 1001.9 1025.2 1048.9 1073.0 1097.5 1122.5 1147.9 1173.8 1200.1 1226.9 1254.2 1281.9 1310.1 1338.8 1368.0 1397.6 1427.8 1458.5 1489.7 1521.4 1553.6 1586.4 1619.7 1653.6 1688.0 1722.9 1758.4 1794.5 1831.1 1868.4 1906.2 1944.6

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C (continued) t/°C 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252

P/kPa 1983.6 2023.2 2063.4 2104.2 2145.7 2187.8 2230.5 2273.8 2317.8 2362.5 2407.8 2453.8 2500.5 2547.9 2595.9 2644.6 2694.1 2744.2 2795.1 2846.7 2899.0 2952.1 3005.9 3060.4 3115.7 3171.8 3228.6 3286.3 3344.7 3403.9 3463.9 3524.7 3586.3 3648.8 3712.1 3776.2 3841.2 3907.0 3973.6 4041.2 4109.6

t/°C 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293

t/°C

P/kPa

294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334

4178.9 4249.1 4320.2 4392.2 4465.1 4539.0 4613.7 4689.4 4766.1 4843.7 4922.3 5001.8 5082.3 5163.8 5246.3 5329.8 5414.3 5499.9 5586.4 5674.0 5762.7 5852.4 5943.1 6035.0 6127.9 6221.9 6317.0 6413.2 6510.5 6608.9 6708.5 6809.2 6911.1 7014.1 7118.3 7223.7 7330.2 7438.0 7547.0 7657.2 7768.6

6-9

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P/kPa

t/°C

P/kPa

7881.3 7995.2 8110.3 8226.8 8344.5 8463.5 8583.8 8705.4 8828.3 8952.6 9078.2 9205.1 9333.4 9463.1 9594.2 9726.7 9860.5 9995.8 10133 10271 10410 10551 10694 10838 10984 11131 11279 11429 11581 11734 11889 12046 12204 12364 12525 12688 12852 13019 13187 13357 13528

335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 373.98

13701 13876 14053 14232 14412 14594 14778 14964 15152 15342 15533 15727 15922 16120 16320 16521 16725 16931 17138 17348 17561 17775 17992 18211 18432 18655 18881 19110 19340 19574 19809 20048 20289 20533 20780 21030 21283 21539 21799 22055

BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES Data are based on the equation of state recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam in 1984, as presented in Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, NBS-NRC Steam Tables (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. Note that: 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 0.000986923 atmos = 0.750062 mmHg. P/mbar

T/°C

P/mbar

T/°C

P/mbar

T/°C

P/mbar

T/°C

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 905 910

32.88 45.82 53.98 60.07 64.98 69.11 72.70 75.88 78.74 81.34 83.73 85.95 88.02 89.96 91.78 93.51 95.15 96.71 96.87 97.02

915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010

97.17 97.32 97.47 97.62 97.76 97.91 98.06 98.21 98.35 98.50 98.64 98.78 98.93 99.07 99.21 99.35 99.49 99.63 99.77 99.91

1013.25 1015 1020 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1055 1060 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1150

100.00 100.05 100.19 100.32 100.46 100.60 100.73 100.87 101.00 101.14 101.27 101.40 101.54 101.67 101.80 101.93 102.06 102.19 102.32 103.59

1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150

104.81 105.99 107.14 108.25 109.32 110.36 111.38 112.37 113.33 114.26 115.18 116.07 116.94 117.79 118.63 119.44 120.24 121.02 121.79 122.54

6-10

MELTING POINT OF ICE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE This table gives values of the melting temperature of ice at various pressures, as calculated from the equation for the ice I - liquid water phase boundary recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS). Temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. See the Reference for information on forms of ice that exist at higher pressures. The transition points for transformations of the various forms of ice (in each case in equilibrium with liquid water) are: ice I - ice III ice III - ice V ice V - ice VI ice VI - ice VII

209.9 MPa 350.1 632.4 2216

–21.985°C –16.986 0.16 82

REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. p/MPa 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30

t/°C 0.00 -0.06 -0.14 -0.21 -0.29 -0.36 -0.74 -1.52 -2.32

p/MPa 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

t/°C -3.15 -4.02 -4.91 -5.83 -6.79 -7.78 -8.80 -9.86 -10.95

TeamLRN

p/MPa 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

t/°C -12.07 -13.22 -14.40 -15.62 -16.85 -18.11 -19.39 -20.69 -22.00

PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE This table gives properties of compressed water and superheated steam at selected pressures and temperatures. The properties included are density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, and static dielectric constant (relative permittivity). The table was generated from the formulation approved by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam for general and scientific use. The reference state for this table is the liquid at the triple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero. A duplicate entry in the temperature column indicates a phase transition (liquid-vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. In the 100 MPa section of the table, an entry is given at the critical temperature, 647.10 K. Temperatures refer to the ITS-90 scale, on which the normal boiling point of water is 373.12 K (99.97°C). REFERENCES 1. Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, September 1996; available from Executive Secretary of IAPWS, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. 2. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Mallard, W. G., and Linstrom, P. J., Eds., March 1998, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899 (http:// webbook.nist.gov). 3. Pruss, A. and Wagner, W., to be published. 4. Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. [Dielectric constant] p/MPa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

T/K

ρ/kg m-3

H/J g-1

273.16 300 325 350 372.76 372.76 375 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 453.03 453.03 500

999.84 996.56 987.19 973.73 958.63 0.59034 0.58653 0.54761 0.48458 0.43514 0.39507 0.36185 0.33384 0.30988 0.28915 0.27102 0.25504 0.24085 0.22815 0.21673 0.20640 0.19701 0.18844 0.18058 1000.3 996.96 987.58 974.13 957.43 937.87 890.39 887.13 5.1450 4.5323

0.10 112.65 217.15 321.84 417.50 2674.9 2679.6 2730.4 2829.7 2928.6 3028.1 3128.8 3230.8 3334.4 3439.5 3546.3 3654.8 3765.0 3876.9 3990.7 4106.1 4223.4 4342.3 4463.0 1.02 113.48 217.93 322.56 427.64 533.47 749.20 762.51 2777.1 2891.2

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

S/J g-1K-1 0.0000 0.3931 0.7276 1.0380 1.3028 7.3588 7.3713 7.5025 7.7365 7.9447 8.1344 8.3096 8.4730 8.6264 8.7715 8.9093 9.0408 9.1668 9.2879 9.4045 9.5172 9.6263 9.7321 9.8348 0.0000 0.3928 0.7272 1.0374 1.3274 1.6005 2.1086 2.1381 6.5850 6.8250

Cp/J g-1K-1 4.2194 4.1806 4.1819 4.1945 4.2152 2.0784 2.0686 2.0078 1.9752 1.9813 2.0010 2.0268 2.0557 2.0867 2.1191 2.1525 2.1868 2.2216 2.2568 2.2921 2.3273 2.3621 2.3965 2.4302 4.2150 4.1781 4.1798 4.1925 4.2158 4.2535 4.3924 4.4045 2.7114 2.2795

Diel. const. 87.90 77.75 69.32 61.79 55.61 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 87.93 77.78 69.36 61.82 55.09 49.06 38.81 38.23 1.042 1.034

PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (continued) p/MPa

T/K

ρ/kg m-3

H/J g-1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 584.15 584.15 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 647.10 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

4.0581 3.6871 3.3843 3.1305 2.9140 2.7265 2.5624 2.4174 2.2882 2.1723 2.0678 1.9729 1.8865 1.8074 1004.8 1001.0 991.46 978.09 961.62 942.42 896.16 838.02 761.82 688.42 55.463 49.773 40.479 35.355 31.810 29.107 26.933 25.123 23.580 22.241 21.063 20.017 19.078 18.230 1045.3 1037.2 1026.6 1013.6 998.59 981.82 943.51 899.21 848.78 791.49 730.24 726.21 651.77 568.52 482.23 404.66 343.61 298.61 265.45 240.32 220.62 204.71 191.53

3001.8 3109.0 3215.2 3321.7 3429.0 3537.5 3647.3 3758.5 3871.3 3985.7 4101.8 4219.5 4338.9 4460.0 10.1 121.7 225.6 329.7 434.4 539.6 753.9 977.1 1218 1408 2725 2820 3022 3177 3314 3443 3568 3691 3813 3935 4057 4180 4304 4429 95.4 201.4 301.3 401.7 502.6 603.7 807.8 1015 1228 1448 1665 1679 1925 2188 2466 2742 3000 3231 3440 3631 3809 3979 4142

S/J g-1K-1

Cp/J g-1K-1

7.0359 7.2224 7.3925 7.5504 7.6984 7.8384 7.9715 8.0986 8.2206 8.3380 8.4512 8.5608 8.6669 8.7699 0.000 0.390 0.723 1.031 1.320 1.592 2.096 2.566 3.027 3.360 5.616 5.775 6.100 6.330 6.520 6.686 6.838 6.978 7.110 7.235 7.354 7.469 7.579 7.685 -0.008 0.362 0.682 0.979 1.258 1.518 1.999 2.436 2.842 3.225 3.573 3.595 3.958 4.322 4.681 5.016 5.310 5.560 5.774 5.961 6.127 6.278 6.417

2.1647 2.1292 2.1254 2.1368 2.1566 2.1816 2.2098 2.2402 2.2721 2.3048 2.3380 2.3713 2.4044 2.4371 4.173 4.153 4.160 4.173 4.195 4.230 4.355 4.602 5.140 6.123 7.140 5.136 3.396 2.874 2.645 2.531 2.473 2.445 2.436 2.439 2.450 2.466 2.485 2.507 3.905 3.979 4.008 4.025 4.040 4.056 4.110 4.196 4.323 4.501 4.733 4.750 5.083 5.449 5.610 5.380 4.887 4.382 3.978 3.683 3.471 3.319 3.209

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

Diel. const. 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006 88.30 78.11 69.67 62.13 55.40 49.39 39.17 30.79 23.53 18.70 1.404 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066 91.83 81.22 72.58 64.95 58.19 52.20 42.15 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.97 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The following table summarizes the relative permittivity (static dielectric constant) of liquid water and steam over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Values are given from slightly above the freezing point to 1000 K and at pressures from normal atmospheric to 1000 MPa (about 10000 atm). The values are generated from an equation that correlates the best experimental measurements from a large number of sources. The correlating equation and full details of the formulation may be found in Reference 1. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. Liquid–vapor boundaries are indicated by horizontal lines.

REFERENCE Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. Pressure in MPa T/K

0.1

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1000

275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

87.16 85.19 83.27 81.39 79.55 77.75 75.99 74.27 72.58 70.93 64.70 59.00 1.006 1.005 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001

87.20 85.23 83.30 81.42 79.58 77.78 76.02 74.30 72.61 70.97 64.73 59.03 53.83 49.06 44.70 40.70 1.041 1.038 1.034 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006

87.24 85.27 83.34 81.46 79.62 77.82 76.06 74.33 72.65 71.00 64.77 59 07 53.86 49.10 44.74 40.74 37.04 33.61 1.074 1.059 1.049 1.041 1.036 1.031 1.027 1.024 1.022 1.020 1.018 1.016 1.015 1.014 1.013

87.36 85.39 83.46 81.57 79 73 77.93 76.17 74.44 72.76 71.11 64.87 59.17 53.97 49.21 44.85 40 85 37.17 33.75 30.55 1.177 1.137 1.112 1.095 1.082 1.071 1.063 1.056 1.050 1.046 1.041 1.038 1.035 1.032

87.57 85.59 83.65 81.76 79.92 78.11 76.35 74.62 72.93 71.28 65.04 59.34 54.14 49.39 45.04 41.05 37.37 33.97 30.79 23.53 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066

87.97 85.98 84.04 82.14 80.29 78.48 76.71 74.98 73.28 71.63 65.38 59.68 54.48 49.73 45.39 41.42 37.76 34.39 31.25 24.18 17.50 2.066 1.603 1.452 1.365 1.307 1.265 1.232 1.206 1.184 1.167 1.151 1.139

89.16 87.14 85.17 83.24 81.37 79.54 77.75 76.01 74.30 72.64 66.36 60.65 55.45 50.71 46.39 42.45 38.84 35.53 32.47 25.73 19.90 14.50 8.963 4.424 2.844 2.269 1.975 1.793 1.668 1.576 1.505 1.449 1.403

91 05 88.98 86.96 84.99 83.08 81.22 79.40 77.63 75.90 74.22 67.89 62.15 56.94 52.20 47.90 43.98 40.40 37.14 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011

94.55 92.38 90.27 88.22 86.24 84.31 82.43 80.61 78.84 77.11 70.65 64.83 59.57 54.80 50.48 46.55 42.99 39.75 36.79 30.46 25.34 21.12 17.60 14.65 12.17 10.10 8.416 7.066 6.003 5.172 4.523 4.012 3.606

103.7 101.3 98.91 96.64 94.44 92.31 90.25 88.26 86.34 84.48 77.58 71.45 65.95 61.00 56.53 52.48 48.81 45.47 42.44 35.99 30.82 26.62 23.17 20.30 17.88 15.83 14.08 12.57 11.27 10.14 9.160 8.309 7.569

101.3 99.06 96.87 94.76 87.07 80.36 74.43 69.12 64.35 60.03 56.11 52.55 49.30 42.38 36.82 32.31 28.60 25.51 22.91 20.70 18.80 17.15 15.72 14.45 13.34 12.35 11.47

6-15

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AT VARIOUS FREQUENCIES The permittivity of liquid water in the radiofrequency and microwave regions can be represented by the Debye equation (References 1 and 2):

ε′ = ε∞ + ε ′′ =

(ε

s

εs − ε∞ 1 + ω2τ2

− ε ∞ )ωτ

1 + ω2τ2

where ε = ε′ + i ε′′ is the (complex) relative permittivity (i.e., the absolute permittivity divided by the permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.854⋅10-12 F m-1 ). Here εs is the static permittivity (see Reference 3 and the table “Properties of Water in the Range 0—100°C” in this Section); ε∞ is a parameter describing the permittivity in the high frequency limit; τ is the relaxation time for molecular orientation; and ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. The values in this table have been calculated from parameters given in Reference 2:

ε∞ τ/ps

0°C

25°C

50°C

5.7 17.67

5.2 8.27

4.0 4.75

Other useful quantities that can be calculated from the values in the table are the loss tangent: tan δ = ε ′′ / ε ′

and the absorption coefficient α which describes the power attentuation per unit length (P = P0 e-αl): α=

πf ε ′′ c ε′

and c is the speed of light. The last equation is valid when ε′′/ε′ << 1. REFERENCES 1. Fernendez, D.P., Mulev, Y., Goodwin, A.R.H., and Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 33, 1995. 2. Kaatze, U., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 371, 1989. 3. Archer, D.G., and Wang, P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.

Frequency 0 1 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz

ε′ 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.89 87.86 87.65 86.90 84.04 79.69 74.36 68.54 42.52 19.56 12.50 9.67 8.28

0°C

ε′′

ε′

0.00 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.91 1.82 4.55 9.01 17.39 24.64 30.49 34.88 40.88 30.78 22.64 17.62 14.34

78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.35 78.31 78.16 77.58 76.62 75.33 73.73 62.81 40.37 26.53 18.95 14.64

6-13

TeamLRN

25°C

ε′′

ε′

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.76 1.90 3.79 7.52 11.13 14.58 17.81 29.93 36.55 33.25 28.58 24.53

69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.87 69.82 69.65 69.36 68.95 68.45 64.49 52.57 40.57 31.17 24.42

50°C

ε′′ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.39 0.98 1.96 3.92 5.85 7.75 9.62 18.05 28.99 32.74 32.43 30.47

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS These tables give thermodynamic and transport properties of some important fluids, as generated from the equations of state presented in the references below. The properties tabulated are density (ρ), energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), isochoric heat capacity (Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), speed of sound (vs), viscosity (η), thermal conductivity (λ), and dielectric constant (D). All extensive properties are given on a molar basis. Not all properties are included for every substance. The references should be consulted for information on the uncertainties and the reference states for E, H, and S. Values are given as a function of temperature for several isobars. The phase can be determined by noting the sharp decrease in density between two successive temperature entries; all lines above this point refer to the liquid phase, and all lines below refer to the gas phase. If there is no sharp discontinuity in density, all data in the table refer to the supercritical region (i.e., the isobar is above the critical pressure). REFERENCES 1. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. McCarty, R.D., Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. Nitrogen (N2) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 70 30.017 77.25 28.881 77.25 0.163 100 0.123 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008

–3828 –3411 1546 2041 4140 6223 8308 10414 12563 14770 17044 19383 21786 34530

–3824 –3407 2161 2856 5800 8717 11635 14573 17554 20593 23698 26869 30103 47004

73.8 79.5 151.6 159.5 179.9 191.8 200.2 206.7 212.2 216.8 221.0 224.7 228.1 241.8

28.5 27.8 21.6 21.1 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4

57.2 57.8 31.4 30.0 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.7 31.4 32.0 32.6 34.7

203.9 152.2 5.3 6.8 12.9 18.0 22.2 26.1 29.5 32.8 35.8 38.7 41.5 54.0

143.5 133.8 7.6 9.6 18.4 25.8 32.3 38.5 44.5 50.5 56.3 62.0 67.7 93.3

1.45269 1.43386 1.00215 1.00162 1.00079 1.00053 1.00040 1.00032 1.00026 1.00023 1.00020 1.00017 1.00016 1.00010

P = 1 MPa 70 80 90 100 103.75 103.75 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

30.070 28.504 26.721 24.634 23.727 1.472 0.614 0.402 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.171 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080

–3838 –3267 –2685 –2073 –1828 1788 4048 6171 8273 10389 12544 14756 17032 19374 21778 34527

–3805 –3232 –2648 –2032 –1786 2467 5675 8661 11609 14563 17554 20600 23709 26884 30121 47029

73.6 81.3 88.2 94.6 97.1 138.1 160.3 172.5 180.9 187.5 193.0 197.7 201.8 205.6 209.0 222.7

28.9 27.8 26.7 26.2 26.2 24.1 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4

56.9 57.7 59.4 64.4 67.8 45.0 30.4 29.6 29.5 29.7 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.1 32.7 34.8

205.9 139.5 100.1 73.1 64.8 7.6 13.2 18.1 22.4 26.1 29.6 32.8 35.9 38.8 41.5 54.0

144.1 130.7 115.3 98.5 91.8 12.5 19.3 26.3 32.7 38.8 44.8 50.7 56.5 62.2 67.8 93.4

1.45355 1.42760 1.39824 1.36417 1.34947 1.01954 1.00812 1.00529 1.00395 1.00315 1.00262 1.00224 1.00196 1.00174 1.00157 1.00104

P = 10 MPa 65.32 31.120 100 26.201 200 7.117 300 3.989 400 2.898 500 2.302

–4176 –2328 3037 5667 7941 10148

–3855 –1946 4442 8174 11392 14492

68.6 92.0 136.4 151.7 161.0 167.9

31.8 27.4 22.7 21.4 21.3 21.5

53.8 56.3 45.5 33.4 31.3 30.8

275.7 90.2 17.6 20.1 23.7 27.1

153.8 112.3 30.4 31.9 36.7 42.0

1.47067 1.38942 1.09698 1.05347 1.03860 1.03055

6-14

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

ρ mol/L 1.918 1.647 1.445 1.288 1.162 0.783

E J/mol 12361 14613 16919 19283 21705 34504

H J/mol 17575 20683 23837 27046 30308 47283

S J/mol K 173.5 178.3 182.5 186.3 189.8 203.5

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

21.9 22.5 23.2 23.8 24.4 26.5

30.9 31.3 31.8 32.4 32.9 34.8

30.4 33.5 36.4 39.3 42.0 54.3

47.4 53.0 58.6 64.1 69.6 94.7

1.02538 1.02175 1.01904 1.01694 1.01526 1.01020

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

Oxygen (O2) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 60 40.049 80 37.204 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032

–5883 –4814 2029 2458 2881 3301 3720 4138 4556 4974 5393 5812 6234 6657 7082 7510 7941

–5880 –4812 2840 3442 4035 4624 5210 5796 6381 6966 7552 8138 8726 9316 9908 10503 11100

72.4 87.7 172.9 178.4 182.9 186.9 190.3 193.4 196.2 198.8 201.1 203.3 205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.3

34.9 31.0 21.4 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6

53.4 53.6 30.5 29.8 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.8 30.0

425.2 251.7 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8 23.8 24.8

188.2 166.1 9.3 11.2 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.4 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.8 26.3 27.8 29.3 30.8 32.2

1.55619 1.51114 1.00146 1.00121 1.00103 1.00090 1.00080 1.00072 1.00065 1.00060 1.00055 1.00051 1.00048 1.00045 1.00042 1.00040 1.00038

P = 1 MPa 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

40.084 37.254 34.153 1.198 0.950 0.802 0.698 0.620 0.559 0.509 0.468 0.433 0.403 0.377 0.355 0.335 0.317

–5887 –4822 –3741 2163 2683 3151 3598 4035 4466 4894 5321 5748 6174 6602 7032 7463 7898

–5863 –4795 –3712 2997 3735 4398 5030 5647 6255 6858 7458 8056 8654 9252 9851 10452 11056

72.3 87.6 99.7 156.7 162.4 166.8 170.5 173.8 176.7 179.3 181.7 183.9 186.0 187.9 189.7 191.4 193.1

34.9 31.0 28.5 24.0 22.2 21.5 21.2 21.1 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7

53.3 53.5 55.2 40.6 34.4 32.2 31.2 30.6 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.2

428.5 253.8 155.6 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 22.8 23.9 24.9

188.4 166.4 137.9 13.9 14.9 16.3 17.7 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 25.2 26.7 28.2 29.6 31.1 32.6

1.55674 1.51192 1.46381 1.01429 1.01133 1.00955 1.00831 1.00738 1.00665 1.00606 1.00556 1.00515 1.00479 1.00448 1.00421 1.00397 1.00376

P = 10 MPa 60 40.419 80 37.727 100 34.881 120 31.721 140 27.890 160 22.379 180 13.232 200 8.666

–5931 –4893 –3856 –2796 –1662 -322 1489 2681

–5684 –4628 –3570 –2481 –1304 125 2245 3835

71.5 86.7 98.5 108.4 117.5 127.0 139.5 147.9

35.1 31.6 29.1 27.3 26.2 26.1 26.6 24.0

53.0 52.7 53.4 55.9 62.9 84.8 105.9 60.6

461.8 274.4 171.0 113.0 76.3 48.6 26.2 21.2

189.9 168.6 141.2 115.1 91.8 71.2 46.8 34.0

1.56210 1.51936 1.47500 1.42677 1.36972 1.29037 1.16560 1.10650

6-15

TeamLRN

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K

ρ mol/L

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

6.868 5.836 5.134 4.613 4.205 3.874 3.598 3.363 3.161

E J/mol 3424 4029 4573 5086 5581 6063 6538 7009 7477

H J/mol 4880 5742 6521 7254 7959 8645 9318 9982 10641

S J/mol K 152.9 156.6 159.7 162.5 164.9 167.1 169.1 171.0 172.8

Cv J/mol K 22.6 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

46.4 40.6 37.6 35.8 34.7 33.9 33.4 33.0 32.8

20.5 20.8 21.4 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.6 25.4 26.3

λ mW/m K

D

30.8 30.1 30.2 30.8 31.6 32.6 33.7 34.9 36.1

1.08380 1.07090 1.06219 1.05575 1.05073 1.04667 1.04329 1.04043 1.03796

Hydrogen (H2) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 15 37.738 20 35.278 40 0.305 60 0.201 80 0.151 100 0.120 120 0.100 140 0.086 160 0.075 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 400 0.030

–605 –524 491 748 1030 1370 1777 2237 2723 3216 3703 4179 4641 5093 5535 5970 8093

–603 –521 818 1244 1694 2202 2776 3401 4054 4714 5367 6009 6638 7256 7865 8466 11421

11.2 15.8 75.6 84.3 90.7 96.4 101.6 106.4 110.8 114.7 118.1 121.2 123.9 126.4 128.6 130.7 139.2

9.7 11.3 12.5 13.1 15.3 18.7 21.8 23.8 24.6 24.6 24.1 23.4 22.8 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0

14.4 19.1 21.3 21.6 23.7 27.1 30.2 32.2 33.0 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.2 30.6 30.2 29.9 29.3

1319 1111 521 636 714 773 827 883 940 998 1054 1110 1163 1214 1263 1310 1518

1.24827 1.23093 1.00186 1.00122 1.00091 1.00073 1.00061 1.00052 1.00046 1.00041 1.00037 1.00033 1.00030 1.00028 1.00026 1.00024 1.00018

P = 1 MPa 15 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400

38.109 35.852 3.608 2.098 1.523 1.204 0.999 0.854 0.747 0.663 0.597 0.543 0.498 0.460 0.427 0.399 0.299

–609 –532 399 697 994 1343 1756 2219 2709 3204 3693 4170 4634 5087 5530 5966 8091

–583 –504 676 1173 1651 2174 2758 3390 4048 4712 5368 6012 6643 7263 7873 8475 11433

10.9 15.5 54.1 64.3 71.1 77.0 82.3 87.1 91.5 95.4 98.9 102.0 104.7 107.2 109.5 111.5 120.1

10.1 11.4 12.9 13.2 15.4 18.8 21.9 23.9 24.7 24.6 24.1 23.5 22.9 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0

14.1 18.4 28.4 23.5 24.7 27.7 30.6 32.5 33.2 33.1 32.5 31.9 31.2 30.7 30.3 30.0 29.4

1315 1155 498 635 719 779 835 891 949 1006 1063 1118 1171 1222 1271 1317 1525

1.25089 1.23496 1.02209 1.01280 1.00928 1.00733 1.00608 1.00520 1.00454 1.00404 1.00363 1.00330 1.00303 1.00279 1.00259 1.00242 1.00182

P = 10 MPa 20 40 60 80 100

39.669 31.344 21.273 14.830 11.417

–568 –209 255 686 1110

–316 110 725 1360 1986

13.0 27.3 39.7 48.8 55.8

10.9 13.2 13.8 15.9 19.3

15.0 27.0 32.5 31.1 31.9

1458 1171 931 886 904

1.26198 1.20354 1.13527 1.09303 1.07109

6-16

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400

ρ mol/L 9.357 7.969 6.963 6.195 5.588 5.094 4.683 4.336 4.038 3.780 2.869

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

1571 2068 2583 3099 3604 4094 4569 5030 5481 5924 8073

2640 3323 4020 4713 5393 6057 6704 7336 7958 8570 11559

61.8 67.0 71.7 75.7 79.3 82.5 85.3 87.8 90.1 92.3 100.9

22.4 24.3 25.0 24.9 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.8 21.2

33.5 34.6 34.9 34.4 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.3 30.8 30.4 29.6

941 989 1042 1096 1150 1203 1254 1302 1349 1394 1592

1.05801 1.04925 1.04294 1.03814 1.03436 1.03129 1.02874 1.02659 1.02475 1.02315 1.01753

Helium (He-4) ρ mol/L

E J/mol

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 3 35.794 4 32.477 5 2.935 10 1.238 20 0.602 50 0.240 100 0.120 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008

–39 –27 52 120 247 623 1247 2494 3741 4988 6236 7483 8730 9977 11224 12471 18707

–36 –24 86 201 413 1039 2079 4158 6237 8315 10394 12472 14551 16630 18708 20787 31179

P = 1 MPa 3 4 5 10 20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

39.703 38.210 35.818 15.378 6.067 2.353 1.186 0.597 0.399 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.172 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080

–42 –34 –22 78 228 617 1245 2495 3742 4990 6237 7485 8732 9979 11227 12474 18710

P = 10 MPa 4 51.978 5 51.118 10 46.872

–24 –18 23

T K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

η µPa s

9.8 13.3 39.1 55.2 69.9 89.0 103.4 117.8 126.3 132.3 136.9 140.7 143.9 146.7 149.1 151.3 159.7

7.6 9.1 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

9.4 16.3 27.1 21.7 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

222 185 120 185 264 417 589 833 1020 1177 1316 1441 1557 1664 1765 1861 2279

3.85 3.33 1.39 2.26 3.58 6.36 9.78 15.14 19.93 24.29 28.36 32.22 35.89 39.43 42.85 46.16 61.55

1.05646 1.05114 1.00456 1.00192 1.00093 1.00037 1.00019 1.00009 1.00006 1.00005 1.00004 1.00003 1.00003 1.00002 1.00002 1.00002 1.00001

–16 –7 6 143 393 1042 2089 4170 6249 8327 10406 12484 14562 16641 18719 20798 31190

8.6 11.2 14.0 32.2 49.8 69.8 84.3 98.7 107.1 113.1 117.8 121.5 124.7 127.5 130.0 132.2 140.6

7.1 8.3 9.7 12.3 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

7.8 10.9 15.1 30.5 22.9 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

300 290 269 198 274 428 597 838 1024 1180 1319 1444 1559 1666 1767 1862 2280

5.63 5.01 4.38 3.07 3.94 6.53 9.89 15.21 19.96 24.32 28.38 32.23 35.91 39.44 42.86 46.17 61.55

1.06274 1.06034 1.05650 1.02402 1.00943 1.00365 1.00184 1.00093 1.00062 1.00046 1.00037 1.00031 1.00027 1.00023 1.00021 1.00019 1.00012

169 177 236

6.7 8.5 16.6

6.0 7.9 11.0

7.3 9.3 14.5

586 576 546

24.27 18.16 9.31

1.08262 1.08122 1.07432

H J/mol

S J/mol K

6-17

TeamLRN

D

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

37.092 19.192 10.525 5.605 3.829 2.908 2.344 1.963 1.689 1.481 1.320 1.189 0.797

154 572 1231 2500 3755 5006 6256 7505 8754 10003 11252 12500 18742

H J/mol

S J/mol K

423 1093 2181 4284 6367 8445 10522 12599 14676 16753 18830 20907 31294

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

η µPa s

12.6 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

20.7 22.4 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

498 541 674 889 1063 1212 1346 1467 1580 1685 1784 1877 2289

6.99 8.07 10.93 15.82 20.25 24.54 28.56 32.38 36.04 39.56 42.96 46.26 61.62

29.5 49.9 65.0 79.6 88.0 94.0 98.6 102.4 105.6 108.4 110.9 113.0 121.5

D 1.05854 1.03003 1.01640 1.00871 1.00595 1.00452 1.00364 1.00305 1.00262 1.00230 1.00205 1.00185 1.00124

Argon (Ar) T K

ρ mol/L

vs m/s

λ mW/m K

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 85 35.243 90 0.138 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032

–4811 1077 1211 1471 1727 1980 2232 2483 2734 2984 3234 3484 3734 3984 4234 4484 4734

–4808 1802 2024 2456 2881 3302 3722 4141 4559 4976 5394 5811 6227 6644 7060 7477 7893

53.6 129.4 131.8 135.7 139.0 141.8 144.3 146.5 148.5 150.3 152.0 153.5 155.0 156.3 157.6 158.7 159.9

23.1 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

44.7 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

820 174 184 203 220 235 250 263 276 289 300 312 323 333 344 354 363

278.8 7.5 8.2 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.3 21.6 22.9 24.2 25.4 26.6 27.8

132.4 6.0 6.6 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.8 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.8 21.7

P = 1 MPa 85 35.307 90 34.542 100 32.909 120 1.181 140 0.945 160 0.799 180 0.697 200 0.619 220 0.559 240 0.509 260 0.468 280 0.433 300 0.403 320 0.377 340 0.355 360 0.335 380 0.317

–4820 –4598 –4145 1210 1544 1838 2116 2384 2648 2908 3167 3423 3679 3934 4188 4441 4694

–4792 –4569 –4115 2057 2603 3089 3551 3999 4438 4873 5304 5732 6159 6583 7007 7429 7851

53.5 56.1 60.9 114.3 118.5 121.8 124.5 126.9 128.9 130.8 132.6 134.2 135.6 137.0 138.3 139.5 140.6

23.1 21.6 19.9 14.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

44.6 44.7 46.2 30.1 25.4 23.6 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.1

823 808 753 189 212 231 247 262 275 288 301 312 324 334 345 355 365

281.3 242.7 185.0 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.5 26.7 27.9

133.0 124.2 109.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.2 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.2 20.2 21.1 22.0

P = 10 MPa 90 35.208

–4694

–4410

55.0

21.9

43.2

846

265.2

129.5

6-18

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

E J/mol

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

33.744 30.525 26.609 20.816 12.296 8.442 6.776 5.787 5.105 4.596 4.195 3.869 3.596 3.364 3.164

–4271 –3396 –2447 –1279 228 1118 1661 2087 2458 2798 3119 3427 3726 4017 4303

–3974 –3069 –2072 –799 1042 2302 3137 3815 4416 4974 5503 6012 6506 6989 7464

59.6 67.8 75.5 83.9 94.8 101.4 105.4 108.4 110.8 112.9 114.7 116.3 117.8 119.2 120.5

20.4 18.8 17.6 17.4 17.3 15.3 14.2 13.7 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9

Cp J/mol K 44.0 46.9 54.1 78.6 83.6 48.6 36.8 31.6 28.8 27.1 25.9 25.0 24.4 23.9 23.5

vs m/s 800 672 526 357 257 268 284 300 314 327 339 350 361 372 381

η µPa s 205.0 131.2 85.9 51.3 27.8 23.3 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7

λ mW/m K 115.1 92.1 71.7 52.8 32.0 23.6 21.6 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.9

Methane (CH4) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 100 27.370 125 0.099 150 0.081 175 0.069 200 0.061 225 0.054 250 0.048 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.034 375 0.032 400 0.030 425 0.028 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020

–5258 3026 3667 4301 4935 5571 6216 6875 7552 8252 8979 9737 10528 11354 12215 14047 18111

–5254 4039 4896 5743 6587 7434 8288 9156 10042 10951 11887 12853 13852 14886 15956 18204 23101

73.0 156.5 162.7 168.0 172.5 176.5 180.1 183.4 186.4 189.4 192.1 194.8 197.4 199.9 202.3 207.1 216.0

33.4 25.4 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.5 28.5 29.7 30.9 32.3 33.7 35.2 38.0 42.9

54.1 34.6 34.0 33.8 33.8 34.0 34.4 35.0 35.9 36.9 38.0 39.3 40.7 42.1 43.5 46.4 51.3

156.3 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.7 17.0 19.4

208.1 13.4 16.2 19.1 21.9 24.8 27.8 30.9 34.1 37.6 41.2 45.1 49.1 53.3 57.6 66.5 84.1

1.65504 1.00193 1.00159 1.00136 1.00119 1.00105 1.00095 1.00086 1.00079 1.00073 1.00068 1.00063 1.00059 1.00056 1.00053 1.00047 1.00039

P = 1 MPa 100 27.413 125 25.137 150 0.969 175 0.765 200 0.644 225 0.560 250 0.497 275 0.448 300 0.408 325 0.375 350 0.347 375 0.323 400 0.302 425 0.284 450 0.268 500 0.241 600 0.200

–5268 –3882 3282 4041 4736 5410 6081 6758 7449 8160 8897 9662 10460 11291 12157 13997 18073

–5231 –3842 4315 5348 6289 7197 8093 8991 9901 10829 11781 12760 13770 14814 15892 18153 23070

72.9 85.3 140.9 147.3 152.3 156.6 160.4 163.8 167.0 169.9 172.8 175.5 178.1 180.6 183.1 187.8 196.8

33.4 32.4 27.9 26.4 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.8 27.6 28.6 29.7 31.0 32.4 33.8 35.2 38.1 43.0

54.0 57.4 45.2 38.9 36.8 36.0 35.8 36.1 36.7 37.6 38.6 39.8 41.1 42.4 43.8 46.6 51.4

158.1 89.2 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.4 12.1 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.1 15.7 17.0 19.5

208.9 168.2 18.4 20.6 23.1 25.8 28.7 31.7 34.9 38.3 41.9 45.7 49.6 53.8 58.1 66.9 84.5

1.65617 1.59261 1.01911 1.01507 1.01268 1.01102 1.00979 1.00882 1.00803 1.00738 1.00683 1.00636 1.00595 1.00559 1.00527 1.00474 1.00394

6-19

TeamLRN

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) ρ mol/L

E J/mol

P = 10 MPa 100 27.815 125 25.754 150 23.441 175 20.613 200 16.602 225 10.547 250 7.013 275 5.530 300 4.685 325 4.115 350 3.695 375 3.366 400 3.101 425 2.880 450 2.692 500 2.389 600 1.963

–5362 –4036 –2655 –1175 542 2680 4289 5387 6320 7192 8047 8903 9774 10666 11584 13507 17700

T K

H J/mol –5003 –3648 –2229 –689 1144 3628 5714 7195 8454 9622 10753 11874 12999 14138 15298 17692 22795

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

72.0 84.1 94.4 103.9 113.6 125.3 134.1 139.8 144.2 147.9 151.3 154.4 157.3 160.0 162.7 167.7 177.0

33.8 32.7 31.4 30.3 30.1 30.8 29.3 28.7 28.9 29.6 30.5 31.7 32.9 34.3 35.7 38.5 43.3

53.2 55.3 58.6 65.5 84.7 102.2 67.4 53.4 48.0 45.8 44.9 44.8 45.2 46.0 46.9 48.9 52.9

175.4 100.4 65.7 44.9 29.4 17.6 14.3 13.8 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.3 16.9 18.0 20.2

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

λ mW/m K 217 178.8 144.6 113.4 85.8 61.0 47.6 44.1 44.6 46.6 49.2 52.3 55.7 59.4 63.3 71.6 88.3

D

1.66668 1.60895 1.54553 1.47021 1.36789 1.22352 1.14481 1.11297 1.09513 1.08322 1.07450 1.06773 1.06227 1.05775 1.05392 1.04775 1.03911

Ethane (C2H6) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

vs m/s

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 95 21.50 100 21.32 125 20.41 150 19.47 175 18.49 200 0.062 225 0.054 250 0.049 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020

–14555 –14210 –12468 –10717 –8938 5503 6401 7349 8360 9439 10592 11823 13133 14525 17548 20883 28429

–14550 –14205 –12463 –10712 -8933 7123 8238 9401 10624 11914 13278 14719 16240 17841 21282 25035 33415

80.2 83.8 99.3 112.1 123.1 210.1 215.4 220.3 224.9 229.4 233.8 238.1 242.3 246.4 254.5 262.4 277.6

47.2 47.1 45.0 43.4 42.7 34.5 36.5 38.9 41.6 44.5 47.6 50.7 54.0 57.2 63.6 69.7 80.9

68.7 69.3 69.8 70.4 72.1 43.8 45.5 47.7 50.2 53.1 56.1 59.2 62.4 65.6 72.0 78.1 89.3

1970 1943 1775 1587 1396 258 273 287 300 312 324 335 345 355 375 393 428

1.93480 1.92500 1.87634 1.82726 1.77671 1.00208 1.00183 1.00164 1.00148 1.00136 1.00125 1.00116 1.00108 1.00101 1.00090 1.00081 1.00067

P = 1 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400

–14562 –14217 –12478 –10731 –8957 –7127 –5199 6762 7902 9063 10273 11546 12889 14306

–14515 –14170 –12429 –10679 –8903 –7070 –5137 8534 9949 11363 12815 14321 15893 17534

80.2 83.7 99.2 112.0 123.0 132.7 141.8 198.7 204.1 209.0 213.7 218.1 222.5 226.7

47.3 47.2 45.0 43.4 42.7 42.9 43.8 41.6 43.2 45.5 48.3 51.3 54.4 57.5

68.7 69.3 69.8 70.3 72.0 74.9 80.2 57.5 56.2 57.2 59.1 61.5 64.2 67.1

1972 1946 1778 1592 1402 1209 1008 260 280 297 311 325 337 349

1.93537 1.92560 1.87709 1.82823 1.77800 1.72513 1.66733 1.01909 1.01650 1.01467 1.01327 1.01214 1.01121 1.01043

21.514 21.334 20.427 19.494 18.515 17.464 16.288 0.564 0.489 0.435 0.393 0.360 0.333 0.310

6-20

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K

ρ mol/L

450 500 600

0.272 0.244 0.201

17367 20730 28313

21038 24836 33278

234.9 242.9 258.3

21.624 21.448 20.570 19.678 18.758 17.793 16.760 15.620 14.301 12.666 10.398 7.292 5.182 4.182 3.204 2.677 2.076

–14626 –14286 –12572 –10858 –9130 –7363 –5535 –3609 –1539 757 3443 6643 9419 11577 15379 19135 27160

–14163 –13819 –12086 –10350 –8596 –6801 –4938 –2969 –839 1547 4404 8015 11349 13968 18500 22870 31978

79.5 83.0 98.5 111.1 121.9 131.5 140.3 148.6 156.7 165.0 174.1 184.8 194.1 200.8 211.5 220.7 237.3

P = 10 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

63.8 69.9 81.0

73.0 78.9 89.8

370 390 427

1.00917 1.00819 1.00677

47.4 47.4 45.5 43.9 43.3 43.5 44.3 45.8 47.9 50.8 54.7 58.8 60.0 61.4 65.8 71.2 81.8

68.5 69.1 69.3 69.6 70.8 73.0 76.4 81.5 89.4 102.7 129.1 150.1 115.7 96.9 87.5 88.0 94.7

2000 1974 1814 1637 1459 1284 1110 935 758 577 399 290 289 310 347 378 427

1.94104 1.93146 1.88436 1.83753 1.79010 1.74134 1.69017 1.63488 1.57249 1.49740 1.39745 1.26832 1.18570 1.14797 1.11193 1.09288 1.07142

Propane (C3H8) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 90 16.526 100 16.295 125 15.726 150 15.156 175 14.577 200 13.982 225 13.339 250 0.050 275 0.045 300 0.041 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020

–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9395 9194 10691 12297 14019 15862 17827 19912 24441 29428 40677

–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9387 11213 12930 14752 16689 18744 20921 23217 28166 33573 45658

87.3 96.2 115.4 131.3 145.0 157.3 168.5 257.6 264.1 270.5 276.7 282.8 288.8 294.7 306.4 317.7 339.7

59.2 59.6 59.2 58.9 59.5 61.0 63.4 57.2 61.6 66.2 71.1 76.0 80.9 85.7 95.2 104.1 120.4

84.5 85.2 86.5 88.0 90.3 93.5 97.9 66.8 70.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 89.5 94.3 103.6 112.6 128.8

2126 2041 1856 1685 1521 1359 1197 228 239 249 259 269 278 286 303 318 347

2.07988 2.05806 2.00674 1.95796 1.91036 1.86300 1.81487 1.00238 1.00215 1.00195 1.00179 1.00166 1.00154 1.00144 1.00128 1.00115 1.00095

P = 1 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325

–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9424 –6919 –4252 –1360 13278

–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9349 –6840 –4169 –1270 15614

87.2 96.2 115.3 131.2 144.9 157.2 168.4 179.0 189.1 199.2 255.2

59.3 59.7 59.2 59.0 59.6 61.1 63.4 66.4 70.0 74.1 74.1

84.5 85.2 86.4 88.0 90.2 93.4 97.7 103.3 110.8 121.9 89.6

2128 2043 1859 1690 1526 1365 1205 1045 881 708 233

2.08034 2.05856 2.00736 1.95873 1.91132 1.86421 1.81642 1.76672 1.71316 1.65216 1.02067

16.526 16.295 15.726 15.156 14.577 13.982 13.361 12.696 11.962 11.102 0.428

6-21

TeamLRN

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 350 375 400 450 500 600 P = 10 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

0.383 0.349 0.322 0.279 0.248 0.203

15259 17318 19472 24092 29137 40455

17869 20183 22582 27672 33172 45374

261.9 268.3 274.4 286.4 298.0 320.2

78.0 82.2 86.7 95.7 104.4 120.5

91.2 94.2 97.8 105.9 114.1 129.7

248 261 272 293 312 344

1.01846 1.01678 1.01544 1.01337 1.01184 1.00968

16.590 16.364 15.810 15.259 14.705 14.141 13.562 12.960 12.322 11.631 10.860 9.973 8.905 7.561 4.614 3.241 2.242

–21553 –20714 –18595 –16448 –14261 –12016 –9692 –7268 –4721 –2027 843 3924 7270 10957 18845 25567 38131

–20951 –20103 –17962 –15793 –13581 –11309 –8955 –6496 –3909 –1167 1764 4927 8393 12279 21013 28652 42591

86.5 95.4 114.5 130.3 144.0 156.1 167.2 177.5 187.4 196.9 206.3 215.7 225.2 235.3 255.8 272.0 297.4

59.9 60.1 59.6 59.3 59.9 61.4 63.7 66.7 70.2 74.1 78.4 82.9 87.7 93.0 101.8 107.8 121.7

84.4 85.1 86.1 87.5 89.5 92.4 96.1 100.7 106.4 113.2 121.5 132.0 146.1 165.7 167.8 142.7 140.5

2146 2068 1895 1733 1577 1425 1277 1133 991 851 715 582 455 339 249 276 332

2.08489 2.06350 2.01342 1.96617 1.92048 1.87557 1.83076 1.78529 1.73826 1.68849 1.63437 1.57361 1.50271 1.41671 1.24060 1.16439 1.11122

6-22

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES Henry V. Kehiaian This table gives second virial coefficients of about 110 inorganic and organic gases as a function of temperature. Selected data from the literature have been fitted by least squares to the equation n

[

]

B/ cm 3 mol –1 = ∑ a(i ) (To / T ) – 1 i =1

i–1

where To = 298.15 K. The table gives the coefficients a(i) and values of B at fixed temperature increments, as calculated from this smoothing equation. The equation may be used with the tabulated coefficients for interpolation within the indicated temperature range. It should not be used for extrapolation beyond this range. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction), with carboncontaining compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. A useful compilation of virial coefficient data from the literature may be found in: J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures, A Critical Compilation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.

Compounds Not Containing Carbon Mol. form. Ar

Name

T/K

Argon

a(1) = –16 a(2) = –60 a(3) = –10

BF3

Boron trifluoride

a(1) = –106 a(2) = –330 a(3) = –251 a(4) = –80 ClH

Hydrogen chloride

a(1) = –144 a(2) = –325 a(3) = –277 a(4) = –170

Cl2

Chlorine

6-23

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B/cm3 mol–1

100 120 140 160 80 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

–184 –131 –98 –76 –60 –48 –16 –1 7 12 15 18 20 22

200 240 280 320 360 400 440

–338 –202 –129 –85 –56 –37 –23

190 230 270 310 350 390 430 470

–451 –269 –181 –132 –102 –81 –66 –54

210 220

–508 –483

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name

T/K

a(1) = –303 a(2) = –555 a(3) = 9 a(4) = 329 a(5) = 68

F2

Fluorine

a(1) = –25 a(2) = 21 a(3) = –185 a(4) = 113 F4Si

Silicon tetrafluoride

a(1) = –138 a(2) = –312

F5I

Iodine pentafluoride

a(1) = –3077 a(2) = –8474 a(3) = –9116

F5P

Phosphorus pentafluoride

a(1) = –186 a(2) = –345

F6Mo

Molybdenum hexafluoride

6-24

B/cm3 mol–1

230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900

–457 –432 –407 –383 –360 –339 –318 –299 –221 –166 –126 –97 –59 –36 –22 –12

80 110 140 170 200 230 260

–386 –171 –113 –73 –47 –32 –25

210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450

–268 –213 –170 –136 –108 –84 –64 –47 –32

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

–2540 –2344 –2172 –2021 –1890 –1775 –1674 –1587 –1510 –1443

320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

–162 –143 –127 –112 –98 –86 –75 –64

300 310 320

–896 –810 –737

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

F6S

Name

T/K

a(1) = –914 a(2) = –2922 a(3) = –4778

330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–677 –627 –586 –553 –527 –506 –491

Sulfur hexafluoride

200 250 300 350 400 450 500

–685 –416 –275 –190 –135 –96 –68

320 340 360 380 400 420 440

–1030 –905 –805 –724 –658 –604 –560

320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

–641 –578 –523 –473 –428 –387 –350 –317

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400

–230 –151 –108 –82 –64 –52 –42 –35 –24 –16 –11 –7 –3 11 15 18

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440

–1126 –850 –660 –526 –428 –356 –301 –258

a(1) = –279 a(2) = –647 a(3) = –335 a(4) = –72 F6U

Uranium hexafluoride

a(1) = –1204 a(2) = –2690 a(3) = –2144

F6W

Tungsten hexafluoride

a(1) = –719 a(2) = –1143

H2

Hydrogen

a(1) = 15.4 a(2) = –9.0 a(3) = –0.2

H2O

B/cm3 mol–1

Water

a(1) = –1158 a(2) = –5157 a(3) = –10301 a(4) =–10597 a(5) = –4415

6-25

TeamLRN

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

H3N

Name

T/K

Ammonia

a(1) = –271 a(2) = –1022 a(3) = –2715 a(4) = –4189

H3P

Phosphine

a(1) = –146 a(2) = –733 a(3) = 1022 a(4) = –1220

He

Helium

a(1) = 12 a(2) = –1

Kr

Krypton

a(1) = –51 a(2) = –118

6-26

B/cm3 mol–1

460 480 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

–224 –197 –175 –104 –67 –44 –30 –20 –14 –11

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420

–302 –265 –236 –213 –194 –179 –166 –154 –144 –135 –118 –101

190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

–457 –404 –364 –332 –305 –281 –258 –235 –213 –190 –166

2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 50 70 90 110 150 250 650 700

–172 –48 –24 –13 –7 –3 –1 1 6 8 10 10 11 12 13 13

110 120 130 140 150

–363 –307 –263 –229 –201

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

NO

Name

T/K

a(3) = –29 a(4) = –5

160 170 180 190 200 250 300 400 500 600 700

–178 –159 –143 –129 –117 –75 –51 –23 –8 2 8

Nitric oxide

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 230 250 270

–232 –176 –138 –113 –96 –83 –73 –65 –58 –52 –42 –32 –24

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400 500 600 700

–274 –161 –104 –71 –49 –34 –24 –15 –4 9 16 21 24

240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

–219 –181 –151 –128 –110 –96 –85 –76 –68

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

–25 –13 –6 –1 2 4 6 7

a(1) = –12 a(2) = –119 a(3) = 89 a(4) = –73

N2

Nitrogen

a(1) = –4 a(2) = –56 a(3) = –12

N2O

Nitrous oxide

a(1) = –130 a(2) = –307 a(3) = –248

Ne

B/cm3 mol–1

Neon

a(1) = 10.8 a(2) = –7.5 a(3) = 0.4

6-27

TeamLRN

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

O2

Name

Oxygen

a(1) = –16 a(2) = –62 a(3) = –8 a(4) = –3

O2S

Sulfur dioxide

a(1) = –430 a(2) = –1193 a(3) = –1029

Xe

B/cm3 mol–1

T/K

Xenon

a(1) = –130 a(2) = –262 a(3) = –87

300 400 500 600

11 13 14 15

90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 400

–241 –161 –117 –88 –69 –55 –44 –36 –29 –23 –18 –14 –10 –7 –1

290 320 350 380 410 440 470

–465 –354 –276 –221 –181 –153 –132

160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 300 350 400 500 600 650

–421 –377 –340 –307 –280 –255 –234 –215 –199 –184 –129 –93 –69 –39 –21 –14

Compounds Containing Carbon Mol. form. CClF3

Name Chlorotrifluoromethane

a(1) = –223 a(2) = –504 a(3) = –340 a(4) = –291

6-28

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

240 290 340 390 440 490 540

–369 –237 –165 –119 –86 –60 –39

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. CCl2F2

Name Dichlorodifluoromethane

a(1) = –486 a(2) = –1217 a(3) = –1188 a(4) = –698

CCl3F

Trichlorofluoromethane

a(1) = –786 a(2) = –1428 a(3) = –142

CCl4

Tetrachloromethane

a(1) = –1600 a(2) = –4059 a(3) = –4653 CF4

Tetrafluoromethane

a(1) = –88 a(2) = –238 a(3) = –70

CHClF2

Chlorodifluoromethane

a(1) = –347 a(2) = –575 a(3) = 187 CHCl2F

Dichlorofluoromethane

a(1) = –562 a(2) = –862

CHCl3

Trichloromethane

a(1) = –1193 a(2) = –2936 a(3) = –1751

6-29

TeamLRN

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460

–769 –570 –441 –353 –289 –241 –204 –174

240 280 320 360 400 440 480

–1140 –879 –689 –545 –431 –340 –265

320 340 360 380 400 420

–1345 –1171 –1040 –942 –868 –814

250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800

–137 –87 –55 –32 –16 –4 14 25 33

300 325 350 375 400 425

–343 –298 –257 –221 –188 –158

250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450

–728 –634 –557 –491 –434 –385 –343 –305 –271

320 330 340 350 360 370 380

–1001 –926 –858 –797 –740 –689 –642

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

CHF3

Name

Trifluoromethane

a(1) = –177 a(2) = –399 a(3) = –250

CH2Cl2

Dichloromethane

a(1) = –913 a(2) = –3371 a(3) = –5013

CH2F2

Difluoromethane

a(1) = –321 a(2) = –754 a(3) = –1300

CH3Br

Bromomethane

a(1) = –559 a(2) = –1324

CH3Cl

Chloromethane

a(1) = –407 a(2) = –887 a(3) = –385

CH3F

Fluoromethane

6-30

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

390 400

–599 –559

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

–433 –350 –288 –241 –204 –174 –151 –132 –116 –103 –91

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420

–706 –634 –574 –524 –482 –447 –420 –380 –357

280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350

–375 –343 –316 –294 –275 –260 –248 –238

280 290 300 310 320 340 360 380

–645 –596 –551 –509 –469 –396 –332 –274

280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600

–466 –402 –348 –304 –266 –234 –206 –182 –161 –142 –126 –112 –58

280

–244

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name

a(1) = –209 a(2) = –525 a(3) = –365

CH3I

Iodomethane

a(1) = –844 a(2) = –3353 a(3) = –6590

CH4

Methane

a(1) = –43 a(2) = –114 a(3) = –19 a(4) = –7

CH4O

Methanol

a(1) = –1752 a(2) = –4694

CH5N

Methylamine

a(1) = –459 a(2) = –1191 a(3) = –995

CO

Carbon monoxide

a(1) = –9

6-31

TeamLRN

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

300 320 340 360 380 400 420

–205 –174 –150 –129 –112 –99 –87

310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

–725 –646 –582 –531 –492 –462 –441 –427

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300 350 400 500 600

–328 –276 –237 –206 –181 –160 –143 –128 –116 –105 –66 –43 –27 –16 0 10

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1431 –1299 –1174 –1056 –945 –840 –741 –646 –557

300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 550

–451 –367 –304 –257 –220 –192 –170 –140 –122

210 240 270 300

–36 –24 –15 –8

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name a(2) = –58 a(3) = –18

CO2

Carbon dioxide

a(1) = –127 a(2) = –288 a(3) = –118

CS2

Carbon disulfide

a(1) = –807 a(2) = –1829 a(3) = –1371 C2Cl2F4

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

a(1) = –812 a(2) = –1773 a(3) = –963

C2Cl3F3

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

a(1) = –999 a(2) = –1479

C2H2

Ethyne

a(1) = –216 a(2) = –375 a(3) = –716

6-32

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

330 360 420 480

–3 1 7 11

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

–244 –204 –172 –146 –126 –108 –94 –81 –71 –62 –30 –13 –1 7 12 16 19

280 310 340 370 400 430

–932 –740 –603 –504 –431 –375

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

–801 –695 –608 –536 –475 –423 –379 –341 –307 –279 –253

290 310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450

–1041 –943 –856 –780 –712 –651 –596 –546 –500

200 210 220 230 240 250

–573 –500 –440 –390 –349 –315

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C2H3N

Name

Ethanenitrile

a(1) = –5840 a(2) = –29175 a(3) = –47611

C2H4

Ethene

a(1) = –140 a(2) = –296 a(3) = –101

C2H4Cl2

1,2-Dichloroethane

a(1) = –1362 a(2) = –3240 a(3) = –2100

C2H4O

Ethanal

a(1) = –1217 a(2) = –4647 a(3) = –5725

C2H4O2

Methyl methanoate

a(1) = –1035 a(2) = –3425 a(3) = –4203

C2H5Cl

Chloroethane

a(1) = –777 a(2) = –2205 a(3) = –1764

6-33

TeamLRN

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

260 270

–287 –263

330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

–3468 –2971 –2563 –2233 –1970 –1765 –1610 –1499 –1425

240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450

–218 –172 –139 –113 –92 –76 –63 –52

370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 570

–812 –716 –635 –566 –508 –458 –416 –379 –347 –319 –295

290 320 350 380 410 440 470

–1352 –927 –654 –482 –375 –314 –283

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–821 –744 –677 –620 –571 –528 –492 –461 –435

320 360 400 440 480 520

–634 –450 –330 –249 –195 –157

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C2H6

Name

Ethane

a(1) = –184 a(2) = –376 a(3) = –143 a(4) = –54

C2H6O

Ethanol

a(1) = –4475 a(2) = –29719 a(3) = –56716

C2H6O

Dimethyl ether

a(1) = –455 a(2) = –965

C2H7N

Dimethylamine

a(1) = –662 a(2) = –1504 a(3) = –667

C2H7N

Ethylamine

a(1) = –785 a(2) = –2012 a(3) = –1397

C3H6

Cyclopropane

6-34

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

560 600

–131 –114

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600

–409 –337 –284 –242 –209 –181 –159 –140 –123 –109 –96 –52 –24

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–2710 –2135 –1676 –1317 –1043 –843 –705 –622

275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310

–536 –517 –499 –482 –465 –449 –433 –418

310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–606 –563 –523 –487 –454 –423 –395 –369 –345 –322

300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–773 –710 –654 –604 –558 –517 –480 –447 –416 –389 –363

300

–383

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name

a(1) = –388 a(2) = –861 a(3) = –538

C3H6

Propene

a(1) = –347 a(2) = –727 a(3) = –325

C3H6O

2-Propanone

a(1) = –2051 a(2) = –8903 a(3) = –18056 a(4) = –16448

C3H6O

Ethyl methanoate

a(1) = –1371 a(2) = –4231 a(3) = –4312

C3H6O

Methyl ethanoate

a(1) = –1709 a(2) = –6348 a(3) = –9650

C3H7Cl

1-Chloropropane

a(1) = –1121 a(2) = –3271 a(3) = –3786 a(4) = –1974

6-35

TeamLRN

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–356 –332 –310 –290 –272 –256 –241 –227 –215 –204

280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

–395 –342 –299 –262 –232 –205 –183 –163 –146 –131 –118 –106

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480

–1996 –1522 –1198 –971 –806 –683 –586 –506 –437 –375

330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–1003 –916 –839 –771 –712 –660 –614

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–1320 –1186 –1074 –980 –903 –840 –789 –749

310 340 370 400 430 460 490

–1001 –772 –614 –501 –417 –352 –302

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C3H8

Name

Propane

a(1) = –386 a(2) = –844 a(3) = –720 a(4) = –574

C3H8O

1-Propanol

a(1) = –2690 a(2) = –12040 a(3) = –16738

C3H8O

2-Propanol

a(1) = –3165 a(2) = –16092 a(3) = –24197

C3H9N

Trimethylamine

a(1) = –737 a(2) = –1669 a(3) = –986

C4H8

1-Butene

a(1) = –633 a(2) = –1442 a(3) = –932

C4H8O

2-Butanone

a(1) = –2282

6-36

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

520 550 580

–261 –227 –198

240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 440 480 520 560

–641 –527 –444 –381 –331 –292 –259 –232 –208 –169 –138 –112 –90

380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420

–873 –826 –783 –744 –709 –679 –651 –627 –606

380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420

–821 –766 –717 –674 –636 –604 –576 –552 –533

310 320 330 340 350 360 370

–675 –628 –585 –547 –512 –480 –450

300 320 340 360 380 400 420

–624 –539 –470 –413 –366 –327 –294

310 320 330 340

–2056 –1878 –1712 –1555

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C4H8O2

Name

T/K

a(2) = –5907

350 360 370

–1407 –1267 –1135

Propyl methanoate

330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1496 –1354 –1231 –1126 –1035 –957 –890 –834

330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1543 –1385 –1254 –1144 –1055 –982 –923 –878

330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1588 –1444 –1319 –1211 –1117 –1037 –968 –908

330 370 410 450 490 530 570

–1224 –898 –691 –551 –449 –371 –309

250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550

–1170 –863 –668 –536 –442 –371 –315 –270 –232 –199 –171

270 300 330 360 390 420 450

–900 –697 –553 –450 –374 –317 –273

a(1) = –2118 a(2) = –7299 a(3) = –8851

C4H8O2

Ethyl ethanoate

a(1) = –2272 a(2) = –8818 a(3) = –13130

C4H8O2

Methyl propanoate

a(1) = –2216 a(2) = –7339 a(3) = –8658

C4H9Cl

1-Chlorobutane

a(1) = –1643 a(2) = –4897 a(3) = –6178 a(4) = –3718 C4H10

Butane

a(1) = –735 a(2) = –1835 a(3) = –1922 a(4) = –1330

C4H10

B/cm3 mol–1

2-Methylpropane

a(1) = –707 a(2) = –1719 a(3) = –1282

6-37

TeamLRN

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C4H10O

Name

1-Butanol

a(1) = –2629 a(2) = –6315

C4H10O

2-Methyl-1-propanol

a(1) = –2269 a(2) = –5065

C4H10O

2-Butanol

a(1) = –2232 a(2) = –5209 C4H10O

2-Methyl-2-propanol

a(1) = –1952 a(2) = –4775 C4H10O

Diethyl ether

a(1) = –1226 a(2) = –4458 a(3) = –7746 a(4) = –10005

C4H11N

Diethylamine

a(1) = –1522 a(2) = –5204 a(3) = –15047 a(4) = –28835

C5H5N

Pyridine

a(1) = –1765 a(2) = –3431

6-38

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

480 510

–240 –215

350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440

–1693 –1544 –1402 –1268 –1141 –1021 –796 –593

390 400 410 420 430 440

–1076 –979 –887 –800 –716 –636

380 390 400 410 420

–1110 –1005 –906 –811 –721

380 390 400 410 420

–924 –827 –736 –649 –567

280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

–1550 –1199 –954 –776 –638 –525 –428 –340

320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1228 –1134 –1056 –988 –926 –868 –812 –755 –697

350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440

–1257 –1176 –1099 –1026 –957 –892 –770 –659

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. C5H10

T/K

Cyclopentane

300 305 310 315 320

–1049 –1015 –981 –949 –918

310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

–966 –898 –836 –780 –729 –681 –638 –598 –561 –527 –495

330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–2850 –2420 –2076 –1804 –1595 –1440 –1332

300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550

–1234 –1130 –1038 –957 –884 –818 –579 –436 –348 –294

280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450

–1263 –1166 –1079 –1001 –931 –867 –810 –757 –557 –424

300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

–916 –843 –780 –724 –674 –629 –590 –554 –521 –492

a(1) = –1062 a(2) = –2116 C5H10

1-Pentene

a(1) = –1055 a(2) = –2377 a(3) = –1189

C5H10O

2-Pentanone

a(1) = –4962 a(2) = –26372 a(3) = –46537

C5H12

Pentane

a(1) = –1254 a(2) = –3345 a(3) = –2726

C5H12

2-Methylbutane

a(1) = –1095 a(2) = –2503 a(3) = –1534

C5H12

B/cm3 mol–1

Name

2,2-Dimethylpropane

a(1) = –931 a(2) = –2387 a(3) = –2641 a(4) = –1810

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VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C6H6

Name

Benzene

a(1) = –1477 a(2) = –3851 a(3) = –3683 a(4) = –1423

C6H7N

2-Methylpyridine

a(1) = –2940 a(2) = –8813 a(3) = –7809

C6H7N

3-Methylpyridine

a(1) = –6304 a(2) = –30415 a(3) = –44549 C6H7N

4-Methylpyridine

a(1) = –6553 a(2) = –32873 a(3) = –49874 C6H12

Cyclohexane

a(1) = –1733 a(2) = –5618 a(3) = –9486 a(4) = –7936

C6H12

Methylcyclopentane

6-40

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

400 450 500 550

–464 –357 –279 –218

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550 600

–1588 –1454 –1335 –1231 –1139 –1056 –983 –712 –542 –429 –349 –291

360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430

–1656 –1523 –1404 –1297 –1202 –1117 –1040 –972

380 390 400 410 420 430

–1819 –1612 –1448 –1322 –1230 –1166

380 390 400 410 420 430

–1787 –1578 –1417 –1297 –1214 –1163

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560

–1698 –1391 –1170 –1007 –883 –786 –707 –641 –584 –534 –488 –446 –406 –368

305 315

–1447 –1357

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name

T/K

a(1) = –1512 a(2) = –2910 C6H14

Hexane

a(1) = –1961 a(2) = –6691 a(3) = –13167 a(4) = –15273

C6H15N

Triethylamine

a(1) = –2061 a(2) = –5735 a(3) = –5899

C7H8

Toluene

a(1) = –2620 a(2) = –7548 a(3) = –6349

C7H14

1-Heptene

a(1) = –2491 a(2) = –6230 a(3) = –3780

C7H16

Heptane

a(1) = –2834 a(2) = –8523 a(3) = –10068 a(4) = –5051

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B/cm3 mol–1

325 335 345

–1272 –1192 –1117

300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 430 450

–1920 –1724 –1561 –1424 –1309 –1209 –1123 –1046 –978 –916 –859 –806 –707 –616

330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400

–1562 –1444 –1340 –1249 –1169 –1099 –1037 –983

350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430

–1641 –1511 –1394 –1289 –1195 –1110 –1034 –965 –903

340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

–1781 –1651 –1532 –1424 –1324 –1233 –1150 –1073

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

–2782 –2297 –1928 –1641 –1415 –1233 –1085 –963 –862 –775 –702

VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.

C8H10

Name

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –5632 a(2) = –22873 a(3) = –28900

C8H10

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –5808 a(2) = –23244 a(3) = –27607

C8H10

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –4921 a(2) = –16843 a(3) = –16159

C8H16

1-Octene

a(1) = –3273 a(2) = –6557

C8H18

Octane

a(1) = –4123 a(2) = –13120 a(3) = –16408 a(4) = –8580

6-42

T/K

B/cm3 mol–1

540 580 620 660 700

–583 –490 –416 –355 –304

380 390 400 410 420 430 440

–2046 –1848 –1681 –1543 –1428 –1335 –1261

380 390 400 410 420 430 440

–2082 –1865 –1679 –1521 –1388 –1276 –1184

380 390 400 410 420 430 440

–2043 –1851 –1680 –1529 –1395 –1276 –1171

360 370 380 390 400 410

–2147 –2000 –1861 –1729 –1604 –1485

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

–4042 –2511 –1704 –1234 –936 –732 –583 –468 –375

VAN DER WAALS CONSTANTS FOR GASES The van der Waals equation of state for a real gas is (P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = nRT where P is the pressure, V the volume, T the temperature, n the amount of substance (in moles), and R the gas constant. The van der Waals constants a and b are characteristic of the substance and are independent of temperature. They are related to the critical temperature and pressure, Tc and Pc, by a = 27R2Tc2/64Pc

b = RTc /8Pc

This table gives values of a and b for some common gases. Most of the values have been calculated from the critical temperature and pressure values given in the table “Critical Constants” in this section. Van der Waals constants for other gases may easily be calculated from the data in that table. To convert the van der Waals constants to SI units, note that 1 bar L2/mol2 = 0.1 Pa m6/mol2 and 1 L/mol = 0.001 m3/mol. REFERENCE Reid, R.C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.

Substance Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Ammonia Aniline Argon Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol 2-Butanone Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decane 1-Decanol Diethyl ether Dimethyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Furan Helium Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide

a bar L2/mol2 17.71 16.02 4.516 4.225 29.14 1.355 18.82 9.75 13.89 20.94 19.97 3.658 11.25 1.472 6.343 25.80 11.66 7.566 21.92 8.34 52.74 59.51 17.46 8.690 69.38 75.70 5.580 12.56 4.612 1.171 12.74 0.0346 31.06 38.17 24.84 31.79 8.46 0.2452 4.500 3.700 11.29 9.565 6.309

b L/mol

Substance

0.1065 0.1124 0.0522 0.0371 0.1486 0.0320 0.1193 0.0591 0.1164 0.1326 0.1326 0.0429 0.0726 0.0395 0.0542 0.1454 0.0903 0.0648 0.1411 0.0747 0.3043 0.3086 0.1333 0.0774 0.3758 0.3750 0.0651 0.0871 0.0582 0.0290 0.0926 0.0238 0.2049 0.2150 0.1744 0.1856 0.0462 0.0265 0.0442 0.0406 0.0881 0.0739 0.0530

Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Krypton Methane Methanol Methylamine Neon Neopentane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Octane 1-Octanol Oxygen Ozone Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene Pyridine Pyrrole Silane Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoromethane Tetrafluorosilane Tetrahydrofuran Thiophene Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Trimethylamine Water Xenon

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a bar L2/mol2 4.544 13.32 5.193 2.303 9.476 7.106 0.208 17.17 1.46 1.370 5.36 3.58 3.852 37.88 44.71 1.382 3.570 19.09 25.88 22.93 9.39 16.26 15.82 8.442 19.77 18.82 4.38 6.865 7.857 20.01 20.96 6.954 4.040 5.259 16.39 17.21 24.86 20.15 15.34 5.378 13.37 5.537 4.192

b L/mol 0.0434 0.1164 0.0106 0.0431 0.0659 0.0588 0.0167 0.1411 0.0289 0.0387 0.0443 0.0545 0.0444 0.2374 0.2442 0.0319 0.0487 0.1449 0.1568 0.1177 0.0905 0.1079 0.1109 0.0824 0.1137 0.1049 0.0579 0.0568 0.0879 0.1281 0.1470 0.0809 0.0633 0.0724 0.1082 0.1058 0.1497 0.1317 0.1019 0.0640 0.1101 0.0305 0.0516

MEAN FREE PATH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF GASES In the simplest version of the kinetic theory of gases, molecules are treated as hard spheres of diameter d which make binary collisions only. In this approximation the mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions, the mean free path l , is related to the collision diameter by: l=

kT π 2 Pd 2

where P is the pressure, T the absolute temperature, and k the Boltzmann constant. At standard conditions (P = 100 000 Pa and T = 298.15 K) this relation becomes: l=

9.27 ⋅ 10 –27 d2

where l and d are in meters. Using the same model and the same standard pressure, the collision diameter can be calculated from the viscosity η by the kinetic theory relation:

2.67 ⋅ 10 –20 ( MT ) d2 where η is in units of µPa s and M is the molar mass in g/mol. Kinetic theory also gives a relation for the mean velocity v of molecules of mass m: 1/ 2

η=

v=

 8kT   πm 

1/ 2

= 145.5(T / M )

1/ 2

m/s

Finally, the mean time τ between collisions can be calculated from the relation τv = l. The table below gives values of l , v, and τ for some common gases at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, as well as the value of d, all calculated from measured gas viscosities (see References 2 and 3 and the table “Viscosity of Gases” in this section). It is seen from the above equations that the mean free path varies directly with T and inversely with P, while the mean velocity varies as the square root of T and, in this approximation, is independent of P. A more accurate model, in which molecular interactions are described by a Lennard-Jones potential, gives mean free path values about 5% lower than this table (see Reference 4). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Vargaftik, N.B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1975. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986. Gas

d

Air Ar CO2 H2 He Kr N2 NH3 Ne O2 Xe

3.66⋅10-10 m 3.58 4.53 2.71 2.15 4.08 3.70 4.32 2.54 3.55 4.78

l 6.91⋅10-8 m 7.22 4.51 12.6 20.0 5.58 6.76 4.97 14.3 7.36 4.05

6-44

v

τ

467 m/s 397 379 1769 1256 274 475 609 559 444 219

148 ps 182 119 71 159 203 142 82 256 166 185

INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON FREEZING POINTS This table illustrates the variation of the freezing point of representative types of liquids with pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order. Note that 1 MPa = 0.01 kbar = 9.87 atm. REFERENCES 1. Isaacs, N.S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. 2. Merrill, L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 1205, 1977; 11, 1005, 1982. Substance

Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl alcohol Bromobenzene Bromoethane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopropane p-Bromotoluene Butanoic acid 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene p-Chlorotoluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol 1,2-Dibromoethane p-Dichlorobenzene Dichloromethane N,N-Dimethylaniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Formamide Formic acid Furan Hexamethyldisiloxane Menthol Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Naphthalene Nitrobenzene m-Nitrotoluene Pentachloroethane Potassium Potassium chloride Propanoic acid Silver chloride Sodium Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Molecular formula

0.1 MPa

C2H4O2 C8H8O C6H7N C6H6 C7H5N C7H8O C6H5Br C2H5Br C10H7Br C3H7Br C7H7Br C4H8O2 C4H10O CS2 C6H5Cl C7H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C6H12 C6H12O C2H4Br2 C6H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C8H11N C4H8O2 C2H6O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C6H18OSi2 C10H20O C8H8O2 C5H12O C4H10O C10H8 C6H5NO2 C7H7NO2 C2HCl5 K ClK C3H6O2 AgCl Na ClNa FNa CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

16.6 20.0 –6.0 5.5 –12.8 –15.2 –30.6 –118.6 –1.8 –110 28.0 –5.7 –89.8 –111.5 –45.2 6.9 29.8 11.8 35.8 6.6 25.5 9.9 52.7 –95.1 2.5 11 –114.1 –15.5 8.3 –85.6 –66 42 –15 –8.8 25.4 78.2 5.7 15.5 –29.0 63.7 771 –20.7 455 97.8 800.7 996 –23.0 8.1 –63.6 0.0 –25.2 –47.8 13.2

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Freezing point in °C at: 100 MPa 37 41.2 13.5 33.4 7.6 0.2 –12 –108 6.1 –98 56.7 13.8 –77.2 –98 –28 33.1 47.7 25.6 56.2 32.5 62.3 34.0 79.1 –83 26.3 23 –108 10.8 20.6 –73 –37 60 31.8 13.4 58.1 115.7 13.5 40.6 –6.3 78

1000 MPa

140

108

84

170 945

–1.2 106

14.2 31.5 –45.2 –9.0 –3.5 –25.2 46.0

545 167 997 1115

CRITICAL CONSTANTS The parameters of the liquid–gas critical point are important constants in determining the behavior of fluids. This table lists the critical temperature, pressure, and molar volume, as well as the normal boiling point, for approximately 850 inorganic and organic substances. The properties and their units are: Tb: Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere); an “s” following the value indicates a sublimation point (temperature at which the solid is in equilibrium with the gas at a pressure of 101.325 kPa) Tc: Critical temperature in kelvins Pc: Critical pressure in megapascals Vc: Critical molar volume in cm3/mol The number of digits given for Tb, Tc, and Pc indicates the estimated accuracy of these quantities; however, values of Tc greater than 750 K may be in error by 10 K or more. Although most Vc values are given to three figures, they cannot be assumed accurate to better than a few percent. All values are experimentally determined except for a few values, indicated by an asterisk*, which are based on extrapolations. Methods of measurement are described and critiqued in Reference 1. Many of the critical constants in this table are taken from reviews produced by the IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics (References 1– 8). Compounds are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. The assistance of Douglas Ambrose is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Ambrose, D., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 345, 1995. [IUPAC Part 1] Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 531, 1995. [IUPAC Part 2] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 547, 1995. [IUPAC Part 3] Gude, M., and Teja, A. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1025, 1995. [IUPAC Part 4] Daubert, T. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 365, 1996. [IUPAC Part 5] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 645, 1996. [IUPAC Part 6] Kudcharker, A. P., Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, 457, 2001. [IUPAC Part 7] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 480, 2001. [IUPAC Part 8] Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids”, in Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. Das, A., Frenkel, M., Gadalla, N. A. M., Kudchadker, S., Marsh, K. N., Rodgers, A. S., and Wilhoit, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 659, 1993. Wilson, L. C., Wilson, H. L., Wilding, W. V., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1252, 1996. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Morton, D. W., Lui, M. P. W., Tran, C. A., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 437, 2000. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, L. C., Giles, N. F., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 154, 2000. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 157, 2000. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., Bogatishcheva, N. S., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1012, 2002. Wilson, G. M., VonNiederhausern, D. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 761, 2002. Wang, B. H., Adcock, J. L., Mathur, S. B., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 23, 699, 1991. Chae, H. B., Schmidt, J. W., and Moldover, M. R., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8840, 1990. Dillon, I. G., Nelson, P. A., and Swanson, B. S., J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4229, 1966. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. Nowak, P., Tielkes, T., Kleinraum, R., and Wagner, W., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 29, 885, 1997. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Nguyen, A., and Knipmeyer, S. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 311, 1995 Duan, Y. Y., Shi, L., Zhu, M. S., and Han, L. Z., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 501, 1999. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 382, 1996. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Hwang, C. A., Kellerman, S. A., Miller, R. C., Hall, K. R., and Holste, J. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 497, 1997. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1477, 1996. Fujiwara, K., Nakamura, S., and Noguchi, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 55, 1998. Widiatmo, J. V., Morimoto, Y., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1246, 2002. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Stouffer, C. E., Hall, K. R., Holste, J. C., Marsh, K. N., and Gammon, B. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 745, 1997. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., Popov, A. P., and Nikitina, H. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 945, 1995. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. Zhang, H-L, Sato, H., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 1281, 1995. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, 1994. Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 731, 1994. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 657, 1994. Xiang, H. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 30, 1161, 2001. Goodwin, A. H. R., Defibaugh, D. R., and Weber, L. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 846, 1998.

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CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) 39. Lim, J. S., Park, K. H., Lee, B. G., and Kim, J-D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1580, 2001. 40. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, http://webbook.nist.gov. 41. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 42. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 43. Vargaftik, N. B., Int. J. Thermophys. 11, 467, 1990 44. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. 45. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 46. Defibaugh, D. R., Gillis, K. A., Moldover, M. R., Morrison, G., and Schmidt, J. W., Fluid Phase Equilibria 81, 285, 1992. 47. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992.

Molecular formula AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 Ar As AsCl3 AsH3 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2 H 6 BiBr3 BiCl3 BrH BrI Br2 Br2Hg Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Hf Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Br5Ta ClFO3 ClF2N ClF2P ClF2PS ClF3Si ClF5 ClF5S ClH ClH4N ClH4P ClNO ClOV Cl2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si

Name Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsine Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Diborane Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Hydrogen bromide Iodine bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Nitrogen chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorine pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride Phosphonium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Vanadyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

528 453 s 655 87.30 876 403 210.7 364 285.80 172 482.7 180.8 726 720 206.77 389 332.0 595 552 382 446.4 553 459.50 596 s 427 478 503 633 s 622 226.40 206 225.9 279.5 203.2 260.1 254.10 188 611 s 246 s 267.7 400 239.11 287.00 241

763 620 983 150.87 1673 654 373.1 581 455 260.8 773 289.8 1220 1179 363.2 719 588 1012 806.7 610.0 711 904 718 746 663 744 795.7 805 974 368.4 337.5 362.4 439.2 307.7 416 390.9 324.7 1155 322.3 440 636 416.9 463.0 369.0

2.89 2.63

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4.898

3.87 4.98

Vc/cm3 mol-1 310 257 408 75 35 252 272 239 115 356

4.05 12.0 8.55 10.34

5.37 5.15 4.52 4.14 3.46 5.27 8.31 163.5 7.37

7.991 4.96 3.5

301 261 139 127 303 305 300 300 392 415 382 417 391 424 461 161

233 81

171 123

Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula Cl2Hg Cl2OSe Cl3FSi Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4ORe Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Ti Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cs FH FNO2 F2 F2HN F2N2 F2N2 F2O F2Xe F3N F3NO F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5Nb F6Mo F6S F6Se F6Te F6U F6W GaI3 GeH4 GeI4 HI H2 H2 O H2 O2 H2 S H2Se H3 N H3 P H4 N2 He HfI4

Name Mercury(II) chloride Selenium oxychloride Trichlorofluorosilane Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Titanium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cesium Hydrogen fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Xenon difluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium(III) iodide Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Helium Hafnium iodide

Tb/K

Tc/K

577 450 285.40 474 306 349.3 493.5 359.70 590 s 496 500.70 330.80 387.30 660 409.60 604 s 541 527.2 433 s 512.50 619.90 944 293 200.8 85.03 250 167.40 161.70 128.40 387.50 144.40 185.7 171.4 220.90 199 232.70 187 388.90 502 307.2 209.35 226.55 234.25 329.65 290.3 613 185.1 650 237.60 20.28 373.2 423.4 213.60 231.90 239.82 185.40 386.70 4.22 667 s

973 730 438.6 694 479 563 794 553.2 725.7 781 782 508.1 591.9 1002 638 778 850 803.5 646 767 923 1938 461 349.5 144.13 403 272 260 215 631 234.0 303 271.2 346.0 309 364 259.0 612 737 473 318.69 345.5 356 505.8 444 951 312.2 973 424.0 32.97 647.14 728* 373.2 411 405.5 324.5 653 5.19 916

6-51

Pc/MPa

7.09 3.58

Vc/cm3 mol-1 174 235

4.88

263 268 264 272 330 314 362 338 326 351 310 339 319 369 397

9.4 6.48

402 422 341 69

5.172

66

3.861 5.42

3.593 3.75 8.56 4.66 5.77

7.09 5.57 9.32 4.46 6.43 4.33 3.82 3.75 3.72 7.04 6.28 4.75 3.77

4.66 4.34 4.95 8.31 1.293 22.06 22* 8.94 8.92 11.35 6.54 14.7 0.227

148 126 147

188 155 226 199

250 233 395 147 500 65 56 99 72

57 528

Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 43 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 31 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula

Name

Hg HgI2 I2 I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4Zr K Kr Li NO N2 N2 O N2 O4 Na Ne O2 O2 S O3 O3 S O4Os O7Re2 P Rb Rn S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF3I CF4 CHBrF2 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2O2 CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N

Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Iodine Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Potassium Krypton Lithium Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Sodium Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Phosphorus Rubidium Radon Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Formic acid Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3 mol-1

629.88 627 457.6 674 560.50 637.50 650 704 s 1032 119.93 1615 121.41 77.36 184.67 294.30 1156 27.07 90.20 263.10 161.80 318 408 633 553.7 961 211.5 717.75 958 165.03 269.5 215.4 295.91 191.8 243.4 281 296.9 350.0 250.7 145.2 258.6 232.5 282.1 334.32 191.1 299 264.1 313 221.6 374 249.06 338.8 194.8 315.58 374.34 111.67 337.8 279.1 280 266.83

1750 1072 819 1102 944 968 1040 960 2223* 209.41 3223* 180 126.21 309.57 431 2573* 44.4 154.59 430.8 261.1 491.0 678 942 994 2093* 377 1314 1766 289.77 426.88 340.2 471.3 302 384.95 455 471.1 556.6 396.44 227.6 411.98 369.5 451.58 536.4 298.98 456.7 427 510 351.56 588 416.25 517 317.8 528 588 190.56 512.5 470 517.8 430.7

172.00

43

6-52

TeamLRN

155

16* 5.50 67* 6.48 3.39 7.255 10.1 35* 2.76 5.043 7.884 5.57 8.2

558 531 505 530 209* 91 66* 58 90 97 167 116* 42 73 122 89 127 334

16* 6.28 20.7 27.2 5.841 4.254 3.97 4.45 3.870 4.136 5.67 4.47 4.516 3.953 3.74 5.132 5.035 5.18 5.47 4.82 5.39 5.70 6.10 5.83

247*

118 246 196 180 217 190 247 276 226 140 275 164 196 239 133 139

123

6.679 3.28 5.88

139 348 113

5.87 4.599 8.084 7.23

173 98.60 117 147

7.614

Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 20 9 20 9 9 9 9 20 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 20 9 9 9 34 9 9 9 9 9 9 18 9 24 9 47 18 9 9 42 9 37 9 42 7 9 9 9 9 9 2 4 8 9 9

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula CH6N2 CH6Si CO COS CO2 CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HClF2 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2HF5O

Name Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether

Tb/K 360.7 215.7 81.7 223 194.6 s 319 366 320.50 245.4 234.1 276.6 276.7 318.7 320.9 394.5 366.0 457.85 204.4 197.3 195.1 254.7 261.5 261 302.7 300.97 360.36 346 225.1 235

Tc/K 567 352.4 132.91 375 304.13 552 560.7 487.8 379 353.2 418.6 418.78 482.9 487.3 620.2 551 695 311.11 306.5 293 400.6 399.9 395.65 461.6 456.83 544.2 491.3 339.17 354.0

C2 H 2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4O C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2 H 4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br

Acetylene 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether Acetonitrile Ethylene [Ethene] 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Oxirane [Ethylene oxide] Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane

188.45 279.3 333.3 321.9 418.4 187.5 247.07 253.3 275 259.4 264.1 305.2 347.24 387.0 201 225.90 276.9 249.49 354.80 169.38 404.8 330.5 356.7 249.10 293.3 283.8 391.1 304.9 311.7

308.3 425.01 544.2 516.5 661.15 302.9 374.18 391.74 420.25 432 410.34 477.5 545 602* 327.9 345.86 429.8 378.02 545.6 282.34 583.0 523 561 386.7 466 469 590.7 487.2 503.9

6-53

Pc/MPa 8.24

Vc/cm3 mol-1 271

3.499 5.88 7.375 7.90 3.61 3.393 4.05 3.229 3.30 3.252

93 137 94 173 368 341 212 252 294 297

3.42

325

3.34* 3.618 3.94

412* 202 172 222 197 244 244 278 278

4.46 3.72 3.643 3.661 5.02 3.258 3.620 3.33 6.138

204 208.0 192 112.2 228

5.51 4.46 4.065 4.615 4.228 5.67 4.048 4.194 4.30 4.48* 5.24 3.764 5.241 3.588 4.884 5.041 7.2 5.07 5.4 4.50 7.2 5.78 6.00 6.23

154 198 191 223 179 225 255 281* 144 194 207 228 173 131 236 225 181 154 142 171 172 215

Ref. 9 8 9 9 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 42 40 9 9 9 12 9 9 9 9 9 42 19 35 9 9 29,30 25, 45,46 6 40 9 9 9 9 36 19,42 46 12 19,32 26,42 9 12 9 27,28 40 47 14 6 9 9 9 9,19 7 7 7 7 9

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C2H5Cl C2H5F C2 H 6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C2 N 2 C3ClF5O C3Cl2F6 C3F6O C3F6O C3F8 C3F8O2 C3HF7 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F3 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H3N C3H3NO C3 H 4 C3 H 4 C3H5Cl C3H5F3O C3H5N C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3 H 8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2

Name Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Perfluoroacetone Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropropane Perfluorodimethoxymethane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Acrylonitrile Isoxazole Allene Propyne 3-Chloropropene 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Dimethyl carbonate 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

285.5 235.5 184.6 343.5 351.44 248.4 470.5 308.2 310.48 382.89 289.7 280.03 390 252.1 281 308.9 245.8 244.8 236.6 263 256.8 270 279.3 272.2 296.50 256 288.5 255.8 298.2 278.74 302.39 350.5 368 238.8 250.0 318.3 304.77 370.29 225.46 240.34 369.6 394.1 370.2 321 329.20 308 414.30 327.6 330.02 363.7 319.7 308.9 426 231.1 370.4 355.5 280.6 460.8

460.4 375.31 305.32 520.4 514.0 400.2 720 499 503 615 456 437.22 613.1 400 410.6 453 357.14 361.8 345.1 372.3 374.89 387.78 412.38 398.07 428.95 376.2 427.20 380.11 447.57 406.80 443.99 540 552.0 394 402.4 514 448.98 561.3 364.9 398.0 578.5 614.6 545.1 505 508.1 485 598.5 508.54 506.5 557 503 484 649.6 369.83 536.8 508.3 437.9 676.4

5.3 5.028 4.872 3.49 6.137 5.34 8 5.49 5.53

6-54

TeamLRN

Vc/cm3 mol-1

145.5 350 168 168 207 203.7

5.62 5.340 6.707 5.98 2.878 2.753 2.84 3.03 2.680 2.333 2.929 2.293 3.412

182

329 272 299 363 274 337 269

3.050 3.80

315 211

3.137

273

2.887

301

4.660 5.25 5.63

163.5

3.513 4.26 4.60 5.54

277 229 185 162

5.26 4.700 5.2 4.67 4.74 4.750 4.80 4.58

204 213 190 233 229 228 252

4.248 5.169 4.764 4.38 5.941

262 200 218 222 222

Ref. 9 9 2 9 4 7 7,14 8 8 8 9 9 11,12 9 9 41 9 18,47 9 18 39,47 18,47 33 45 32 9 45 9 45 32 38 11,12 9 6 6 9 32 9 6 5 13 13 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 9 2 4 4 7 7,14

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4Br2F8 C4Cl2F6 C4F8 C4F10 C4F10 C4H2F8O C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H4O C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5F5O C4H5N C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7N C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O

Name 1,3-Propylene glycol [Trimethylene glycol] 2-Methoxyethanol [Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether] Dimethoxymethane [Methylal] Glycerol 1-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Furan Maleic acid Thiophene Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Vinyl acetate g-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol

Vc/cm3 mol-1

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

487.6 397.3 315 563 341.0 339.9 340.7 333 320.37 304.91 276.02 370 332.7 267.3 271.3 273 301.04 307.38 302.49 304.7

718.2 597.6 491 850 537 533 501.7 497.8 497.0 471.8 432.79 532.5 497* 388.46 386.4 395.4 421.68 437.70 433.30 490.2 620 580 431.23 639.7 425 440 488.7 519.2 731 606 762.7 585.4 419.5 435.5 428.6 417.9 460.0 475 537 544 536.7 540.5 590.55 615.2 605.0 538.0 535 523.3 530.7 588 632 539.2 518.6 500 568 425.12 407.8 563.0

6.55 5.285 3.96 7.5 4.6 4.25 3.59 3.20 4.72 4.54 4.087 2.39 2.73* 2.784 2.323

386* 324 378

2.330 2.481 2.553 5.3

409 377 369 218

5.70 2.533 6.34 4.32 4.60

219 366 200 221 208

357.2 301.26 402.94 268.74 281.23 300.1 346.0 477 412.7 515 390.8 266.89 276.86 274.03 266.3 285.8 308.7 348.0 337.7 352.74 338 389.6 436.90 427.60 354.1 341.4 350.26 353.0 374.7 394.3 351.6 341.4 324.1 359.71 272.7 261.42 390.88

6-55

4.185 5.13 4.0 4.14 3.88 4.02 4.21 4.10 4.000 4.98 4.07 4.32 5.1 4.207 5.19 4.075 4.06 3.70 4.06 3.95 3.87 4.00 5.21 5.4

6.00 3.796 3.640 4.414

263 213 286

366 221 254

240.8 233.8 237.7 238.8 210 258 267 224 319 292 290 285 286 282 238

238 255 259 274

Ref. 14,17 7,11,12 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 12 9 9 9 32 32 32 7 7 8 32 10 6 6 9 7 7,11 7 17 9 6 6 6 6 9 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 13 13 13 10 2 5 4

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12N2O C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5F12 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

Name 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol [Tetramethylene glycol] 1,2-Dimethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether] 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Perfluoropentane Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylpyrazine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Pentanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

372.66 381.04 355.6 307.7 312.3 303.92 484.8 463.7 480.7 508 357.7 392 519.0 371.7 365.3 427.2 350.15 335.88 317.19 340.90 328.7 512 299.8 351 480 302.4 327.30 434.9 388.38 410 337.9 385.96 420.8 416.1 313.3 317.4 403.72 359 414.5 475 303.11 310.08 309.49 304.4 293.3 311.71 322.5 413.57 340.8 376 375.41 374.9 367.48 361 351 459.3 449.7 371.4

536.2 547.8 506.2 466.7 476.2 464.4 708.0 680 676 723.8 540 579.8 750 570 557.8 642 531.9 514.3 483.9 519 499.99 739.2 448.6 521.8 709.8 420.59 485.1 670* 620.0 634.3 528 596.0 654 647 493.5 506.5 624 562 610.3 721.8 464.8 475 471 470 452.7 470 511.7 619.5 518 567 561.1 561.4 553.0 572 537 637.2 629 551

4.202 4.295 3.972 3.644 3.801 3.762 5.35 5.21 4.02 5.52 3.90 4.113 4.7 4.0 3.90

6-56

TeamLRN

4.25 4.20 3.84 4.07 3.758 4.65 2.821 2.981 4.38 2.045 2.767 5.89* 5.67 5.01 4.7 4.86 5.08 5.08 4.80 4.60 4.56 3.58 3.56 3.69 3.52 3.8 3.53 3.42 4.51 4.9 3.97 3.683 3.729 3.80 4.77 3.76 3.63 3.40 3.88

Vc/cm3 mol-1 269 274 275 281

303 305 308

324 317.6 277 278 292 278

361.6

473

243 283 247 271 266 266 245 268 311 298.4

304.9 259

313 321 331 308 263 267 346 355

Ref. 4 4 4 7 7 7 17 7,23 7,23 17 7 11,12 7 8 8,15 8 10 10 10 10 9 17 8 8 14,17 9 9 7 10 9 7 10 10 10 9 6 7 7 9 9 6 6 9 9 6 6 5 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl2F4 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6HF11 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF

Name Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 2-Propoxyethanol Diethoxymethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol Undecafluorocyclohexane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3 mol-1

374.69 361.8 372.3 376.0 365.7 416 381.6 358.8 379.37 309.21 301.03 282.63 411.13 392.5 389.40 400.7 404.3 375.6 386.1 343.31 328.2 336.36 423.0 361 369 356 466 389 410 391.11 430.9 471.6 353.41 325.2 330.2 325.95 329.8 330.8 331.6 333.0 358.89 418.8 335.2 367.5 357.6 363.4 400 401 400 391.7 368 363 348.7 427 423 424.7 410.8 400.8

549.7 531.0 546.7 554.5 540.7 630.0 571.2 509.1 594 469.7 460.4 433.8 588.1 560.3 559.6 575.4 577.2 543.7 556.1 512.7 497.1 500.2 615 531.7 543.0 510 672 594 601 570.81 626 684.8 516.73 461.8 454.4 457.2 448.77 455.3 450 463 530.97 609 477.7 550.83 535.25 543.35 609.6 612.5 609.2 592.0 560.3 551.1 530.9 669.6 652.0 654.8 633.8 615.9

3.36 3.31 3.45 3.47 3.43

345 344 342 340 339

4.94 3.370 3.38 3.196 3.897 3.675

288 311 306 307 326 329 325

6-57

3.94 3.93 3.71 3.87 3.37 3.430 3.370 3.65

329 339 364

3.67 3.0 3.238 5.32 3.27 3.273

2.43 1.868 1.923 1.69 1.87 3.531 4.0 3.791 3.747 3.801

376 448 335

606 532 525 324 348 313

Ref. 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 13 10 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C6H4ClF C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6 H 6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O

Name 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine [2-Picoline] 3-Methylpyridine [3-Picoline] 4-Methylpyridine [4-Picoline] 1,5-Hexadiene Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Diallyl sulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Butyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 3-Hexanone [Ethyl propyl ketone] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol 1-Chlorohexane 3-Chloro-3-methylpentane Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol

Tb/K

Tc/K

403 446 367 355.8 362 429.21 404.87 357.88 461.6 353.24 455.02 457.32 402.53 417.29 418.51 332.6 356.13 428.58 412.7 403 411 411.8 415 436.80 336.63 353.88 345.0 367 404 400.8 396.7 389.7 379.3 433.99 478.4 403.6 396.7 399.3 385 389.7 395.7 394.5 383.3 400.6 420 429.6 397.5 432.0 408.3 389 341.88 333.41 336.42 322.88 331.08 359.3 430.8 413

620.1 685.7 566.0 548.4 556.9 670 633.4 560.09 721 562.05 694.2 699 621.0 645.0 645.7 508 560.4 665 631 605 599 653 586 633.8 504.0 553.8 532.7 540 592 587.1 583.0 574.6 570.9 647.1 655 576 578 575.6 571 561 570 568.8 554 590 597.8 608.0 563 684 599 528 507.6 497.7 504.6 489.0 500.0 535 610.3 585.9

6-58

TeamLRN

Pc/MPa

4.40 4.52 4.52 4.551 4.52 4.895 5.93 4.89 4.60 4.65 4.70

Vc/cm3 mol-1

324 308 269 351 256 287 292 288 292

4.6 4.00

3.30 3.21 4.08 3.79 3.20 3.46 3.30 3.320 3.270 3.43 4.401 3.38 3.46 3.14 3.01 2.99 3.06 3.1 3.1 3.20 3.01 3.17

353

355.1 308 318 384 378 377 378 382 413 412

401 415 415 422 432 443 401

3.025 3.04 3.12 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.417 3.31

368 368 368 358 361 374 387 384

Ref. 13 13 13 13 9,13 9 9,13 9 9 3 7 9 10 10 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 13 9 6 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7,23 7 8 13 13 2 5 5 5 5 7 4 4

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7F8 C7F14 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3F5 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H5N C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6O C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

Name 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 2-Butoxyethanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane [Acetal] 1,2-Diethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol diethyl ether] Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether [Carbitol] Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Perfluorotoluene Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile 2,4-Difluorotoluene 2,5-Difluorotoluene 2,6-Difluorotoluene 3,4-Difluorotoluene Benzaldehyde 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole [Methoxybenzene] 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

408 422 425.1 394.3 404.8 399.7 395.6 363.23 341.6 345.8 372 423 441.6 375.40 394.4 469 435 558 382.5 357.1 362 377.7 354.2 349.5 355.7 369.2 390.7 440.7 424.7 433 464.3 390 391 385 385 452.0 388 388 389.8 383.78 464.19 475.42 475.13 478.46 426.9 473.5 476.5 473.6 469.4 434.27 431.53 430.13 417.16 452.25 444.99 366.79 391.6 374.08

582.4 604.4 603.5 559.5 574.4 576.0 575.6 530.6 500.3 509.4 546.5 605.1 634 540 542 670 617 780 555.8 523.1 535.6 534.47 478.2 485.91 474.8 495.8 566.52 656.5 627.1 629.8 699.4 581.4 587.8 581.8 598.5 695 591.2 591.8 592.1 591.80 697.6 705.8 704.6 715 646.5 707 707 706 701 655.4 647 645 624 684 668 537.3 604.2 572.1

3.36 3.45

6-59

3.46 3.52 3.028 2.832 2.934 3.042 3.051 3.27 3.22

Vc/cm3 mol-1 383

386 395 391 424

3.167 3.3 3.63 3.02 3.032 2.705

389 428

2.019 1.62

570 664

3.126

384

4.21

4.7

4.110 4.17 4.36 4.07 4.3 4.24 4.37 4.28 4.58 5.20 4.10 3.95 3.85 3.85 4.20 4.05 2.92 3.82 3.48

316

341

356 361 361 361 355 361 409 353 369

Ref. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 13 13 13 9 13 13 13 13 7 13 13 13 3,15 7 7 7 9 7,11,12 9 9 9 9 23 23 23 23 23 23 6 5 5

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16O3 C7H20Si2 C8F16O C8F18 C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8 H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

Name Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Heptanal 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] 2-Methyl-3-hexanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol, (S) 4-Heptanol 1-Butoxy-2-propanol 1-tert-Butoxy-2-methoxyethane 2,2-Diethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether Bis(trimethylsilyl)methane Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorooctane Benzo[b]thiophene 4-Methylbenzonitrile 1H-Indole Styrene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

376.7 360.7 372.7 365.1 364.0 364.9 426.0 424.20 420 417 417 408 495.4 422.4 415.7 420.0 410 416.2 408.6 419.3 408.2 439 433.6 371.6 363.19 365 366.7 352.4 362.93 353.64 359.21 354.01 375 449.60 432 430 429 444.7

569.5 547 565 553 551 553 617 611.4 606.6 602.0 604.1 593.3 678 599 586.1 594.5 584 593.1 579.4 593.3 582.4 621.0 614 540.2 530.4 535.2 540.6 520.5 537.3 519.8 536.4 531.1 546 632.6 608.3 605.4 602.6 624.9 574 510.7 680 573.9 500.2 502 764 723 794 635.2 709.6 685.7 709 617.15 630.3 617.0 616.2 703.0 716.4 716.4

3.40 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.16 2.97

387 486 406 375.8 379.1 494 490.2 526.8 418 475 469 496.1 409.34 417.7 412.27 411.52 477.7 491.6 491.1

6-60

TeamLRN

3.16 2.73 2.76

Vc/cm3 mol-1 375

434 436 433 434

470

2.72

2.66

458

2.74 2.74 2.81 2.89 2.77 2.91 2.74 2.95 2.95 2.935 3.058 3.021

428 421 404 416 416 393 418 414 398 463 435 442 434 432

2.739

3.00 1.99 1.607 1.66 4.76

489 588 379

4.8 3.87 4.01 3.59

356

3.609 3.732 3.541 3.511

374 370 375 378

388

Ref. 5 21 21 21 21 21 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7,23 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 4 4 4 4 14 7 7 7 8 9 9 8 9 10 15 7,23 17 7 3,15 3 3 3 7 7 7

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18

Name 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol a-Methylbenzenemethanol Ethoxybenzene 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Diethyl succinate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanal 2-Octanone [Hexyl methyl ketone] 3-Octanone [Ethyl amyl ketone] 4-Octanone [Butyl propyl ketone] 2-Methyl-3-heptanone [Butyl isopropyl ketone] 5-Methyl-3-heptanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane [Isooctane] 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

Tb/K

Tc/K

490.1 484.13 484.3 474.22 500 494.89 478 442.96 444 448.7 448.7 476.2 467.30 490.9 478.40 394.44 422 405.1 403.0 396.7 393.3 397.7 392.6 444 445.7 440.7 436 431 434 512 501 444.7 433.4 439 430.1 421.8 429.1 440 447 465 491.7 456.7 398.82 390.81 392.1 390.87 391.8 380.01 388.77 382.7 382.27 385.12 390.88 388.81 391.42 383 372.37 388.0

722.8 707.6 706.9 701.0 729.8 715.6 699 647 662.0 665.3 666 698 687 663 674.4 567.0 647.2 609 606 596 591 598 587.7 639 632.7 627.7 623.8 614.9 619.0 693 674 618.4 611 612.1 611 602 609 615.2 628 640.7 673.5 643 568.7 559.7 563.6 561.7 565.5 549.8 563.5 553.5 550.0 562.0 568.8 567.1 576.5 563.5 543.8 573.5

6-61

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3 mol-1

3.77 3.4

3.63 2.85 2.68 3.56 3.04 2.95 2.94 2.94 2.94

468 410

2.96

488 497 497 497

2.87 2.78

519 528

2.694 2.59

549

2.49 2.50 2.55 2.54 2.61 2.53 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.65 2.69 2.70 2.81 2.73 2.57 2.82

492 488 464 476 455 478 468 472 482 443 466 442 455 436 468 455

Ref. 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 7 9 9 7 9 6 5 21 21 21 21 21 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 17 13 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9F20 C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O

Name 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether 1-tert-Butoxy-2-ethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 2-Methoxy-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Methoxy-2,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 1-Nonene Cyclononane 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Nonanal 2-Nonanone [Heptyl methyl ketone] 3-Nonanone [Ethyl hexyl ketone] 4-Nonanone [Pentyl propyl ketone] 5-Nonanone [Dibutyl ketone] Nonanoic acid Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl heptanoate Nonane 2-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

386.7 379.60 468.31 452.5 444 449.5 443 445 457.8 413.43 380.38 421.2 504 461 601 472.3 458 432.8 412.8 427.9 398.5 510.31 516.37 451.12 432.39 425.56 438.4 434.5 435 449.27 442.53 437.89 467 465 467.3 420.1 451.6 413.7 464 468.5 463 460.7 461.60 527.7 452 441.7 460 423.97 416.4 405.9 397.24 413.4 406.2 395.44 414.7 486.52 466.7 468

566.4 567.8 652.5 629.6 628.5 625.1 623.5 621.2 640.6 584 550 585 692 612 800 667 650 607.5 584.4 605 524 782 803 684.9 638.35 631.0 651 637 640.2 664.5 649.1 637.3 677.3 682 668 594.0 682 602.2 659 652.2 648.1 643.7 641.4 712 619 621 634 594.6 582.8 576.7 569.8 607.5 592.6 574.6 607.5 670.7 649.6 648.0

2.73 2.87 2.777 2.754

6-62

TeamLRN

Vc/cm3 mol-1 460 461 497 519 515 515

2.8 3.0

2.79 3.2 504 2.48 3.11 3.20 2.50 1.56 4.86 5.10 3.95 3.200 3.209 3.38 3.25 3.23 3.454 3.232 3.127

587 371 374 440

3.12 526 3.34 2.68 2.48

2.32 2.35

2.29 2.31 2.35 2.74 2.60 2.49 2.72 2.528 2.53

543 560 560 560 560

555

572 575 577

Ref. 5 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 9 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 8 9 10 10 3 3 3 21 21 3 3 3 3 7 7 9 6 21 5 7 7,11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C9H20O C10F8 C10F18 C10F22 C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12H8 C12H8O C12H8S C12H9N C12H10 C12H10O

Name 4-Nonanol Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Naphthalene 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene [Tetralin] Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [p-Cymene] p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene [Durene] Thymol d-Limonene a-Pinene 3-Carene, (+) 1,3-Decadiene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Decanal 2-Decanone [Methyl octyl ketone] 3-Decanone [Ethyl heptyl ketone] 4-Decanone [Hexyl propyl ketone] 5-Decanone [Butyl pentyl ketone] 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol [Menthol] Decanoic acid [Capric acid] 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Decane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol Diisopentyl sulfide 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene 2-Undecanone 3-Undecanone 4-Undecanone 5-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Ethyl nonanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Acenaphthylene Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Carbazole Biphenyl Diphenyl ether

Tb/K

Tc/K

465.7 482 415 417.4 491.1 573.9 579.4 480.8 456.46 445.94 450.3 456.9 470.0 505.7 451 429.4 444 442 469.0 460.5 443.7 481.7 483 476 479.7 477 489 541.9 472 481.7 518 447.30 428.9 433.5 410.6 504.3 484 486 483.7 474 484 517.9 514.3 478.6 504.7 500

645.1 673.1 566 542 748.4 850 850 720 660.5 650 652 657.9 676 698 653 644 658 615 702.3 687.1 617 674 671.8 667.6 662.9 661.0 694 722 642 649 693.9 617.7 609.5 623.0 581.4 687.3 668.6 666.1 663.7 663.2 664 772 761 675 688 685 681 679 678 664 639 703.6 792 824 897 901.8 773 767

500 501 500.2 469.1 518 553 560 605.7 627.84 529.3 531.2

6-63

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3 mol-1 575

1.52 1.45 4.05 5.0 4.9 3.65 2.89 3.05 2.8 2.803 2.9

407 438 438 408 497

470 454 487 3.20 2.22 2.60

584 599 625 628 628 628

2.10 2.09

638 681

2.15 2.11 2.32 2.51 2.19 2.315

624

649 646 643 643 646

3.60 2.58 692 692 692 692 692 1.98 2.147 3.20 3.64 3.86 3.13 3.38

689 718 495 512 454 497

Ref. 4 9 9 9 3 10 10 4 3 4 3 3 3 7 6 6 6 9 9 9 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 17 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 8 3 3 16 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 21 7 8 10 3 7

CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C12H12 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H26 C12H26O C13H9N C13H9N C13H10O C13H11N C13H12 C13H20 C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H22 C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34 C16H34O C17H28 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H38 C18H38O C19H32 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50 C30H50

Name 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene [1,1'-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 1-Dodecene 2-Dodecanone 3-Dodecanone 4-Dodecanone 5-Dodecanone 6-Dodecanone Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Acridine Phenanthridine Benzophenone 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole Diphenylmethane Heptylbenzene 2-Tridecanone 3-Tridecanone 4-Tridecanone 5-Tridecanone 6-Tridecanone 7-Tridecanone Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Octylbenzene 2-Tetradecanone 3-Tetradecanone 4-Tetradecanone 7-Tetradecanone Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Decylbenzene Hexadecane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 1-Hexadecanol Undecylbenzene Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Tridecylbenzene Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol [Arachic alcohol] Heneicosane Docosane Tricosane Tetracosane Squalene

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

538 499.3 536.6 537 487.0 519.7

775 695 758 787 658 702 701 697 695 694 658 719.4 891.1 895 830 890 760 708 717 716 712 710 709 708 712 675 734 869.3 869 725 728 727 725 723 693 747 708 752 723 692 770 763 736 780 857 883 908 747 790 790 755 768 809 778 786 790 800 795.9

3.23 2.35

489.47 533 618.01 622.1 578.6 616.79 538.2 513 536

534 540 508.62 547 613.1 613 537

526.73 560 543.8 566 560.01 519.5 585 589 575.2 597 605 636 649 589.5 608 619 603.1 616 629 629.7 641.8 653 664.5 694.5

6-64

TeamLRN

Vc/cm3 mol-1 601

1.93

1.82 1.994 3.21 3.6 3.35 3.38 2.71 2.14

752 752 759 759 762 754 548 548 568 572 563 820 823 823 826 826 830

1.68 1.935

823 554

1.98

1.57 1.81 1.48 1.72 1.40 1.61 1.64 1.34 1.50 2.99 2.48 2.99 1.29 1.44 1.54 1.16 1.07 1.30 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.59

896 896 900 904 894 966 1034

1103 731 724 729 1189

Ref. 3 16 3 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 10 10 7 10 3 16 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 9 9 4 16 7 7 7 7 2 9 2 16 2 5 9 16 2 9 3 3 3 2 9 16 3 3 9 2 2 2 2 15

SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS This table gives the sublimation (vapor) pressure of some representative solids as a function of temperature. Entries include simple inorganic and organic substances in their solid phase below room temperature, as well as polycyclic organic compounds which show measurable sublimation pressure only at elevated temperatures. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. Values marked by * represent the solid-liquid-gas triple point. Note that some pressure values are in pascals (Pa) and others are in kilopascals (kPa). For conversion, 1 kPa = 7.506 mmHg = 0.0098692 atm.

REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R. and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 3. Oja, V. and Suuberg, E.M., J. Chem. Eng. Data,43, 486, 1998. Ar Argon

T/K p/kPa

55 0.2

60 0.8

65 2.8

70 7.7

75 18.7

80 40.7

BrH Hydrogen bromide

T/K p/kPa

135 0.1

140 0.3

150 1.1

160 3.3

170 8.7

180 20.1

185.1* 27.4*

Br2 Bromine

T/K p/Pa

170 0.069

180 0.416

190 2.04

200 8.45

210 30.3

220 96.0

230 273

240* 710*

ClH Hydrogen chloride

T/K p/kPa

120 0.1

130 0.5

140 1.9

150 5.8

155 9.5

159.0* 13.5*

Cl2 Chlorine

T/K p/Pa

120 0.144

130 1.52

140 11.2

150 63.1

160 283

F4Si Tetrafluorosilane

T/K p/kPa

130 0.2

140 0.9

150 3.9

160 14.0

170 43.8

175 74.2

180 122.4

186.3* 220.8*

F6S Sulfur hexafluoride

T/K p/kPa

150 0.4

165 2.6

180 11.3

190 25.9

200 54.5

210 106.1

220 195.1

223.1* 232.7*

HI Hydrogen iodide

T/K p/kPa

160 0.2

170 0.8

180 2.2

190 5.3

200 11.7

210 23.6

220 44.1

222.4* 49.3*

H2O Water

T/K p/Pa

190 0.032

210 0.702

225 4.942

240 27.28

250 76.04

260 195.8

270 470.1

273.16* 611.66*

H2S Hydrogen sulfide

T/K p/kPa

140 0.2

150 0.6

160 1.9

165 3.2

170 5.2

175 8.3

180 12.7

187.6* 22.7*

H3N Ammonia

T/K p/kPa

160 0.1

170 0.4

180 1.2

190 3.5

195 5.8

195.4* 6.12*

I2 Iodine

T/K p/Pa

240 0.081

250 0.297

260 0.971

270 2.89

280 7.92

290 20.1

300 47.9

310* 107*

Kr Krypton

T/K p/kPa

80 0.4

90 2.7

95 6.0

100 12.1

105 22.8

110 40.4

115.8* 73.1*

NO Nitric oxide

T/K p/kPa

85 0.1

90 0.4

95 1.3

100 3.8

105 10.0

109.5* 21.9*

Xe Xenon

T/K p/kPa

110 0.3

120 1.5

130 4.9

140 14.0

150 34.2

155 51.1

160 74.2

161.4* 81.7*

CHN Hydrogen cyanide

T/K p/kPa

200 0.2

210 0.4

220 1.0

230 2.2

240 4.8

250 9.7

255 13.6

259.83* 18.62*

CH4 Methane

T/K p/kPa

65 0.1

70 0.3

75 0.8

80 2.1

85 4.9

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

83.81* 68.8*

170* 1054*

90.69* 11.70*

SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)

CO Carbon monoxide

T/K p/kPa

50 0.1

55 0.6

60 2.6

65 8.2

CO2 Carbon dioxide

T/K p/kPa

130 0.032

140 0.187

155 1.674

170 9.987

185 44.02

194.7 101.3

205 227.1

216.58* 518.0*

C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane

T/K p/Pa

275 0.004

300 0.056

325 0.383

350 1.62

375 5.30

400 14.8

425 36.4

459.9* 107.4*

C2H2 Acetylene

T/K p/kPa

130 0.2

140 0.7

150 2.6

160 7.8

170 20.6

180 49.0

190 106.3

192.4* 126.0*

C2H4O2 Acetic acid

T/K p/kPa

250 0.092

260 0.199

270 0.406

280 0.79

289.7* 1.29*

C5H12 Neopentane

T/K p/kPa

200 0.7

210 1.6

220 3.6

230 7.3

240 13.9

250 24.8

255 32.4

256.58* 35.8*

C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane)

T/K p/Pa

300 0.01

320 0.13

330 0.39

340 1.04

350 2.66

360 6.42

370 14.8

380 32.7

C6H6O2 Resorcinol

T/K p/Pa

330 1.03

340 2.78

350 7.09

360 17.2

370 39.6

380 87.6

C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone

T/K p/Pa

350 1.20

360 3.18

370 7.96

380 19.0

390 43.4

400 95.1

C10H8 Naphthalene

T/K p/Pa

250 0.036

270 0.514

280 1.662

290 4.918

300 13.43

310 34.15

330 182.9

353.43* 999.6*

C12H8N2 Phenazine

T/K p/Pa

290 0.0013

300 0.0046

310 0.0150

320 0.0448

C12H8O Dibenzofuran

T/K p/Pa

300 0.408

310 1.21

320 3.35

330 8.71

340 21.4

350 50.0

C12H9N Carbazole

T/K p/Pa

350 0.086

355 0.140

360 0.245

C13H7NO2 Benz[g]isoquinoline5,10-dione

T/K p/Pa

330 0.006

340 0.018

350 0.053

360 0.148

370 0.394

380 0.994

C13H8O 1H-Phenalen-1-one

T/K p/Pa

330 0.040

340 0.113

350 0.302

C13H8O2 3-Hydroxy-1Hphenalen-1-one

T/K p/Pa

400 0.006

410 0.018

420 0.053

430 0.144

C13H9N Acridine

T/K p/Pa

290 0.0024

300 0.0085

310 0.0278

320 0.0845

C13H9N Phenanthridine

T/K p/Pa

310 0.020

320 0.066

330 0.206

340 0.603

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

68.13* 15.4*

SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)

C14H10 Anthracene

T/K p/Pa

320 0.014

330 0.043

340 0.125

350 0.342

360 1.01

370 2.38

380 5.35

C14H10 Phenanthrene

T/K p/Pa

300 0.025

310 0.085

320 0.270

330 0.796

340 2.02

350 4.89

360 11.2

C16H10 Pyrene

T/K p/Pa

320 0.008

330 0.024

340 0.073

350 0.208

360 0.556

370 1.32

380 2.86

C16H10O 1-Pyrenol

T/K p/Pa

360 0.005

370 0.016

380 0.047

390 0.135

400 0.364

C16H12S Benzo[b]naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene

T/K p/Pa

330 0.001

340 0.004

350 0.012

360 0.036

370 0.098

380 0.255

390 0.631

C17H12 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene

T/K p/Pa

340 0.003

350 0.009

360 0.029

370 0.085

380 0.235

390 0.619

400 1.55

C18H10O4 6,11-Dihydroxy-5,12naphthacenedione

T/K p/Pa

420 0.008

430 0.022

440 0.055

450 0.131

C18H12 Chrysene

T/K p/Pa

390 0.087

400 0.221

410 0.539

420 1.26

C18H12 Naphthacene

T/K p/Pa

390 0.005

400 0.014

410 0.035

420 0.084

430 0.194

440 0.432

450 0.928

460 1.929

C20H12 Perylene

T/K p/Pa

390 0.006

400 0.015

410 0.040

420 0.102

430 0.246

C22H14 Pentacene

T/K p/Pa

450 0.002

460 0.006

470 0.013

480 0.031

490 0.069

C24H12 Coronene

T/K p/Pa

430 0.004

440 0.010

450 0.021

460 0.046

470 0.097

480 0.197

490 0.389

500 0.747

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

390 11.5

390 6.30

VAPOR PRESSURE This table gives vapor pressure data for about 1800 inorganic and organic substances. In order to accommodate elements and compounds ranging from refractory to highly volatile in a single table, the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches specified pressure values is listed. The pressure values run in decade steps from 1 Pa (about 7.5 µm Hg) to 100 kPa (about 750 mm Hg). All temperatures are given in °C. The data used in preparing the table came from a large number of sources; the main references used for each substance are indicated in the last column. Since the data were refit in most cases, values appearing in this table may not be identical with values in the source cited. The temperature entry in the 100 kPa column is close to, but not identical with, the normal boiling point (which is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches 101.325 kPa). Although some temperatures are quoted to 0.1°C, uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. Values followed by an “e” were obtained by extrapolating (usually with an Antoine equation) beyond the region for which experimental measurements were available and are thus subject to even greater uncertainty. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. The indexes to Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Section 4 can be used in a similar way. More extensive and detailed vapor pressure data on selected important substances appear in other tables in this section of the Handbook. These substances are flagged by a symbol following the name as follows: * See Vapor Pressure of Fluids below 300 K ** See IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration *** See Vapor Pressure of Ice and Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C The following notations appear after individual temperature entries: s — Indicates the substance is a solid at this temperature. e — Indicates an extrapolation beyond the region where experimental measurements exist. i — Indicates the value was calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions, such as those in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables (see Reference 8). REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 4. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517, 1947. 5. TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 6. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 7. Ohe, S., Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure, Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1976. 8. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 9. Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. 10. Jacobsen, R.T., et. al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 10. Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 11. Wakeham, W.A., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 12. Methanol, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 12. Janz, G.J., Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 13. Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. 14. Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 15. Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973. 16. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 17. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 657, 1994. 18. Younglove, B.A., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 731, 1994. 19. Outcalt, S.L., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 605, 1996. 20. Weber, L.A., and Defibaugh, D.R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 382, 1996. 21. Rodrigues, M.F., and Bernardo-Gil, M.G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 581, 1996. 22. Piacente, V., Gigli, G., Scardala, P., and Giustini, A., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9815, 1996. 23. Barton, J.L., and Bloom, H., J. Phys. Chem., 60, 1413, 1956. 24. Sense, K.A., Alexander, C.A., Bowman, R.E., and Filbert, R.B., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 337, 1957. 25. Ewing, C.T., and Stern, K.H., J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1998, 1974. 26. Cady, G.H., and Hargreaves, G.B., J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1568. 27. Skudlarski, K., Dudek, J., and Kapala, J., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 19, 857, 1987. 28. Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

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VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) 29. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 30. Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. 31. Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 32. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994. 33. Bah, A., and Dupont-Pavlovsky, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 869, 1995. 34. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 4, 175, 1972. 35. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 5, 173, 1973. 36. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 37. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515. 1994. 38. Behrens, R.G., Lemons, R.S., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 6, 457, 1974. 39. Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances, Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 40. Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 41. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.

Mol. Form.

Name

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

100 kPa

1010 569 i 670 594 1209

1140 656 i 769 686 1359

1302 765 i 873 803 1544

58.4 s 744 s

76.5 s 819 s

97.1 s 906 s

280 s

-226.4 s 323 s

2122 -220.3 s 373 s -8 e

1509 905 i 1052 959 1781 -46.8 120.7 s 1008 s 218 2351 -212.4 s 433 s 21.3

133.7 s 88 s 1373 2075

163.0 s 119 s 1541 2289

-173.9 s

-166.0 s

196.8 s 156 s 1748 2549 -45 e -94.0 -156.0 s

187 236.2 s 202 s 2008 2868 -15 e -70.5 -143.0 s

1782 1093 i 1264 1177 2091 -9.4 148.2 s 1130 s 285 2629 -201.7 s 508 s 63.1 8.1 261 283.0 258 s 2347 3272 27.5 -37.4 -125.9

-147.0 -34.8 1115 1750 335 s 339 s 869 333 s 1052 273 i 248.9 834 i -123.8 s -81.0 246 s

-125.8 3.8 1413 2054 397 s 402 s 999 402 s 1265 348 i 328.6 1019 i -101.5 s -47.3 310.4 s

334 2805 3799 90.4 12.3 -101.1 -34 -92.6 57.6 1897 2469 473 s 487 1172 e 487 1562 455 i 438.7 1293 e -67.0 2.2 395.1 s

868 931 903 509 -29.3 s

1049 1120 1087 635 2.5

1308 1389 1350 817 58.4

174 s 27.8

227 s 72.9

318 139.6

Ref.

Substances not containing carbon: Ag AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsI3 As2O3 At Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2F4 B2H6 B5H9 Ba Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrCs BrH BrH3Si BrH4N BrK BrLi BrNa BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2Hg Br2OS

Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum triiodide Aluminum oxide Argon* Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Astatine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride* Boron trifluoride* Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Pentaborane(9) Barium Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Cesium bromide Hydrogen bromide* Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine* Cadmium bromide Mercury(II) bromide Thionyl bromide

-162 e 638 s 1189 s 203 s 196 s

765 1335 240 s 237 s 686 e 229 s 768

912 1518 283 s 284 s 767 e 276 s 892 217 s

531 s

601 s -153.3 s

701 i -140.4 s

121 s 597 s

154 s 674 s 630

195 s 773 733 791 766

-71.8 s 435 s 98 s -29 e

-52.7 s 509 s 132 s -5 e

188 s 668

-87.7 s 373 s 71 s -49 e

6-67

2160 1359 i 1561 1503 2517 45.5 180.5 s 1276 s 385 2975 -186.0 601 s 129.4 56.0 367 e

2 9 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 4 1,5,31 3 1 4 7 34 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 9 2 4 4 7 4 2 4,9 1,4 9 5 4 5 25 4 4 4 4 1 27 4 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Br2Pb Br2S2 Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Sn Br4Zr Br5P Ca Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ce ClCs ClCu ClF ClF2P ClF3 ClF5 ClH ClHO3S ClH4N ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2FP Cl2F3P Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Zn Cl3Fe Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Po Cl4Se Cl4Si Cl4Te Cl4Zr Cl5P Co Cr Cs

Name Lead(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Indium(III) bromide Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Calcium Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cerium Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride* Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride* Chlorosulfonic acid Ammonium chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine dioxide* Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine* Cobalt(II) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Zinc chloride Iron(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Polonium(IV) chloride Selenium tetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane* Tellurium tetrachloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Cobalt Chromium Cesium

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

374 -7 e

431 15 e

502 42 e 304.6 s

-23 e

5e

591 s 257 s 412 s

167 s -19 s 683 s 310 s 471 s

203 s 4s 798 s 381 541 s

296 s 770 s 1719

344 s 866 s 1921

406 983 s 2169 730 543

136 s

459

-40 e 91 s 625 s

-121 e 653 s

-20 e 121 s 704 s 649 i -116 s -113 e 733 s

5e 159 s 804 761 i -100 s -102 e 835 777

-145 s

-133.7 s

-120.2 s

726 128.1 364.8 s 115.5 94.6 196.9 105 122 295 s 65.5 s 1170 594 768 1461 622 1314 s 2886 1043 914 -122.6

191.4 172.6 286.5 188 204 356 s 110.1 1482 767 959 1742 795 1558 s 3432 1297 1477 -90.2

4 5 1 5 5 1 4 4 4 5 2 2 23, 27 4 4,27 4 14 4 4 5

-119.5 -63.7 -88 e -138.2 s 38.7 204.7 s 945 905 i -78.7 s -86.1 987

-91.1 -33.0 -59 -118.0 85.0 263.1 s 1137 1101 i -50.2 -60.9 1182 -34.3 1105 626 -76.1 818

-47.6 11.4 -14 -85.2 153.6 339.5 s 1411 1381 i -5.7 -15.7 1461 10.5 1379 806 -34.2 1048

5 5 7 1,5 5 5 23,25 8 5 5 23,25 5 4 4 1 4

-71.1

-37.4

13.5

5

-77.1 685 174.5 s 908 760 747 s -27.1 -27 e 637 -16.7 21.0 381 497 i 229 s -56 e -25 e

-44.3 821 228.5 s 1111 933 852 s 14.6 11.8 765 15.3 67.2 479 596 i 268 s -21 e 13.2 39.9 14.5 300.6 141.4 s 0e 299.4 272 s 111.4 s 2482 2257 477.1

3e 1025 304.0 1414 1189 985 s 75.2 69.0 949 58.7 137.1 622 726 i 319 31.6 70.6 105.0 75.7 389.4 191.1 s 57.3 387.8 336 s 158.9 s 2925 2669 667.0

7 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 23 5 5 4 4,9,12 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 9 5 2 2 13,30

916 504 -103.6 s

-101 e

64.4 s

94.7 s

130.8 s 762

534 s -99 e

592 s -81 e

662 s -58 e

-76 e -55 e 305 i 118 s

-61 e -36 e 253 356 i 153 s

541 e -41 e -12 e 308 419 i 190 s -81 e

-93 e

-77 e

-55 e

-26.0

23 s

45 s

71 s

117 s -2 s 1517 1383 s 144.5

146 s 19 s 1687 1534 s 195.6

181 s 44 s 1892 1718 s 260.9

102 s -39 e 237 e 222 s 74 s 2150 1950 350.0

TeamLRN

914 200.9

Ref.

597 78.4 328.7 s 64 e 42.3 136.5 51 67 245 s 31 s 954 472 634 1257 498 1128 s 2481 864 675 -144.4

-120 e

6-68

100 kPa

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CsF CsI Cu CuI Dy Er Eu FH FHO3S FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNO3 FNa FRb F2 F2O F2OS F2O2Re F2Pb F2Xe F2Zn F3N F3OP F3P F4MoO F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Si F5Mo F5Nb F5ORe F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6Se F6Te F6W F10S2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge HI HKO HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2I2Si H2O H2O2 H2O4S H2S H2S2 H2Se

Name Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Copper Copper(I) iodide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride* Fluorosulfonic acid Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine nitrate Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Fluorine* Fluorine monoxide* Thionyl fluoride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Lead(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Zinc fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride* Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride* Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane* Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride* Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Sulfur decafluoride Iron Francium Gallium Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide* Potassium hydroxide Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen* Diiodosilane Water*** Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide* Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

Ref.

999 1029 2131 864 2031 i 2279 i 1179 -33.7 101.3 1216 1395 -94.3 -106.0 -87.4 1426 1145 -204.3 -168.2 -81.5 131.9 1054 67.9 s 1237 i -155.5 -64.1 s -132.6

1249 1278 2563 1331 2558 i 2859 i 1523 19.2 162.2 1499 1672 -60.1 -72.6 -45.0 1702 1409 -188.3 -144.9 -44.1 185 e 1292 114 s 1503 i -129.2 -39.7 s -101.4

4 4,25 2 4 3 3 14 1,5 5 4 4,12,25 5 5 5 4,12,24 4,12 1,5 5 5 26 4 1,5 9 5 5 5

117.3 117.1 126.7 -82.1 51.6 -115.7 s 140.3 140 13.7 s 162.3 -108.6 s 152 e 119 3.8 s -13.4 s -1.7 s -11.9 s -94.4 s -77.8 s -71.8 s -24.8 s -22.0 2406 465 e 1852 2703 i 2360 -75.9 s 1035 28.4 -18.0 1080 -258.6 70.5 45.8 89.0 248 -95.9 s 12.2 -78.9 s

184.1 171.2 185.4 -40.3 104.7 -94.9 s 213 e 224 72.8 226 e -84.8 221 e 229 53.1 33.5 47.4 33.4 -64.1 s -46.5 s -39.1 s 16.9 28.5 2859 673 e 2245 3262 i 2831 -35.9 1325 82.2 35.7 1377 -252.8 149.4 99.6 149.8 330 -60.5 70.7 -41.5

26 26 26 5 5 4,7 26 4 26 26 5 26 4 26 26 26 26 5 5 5 26 5 2 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 5 4 1 4 36,37 5 4 1,5 5 5

523 s 1236

595 s 1388

692 1577

1105 s 1231 s 590 s

1250 s 1390 s 684 s

1431 i 1612 i 799 s

-14 e

4e

801 s

896

-160 e

-156 e -149 e 920 s

-235 s -211.7

-229.5 s -204.7

28 e 869 1024 -131 e -144 e -135 e 1058 910 -222.9 s -195.9 -124 e

731 s -201 e -124 s

813 s -194 e -113 s

2.9 s 911 i -185 e -100 s

-21 s 5s 2s

3s 26 s 25 s

33 s 50.7 s 52.1 s

-166 s

-157 s

-145.6 s

-103 s

-84 s

-157 s

-148 s

-59 s 74.1 -137 s 58.8

69.3 s 80.1 s 84.3 s -110.0 13.6 -132.3 s 86.6 80 -28 s 113.2 -124.5 s 99.5

-88 s -98 s -89 s -97 s -158 s -143 s -142 s -107 s

-71 s -82 s -73 s -82 s -147 s -132 s -130 s -92 s

-51 s -64 s -54 s -63 s -133.6 s -118 s -115 s -74 s

-27 s -41.2 s -30.6 s -40.2 s -116.6 s -100.7 s -96 s -52.1 s

1455 s 131 e 1037 1563 i 1371 -146 s 520 e

1617 181 e 1175 1755 i 1541 -135.2 s 601 e

513

605

1818 246 e 1347 1994 i 1750 -120.8 s 704 -37 e -79 e 722

2073 335 e 1565 2300 i 2014 -101.9 s 842 -9 e -54 e 874

-60.7 s

-42.2 s

72

103 -149 s

-20.3 s 13 e 140 -136 s

-145 s

-134 s

-120 s

6-69

100 kPa

825 854 1816 636 1681 i 1890 i 961 -71.1 59.1 1017 1188 -116.1 -128.1 -115.1 1218 1001 -214.8 -184.2 -106.5 89.2 865 31.8 s 1048 i -172.8 -83.7 s -152 e

11.8 7.0 45 e 187 -118.9 s -27 e -102.8 s

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. H2Te H3ISi H3N H3NO H3P H4IN H4N2 H4Si He Hf Hg HgI2 Ho IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Pb I2Zn I3Sb I4Sn I4Zr In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni OPb OSr O2 O2S O2Se O2Si O3 O3P2 O3S O3Sb2 O5P2 O7Re2 Os P P Pb PbS Pd Po Pr Pt

Name Hydrogen telluride Iodosilane Ammonia* Hydroxylamine Phosphine* Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Silane* Helium* Hafnium Mercury** Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Lead(II) iodide Zinc iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton* Lanthanum Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide* Nitrogen* Nitrous oxide* Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon* Nickel Lead(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen* Sulfur dioxide* Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide Ozone* Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Phosphorus(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

-139 s

-127 s

-112 s

-182 s 125 s

-173 s 159 s

-161 s 201 s -181

2416 42.0 85.1 s 1159 s

2681 76.6 115.6 s 1311 s

545

619

-12.8 s

9.3 s

301 s

351 s

35.9 s 470 409 s

187 s 923 2440 s 200.2 -214.0 s 1732 i 524.3 1633 s 428 s 955 s 2469 s

220 s 1052 2684 256.5 -208.0 s 1935 i 612.3 1829.8 500 s 1074 s 2721

259 s 1212 2979 328 -199.4 s 2185 i 722.1 2072.8 588 s 1220 s 3039

-201 s -236 s -167 s -92 s -71 s 280.6 2669 1322.3 -261 s 1510 724 1789 s

-195 s -232 s -157 s -78 s -56 s 344.2 2934 1501.2 -260 s 1677 816 1903 s

-188 s -226.8 s -145.4 s -61 s -40 s 424.3 3251 1725.3 -258 s 1881 928 2047 s

124.5 s 1966 i -189 e

153.9 s 2149 i -182 e

-98 s 188 s 2368 i -172 e

426.1 s 285 s 147 s 2887 s 6s 182 s 705 656 s 1448 s

478 s 328 s 176 s 3150 34 s 216 s 815 741 s 1624

539 s 377.5 s 208 s 3478 69 256 s 956 838 s 1844

1497.7 2057

1699.4 2277 e

1954 i 2542

6-70

TeamLRN

3004 120.0 152.4 s 1502 i 731 710 753 733

100 kPa

Ref.

3406 175.6 197.8 s 1767 i 866 824 883 866 520 68.7 s 558 488 i 214.9 167.1 305 s 1417 3341 424 -188.9 s 2499 i 871.2 2380 i 698 1418 3434 801 -179.3 s -220.2 s -131.1 s -41.1 s -19.9 s 529 3637 2023 i -255 s 2137 1065 2235 s -211.9 -80 s 228 s

-46.6 -10.1 -71.3 73.3 -122.7 318.4 s 55.6 -143.7 -270.6 3921 250.3 255.1 s 2137 i 1052 972 1058 1045 644 108 s 682 598 i 292.0 242.7 361 s 1689 3796 559 -174.6 s 2905 i 1064.3 2799 i 859 1682 3939 935 -168.1 s -211.1 s -112.9 s -16.6 s 3.9 s 673 4120 2442 i -252 s 2468 1241 2488 s -200.5 -52.2 275 s

-2.3 45.2 -33.6 109.8 -88.0 405.2 s 113 e -111.8 -268.9 4603 355.9 353.6 2691 i 1322 1170 1301 1302 821 184.0 869 750 i 401.2 347.7 430 s 2067 4386 756.2 -153.6 3453 i 1337.1 3390 i 1088 2060 4606 1151 -151.9 -195.9 -88.7 28.7 33.2 880.2 4740 3063 i -246.1 2911 1471

-158 e 47.3 -20 s

-139.7 100.3 6.6 s

-111.5 172.8 44.5

5 4 1,5,6 4 5 5 5 4 2 9 29,30 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1,2 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 13,30 5 3 13,30 3 2 2 2 4 5 1,5 5 5 5 13,30 2 3 2 2 4 4 1,28 1,5 38 8 5 4 5

610 s 434.4 s 244 s 3875 115 303 s 1139 953 s 2122 573 e 2298 i 2870

907 500.5 s 284 s 4365 180 362 s 1387 1088 s 2480 730.2 2781 i 3283

1420 591 362 4983 276 431 s 1754 1280 2961 963.3 3506 i 3821

4,35 4 4 2 3,9 2,3 2 4 2 5 3 2

-47.7 -94.5 s 43.7 -145 s 253 s 14.7 -165.4

-183.1 -10.3 315 s

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Name Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon* Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon* Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

1 Pa

10 Pa

1483 546 s 160.4 3030 s 2015 -163 s 2315 s 102 s 534 s 1372 s 227 1635 728 s 1224 523 s 3024 1516.1 2454 e

1680 633 s 212.5 3341 2223 -152 s 2538 135 603 s 1531 s 279 1829 833 s 1384 609 s 3324 1706.1 2725 e

2360 1709 609 844 s 2052 1828 s 3204 s -190 s 1610.1 463 s 337 s 2366

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

100 kPa

Ref.

2634 1898 704 962 s 2291 2016 3500 -181 s 1802.3 540 s 397 s 2618

1925 764 278.9 3736 2476 -139 s 2814 176 738 1733 i 344 2066 967 s 1582 717 s 3684 1928 i 3051 e 502 e 2975 2130 e 824 1108 s 2586 2250 3864 -170 s 2047 i 637 s 477 2924

2238 936 368 4227 2790 -121.4 s 3151 235 946 1993 i 431 2363 1148 i 1834 866 4122 2232 i 3453 e 615 e 3410 2419 979 1297 s 2961 2541 4306 -155.8 s 2354 i 774 s 579 3302

2653 1173 496.1 4854 3132 -97.6 s 3572 318 1218 2340 i 540 2748 1402 i 2165 1072 4666 2640 i 3961 e 768.8 3986 2791 1188 1548 i 3454 2914 4854 -136.6 s 2763 i 993 i 717 3780

3226 1526 685.3 5681 3724 -62.3 4115 444 1585 2828 i 685 3264 1788 i 2620 1373 5361 3218 i 4621 e 992.4 4782 3285 1485 1944 i 4129 3406 5550 -108.4 3334 i 1192 i 912 e 4405

2 2 13,30 2 2 5 2 3 2,3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5,32 3 3 2 2

2566 s

2775 s

3016 s

3299 s

3635 s

15

-136 e

-123 e

-106 e

-168 e

-156 e

-142 e

-110 e

-91 e 25.6 s -155 e -78.1 s -122 e -96 e -89 e -30 e -53.5 s -121.2 s -183.9 s -111.4 s

-83.4 -6 e -122.8 -13 s -66 e 65.8 s -139 e -57 s -101.8 -73 e -63 e 4.4 -24.4 s -104.1 s -171.6 -89.7 s 30.5 -107.1 -49 e -34 e -136 e

-51.8 38.9 -96.6 17.7 s -30 e 111.6 -116 e -29 s -73.1 -40.6 -28.5 47.8 15.8 -82.8 s -153.9 -59.7 s 78.3 -80.5 -28.7 4.3 -114.4

-52.6 s -56.8 -25 e -7 e -86.2 -48 e -113.6 55 e -91 e

-22.7 s -23.9 11.4 35.2 -55.7 -12.5 -88.6 106.1 -61.7

-4.3 104.4 -58.1 61.0 22.5 188.9 -81.7 13.0 -30.0 7.2 23.3 112.0 76.2 -46.2 -128.3 -16 s 148.8 -41.1 8.6 60.8 -82.3 218.0 25.4 23 e 67.7 96.5 -9.4 39.3 -51.9 181.6 -19.3

1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 1 1 1 5 1,5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 1

Substances containing carbon: C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBr2F2 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CFN CF4 CHBrF2 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O

Carbon (graphite) Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane* Cyanogen bromide Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane* Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane* Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane* Cyanogen fluoride Tetrafluoromethane* Bromodifluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane* Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane* Trifluoromethane* Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide* Cyanic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane* Difluoromethane* Diiodomethane Formaldehyde*

-176 e -150 e -127 e

-79.4 s -199.9 s

-167 e -94.6 s -138 e -113 e -107 e -59 e -70.8 s -135 s -193 s -128 s

-152 e -76 e

-141 e -70 e

51.1 s

82.7 s

-83 e

-69 e

-156.7

-124 e -92 e -145.8

6-71

-126 e -61 e -61 e -152 e 121 e -77 s -81.1 -50 e -37 e -108 e -73 e -131.9 17 e

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CH2O2 CH3AsF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6N2 CH6OSi CH6Si CIN CNNa CN4O8 CO COS COSe CO2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F4N2O4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HBr3O C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2HF5O C2H2

Name Formic acid Methyldifluoroarsine Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane* Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane* Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane* Dichloromethylsilane Methanol* Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Cyanogen iodide Sodium cyanide Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide* Carbon oxysulfide* Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide* Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro1,2-dinitroethane Hexafluoroethane** 2-Bromo-2-chloro1,1,1-trifluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Acetylene*

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-56 s

-40.4 s

-22.3 s

-140.2 s

-128.6 s -83 e

-114.7 s -61 e

22 e

53 e

-75 e -214.2 s

-55 e -206.8 s -77 e -47.5 -97 e -97.9

-220 s -87 e -129 e

37.0 22.1 -99 -44.3 -67.1 7e -111 e -12.4 145.0 40 e 9.8 -183.6 s -14 e 15.2 -41.7 -41.5 -48.1 32.9 -61.8 -97.5

-223 s -136 e -120 -136.7 s -76 e -24 e

961 18.0 -216.5 s -117 e -98 -121.6 s -49 e 9.4

1182 61.8 -207.2 s -90.0 -67 -103.1 s -10.9 56.2

-75 e -31.7 s -119 e

-46 e -3.5 s -99 e

-76.8

-7.2 32.2 s -71 e -80.3 -45.4 -44.9 -8.2 25.3 54.4

92.3 47.1 226.0 -28.4 -39.4 2.7 3.2 45.6 47.3 85.1 120.7

5 5 5 1 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1

-16 e 10 e -7 e

31.0

91.1

5

7e 67.7 s -126.1 -132.3

32.3 51.7 116.9 s -102.5 -109.7

92.5 117.8 184.2 s -67.8 -75.8

1 1,5 5 1 1

-155.2 s

-30 e -137.5 s

6.4 -113.4 s

59.5 -78.4 s

5 1,5

15.0

-41.4 52.7

-4.8 103.0

49.8 173.5

1 5

-110 e

-87.6

-57.0

-12.1

5

-101.0 -59 e

-82.2 -39 e -41.6

-23 e

3e

-57.4 -12 e -9.8 83.8 37.4

-23.3 26.7 33.8 130.0 86.0 16.8

26.7 86.8 97.4 197.2 159.4 71.4

18 1 5 1,5 1 1,5

-136 e

-121 e -146.6 s

-102 e -130.7 s

-75.0 -110.6 s

-35.4 -84.8 s

20 5

-144 e 672 e

-146 e

-148.9 s -96 e

-97 e -54.5 s -134 e

798

-22 e

-7.6 s

-74 e

-147 e

Ref. 1,5 5 4 1 1,33 1 1 1 5 1 5 5,41 1 11 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 40 1 4 5 1 1

-31 e

-159.1 s

100 kPa 100.2 76.1 -64 3.3 -24.4 65.7 -78.6 42.1 218 e 100.8 63 e -161.7 40.5 64.2 5.7 8.3 -6.6 91 e -18 e -57.5 153.8 1497 124 e -191.7 -50.4 -22 -78.6 s 45.9 127 e

-69 e -115 e -115 e

-0.8 s -15 e -124 -77 e -96 e -33 e -130 e -49 e 93 e -2 e -27 e -197 s -51 e -20.4 -74 e -74.4 -76.7 -4.7 -90.2 -124.6

9.9 s

6-72

TeamLRN

-25 e 33.6 s

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2O C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H5AsF2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3OSi C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5FO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si

Name cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Ketene Bromoethylene Acetyl bromide 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethylene Acetyl iodide Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Methyl thiocyanate Ethylene* 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Ethyldifluoroarsine Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloromethyl methyl ether Trichloroethoxysilane Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane 2-Fluoroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethyl nitrate Ethane* Dichlorodimethylsilane

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

-45 e

-21 e

10 e -4 e

14 e -116 e

-11 e 38 e -101 e

22 e 69 e -82 e -62 e

-101 e

-87 e

-58 e

-40 e -22 e

-68 e -23.7 -15 e 1e

-151 e -110 e -65 e 4e -127 e -123 e -85 e

-135 e -92 e -49 e 32 e -110 e -107 e -66 e

-101 e

-83 e -50 e

64.1 109 e -57 e -34 e -44 e -42.2 5.6 17 e 32.4 -94.3 -96.0 -115 e -68 e -25 e 68 e -89 e -85.3 -40 e 78.4 -57.9 -23.8 -25.3 7e -135.2

-124 e -78 e -18 e -139 e -100 e

-23 e -153.3

-33 e

-18.4

4e

-42.8 s

-49 e

-26 e

-84 e

-64 e

25.6 -105 e -111 e -26.7 s -95 e

-115.2 51.0 -87 e -93 e -8 s -76 e

-111 e -126 e -61 e -96 e -78 e -79 e

-96 e -112 e -39 e -80 e -60 e -61 e -142 e

-94 e

-78 e -74 e 39.1 s 13 e -44 e -63 e -173.2

16.7 s -61 e -81 e -183.3 s

6-73

-36 e -77 e -94 e -12 e -59 e -36.0 -38 e -127 e -22 e -56 e -55 e 65.2 s 41 e -21 e -41 e -161.3

-113 e -8 e -41 e -0.6 -20 e -43.5 16.2 -155.6 -0.4 5e 18 e -69.9 -36.7 -16.4 -94.6 81 e -62.8 -70 e 14.2 s -51.8 14.4 -6.0 -51.3 -70 e 23 e -32 e -4.6 -8 e -106.3 8.3 -27.9 -30 e 102.8 78 e 8.3 -12 e -145.3

52.2 42.2 103.6 119 e 163.7 -21.4 3.8 -7.5 -6.8 46.1 62.2 76.9 -66.8 -66.9 -88.2 -34.5 13.9 117.1 -59.0 -55.4 -3.6 123.9 -22.7 14.1 14.2 49.9 -109.9 -64.1 -86.6 26.0 -3 e 47 e 21.4 -10.2 63.5 -135.1 41.7 46.4 62.2 -36.1 1.0 23.7 -66.1 117 e -29.4 -37.0 55.9 -18.1 55.3 35.0 -15.5 -37.0 67.1 6e 38.7 34.9 -78.7 47.5 11.9 4.1 150.8 127.9 50.1 28.2 -122.8 11.1

100 kPa 114.8 107.4 177.8 193 e 242.9 31.2 60.3 47.3 46.3 105.6 129.7 144.7 -26.4 -23.3 -50.0 15.4 84 e 188.4 -14.1 -10.5 50.4 188.9 31.4 73.4 73.7 113.4 -72.2 17.0 -47.8 74 e 55.6 107.0 81.2 38.8 132.5 -104.0 105.7 107.6 130.9 15.8 56.9 83.1 -24.3 162 e 20.0 10.2 117.5 31.4 109.7 99.9 93.1 38.0 12.0 127.3 61 e 102.0 98.7 -37.9 99 e 71.9 55 e 218.2 199.1 113.5 87 e -88.8 70.1

Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 17 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1,10 6 5 1 5 1 1 19 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 41 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7BO2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3ClF5O C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2

Name Dimethyl mercury N-Nitrosodimethylamine Ethanol Dimethyl ether* Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethyl hydroperoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethoxyborane Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro2-propanol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Thiazole Allene* Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1trifluoropropane 1,1-Dichloroacetone Methyl dichloroacetate 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro1-propanol Acrolein Propenoic acid Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 1,1,3-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Ethyl thiocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene* Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane

1 Pa

10 Pa

-73 e

-56 e -135 e

2e -70 e

24 e -49 e

-112 e

-97 e -96 e -53 e -101.9

-71 e -116 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

11 e

-127 s -122 e -12 e -150 e

-49 e -114.1 s -109 e 11 e -138 e -139 e

-34 e -118 e 27.4 51.1 -25 e -78 e -77 e -29 e -83.5 -71 e -88 e 35 e -52 e -33 e -98.5 s -93 e 40 e -122 e -113 e -124 e -58.7 s

-13.5 30.7 -7 e -96.8 65.0 86.1 6.8 109 e -53 e -51.2 1.7 -59.2 -53 e -66.9 66.2 17.0 -25.6 -9 e -79.2 s -71 e 79 e -101 e -94 e -105 e -35.6 s

100 kPa

Ref.

29.0 80.5 29.2 -67.6 115.9 132.5 47.0 166.8 -18 e -16.0 45.0 -25.4 -27 e -37.2 109.0 57.5 10.5 26.4 -54.9 s -39.4 132.8 -72 e -67.8 -77.5 -7 s

92.1 149.8 78.0 -25.1 188.6 196.9 101 e 248.9 34.7 37.0 109.3 25 e 16.4 6.6 170.6 116.6 63 e 88 e -21.4 7.4 213.6 -30.6 -27.6 -37.0 42.0

5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5

57.1 -17.9 77.0 117.8 -34.7 -23.2

5 5 1 5 5 1

-72 e

-50 e

-22 e

-129 e

-118 e

-101.4 -94 e

12.7 -60 e 17.7 54.4 -76.7 -65.3

-102 e

-87 e

-68 e

-44 e -48 e

-25 e -28 e

0e -2 e

-43 e 1e 33 e 32 e

-8 e 47.8 77.7 79.1

45.3 118.0 142.3 149.5

5 5 5 5

-87 e

-10 e -67 e -58 e 8e

17 e -40 e 35 e -34 e 45.5

53.9 -3.0 78.0 -1.6 93.8

-64 e -75 e -58 e -81 e -77 e -87 e -72.4 -21 e -5 e -5 e 2e

-37 e -47 e -28 e -55 e -52 e -63 e -46.3 11 e 25 e 28 e 37 e

-39 e -36.0 109.6 53 e 4e

-8 e -7.9 161 e 96.1 35 e 17.4 191 e -114.9 -104 e 28 e 31 e

1.0 -9 e 12 e -20.1 -16.2 -28.7 -9.8 53.8 66.9 75.3 84.9 53.0 36 e 35.2

107.2 52.8 140.7 46.2 159.3 247 57.4 48.0 69.6 32.4 37.0 22.3 44.6 115.5 129.1 145.1 156.3 116.5 101.5 97.4

150.3 79.1 66 e 353 e -88.2 -75.7 74.1 75.3

220.8 143.4 136 e 1007 e -47.9 -33.1 142.9 139.5

5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5

-120 e -107 e

-21 e 37 e -84 e -95 e -80 e -100 e -97 e -106 e -92 e

-51 e

-28 e -31 e

-80 e -69.4

-62 e -55.3

-11 e -39 e

18 e -20 e

48.6 -160.6

75.7 -149.0

-51 e -46 e

-31 e -26 e

12.7 s -100 e -112 e -98 e -114 e

6-74

TeamLRN

118 e -134.3 -124 e -6 e -2 e

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9As C3H9BO3 C3H9BS C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9Sb C3H10N2 C3N2O C4Cl6 C4F6O3 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl2S

Name 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,1-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane* 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethylarsine Trimethyl borate Methyl dimethylthioborane Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1-Amino-2-propanol Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine Trimethylstibine 1,2-Propanediamine Carbonyl dicyanide Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride 2,5-Dichlorothiophene

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-30 e

-9 e

17 e

-78 e -65 e

-61 e -46 e

-38.1 -22 e

-9 e -63 e

12 e -48 e

-95 -109 e

-81.8 -95 e

-95 e

-80 e -79 e -72 e

21.8 39 e -21.9 -114 e -69 e -62.8 -76 e 0e -61 e -59 e -50 e

-62 e -78 e -84 e -90 e -91 e

-40 e -57 e -65 e -71 e -74 e

-120 e -60 e -71 e -88 e -20 e 13 s -37 e -48 e

-103 e -37 e -47 e -65 e 5e 43 e -13 e -22 e -23.9 -130.9 -16 e -28 e -77 e 42 e 62 e

-95 e -106 e

-133 e -78 e -89 e -39 e -13.3 s -56 e

-156.9 -54 e -65 e -98 e -11 e 4e

-145.6 -38 e -49 e -89 e 13 e 30 e

-57 e -93 e 96 e -94 e -102 e -94 e -53 e

-37 e -81 e 113 e -78 e -87 e -78 e -28 e

-12 e -64 e 136 e -57 e -67 e -57 e 3e -74 e

-9 e -28 e -39.6 -44.5 -51.1 23 e -80.7 -6 e -16.3 -37 e 38.0 83.8 20 e 10.7 6.1 -111.4 10 e -1.3 -60 e 78 e 101 e

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 1,41 1,5 1,5 5 5 5

63.8 -9.3 213.4 9.6 -3 e 8.8 97 e -5.4 15.6 11.4 0.4 -4.1 -17.6 -43.8 98.2 116.0 -15.0 19 e 61 e 15.3 137.0

124.3 41.7 287 e 67.4 52.2 66.3 172.4 52.0 67.9 70.7 57.3 46.9 31.5 2.6 157.9 192.0 37.1 80 e 119 e 65.2 209.7

1 5 1 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5

-35.4 22 e

50 e -63 e

-39 e

-7.1

-105 e

-82 e

-49.8

38.8 -6.2 -2.5

8.0 -20 e

45.6 22 e

94.3 81.4

159.8 171 e

-7 e

-122 e

6-75

Ref.

166.8 87.7 95.9 119.9 68.9 173.9 187 e 96.2 4.6 47.7 55.7 33.9 140.8 54.0 56.6 75.3 113.7 94.5 70.6 59.1 46.2 35.4 125.7 -2.8 102.0 89.2 52 e 152.6 206.3 130.8 119.8 111 e -42.3 96.9 82.0 7.0 187.2 214.0

-63 e -74 e -97 e 18 e 23.6 -81 e -56 e -12.0

-81 e -91 e -114 e

-1 e

100 kPa

98.7 27.0 33.7 54.0 10.8 107.6 120 e 44.5 -52.7 -6 e 1.3 -17.2 79.9 1e 3.3 17.0 53 e 32.5 11.6 -1.7 -8.1 -17.8 63.8 -49.4 36.9 26.5 0.4 83.9 136.1 64.8 55.6 48.1 -83.8 47 e 33.6 -34.8 125.0 149.9

21 e -42 e 168 e -29.1 -41 e -29.7 43 e -45 e -14 e -30.4 -37.8 -38.3 -50.4 -75.0 53.2 62.8 -53 e -23.8 18.8 -21.7 86.7

-62 e

-31 e

52 e -14 e -8.1 10 e -28 e 59.0 73.2 6.8 -89 e -42 e -35.6 -51.5 35.1 -35 e -33 e -22 e

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H2O3 C4H3ClS C4H3IS C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5ClO C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O

Name Maleic anhydride 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Iodothiophene 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Ethyl trichloroacetate 3-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Methyl cyanoacetate Allyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene* 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Dimethyl oxalate trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 3-Chloro-1-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

-62 e

-35 e -25 e -96.1

123.9 s

150 s

180 s

-113 e

-95 e

-71 e

-57 e

-54 e 19.3 121 e

-20 e 63.3 180.8

201.7 123 e 181.0 4.9 266.0 31.0 126 e 260.8

-17 e -41 e

23.7 0.3

83.7 59.0

5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5

36.4 100.1 53.7 29.0 66.7 134.0 89 e -38.9 -51.9 -39.4 -23.9 89.1 -22.1 39.7 21 e 37.1 106.7 120.8 105.6 99.9 16.2 22 e 30.7 130.2 75.1 220 e 98.1 31.9 20.7 23.5 31.0 143.7 139.4 4e 6e 3e 13.8 79.1 52.3 -53.7 -44.8 -47.6 -54.5 -38.1 -44.2 92.1 124.0 49.3 53.1 82.4 37.8 106.9 -16.5 -5.5

98.2 166.6 118.4 89.8 129.4 204.6 198 e 67.0 10.5 -4.7 7.8 26.6 156.3 28.0 102.4 81.0 97 e 168.9 184.9 168.6 161.5 72.2 79.9 84.8 203 e 139.7 410 e 163.0 94.4 80.6 85.2 93.5 219.5 214.5 63.6 66.4 62.2 71.5 143.8 117.2 -6.6 3.4 0.6 -7.3 12.1 4.2 166.1 196.5 113.4 123.1 153.4 102.1 177.9 34.7 62.1

5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

-67 e

-48 e

-35 e 15.3 -23.1

-3 e -45 e

19 e -27 e

-8 e 48 e -3 e

-5 e 51.9 9.3 -12 e 24 e 84 e 32.1

-132 e

-117 e

-125 e

-111 e -89.2 s

-98 e -106 e -94 e -73.8 s 2.6 -80 e -33 e

-72.8 -83 e -71.2 -53.5 s 40.1 -56 e -3 e

-34 e 30 e

-4 e 63 e 74 e 61 e 56 e -22 e -18 e

-74 e

-99 e -56 e

-19 e

2e

-88 e

-71 e -71 e

27 e 22 e -50 e -48 e

-44 e -40 e

-17 e -25 e -5 e

24 e -1 e 43 e

-87 e -87 e -90 e -86 e 0e -3 e

-68 e -70 e -72 e -67 e 23 e 20 e

-100 e -102 e

-83 e -86 e -75 e

-67 e -139.0 -131.2

-48 e -125.2 -117.4

-139.1

-125.5

-43.3 -48 e -49.0 -43.4 53 e 49 e -64 e -62 e -65 e -54 e -2.6 -24 e -107.8 -99.8 -102 e -108.2

-130 e -54 e -13 e

-116 e -30 e 9e

-32 e

-26 e -58 e -9 e -102 e -114 e

-135 e

6-76

TeamLRN

-99.3 0.4 37 e -25 e -28.4 0e -35 e 19.8 -81 e -87 e

Ref.

127.9 51.8 94.9 -41.8

24.8 s -78 e

100 kPa

73.7 2e 23 e -73.4

72 e 31 e 112 e 50.5 -11.4 -20 e -18.5 -12.0 91 e 87 e -36 e -34 e -37 e -25 e 32.6 8e -85.3 -76.7 -80 e -85.5 -71.8 -76.3 39.6 74 e 6e 5.8 35 e -5 e 56.9 -53.1 -53 e

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9F C4H9F C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2

Name Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine Isobutyl nitrate Butane* Isobutane* 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal Diethylperoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide

1 Pa

10 Pa

-88 e

-72 e

-85 e -94 e

-68 e -78 e

-30.1 -78 e -80 e -83 e -80 e 17 e

-8.2 -62 e -65 e -66 e -64 e 44 e

-66 e -68.4 -86 e -85 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -50 e -56 e -46 e -57.3 12.9 18.1 -42 e -47 e -45 e -43 e 77 e -37 e

-22 e -29 e -18.1 -29.8 52.2 50.5 -15.1 -22.2 -18 e -15.8 117.4 -3 e

49 e -47 e -53.9 -68 e -68 e

87 e -23 e -34.1 -46 e -46 e

135 e 9.4 -5.4 -16 e -16 e

-87 e -96 e -94 e

-71 e -80 e -78 e

-49 e -59 e -56.6

-21 e -31.0 -28.7

-114 e -117 e -62 e -70 e

-99 e -103 e -43 e -51 e -47 e -58.8 s -59 e

-80 e -85 e -19 e -27 e -21.4 -39.5 s -38 e

-8 e

8e -18 e

28.0 7e

-134.3 -37 e -50 e -39 e

-121.0 -129.0 -20 e -34 e -24 e

-18 e -103.9 -113.0 0e -14 e -5 e

-55 e -60.7 14 e 5e 12.0 -5.2 -10 e 81.1 56.4 38.9 21 e 15.1 -81.1 -90.9 28 e 12.6 20.9

-111 e

-96 e

-77 e

-4 e

23 e 45 e 15 e

-49 e

100 kPa

Ref.

74.5 63.8 79.2 65.6 163.3 154.0 80.4 67.7 76.8 79.0 234.9 106.0 101.0 283.5 120.5 101.1 90.7 91.1 72.4 78.1 67.9 68.5 50.3 148.4 32.1 24.7 130.0 119.5 120.0 100.0 86.2

55 e 77 e 43 e

-52.6 -40 e -56 e 94 e 116 e 77 e

16.6 8e 21.2 9e 101.4 92.9 23.0 13.2 20.4 22.2 168.5 43.4 39.6 198.0 54.1 37.6 26.6 26.8 11.7 18.4 8.5 10.2 -4.2 77.2 -20.0 -26.7 60.5 50 e 56.8 41 e 28.5 105 e 98.2 81.9 64.5 59.2 -49.1 -59.4 64 e 48.2 56.0 34.4 -17.8 -11.3 -21.2 142.9 164.7 121.2

165.7 142.9 128.5 123.0 -0.8 -12.0 117.4 99.2 107.6 82.1 34.1 38.7 30.4 206.1 227.6 180.3

1,5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1,41 1,41 1 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5

-29 e

-3 e

30 e

73.6

135.3

1

-89 e

-74 e

-44 e -55 e

-15 e -29 e -39 e

25.2 7.7 3.6

85.2 64.1 65.0

1 5 5

35 e

58 e 3e -59 e -69 e -66 e

31 e 86 e 36 e -37 e -47 e -44 e

114.2 123 e 79 e -6 e -17 e -15 e

-62 e -61 e -68 e 5e -26 e

-40 e -38 e -46 e 32 e 0e

-10.8 -8 e -17 e 69.1 35 e

173.6 134 e 35.4 23.4 26.5 5.8 30.3 33.1 23.4 119.9 82.4

282.0 245.2 208.3 98.0 84.5 88.1 63.8 91.7 95.1 84.3 195.1 153.5

5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5

-75.1 s

-77 e -86 e

-80 e -78 e -85 e -17 e -46 e

6-77

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12BN C4H12Cl2OSi2 C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4NiO4 C5F12 C5FeO5 C5H4ClN C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10

Name Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Nickel carbonyl Perfluoropentane Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Chloropyridine Furfural Pyridine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Pentanedinitrile 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 1-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Methyl-1-butyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 4-Pentenoic acid Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Tetrahydro-2H-pyran2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

100 kPa

Ref.

-85 e

-70 e

-52 e 53 e

-31 e 77 e

-46 e -55 e -67 e -50 e -46 e -6 e 107 e

-81 e

-60.1

-31.9

7.0

64.2

5

-33 e

-9 e

13 e

-83 e -55.0 43 e

23.8 14.4 -59 e -25.6 80 e

69.1 59.3 -25 e 16.6 129.6 -12 -20.9 44 97.3 92.4 51.0 -14 e 178 e 6e 109.3 47.9 50.6 49.9 146.7 -9.7 -10.5 -13 e -26.2 -6.3 -13.1 -19.7 -13.5 -0.5 -23.1 -11.1 -15 e 36.0

136.5 119.7 26.7 77.7 198 e 42 28.6 105 169.9 161.4 114.9 39.8 245 e 64.5 169.7 112.2 115.1 112.3 205.6 44.5 43.7 42 e 25.6 47.9 40.4 33.7 39.9 55.7 28.6 43.8 38.6 97.3

5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5

49 e 64 e 22.0 122.0 31.2 38.5 39.7 67.8

112 e 130.3 84.9 187.5 94 e 99.2 100.0 137.4

5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1

128.3 101.1 240.3 114.7 82.5 83.3 72.2 41.1 147.2 -23.3 -16.8 -17.5 -21.9 -32.1 -15.8

207.0 171.3 302.5 180.2 146.0 148.1 140.9 104.8 229 e 29.6 36.6 36.0 30.8 19.7 38.2

5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

-10 e

-26 e

-8 e

24.1

52 e

-30 e

-5 e -58 e -53 e

16 e -109 e -109 e

39 e -93 e -93 e

-120 e -106 e -111 e -115 e

-105 e -90 e -95 e -100 e

-100 e

-85 e

-109 e -110 e

-94 e -95 e

7.4 16 e -23 e -77 e 85 e -66 e 25 e -32 e -28 e 67.0 -73 e -73 e -75 e -86 e -70 e -75 e -81 e -75 e -65 e -82 e -74 e -76 e -35 e

-18.1 -29.1 -42.4 -24.5 -26 e 27 e 146 e

20.0 7.5 -8.1 12.0 5e 70.9 197.3

75.9 62.3 43.7 67.3 55.2 133 e 268 e

5 5 5 5 1 5 5

-54.7 0 45.8 47 e 8e -51 e 126 e -35 e 62.6 2e 6e 8e 102.1 -46.1 -47.0 -49.0 -60.9 -42.9 -49.2 -55.4 -49.1 -37.9 -57.5 -48 e -51 e -5 e

-57 e -39 e

-31 e -14 e

19 e

44 e

3e 19 e -22 e 77 e

-55 e

-32.7 -31 e -5 e

-2.8 -1 e 24.7

5e

35.1

-22 e

121 e 1e

-54 e

-34 e

153.2 30.0 1.4 -2 e -8 e

74.4 50.1 191.9 66.7 36.4 35.0 26 e

1e -118.9 -113.8 -114.5 -117.7 -125.0 -113.4

24 e -103.4 -98.1 -98.9 -102.2 -110.1 -97.6

53.1 -84.0 -78.4 -79.1 -82.7 -91.2 -77.7

92.3 -58.8 -52.7 -53.3 -57.2 -66.7 -51.6

0e

6-78

TeamLRN

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO3 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O

Name Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 3-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Pentane** Isopentane Neopentane* Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

100 kPa

Ref.

-118 e

-102 e

-77.0 -83 e

-45.4 -57 e

-7.1 -20 e

48.8 35.5

5 5

-118 e

-103 e

-83 e

-57 e

-20 e

36.6

5

-122 e 1e

-108 e 25 e

-89 e 54 e

-31 e

-10 e

17 e

-63 e 93 e 30 e 54 e

-27 e 145.6 77.4 104.1

27.8 221.8 147.8 178.9

5 5 5 5

-13 e

51.1 42.2 -28.7 -1 e -1 e -1 e -6.9 -15 e -20 e 76.3 69 e 64.7 2e -3 e 0e -11 e -1 e 0.9 -11 e 55 e 17 e

101.8 82.5 9.8 40.8 40.3 40 e 32.2 26.0 19.7 122.1 112.8 110.6 44.4 37.4 40.9 29.8 38.9 41.7 31 e 106 e 61.6

171.4 140.0 67.2 102.6 101.9 101.6 94.0 88 e 79.8 185.7 175.2 176.1 105.7 97.6 101.2 88.2 98.7 102.3 92.1 176.8 125.9

5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5

34 e 24 e 18 e 16 e 5e 6e 8e -1 e -9 e -7 e -21 e

79.4 71.1 64 e 61.5 49.7 50.8 52.4 42.5 33.2 34.9 21.8

144.1 141.2 131.7 129.1 116.9 118.1 119.9 107.9 96.1 97.3 85.2

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

23.5 5.7 83.0 77.3 45.8 43.3 18.5 81.7 -18.1 -26 e -38.5 s 106.7 79.8 64.9 61.1 73.4 75.7 50.6 58.2 59.2 12 e -2 e 6.7

83.9 62.4 156.5 147.8 108 e 105.8 78 e 147.0 35.7 27.5 9.2 179.5 137.4 118.7 114.9 128.3 130.1 101.7 111.1 112.7 69.8 54.8 63.4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1,5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1,5 5 5 1 1 1,5

-71 e

-53 e

11.5 -56 e -31 e

-69 e

-54 e

-31 e -34 e

-7.4 -10 e -15.8

15.3 10 e 4e

-69 e -69 e

-53 e -51 e -61 e -52 e -50 e -65 e -16 e -42 e

42.7 36 e 30.0 -29 e -31 e -29 e -40 e -30 e -28 e -41 e 15 e -17 e

-47 e

-26 e

0e

-60 e -69 e -68 e -67 e -73 e -80 e -77 e

-41 e -51 e -50 e -49 e -55 e -62 e -60 e

-16 e -27 e -26 e -25 e -32 e -39 e -37 e -52 e

-97 e -47 e

-80 e -27 e -34 e -48 e

-60 e -1 e -6.6 -26 e

-115.5 -119 e

-26 e -99.8 -105 e -107.5 s

-27 e -35 e -41 e -27 e -22 e

-10 e -19 e -25 e -11 e -7 e

1.0 -80.0 -86 e -90.8 s 20.7 12 e 1e -4 e 9e 13 e -5 e -3 e

-17 e -32 e 34 e 28.8 4e 2e -23 e 35.5 -54.0 -61 e -68.8 s 58.0 41 e 28.0 24 e 36.2 39.1 17.7 22.7

-54 e -66 e -57 e

-27 e -39 e -30.5

-69 e -68 e -83 e -40 e

-66 e

-92 e

-77 e

6-79

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3O C6H3F3 C6H4Br2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5AsCl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O3 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2

Name 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene m-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Dichlorophenylarsine Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene p-Nitrophenol 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene** o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Adiponitrile

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

25 e

52 e

85 e

125 e

175.1

238.9

5

-65 e

-43 e

40 e -14 e

85.6 27.3

149.3 87.7

5 5

12 e -41 e -52 e -51 e

40 e -17 e -28 e -28 e

-43 e

-19 e

-46 e -54 e -52 e -44 e

-23 e -31 e -29 e -10 e -21 e

76 e 15 e 3e 4e 8.0 7.8 -8.0 13 e -7.8 9e 0e 1e 23 e 11 e

124.2 60 e 46.6 47.7 52.3 51.9 34.6 57 e 34.7 52.7 42.7 42.8 68 e 53.8

193.7 126.2 111.9 113.4 118.5 117.9 98.7 123.0 98.4 118.0 106.9 104.0 136.0 117.6

1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1

4e -56.9 s

32 e -36 s

-75 e

-57 e

-80 e

-60 e

70 e -11.5 s -46.2 s -32 e -33 e -34 e

121.7 22.6 -7.6 s 2.8 2.9 2.8 4.3 27 e 82 e 33.8 25.5 30.7 169.5 18.2 137.0 156.0 104.6 97.8 99.0 111.6 s 170 e 83.1 62.9 97.9 135.1 142.0 122.6 24.2 110.6 132 e

197.9 79.9 48.9 s 56.8 57.1 57.9 59.3 85.3 145.2 94.0 84.1 89.9 245.7 75.0 218.2 238 e 180.0 172.5 173.6

23.7 20.0 131.4 162 e 252.6 113.7 222.8 96.0 112.5 62.9 75.2 76.1 21 e 19 e 27.3 211.8

83.6 79.7 208.3 1069 e 331.2 181.4 308.3 168.6 183.5 129.0 143.7 144.9 78 e 79.9 85.0 297 e

1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5

-60 e -70 e -70 e

-64 e -72 e

-19 e

-95 e

-41 e

-7 e 15.4 s

-45.5 s -4.1 s 6.9

16 e 35.8 s -13 e -22 e -21.8 s 17.8 s 35.2 -25 e -43 e

-36 e -43 e

-13 e 39 e -7 e -14 e

71.8

114.0

44 e

83 e 97 e 53.9 46.7 46.7 s 74.3 s 113 e 34.9 16.8 45.8 80.2 86.5 70.2 -16.9 58.5 78 e

16.3 8.0 8s 43.5 s 70 e 1e -17 e 39.7 45.0 33 e

-30 e 72.6 s -82 e

-7 e 10 e 97.4 s -66 e

20.9 40 e

-5 e 87.8 s -9.7 s

10 e 19.7

-44.3 -40 s 39.0 49.4

9.6 s

34.1 s

-56.5

-15 e -2.5 -37.8

-58.2 s

-43.1 s

12 e 26.7 -13.9 -5 e -3.9 s

-88 e

-71 e

-50 e

30 e

61 e

100 e

6-80

TeamLRN

-16.0 -15.1 s 75.2 94.2 192.0 68.9 162.0 47 e 63.5 18.3 28.8 29.6 -21 e -15 e 148.6

100 kPa

245 e 155.4 131.3 173.9 213.4 219.9 201 e 84.4 187.8 210.3

Ref.

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H8S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O

Name m-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Dimethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethylthiophene trans-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene trans-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-Hexyne 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne Cyclohexene 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl methacrylate Allyl glycidyl ether Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Diallylsulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane Isopropylcyclopropane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 2,2′-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone

1 Pa

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

-86 e -98 e -99 e

38 e 5e -43 e -70 e -81 e -84 e

94.5 69 e 36 e -16 e -51 e -60 e -64 e

140.2 109 e 76 e 20 e -24 e -33 e -37 e

-89 e

-73 e

-52 e

-92 e

-75 e

-91 e -84 e -86 e -97 e -91 e -87 e -39 e

-75 e -67 e -69 e -81 e -74 e -70 e -19 e

-59 e

-41 e -25 e -37 e

-54 e -59 e -54 e -46 e -48 e -61 e -54 e -49 e 8e 27 e -17 e 1e -13 e

-23 e -23 e -26 e -30 e -26 e -17 e -19.1 -34 e -26 e -19 e 43 e 69 e 14 e 36 e 19 e

-56 e

-25 e -32 e -5 e

-3 e -15 e 18 e

-17 e -58 e

6e -38 e -35 e -19 e -50 e 58.9 s -82.8 -80 e -78 e -79 e -79 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -78 e -79 e -77 e -86 e -84 e -81 e -87 e -95 e -75 e -68.9 s -80 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -94 e

25.7 6e 44.9 30 e 35.0 -12.4 -9 e 8e -20 e 86.6 s -61.4 -58 e -57 e -59 e -58 e -62 e -68 e -69 e -58 e -58 e -55 e -66 e -64 e -60 e -67 e -76 e -54 e -47.6 s -58 e -61 e -68 e -69 e -73 e

-1 e -67 e -68 e -37 e -21 e -40 e

27.3 -42 e -44 e -13 e 4.2 -16 e

-40 e 36.8 s -99.8 -97 e -94 e -96 e -95 e -98 e -104 e -105 e -95 e -95 e -93 e -102 e -100 e -98 e -103 e -110 e -85.6 s -97 e -99 e -104 e -105 e -109 e

-87 e -87 e -56 e -43 e

6-81

8e 40.1 62.3 36 e 79.4 70.4 71.9 21.7 25 e 43 e 20 e

200.8 163.9 127.3 67.5 14 e 7e 0.9 18 e 18 e 18 e 14 e 9.7 12.8 23.6 21.0 4.1 13.8 21 e 93.5 125.7 57.0 84 e 63.5 53 e 53.2 85.7 111.3 77.6 124.3 123.3 121.1 68.8 71.6 91.5 75.2

-33.7 -30 e -30 e -30.8 -30.0 -34.2 -41.5 -41.6 -30 e -30 e -27.4 -38.7 -36.8 -32 e -39.9 -50.8 -25 e -19.8 s -28.8 -32 e -40 e -41 e -46 e 49 e 63.4 -9.3 -13 e 19 e 34.5 15 e 8.5

5.2 9.9 9.3 7.9 8.8 4.1 -3.6 -3.6 9.0 8.9 11.7 -0.9 1.2 6.6 -1.9 -14.5 14 e 19.3 11.6 9e -1 e -3 e -7 e 98.1 112.3 33.6 26.5 62.6 61.9 58.5 52.7

100 kPa 285.0 242.5 197 e 134.8 72 e 65 e 59.2 79.6 79.6 79.6 75.6 68.1 71.0 84.1 81.0 60.7 72.7 82.6 170.5 206.2 121.0 155.2 129.3 114.5 116.8 152.8 180.2 142.9 185.2 195.4 190.0 138.1 142.1 163.2 155.2 270 63.1 68.5 67.5 66.0 66.7 61.7 53.8 53.5 66.9 67.3 70.0 56.0 58.2 64.3 55.2 40.8 72.9 80.4 71.4 70.2 57.9 56.3 52.0 171.7 182.1 93.2 80.7 127.8 127.2 123.1 117.0

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13F C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S

Name 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl isopentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol cis-Tetrahydro-2,5dimethylthiophene Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2Hthiopyran 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Fluorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Dipropylene glycol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Hexanethiol Dipropyl sulfide

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-61 e

-43 e

-21 e

9e

36 e -9 e -60 e -63 e -63 e -62 e -49 e -65 e

33 e 49 e 16 e -41 e -43 e -45 e -42 e -34 e -47 e

-30 e 34 e 59 e 67.1 46 e -17 e -19 e -21 e -18 e -14 e -24.6

0e 61 e 93 e 92.9 83 e 15 e 14 e 10 e 14 e 14.3 5.4 19.2

-41 e

-17 e

13 e

50.1

-25 e

-8 e

14 e

-53 e

-34 e

-48 e -45 e -55 e -80 e -33 e

-27 e -25 e -36 e -62 e -11 e

-96.4 s -100 e -99 e

-28 e -43 e

-79.2 -84 e -83 e -90 e -87 e 5e -10 e -23 e

-29 e

100 kPa

Ref.

51.5 50.2 42.5 99.2 139.3 133.6 130.7 59.1 61.0 53.4 58.3 55.2 47.3 63.7 53.3 98.5

116.1 113.0 105.7 160.7 204.5 206.8 192.5 124 e 125.6 116 e 122.0 121.1 109.8 127.4 116.3 164 e

5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

44.6 17 e

88.0 62.2 84.8

155.6 124 e 158.3

5 5 5

-8 e

25 e

72.0

142.1

5

-15 e

0e 2e -11 e -40 e 16 e -9 e -57.6 -64 e -62 e -71.5 -66 e 28 e 12 e 1e 14 e 24 e 3e

-43 e

-24 e

0e

-37 e

-23 e -5 e -16 e -63 e -76 e -61 e -74 e 17 e

-4 e 17 e 9e -5 e -41 e -55 e -39 e -53 e 48 e

35 e 36 e 21 e -11 e 53 e 22 e -29.3 -36 e -34.3 -45.5 -39.0 56.8 41.4 33 e 45.9 53 e 27.1 36.5 30 e 29.8 22.9 46 e 42 e 23 e -12 e -28 e -10 e -24.6 86 e

84.1 83.7 66.7 30.4 104.0 66.6 9.8 2e 4.6 -7.7 -0.4 97.3 81.5 75.4 88.3 92.4 63.0 76.1 71.9 68.8 61.1 85.7 84.3 61.3 28.8 11 e 31.0 14.4 134.4

157.5 154.8 134.6 91.1 180.8 133.5 68.3 59.9 62.9 49.4 57.6 157.1 139.6 135.1 147.6 151.4 120.9 133.8 131.3 126.0 121.1 146.1 142.5 118.2 89.7 68.1 91.9 72.6 197.5

5 5 5 5 5 1 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5

-8 e -49 e -59 e 114.8

20 e -26 e -35.3 146.0

55 e 3.7 -2.8 191 e 110 e

103.2 44.2 44.4

170.2 101.9 118.8

162.6

231.4

5 5 5 5 5

40 e

80.3

132.4

201.4

5

8.3 128 e 109.0 1e -8 e -6 e

44.3 167.8 152.6 35 e 25 e 28 e

92.3 220.5 207.2 81.7 69.9 73.6

159.4 295 e 277.9 152.2 138.4 142.4

5 5 5 5 5 5

-103 e

-80 e -78 e -90 e -8 e -31 e -68 e 92 e

-42 e 73 e 44 e -45 e -50 e -50 e

-20 e 98 e 74 e -25 e -32 e -30 e

6-82

TeamLRN

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C6H16O2Si C6H18Cl2O2Si3 C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H3F5 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4F3NO2 C7H4F4 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NS C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8Cl2Si C7H8O C7H8O

Name Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylenediamine Diethoxydimethylsilane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isothiocyanate 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5diene Dichloromethylphenylsilane o-Cresol m-Cresol

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-65 e

-47 e

-23 e

-49 e

-30 e

-5 e -10 e

-48 e

-25 e -47 e -29 e

9e 18.5 29 e 22 e 6.1 6e -17.5 -5 e

100 kPa

Ref.

196 e 76 76.0 9.1

53.1 63.8 74.8 66.0 47.7 47.5 23.5 29.9 97 e 256.7 132 128.2 51.0

119.6 131.6 143.8 130.6 107.0 108.8 84.0 88.5 160.6 334 e 211 199.0 113.0

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 4 5 5

59.7 -5 e 73.1 s -21 e -14 e -7 e

110.5 37.1 109.9 s 18 e 24.7 35.9

183.4 100.1 155.4 s 75.9 82.1 96.0

5 5 5 1 1 5

-58 e

-45 e

75 e

108 e

148 e 34

-62 e

-44 e

-21.2

-29 e

-7 e -56 e 17.4 s

22.2 -34 e 42.8 s

-62 e

-41 e

26 e

55 e -20 e

92.8 11 e

145.2 53.6

222.0 117.0

5 5

1e

34.5

81.8

151.8

5

-9 e

24.2

69.8

137.2

5

-9 e

24.2 93 e 87.8

70.4 149 e 147 e

138.1 237.0 225.0

5 5 5

39 e

76.2

127.3

202.2

5

9e

-38 e 42.6 27.5 40.6

-6 e

23.9

-13 e

6e 9e

-34 e

-9 e -1 e -10 e -11 e

33 e 38 e 31 19 e 29 e 17 e 19.4

-41 e

-24 e -21 e

25.4 3e 6e

-34 e

-11 e

17.7

-6 e 83.9 67.0 81.5 -3 e 63.1 79.4 68.3 76 e 72 54.6 68 e 54 e 58.1 57 e 66.8 38 e 41 e 40 e 55.4

38.6 139.5 120.4 136.2 39 e 115.7 105 e 119.5 129.3 130 104.6 120.7 104.8 109.9 107.8 121.7 86.3 89 e 88.9 106.3

102.3 218.0 196.7 213.0 101.6 190.0 117 e 199.1 208.4 213 178.3 196.2 181.1 183.1 183.8 198.3 158.7 161.8 161.5 178.9

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 5

-22 e

23 e

2e -50 e -48 e -48 e 40 e

15 e -78.1

45 e -57.1

33 e -26 e -25 e -24 e 62 e 45 e 82 e -31.3

72 e 5e 7e 7e 94 e 89.7 129 e 1.5

125.2 49.0 51.0 51 e 141.9 148.7 189.4 45.2

201 e 113.9 116.1 116.2 221.9 231.3 271.8 110.1

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

12.8 s 33.6

32.4 40.2 52.4

-15 e 71.8 72.3 82.6

27.4 126.0 120.3 130.6

91 e 205.0 190.5 201.8

5 5 1,5 1,5

3e

-53 e

-34 e

11 e

-15 e

-67 e

-6.4 s 20.8

11 e

6-83

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10N2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

Name p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 3-Methylbenzenethiol Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Toluene-2,4-diamine 1-Heptyne 2-Heptyne 3-Heptyne 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Cycloheptene 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexene 4-Methylcyclohexene 1-Ethylcyclopentene 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene Cycloheptanone Butyl acrylate Propyl methacrylate Ethyl levulinate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate Heptanoyl chloride 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 2-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-0.2 s 8e

20.7 s 28 e -21 e 0e

1.0 3.8

18.8 22.0

52.7 54 e 4e 29 e 25.6 42.6 46.2

-16 e -46 e -38 e -35 e

6e -26 e -17 e -15 e

34 e -1 e 9e 11 e

-25 e

3.7 4e -3 e 19 e 11 e 100.4 -35 e -27 e -31 e -40 e -34 e -39 e -52 e -48 e

83.1 88 e 38 e 66 e 62.6 76.1 80.1 77.1 70.3 33 e 44 e 46 e 42 e 40.0 39 e 29.9 55 e 48 e 145.3 -5 e 4e 0e -11 e -4 e -9 e -24 e -19 e

-30.0

3.4 -5 e 1e -5 e -3 e -3 e -5.5 53.7 30.4 26 e 82.6 76.4 87.7 59.7 -10.7 -8 e -8 e -10 e -10 e -12 e -16 e -10 e -9 e -15 e -15 e -16 e -17 e -17 e -21 e -21 e -28 e -9 e -18 e -14 e -13 e -22 e -23 e -24.2 6e

-9 e

-75 e -71 e -80 e -75 e -78 e

-57 e -51 e -53 e -62 e -57 e -61 e -73 e -70 e

-76 e -72 e -76 e -75 e -75 e -77 e

-58 e -53 e -59 e -57 e -57 e -59 e

-52 e

-31 e

-35 e -30 e -36 e -34 e -34 e -36 e 18 e -4.5

-23 e -11 e -17 e -82.1 -79 e -79 e -80 e -80 e -81 e -84 e -80 e -79 e -83 e -83 e -84 e -85 e -85 e -88 e -87 e -94 e -79 e -84 e -83 e -82 e -90 e -90 e -91 e

17 e 4e 15 e 4e -63.8 -61 e -61 e -62 e -62 e -64 e -67 e -63 e -62 e -66 e -66 e -67 e -68 e -68 e -71 e -71 e -78 e -62 e -68 e -65 e -64 e -73 e -73 e -75 e

45.3 36.0 47 e 29.4 -40.6 -38 e -39 e -40 e -40 e -42 e -45 e -40 e -39 e -44 e -44 e -45 e -46 e -46 e -50 e -50 e -57 e -39 e -46 e -43 e -42 e -51 e -52 e -53 e

6-84

TeamLRN

130.7 134.7 84 e 117.9 112.7 125.6 128.8 126.2 121.1 79.3 92.7 94.4 89.9 87.5 86.2 75.8 104.8 98 e 202.9 37.1 46.9 42.7 30.1 38.6 32.6 15.9 21.4 49.9 47.5 29.8 38 e 45 e 37.9 40.7 40.2 37.3 104.0 78.0 73.8 133.2 128.5 139.8 96.9 31.1 34.3 34.0 32.3 32.2 29.3 25.3 32.0 33.4 25.9 26.3 24.6 23.2 23.4 20.0 18.1 11.5 33.5 22.6 27.2 29.0 18.6 16.6 16.3 51.1

100 kPa 201.5 204.9 153.2 194.6 183.9 199.9 202.9 199.9 195.8 149.0 166.5 168.6 160.6 157.9 156.6 143.6 178.6 171.5 279.5 99.5 111.5 106.4 91.4 102.0 94.8 75.6 82.6 116.3 108 e 92.6 103.0 109.8 102.3 105.8 105.3 101.5 178.7 146.9 139.7 205.7 198.3 209.5 144.0 93.2 98.0 97.5 95.3 95.2 91.6 86.3 95.0 96.8 87.1 87.7 85.5 83.7 83.8 81.2 77.1 72.1 96.9 82.9 88.8 91.1 80.0 76.3 77.5 118.4

Ref. 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15F C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C7H17N C7H18N2 C8F18 C8H4O3 C8H6O C8H7Cl C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

Name Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Fluoroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Perfluorooctane Phthalic anhydride Benzofuran o-Chlorostyrene 2-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-79 e -76 e

-62 e -59 e -69 e

-83 e -84 e -84 e -41 e

-57 e -47 e

-66 e -66 e -67 e -21 e -22 e -28 e -6 e -27 e -42 e 46 e -39 e -30 e -19 e -19 e -28 e -44 e -36 e -26 e

-39 e -35 e -47 e -38 e -43 e -44 e -44 e 4e 3e 0e 18.8 -2 e -18 e 72 e -14 e -4 e 2e 3e -5.7 -19.7 -10 e 2e

-30 e -39 e -64 e -19 e -78.6 -82 e -81 e -81 e -90 e -87 e -89 e -88 e

-9 e -19 e -45 e 3e -60.2 -65 e -64 e -63 e -73 e -68.4 -72 e -71 e

18 e 7e -22 e 32 e -37.0 -43 e -42 e -41 e -52 e -45.3 -50 e -49 e

-9 e -8 e -16 e

17 e 7e 7e 1e

-30 e

-9 e

40 e 27 e 27 e 22 e 9e 18 e 5e

48.2 s

72.4 s -16 e -10 e 1e

-27 e -61 e 24 e -58 e -51 e -35 e -35 e

-33 e

-3 e 20.6 s 17 e

9e -1 e -30 e -27 e 10 e -56.2

23 e 44.5 s 49 e -31 e

3e -1 e 35 e 22 e -9 e -6 e 36 e -36.8 -35 e

6-85

12 e 20 e 32.1 40.1 55.3

47.9 58 e 72.2 78.7 97.4

35.5 38.4 24.8 34.9 28.4 28.2 27.4 83.7 82.2 83.2 90.3 76.6 58.5 154.6 70.1 76.2 72.0 74.9 67.5 56.0 69.5 83.3 89.8 104.4 88.6 53.3 123.8 35.4 27.8 29.2 30.5 17.6 26.8 19.2 22.9 18.1 112.5 95.2 93.9 91.9 73.1 102.7 86.7 99.9 45.0 192.7 97.7 110.8 126.6 134.3 153.7

89 e -5 e

140 e 28.6 24.3 73 e 72.2 68 e 110.8 88.8 54 e 58 e 111.6 21.1 27 e 23.4 22.4

208 e 75.4 71.0 125.3 123.9 121.2 167.9 141.8 103.7 108.7 168 e 67.1 74.2 69.8 68.9

36 e 33.1 29 e 68.1 51 e 18 e 22 e 69 e -12.0 -7 e -10 e

-7.9 -5 e -17 e -8 e -13 e -14 e -14 e 37 e 36 e 36 e 50.2 31.0 14 e 107 e 20 e 30.3 31 e 32.0 24.5 12.2 23.9 36.6 43 e 54 e 41 e 10 e 71 e -6.6 -13 e -12 e -11 e -22.9 -14.9 -21.3 -18.8 -23.2 70.1 55.0 54.5 51 e 35 e 53 e 39 e 50.1 5e

100 kPa 100.5 103.0 87.4 99.0 91.4 91.1 90.3 152.3 150.6 147.0 143.4 144.4 124.8 222.6 149 e 141.4 136.1 142.8 133.3 120.1 134.4 149 e 160 e 178.4 159.9 117.4 203.4 98.0 89.7 91.5 93.1 78.8 89.3 80.1 85.6 80.4 176 e 158.7 156.3 154.6 135.5 176.4 156.4 167.7 105.6 284.2 170.7 188 e 204.7 221.3 233.1 254.0 302 e 144.7 140.1 201.5 195.5 198.9 248.5 219.9 177.9 183.9 245 e 135.7 143.9 138.7 137.9

Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15Br C8H15ClO C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

Name o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Phenetole 2-Phenoxyethanol 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline o-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Ethylcyclohexene Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride Ethyl succinate Dipropyl oxalate Dimethyl adipate (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane Octanoyl chloride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 2-Methyl-1-heptene 2,2-Dimethyl-cis-3-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

5.6

16.9 29.2

14.3 s

34.3 s

13.4 s -3.1 s 19.7 s 16.5 s 2e 21 e 18 e -2 e -15 e

33.2 s 16.7 s 40.2 s 37.2 s 25 e -9 e 46 e 34 e 21 e 8e

-2 e

21 e

-33 e 0e

-9.3 27 e -37 e -43 e 20 e -26 e -40 e -33 e -35 e -36 e -35 e

44.5 57.5 60 e 57.2 s 50.2 55.9 s 39.6 s 63.7 s 61.1 s 54 e 17 e 75.9 56 e 49 e 38 e 28 e 51 e 37 e 20 e 60 e -8 e -19 e 52.2 -10 e -16 e -8 e -11 e -12 e -11 e

-79 e -68 e -73 e

-2 e 20 e 20 e 28 e 8e 22 e 8e -46.1 -41 e -41 e -46 e -43 e -44 e -46 e -48 e -56 e -47 e -53 e -61 e -49 e -56 e

30 e 51.0 49.9 61 e 36.9 46 e 37 e -21.4 -17 e -17 e -22 e -19 e -20 e -22 e -24 e -33 e -23 e -30 e -38 e -26 e -33 e

-61 e

-42 e

-68 e -68 e -62 e -66 e

-44 e -49 e -48 e -45 e -47 e

-60 e -65 e -67 e -63 e

-41 e -46 e -49 e -44 e

-17 e -27 e -20 e -25 e -23 e -23 e -23 e -27 e -16 e -21 e -24 e -19 e

-77 e

-59 e

-36 e

-62 e -6 e -38 e -59 e -52 e -55 e -56 e -55 e

-28 e -6 e -4 e -14 e 1e -15 e -65.7 -59 e -59 e -65 e -61 e -63 e -65 e -66 e -74 e -65 e

6-86

TeamLRN

81.1 91.9 95.5 91.4 85.5 87.4 75.3 102.1 98.0 92 e 51 e 115.4 86.7 87 e 76.4 66 e 88 e 80 e

130.9 144.8 144.6 141.7 137.2 137.0 125.9 152.3 147.9 143.6 99 e 168.7 135.5 139.4 128.8 118.1 139.1 137.7

102.2 30 e 14.1 93.5 14 e 16 e 25 e 22 e 21 e 22 e

156.0 80.2 59.9 148.4 50.8 60.3 70.6 66.8 65.6 68 e 103.1 93.3 123.8 143.7 140.4 156.1 129.7 109 e 127.7 54.9 59 e 59 e 55.1 57 e 56 e 54.6 52.3 40.1 54.3 43.8 36.2 50.0 40.4 78 e 61.9 50.6 59.7 53.9 55.6 51.5 55.3 50.6 62.1 57.3 53.2 59.1 46.2 38.7

47 e 71 e 91.1 88.6 103 e 75.3 74.7 75 e 10.5 15 e 14 e 10 e 13 e 11 e 10 e 8e -3 e 10 e 1e -7 e 6e -2 e 30 e 15.8 5e 14 e 8e 10 e 8e 10 e 5e 16.5 12 e 8e 13.3 2e -5 e

100 kPa 204.0 217.9 217.5 216.4 210.5 210.6 200.6 226.4 221.3 217.7 169.3 244.8 223 e 216.7 204.2 193.6 210.9 217.7 178.0 228.1 150 e 129 e 224.8 115.1 125.8 137.8 132.8 131.4 136.5 172.9 159.0 196.5 216.1 213.0 227.3 212.5 150 e 204.4 120.9 125.2 124.5 122.4 122.8 122.1 121.8 118.7 105.0 121.3 107.9 101.0 115.8 104.5 150.7 131.3 119.1 129.2 122.9 123.1 120.9 123.8 118.9 130.5 125.9 121.0 127.6 113.2 104.4

Ref. 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S

Name 1′,2′,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1′,2a,4′-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1-Propylcyclopentanol Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-70 e

-52 e

-28 e

4e

48.9

116.2

5

-74 e 9e

-56 e 24 e

-33 e 43 e 6e 23 e 8e 11.3 85 e

-1 e 69.0 45.7 57 e 47.7 42.1 120 e 108 e 52.8 40.7 34.8 38.9 53.9 54.2

42.8 108.4 97.8 103.8 97 e 81.7 165.5 159.6 100.4 90.6 81.1 87.9 100.7 102.4

108.8 173.5 170.2 172.1 161 e 134.6 238.4 226.6 164 e 159.8 147.0 155.6 166.2 172 e

5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

86.2 72 e 59 e

141.3 123.8 108.8 100.3 74.6 142.5 58.9 51.6 52.7 51.6 52.1 41.6 49.2 43.9 43.8 45.4 50.9 48.9 50.2 43.1 34.0 46.9 46.7 48.8 s 128.2 112.5 102.8 107.3 87.6 84.8 97.2 118.3 96.3 79.8 82.6 73.0 55.4 41.7

216.6 200.3 182.9 172.4 141.8 224.5 125.3 117.2 118.5 117.2 118.1 106.4 115.1 109.0 108.6 111.5 117.3 115.2 117.8 109.4 98.8 114.3 113.1 105.8 194.8 179.4 174.1 176.0 155.0 153.0 160.7 184.2 160.3 146.1 150.4 141.2 120.6 106.8

5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,39 1,39 1 1,39 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1

-3 e

100 kPa

Ref.

37 e

58 e

-37 e

-13 e

-47 e

-26 e

-31 e -30 e

-9 e -9 e

16 e 3.1 0.4 1.8 18.7 19 e

-16 e -17 e -25 e

10.6 6e -4 e

43.9 34 e 23 e

-6 e -69 e -67 e -65 e

18 e -42.6 -49.1 -48.1 -47 e

48 e -17.9 -24.5 -23.6 -24 e

-73 e

-55 e

-32 e

-71 e -72 e

-53 e -54 e

-30 e -30 e

-69 e -70 e -74 e -81.9 -72 e -74 e -62.5 s 12 e

-50 e -51 e -56 e -63.4 -54 e -54.5 -44 s 30 e

12 e

24 e

-52 e -35 e -17 e

-28 e -16 e 1e

-13 e -2 e -55 e

4e -7 e 9e -35 e

-27 e -27 e -32 e -39.8 -30 e -30.0 -20.9 s 53 e 40 e 40 e 40 e 1e 8e 24 e 45 e 26 e 13 e 24 e -8 e -19 e -33 e

29 e 87 e 14.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 8e -1.5 5e 0.6 0.7 1.4 7e 5e 5e -0.8 -8.9 2.1 2.2 8.9 s 84 e 69.9 64 e 66.9 39 e 40 e 55 e 75 e 55 e 40 e 47 e 26 e 12.1 -2 e

-13 e

14 e

46 e -44.2 -26 e

86 e -2.0 4.3

137.7 63.6 46.6

206.9 179.2 110.5

5 5 5

14 e

37 e

66.8

104.9

153 e

230.4

5

-32 e 89 e -15 e -22 e

-7 e 117 e 6e 0e

25 e 151.1 34 e 27 e

64.9 192.2 71 e 63 e

117.1 242.9 122.1 113.5

189 e 307.3 198.5 188.4

5 5 5 5

6-87

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C9F20 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11Br C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2

Name Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans-1-Propenylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene Indan 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Phenyl propyl ether Phenyl isopropyl ether 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Amphetamine Isophorone Triacetin Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 2-Methyl-1-octene Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,2a,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,3′,5′-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane Nonanal 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl hexanoate Methyl octanoate

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-37 e -57 e -77 e

-16 e -36 e -52 e

10 e -9.0 -21 e -6.5

44 e 25.5 21.6 30.5

-1.3

39 e 23.7 30.2

72 e 55.4 60.7 12 e 13.3 13.3 3.2 16 e 54 e 39 e 46.6 45 e 27 e 31 e 4e -1 e 8e 5e 6e 15 e 11 e 9e 20.4 21 e 23 e 66 e 24.4 33 e 33.1 90 e 60.2 50.9 -3.3 -9 e 1e 0e -2 e

100 kPa

Ref.

113.9 96.8 101.3 53.0 51.4 51.6 41.5 52 e 93.2 80.1 86.9 84 e 64 e 69 e 38 e 33 e 43 e 40.4 41 e 52 e 47 e 43.7 59.3 61 e 56 e 104.1 60.6 70.1 75.1 124 e 103.3 90.7 30.4 25 e 36 e 35.1 33 e

90.8 72.2 80.5 80.6 40 e 169.7 153.4 157.9 106.8 103.7 103.7 92.8 102.3 144.6 135.1 139.5 138.1 114.6 120.5 86.7 80.9 92.1 88.9 89.2 101.5 95.9 92.4 111.3 113.9 103.7 154.9 110.7 118 e 132.4 165 e 159.6 145.4 77.1 72 e 84 e 83.6 81.3

159.1 139.0 164.1 152.6 114.7 247 e 236.5 242.7 181.0 178.4 178.4 164.9 177.5 214.5 212.8 211 e 218.5 190.5 197.8 158.8 152.0 164.7 160.8 161.5 175.6 168.9 164.3 184.5 189.3 176.9 226 e 184.5 202.0 215.1 214 e 236.5 225.1 146.4 144.1 156.1 156.2 154.0

5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5

25 e 23 e 18 e

71.8 71.5 65.2

141.5 145.5 136.1

5 5 5

-38 e

-15.4 -16 e

-33 e -3 e -18 e -11 e -8 e -23 e

-20 e 12 e -25 e

-12 e 23 e 8e 15 e 15 e -1 e 3e -23 e -26 e -19 e -21 e -21 e -12 e -16 e -18 e -10 e -10 e -1 e 36 e -3 e

37.6 -1 e -3 e -50.1 -53 e -45 e -46 e -48 e

1e 62 e 26 e 21 e -29.4 -34 e -24 e -26 e -28 e

-53 e

-33 e

-60 e

-41 e

-8 e -12 e -16 e

-71 e

-50 e

-22 e

15 e

65.7

140.7

5

-72 e -105 e

-50 e -88 e

-22 e -64 e

14 e -28 e

65.1 31 e

140.0 147.0

5 5

-52 e

-33 e

-7 e

28 e

77 e

152.0

5

-56 e

-36 e

-11 e

23 e

72 e

145.8

5

-72 e

-54 e -3 e 8e

-32 e 48 e -16 e

-12 e 69 e 6e

-30 e 27.4 35 e -1 e 14 e 97 e 34 e

-26 e -26 e

-2 e -9 e

11.3 28 e 13 e

2e 65.5 71 e 39.1 48 e 133 e 70 e 55 e 48.3 65.1 40 e

47 e 115.6 121.0 94 e 96.2 182.7 119.9 105.6 97.9 113.4 76 e

117.4 184.6 194.0 188 e 167.7 255.1 191.9 178.4 168.3 178 e 127.9

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

-43 e -46 e -40 e -42 e -41 e -37 e -39 e

6-88

TeamLRN

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C9H19Cl C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21N C10F8 C10F22 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14

Name 1-Chlorononane Nonane 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,3-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 1-Nonanethiol Triisopropyl borate Nonylamine Tripropylamine Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene** Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline m-Divinylbenzene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Estragole 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Isoeugenol Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-11 e -46.8 -49 e -49 e -50 e -58 e -53 e -55 e

11 e -26.0 -30 e -29 e -30 e -39 e -33 e -36 e

-66.1 -65.1 -58 e -60 e -62 e -53 e

-46.4 -45.8 -38 e -41 e -43 e -33 e

-58 e

-38 e

-61 e -57 e

-42 e -49 e -37 e 40 e 24 e

13 e

31 e

-17 e -25 e -12 e 64 e 47 e 45 e 54 e

-2 e

21 e

49 e

-39 e 5.2 s

9e -18 e 25.1 s

37 e 8e 48.1 s

17 e 14 e 3.2 s 24.1 s

45 e 39 e 24.1 s 46 s

80.3 70.5 49.3 s 71.5 s

36.3 s 5.3 29 e 27 e 15 e -29 e 27 e

62 e 65.9 s 31.9 54 e 51 e 40 e -4 e 56 e

56.6 s -21 e -31 e -28 e -31 e

79.4 s 3e -8 e -5.3 -8.2

9e -4 e -8 e -9 e

37 e 22 e 18 e 19 e

99.0 103 s 63.8 85 e 81 e 70 e 27.1 92.7 85 e 106.1 s 33.2 21 e 24.1 21.3 48.5 54.1 72 e 54 e 50.2 52 e

-28 e -35 e -37 e -36 e -39 e -34 e -33 e -28 e

-7 e -14 e -16 e -15 e -16 e -13 e -12 e -6 e

21 e 13 e 10 e 12 e 13 e 14 e 16 e 21 e

6-89

39 e 0.0 -5 e -5 e -6 e -15 e -9 e -12 e -9 e -21.3 -21.2 -13 e -16 e -18 e -7 e -9 e -13 e

76 e 34.0 28 e 29 e 27 e 18 e 25 e 21 e 24 e 11.8 11.2 20 e 17 e 15 e 28 e 26 e 20 e 21 e 16 e 8e 22 e 96.9 78 e 76.4 84.5 58 87 e

100 kPa

75 e 42 e

127.8 80.8 73.9 74.7 73.2 63.6 70.8 66.4 70.6 57.7 56.2 66.7 62.3 61.0 76.3 73.7 66.7 68.5 62.5 53.2 69.7 141.0 123.0 121.3 128.1 100 140.4 73.1 126.2 88.2

204.7 150.3 142.8 143.7 141.9 132.3 140.0 134.7 139.9 126.0 123.7 137.2 130.9 130.2 148.9 145.7 136.2 139.8 132.6 121.8 141.1 213.0 194.2 192.0 194.7 167 219.2 139.0 202.1 156.0

126.7 112.8 80.7 103.3 137.2 140.7 146.9 150.9 102.9 127 e 122 e 111 e 67.6 137.8 129.5 137.9 s 74.1 60 e 62.6 60.5 88.0 96.0 115.9 96 e 92.3 95 e 125 e 56.9 48 e 46 e 47.9 51 e 50 e 52 e 58 e

52 e 189.8 171.6 135.6 162.6 196.7 200.5 210.7 215.1 165.8 183.0 179.2 166.1 122.1 195.8 189.2 197.9 127.4 111.7 116 e 115 e 140.7 152.2 173.8 152.3 149.2 150.2 185.3 107.6 98.3 94.9 97.8 103.1 99.9 102.2 107.9

132.9 280.5 258.6 217.5 244.0 281.8 286.8 300.1 305.5 247.2 265.1 264.5 247.3 199 e 272.7 273 e 282 e 207.8 187 e 193 e 196 e 214.6 231.5 252.9 232.0 230.5 225 e 267.1 182.8 172.8 168.6 172.3 177.8 174.6 176.6 182.9

Ref. 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 5,39 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21F C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22

Name m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2-Butylphenol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline Dipentene d-Limonene l-Limonene β-Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphene Terpinolene β-Phellandrene (+)-Camphor Pulegone 1-Decyne cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene α-Terpineol Eucalyptol trans-Geraniol Sebacic acid Dipropyl succinate Diethyl adipate Decanenitrile 1-Decene Cyclodecane Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane 1-Fluorodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1 Pa

10 Pa

-28 e -28 e -22 e -24 e

-19 e

-7 e -6 e 0e -2 e -2 e -5 e -4 e -6 e -6 e -8 e -7 e 7e 3e

20 e 21 e 28 e 26 e 26 e 23 e 24 e 21 e 22 e 20 e 20 e 36 e 32 e

56 e 57 e 66 e 63 e 63 e 60 e 61 e 58 e 58.2 56.1 56.6 74 e 69 e

7e -16 e 18.9 s 19 e 11 e -11 e -42 e -45 e -33 e

31 e 8e 37.9 s 43 e 35 e 14 e -19 e -21 e -12 e

-48 e -43 e

-27 e -22 e

61 e 38 e 59.5 72 e 66 e 44.3 10.6 9.1 16 e 9.4 -1 e 5.0

101 e 77 e 101.2 107.4 106 e 84.2 48.7 48.0 52.0 47.3 33.6 40.6

26.5 16 e 41.5 s 66.4 14 e 24 e 18 e 48 10.6 63.2

-27 e -25 e -28 e -27 e -29 e -29 e

-15.8 s 37 e -34 e -26 e

10 s 49.1 -13 e -4 e -10 e

4e 125.9 s 11 e 4e 13 e -35.5

31 e

58 e -26 e -11 e

-9 e -16 e -18 e 16 e 80 e -3 e 5e

-17 e

9e

72.1 72 e 66 e 13.7 29 e 18 e 10 e 9e 47.2 108 e 27 e 26 e 22 e 41 e

6e 9e 2e -22 e -34 e -34 e -36 e -36 e

34 e 33 e 25 e 0e -10.6 -14 e -14 e -16 e -16 e

69 e 63 e 54 e 27 e 16.7 12 e 12 e 10 e 10 e

-39 e -46 e

-19 e -27 e

-46 e

-25 e

7e -2 e 0e 1e

-31 e -37 e -39 e

38 e 35 e 36 e -13.7

6-90

TeamLRN

100 kPa

Ref.

64.9 53.2 80.8 s 92.2 51 e 62.4 55.3 89 48.5 104.3

106.2 108.1 117.2 113.6 113.7 110.6 112.2 108.3 108.9 106.5 107.4 126.6 120.9 119.9 155.2 131.3 155.0 150 e 160.9 138.4 100.2 100.4 102.3 98.3 82.2 90.5 90.7 115.4 104 e 131.4 s 135.1 100.3 115.5 107.9 142 100.3 157.7

180.6 183.3 193.4 189.2 189.5 186.4 187.9 183.2 184.3 181.3 182.8 204.5 197.5 196.3 234.4 209.7 230.4 204 e 241.0 216.3 173.9 174.5 177.0 171.0 155.1 165.5 160.1 184.6 171.0 207.6 220.2 173.5 195.3 186.8 217 175.4 229.6

115.4 116.6 105.8 49.0 68 e 54 e 46 e 45 e 86.3 145 e 66.3 57.6 62.8 81.4

172.3 171.2 160.6 97.9 121.3 104.7 95.9 95.3 137.7 195.2 120.0 107.1 116.9 133.2

250.4 239.5 241.6 170.1 201.8 180.4 170.8 171.1 208.0 269.5 198.2 197.2 193.6 203 e

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 5 21 21 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

112.6 104 e 92 e 64 e 52.3 47 e 47 e 45 e 45 e 38 e 41 e 32 e 35 e 36 e

169.2 159.2 145.7 113.3 101.1 94.8 95.1 93.1 92.6 84.9 88.4 78.5 82.7 85.6

245.4 240.0 225.3 185.7 173.7 166.5 167.3 165.2 164.6 155.4 159.4 148.4 155.2 159.8

5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H20 C11H20O2 C11H20O4 C11H21N C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C11H24S C12F27N C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O

Name 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane 1-Decanol 4-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Decanethiol Diisopentylsulfide Dipentylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Myristicin 4-Isopropylstyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene Butyl benzoate Pentylbenzene p-tert-Butyltoluene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne 10-Undecenoic acid Ethyl diethylmalonate Undecanenitrile 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene Pentylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Heptyl butanoate Propyl octanoate Methyl decanoate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 1-Undecanol 1-Undecanethiol Trinonafluorobutylamine Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether

1 Pa -46 e

10 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -10 e 0e 3e -3 e 75 e 61 e 22 e 14.0 44 e

100 kPa

Ref.

22 e 35 e 39 e 33 e 109 e 93 e 60 e 51.5 78.4

68.3 83.2 89.1 82.8 157.3 139 e 111.6 101.8 127.1

137.0 156.5 165.5 158.7 230.6 210 e 186.2 172.8 202.9

5 5 5 5 1,39 5 5 5 5

200.9 157.5 118 e 127.7 118.8 132.9 239.3 246.0 159.1 156.0 187 196.0 124.5

275.3 238.6 139 e 202.0 193.9 210.4 299.6 308.1 244.1 240.5 271 279.4 202.1

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5

30 e 18 e -31 e

-26 e -24 e -29 e 50 e 37 e -8 e

0e

20 e

11 e

34 e

64 e 7e

-31 e -2 e

-6 e 19 e

26 e 46 e

5e

29 e

23 e -25 e

53 e -1 e

60 e 57 e 79 88.9 30.2

138 e 103 e 82 e 77 e 66.8 82 e 191.9 197.9 102 e 99 e 125 135.2 70.3

9e

31 e

60 e

99 e

153.1

233.8

5

17 e 6e -14 e -24 e -26 e

36 e 34 e 8e -2 e -1 e 6e 11 e 0e 6e 67 e

1.2 7e 7e 3e 4e 2e 3e 6e 7e 37 e 28 e 90 e 29 e 23 e 33 e 4.3 1e -10 e -12 e

62 e 67.9 37 e 27 e 29.5 36 e 40 e 29 e 35 e 105 e 74 e 78.6 29.7 34 e 33 e 30 e 31 e 30 e 31 e 34 e 36 e 64.3 57 e 118 e 62 e 55 e 62 e 32.6 28 e 22 e 20 e

80.0 47 e 3e 49.8 s

82 e 77 e 29.0 80.6 s

97 e 110.3 74 e 64.1 69.5 75.7 79.4 67 e 74 e 150.0 105 e 120.3 66.4 70.2 69.3 66.6 67.1 66.2 67.0 72 e 73 e 103.0 95 e 156 e 102.6 94.0 100.9 69.5 64 e 61.9 60.8 43 e 118 e 118 e 63.3

147.8 165 e 126.7 115.5 123.5 129.6 132.1 118.5 127.4 205.4 149.4 177.3 117.1 120.6 119.6 117.1 117.4 116.7 117.4 124.2 125.0 153.6 148.4 207.2 155.1 145.2 154.0 120.2 114.0 115.6 113.9 94 e 167.6 173.6 109.9

228.5 237 e 204.9 190.8 200.2 207.6 207.7 194.5 205.4 274.5 219 e 259.9 192.2 196 e 195 e 192 e 193 e 191 e 192 e 202.7 202.5 232.6 226.9 283.6 224.7 215 e 232 e 195.4 188.7 190.4 186.4 170.4 244.1 256.8 176.8

126.2 111.1 144.8 116 e

254.7 187 e 169.5 206.7 173 e

354.0 276 e 254.7 292.7 257.4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5

-13 e -22 e -17 e 35 e

-21.6 -14 e -14 e -19 e -17 e -19 e -18 e -17 e -15 e 17 e 68 e 2e -2 e 10 e -18.4 -20 e -35 e -38 e 52.2 23 e 24 s

44 e

6-91

69.0 98.1 75 e

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16 C12H16O2 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H20O4 C12H22 C12H22 C12H22O2 C12H22O4 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24 C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H36O6Si6 C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H12 C13H13N C13H14 C13H20 C13H24O2 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H15N C14H16

Name 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene Cyclohexylbenzene 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Hexylbenzene 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Geranyl acetate Dibutyl maleate 1-Dodecyne Cyclohexylcyclohexane Methyl 10-undecenoate Dimethyl sebacate Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene Hexylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane Dodecanal Dodecanoic acid Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Triisobutylamine Tributyl phosphate Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Acridine Phenanthridine Fluorene Phenyl benzoate Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane Methyldiphenylamine 1-Isopropylnaphthalene Heptylbenzene Ethyl 10-undecenoate 1-Tridecene Heptylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane Tridecanoic acid Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene Benzoin 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzylamine 1-Butylnaphthalene

1 Pa

10 Pa

37 e 48.3 s 20 e 48 s 16 e 14 e 26 e 31.5 s 12 e -11 e

69 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

-2 e -14 e -14 e -6 e 46.3 s -14 e

22 e 9e 8e 18 e 72.5 s 11 e

12.3 -11 e

36 e -8.3 -3 e -1 e

50.4 13 e 20 e 38 e 53 e 60 e 15.2 20 e 22 e

78 e 12 e 8e 31 e 27 e -5.4

100 e 40 e 35 e 57 e 51 e 18.2

107.0 118.7 88.7 102.8 72 e 71 e 82 e 78.8 s 96 e 46 e 58 e 66 e 51 e 37 e 36 e 49 e 81.7 s 44 e 67.7 94.0 43 e 53.1 73 e 97 92 e 44.8 50 e 51 e 70 e 128 e 74 e 69 e 90 e 81 e 47.6

5e -26 e

34.4 1e 1e

70.2 35 e 28.9

154.6 163.0 137.5 150.5 114 e 113 e 123 e 115.9 150.5 87 e 98 e 115.0 90 e 74 e 74 e 90 e 121.8 s 87 e 110.8 144.2 82 e 96.0 116 e 150 133 e 82.9 89 e 90 e 116.2 166 e 115.1 111.8 132 e 122 e 85.8 133 e 115.3 77.7 64.9

18 e

41 e

69 e 124.4

108 e 176.2

215.2 221.1 202.2 213.7 171.8 171.2 180.5 175 e 215.9 142.4 154.7 177.7 144.5 125.9 125.5 148.8 178.3 145.0 166.9 203 e 135.8 154.1 172.2 214 190.5 135.4 143.1 143.5 175.9 219.1 168.1 166.1 190.8 178.7 138.2 185.0 174.1 134.5 112.5 205 e 162.2 246.0

137.4 151.4 166.0 119.3 143.1 123.2 107 e 125.2 98.3 105 e 106 e 176 e 130 e 101.1 140 e 165 s 170.4 175 130.4 155.6 181 125.3 158.9 135 e

205.4 217.9 224.8 177.7 201.6 180.8 162.7 179.5 152.5 160.9 160.9 230.3 184.9 155.1 192.3 238.8 238.4 246 183 e 218.1 248 181 e 218.5 186.7

10 e

51 e 41 e 39 e 51 e 53.1 s 51 e 15 e 28 e

79 s 48.4 s 102.3

35 e 27 e 12 e 32 e 4.1 11 e 13 e 87 e 38 e 7.2 71.6 89.2 s 53 s

45 e 63 e 51 e 36 e 55 e 28.5 34 e 36 e 109 e 61 e 31.5 101.0 125.9 s 83 s

26 e

54 e

77 e 98.4 82 e 66 e 86 e 59.0 65 e 66 e 138 e 90 e 61.8 103 e 151.5 s 120.8 123 88 e

19 e 48 e 67 e

47 e 77 e 82 e

82.0 113.1 103 e

6-92

TeamLRN

100 kPa 294.9 300.3 291.8 301.4 257.7 257.3 265.7 260 e 296.2 221 e 239.5 261.4 225.5 203.2 202.6 238 e 263.7 229.8 242.9 272 e 214.4 237.2 247.1 293 275.5 212.8 224.2 223.5 256.6 298.1 238 e 238 e 275.3 262.6 215.8 264.1 253.8 213.4 178.5 288.3 244.7 345.4 295 e 313.3 312.4 263.6 281.6 267.3 246.2 258.4 232.3 244.3 243.1 311.5 269 e 234.9 273.1 340.2 337.7 346 253 e 305.8 342 254 e 299.4 288.6

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 1,5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5

VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C14H16 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H27N C14H28 C14H28 C14H28 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C14H42O5Si6 C15H18 C15H24 C15H30 C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H10O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H36O2 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H44 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C23H48 C24H38O4 C24H38O4 C24H50 C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62 C70

Name 2-Butylnaphthalene Octylbenzene Diethyl sebacate Tetradecanenitrile 1-Tetradecene Octylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane Decylcyclopentane Methyl tetradecanoate Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Benzanthrone Methyl hexadecanoate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Hexaethylbenzene Oleic acid Elaidic acid Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane Methyl oleate Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Heneicosane Brassidic acid Erucic acid Butyl oleate Behenic acid Butyl stearate Docosane Tricosane Dioctyl phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Tetracosane Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane Squalane Carbon (fullerene-C70)

1 Pa

10 Pa

44 e 20.1

67 e 46.2 83 e 79 e 41.3 44.3 49 e 118 e 44.1 110.5

52 e 16.1 16.9 25 e 96 e 19.1 80.0 6e 34 e 33.0 35 e 37 e 30.5 38.4 41.1 99.5 63 e 65 e 51.5 94 e 66 e 87 e 127.1 s 94 e

36 e 62 e 58.9 60 e 61 e 75 e 56.1 104.0 65.0 136 e 67.4 130.6 91 e 184 e 93 78.5 117 e 94 e 118 e 154.7 s 126 e 124 e 153 e 89.0 130 e

61.5 106 e 81 s 85 e 71.1 80.4 119 e

114 e 99.1 108.9 143 e

119.0 147.8 140.6 82.3 134 e 126 e 95.5 145.4 99.6 83.5 102.9 130 e 122.0 115.0 119.7 125.1 136.7 136.5 148.2 66 e 598 s

156.1 177.3 174 e 113.5 166 e 160 e 124.2 176.5 128 e 115.0 135.1 163.7 153.2 148.1 152.7 158.8 168.8 169.8 182.8 84 e 662 s

6-93

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 98 e 79.1 120 114.0 72.7 77.8 80 e 147 e 75.3 149.6 104 e 72 e 96 e 92.0 92 e 93 e 110 88.1 142.7 98.1 165 e 100.3 171.9 126 e 229.3 129 112.0 146 e 129 e 156 e

165.5 166 142 e 183 e 123.1 160 e 112 e 149.7 133.8 144.2 173 e 141 e 201.0 211.4 214 e 152.2 203.6 199.4 158 e 213.7 162 e 154.0 174.8 203.8 189.2 188.5 193.2 200.1 206.5 210.9 221.2 105.8

139 e 121.9 166 159.0 113.2 120.0 120 e 186 e 115.7 152 e 147 e 117 e 141.3 135.4 134 e 134 e 155 129.6 191.5 140.5 205 e 142.7 175 e 171 e 290.3 177 155.3 185 e 176 e 206.6 217.2 144.1 214.5 216 186 e 223 e 167.3 200.5 175 e 195.6 178.8 189.8 213 e 183.1 256.3 251.3 262 e 201.6 249.8 247.4 198 e 259.3 201 e 203.6 221 e 252 e 231.3 239.1 244.4 252.1 255.8 263.1 271.5 131.9

100 kPa

197.5 178.1 225 219.7 168.7 177.6 177.2 241.3 171.1 205.3 206.1 176.0 202.2 193.7 193.4 192.5 214 186.3 254.5 198.8 261.9 200.7 229.0 232.6 377.2

287.4 263.8 305 306.3 250.6 263.2 261.5 325.6 253.0 286.7 290.9 259.1 289 e 281.4 280.9 278.8 295 270.1 339.4 284.3 350.2 286.3 311.7 320.5 511 e

214.5 240.1 241.3 275.3 284.0 206.8 277.0 280 246.9 281.6 227.6 257.3 254.6 256 e 240.1 252.1 270.0 236.7 326.3 298 e 320 e 263.8 307.6 306.5 245 e 316.2 249 e 274.8 285.3 311 e 281.1 295.4 305.0 314.3 323.3 332.0 340.2 163.7

302 e 323.3 336.3 374.6 383.0 297.5 359.7 361 336.7 374.5 316 e 343.0 360.0 340 e 330 e 344 e 355.1 307.1 418 e 355 e 392 e 355.9 382.0 381.1 304 e 390 e 307 e 368.0 379.5 385 e 341.1 390.6 401.1 411.3 421.2 430.6 439.7 203.2

Ref. 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 16 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 4 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 16 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K This table gives vapor pressures of 67 important fluids in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Helium (4He), hydrogen (H2), and neon (Ne) are covered on this page. The remaining fluids are listed on subsequent pages by molecular formula in the Hill order (see Introduction). The data have been taken from evaluated sources; references are listed at the end of the table. Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa). Note that: 1 kPa = 7.50062 Torr 100 kPa = 1 bar 101.325 kPa = 1 atmos s following an entry indicates that the compound is solid at that temperature. Helium

Hydrogen

Neon

T/K

P/kPa

T/K

P/kPa

T/K

P/kPa

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

5.3 6.7 8.3 10.2 12.4 14.8 17.5 20.6 24.0 27.8 32.0 36.5 41.5 47.0 52.9 59.3 66.1 73.5 81.5 90.0 99.0 108.7 119.0 129.9 141.6 153.9 167.0 180.8 195.4 210.9

14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5

7.90 10.38 13.43 17.12 21.53 26.74 32.84 39.92 48.08 57.39 67.96 79.89 93.26 108.2 124.7 143.1 163.2 185.3 209.4 235.7 264.2 295.1 328.5 364.3 402.9 444.3 488.5 535.7 586.1 639.7 696.7 757.3 821.4 889.5 961.5 1038.0 1119.0 1204.0

25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0

51.3 71.8 98.5 132.1 173.5 223.8 284.0 355.2 438.6 535.2 646.2 772.8 916.4 1078 1260 1462 1688 1939 2216 2522

Ref.

17,18

1

6-94

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13

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K

BCl3 Boron trichloride

Ar Argon

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300

0.1 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.7 18.7 40.7 79.0 134 213 324 473 666 910 1214 1584 2027 2553 3170 3892 4736

Ref.

8,15

BF3 Boron trifluoride

BrH Hydrogen bromide

Br2 Bromine

ClF Chlorine fluoride

ClH Hydrogen chloride

s s s s s s s

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.8 5.2 7.2 9.7 12.9 17.0 22.0 28.1 35.6 44.5 55.1 67.6 82.2 99.1 119 141 166 12

7.7 13.4 22.3 35.2 53.7 79.1 113 157 214 285 372 479 608 762 944 1160 1413 1709 2056 2460 2913 3481 4123 4874

12

0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.3 5.4 8.7 13.4 20.1 29.5 37.9 51.8 69.5 91.8 119 153 194 242 299 366 443 532 633 748 878 1023 1185 1364 1562 1780 2018 2278 2561 12

6-95

s s s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.8 5.5 7.3 9.5 12.3 15.6 19.7 24.6 30.5 12

s s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.0 9.5 14.6 21.8 31.7 44.8 62.0 84.2 112 147 190 242 304 378 464 564 680 812 961 1130 1319 1529 1762 2019 2301 2608 2941 3303 3693 4111 4560 5039

0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.4 5.8 9.5 14.7 22.0 31.9 45.1 62.5 84.7 113 148 190 242 304 377 463 563 678 811 961 1132 1325 1542 1784 2054 2354 2686 3053 3457 3901 4388 4921

12

12

s s s s s s s s

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K

ClO2 Chlorine dioxide

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

Cl2 Chlorine

Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride

FH Hydrogen fluoride

F2 Fluorine

0.4 1.5 4.8 12.3 27.6 55.3 101 172 276 420 615 870 1196 1605 2108 2721 3458 4339

1.8 2.8 4.2 6.1 8.7 12.3 16.9 22.9 30.5 40.1 51.9 66.4 84.0 105 130 160 194 234 280 332 392 459 535 619 714 818

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.3 7.6 10.8 14.9 20.1 26.6 34.6 44.4 56.1 69.9 86.2 105 127 151 179 12

5

0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.9 10.3 13.4 17.2 21.8 27.4 34.2 42.2 51.8 63.1 76.3 91.7 110 130

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.6 8.6 11.1 14.2 17.9 22.3 27.7 34.0 12

12

6-96

TeamLRN

12

F2 O Difluorine oxide

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.3 10.1 18.0 30.5 49.3 76.7 115 168 237 328 444 588 766 981 1238 1541 1895 2303 2771 3302 3899 4567 5308

12

F3N Nitrogen trifluoride

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.0 4.0 7.3 12.8 21.1 33.5 51.1 75.4 108 150 205 273 357 459 581 726 896 1092 1319 1578 1871 2203 2577 2995 3464 3991

1

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

F3P Phosphorus trifluoride

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.5 5.9 9.5 14.9 22.5 33.1 47.3 66.0 90.1 121 159 206 262 330 410 503 611 736 877 1037 1217 1418 1640 1885 2154 2448 2767 3112

12

F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.9 3.8 7.5 14.0 25.2 43.8 74.2 122 197 280 376 488 618 766 932 1117 1324 1555 1816 2111 2449 2841 3301

12

s s s s s s s s s s s s s

F6S Sulfur hexafluoride

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.6 4.4 7.1 11.3 17.3 25.9 38.0 54.4 76.6 106 145 195 249 305 371 448 536 636 750 878 1021 1181 1358 1554 1768 2003 2258 2534

HI Hydrogen iodide

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.3 8.0 11.7 16.8 23.6 32.5 44.0 56.2 71.4 89.7 112 137 168 203 244 290 343 404 472 548 633 727 831

12,15

12

6-97

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

H2S Hydrogen sulfide

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.2 5.2 8.3 12.7 18.9 26.6 36.7 49.8 66.4 87.1 113 144 182 227 281 344 416 500 597 706 830 969 1124 1297 1488 1698 1929 2181 12,15

s s s s s s s s s s s

H3N Ammonia

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.5 5.8 8.7 12.6 17.9 24.9 34.1 45.9 60.8 79.6 103 131 165 207 256 313 381 460 552 655 774 909 1062 11

s s s s s s s s

H3P Phosphine

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.3 3.9 6.2 9.6 14.5 21.1 30.0 41.6 56.6 75.6 99.2 128 163 205 254 312 379 456 544 644 756 881 1019 1172 1341 1525 1725 1942 2176 2428 2699 2987 3295 3621 12

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

H4Si Silane

0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.9 3.5 6.1 10.0 15.8 24.1 35.3 50.3 69.8 94.6 126 164 210 265 331 408 498 602 722 859 1017 1196 1398 1628 1888 2180 2509 2880 3296 3763 4288

12

Kr Krypton

0.1 0.4 1.1 2.7 6.0 12.1 22.8 40.4 68.0 103 150 211 290 388 509 655 830 1037 1278 1557 1877 2241 2655 3120 3641 4223 4870

13, 15

s s s s s s s s s

NO Nitric oxide

0.1 0.4 1.3 3.8 10.0 23.5 46.8 86.5 151 248 391 592 867 1231 1703 2302 3050 3971 5089 6433

12, 15

N2 Nitrogen

s s s s s

0.4 1.8 6.3 17.4 38.6 76.1 137 229 361 541 779 1084 1467 1939 2513 3209

1

6-98

TeamLRN

N2O Nitrous oxide

s s s

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.4 17.6 26.4 38.5 54.7 75.9 103 138 181 234 298 374 465 571 694 835 996 1179 1385 1615 1870 2152 2462 2802 3172 3573 4006 4473 4973 5508 12

O2 Oxygen

O2S Sulfur dioxide

0.2 0.7 2.3 6.3 14.5 30.1 56.8 99.3 163 254 379 543 756 1022 1351 1749 2225 2788 3448 4219

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.3 9.0 12.6 17.3 23.3 31.1 40.9 53.2 68.3 86.7 109 136 168 205 249 300 359 426 3

12

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

O3 Ozone

0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.8 6.8 11.5 18.7 29.1 43.7 63.6 89.9 124 168 222 289 367 468 584 721 881 1068 1285 1536 1824 2155 2534 2968 3464 4031 4678 5417

12

Rn Radon

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.8 5.8 8.6 12.5 17.7 24.5 33.2 44.4 58.2 75.3 96 121 151 185

15

CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane

Xe Xenon

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.5 2.7 4.9 8.5 14.0 22.2 34.2 51.1 74.2 101 134 173 222 280 348 428 521 628 750 889 1045 1220 1416 1633 1872 2136 2425 2742 3087 3462 3869 4310 4786 5299

12,13

s s s s s s s s s s s s s

CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane

CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.5 3.9 5.9 8.8 12.8 18.1 25.1 34.1 45.6 60.0 77.8 99.5 126 157 194 237 287 344 410 485 570 665 771 889 1021 1166 1325 1501 1692

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 2.0 3.3 5.3 8.3 12.6 18.6 26.8 37.6 51.7 69.7 92.3 120 155 196 246 304 372 451 542 646 763 896 1044 1210 1394 1598 1823 2071 2343 2641 2968 3325 3716

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.1 3.2 4.8 6.9 9.9 13.7 18.8 25.2 33.3 43.3 55.5 70.4 88.1 109 134 163 196 234 278 327 383 445 515 593 679

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.9 4.1 5.6 7.6 10.1 13.3 17.2 22.1 28.0 35.1 43.7 53.8 65.7 79.6 95.6 114.1

12

12

12

12

6-99

CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K

CCl4 Tetrachloromethane

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300

1.5 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 10.5 13.2 16.5

Ref.

12

CF4 Tetrafluoromethane

0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.4 6.5 11.5 19.3 30.8 47.4 70.2 101 141 191 254 332 425 537 669 824 1005 1216 1460 1743 2073 2457 2907 3438

12

CO Carbon monoxide 0.1 0.6 2.6 8.2 21.0 44.4 83.7 147 239 371 545 771 1067 1428 1877 2400 3064

COS Carbon oxysulfide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.2 7.8 11.3 15.9 22.1 30.0 40.1 52.7 68.2 87.2 110 137 169 207 250 301 358 423 497 580 673 777 892 1019 1159 1313

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.7 3.1 5.7 9.9 16.8 27.6 44.0 68.4 104 155 227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710

12

6

CHClF2 Chlorodifluomethane

CHCl3 Trichloromethane

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.5 8.1 11.8 16.7 23.1 31.5 42.1 55.3 71.7 91.6 116 144 178 218 264 317 377 446 525 613 711 821 944 1080

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.7 11.3 14.4 18.3 22.9 28.5

12

12

s s s s

9

6-100

TeamLRN

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

CHF3 Trifluoromethane

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.4 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 17.0 25.3 36.5 51.4 70.9 95.8 127 166 214 271 340 421 516 626 754 900 1067 1257 1472 1713 1984 2287 2624 3000 3418 3881 4393

12

CHN Hydrogen cyanide

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.7 6.8 9.7 13.6 18.8 24.1 30.5 38.3 47.7 58.8 72.1 87.6 105.9 12,16

s s s s s s s s s s s s

CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane

CH2F2 Difluoro methane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.3 7.1 9.5 12.4 16.1 20.7 26.3 33.0 41.1 50.8 62.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.8 4.4 6.8 10.2 14.8 21.2 29.5 40.5 54.5 72.1 94.1 121 154 193 240 295 360 434 521 620 732 860 1004 1165 1346 1547 1770

12

12

6-101

CH2O Formaldehyde

1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.4 9.1 12.7 17.4 23.4 31.0 40.6 52.5 67.0 84.6 106 131 161 196 236 283 337 399 470 549 12

CH3Cl Chloromethane

CH3F Fluoromethane

2.1 3.1 4.6 6.7 9.5 13.1 17.9 24.0 31.8 41.4 53.3 67.7 85.1 106 131 159 193 232 277 327 385 450 524 606

0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 5.9 9.3 14.1 20.9 29.9 42.0 57.6 77.4 102 133 171 216 270 333 408 495 595 711 843 993 1163 1355 1571 1813 2084 2387 2724 3099 3516 3978

12

12

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

CH4 Methane

CH4O Methanol

0.1 0.3 0.8 2.1 4.9 10.6 20.0 34.5 57.0 88.4 133 192 269 368 491 642 824 1041 1297 1594 1937 2331 2779 3288 3865 4520

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 4.5 6.2 8.3 11 14.4 18.7 2,16

12

C2H2 Acetylene

0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4.6 7.8 12.8 20.6 32.2 49.0 72.9 106 146 190 244 309 385 475 579 699 837 993 1170 1370 1593 1843 2121 2429 2771 3150 3567 4028 4535 5093 12,16

s s s s s s s s s s s s s

C2H4 Ethylene

0.3 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.5 7.7 11.9 18.3 27.5 39.9 56.4 77.9 105 140 182 234 296 369 456 557 673 806 958 1128 1321 1535 1774 2039 2331 2652 3005 3391 3813 4275

4

6-102

TeamLRN

C2H6 Ethane

C2H6O Dimethyl ether

C3H4 Propadiene

0.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 3.8 6.0 9.7 15.0 21.5 31.0 42.9 59.0 78.7 104 135 172 217 271 334 407 492 590 700 826 967 1125 1301 1496 1712 1949 2210 2495 2806 3146 3515 3917 4355

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.8 9.6 13.3 18.1 24.3 32.1 41.9 53.9 68.6 86.3 108 133 162 197 237 283 335 395 463 538 623

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 4.1 6.1 8.9 12.5 17.4 23.7 31.6 41.4 53.5 68.2 85.8 107 131 160 193 230 273 322 376 438 506 582 666 759

2

12

12

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) C3H6 Propylene

C3H8 Propane

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.7 7.0 10.1 14.2 19.7 26.9 35.9 47.3 61.3 78.5 99.2 124 153 188 228 274 327 387 456 533 619 715 822 940 1069 1212

0.8 1.4 2.2 3.3 5.0 7.3 10.5 15.0 20.1 27.0 36.0 47.0 60.0 77.0 97.0 120 148 180 218 261 311 367 431 502 582 671 769 878 998

Ref.

7

2

T/K

C4H6 Buta-1,3-diene

C4H10 Butane

C4H10 Isobutane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.8 4.0 5.7 7.8 10.6 14.1 18.5 24.1 30.9 39.1 49.1 61.0 75.0 91.5 111 133 159 188 221 258

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.3 7.4 10.2 13.8 18.3 24.0 31.1 39.8 50.3 62.9 77.8 95.4 116 140 167 198 234 274 319 370

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.4 4.8 6.7 9.2 12.5 16.7 21.9 28.4 36.3 46.0 57.6 71.3 87.6 107 129 154 184 217 255 297 12

2

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2

C5H12 Pentane

1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 7.6 10.0 13.0 16.6 21.1 26.6 33.1 40.8 50.0 60.7 73.2 14

C5H12 Neopentane

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.4 3.6 5.2 7.3 10.2 13.9 18.7 24.8 32.4 41.6 51.4 63.0 76.6 92.3 111 131 155 182 12,16

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) REFERENCES 1. B. A. Younglove, Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supp. 1, 1982. 2. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. W. Wagner, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. R. T. Jacobsen, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 5. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Chlorine, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. 7. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Propylene, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, Thermophysical properties of argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 9. R. D. Goodwin, Carbon monoxide thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 10. R. D. Goodwin, Methanol thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 799, 1987. 11. L. Haar, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 635, 1978. 12. DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987. 13. V. A. Rabinovich, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. 14. K. N. Marsh, Recommended Reference Methods for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 15. TRC Thermodynamic Tables: Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1985. 16. R. M. Stevenson and S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 17. S. Angus and K. M. de Reuck, International Tables of the Fluid State: Helium-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. 18. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973.

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VAPOR PRESSURE OF SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS This table gives the vapor pressure of water above saturated solutions of some common salts at ambient temperatures. Data on pure water are given on the last line for comparison. The references provide additional information on water activity, osmotic coefficient, and enthalpy of vaporization.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.

Vapor Pressure in kPa Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4 Water

10°C

15°C

20°C

25°C

30°C

35°C

40°C

Ref.

0.971 0.701 1.113 0.978 0.953 1.100 0.541 0.128 0.726 0.697 0.971 0.853 0.901 0.722 0.921 0.703 0.884 0.862 0.945 1.228

1.443 1.015 1.574 1.516 1.338 1.564 0.802 0.193 0.999 1.064 1.328 1.152 1.319 1.004 1.285 0.994 1.244 1.215 1.401 1.706

2.073 1.381 2.189 2.208 1.853 2.177 1.134 0.279 1.339 1.515 1.836 1.524 1.871 1.376 1.768 1.381 1.719 1.684 1.986 2.339

2.887 1.772 2.996 3.035 2.533 2.970 1.536 0.384 1.749 2.020 2.481 1.972 2.573 1.858 2.401 1.888 2.335 2.298 2.698 3.169

3.903 2.154 4.037 3.950 3.419 3.979 1.997

5.133 2.487 5.363 4.884 4.563 5.236 2.499

6.576

2.231 2.535

2.782 3.002

3.397

3.439 2.475 3.218 2.540 3.121 3.088 3.523 4.246

4.474 3.255 4.262 3.368 4.109 4.089 4.431 5.627

1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

6-105

6.778 3.016

4.229 5.581 4.403 5.333 5.343 5.382 7.381

IUPAC RECOMMENDED DATA FOR VAPOR PRESSURE CALIBRATION These precise vapor pressure values are recommended as secondary standards. Values are given in kPa (1 kPa = 0.0098692 atm = 7.5006 Torr). Reprinted by permission of IUPAC. REFERENCE Marsh, K.N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1987).

T/K 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600

CO2(s) 27.62 68.44 155.11 327.17

H2O(s)

0.0002 0.0007 0.0026 0.0089 0.0273 0.0760 0.1958 0.4701

C10H8(s)

0.0001 0.0005 0.0017 0.0049 0.0134 0.0341 0.0814 0.1829 0.3899 0.7920

n-C5H12

7.60 12.98 21.15 33.11 50.01 73.17 104.07 144.3 195.7 260.1 339.4 435.9 551.5 688.8 850.2 1038 1256 1507 1793 2120 2490 2910

C6H6

5.148 8.606 13.816 21.389 32.054 46.656 66.152 91.609 124.192 165.2 215.9 277.7 353.2 441.0 545.5 667.6 808.8 971.1 1156 1366 1602 1868 2164 2494 2861 3267 3717 4216 4770

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C6F6

4.322 7.463 12.328 19.576 30.009 44.578 64.380 90.664 124.816 168.4 223.0 290.4 372.6 471.5 589.3 728.3 890.9 1080 1297 1547 1833 2159 2530 2954

H2O

0.485 0.991 1.919 3.535 6.228 10.540 17.202 27.167 41.647 62.139 90.453 128.74 179.48 245.54 330.15 436.89 569.73 732.99 931.36 1169.9 1453.9 1789.0 2181.4 2637.3 3163.3 3766.4 4453.9 5233.5 6113.4 7102.0 8208.6 9443.0 10816 12339

Hg

0.138 0.215 0.329 0.493 0.724 1.045 1.485 2.078 2.866 3.899 5.239 6.955 9.131 11.861 15.256 19.438 25.547 30.74 38.19 47.09 57.64

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆vapH, which is defined as the enthalpy change in the conversion of one mole of liquid to gas at constant temperature, is tabulated here for approximately 850 inorganic and organic compounds. Values are given, when available, both at the normal boiling point tb, referred to a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg), and at 25°C. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). The values in this table were measured either by calorimetric techniques or by application of the Claperyon equation to the variation of vapor pressure with temperature. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the accuracy of different experimental techniques and for methods of estimating enthalpy of vaporization at other temperatures.

REFERENCES 1. Majer, V. and Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Ruzicka, K. and Majer, V., “Simultaneous Treatment of Vapor Pressures and Related Thermal Data Between the Triple and Normal Boiling Temperatures for n-Alkanes C5 - C20”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 6. Verevkin, S. P., “Thermochemistry of Amines: Experimental Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Some Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines”, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 29, 891, 1997. 7. Cady, G. H. and Hargreaves, G. B., “The Vapor Pressure of Some Heavy Transition Metal Hexafluorides”, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1578. 8. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Knipmeyer, S. E., and Nguyen, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 1255, 1996.

Mol. Form. AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlBr3 AlI3 Ar AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 AsH3 AsI3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2F4 B2H6 B4H10 B5H11 Ba BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrF BrF3

Name Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum tribromide Aluminum triiodide Argon Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsine Arsenic(III) iodide Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(11) Barium Beryllium chloride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride

6-107

tb/°C

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

1502 1547 1506 2519 44.5 255 382 -185.85 221 130 57.8 -52.8 -62.5 424 2856 4000 91 12.65 -101 210 -34 -92.4 18 63 1897 482 487 1564 453 447 20 125.8

198 199 143.9 294 30 23.5 32.2 6.43 41.8 35.01 29.7 20.8 16.69 59.3 324 480 30.5 23.77 19.33 40.5 28 14.28 27.1 31.8 140 105 70.5 151 75.4 72.61 25.1 47.57

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol

23.1

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)

Mol. Form. BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrIn BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Pb Br2Sn Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br5Ta Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 ClF ClFO3 ClF2P ClF3 ClF3Si ClH ClH3Si ClNO ClNO2 ClO2 ClTl Cl2 Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl3Ti

tb/°C

Name Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Indium(I) bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Cadmium bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Hydrogen chloride Chlorosilane Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Chlorine dioxide Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Titanium(III) chloride

40.76 -66.38 1.9 656 819 58.8 844 66 322 892 639 697 279 109 191.7 172.95 280 186.35 154 205 230 349 767 960 1748 742 -101.1 -46.75 -47.25 11.75 -70.0 -85 -30.4 -5.5 -15 11 720 -34.04 1300 117 14 -32 8.3 304 2.2 75.6 69.4 951 623 1500 732 201 33 105.5 127 75.95 220.3 960

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∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol

30.6 12.69 24.4 92 99.56 29.96 115 31 58.89 133 102 118 38.9 34.8 38 38.8 59 41.4 37.9 43.5 44.37 62.3 99.87 124.3 214 115 24 19.33 17.6 27.53 18.7 16.15 21 25.78 25.7 30 102.2 20.41 197 35.1 24.9 21.2 25 58.9 25.9 31.7 31.4 127 86.8 232 126 23.9 34.35 36.78 30.5 45.19 124

30.91

9.08

17.65

24.2

31 30.1

25.7 38.6 32.1

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. Cl4Ge Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W FH3Si FLi FNO FNO2 FNS F2 F2H2Si F2O F2OS F2O2 F2Pb F2Zn F3HSi F3N F3O2Re F3P F3PS F4MoO F4N2 F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Th F5I F5Mo F5Nb F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6W Ga GaI3 Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 HI HLiO

Name Germanium(IV) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Fluorosilane Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine Difluorosilane Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Lead(II) fluoride Zinc fluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydroxide

tb/°C

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

86.55 227.55 57.65 114.15 387 921 136.45 148 268 254.0 239.35 346.75 -98.6 1673 -59.9 -72.4 4.8 -188.12 -77.8 -144.75 -43.8 -57 1293 1500 -95 -128.75 185.4 -101.5 -52.25 186.0 -74 171.7 185.9 -40.45 106 1680 100.5 213.6 229 225.9 -84.6 221.3 229.2 48.3 53.6 34.0 47.5 33.8

27.9 67.8 28.7 34.9 77 146.4 36.2 41.4 62.8 52.7 54.8 52.7 18.8 147 19.28 18.05 22.2 6.62 16.3 11.09 21.8 19.1 160.4 190.1 16.2 11.56 65.7 16.5 19.6 50.6 13.27 61.0 59.5 26.44 47.2 258 41.3 51.8 52.3 65.6 17.2 58.1 56.9 44.52 30.9 29.0 28.1 28.7

17.1 2204 340 2833 -88.1 30.8 110.5 -35.55 1626

26.5 254 56.5 334 14.06 25.1 32.2 19.76 188

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol

29.7

42.5

8.99

6-109

17.36

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form.

HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Te H3N H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hg HgI2 IIn ITl I2 I2Pb I2Sn I3P I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti Kr MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3S P Pb S STl2 Se Te Xe CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CH2BrCl

tb/°C

Name

Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Indium(I) iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Krypton Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Lead Sulfur Thallium(I) sulfide Selenium Tellurium Xenon Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane

83 35.7 1388 -252.87 100.0 150.2 -59.55 70.7 -41.25 -2 -33.33 -87.75 -17 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -51.8 -14.3 52.9 -268.93 356.73 354 712 824 184.4 872 714 227 401 287.35 364.35 377 -153.22 1155 -151.74 -195.79 -88.48 21.15 -246.08 -182.95 -10.05 45 280.5 1749 444.60 1367 685 988 -108.11 -81.4 -29.8 23.7 76.8 149.1 -40.7 8.9 61.17 68.0

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∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol

39.1 30.5 175 0.90 40.65 18.67 19.7 19.2 23.33 14.6 21.3 41.8 28.8 12.1 19.05 21.2 28.5 0.08 59.11 59.2 90.8 104.7 41.57 104 105 43.9 68.6 50.2 56.9 58.4 9.08 138 13.83 5.57 16.53 38.12 1.71 6.82 24.94 40.69 12.4 179.5 45 154 95.48 114.1 12.57 15.8 20.1 25.1 29.82 39.66 20.2 25.2 29.24 30.0

43.98 51.6 14.08 33.78

19.86

44.7

22.92 43.14 14.2

32.43 46.05

31.28

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH5N CH6N2 CN4O8 CO CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O

tb/°C

Name Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexafluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether

97 40 182 101 3.5 -24.09 42.55 220 101.19 -161.48 64.6 -6.32 87.5 126.1 -191.5 46 93 47.35 -37.95 3.8 46.1 47.7 121.3 -78.1 50.2 87.21 159.8 73 243.5 31.6 60.1 48.7 146.5 15.8 -13.3 32.0 74.09 113.8 -47.25 81.65 -103.77 131.6 57.4 83.5 -24.95 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 38.5 12.3 128.6 72.5 199.51 114.0 -88.6 78.29 -24.8

6-111

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.92 28.06 42.5 22.69 23.91 21.40 27.34 33.99 8.19 35.21 25.60 36.12 40.74 6.04 26.74 31.17 27.03 19.41 23.3 26.85 27.04 34.68 16.15 28.08 31.40 36.9 33.3 48.7 26.14 30.2 28.9 37.64 23.4 20.8 26.06 29.86 34.82 18.99 29.75 13.53 34.77 28.85 31.98 21.56 25.76 25.54 23.70 27.92 27.04 24.65 41.4 29.44 38.0 14.69 38.56 21.51

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 36.97 28.82 20.10 22.81 18.92 27.97 60.15 38.27 37.43 23.37 40.37 49.93 27.51 35.04 28.39

28.08 28.40 39.68 29.61 34.54

26.48

45.71

26.48 32.50 40.24 32.94 41.73 30.62 35.16 19.08 25.47 24.75 23.36 28.35 28.03

31.93 56.19 5.16 42.32 18.51

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3Cl2F6 C3H3Cl3O2 C3H3N C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9N

tb/°C

Name Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane Methyl trichloroacetate Acrylonitrile Methyl dichloroacetate Acrolein 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Propylamine

189 197.3 35.1 37.33 146.1 109.8 6.88 171 117 63.9 -21.1 34.1 153.8 77.3 142.9 52.6 162 70.1 45.1 129.5 157 97.14 -47.69 -32.81 141.9 167.3 120.9 97.0 48 56.05 35 47.6 141.15 54.4 56.87 95 71.1 59.5 46.5 35.7 102.6 89.5 198 153 131.1 120.2 -42.1 97.2 82.3 187.6 214.4 124.1 290 67.8 52.6 66.7 172.9 47.22

6-112

TeamLRN

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 43.1 50.5 26.79 27.0 37.93 33.78 26.40 49.83 37.98 32.55 23.33 26.28 32.6 39.28 28.3 30.24 29.0 39.23 37.1 31.81 18.42 20.05 35.61 35.18 40.0 28.31 29.10 27.35 28.67 29.91 30.32 32.32 29.84 28.33 27.18 26.30 32.08 30.68

38.5 36.8 19.04 41.44 39.85 52.4 57.9 37.54 61.0 29.54 27.91 29.53 29.55

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol

27.30 27.65 44.68 37.86 25.05 44.98 35.0 19.75 26.93 48.33 47.72 47.03 32.73 46.73 36.03 14.24 16.93 41.67 47.45 40.75 29.62 30.99 27.89 29.85 32.14 31.96 32.29 35.97 32.01 30.17 28.35 26.90 36.25 34.06 58.44 46.89

14.79 47.45 45.39

45.17 31.89 29.45 31.85 49.66 31.27

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)

Mol. Form. C3H9N C3H9N C3H10N2 C4F8 C4F10 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

tb/°C

Name Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,3-Propanediamine Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene Ethyl trichloroacetate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Methyl cyanoacetate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

31.76 2.87 139.8 -5.9 -1.9 266 123.8 208 31.5 126.1 84.0 167.5 90.3 129.79 135.1 200.5 133.3 10.9 -4.41 8.08 155 72.5 80.7 204 139.5 112.1 122.4 144.3 117.6 103.9 -6.26 3.71 0.88 12.6 197 124.1 161 178.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 79.59 65 163.75 154.45 80.9 77.11 79.8 106.1 101.5 121.0 101.6 91.3 91.1 73.3 78.6 68.2 68.5

6-113

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.83 22.94 40.85 23.2 22.9 48.5 43.09 27.10 36.80 31.48 31.8 38.75 35.55 48.2 37.58 24.02 22.47 24.52 34.6 33.1 52.2 38.2 33.24 34.83 40.43 33.68 32.39 22.07 23.34 22.72 24.19 33.90 45.2 26.2 30.3 31.5 31.30 29.81

33.61 31.94 32.24 34.37 34.16 34.66 32.51 30.77 31.33 29.23 30.39 29.17 29.22

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.36 21.66 50.16

49.79 53.47 27.45 42.89 34.70 50.97 45.09 41.94 43.85 23.21 20.86 23.35 50.60

37.74 39.95 49.47 39.33 37.13 20.22 22.16 21.40 23.51 53.09 39.58 46.36

34.79 31.99 40.45 35.30 37.53 35.60 35.85 39.09 38.60 39.43 36.64 34.41 34.82 31.81 33.51 31.53 31.67

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N

tb/°C

Name 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Isopropylmethylamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile

50.9 130.6 120.1 121.1 100.1 86.56 205 165 128 -0.5 -11.73 117.73 99.51 107.89 82.4 34.5 39.1 30.77 190.5 207.5 135 85 245.8 98.5 85 88.5 64.3 92.1 95.6 84.8 195.5 154.1 77.00 62.73 44.04 67.75 55.5 50.4 165.5 268.8 54.15 161.7 115.23 171 112.6 115.5 142.6 149.6 39 111.3 130.57 114.9 103.5 99.4 100.5 138 141.3 127.5

6-114

TeamLRN

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.55 34.66 33.27 33.54 31.43 33.01

37.1 22.44 21.30 43.29 40.75 41.82 39.07 26.52 26.75 26.05 52.84 54.31 39.22 32.42 52.3 32.23 30.59 31.01 28.45 31.77 32.08 30.71 37.58 31.81 29.92 28.27 30.61 29.06 28.71 50.6 65.2 27.05 43.2 35.09 53.6 33.90 34.24 37.09 36.88 26.76 34.07 36.35 35.25 36.3 34.7 36.0 34.30 36.09 35.10

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.98 40.63 38.46 38.83 35.41 37.52 64.89 50.24 21.02 19.23 52.35 49.72 50.82 46.69 27.10 27.60 26.41 71.55 74.46 48.21 36.39 36.63 33.99 34.63 30.78 35.80 36.24 34.15 55.10 45.18 35.72 32.85 29.64 33.85 31.31 30.69

30.58 40.21 38.87 39.43 44.77 44.34 27.49 39.41 42.72 41.27

41.77 43.60 41.64

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11I C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S

tb/°C

Name 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Isobutyl methyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl isopropyl ether 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol

106.1 29.96 36.93 36.34 31.2 20.1 38.56 49.3 148.3 179 140.42 102.26 101.96 94.33 80.6 88 186.1 177 106.1 98.2 101.54 88.6 99.1 102.8 92.5 178 126 143 141.8 132.1 129.8 107.8 97.0 98.9 155 106.22 36.06 27.88 9.48 137.98 119.3 116.25 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 70.16 59.1 55.2 58.6 63.21 54.1 102.1 239 149.8 88 193 126.6

6-115

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.40 25.20

25.50 26.31 27.30 36.45

33.44 33.45 32.35 30.85 31.17 44.1 36.58 33.6 33.92 32.93 33.88 33.79 32.61 45.2

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 37.35 25.47 26.86 26.76 25.92 23.77 27.06 28.52 43.89 50.71 57.05 38.40 38.52 36.78 33.94 34.58 46.91 41.11 39.72 37.20 39.21 39.28 37.32 43.60

43.9 35.96 35.32 35.01 33.15 31.79 32.02

25.79 24.69 22.74 44.36 41.40

44.07 39.04 29.55 28.09 27.94 28.02 28.94 28.21 34.33 60.7 41.40 31.33 46.6 34.88

42.58 41.42 41.28 38.24 36.03 36.24 45.27 39.29 26.43 24.85 21.84 57.02 54.21 54.0 55.16 55.61 50.10 53.0 32.37 30.23 29.82 30.13 31.43 30.08 39.83 52.12 35.65 41.24

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6ClF5 C6F6 C6HF5 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12

tb/°C

Name 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Ethylisopropylamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Triacetamide Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene

119.1 99.1 123.5 99 118.6 107.5 104.3 69.6 117.96 80.26 85.74 180 173 174 94 82.6 89 156.06 131.72 84.73 188.4 210.8 80.09 208.8 181.87 169.1 184.17 129.38 144.14 145.36

82.98 155.43 130 135.5 170 185.7 190 163.65 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 41.2 73.3

6-116

TeamLRN

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.79 31.37 34.47 31.47 34.24 32.74 34.01 29.94 34.76 31.66 32.15 39.66 38.62 38.79 32.21 31.10 31.77 35.19 31.19 39.5 30.72 44.4 45.69 39.93 42.44 36.17 37.35 37.51

30.46 36.1 37.13 41.7 42.0

29.64

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.45 35.67 40.46 35.84 39.97 37.78 40.08 33.13 41.07 35.71 36.27 50.21 48.58 49.0 36.18 34.59 35.54 44.54 40.97 34.58 55.01 33.83 57.82 47.56 55.83 42.48 44.44 44.56 44.98 43.43 60.41 33.47 45.06 44.72

61.44 47.91 30.61 32.19 31.60 31.23 31.55 30.48 28.62 28.71 31.60 32.09 31.35 29.48 29.97 31.13 29.18 26.61 32.51

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N

tb/°C

Name Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorohexane Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine

80.73 71.8 70.8 173 94 127.6 123.5 117.5 116.5 113.5 106.1 160.84 126.1 95.1 116.5 122.5 121.5 110.1 127.4 101.1 156.4 158.9 155.3 135 181 134 68.73 60.26 63.27 49.73 57.93 114 157.6 140 149 151.9 121.1 131.6 147 90.08 68.51 92.3 99 197.1 168.4 102.25 119.4 140.6 196 162 285 142.9 120.1 132.1 144.3 145.1 132.8 107.5

6-117

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 29.97 29.08 28.67 31.58 36.35 35.36 34.16 34.49 33.84 33.39 36.28 33.07 35.9 35.54 35.47 33.67 35.36 33.42 40.76 37.06 35.67 36.14 28.85 27.79 28.06 26.31 27.38 44.50 41.01 50.2 44.46 39.59 44.2 43.2 31.31 29.10 31.63 32.02 57.3 36.28 36.28 36.17 47.5 36.17 71.4 36.60 33.80 35.11 37.01 37.41 36.54 33.97

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 33.01 31.64 31.24 48.16 36.17 43.14 42.47 40.53 40.61 39.79 37.91 62.01 43.86 38.03 43.45 42.68 39.83 43.10 38.76 52.61 44.57 45.89 42.83 49.75 43.67 31.56 29.89 30.28 27.68 29.12 39.88 61.61 58.46 60.47 54.77

35.69 32.12 36.32 36.85 56.59 43.20 43.20 44.69 44.69 44.21 39.60 41.78 44.51 45.24 45.10 40.15

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6MoO6 C7H3F5 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H11N C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O

tb/°C

Name Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Isopropylpropylamine Triethylamine Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene o-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone Cyclohexanecarbonitrile 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

109.3 83.9 96.9 89 701 117.5 102.1 191.1 179.0 197 159.0 162.4 115 116.6 110.63 191.04 202.27 201.98 205.31 153.7 185 200.3 203.3 200.4

33.47 30.40 32.14 31.01 72.51 34.75 32.63 45.9 42.5 38.2 37.5 38.7 35.4 34.08 33.18 45.19 47.40 47.45 50.48 38.97

161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84 161

39.08 38.53 38.68 37.46 39.99 39.46

93.1 200 93.64 98.4 98 95.8 95.7 95.4 93.5 81.6 72.5 83.4 80.4 76.7 89 77.9 100.93 103.5 90.8 151.05 125.6 125.4 155 165 167.5

31.07 54.8

6-118

TeamLRN

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 40.04 34.61 37.23 34.84 41.12 37.60

39.42 38.01 61.71

46.90 60.16

44.6 44.9 44.3

31.27 31.96 30.40 36.09 34.64 79.0 48.5 53.0

53.55 47.82 47.49 47.04 45.34 50.50 49.33 53.70 51.92 34.77 35.49 36.26 36.27 35.81 35.84 36.31 35.70 33.03 31.13 34.19 32.56 32.81 34.35 32.09 35.36 36.40 34.20 47.24 42.34 41.51

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8F18 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O3 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

tb/°C

Name Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Hexyl methyl ether 1-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Butyl propyl ether Ethyl pentyl ether Heptylamine Perfluorooctane Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne Butanoic anhydride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane

149.2 142.5 146.1 135.0 118.4 149.5 179 159 98.5 90.04 92 93.5 79.2 89.78 80.49 86.06 80.86 126.1 176.45 157 118.1 117.6 156 105.9 145 202 199 222.9 136.19 144.5 139.12 138.37 210.98 211.1 201.07 227 221.74 169.81 203.0 194.15 214 214 171.6 170.6 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 200 205.25 121.29 105.5 100.8 109.5 101.4 104.9 131.9 119.6

6-119

∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 38.42 37.5 36.96 37.0 34.51 38.55

31.77 30.62 30.9 31.12 29.23 30.46 29.55 29.62 28.90 34.93 42.5 33.72 34.41 33.38 38.7 43.98 46.7 35.57 36.24 35.66 35.67

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.56 47.01 41.25 48.04 50.60 47.66 36.57 34.87 35.22 32.42 34.26 32.88 33.03 32.05 42.07 66.81 40.22 41.01 49.96 41.13 55.40 55.57 42.24 43.43 42.65 42.40 64.96

46.9

39.95 39.87 35.83 37.26 36.94 36.0 50.0 34.07

34.04 32.51

75.31 85.03 82.01 51.04 58.3 52.83 61.3 61.7 50.61 50.33 42.30 44.49 43.92 42.73 56.80 40.34 36.86 37.03 37.27 35.59 37.23 40.56 37.92

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12

tb/°C

Name cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

129.8 123.5 120.1 124.5 124.4 119.4 131 126.5 121.6 135.1 239 228 148.6 167 174 200 181.5 142.4 125.67 117.66 118.9 117.72 118.6 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73 115.66 118.27 110 99.22 114.8 113.5 106.45 195.16 180 184.6 140.28 121.1 107.23 188 185 149.1 171 159.6 169.2 237.16 243.22 173.6 177.97 213 159.24 152.41 176.12

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∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.47 32.96 32.91 33.39 33.28 32.56 34.70 33.56 33.20 35.64 58.5

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.70 38.36 38.26 39.16 39.02 37.90 41.08 39.44 38.85 43.30 75.60

38.2

40.43 34.41 33.26 33.66 33.35 33.59 32.07 33.17 32.51 32.54 32.31 33.24 32.93 32.78 31.94 30.79 32.12 32.36

44.4 54.2 36.49 34.06 32.15

33.26 38.44 40.0 49.7 49.0 39.63 49.4

51.72 51.62 55.77 52.42 49.65 41.49 39.67 39.83 39.69 39.64 37.28 38.78 37.76 37.85 37.53 38.97 38.52 37.99 36.91 35.14 37.27 37.75 42.90 49.31 70.98

44.97 40.84 37.61 50.62 58.40 52.96 43.76 48.71 49.45 59.30 60.26 50.22 48.79 46.22 45.13 49.05

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C9H12 C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H21N C11H22 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C12F27N C12H10O C12H16 C12H22 C12H23N C12H24

tb/°C

Name 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Triacetin Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Methyl octanoate Nonane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (+)-Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanenitrile 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 1-Decanethiol 1-Methylnaphthalene Undecanenitrile Pentylcyclohexane Undecane 2-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Diphenyl ether Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene

169.38 164.74 259 156.6 156.7 154.8 195.3 188.45 169.4 192.9 150.82 124.09 131.4 146.3 122.29 213.37 281 259 217.9 246.5 262 258.6 247.5 207.6 183.31 173.3 169.1 172.79 177.1 207.4 195.8 187.3 243 170.5 180.9 199 190.4 174.15 167.1 167.9 165.1 156 231.1 172.5 240.6 244.7 253 203.7 195.9 189.3 187 168.1 178 258.0 240.1 238 277 213.8

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∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

36.16

37.18 33.65 34.43 34.61 32.51

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 47.93 47.50 85.74 45.89 45.08 44.02 56.44 53.30 50.92 56.41 46.55 40.16 41.41 42.0 38.49 76.86

39.3 52.1 43.2 66.1 67.6 67.7 65.7 43.9 38.87

51.36 47.98 47.71 47.86

38.2 59.5 41.0 40.2 66.84 50.43 49.36 43.5 45.9 39.58 38.23 38.26 38.14 36.47

51.42 49.63 49.71 49.34 47.13 81.50

35.1 65.48 45.5

41.91 40.25 40.70 38.22 46.4 48.2

71.14 53.88 56.58 54.28 53.76 49.91

59.94 57.98 76.12 60.78

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C12H26 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C13H13N C13H26O2 C13H28 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H27N C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H34O2 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42

tb/°C

Name 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl borate Tributylamine N-Benzylaniline Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecane Heptadecane Oleic acid Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane

177.8 216.32 259 234 216.5 306.5 267 235.47 340 323.5 253.58 289 270.6 340 284.9 286.86 302.0 360 316.3 329.9 343

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∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol

44.09

∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.97 61.52 91.96

56.1 46.9

46.20

79.6 77.17 66.68 75.50

53.6 48.16 50.08 79.2 51.84 53.58 67.4 55.23 56.93 58.49

85.29 71.73 102.20 76.77 80.25 81.35 86.47 91.44 96.4 101.81

ENTHALPY OF FUSION This table lists the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion, ∆ fusH, of over 800 inorganic and organic compounds. All values refer to the enthalpy change at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the transition temperature. Most values of ∆ fusH are given at the normal melting point tm. However, a “t” following the entry in the melting point column indicate a triple-point temperature, where the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in equilibrium. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order, with substances containing carbon (except graphite) following those that do not contain carbon. All temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. A * following an entry indicates that the value includes the enthalpy of transition between crystalline phases whose transformation occurs within 1˚C of the melting point.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition; Vol. 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1991; Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/8A, Enthalpies of Fusion and Transition of Organic Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions for Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. 2, Part 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage. II. Molten Salts, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 61, Part 2, 1979. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Molecular formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2S Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 Au B BCl3 BF3 BHO2 BH3O3 BN

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Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfide Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum fluoride Aluminum iodide Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gold Boron Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Metaboric acid (γ form) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron nitride

961.78 432 455 558 212 825 660.32 97.5 192.6 2250 t 188.28 2053 1100 1176 -189.36 t 817 t 31.1 -16 -5.9 1064.18 2075 -107 -126.8 236 170.9 2966

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

11.28 9.12 13.2 9.41 11.5 14.1 10.789 11.25 35.4 98 15.9 111.4 55 14.39 1.18 24.44 11.7 10.1 10.4 12.72 50.2 2.10 4.20 14.3 22.3 81

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula BNaO2 B2 O 3 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S Bi BiCl3 BrF5 BrH BrIn BrK BrLi BrNa BrNaO3 BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Fe Br2Hg Br2Mg Br2Pb Br2Sr Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3In Br3Pu Br3U Br4Sn Br4Th Br4Ti Br4U Br5Ta C Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 CaO CaO4S CaS Cd

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Name Sodium metaborate Boron oxide Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Iron(II) bromide Mercury(II) bromide Magnesium bromide Lead(II) bromide Strontium bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Indium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) bromide Uranium(III) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Thorium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Carbon (graphite) Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Cadmium

966 450 727 857 962 1368 1200 408 711 1972 1580 2229 1287 508 415 552 470 2577 1127 271.40 230 -60.5 -86.80 290 734 552 747 381 682 460 -7.2 742 568 691 236 711 371 657 394 121.5 420 681 727 29.1 679 39 519 265 4489 t 842 775 1418 1000 783 2898 1460 2524 321.07

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

36.2 24.56 7.12 32.2 15.85 17.8 25 16 26.5 46 40 63 7.895 18 8.66 4.77 18 86 6 11.145 10.9 5.67 2.41 15 25.5 17.6 26.11 28.11 15.5 16.4 10.57 29.1 20.9 50.2 17.9 39.3 16.44 10.1 16.7 12.1 26 55.2 43.9 12.2 66.9 12.9 55.2 45.6 117 8.54 28.05 30 6.7 41.8 80 28 70 6.21

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 ClCs ClCu ClH ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClLiO4 ClNa ClNaO3 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3In Cl3La Cl3OP Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W Co CoF2 Cr Cr2O3 Cs CsF CsHO Cs2O4S Cu CuF2

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Name Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Hydrogen chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Indium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Chromium Chromium(III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydroxide Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(II) fluoride

564 1110 387 798 817 645 430 -114.17 27.39 211 771 610 236 800.7 248 715 430 -101.5 740 814 630 677 276 714 650 1009 501 247.1 874 304 77.9 583 859 1.18 -112 73.4 211 -68.74 -34.07 770 -24.12 590 -25.7 437 t 194 204.7 216 275 1495 1127 1907 2329 28.5 703 342.3 1005 1084.62 836

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

48.58 22.6 15.3 5.46 54.4 15.9 10.2 2.00 11.6 21.3 26.53 19.9 29 28.16 22.1 18.4 15.56 6.40 45 32.2 20.4 43.01 19.41 43.1 30.7 71.2 21.75 14.52 17.5 43.1 11.13 27 43.1 13.1 7.10 12.7 45 7.60 9.20 40.2 9.97 45 2.30 50 19 38.3 41.6 6.60 16.06 59 21.0 130 2.09 21.7 7.78 35.7 12.93 55

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CuO Dy Er Eu FH FK FLi FNa FRb FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2Mg F2Pb F2Sr F3In F3Pu F4Pu F4Th F4U F4Zr F5Nb F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Pu F6S F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeO FeS Fe3O4 Ga GaI3 GaSb Ga2O3 Gd Ge HI HKO HLi HLiO HNO3 HNaO HORb H2 H2Mg H2 O H2 O2 H2O2Sr H2O4S H2 S H2Sr H3 N

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Name Copper(II) oxide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Strontium fluoride Indium(III) fluoride Plutonium(III) fluoride Plutonium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Plutonium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfide Iron(II,III) oxide Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gallium antimonide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Hydrogen Magnesium hydride Water Hydrogen peroxide Strontium hydroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide Strontium hydride Ammonia

1446 1412 1529 822 -83.35 858 848.2 996 833 326 -219.66 1100 238.9 1263 830 1477 1170 1396 1027 1110 1036 932 t 80 19.5 44 17.5 52 -50.7 t 64.0 t 2.3 1538 587 1377 1188 1597 29.76 212 712 1806 1313 938.25 -50.76 406 688.7 471.1 -41.6 323 382 -259.34 327 0.00 -0.43 535 10.31 -85.5 1050 -77.73

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

11.8 11.06 19.9 9.21 4.58 27.2 27.09 33.35 17.3 13.87 0.51 52 6.62 58.5 14.7 28.5 64 59.8 65.3 44.0 42.7 64.2 12.2 49.96 8.40 4.33 17.6 5.02 19.1 4.10 13.81 45 24 31.5 138 5.576 12.9 25.1 100 10.0 36.94 2.87 7.9 22.59 20.88 10.5 6.60 8.0 0.12 14 6.01 12.50 23 10.71 2.38 23 5.66

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P H4IN H4 N2 H4N2O3 Hf Hg HgI2 Hg2I2 Ho IIn IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Pb I2Sr I3In I4Si I4Th I4Ti I4U In InSb In2O3 Ir K KNO3 K2O4S K2 S Kr La Li LiNO3 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Lu Mg MgO MgO4S MgS Mg2O4Si Mn MnO Mo MoO3 NNaO3 NO NO3Rb NO3Tl N2 N2 O N2 O4

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Name Hypophosphorous acid Phosphorous acid Phosphoric acid Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrate Hafnium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(I) iodide Holmium Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Magnesium iodide Lead(II) iodide Strontium iodide Indium(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Thorium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) iodide Indium Indium antimonide Indium(III) oxide Iridium Potassium Potassium nitrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium nitrate Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) oxide Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Rubidium nitrate Thallium(I) nitrate Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide

26.5 74.4 42.4 551 1.4 169.7 2233 -38.83 259 290 1474 364.4 681 469 660 642 441.7 113.7 634 410 538 207 120.5 570 150 506 156.60 525 1912 2446 63.5 337 1069 948 -157.38 t 918 180.50 253 1201 859 1663 650 2825 1127 2226 1897 1246 1839 2623 801 307 -163.6 305 206 -210.0 -90.8 -9.3

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

9.7 12.8 13.4 21 12.6 6.40 27.2 2.29 18.9 27 17.0 17.26 24 14.6 23.6 12.5 14.73 15.52 26 23.4 19.7 18.48 19.7 61.4 19.8 70.7 3.281 25.5 105 41.12 2.33 10.1 36.4 16.15 1.64 6.20 3.00 24.9 28 7.50 22 8.48 77 14.6 63 71 12.91 54.4 37.48 48 15 2.30 5.60 9.6 0.71 6.54 14.65

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Na Na2O Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Ne Ni NiS Np OSr OTl2 OV OZn O2 O2Si O2Zr O3 S O3Tl2 O3 W O3 Y2 O4Os O4SSr O4STl2 O5P2 O5Ta2 O5 V2 O7Re2 Os P Pa Pb PbS Pd Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Ru S SSr STl2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc

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Name Sodium Sodium oxide Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfide Neptunium Strontium oxide Thallium(I) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Zirconium(IV) oxide Sulfur trioxide Thallium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Phosphorus(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur (monoclinic) Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Antimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Silicon Samarium Tin (white) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium

97.80 1132 1089 884 1172 2477 1936 1901 1512 1021 -248.61 t 1455 976 644 2531 579 1789 1974 -218.79 1722 2709 16.8 834 1472 2438 41 1606 632 562 1784 670 297 3033 44.15 1572 327.46 1113 1554.9 931 1768.4 640 39.3 3186 1964 2334 115.21 2226 448 630.63 1541 220.5 1414 1074 231.93 777 3017 1356 2157

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fusH/kJ

mol-1

2.60 48 52 23.6 19 30 85 92 104.3 7.14 0.328 17.04 30.1 3.20 81 30.3 63 52.3 0.44 9.6 87 8.60 53 73 105 9.8 36 23 27.2 120 64.5 64.2 57.85 0.66 12.34 4.782 49.4 16.74 6.89 22.17 2.82 2.19 60.43 26.59 38.59 1.72 63 12 19.79 14.1 6.69 50.21 8.62 7.173 7.43 36.57 10.15 33.29

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr CBaO3 CBrCl3 CBr4 CCaO3 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNaO2 CHO2Tl CH2Cl2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3

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Name Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium Barium carbonate Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Sodium formate Thallium(I) formate Dichloromethane Cyanamide Tetrazole Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene

449.51 1750 1668 304 1545 1135 1910 3422 -111.79 t 1522 819 419.53 1855 1555 -5.65 92.3 1330 -127.78 -110.44 -22.62 -183.60 8.69 -157.42 -63.41 -155.2 121.2 -13.29 257.3 101 -97.2 45.56 157.3 8.3 -93.68 -97.7 2.49 -28.38 -83.0 -182.47 133.3 178 -97.53 -123 -93.5 -52.36 898 723 990 858.1 -205.02 -138.8 -56.56 t 1494 272 -112.1 -43.7 -110.32 -158.2

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fusH/kJ

mol-1

17.49 13.81 14.15 4.14 16.84 9.14 21.5 52.31 2.27 11.4 7.66 7.068 21.00 40 2.53 3.76 36 5.74 6.89 2.56 0.704 11.05 4.12 9.5 4.06 16.44 8.41 17.7 10.9 4.60 7.27 18.2 12.68 5.98 6.43 8.44 9.70 8.24 0.94 13.9 14.0 3.215 5.91 6.13 10.42 27.6 41 59 29.7 0.833 4.73 9.02 40 18.4 4.39 6.36 7.04 5.55

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2F6 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3NaO2 C2 H 4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2 H 6 C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2 N 2 C3F6O C3F8 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H3N3 C3 H 4 C3H4N2 C3H4N2

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Name Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethene Chloroethene Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Sodium acetate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane N-Methylurea Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Acrylonitrile Thiazole 1,3,5-Triazine Allene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole

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-99.4 -92.53 -36.22 -22.3 24.8 186.8 t -131.15 -100.05 -84.7 59.2 -28.78 -122.56 -80.0 -42.4 -139.54 -153.84 63 -30.01 -36.3 -111.3 309 -43.82 328.2 -169.15 9.84 -96.9 -35.7 -123.37 -112.5 16.64 -118.6 -138.4 80.16 -89.5 -182.79 104.9 -114.14 -141.5 17.89 -12.69 108.9 -147.88 -98.24 -84.67 -43.0 -92.18 11.14 -57.20 -8.9 -27.83 -125.45 -147.70 -83.48 -33.62 80.3 -136.6 70.7 89.5

∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

1.86 1.51 2.47 10.88 3.67 9.75 7.72 2.69 8.45 5.90 11.3 6.51 7.2 9.17 5.12 4.92 12.28 2.35 11.46 6.19 7.65 8.16 17.9 3.35 10.89 7.87 8.84 2.31 5.17 11.73 7.47 4.45 15.59 9.85 2.72* 14.0 4.931 4.94 14.37 9.96 18.30 4.98 7.99 9.19 6.83 5.94 22.58 10.07 13.64 8.11 8.38 0.477 6.23 9.57 14.56 4.40 14.0 12.82

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C3H4O2 C3H5N C3H5N3O9 C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7N C3H7NO C3 H 8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4F8 C4F10 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4S C4H5N C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4

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Name Acrylic acid Propanenitrile Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (± ) 2,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Maleic anhydride Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Succinic anhydride Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Divinyl ether cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid γ -Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate

12.5 -92.78 13.5 -185.24 -127.58 -55.49 -34.5 -100.53 -33.9 -94.7 -111.9 -97 -20.5 -98.25 -97.22 60.29 -73.24 -110.3 -89.0 -122.9 -117.18 -35.39 -60.48 -187.63 182.1 106.6 -124.39 -87.9 -27.7 -105.1 18.1 -113.13 -130.5 -105.93 -84.75 -95.13 -117.1 12.4 -40.19 -129.1 52.56 57.98 51.0 -85.61 119 -38.21 -23.39 -136.2 -108.91 -125.7 -32.2 -100.6 15 71.5 -43.61 -74.1 187.9 54.8

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

9.51 5.03 21.87 3.003 5.44 8.94 14.6 6.40 2.30 5.77 6.53 6.5 10.66 7.49 6.57 15.11 8.25 6.44 6.53 5.54 7.39 13.18 7.90 3.50 23.0 13.0 5.37 5.41 7.1 8.33 18.3 5.48 5.74 9.76 10.97 7.33 7 19.7 2.77 7.66 13.60 3.70 12.9 3.80 20.4 5.07 7.91 6.96 7.98 6.03 9.23 7.9 12.6 13.0 9.57 10.5 32.4 21.1

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O C5H6O2 C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O

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Name 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Ethyl acetate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (± ) 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide tert-Butylamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methyl methacrylate 4-Oxopentanoic acid Glutaric acid Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone

-185.34 -138.88 -105.52 -140.7 -90.7 -177.6 -96.86 -86.64 -108.44 -5.1 -83.8 11.85 -96.2 -112.6 -112.65 -25.60 -57.79 -4.8 -138.3 -159.4 -88.6 -88.5 -101.9 25.69 -116.2 20.4 -69.20 -115.7 -103.91 -66.94 -30.2 -99.06 -55.1 -38.1 -41.70 -91.3 -14.6 -140.8 -87.4 -148.2 -145.9 -135.0 -107.0 -47.55 33 97.8 -96.2 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -137.53 -168.43 -133.72 -93.4 -17.5 -76.8 -39 -93.1

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

3.96 7.31 9.76 5.92 1.09 2.8 10.77 8.39 8.54 11.59 10.48 12.84 7.35 9.23 6.89 2.07 8.58 14.5 4.66 4.54 9.37 5.97 6.32 6.70 7.19 18.70 12.6 10.46 10.90 0.882 10.80 6.87 9.30 14.37 8.28 8.55 13.13 5.64 7.14 6.12 4.93 3.36 6.43 14.4 9.22 20.3 9 5.94 7.11 8.35 7.91 5.36 7.60 0.61 1.535 10.63 11.59 9.34

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O4 C5H12S C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6 H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S

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Name Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 1-Bromopentane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentaerythritol 1-Pentanethiol Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrosobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol

-49.1 -33.6 -88.0 -82.7 -11.02 -129.67 -159.77 -16.4 -77.6 -9.1 -115.7 -108.6 258 -75.65 228.83 5.03 -88.2 -47.4 37.5 -46.25 3.88 51.3 16.92 62.8 122.9 32.1 44.4 82 -17.0 -24.8 53.09 -47.1 -69.12 115 -30.72 -45.31 9.4 32.6 42.8 -42.18 -31.3 67 5.7 44.8 96.8 113.6 5.49 -1.9 -10.28 70.5 71.0 113.4 147.5 40.89 172.4 104.6 109.4 -14.93

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

1.8 14.16 14.37 8.31 14.85 8.40 5.15 3.10 10.50 4.46 10.85 7.60 4.8 17.53 25.2 11.59 6.84 10.87 16.41 6.36 15.05 17.9 16.4 18.1 15.4 17.9 19.4 14.1 12.4 12.6 18.19 11.05 8.58 18.5 10.70 9.6 13.0 14.9 14.1 11.31 9.75 31.0 12.12 17.7 20.6 18.8 9.87 11.9 10.15 20.0 16.1 23.6 21.2 11.51 26.8 22.8 20.4 11.48

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O3 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C7F8 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5N C7H5N3O6 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

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Name Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone 2-Oxepanone Adipic acid Chlorocyclohexane 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Cyclohexanol Paraldehyde 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol Perfluorotoluene Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride o-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Benzoic acid o-Hydroxybenzoic acid o-Chlorotoluene Benzamide p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane

-6.02 -66.68 -18.14 3.67 102.1 66.0 141.1 20.6 -103.5 -27.9 -1.0 152.5 -43.81 -139.76 -141.11 -74.19 6.59 -142.42 -56 -55.5 -55.4 25.93 12.6 -83.7 -17.8 -95.35 -153.6 -162.90 -98.8 -128.10 -47.4 -114.8 -85.4 41.5 -65.49 -51.2 -29.78 -0.4 140.2 -13.99 80.5 122.35 159.0 -35.8 127.3 51.63 -94.95 31.03 12.24 34.77 -15.4 -37.13 -14.41 -31.3 43.6 -118.9 -8.46 -126.6

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

10.54 9.72 14.18 12.58 23.1 15.57 23.8 14.05 3.29 1.328 13.83 36.3 2.043 9.35 8.88 6.45 2.68 6.93 13.3 14.9 13.49 1.78 13.5 18.1 17.5 13.08 6.27 5.30 0.58 0.79 15.38 10.8 12.04 22.2 11.54 6.95 13.1 19.2 25.6 9.1 22.9 18.02 14.2 9.6 19.5 16.81 6.64 15.82 10.71 12.71 8.97 12.9 11.66 7.9 18.9 12.41 1.88 6.75

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C8 H 8 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C9H7N C9H7N C9 H 8 C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18

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Name 1-Heptanal Cycloheptanol Heptanoic acid 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol Styrene o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Propylcyclohexane

-43.4 7.2 -7.17 -56.1 -90.55 -118.2 -118.55 -123.7 -119.2 -134.4 -24.6 -33.2 -30.65 103.5 109.9 179.6 76.5 -12.4 -94.96 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 72.5 74.8 45.8 65.1 63.4 -101.7 14.59 -111.3 -33.3 -49.8 -88.15 -75.53 -90.07 -87.39 -36.93 16.5 -55.0 -56.82 -109.02 -120.48 -121.0 -107.3 -14.8 -14.78 26.47 -1.5 -51.38 -99.6 -96.02 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 -25.4 -43.77 -44.72 -94.9

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

23.2 1.60 15.13 21.8 14.03 9.19 9.55 5.82 6.85 6.85 2.26 18.17 10.9 19.5 15.7 22.7 16.3 9.74 9.18 13.6 11.6 17.12 21.0 23.4 18.9 18.1 17.4 15.31 2.41 8.33 2.07 1.64 10.49 10.82 9.87 9.31 12.33 21.35 24.7 20.73 11.92 11.69 10.8 9.20 23.7 10.66 13.54 10.20 8.60 9.27 7.33 9.96 7.6 12.7 8.18 13.19 9.51 10.37

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H11N C12H16 C12H18 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C15H32

tm/˚C

Name Nonanal 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Nonane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Butylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine Cyclohexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil trans-Stilbene α -Phenylbenzeneacetic acid Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane

-19.3 -3.8 12.4 -53.46 -33.1 -9.75 -66.54 6.1 55.9 -2.5 58.0 80.26 95.0 121.5 -87.85 -67.94 79.3 49.5 -42.9 -30.4 130.9 -66.3 -74.73 -4.0 31.4 -29.6 6.9 -30.43 34.6 -25.5 91.8 246.3 93.4 68.93 67.88 34.6 26.87 53.2 7.07 165.5 -35.2 43.8 -9.57 23.9 114.77 47.9 25.4 -5.4 31.7 215.76 99.24 94.87 124.2 147.29 54.2 5.82 38.2 9.95

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

30.5 24.93 19.82 15.47 10.09 2.33 9.74 15.2 14.4 12.9 14.0 19.01 23.1 18.1 11.22 9.66 21 21.3 9.49 14.41 40.8 13.81 14.16 34.5 27.8 28.72 43 6.95 12.13 22.2 6.9 24.1 21.49 18.57 22.52 17.9 17.22 18.5 15.6 20.6 19.9 36.3 36.8 40.2 19.58 18.19 18.6 28.50 41.4 29.4 16.46 23.5 27.7 31.3 45.1 45.07 25.1* 34.6

ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula

Name

tm/˚C

C16H10 C16H10 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C17H36 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H40 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14 C20H42 C20H42O C24H12

Fluoranthene Pyrene Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Heptadecane Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Chrysene Triphenylene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Nonadecane Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene 2,2'-Binaphthalene Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Coronene

110.19 150.62 62.5 18.12 49.2 22.0 160.5 68 255.5 197.8 56.20 213.9 126.5 69.3 28.2 57.9 32.0 277.76 181.1 181.4 187.9 36.6 65.4 437.4

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∆

fusH/kJ

mol-1

18.69 17.36 53.7 53.36 33.6 40.16 21.4 16.3 26.2 24.74 17.19 35.3 24.9 61.2 61.7 45 45.8 31.9 17.3 16.6 38.9 69.9 42 19.2

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY This table gives data on the variation of the density of some common liquids with pressure and temperature. The pressure dependence is described to first order by the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ defined as κ = -(1/V) (∂V/∂P)T where V is the volume, and the temperature dependence by the cubic expansion coefficient α, α = (1/V) (∂V/∂T)P Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. More precise data on the variation of density with temperature over a wide temperature range can be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Le Neindre, B., Effets des Hautes et Très Hautes Pressions, in Techniques de l’Ingénieur, Paris, 1991. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/4, High-pressure Properties of Matter, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980. 4. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 5. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. Molecular formula

Name

Cl3P H2O

Phosphorus trichloride Water

Hg CCl4

Mercury Tetrachloromethane

CHBr3 CHCl3

Tribromomethane Trichloromethane

CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH3I CH4O

Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Iodomethane Methanol

CS2

Carbon disulfide

C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2

Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid

C2H5Br C2H5I C2H6O

Bromoethane Iodoethane Ethanol

C2H6O2 C3H6O

Ethylene glycol Acetone

C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2

1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol

Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1

Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1

20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 50 20 50 27 25 27 20 40 20 40 25 25 25 20 30 20 80 20 20 20 70 20 20 40 0 0 0 0 40 0

20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 25 20 50

1.9 0.206 0.256 0.302 1.811 1.14 1.21 1.33 0.91 1.21 1.33

25 25 20 40 20 35 25 25 25 25 20 20 80 20 25 20 70 20 20 40 25 20 25 0 40 20

1.39 1.26 1.49 1.59 1.12 1.16 1.02 1.17 1.36 0.93 1.14 1.08 1.38 1.31 1.17 1.40 1.67 0.626 1.46 1.57 1.2 1.4 1.09 1.22 1.55 0.695

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

9.45 4.591 4.524 4.475 0.401 10.50 12.20 15.6 8.76 9.96 12.9 6.85 10.3 10.3 12.14 13.83 9.38 10.6 7.56 8.57 11.2 7.97 8.46 9.08 13.7 11.53 9.82 11.19 15.93 3.64 12.62 15.6 10.22 12.09 10.22 8.43 13.32 4.45

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY (continued) Molecular formula

Name

C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H8O2

1,3-Propanediol Glycerol Ethyl acetate

C4H9Br C4H9I C4H10O C4H10O

1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane 1-Butanol Diethyl ether

C4H10O3 C5H10 C5H11Br C5H11I C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5NO2 C6H6

Diethylene glycol Cyclopentane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene

C6H6O C6H7N

Phenol Aniline

C6H12

Cyclohexane

C6H14

Hexane

C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15NO3 C7H8

2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Triethanolamine Toluene

C7H8O C7H14 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H18

Anisole Cycloheptane Heptane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Cyclooctane Octane

C8H18O C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H34

1-Octanol Mesitylene Triacetin Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Butyl phthalate Hexadecane

C19H36O2

Methyl oleate

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 0 0 20 60 25 0 0 20 30 0 20 0 0 25 0 20 20 20 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 0 0 20 25 0 20 50 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 45 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 45 0

4.09 2.54 11.32 16.2 10.26 7.73 8.10 18.65 20.85 3.34 13.31 8.42 7.56 21.80 7.71 6.46 7.45 4.93 9.66 11.28 6.05 4.53 6.32 11.30 15.2 16.69 20.27 13.97 14.57 17.97 8.24 3.61 8.96 11.0 6.60 9.22 14.38 8.10 8.46 8.59 8.03 12.82 15.06 7.64 8.14 4.49 11.75 10.94 10.31 9.88 9.48 9.10 8.82 5.0 8.57 9.78 6.18

Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1 20 20 20 60 20 25 0 20 30 20 20 25

0.61 0.520 1.35 1.54 1.13 1.02 1.12 1.65 1.72 0.635 1.35 1.04

25 0 20 20 25 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 25 25 25 25 55 20 50 20

1.64 1.02 0.86 0.94 0.833 1.14 1.21 0.82 0.81 0.91 1.15 1.29 1.41 1.52 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.03 0.53 1.05 1.13 0.951

25 25 20 25

1.26 0.96 0.99 1.00

25 45 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

1.16 1.23 0.827 0.94 0.94 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87

25

0.86

60

0.85

PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS This table gives physical and thermodynamic properties of eight cryogenic fluids. The properties are: M Tt Pt ρt (1) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb

Molar mass in grams per mole Triple point temperature in kelvins Triple point pressure in kilopascals Liquid density at the triple point in grams per milliliter Enthalpy of fusion at the triple point in joules per gram Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101325 pascals (760 mmHg) Enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point in joules per gram Liquid density at the normal boiling point in grams per milliliter

ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc

Vapor density at the normal boiling point in grams per liter Liquid heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Vapor heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Critical temperature in kelvins Critical pressure in megapascals Critical density in grams per milliliter

In the case of air, the value given for the triple point temperature is the incipient solidification temperature, and the normal boiling point value is the incipient boiling (bubble) point. See Reference 3 for more details.

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1. Younglove, B. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Sytchev, V. V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987. 4. Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 735, 1986. [Nitrogen] 5. Stewart, R. B., Jacobsen, R. T., and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 917, 1991. [Oxygen] 6. McCarty, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. [Helium] Also, Donnelly, R. J., private communication. 7. Stewart, R. B. and Jacobsen, R. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. [Argon] 8. Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1061, 1991. [Methane] 9. Vargaftik, N. B., Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975. Property M Tt Pt ρt (l) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc

Units g/mol K kPa g/mL J/g K J/g g/mL g/L J/g K J/g K K MPa g/mL

Air

N2

O2

H2

He

Ne

Ar

28.96 59.75

28.014 63.15 12.463 0.870 25.3 77.35 198.8 0.807 4.622 2.042 1.341 126.20 3.390 0.313

31.999 54.3584 0.14633 1.306 13.7 90.188 213.1 1.141 4.467 1.699 0.980 154.581 5.043 0.436

2.0159 13.8 7.042 0.0770 59.5 20.28 445 0.0708 1.3390 9.668 12.24 32.98 1.293 0.031

4.0026

20.180 24.5561 50 1.251 16.8 27.07 84.8 1.204 9.51 1.877

39.948 83.8058 68.95 1.417 28.0 87.293 161.0 1.396 5.79 1.078 0.570 150.663 4.860 0.531

0.959 78.67 198.7 0.8754 3.199 1.865 132.5 3.766 0.316

4.2221 20.7 0.124901 16.89 4.545 9.78 5.1953 0.227460 0.06964

44.40 2.760 0.484

Kr 83.800 115.8 72.92 2.449 16.3 119.92 108.4 2.418 8.94 0.533 0.248 209.40 5.500 0.919

Xe 131.290 161.4 81.59 2.978 13.8 165.10 96.1 2.953 0.340 0.158 289.73 5.840 1.110

CH4 16.043 90.694 11.696 0.4515 58.41 111.668 510.83 0.4224 1.816 3.481 2.218 190.56 4.592 0.1627

TeamLRN

REFERENCES

PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM The following data were obtained by a critical evaluation of all existing experimental measurements on liquid helium, using a fitting procedure described in the reference. All values refer to liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure; temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. Several properties show a singularity at the lambda point (2.1768 K). σ : surface tension α : coefficient of linear expansion η : viscosity λ : thermal conductivity

p : vapor pressure ρ : density Cs : molar heat capacity ∆vapH : molar enthalpy of vaporization ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant)

REFERENCE Donnelly, R. J., and Barenghi, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 27, 1217, 1998.

T/K 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

p/kPa

0.01558 0.4715 3.130 10.23 24.05 47.05 81.62 130.3 196.0

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

ρ/g cm-3 0.1451397 0.1451377 0.1451183 0.1451646 0.1456217 0.1448402 0.1412269 0.1360736 0.1289745 0.1188552

Cs /J mol-1K-1 0 0.010 0.415 4.468 21.28 9.083 9.944 12.37 15.96 21.8 44.7

∆vapH/J mol-1 59.83 70.24 80.33 89.35 93.07 92.50 94.11 92.84 87.00 75.86 47.67

ε 1.057255 1.057254 1.057246 1.057265 1.057449 1.057135 1.055683 1.053615 1.050770 1.046725

σ /mΝ m−1

0.3530 0.3471 0.3322 0.3021 0.2623 0.2161 0.1626 0.1095 0.0609 0.0157

103α/K-1 0.000 0.107 0.309 -2.36 -12.2 39.4 61.5 88.7 129 211

η/µPa s

λ /W cm-1K-1

3.873 1.346 1.468 3.259 3.517 3.509 3.319

0.1497 0.1717 0.1868 0.1965

PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS This table gives physical properties of compounds that have been used as working fluids in traditional refrigeration systems or are under consideration as replacements in newer systems. Some are also used as solvents and blowing agents. Many of the compounds listed are believed to be less harmful to the environment than the traditional halocarbons refrigerants. Compounds are listed by their ASHRAE standard refrigerant designations (Reference 1), which appear in the first column. These codes are often prefixed by symbols such as CFC- (for chlorofluorocarbon), HCFC- (for hydrochlorofluorocarbon), or simply R- (for refrigerant). The molecular formula and CAS Registry Number are also given. The properties tabulated are: tm tb tc TLV

normal melting point in ∞C normal boiling point in ∞C (at 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg) critical temperature in ∞C Threshold Limit Value, which is the maximum safe concentration in air in the workplace, expressed as the time-weighted average (TWA) in parts per million by volume over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek. A value followed by C is an absolute ceiling limit. Asphyxiants that are not otherwise toxic are indicated by “asphyx”.

REFERENCES 1. ASHRAE Standard 34-1997, Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. 2. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 3. Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Mauer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer, Berlin, 1990. 4. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. 5. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 6. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992. 7. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 8. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Further references and additional data on the critical properties may be found in the table “Critical Constants” in this section.

Code

Name

10 11 12 12B1 12B2 13 13B1 14 20 21 22 22B1 23 30 31 32 40 41 50 110 111 112 112a 113 113a 114 114a 114B2

Tetrachloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Bromochlorodifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane Trichloromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Bromodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Dichloromethane Chlorofluoromethane Difluoromethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Methane Hexachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Molecular Formula CCl4 CCl3F CCl2F2 CBrClF2 CBr2F2 CClF3 CBrF3 CF4 CHCl3 CHCl2F CHClF2 CHBrF2 CHF3 CH2Cl2 CH2ClF CH2F2 CH3Cl CH3F CH4 C2Cl6 C2Cl5F C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Br2F4

CAS Reg. No.

tm/∞C

tb/∞C

tc/∞C

TLV

56-23-5 75-69-4 75-71-8 353-59-3 75-61-6 75-72-9 75-63-8 75-73-0 67-66-3 75-43-4 75-45-6 1511-62-2 75-46-7 75-09-2 593-70-4 75-10-5 74-87-3 593-53-3 74-82-8 67-72-1 354-56-3 76-12-0 76-11-9 76-13-1 354-58-5 76-14-2 374-07-2 124-73-2

-22.62 -110.44 -158 -159.5 -110.1 -181 -172 -183.60 -63.41 -135 -157.42 -145 -155.2 -97.2 -135.1 -136.8 -97.7 -141.8 -182.47 186.8 101.3 24.8 41.0 -36.22 14.37 -92.53 -56.6 -110.32

76.8 23.7 -29.8 -3.7 22.76 -81.4 -57.8 -128.0 61.17 8.9 -40.7 -14.6 -82.1 40 -9.1 -51.6 -24.09 -78.4 -161.48 184.7 sp 138 92.8 92.8 47.7 45.5 3.5 3.4 47.35

283.4 197.9 111.80 153.73 198.1 29 67.0 -45.5 263.2 178.43 96.3 138.83 25.83 237 154 78.41 143.10 44.6 -82.59 422

5 1000C 1000

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278 214.1 209.7 145.63 145.4 214.6

100 1000 10 10 1000

50

50 asphyx 1 500 500 1000 1000

PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued)

Code

Name

115 116 120 121 121a 122 122a 122b 123 123a 124 124a 125 E125 130 131 132 132b 133 133a 133b 134 134a E134 140 140a 141 141b 142 142b 143 143a 143m E143a 150 150a 151 151a 152 152a 160 161 170 216ca 218 227ca2 227ea 227me 236ea 236fa 236me 245ca 245cb 245fa 245mc 245mf 245qc 254pc

Chloropentafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane Pentachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Perfluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether Methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether

Molecular Formula C2ClF5 C2F6 C2HCl5 C2HCl4F C2HCl4F C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2HF5O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4O C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C3H5F3O C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Cl C2H5F C2 H 6 C3Cl2F6 C3F8 C3HF7O C3HF7 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H4F4O

6-145

CAS Reg. No. 76-15-3 76-16-4 76-01-7 354-14-3 354-11-0 354-21-2 354-15-4 354-12-1 306-83-2 354-23-4 2837-89-0 354-25-6 354-33-6 3822-68-2 79-34-5 359-28-4 431-06-1 1649-08-7 431-07-2 75-88-7 421-04-5 359-35-3 811-97-2 1691-17-4 79-00-5 71-55-6 430-57-9 1717-00-6 338-65-8 75-68-3 430-66-0 420-46-2 421-14-7 460-43-5 107-06-2 75-34-3 762-50-5 1615-75-4 624-72-6 75-37-6 75-00-3 353-36-6 74-84-0 662-01-1 76-19-7 2356-61-8 431-89-0 2356-62-9 431-63-0 690-39-1 57041-67-5 679-86-7 1814-88-6 460-73-1 22410-44-2 1885-48-9 69948-24-9 425-88-7

tm/∞C

tb/∞C

tc/∞C

TLV

-99.4 -100.05 -28.78 -82.6 -95.3 -140 -174

-39.1 -78.1 162.0 116.7 117.1 71.9 72.5 73 27.82 29.5 -12 -11.7 -48.1 -38 145.2 102.4 59.6 46.2 17.3 6.1 12 -19.9 -26.08 2 113.8 74.09 73.8 32.0 35.1 -9.1 3.7 -47.25 -23.66 31.62 83.5 57.3 52.8 16.2 26 -24.05 12.3 -37.7 -88.6 35.7 -36.6 -3 -16.4 -9.6 6.1 -1.0 23.35 25.0 -17.4 15.3 5.59 29.24 43.1 37.1

80.0 20

1000

-107 -78 -117 -103 -157 -42.4 -101.2 -101.2 -105.5 -89 -103.3 -36.3 -30.01 -60 -103.5 -130.8 -84 -111.3 -149 -35.7 -96.9

-117 -138.4 -143.2 -182.79 -125.4 -147.70 -141 -131

-93.6

-107

183.68 188.4 122.50 126.7 66.02 80.8 388.00

1

151.86 118.59 101.03 147.10 329 272

10 350

204.1 137.19 156.6 72.71 104.87 175.83 288 250

113.5 187.2 102.16 32.17 180 71.9 114.63 101.74 139.23 124.92 155.80 174.42 106.96 154.05 133.65 170.84

10 100

100 asphyx

PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued)

Code

Name

290 C316 C317 C318 347mcc 347mmy 600 600a 610 611 717 744 764 1112a 1113 1114 1120 1130 1132a 1140 1141 1150 1270

Propane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Methyl formate Ammonia Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Trichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Difluoroethene Chloroethene Fluoroethene Ethylene Propene

Molecular Formula C3 H 8 C4Cl2F6 C4ClF7 C4F8 C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C2H4O2 H3 N CO2 O2 S C2Cl2F2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Cl C2H3F C2 H 4 C3 H 6

CAS Reg. No. 74-98-6 356-18-3 377-41-3 115-25-3 375-03-1 22052-84-2 106-97-8 75-28-5 60-29-7 107-31-3 7664-41-7 124-38-9 7446-09-5 79-35-6 79-38-9 116-14-3 79-01-6 156-60-5 75-38-7 75-01-4 75-02-5 74-85-1 115-07-1

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tm/∞C

tb/∞C

tc/∞C

TLV

-187.63 -24.2 -39.1 -40.19

-42.1 59.5 25 -5.9 34.23 29.34 -0.5 -11.73 34.5 31.7 -33.33 -78.5 sp -10.05 19 -27.8 -75.9 87.21 48.7 -85.7 -13.8 -72 -103.77 -47.69

96.68 224

2500

-138.3 -159.4 -116.2 -99 -77.73 -56.56 -75.5 -116 -158.2 -131.15 -84.7 -49.8 -144 -153.84 -160.5 -169.15 -185.24

115.31 164.55 160.15 151.97 134.6 193.5 214.0 132.3 30.98 157.6 106 33.3 271.0 243.3 29.7 159 54.7 9.19 91.7

800 400 100 25 5000 2

50 200 500 1 asphyx asphyx

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF MERCURY The data in this table have been adjusted to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in density values is 0.0003 g/mL between –20 and –10°C; 0.0001 or less between –10 and 200°C; and 0.0002 between 200 and 300°C. REFERENCE Ambrose, D., Metrologia, 27, 245, 1990.

t/°C

ρ/(g/mL)

v/(mL/kg)

–20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

13.64461 13.64212 13.63964 13.63716 13.63468 13.63220 13.62972 13.62724 13.62476 13.62228 13.61981 13.61733 13.61485 13.61238 13.60991 13.60743 13.60496 13.60249 13.60002 13.59755 13.59508 13.59261 13.59014 13.58768 13.58521 13.58275 13.58028 13.57782 13.57535 13.57289 13.57043 13.56797 13.56551 13.56305 13.56059 13.55813 13.55567 13.55322 13.55076 13.54831 13.54585 13.54340 13.54094 13.53849 13.53604 13.53359 13.53114

73.2890 73.3024 73.3157 73.3291 73.3424 73.3558 73.3691 73.3824 73.3958 73.4091 73.4225 73.4358 73.4492 73.4625 73.4759 73.4892 73.5026 73.5160 73.5293 73.5427 73.5560 73.5694 73.5827 73.5961 73.6095 73.6228 73.6362 73.6495 73.6629 73.6763 73.6896 73.7030 73.7164 73.7297 73.7431 73.7565 73.7698 73.7832 73.7966 73.8100 73.8233 73.8367 73.8501 73.8635 73.8769 73.8902 73.9036

t/°C

ρ/(g/mL)

v/(mL/kg)

t/°C

ρ/(g/mL)

v/(mL/kg)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

13.52869 13.52624 13.52379 13.52134 13.51889 13.51645 13.51400 13.51156 13.50911 13.50667 13.50422 13.50178 13.49934 13.49690 13.49446 13.49202 13.48958 13.48714 13.48470 13.48226 13.47982 13.47739 13.47495 13.47251 13.47008 13.46765 13.46521 13.46278 13.46035 13.45791 13.45548 13.45305 13.45062 13.44819 13.44576 13.44333 13.44090 13.43848 13.43605 13.43362 13.43120 13.42877 13.42635 13.42392 13.42150 13.41908 13.41665

73.9170 73.9304 73.9438 73.9572 73.9705 73.9839 73.9973 74.0107 74.0241 74.0375 74.0509 74.0643 74.0777 74.0911 74.1045 74.1179 74.1313 74.1447 74.1581 74.1715 74.1850 74.1984 74.2118 74.2252 74.2386 74.2520 74.2655 74.2789 74.2923 74.3057 74.3192 74.3326 74.3460 74.3594 74.3729 74.3863 74.3998 74.4132 74.4266 74.4401 74.4535 74.4670 74.4804 74.4939 74.5073 74.5208 74.5342

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300

13.41423 13.41181 13.40939 13.40697 13.40455 13.40213 13.39971 13.39729 13.39487 13.39245 13.39003 13.38762 13.38520 13.38278 13.38037 13.37795 13.37554 13.37313 13.37071 13.36830 13.36589 13.36347 13.36106 13.35865 13.35624 13.35383 13.35142 13.3273 13.3033 13.2793 13.2553 13.2314 13.2075 13.1836 13.1597 13.1359 13.1120 13.0882 13.0644 13.0406 13.0167 12.9929 12.9691 12.9453 12.9214 12.8975 12.8736

74.5477 74.5612 74.5746 74.5881 74.6016 74.6150 74.6285 74.6420 74.6554 74.6689 74.6824 74.6959 74.7094 74.7229 74.7364 74.7498 74.7633 74.7768 74.7903 74.8038 74.8173 74.8308 74.8443 74.8579 74.8714 74.8849 74.8984 75.0337 75.1693 75.3052 75.4413 75.5778 75.7147 75.8519 75.9895 76.1274 76.2659 76.4047 76.5440 76.6838 76.8241 76.9650 77.1064 77.2484 77.3909 77.5341 77.6779

6-133

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MERCURY Lev R. Fokin The first of these tables gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of liquid and gaseous mercury as a function of temperature. To convert to specific heat in units of J/g K, divide these values by 200.59, the atomic weight of mercury. REFERENCE Douglas, T. B., Ball, A. T., and Ginnings, D. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands., 46, 334, 1951. Cp/(J/mol K) t/°C

Liquid

Gas

–38.84 –20 0 20 25 40 60 80 100 120

28.2746 28.1466 28.0190 27.9002 27.8717 27.7897 27.6880 27.5952 27.5106 27.4349

20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas

t/°C 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

27.3675 27.3090 27.2588 27.2169 27.1834 27.1583 27.1412 27.1320 27.1303 27.1366

t/°C

20.786 20.786 20.790 20.790 20.794 20.794 20.799 20.807 20.815 20.824

340 356.73 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas 27.1500 27.1677 27.1709 27.1981 27.2324 27.2738 27.3207 27.3742 27.4332 27.4985

20.836 20.849 20.853 20.870 20.891 20.916 20.941 20.974 21.008 21.046

The second table gives the molar heat capacity of solid mercury in its rhombohedral (α-mercury) form. REFERENCES 1. Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 806, 1953. 2. Amitin, Lebedeva, and Paukov, Rus. J. Phys. Chem., 2666, 1979. t/°C

Cp/J mol-1

–268.99 –268.99 –268.15 –263.15 –258.15 –253.15 * **

0.99* 0.97** 1.6 4.6 7.6 10.33

t/°C

t/°C

Cp/J mol-1

–248.15 –243.15 –233.15 –223.15 –213.15 –203.15

12.74 14.78 17.90 19.94 21.40 22.42

Cp/J mol-1

–193.15 –183.15 –173.15 –153.15 –133.15

23.16 23.76 24.24 25.00 25.61

t/°C

Cp/J mol-1

–113.15 –93.15 –73.15 –53.15 –38.87

26.15 26.69 27.28 27.96 28.5

Superconducting state Normal state

The final table gives the cubic thermal expansion coefficient α, the isothermal compressibility coefficient κT, and the speed of sound U for liquid mercury as a function of temperature. These properties are defined as follows: α=

1  ∂v    v  ∂T  p

1  ∂v  κT = –   v  ∂P  T

 ∂P  U2 =    ∂ρ  S

ρ = v –1

where v is the specific volume (given in the table on the preceding page). REFERENCE Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971. t/°C –20 0 20 40 60 80 100

α×

104/K-1

1.818 1.8144 1.8110 1.8083 1.8064 1.8053 1.8051

κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 3.83 3.918 4.013 4.109 4.207 4.308 4.410

3.78 3.87 3.96 4.14

s-1

t/°C

1470 1460.8 1451.4 1442.0 1432.7 1423.4 1414.1

120 140 160 180 200 250 300

U/m

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α×

104/K-1

1.8058 1.8074 1.8100 1.8136 1.818 1.834 1.856

κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 4.513 4.622 4.731 4.844 4.96 5.26 5.59

4.33 4.53

U/m s-1 1404.7 1395.4 1386.1 1376.7 1367 1344 1321

VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY The following table gives the vapor pressure of mercury in kilopascals (100 kPa = 1 bar) from 0°C to 800°C.

REFERENCES 1. Vukalovich, M. P., and Fokin, L. R., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Standards Press (USSR), 1972. 2. Vargaftik, N. B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

p/kPa 2.728x10-5 7.101x10-5 1.729x10-4 3.680x10-4 8.626x10-4 1.786x10-3 3.536x10-3 6.724x10-3 0.01232 0.02128 0.03745 0.06247 0.1015 0.1608 0.2491 0.3778 0.5618 0.8204 1.178 1.664 2.315 3.177 4.304 5.758 7.614 9.959 12.892

t/°C

p/kPa

t/°C

p/kPa

270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530

16.527 20.993 26.435 33.015 40.910 50.320 61.460 74.567 89.896 107.72 128.34 152.07 179.25 210.24 245.4 285.2 329.9 380.1 436.2 498.6 567.9 644.6 729.2 822.2 924.2 1035.8 1157.6

540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

1290.1 1434.0 1589.9 1758.4 1940.3 2136 2346 2572 2814 3072 3347 3641 3953 4285 4636 5009 5403 5820 6259 6722 7210 7722 8260 8825 9417 10037 10685

6-147

SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS The surface tension γ of about 200 liquids is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Values of γ are given in units of millinewtons per meter (mN/m), which is equivalent to dyn/cm in cgs units. The values refer to a nominal pressure of one atmosphere (about 100 kPa) except in cases where the indicated temperature is above the normal boiling point of the substance; in those cases, the applicable pressure is the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature in question. The uncertainty of the values is 0.1 to 0.2 mN/m or less in most cases. Values at temperatures between the points tabulated can be obtained by linear interpolation to a good approximation. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon appearing before those that do contain carbon. A more extensive compilation of surface tension may be found in the Reference. REFERENCE Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 841, 1972.

Mol. form. Br2 Cl2O2S Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Si H2O H4N2 Hg CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N

Name Bromine Sulfuryl chloride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphorus trichloride Silicon tetrachloride Water Hydrazine Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Iodoethane Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethylamine

10°C

25°C

43.68

40.95 28.78 32.03 27.98 18.29 71.99 66.39 485.48 26.43 31.58 44.87 26.67 39.05 27.20 37.13 30.34 57.03 36.53 22.07 19.15 34.15 13.53 35.58 25.18 34.02 28.66 39.55 24.07 31.86 20.50 27.10 24.36 23.62 28.46 32.13 21.97 42.92 47.99 24.06 23.08 33.39 26.34 19.20

19.78 74.23 488.55 33.81

32.19 39.04 23.23

22.54 26.72 25.36 30.38 34.02 23.22

25.27

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γ in mN/m 50°C

75°C

100°C

36.40 28.85 24.81 15.80 67.94

25.66

63.57

58.91

480.36 23.37 27.87 41.60 23.44 35.33

475.23 20.31

470.11 17.25

34.38

31.64

54.92 32.33 20.14

52.82

31.20 11.42 32.41 22.07 30.65 25.51 36.25

28.26

28.29 17.10 24.61 20.43

24.72 22.13 16.50

12.57

25.24 29.00 19.89 40.06 45.76

43.54

41.31

30.04

38.33 20.20 31.61

50.71

29.24

26.07

27.27

23.89

32.95

SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)

Mol. form. C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H8 C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O

Name Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile 1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Allyl alcohol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Trimethylamine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Thiophene Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate Butanoic acid 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone

10°C

38.40

26.63 25.16 26.66 27.08 25.03 23.16 20.49 31.02 24.48 22.11 32.32

49.51

38.71 34.08

25.13 26.32 27.58 24.85 29.79 30.58 26.28 23.74

26.22

45.08 24.45 34.45 17.10 18.61 24.07

6-136

25°C 48.32 26.31 23.14 36.36 26.75 28.32 23.46 25.28 23.18 24.73 26.20 25.26 23.25 21.30 19.16 29.29 23.32 20.93 30.84 24.20 21.33 21.75 13.41 47.96 30.33 30.68 37.06 31.93 26.92 23.97 32.75 23.39 24.44 26.05 25.90 23.18 28.24 29.23 24.93 22.54 19.96 16.65 28.35 44.77 24.57 23.44 21.75 16.87 19.85 43.09 36.56 22.20 32.80 15.45 17.15 21.88 23.25

γ in mN/m 50°C

75°C

45.53 23.17

42.73

32.96 23.87 25.22 20.66 23.02

29.56

21.51 23.72 22.21 20.30

26.39 21.38 18.96 28.38 21.02 18.39

100°C

26.16

22.12 20.77

21.23

19.43 16.98 25.92

23.46

42.78 25.28

40.19 22.75

24.75 21.73

21.16

25.80 17.58

22.32 14.68

21.45 20.27

17.45

23.09

20.51

20.44 18.57

18.20 16.58

26.11 42.57 21.80 20.63 19.02

23.86 40.37

21.62 38.17

39.78 33.29

36.46 30.03

33.14

30.05

27.30

24.55

45.37 27.80 27.36 34.31 28.34 24.33 21.16 29.28 20.49 21.29 23.75 23.08 20.39 25.67 26.98 22.69 20.56 17.71

18.22 21.62

SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)

Mol. form. C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O

Name 3-Pentanone Pentanal Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Chloropentane Piperidine Pentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine Adiponitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Paraldehyde 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Diisopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane 2-Butoxyethanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol

10°C 26.95 26.05 25.48 23.37 25.55 26.34 26.01 30.64 17.15 26.67 24.96 24.94 37.15 36.98 34.78

28.47 40.40

25°C 24.74 25.44 24.52 23.80 21.76 23.80 24.62 24.40 28.91 15.49 25.36 23.45 23.71 24.69 35.43 35.24 32.99 39.70 41.18 26.66 38.71 28.22

28.01 36.43 26.43 23.47 19.44

26.48 24.58 25.51 27.22 27.28 19.42 18.37 19.20

27.36

39.63 29.71

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42.12 33.00 45.45 26.17 34.57 27.37 24.65 21.72 17.90 32.92 25.45 24.88 23.06 23.94 25.63 25.73 31.22 17.89 16.88 17.61 17.27 25.81 20.89 26.14 20.22 22.31 19.14 38.79 38.00 27.93 36.90 35.69

γ in mN/m 50°C 22.13 22.91 21.95 21.00 19.08 20.88 21.76 21.71 26.03 23.17 20.94 21.66 22.14 32.57 32.34 30.02 36.89 38.66 23.65 35.91 40.56 25.00 38.20 39.41 29.90 43.02 23.12 31.46 25.11 21.68 18.82 15.33 30.50 22.72 22.21 20.53 21.33 22.97 23.13 28.25 15.33 14.39 14.96 14.65 23.81 18.31 24.10 17.74 19.75 16.45 35.90 35.27 24.96 34.38 33.38

75°C

100°C

19.39 18.20 16.40 17.96 18.89 19.02 23.14

16.82 15.40

20.99 18.43 19.61 19.58 29.70 29.44 27.04 34.09 36.13 20.64 33.10 37.66 21.77 35.53 36.69 26.79 40.58

16.03 16.33 20.26 18.80 15.92 17.56 26.83 26.54 24.06 31.28 33.61 30.29 34.77 32.86

28.36 22.84

25.25

28.09

25.67

19.54 17.99 18.71 20.32 20.54 25.28

16.87 15.46 16.10 17.66 17.94

21.80 15.74 22.06

19.80 20.02

17.20 33.00 32.55 21.98 31.85 31.07 27.89

29.82 19.01 29.32 28.76 24.44

SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)

Mol. form. C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C10H12 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H27N C13H28 C14H12O2 C14H30 C16H34 C18H38

Name Anisole N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Pentyl acetate Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline Ethylcyclohexane Octane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Cumene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene 5-Nonanone Nonane 1-Nonanol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Tributylamine Tridecane Benzyl benzoate Tetradecane Hexadecane Octadecane

10°C

24.98 21.29 26.67 21.12 20.76

40.98 30.39 31.41 30.13

26.73 22.57 20.77 28.30

44.19 29.27 30.74 28.89 23.79 29.03 24.75 29.61 25.56

26.86 44.47 27.43

6-138

25°C 35.10 36.90 32.71 39.30 23.29 19.80 26.12 25.17 27.76 19.65 19.31 39.04 37.17 39.22 28.75 29.76 28.47 28.01 32.41 35.52 36.33 25.15 21.14 19.40 27.10 24.12 21.72 42.59 27.69 29.20 27.55 26.28 22.38 27.89 33.17 23.37 28.51 24.21 26.75 24.39 25.55 42.82 26.13 27.05 27.87

γ in mN/m 50°C 32.09 34.47 30.04 36.27 20.46 17.33 23.48 22.69 25.64 17.20 16.88 36.15 34.25 36.28 26.01 27.01 25.71 25.32 29.65 32.90 33.65 22.51 18.77 17.12 25.12 21.74 19.44 39.94 25.05 26.64 25.31 23.85 20.05 26.00 30.78 21.07 26.68 21.96 24.80 22.32 23.37 40.06 23.96 24.91 25.77

75°C

100°C

29.08 32.05 27.36 33.23 14.85 20.20 14.75 14.46 33.27 31.32 33.35 23.28 24.25 22.95 22.64 26.89 30.27 30.98

17.72

30.41 20.54 21.50 20.19 19.95

16.39 14.84

14.01 12.56

19.36 17.16 37.28 22.42 24.07 23.07

34.62 19.78 21.51 20.82

17.71 24.10 28.40 18.77 24.85 19.70 20.24 21.19 37.31 21.78 22.78 23.66

15.37 22.20 16.47 23.02 17.45

19.01 34.55 19.61 20.64 21.55

SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mixtures of several compounds with water is given in this table. The data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are taken from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures. REFERENCES 1. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 611, 1995. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/16, Surface Tension, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1997. Surface Tension in mN/m for the Specified Mass % Compound

t/° C

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Butanoic acid 2-Butanone γ -Butyrolactone Chloroacetic acid Diethanolamine N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethylene glycol Formic acid Glycerol Methanol Morpholine Nitric acid Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Pyridine Sulfolane Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid

30 25 20 25 30 30 30 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 25 25 30 30 25 20 50 25 25

71.2 72.0 72.8 72.0 71.2 71.2 71.2 72.8 71.2 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 71.2 72.01 72.01 71.2 71.2 72.0 72.8 67.9 72.0 72.0

51.4 44.9 48.5 66.1 58.1 61.2 42.4 41.6 64 59.8 66.8 72.0 65.4

43.3 40.5 40.2 60.4 51.6 56.9 37.5 32.2 58 53.6 63.2 72.0 59.2

41.2 36.7 34.1 55.1 48.7 54.2 35.5

38.2 33.0 31.6 50.1 45.8 52.0 34.8

37.4 30.1 30.6 45.6 43.9 50.7 32.2

33.5 29.4 29.6 41.9 41.2 47.9 29.2

31.5 27.6 29.1 40.8 40.0 46.6 27.4

30.2 24.5 28.7 39.2 39.0 45.2 26.3

53 51.3 60.7 72.4 53.8

50 49.7 58.8 73.5 49.6

44

42.8

37.97 64.9 60 69.5 47.21 60.7 70.7 42.2 27.84 30.57 54.9 58.8 51.2

32.98 61.9 55.7 68.5 41.09 58.9 68.9 37.7 25.98 26.82 50.7 55.7 48.0

30.16

45 46.1 54.3 73.0 44.9 37.9 25.01

26.3 23.1 28.4 35.8 37.0 43.8 25.5 24.6 42.7

47.53 68.5 66 70.5 56.18 65.1 71.9 46.6 34.32 40.42 60.5 62.6 52.8

52.7 65.7 42.3 36.2 23.82

50.6 54.7 38.4 34.5 22.72

73.5 56.7 55.8

75.1 51.0 46.5

73.6 46.7 42.8

71.2 44.1 41.6

48 48.3 57.2 74.9 47.3 41.2 27.96 57.0 50.3 67.4 32.86 53.0 63.8 33.1 24.80 24.26 44.5 52.8 46.6 62.5 68.0 43.0 40.6

36.1 29.4 30.0 43.3 42.4 49.5 30.8 25.2 46 47.5 55.7 75.4 46.9 39.6 26.23 48.8 66.9 29.83 49.6 60.6 31.7 24.49 23.51 41.5 51.7 45.8 61.6 64.1 42.5 39.4

47.1 66.5 27.48 47.0 56.8 30.2 24.08 22.68 38.6 50.8 45.0 59.6 60.0 41.5 38.3

44.7 65.7 25.54 43.7 52.6 28.2 23.86 22.14 37.6 49.6 43.6 57.1 56.4 38.9 37.4

40.9 64.5 23.93 41.8 47.9 27.4 23.59 21.69 36.3 48.2 40.9 54.9 53.6 34.7 36.5

6-154

TeamLRN

52.2 67.9 36.51 56.7 66.6 35.6 25.26 25.27 47.2 53.8 46.8

47.2 36.4 35.2 33.7 21.82 48.2 38.0 62.5 22.51 38.7 42.6 25.8 23.28 21.22 35.5 47.0 37.0 50.9 51.7 29.4

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS Christian Wohlfarth The permittivity of a substance (often called the dielectric constant) is the ratio of the electric displacement D to the electric field strength E when an external field is applied to the substance. The quantity tabulated here is the relative permittivity, which is the ratio of the actual permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum; it is a dimensionless number. The table gives the static relative permittivity εr, i.e., the relative permittivity measured in static fields or at low frequencies where no relaxation effects occur. The fourth column of the table lists the value of εr at the temperature specified in the third column, usually 293.15 or 298.15 K. Otherwise, the temperature closest to 293.15 K was chosen, or (as it is the case for many of the substances included here) εr is given at the only temperature for which data are available. The static permittivity refers to nominal atmospheric pressure as long as the corresponding temperature is below the normal boiling point. Otherwise, at temperatures above the normal boiling point, the pressure is understood to be the saturated vapor pressure of the substance considered. For substances where information on the temperature dependence of the permittivity is available, the table gives the coefficients of a simple polynomial fitting of permittivity to temperature with an equation of the form εr(T) = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 where T is the absolute temperature in K. Since the parameter d was used in only a few cases where the quadratic fit was not satisfactory, only a, b, and c are listed as columns in the table, while the d values are given at the end of this introduction. For all other substances, d = 0. The temperature range of the fit is given in the last column. The coefficients of the fitting equation can be used to calculate dielectric constants within the fitted temperature range but should not be used for extrapolation outside this range. The user who needs dielectric constant data with more accuracy than can be provided by this equation is referred to Reference 1, which gives the original data together with their literature source. Substances are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * Indicates that the isomer was not specified in the original reference. ** Indicates a compound for which the cubic term is needed: Ethanol N-Methylacetamide 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol N-Butylacetamide

d = -0.15512E-05 d = -0.12998E-04 d = -0.32544E-05 d = -0.48841E-06 d = -0.89512E-06 d = -0.45229E-06 d = -0.25968E-05 d = -0.48716E-05

REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, Ch., “Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures”, Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Editor in Chief, O. Madelung, Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, Volume 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Mol. Form. AlBr3 Ar AsH3 BBr3 B2H6 B5H9 BrF3 BrF5 BrH BrNO Br2 Br2OS Br3OV Br4Ge Br4Sn ClFO3 ClF3

Name Aluminum tribromide Argon Arsine Boron tribromide Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Nitrosyl bromide Bromine Thionyl bromide Vanadyl tribromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride

T/K 373.2 140.00 200.9 273.2 180.66 298.2 298.2 297.7 186.8 288.4 297.9 293.2 298.2 299.9 303.45 150.2 293.2

ε 3.38 1.3247 2.40 2.58 1.8725 21.1 106.8 7.91 8.23 13.4 3.1484 9.06 3.6 2.955 3.169 2.194 4.394

6-153

a

b

c

Range/K

0.12408E+01 0.37674E+01

0.68755E-02 -0.97454E-02

-0.45344E-04 0.14537E-04

87-149 157-201

0.23848E+01 0.40952E+03

-0.29501E-02 -0.24414E+01

0.64189E-06 0.38225E-02

108-181 226-298

0.11428E+02

-0.11822E-01

262-298

0.32701E+01

-0.12535E-03

273-327

0.61112E+01 0.34450E+01 0.50001E+01 0.23808E+01 0.96716E+01

-0.84211E-02 -0.16083E-02 -0.60383E-02 -0.38629E-03 -0.18000E-01

203-298 300-316 304-316 125-150 273-313

-0.57143E-05

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. ClF5 ClH ClNO Cl2 Cl2F3P Cl2OS Cl2OSe Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl3F2P Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl4FP Cl4Ge Cl4Pb Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5P Cl5Sb FH F2 F5I F6S F6Xe F7I F10S2 HI H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H4N2 He I2 Kr Mn2O7 NO N2 N2O3 N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S P S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2Cl2

Name Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Nitrosyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Thionyl chloride Selenium oxychloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Germanium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Fluorine Iodine pentafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium Iodine Krypton Manganese(VII) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane

T/K 193.2 158.9 285.2 208.0 228.63 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 268.0 293.2 298.2 290.2 298.2 272.64 273.2 293.2 273.2 273.2 257.4 298.2 433.2 293.0 273.2 53.48 293.2 223.2 328.2 298.2 293.2 220.2 13.52 293.2 290.2 283.2 293.2 298.2 2.055 391.25 119.80 293.2 1.997 63.15 203.2 293.2 26.11 54.478 298.2 90.2 291.2 307.2 407.2 510.65 161.35 123.2 293.2 123.2 298.2

ε 4.28 14.3 18.2 2.147 2.8129 8.675 46.2 9.1 2.915 4.79 2.3752 14.1 3.4 3.498 4.94 2.6499 2.463 2.78 2.248 3.014 2.843 3.05 2.85 3.222 83.6 1.4913 37.13 1.81 4.10 1.75 2.0202 3.87 1.2792 80.100 74.6 5.93 16.61 51.7 1.0555 11.08 1.664 3.28

a

b

c

Range/K

0.78192E+01 0.47316E+02

-0.20860E-01 -0.28455E+00

0.13132E-04 0.48650E-03

193-256 159-258

0.29440E+01 0.46501E+01

-0.44649E-02 -0.80358E-02

0.30388E-05

208-240 172-229

0.28905E+01

-0.19228E-02

215-268

0.59098E+01

-0.83322E-02

290-333

0.33503E+01 -0.55078E+01

-0.29651E-02 0.64881E-01

0.58041E+01 0.43951E+01 0.33668E+01

-0.27129E-01 -0.48805E-02 -0.19675E-02

0.45413E+01 0.50352E+03 0.14144E+01 0.95184E+02

-0.45078E-02 -0.19297E+01 0.26387E-02 -0.19800E+00

0.51557E+03 0.13327E+01 0.24921E+03 0.48511E+03 0.14736E+02 0.66756E+02 0.22061E+03 0.10640E+01 0.64730E+02

-0.44552E+01 -0.51946E-02 -0.79069E+00 -0.23145E+01 -0.33675E-01 -0.24696E+00 -0.89633E+00 -0.35584E-02 -0.29266E+00

0.37655E+01

-0.16463E-02

0.12550E+01 0.92287E+02 0.28212E+01 0.12667E+01 0.15434E+01 0.52045E+02 0.86344E+01

0.67949E-02 -0.43306E+00 -0.13000E-02 -0.29064E-02 0.14615E-02 -0.16125E+00 -0.54807E-01

0.79018E+00 0.51651E+01 0.67569E+01

0.23911E-01 -0.77381E-02 -0.25829E-02

0.52442E+01 0.29249E+01 0.54154E+01 0.32330E+01

-0.11000E-01 -0.17650E-02 -0.13680E-01 -0.23162E-02

1.4680 31.13 2.44 1.1907 1.5684 16.3 4.75 3.11 4.096 3.4991 5.44 1.880 3.920 2.405 3.730 2.542

6-154

TeamLRN

-0.13091E-03 0.51678E-04

0.14372E-02 -0.28356E-04

0.96795E-02 0.72997E-03 0.31020E-02 0.96740E-05 0.25913E-03 0.11066E-02 0.39759E-03

244-273 246-273 207-273 234-273 237-257

276-320 200-273 54-144 273-313

220-236 14-19 273-372 233-303 212-363 238-323 278-323 2-4 391-441 283-312

-0.56704E-04 0.65000E-03

-0.21964E-04 0.11042E-03 0.12596E-03 -0.42826E-04 0.89120E-05

63-126 203-243 253-293 26-29 55-154 213-449 90-185 307-358 407-479 511-575 123-223 273-333 123-173 298-333

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. CBr2F2 CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr3NO2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3D CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3ClO2S CH3DO CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4O CH5N CN4O8 COS COSe CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HBr3O C2HCl3 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2

Name Dibromodifluoromethane Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromonitromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethane-d Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methanesulfonyl chloride Methan-d1-ol Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Methanol Methylamine Tetranitromethane Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde Trichloroethylene 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

T/K 273.2 333.2 293.2 298.2 123.2 123.2 295.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 126.3 283.2 293.2 294.0 293.2 283.2 298.0 152.2 298.2 298.2 275.7 295.2 293.2 297.5 131.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 200.0 293.2 91.0 293.2 215.2 293.2 185.0 283.2 295.0 293.2 298.2 273.2 294.35 292.2 303.2 308.2 293.2 301.5 303.2 298.2 333.2 298.2 293.2 195.0 298.2 298.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2

ε 2.939 2.601 3.00 9.034 3.010 3.500 4.30 4.67 3.00 7.319 2.2379 1.685 4.404 4.8069 5.2 114.9 7.77 8.93 53.74 5.32 51.1 9.71 10.0 34.0 31.68 51.0 6.97 111.0 37.27 20.77 23.9 1.6761 33.0 16.7 2.317 4.47 3.47 1.4492 2.6320 2.34 2.4842 3.470 7.85 2.268 2.52 7.6 3.390 4.01 6.8 4.34 3.716 8.42 2.4841 7.08 2.88 6.72 4.60 9.20 2.14

6-155

a

b

c

Range/K

0.67296E+01

-0.22133E-01

0.30213E-04

139-273

0.53203E+01 0.16079E+02 0.43677E+01 0.46984E+01

-0.11061E-01 -0.23630E-01 -0.11020E-01 -0.97600E-02

0.10688E-04

206-323 298-328 123-173 123-223

0.53203E+01 0.14403E+02 0.28280E+01 0.20350E+01 0.71707E+01 0.15115E+02 0.11442E+03 0.37331E+04 0.18060E+02 0.40452E+02 0.19428E+03

-0.11061E-01 -0.24178E-01 -0.20339E-02 -0.27616E-02 -0.98000E-02 -0.51830E-01 -0.75600E+00 -0.23180E+02 -0.36333E-01 -0.17748E+00 -0.12939E+01

0.10688E-04

0.23942E-03 0.24280E-02

206-323 276-333 283-333 126-142 283-343 218-323 130-263 258-299 283-313 184-306 152-224

0.14040E+03 0.40580E+02 0.42775E+02 0.10384E+03 0.20839E+03 0.11338E+03 0.24264E+02 0.26076E+03 0.11227E+03 0.11071E+03

-0.24673E+00 -0.18418E+00 -0.16175E+00 -0.33838E+00 -0.10318E+01 -0.63979E+00 -0.93914E-01 -0.61145E+00 -0.35591E+00 -0.73428E+00

-0.17151E-03 0.26219E-03 0.17108E-03 0.34156E-03 0.14740E-02 0.96983E-03 0.11926E-03 0.34296E-03 0.34206E-03 0.14054E-02

287-358 195-276 190-392 293-373 176-298 150-299 223-303 278-333 288-343 110-260

0.15996E+01 0.19341E+03 0.34398E+02

0.27434E-02 -0.92211E+00 -0.73630E-01

-0.22086E-04 0.12839E-02 -0.41279E-04

91-184 177-293 198-258

0.84702E+01 0.48740E+01 0.79062E+00 0.45024E+01

-0.21488E-01 -0.49425E-02 0.10639E-01 -0.12054E-01

-0.28510E-04 0.19147E-04

143-185 219-283 220-300 154-319

0.36663E+01

-0.42271E-02

-0.36255E-06

193-273

0.58319E+01 0.75423E+01

-0.80828E-02 -0.11667E-01

0.13412E+01 0.65972E+01 0.21652E+02

0.90000E-02 -0.96800E-02 -0.68146E-01

0.16246E+02

-0.31500E-01

0.71795E-07

0.56803E-04 0.13562E-02 0.36963E-01

302-338 303-333 -0.24130E-14 0.78571E-04

333-393 298-338 263-323

303-333

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2I2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3S C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3Cl6O C3F6O C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3ClO3 C3H3N C3H3NO2 C3H4 C3H4

Name Dichloroacetic acid 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Bis(chloromethyl) ether Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethylene glycol sulfite Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Acetaldoxime Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Ethyl nitrate Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Hexachloroacetone Perfluoroacetone Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Acrylonitrile Cyanoacetic acid Allene Propyne

T/K 293.2 207.2 293.2 345.65 295.2 338.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.7 270.0 283.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 363.7 293.2 298.2 288.2 328.2 293.2 95.0 293.2 258.0 293.2 293.2 383.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 291.9 202.2 291.9 293.2 313.2 293.2 277.2 269.0 246.0

ε 8.33 9.22 8.50 4.46 15.8 12.35 16.3 7.243 7.1937 27.68 36.64 21.75 1.4833 7.41 4.9612 10.10 10.42 3.51 28.26 21.0 12.42 14.30 6.20 9.20 39.6 9.01 9.45 25.80 7.82 18.3 67.6 189.0 4.70 29.11 18.48 19.7 1.9356 25.3 6.18 47.24 41.4 47.39 55.0 6.667 6.70 7.26 9.6 8.7 31.94 13.82 3.925 2.104 72.3 16.70 62.0 33.0 33.4 2.025 3.218

a

b

c

Range/K

0.49242E-05

284-363 207-233

0.11014E+02 0.19606E+02

-0.10859E-01 -0.49847E-01

0.17310E+02 0.37576E+02 0.27705E+02 0.17147E+02 0.90593E+02 0.29724E+03

-0.14674E-01 -0.70400E-01 -0.10621E+00 -0.33371E-01 -0.21421E+00 -0.15508E+01

0.13546E+01 0.19493E+02 0.67142E+01 0.24429E+02 0.24404E+02

0.62614E-02 -0.59054E-01 -0.59800E-02 -0.48000E-01 -0.47892E-01

-0.21374E-04 0.58036E-04

200-270 263-363 293-313 288-318 293-343

0.52661E+02

-0.21337E+00

0.25947E-03

293-243

-0.15731E+02 0.19699E+02 0.85483E+02 0.28473E+02 0.60693E+02 0.11155E+03 0.25598E+02 0.61405E+02 -0.20055E+03 0.10383E+04

0.12662E+00 -0.36429E-01 -0.15400E+00 -0.85495E-01 -0.31290E+00 -0.30149E+00 -0.94367E-01 -0.14474E+00 0.15515E+01 -0.43165E+01

-0.17738E-03

293-363 288-302 298-328 243-308 237-293 140-175 183-343 273-298 364-448 276-353

0.57406E+02 0.36773E+02

-0.97657E-01 -0.55700E-01

0.20185E+01 0.15145E+03 0.22389E+02 0.38478E+02 0.14355E+03 0.10830E+03

-0.51493E-03 -0.87020E+00 -0.86524E-01 0.16939E+00 -0.48573E+00 -0.15900E+00

0.11228E+02 0.19109E+02 0.30163E+02 0.14890E+03 0.48922E+02 0.76423E+01 0.34809E+01 0.91803E+03

-0.13500E-01 -0.32000E-01 -0.79000E-01 -0.62491E+00 -0.17021E+00 -0.15838E-01 -0.92883E-02 -0.49149E+01

0.77143E-03 0.17262E-03 0.10618E-04 0.12282E-04 0.69104E-02

293-333 298-323 233-273 253-293 273-333 269-303 151-238 281-314

0.11109E+03

-0.36806E+00

0.34879E-03

233-413

0.26049E+01 0.60871E+01

-0.44147E-03 -0.11730E-01

-0.63420E-05

156-269 185-246

6-156

TeamLRN

0.12424E-03

0.22591E-02

0.67971E-04 0.47154E-03 0.11424E-03 -0.22392E-02 0.48398E-02

338-393 303-333 258-318 288-318 293-318 288-333

276-333 328-368 -0.48148E-05 0.19570E-02 0.91291E-04 -0.47423E-03 0.46703E-03

95-295 163-523 155-258 288-343 293-423 383-398

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H4ClF3 C3H4ClNO C3H4Cl2O C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5BrO2 C3H5Br3 C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClN2O6 C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO2 C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2

Name 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 1,1-Dichloroacetone 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol Propargyl alcohol Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropanoic acid 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Epichlorohydrin Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Ethyl isocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrite Isopropyl nitrite Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol

T/K 295.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 294.2 303.2 299.25 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.7 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 220.0 283.2 293.2 250.4 293.2 303.2 293.2 325.1 293.2 290.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 288.2 296.2 298.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 215.2 153.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 288.2 250.0 260.0 328.2 293.19 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2

ε 7.32 29.1 14.6 21.03 20.8 89.78 7.0 11.0 6.00 8.92 8.2 17.50 22.6 9.736 12.0 7.5 6.1 29.7 19.7 19.6 19.25 2.1365 4.60 9.482 31.90 8.37 10.27 11.37 42.4 19.7 18.5 21.01 3.44 8.57 7.07 30.0 3.087 15.55 8.09 9.46 8.588 36.0 59.0 31.0 7.07 8.19 102.7 38.25 179.0 24.70 26.74 12.35 13.92 14.14 1.6678 20.8 20.18 27.5 35.1

6-157

a

b

c

Range/K

0.22361E+02 0.64311E+02

-0.68840E-01 -0.12217E+00

0.60594E-04

275-313 288-403

0.99895E+02 0.20746E+03

-0.38911E+00 -0.37610E+00

0.40776E-03

213-293 313-343

0.11024E+02

-0.16596E-01

303-358

0.15356E+02

-0.18250E-01

309-349

0.82222E+02

-0.22937E+00

0.29623E+01 0.54973E+01 0.29193E+02

-0.37564E-02 -0.31695E-02 -0.94450E-01

0.18915E+02 0.21609E+02 0.32421E+02

-0.35907E-01 -0.37333E-01 -0.72188E-01

0.62714E+02

-0.14771E+00

0.37879E-05

213-303

0.88157E+02 0.18793E+01 0.15884E+02 0.13190E+02

-0.34300E+00 0.46841E-02 -0.25333E-01 -0.21226E-01

0.38925E-03 0.19983E-05

273-323 289-408 288-318 276-318

0.17769E+02 0.26195E+02 0.21214E+02 0.12436E+03 -0.19169E+02

-0.32599E-01 -0.72995E-01 -0.43130E-01 -0.60841E+00 0.13605E+01

0.13744E+02

-0.22745E-01

0.64764E+03 0.15364E+03 0.15975E+04 0.94999E+02 0.60138E+02 0.70552E+02 0.74578E+02 0.32431E+02 0.22883E+01 0.98045E+02 0.10416E+03 0.24546E+03 0.11365E+03

-0.28499E+01 -0.60367E+00 -0.90451E+01 -0.38358E+00 -0.11566E+00 -0.40362E+00 -0.38283E+00 -0.65097E-01 -0.23276E-02 -0.36860E+00 -0.41011E+00 -0.15738E+01 -0.36680E+00

0.17424E-03

213-473

0.92800E-04

220-250 283-333 293-368 281-323 303-333 245-293

0.55454E-04 0.92060E-03 -0.55567E-02

274-328 186-328 273-313 145-215 153-177 293-323

0.34286E-02 0.71505E-03 0.18345E-01 0.48480E-03 0.66687E-03 0.57071E-03 0.28571E-04 0.84710E-06 0.36422E-03 0.42049E-03 0.38068E-02 0.33766E-03

298-338 213-353 303-473 276-333 276-303 110-310 150-300 328-368 90-300 193-493 193-493 193-403 288-328

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H8S2 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4Cl6 C4Cl6O3 C4F6O3 C4H2Cl4O3 C4H2O3 C4H3F7O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O

Name Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trichloroacetic anhydride Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Dichloroacetic anhydride Maleic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Ethyl trichloroacetate Pyrrole Allyl isocynate 1,3-Butadiene Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene Cyclobutanone Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 2-Bromobutanoic acid Ethyl bromoacetate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene Isobutene 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Butanal

T/K 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 296.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 326.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 277.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 288.2 265.0 288.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 220.0 296.0 288.7 293.2 293.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 296.0 293.2 298.2

ε 17.2 2.644 46.53 5.937 5.952 7.24 8.11 2.2762 10.21 5.08 5.6268 2.440 20.6 2.55 5.0 2.7 15.8 52.75 14.4 62.6 2.80 2.88 2.739 4.914 8.428 8.00 15.15 2.050 3.94 8.05 14.27 7.03 4.04 39.0 22.45 66.14 5.38 6.76 7.2 9.75 5.81 11.2 11.45 24.83 24.42 28.18 2.2195 1.960 2.1225 4.74 9.14 8.68 6.245 4.1 7.74 9.30 7.15 21.20 13.45

a

b

c

Range/K

0.11803E+03 0.25877E+01 0.77503E+02 0.11602E+02

-0.58000E+00 -0.93019E-03 -0.37984E-01 -0.19580E-01

0.81001E-03 0.38472E-05 -0.23107E-03

254-318 171-293 288-343 273-318

0.14667E+02 0.66607E+01

-0.32660E-01 0.31310E-01

0.25000E-04 -0.87500E-04

293-333 303-343

-0.19492E+02 0.17719E+02 0.40429E+02 0.39745E+01

0.29806E+00 -0.59022E-01 -0.21441E+00 -0.51331E-02

-0.69284E-03 0.54780E-04 0.32634E-03

223-273 204-296 213-298 273-298

0.17724E+03

-0.54654E+00

0.54046E-03

236-351

0.13636E+01 0.32941E+01

0.12864E-01 -0.19019E-02

-0.22701E-04

188-277 253-293

0.12672E+02 0.34299E+02 0.27674E+01

-0.14075E-01 -0.66444E-01 -0.26738E-02

-0.62671E-05

293-357 288-333 185-265

0.43974E+02 0.11968E+02 0.46907E+01

-0.15712E+00 -0.16500E-01 -0.22302E-02

0.19264E-03

220-317 303-333 278-348

0.15940E+03

-0.39530E+00

0.26284E-03

273-333

0.15627E+02 0.36001E+01

-0.19600E-01 0.72500E-02

303-333 303-343

0.22449E+02 0.53884E+02 0.52554E+02 0.11054E+03 0.29354E+01 0.28802E+01 0.33701E+01 0.11199E+03 0.34031E+02 0.20944E+02 0.23849E+02

-0.36250E-01 -0.99257E-01 -0.96000E-01 -0.47945E+00 -0.32580E-02 -0.31064E-02 -0.43295E-02 -0.63334E+00 -0.13254E+00 -0.55620E-01 -0.96300E-01

0.91250E-03 0.16250E-03 0.50000E-04 0.12500E-03

303-343 293-333 293-313 298-338 220-250 197-296 220-289 293-333 293-333 303-333 293-333

0.31925E+02 0.59766E+01 0.39429E+02

-0.13232E+00 0.49300E-01 -0.20028E+00

0.17007E-03 -0.12500E-03 0.30917E-03

293-356 308-338 165-296

6-158

TeamLRN

0.68182E-03

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2

Name 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethyl methyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine tert-Butyl nitrite Propyl carbamate Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine

T/K 293.2 295.2 287.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 296.2 293.2 303.2 283.2 298.2 273.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 283.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 338.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 295.0 295.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 296.7 293.2 293.2 293.2 393.2 293.2 288.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

ε 18.56 7.52 2.98 2.58 6.92 6.0814 6.200 2.2189 37.7 31.5 2.985 12.95 7.315 8.64 7.70 10.98 7.276 8.564 7.027 9.663 6.27 7.873 6.65 8.30 170.0 135.0 38.85 3.4 7.42 11.47 12.06 21.10 96.6 13.10 1.7697 1.7518 17.84 17.26 17.93 12.47 4.2666 22.4 28.8 31.9 13.38 7.30 28.61 31.82 15.6 28.2 29.2 5.204 5.645 4.961 5.475 5.723 4.71 3.680 25.75

6-159

a

b

c

Range/K

0.15457E+02 0.30739E+02 0.15010E+01

0.90152E-01 -0.12946E+00 0.50046E-02

-0.27100E-03 0.17195E-03

293-333 224-295 287-403

0.15646E+02 0.12798E+02 0.27299E+01

-0.44066E-01 -0.22540E-01 -0.17440E-02

0.39137E-04

293-433 293-333 293-313

0.22542E+02 0.18461E+02 0.37558E+02 0.35085E+02 0.13565E+02 0.30376E+02 0.14945E+02 0.35077E+02 0.16493E+02 0.10883E+02 0.76780E+01 0.38191E+02

-0.79306E-01 -0.32933E-01 -0.20571E+00 -0.14075E+00 -0.10161E-01 -0.11377E+00 -0.33747E-01 -0.12867E+00 -0.50262E-01 -0.14680E-02 0.69900E-02 -0.15462E+00

0.89867E-04 0.35496E-03 0.19960E-03 -0.38750E-04 0.13429E-03 0.23036E-04 0.14304E-03 0.52485E-04 -0.30000E-04 -0.37500E-04 0.17941E-03

183-363 274-328 112-273 258-293 273-323 273-323 273-323 273-323 293-323 293-323 283-323 274-333

0.74494E+03 0.15420E+03

-0.31400E+01 -0.57506E+00

0.36131E-02 0.61911E-03

213-353 294-433

0.24356E+02 0.11477E+03 0.37016E+03

-0.36400E-01 -0.47568E+00 -0.13113E+01

0.54127E-03 0.13214E-02

338-378 298-373 298-348

0.22379E+01 0.23295E+01 0.10578E+03 0.13850E+03 0.10762E+03 0.22541E+03 0.79725E+01 0.63702E+02 0.72883E+02 0.13079E+03

-0.13884E-02 -0.19953E-02 -0.50587E+00 -0.75146E+00 -0.51398E+00 -0.14990E+01 -0.12519E-01 -0.13807E+00 -0.14770E+00 -0.46985E+00

-0.66711E-06 0.14197E-06 0.84733E-03 0.14086E-02 0.83702E-03 0.34050E-02

0.46320E-03

135-303 115-303 193-553 172-533 173-533 298-503 283-301 278-323 278-323 288-328

0.48832E+02 0.13128E+03 0.13973E+03

-0.24218E+00 -0.52719E+00 -0.54725E+00

0.34413E-03 0.60465E-03 0.61149E-03

256-318 253-333 288-343

0.11201E+02 0.10866E+02

-0.20767E-01 -0.17993E-01

273-318 273-318

0.10597E+02

-0.17500E-01

283-313

0.13322E+02 0.26462E+02 0.73435E+02

-0.44176E-01 -0.13750E+00 -0.21377E+00

0.50250E-04 0.20373E-03 0.17500E-03

223-333 243-323 273-323

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H12O2Si C4H12O3Si C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Si C4H13N3 C5FeO5 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4F8O C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7Cl3O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H9BrO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

Name Dimethoxydimethylsilane Trimethoxymethylsilane Tetramethyl silicate Diethylsilane Tetramethylsilane Diethylenetriamine Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol Furfural Pyridine Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol Propyl trichloroacetate Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,3-Pentadiene* 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile Isobutyl isocyanate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate

T/K 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 343.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 263.2 298.2 294.0 293.2 295.0 298.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 294.4 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

ε 3.663 4.9 6.0 2.544 1.921 12.62 2.602 23.18 27.32 15.30 42.1 13.260 35.94 2.76 16.85 8.32 31.62 2.319 2.054 2.098 2.083 13.58 6.05 6.6645 6.32 26.524 9.82 9.4 9.1 11.95 10.19 9.51 20.04 21.1 11.638 32.55 2.011 2.180 1.979 1.9687 1.933 4.39 9.05 9.14 6.89 9.92 18.5 10.00 9.051 15.45 17.00 10.37 5.66 6.97 2.661 6.10 6.41 5.62 5.76

a

b

c

Range/K

0.57840E+02

-0.23873E+00

0.28841E-03

213-333

0.73391E+02 0.98702E+02

-0.23678E+00 -0.34237E+00

0.22930E-03 0.34502E-03

298-398 298-398

0.43991E+02 0.20878E+02

-0.15150E+00 0.16450E+00

0.15925E-03 -0.35269E-03

293-323 343-398

0.29994E+01 0.28170E+01 0.28177E+01 0.24083E+02 0.47827E+02

-0.34578E-02 -0.23147E-02 -0.27597E-02 -0.30286E-01 -0.24394E+00

0.85300E-06 -0.43975E-06 0.89346E-06 -0.16802E-04 0.35000E-03

178-294 198-293 171-319 219-298 303-343

0.32098E+02

-0.14568E+00

0.20000E-03

303-343

0.26470E+02

-0.76656E-01

0.67888E-04

293-433

0.25965E+02 0.21951E+02 0.17127E+02 0.55793E+02 0.58418E+02 0.38026E+02

-0.46250E-01 -0.38750E-01 -0.25000E-01 -0.15750E+00 -0.16884E+00 -0.12714E+00

0.12432E-03 0.14131E-03 0.12679E-03

303-343 303-343 303-343 183-333 293-453 293-353

-0.11438E+01

0.25420E-01

-0.50000E-04

273-293

0.26064E+01 0.24287E+01

-0.19578E-02 -0.15304E-02

-0.53908E-06 -0.13095E-06

225-296 278-313

0.26443E+02 0.38192E+02 0.19016E+02

-0.88640E-01 -0.15648E+00 -0.57954E-01

0.10000E-03 0.20000E-03 0.56801E-04

293-333 303-333 293-356

0.10565E+03

-0.44244E+00

0.48657E-03

258-323

0.18645E+02 0.40893E+02 0.12690E+02 0.30695E+02 0.19793E+02

-0.32395E-01 -0.10423E+00 0.95177E-01 -0.10962E+00 -0.76071E-01

-0.16157E-05 0.60557E-04 -0.27321E-03 0.13810E-03 0.94852E-04

280-333 204-353 233-353 293-328 234-333

0.33491E+01 0.21532E+02

-0.75156E-02 -0.84106E-01

0.17820E-04 0.10952E-03

250-344 288-323

0.17677E+02

-0.61404E-01

0.69196E-04

253-353

6-160

TeamLRN

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

T/K

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2S C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S4 C5H13N C5H13N3 C5H14OSi C6F6 C6F14 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrNO2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2

Methyl butanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 3-Methyl sulfolane Diethyl carbonate Ethyl lactate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 3-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Diethylformamide 2-Pentanone oxime Pentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 1,2-Pentanediol 1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol Diethoxymethane Tetramethoxymethane Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Tetrakis(methylthio)methane Pentylamine 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine Ethoxytrimethylsilane Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene

301.2 303.2 298.2 297.2 303.2 242.2 298.2 299.2 298.2 291.5 293.2 292.0 222.75 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 296.8 295.7 293.2 296.9 294.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 328.2 293.2 293.2

ε 5.48 13.48 29.4 2.820 15.4 38.57 9.21 6.31 8.37 6.33 6.654 6.10 12.31 3.931 5.78 7.432 5.6 8.192 4.33 32.2 20.13 29.6 3.3 7.21 1.8371 1.845 1.769 23.10 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.63 15.63 5.78 12.1 8.35 17.31 26.74 26.2 17.37 24.69 2.527 2.40 40.0 4.847 5.087 2.818 4.27 11.5 3.013 2.029 1.76 4.0 4.72 4.85 2.60 20.2 7.86 4.81

6-161

a

b

c

Range/K

0.38604E+02

-0.19171E+00

0.27128E-03

301-343

0.53158E+02

-0.93730E-01

0.47275E-04

298-398

0.31225E+02 0.10653E+03

-0.43531E-01 -0.26439E+00

-0.28571E-04 -0.62371E-04

273-373 215-242

0.20954E+02

-0.78743E-01

0.98908E-04

183-328

0.27743E+02 0.18626E+02 0.22228E+02 0.55104E+02

-0.13927E+00 -0.54719E-01 -0.93189E-01 -0.29866E+00

0.22627E-03 0.47143E-04 0.12991E-03 0.47840E-03

123-292 273-323 171-297 201-223

0.15753E+02

-0.50543E-01

0.56401E-04

293-323

0.82317E+01

-0.11229E-01

-0.71429E-05

293-333

0.10400E+03

-0.46017E+00

0.60000E-03

298-328

0.22384E+01 0.10949E+02

-0.12985E-02 -0.63057E-01

-0.16182E-06 0.10835E-03

143-293 251-296

0.73397E+02 0.16437E+03 0.12838E+03 0.14020E+02 0.79733E+02 0.11662E+03

-0.28165E+00 -0.86506E+00 -0.60980E+00 0.13948E+00 -0.31272E+00 -0.69756E+00

0.28427E-03 0.11955E-02 0.75000E-03 -0.45000E-03 0.32014E-03 0.10920E-02

213-513 273-323 288-318 288-318 173-513 268-318

0.92350E+02 0.18436E+03 0.13568E+03 0.11858E+03 0.95876E+02 0.11914E+03 0.25294E+01

-0.41870E+00 -0.10682E+01 -0.59198E+00 -0.45920E+00 -0.46463E+00 -0.52569E+00 0.73988E-04

0.50000E-03 0.17037E-02 0.75398E-03 0.49341E-03 0.67434E-03 0.69607E-03 -0.28331E-06

333-373 197-297 193-318 243-343 238-297 224-294 227-293

0.71131E+01 0.15116E+02

-0.30228E-02 -0.50700E-01

-0.16414E-04 0.56250E-04

273-333 273-333

0.11274E+02

-0.34965E-01

0.37706E-04

223-353

0.24041E+01

-0.83086E-03

-0.14286E-05

298-338

0.81413E+02 -0.81849E-02 0.93214E+01

-0.27645E+00 0.62671E-01 -0.20273E-01

0.27367E-03 -0.12222E-03 0.16667E-04

328-413 293-353 293-353

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H4Br2 C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FI C6H4FI C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2O4 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO2S C6H5ClS C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NOS C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H9Cl3O2

Name p-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Benzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene N-Sulfinylaniline Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene m-Bromoaniline o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Butyl trichloroacetate

T/K 368.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 298.2 298.2 301.2 301.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 303.2 323.2 353.2 365.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 314.2 323.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 323.2 373.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.0 398.0 428.0 303.2 388.2 393.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.0 293.0 323.2 318.2 184.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 308.2 351.2 293.2

ε 2.57 6.10 4.96 3.34 37.7 20.9 8.09 10.12 5.02 2.3943 8.22 3.12 13.38 5.01 5.41 4.11 2.88 93.77 20.54 5.23 22.9 5.45 5.6895 7.40 6.255 11.18 28.90 3.59 5.465 4.59 6.97 35.6 16.50 35.45 42.20 2.2825 13.0 13.40 13.3 47.3 35.6 78.5 12.40 17.57 13.55 4.26 7.06 10.18 11.10 12.2 36.4 28.26 2.68 2.211 7.15 2.436 2.653 4.40 7.480

6-162

TeamLRN

a

b

c

Range/K

0.16800E+03 0.77193E+02

-0.59708E+00 -0.25118E+00

0.59957E-03 0.23798E-03

323-436 323-433

0.13629E+02 0.77565E+01 0.26999E+01

0.10622E-02 -0.93333E-02 -0.35325E-03

-0.44444E-04 -0.26880E-14 -0.17619E-05

293-353 293-353 328-363

0.59107E+02 0.14448E+02 0.31150E+02

-0.23611E+00 -0.46982E-01 -0.14428E+00

0.27987E-03 0.51948E-04 0.20000E-03

273-323 273-323 323-353

0.45596E+03 0.60484E+02 0.12533E+02 0.10406E+03 0.94100E+01 0.19471E+02 0.29755E+02

-0.17746E+01 -0.17280E+00 -0.30115E-01 -0.34133E+00 -0.12537E-01 -0.70786E-01 -0.11256E+00

0.19105E-02 0.15218E-03 0.26674E-04 0.32609E-03 -0.31127E-05 0.82466E-04 0.12390E-03

303-398 323-398 353-398 365-413 234-333 293-430 296-448

0.31997E+02 0.83886E+02

-0.94241E-01 -0.23405E+00

0.88392E-04 0.19713E-03

314-453 323-473

0.89442E+01

-0.20008E-01

0.17641E-04

243-323

0.11212E+03 0.33827E+02 0.18967E+03 0.22901E+03 0.26706E+01

-0.35211E+00 -0.62123E-01 -0.66144E+00 -0.74264E+00 -0.91648E-03

0.31128E-03 0.26774E-04 0.66532E-03 0.68006E-03 -0.14257E-05

279-533 323-453 373-458 393-463 293-513

0.18900E+03 0.20352E+03 0.48673E+03 0.63391E+02 0.74930E+02 0.30252E+02 0.57155E+01 0.89534E+01 0.34560E+02 0.19643E+03 0.33765E+02 0.11705E+03 0.59851E+02

-0.56977E+00 -0.66582E+00 -0.15040E+01 -0.24988E+00 -0.22142E+00 -0.56443E-01 -0.70336E-02 0.38990E-02 -0.11980E+00 -0.11167E+01 -0.10113E+00 -0.35301E+00 -0.12682E+00

0.47484E-03 0.61310E-03 0.12857E-02 0.26930E-03 0.18919E-03 0.35578E-04 0.73617E-05 -0.36310E-04 0.12500E-03 0.16667E-02 0.93860E-04 0.32000E-03 0.86622E-04

353-468 398-468 428-468 303-433 388-463 393-463 303-358 293-413 293-333 303-333 274-333 323-398 318-398

0.27459E+01

-0.16975E-02

-0.36461E-06

232-356

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Br C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3

Name Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene* 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Butoxyacetylene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Monomethyl glutarate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Bromocyclohexane Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Cyclohexanone oxime 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 1-Methylcyclopentanol Isobutyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid tert-Butylacetic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

T/K 293.2 293.2 294.0 297.0 297.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 293.0 273.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 290.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 298.2 295.2 362.2 294.0 295.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 310.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 296.2 296.2 292.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 298.2 303.2

ε 7.667 22.68 2.125 2.163 2.123 2.422 2.426 2.599 2.102 2.621 2.2176 6.62 16.1 15.6 5.4 5.68 14.0 18.30 8.37 8.266 7.19 7.7 8.0026 8.57 8.55 7.9505 17.26 17.5 3.04 2.077 1.978 2.069 1.954 2.0243 1.9853 1.965 8.52 6.732 8.60 7.11 3.34 14.56 13.11 12.73 16.40 2.600 2.72 2.85 5.7 5.44 5.07 5.135 5.672 5.068 5.249 5.18 4.992 18.2 7.567

6-163

a

b

c

Range/K

0.69830E+02 0.30014E+01 0.27284E+01 0.26774E+01

-0.25303E+00 -0.28668E-02 -0.17178E-02 -0.16977E-02

0.31491E-03 -0.31026E-06 -0.62926E-06 -0.55637E-06

201-293 151-294 234-351 232-353

0.51328E+01 0.26258E+01 0.58591E+01 0.30598E+01

-0.12774E-01 -0.17990E-02 -0.17099E-01 -0.39841E-02

0.14215E-04 0.12035E-06 0.20856E-04 0.37554E-05

198-323 223-323 184-296 141-313

0.41577E+02

-0.11463E+00

0.92454E-04

253-423

0.40962E+02

-0.20520E+00

0.29286E-03

303-343

0.16779E+02 0.21938E+02 0.13551E+02 0.25093E+02

-0.39839E-01 -0.66226E-01 -0.23109E-01 -0.95171E-01

0.38095E-04 0.66800E-04 0.55440E-05 0.12224E-03

293-363 293-368 293-433 223-290

0.49005E+02 0.77044E+02

-0.23193E+00 -0.40784E+00

0.32500E-03 0.60000E-03

303-333 303-333

0.31476E+01 0.24338E+01 0.30691E+01

-0.50003E-02 -0.11323E-02 -0.45458E-02

0.46673E-05 -0.13720E-05 0.39898E-05

149-294 157-295 155-296

0.24293E+01 0.21587E+01

-0.12095E-02 -0.22450E-03

-0.58741E-06 -0.12500E-05

283-333 293-323

-0.55185E+01

0.11746E+00

-0.23658E-03

274-328

0.11277E+02 0.75444E+02 0.48060E+01 0.70378E+02 0.36341E+02 0.66857E+02 0.10173E+03 0.21730E+01

0.67200E-02 -0.36617E+00 -0.50000E-02 -0.29385E+00 -0.97119E-01 -0.28552E+00 -0.43072E+00 0.14840E-02

-0.50000E-04 0.47021E-03 -0.41495E-14 0.35289E-03 0.61896E-04 0.34422E-03 0.47926E-03 -0.16526E-06

308-338 310-333 293-323 243-293 204-373 243-293 293-423 298-433

0.29257E+02 0.13825E+02 0.12427E+02 0.55435E+02 0.14323E+02

-0.14028E+00 -0.43994E-01 -0.32035E-01 -0.30494E+00 -0.46048E-01

0.20000E-03 0.48214E-04 0.24286E-04 0.46107E-03 0.49286E-04

288-323 253-353 273-323 273-323 273-323

0.48698E+02

-0.25660E+00

0.37237E-03

301-343

0.23290E+02

-0.71566E-01

0.65000E-04

303-323

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13ClO C6H13I C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2S C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15OP C6H15O4P C6H15PS C6H16O2Si C6H16Si C6H18N3OP C6H18N4 C6H18OSi2 C6H18O3Si3 C6H19NSi2 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3Cl5 C7H4ClNO C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5FO C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6ClNO2

Name Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Propylpropanamide N-Butylacetamide N,N-Diethylacetamide Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Dipropyl sulfone 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol D-Glucitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol Triethylborane Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylphosphine oxide Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine sulfide Diethoxydimethylsilane Triethylsilane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Hexamethyldisilazane Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl fluoride (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isocyanate 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

T/K

ε

298.2 298.2 293.2 242.2 293.3 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 362.2 293.2 297.0 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 285.3 298.2 293.2 353.2 443.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 371.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

5.420 5.82 6.104 21.6 5.35 4.547 118.1 104.0 32.1 1.8865 1.886 1.886 1.869 1.889 13.03 11.06 9.66 15.2 4.322 6.19 10.5 3.38 3.805 30.37 25.86 3.90 32.62 31.5 7.23 23.69 35.5 24.6 4.436 1.974 4.08 2.923 2.418 35.5 13.20 39.0 3.216 2.323 31.3 10.76

293.2 343.2 294.2 298.2 289.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 301.2

2.179 2.139 2.273 1.82 1.847 4.8 3.177 21.33 23.0 22.7 9.22 25.9 8.940 28.07

a

b

c

Range/K

0.15233E+02 0.15994E+02 -0.73364E+01 0.16685E+02

-0.44385E-01 -0.43647E-01 0.46377E+00 -0.61309E-01

0.43039E-04 0.33393E-04 -0.14202E-02 0.77262E-04

274-328 273-323 195-242 293-323

0.58846E+03 0.70739E+03

-0.22012E+01 -0.37369E+01

0.20870E-02 0.71585E-02

298-328 253-493

0.19768E+01 0.20745E+01 0.24739E+01 0.22740E+01 0.24305E+01 0.62744E+02

0.70933E-03 0.50871E-03 -0.23190E-02 -0.96229E-03 -0.20081E-02 -0.24214E+00

-0.34470E-05 -0.39286E-05 0.10714E-05 -0.14286E-05 0.53571E-06 0.24704E-03

293-473 273-323 273-323 273-313 273-323 233-513

0.14054E+03 0.14600E+02

-0.72925E+00 -0.72670E-01

0.97821E-03 0.11742E-03

243-393 161-297

0.84868E+02 0.14531E+03 0.99099E+01 0.70195E+02 0.26127E+03 0.28291E+02 0.91845E+02

-0.23486E+00 -0.65285E+00 -0.33403E-01 -0.15008E+00 -0.14552E+01 -0.11236E+00 -0.33827E+00

0.18198E-03 0.83503E-03 0.44048E-04 0.86506E-04 0.22765E-02 0.14000E-03 0.36062E-03

303-373 203-333 223-303 303-398 261-285 298-333 253-333

0.11774E+02

-0.37298E-01

0.41875E-04

273-333

0.80244E+01 0.11376E+02 0.29205E+01

-0.16627E-01 -0.49796E-01 -0.14007E-02

0.10874E-04 0.71792E-04 -0.13469E-05

253-373 243-323 233-323

0.61230E+02

-0.26047E+00

0.33333E-03

298-333

0.95666E+02 0.50699E+02

-0.29769E+00 -0.21730E+00

0.26407E-03 0.27582E-03

283-363 213-333

0.34537E+01

-0.61530E-02

0.61544E-05

213-313

0.23358E+01

0.16127E-02

-0.62078E-05

294-333

0.40896E+01 0.84231E+02

-0.31667E-02 -0.31089E+00

0.32857E-03

288-348 283-313

0.57605E+02 0.17541E+02

-0.13354E+00 -0.29790E-01

0.87767E-04 0.15476E-05

273-453 293-353

6-164

TeamLRN

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO2S C7H7ClO3S C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7I C7H7N C7H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2S C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O2S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO

Name 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Bromoanisole p-Bromoanisole o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Chloroanisole p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene p-Iodotoluene 2-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine Benzyl nitrite o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrothioanisole 2-Nitroanisole 3-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Methyl phenyl sulfone Benzenemethanethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol (Methylthio)benzene Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide o-Methoxyaniline m-Methoxyaniline

T/K 301.2 301.2 301.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 314.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 303.2 331.2 346.0 293.2 318.2 338.2 296.35 298.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 333.7 293.2 373.2 298.2 323.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2

ε 5.68 3.36 9.39 6.9 17.85 18.35 4.641 5.566 5.503 6.658 8.96 7.40 4.721 5.763 6.25 6.854 7.84 22.6 27.2 4.23 5.41 5.88 4.4 9.126 10.50 7.78 26.26 24.95 22.2 21.7 45.75 25.7 26.95 2.379 6.76 12.44 13.05 11.916 4.30 11.95 11.59 11.05 6.18 37.9 4.705 4.74 4.88 5.18 6.138 5.816 5.058 5.96 8.33 10.98 9.60 7.33 46.11 5.230 8.76

6-165

a

b

c

Range/K

0.35046E+02 0.51315E+02 0.10229E+02 0.11522E+02 0.10014E+02 0.18482E+02 0.12023E+02 0.74367E+01 0.11507E+02 0.13921E+02 0.20265E+01 0.17108E+02 0.64019E+01

-0.61271E-01 -0.15379E+00 -0.25050E-01 -0.24946E-01 -0.13918E-01 -0.57207E-01 -0.59116E-02 0.12648E-01 -0.31148E-01 -0.37186E-01 0.40060E-01 -0.45285E-01 0.30560E-01

0.16222E-04 0.14111E-03 0.20357E-04 0.15714E-04 -0.50000E-05 0.57321E-04 -0.13787E-04 -0.42128E-04 0.27143E-04 0.31786E-04 -0.87500E-04 0.35000E-04 -0.87500E-04

301-346 289-453 273-323 273-323 273-293 273-323 303-358 303-358 273-323 273-323 293-333 273-323 293-333

0.10420E+03 0.62492E+02

-0.41726E+00 -0.16235E+00

0.51607E-03 0.12844E-03

273-323 303-403

0.16684E+03 0.65402E+02 0.59811E+02 0.32584E+01 0.21633E+02 0.81716E+02 0.70253E+02 0.13661E+03 0.10887E+02 0.31751E+02 0.37279E+02 0.39483E+02

-0.58196E+00 -0.16460E+00 -0.10955E+00 -0.34410E-02 -0.71069E-01 -0.35039E+00 -0.28870E+00 -0.72127E+00 -0.32372E-01 -0.88173E-01 -0.12113E+00 -0.12142E+00

0.57382E-03 0.12560E-03 0.36042E-04 0.15937E-05 0.70590E-04 0.39878E-03 0.31979E-03 0.10225E-02 0.33629E-04 0.72953E-04 0.11698E-03 0.10841E-03

293-423 318-443 338-443 207-316 298-453 274-463 298-453 303-333 294-413 291-448 298-433 334-453

0.16628E+02 0.87052E+01 0.21841E+02

-0.68276E-01 -0.15347E-01 -0.97630E-01

0.94636E-04 0.95238E-05 0.13750E-03

298-358 323-358 303-343

0.10988E+02 0.13477E+02 0.78897E+01

-0.18976E-01 -0.35551E-01 -0.10196E-01

0.91958E-05 0.33135E-04 0.51190E-05

298-398 298-398 333-403

0.36397E+02 -0.73831E+01 0.25895E+02 0.17714E+02 0.22765E+03 0.79911E+01 0.28179E+02

-0.15070E+00 0.14326E+00 -0.73900E-01 -0.39080E-01 -0.90760E+00 -0.92183E-02 -0.97840E-01

0.18750E-03 -0.27500E-03 0.62500E-04 0.12500E-04 0.10011E-02 0.37879E-06 0.11027E-03

293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 298-398 303-393 289-393

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O5 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Cl2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16

Name p-Methoxyaniline 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine Isopentyl trichloroacetate 1,6-Heptadiene Cycloheptene Cycloheptanone 2-Methylcyclohexanone 3-Methylcyclohexanone 4-Methylcyclohexanone Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexyl formate Butyl acrylate Monomethyl adipate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 1-Heptene 2-Methyl-2-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Cyclohexanemethanol 2-Methylcyclohexanol* 3-Methylcyclohexanol* 4-Methylcyclohexanol* Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane

T/K 333.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 295.0 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 295.2 295.2 293.2 295.2 295.2 295.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.3

ε 7.85 7.3 7.287 2.161 2.265 13.16 14.0 12.4 12.35 2.67 6.47 5.25 6.69 7.550 7.87 9.80 2.092 2.962 2.051 2.0784 2.024 3.77 5.08 4.70 8.34 9.07 11.95 12.7 12.60 13.53 9.70 9.375 13.79 13.45 3.04 4.79 4.72 4.838 4.3 4.71 4.71 4.615 5.255 6.46 6.81 5.521 6.52 6.70 6.54 4.92 6.39 1.9209 1.9221 1.920 1.942 1.915 1.929 1.902 1.9419

6-166

TeamLRN

a

b

c

Range/K

0.30149E+02

-0.10523E+00

0.11467E-03

333-453

0.30815E+01 0.32309E+01 0.17511E+03

-0.36095E-02 -0.42373E-02 -0.11221E+01

0.16354E-05 0.32572E-05 0.19417E-02

184-293 227-363 258-298

0.38296E+02 0.11962E+02 0.14809E+02 0.20697E+02 0.28321E+02 0.21755E+01

-0.19109E+00 -0.23973E-01 -0.31207E-01 -0.57794E-01 -0.89073E-01 0.13896E-02

0.27006E-03 0.20608E-04 0.24066E-04 0.48405E-04 0.86891E-04 -0.57049E-05

301-343 293-433 304-393 293-433 258-374 273-323

0.25136E+01

-0.15089E-02

0.84915E-07

278-333

0.38348E+02

-0.12531E+00

0.12005E-03

253-413

0.41520E+02 0.52353E+02 0.10164E+03 0.17315E+03 0.65896E+02 0.65021E+02 0.36423E+01 0.12091E+02

-0.13839E+00 -0.17695E+00 -0.45839E+00 -0.98794E+00 -0.21954E+00 -0.22896E+00 -0.31996E-02 -0.36536E-01

0.13497E-03 0.15195E-03 0.54762E-03 0.14634E-02 0.14107E-03 0.17946E-03 0.39362E-05 0.39732E-04

253-393 293-333 333-368 273-323 273-323 273-323 288-423 253-353

0.15289E+02

-0.50621E-01

0.57753E-04

203-343

0.14279E+02

-0.39431E-01

0.32321E-04

273-323

0.11856E+02

-0.33493E-01

0.34368E-04

294-323

0.24740E+01 0.24759E+01 0.27089E+01 0.23771E+01 0.23414E+01 0.25637E+01 0.23979E+01 0.24007E+01

-0.22577E-02 -0.22535E-02 -0.37908E-02 -0.15140E-02 -0.14362E-02 -0.26328E-02 -0.17436E-02 -0.16802E-02

0.12428E-05 0.12500E-05 0.37500E-05 0.10093E-06 -0.51322E-07 0.16071E-05 0.17857E-06 0.36069E-06

273-373 293-323 273-323 163-363 153-353 273-323 273-323 291-322

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O3 C7H16S C7H17N C7H18O3Si C8H4F6 C8H6 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C8H6O C8H7N C8H7NO2 C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9BrO C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

Name 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl isopentyl ether Triethoxymethane 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine Triethoxymethylsilane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Phenylacetylene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene Phenoxyacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Benzyl formate Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol 1-Phenylethanol Phenetole

T/K

ε

293.2 293.2 293.7 296.1 296.2 297.0 297.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 293.2

1.930 11.75 9.72 7.07 6.18 3.257 4.990 3.248 3.158 6.020 3.6 3.955 4.779 4.194 3.81 3.845 5.98 2.98 2.58 8.0

293.2

5.4

298.2 299.2 333.2 300.1 293.2 298.2 353.2 303.2 298.2 302.7 298.2 303.2 314.4 298.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 273.4 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 303.2 338.2 313.2 333.2 323.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

4.76 17.87 10.26 27.76 2.4737 17.44 3.47 6.34 5.403 6.642 21.33 22.0 8.80 5.55 5.56 5.42 7.04 4.36 5.18 5.16 21.9 21.9 8.95 2.4463 2.562 2.359 2.2735 4.81 5.060 5.36 4.90 9.02 9.06 12.31 8.77 4.216

6-167

a

b

c

Range/K

0.60662E+02 0.10050E+03 0.19586E+03 0.28995E+03

-0.24049E+00 -0.49793E+00 -0.11465E+01 -0.18499E+01

0.25155E-03 0.64504E-03 0.17175E-02 0.30109E-02

239-513 207-365 248-349 270-301

0.59724E+02

-0.32417E+00

0.47058E-03

244-372

0.37318E+02

-0.17095E+00

0.22022E-03

283-393

0.66541E+01

-0.55450E-02

-0.12500E-04

293-323

0.71333E+01 0.87794E+01

-0.97320E-02 -0.24363E-01

-0.12500E-05 0.25325E-04

273-333 253-373

0.82175E+02 0.20780E+02

-0.37416E+00 -0.31571E-01

0.53220E-03

299-343 333-403

0.44473E+01 0.26099E+02 0.24104E+01 0.26162E+02 0.11327E+02 0.17486E+02 0.42286E+02

-0.11422E-01 0.64048E-02 0.30000E-02 -0.11026E+00 -0.26707E-01 -0.51027E-01 -0.69215E-01

0.16000E-04 -0.11905E-03 0.14787E-03 0.22938E-04 0.50222E-04 -0.35714E-05

293-313 298-333 353-393 303-358 298-404 303-393 298-368

0.20501E+02

-0.39045E-01

0.68298E-05

223-398

0.23146E+02

-0.75753E-01

0.77778E-04

313-358

0.35969E+01 0.36163E+01 0.28421E+01 0.23140E+01 0.14399E+02 0.22125E+02 0.18049E+02 0.12284E+02 0.54423E+02 0.54251E+02 0.12170E+03 0.32971E+02 -0.15043E+02

-0.53169E-02 -0.40177E-02 -0.10191E-02 0.97221E-03 -0.41438E-01 -0.85543E-01 -0.54991E-01 -0.32996E-01 -0.21153E+00 -0.21647E+00 -0.63124E+00 -0.12042E+00 0.13752E+00

0.47500E-05 0.14286E-05 -0.21429E-05 -0.37500E-05 0.39244E-04 0.96548E-04 0.51656E-04 0.29867E-04 0.22508E-03 0.23542E-03 0.87776E-03 0.12809E-03 -0.24500E-03

293-323 273-323 273-323 293-363 343-433 303-363 338-455 313-453 333-453 323-453 278-333 293-423 293-313

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

T/K

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2S C8H10S C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12N2O2 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16Br2 C8H16Cl2 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H17Br C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H17NO2 C8H18

2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene Ethyl phenyl sulfone (Ethylthio)benzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 4-Ethoxyaniline Hexamethylene diisocyanate Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate 1,7-Octadiene cis-Cyclooctene 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Cyclohexyl acetate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Diisopropyl oxalate Diethyl succinate Dimethyl adipate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 3-Methyl-2-heptene* 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene Cyclooctane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Propyl pentanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Isopentyl lactate 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane 1-Nitrooctane Octane

293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 333.7 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 288.2 298.2 296.2 293.0 296.0 296.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 295.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 298.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

ε 3.502 3.967 3.914 4.45 5.363 5.60 39.0 4.95 4.84 5.87 4.90 7.807 7.43 14.41 7.560 6.56 2.186 2.306 2.144 2.182 4.87 5.08 12.8 13.6 6.403 6.098 6.84 13.90 2.113 2.062 2.002 2.053 2.004 2.436 2.431 2.0908 2.116 7.43 7.64 9.51 10.50 2.85 2.64 4.42 4.552 5.21 4.39 4.0 4.45 4.355 11.2 5.0957 5.44 5.05 5.42 3.89 4.67 11.46 1.948

a

b

c

Range/K

0.50825E+01 0.12830E+02 0.86608E+01 0.74604E+01 0.11911E+02 0.11289E+02

-0.62297E-02 -0.49701E-01 -0.23510E-01 -0.13445E-01 -0.30804E-01 -0.20765E-01

0.28571E-05 0.66429E-04 0.25000E-04 0.10737E-04 0.29643E-04 0.11987E-04

293-333 293-333 293-333 293-443 298-358 334-463

0.84052E+01 0.20990E+02

-0.13549E-01 -0.57419E-01

0.62835E-05 0.44286E-04

289-453 298-358

0.26715E+02 0.13953E+02

-0.42696E-01 -0.21969E-01

0.17817E-05

288-403 298-343

0.28376E+01 0.31115E+01 0.26443E+01 0.29951E+01

-0.17442E-02 -0.32058E-02 -0.17973E-02 -0.34615E-02

-0.16141E-05 0.16713E-05 0.35815E-06 0.24026E-05

214-293 269-406 211-374 213-373

0.10709E+02 0.80213E+01 0.11739E+02

-0.16328E-01 0.11810E-02 -0.17281E-01

0.56000E-05 -0.26400E-04 0.11447E-05

293-368 293-343 293-433

0.24348E+01

0.34200E-03

-0.50000E-05

273-323

0.25036E+01 0.94117E+00

-0.12460E-02 0.61520E-01

-0.23175E-06 -0.13333E-03

295-411 298-328

-0.16219E+02

0.18799E+00

-0.34156E-03

293-333

0.29391E+01

-0.38721E-03

0.17665E+02 0.79684E+01

-0.71718E-01 -0.12000E-01

0.95635E-04 0.15266E-13

273-373 298-318

0.11007E+02

-0.32800E-01

0.35714E-04

253-353

0.48649E+02 0.12404E+02

-0.21253E+00 -0.35050E-01

0.27619E-03 0.34542E-04

273-373 283-353

0.11346E+02

-0.25120E-01

0.13450E-04

274-328

0.12452E+02

-0.41229E-01

0.50108E-04

233-313

0.22590E+01

-0.84212E-03

-0.75758E-06

233-393

6-168

TeamLRN

288-423

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18OS C8H18O2 C8H18O2S C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C8H20Sn C8H23N5 C8H24O4Si4 C9H6N2O2 C9H6O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10

Name 2-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 2-Methyl-1-heptanol 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfoxide 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Dibutyl sulfone Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylenepentamine Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Quinoline Isoquinoline Cinnamaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 1-Propenylbenzene Allylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.95 293.2 292.1 291.49 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.1 290.3 290.6 290.4 290.3 292.2 289.6 290.0 278.5 290.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.3 290.0 296.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 305.8 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

ε 1.9519 1.9617 1.9498 1.9619 1.9645 1.9814 1.9869 1.960 1.943 1.9780 1.9738 10.30 8.13 5.55 4.48 5.16 2.884 4.63 7.68 10.54 3.43 7.47 3.59 7.5 6.41 3.260 3.013 3.312 3.832 4.992 3.338 7.46 2.902 7.58 4.50 3.0830 24.73 18.73 25.72 7.62 20.44 3.949 4.29 3.58 2.765 2.50 2.090 2.241 9.40 2.390 8.433 34.04 9.16 11.0 17.72 6.55 2.73 2.63 2.28

6-169

a

b

c

Range/K

0.25821E+01

-0.26804E-02

0.19404E-05

294-324

0.26849E+01 0.25983E+01

-0.33712E-02 -0.28027E-02

0.32949E-05 0.24195E-05

292-324 292-324

0.23677E+01

-0.14768E-02

0.94261E-07

173-373

0.51647E+02 0.63760E+02 0.12505E+03 0.51049E+02 0.61698E+02 0.84687E+01 0.48612E+02 0.54581E+02 0.57997E+02

-0.20371E+00 -0.27643E+00 -0.70646E+00 -0.26664E+00 -0.33647E+00 -0.33712E-01 -0.26773E+00 -0.24772E+00 -0.23517E+00

0.21320E-03 0.31075E-03 0.10245E-02 0.37280E-03 0.49066E-03 0.49793E-04 0.39972E-03 0.29734E-03 0.24663E-03

258-513 213-513 223-383 243-403 236-328 241-316 237-332 235-328 265-328

0.39178E+02 0.39715E+02 0.68568E+02 0.77520E+02 -0.59739E+01 -0.38440E+01 -0.48003E+01 0.61967E+01 0.23037E+02 0.42102E+00 0.33354E+02

-0.17976E+00 -0.23115E+00 -0.40706E+00 -0.41724E+00 0.56700E-01 0.42327E-01 0.50740E-01 -0.63750E-02 -0.98029E-01 0.10427E-01 -0.14077E+00

0.24218E-03 0.36771E-03 0.67433E-03 0.59448E-03 -0.83125E-04 -0.61250E-04 -0.75000E-04 0.12479E-03 -0.20438E-05 0.17750E-03

229-329 240-333 230-279 239-329 343-403 343-403 343-403 343-383 283-383 230-333 230-330

0.86074E+02 0.91244E+01 0.65383E+01 0.67156E+02 0.57919E+02 0.66248E+02

-0.42636E+00 -0.21785E-01 -0.16172E-01 -0.16448E+00 -0.17128E+00 -0.16417E+00

0.55078E-03 0.21018E-04 0.14969E-04 0.92275E-04 0.12949E-03 0.12001E-03

208-318 283-393 293-314 313-393 233-333 323-398

0.83547E+02 0.63667E+01

-0.31691E+00 -0.87920E-02

0.34689E-03 0.18750E-05

253-333 273-333

0.77931E+01 0.52504E+01

-0.20015E-01 -0.10538E-01

0.19347E-04 0.71485E-05

273-373 243-323

0.40553E+02 0.36286E+01 0.22174E+02 0.11311E+03 0.33432E+02 0.14412E+03 0.41837E+02 0.69994E+01

-0.16681E+00 -0.56885E-02 -0.66982E-01 -0.33804E+00 -0.13497E+00 -0.79935E+00 -0.11060E+00 -0.14553E-02

0.20659E-03 0.50874E-05 0.68571E-04 0.31324E-03 0.17788E-03 0.11839E-02 0.10401E-03

213-333 296-333 293-353 343-423 258-323 298-323 306-354 333-416

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H10OS C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H11Br C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2S C9H12S C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14OSi C9H14O6 C9H14Si C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18Br2 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19NO C9H20

Name 4-Acetylthioanisole Ethyl benzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate Benzyl acetate Phenyl propanoate 4-Acetylanisole Ethyl salicylate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (3-Bromopropyl)benzene N-Ethylbenzamide N,N-Dimethylbenzamide Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzenepropanol α-Ethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenyl-2-propanol Benzyl ethyl ether 2,6-Dimethylanisole 3,5-Dimethylanisole Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Benzenepropanethiol Benzylethylamine N-Propylaniline 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Trimethylphenoxysilane Triacetin Trimethylphenylsilane 2-Nonenoic acid Cyclohexyl propanoate Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 1,9-Dibromononane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Di-tert-butyl ketone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Ethylheptanoic acid Heptyl acetate Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane N,N-Dibutylformamide Nonane

T/K 355.2 293.2 306.2 303.2 293.2 313.2 308.2 294.2 302.2 352.7 318.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.6 298.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 295.2 293.2 287.65 293.2 294.9 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

ε 11.34 6.20 4.3 5.34 4.77 17.3 8.48 7.7 5.41 42.6 20.77 4.14 2.370 2.381 2.595 2.365 2.265 2.656 2.377 2.279 11.97 6.68 5.61 9.35 3.90 3.780 3.711 6.40 4.36 4.3 5.48 3.4 3.9 3.3953 7.11 2.3533 2.5 4.82 4.64 6.659 12.08 2.180 7.153 9.14 10.6 10.0 9.91 2.475 2.39 1.98 4.2 4.08 4.0 3.8 4.101 4.74 4.803 18.4 1.9722

a

b

c

Range/K

0.18216E+02

-0.62361E-01

0.72884E-04

288-343

0.11727E+02

-0.30869E-01

0.32340E-04

303-358

0.18910E+02

-0.35623E-01

0.46529E-05

225-321

0.11360E+02 -0.20109E+03 0.76725E+02

-0.27471E-01 0.17866E+01 -0.26908E+00

0.25775E-04 -0.31065E-02 0.29409E-03

302-358 353-389 318-443

0.26933E+01 0.31149E+01

0.21679E-03 -0.30801E-02

-0.44643E-05 0.19643E-05

273-323 273-323

0.76006E+01 0.31517E+01 0.38998E+01 0.94482E+02 0.44520E+02 0.57072E+01 0.10762E+03

-0.29118E-01 -0.30634E-02 -0.88072E-02 -0.45540E+00 -0.21505E+00 0.86568E-02 -0.56026E+00

0.41786E-04 0.14286E-05 0.11149E-04 0.59307E-03 0.29443E-03 -0.29580E-04 0.76915E-03

273-323 273-323 288-358 213-303 233-373 303-373 233-373

0.76700E+01 0.54981E+01

-0.18298E-01 -0.56651E-02

0.17143E-04 -0.14286E-05

293-333 293-333

0.82411E+01

-0.15034E-01

0.73617E-05

303-358

0.17819E+02 0.21463E+01

-0.53656E-01 0.32711E-02

0.57759E-04 -0.86264E-05

219-304 288-323

0.22710E+01 0.18931E+02

0.15797E-02 -0.57764E-01

-0.64286E-05 0.60000E-04

273-323 293-343

0.33178E+02 0.25039E+01

-0.11290E+00 0.67274E-03

0.11454E-03 -0.24180E-05

273-393 295-365

0.59029E+01

-0.49905E-02

-0.34292E-05

301-343

0.79870E+01 0.95528E+01

-0.10488E-01 -0.16200E-01

-0.13450E-05 -0.16365E-13

274-328 293-323

0.23894E+01

-0.14830E-02

0.14881E-06

253-393

6-170

TeamLRN

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H21B C9H21N C9H21N C9H21O4P C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16

Name

T/K

2-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,4-Dimethylheptane 2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Tripropylborane Nonylamine Tripropylamine Tripropyl phosphate 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 4-Ethylstyrene Dicyclopentadiene Tetrahydro-2-naphthol* 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Benzyl propanoate Phenyl butanoate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene L-Nicotine 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol N,N-Diethylaniline γ-Terpinene d-Limonene l-Limonene

293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.8 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 363.2 373.0 413.0 333.2 393.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 328.9 293.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 297.2 303.0 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 356.0 293.2 298.2 293.2 333.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 298.2

ε 1.967 1.967 1.89 1.89 1.987 14.29 8.83 6.66 4.49 3.69 3.54 2.026 3.42 2.380 10.93 4.768 5.04 19.68 2.54 5.03 4.95 5.20 5.26 7.24 9.31 8.48 6.58 5.31 8.66 2.771 3.350 2.43 11.70 10.68 9.55 4.93 5.11 4.48 5.78 5.320 2.359 2.357 2.359 2.318 2.2322 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.275 2.538 2.223 8.937 5.71 3.734 4.259 5.15 2.2738 2.3746 2.3738

6-171

a

b

c

Range/K

0.52820E+02 0.97467E+02 0.10136E+03 0.55214E+02 0.27954E+01 -0.25463E+01

-0.18790E+00 -0.51103E+00 -0.55612E+00 -0.31920E+00 0.30000E-02 0.35320E-01

0.19580E-03 0.71429E-03 0.80000E-03 0.50000E-03 -0.52375E-13 -0.50000E-04

205-411 288-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308

0.53575E+01 0.33380E+01 0.33166E+02 0.10561E+02 0.84861E+01 0.36267E+02

-0.71982E-02 -0.86332E-02 -0.10514E+00 -0.27671E-01 -0.12357E-01 -0.41283E-01

0.19481E-05 0.18322E-04 0.10000E-03 0.27655E-04 0.26899E-05 -0.25595E-04

293-373 243-293 293-373 293-323 274-328 333-403

0.16489E+02 0.92865E+01 0.10577E+02 0.19722E+02 0.11688E+02 0.17788E+02 0.21696E+02 0.19356E+02 0.19579E+02

-0.46700E-01 -0.10500E-01 -0.22114E-01 -0.60679E-01 -0.78400E-02 -0.32580E-01 -0.63400E-01 -0.61900E-01 -0.69970E-01

0.42857E-04 0.42501E-15 0.17857E-04 0.60714E-04 -0.25000E-04 0.12500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.80889E-04

373-453 413-453 333-453 393-473 293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 329-371

0.29172E+01

0.12832E-02

-0.59453E-05

298-343

0.30564E+01 0.98978E+02

-0.20000E-02 -0.48267E+00

0.82443E-15 0.63008E-03

313-373 293-363

0.52377E+02

-0.24380E+00

0.33333E-03

273-323

0.42301E+01

0.13962E-01

-0.36426E-04

303-358

0.10927E+02

-0.20535E-01

0.11745E-04

303-358

0.28348E+01 0.27924E+01 0.28055E+01 0.25266E+01

-0.68586E-03 -0.38350E-03 -0.92614E-03 -0.25121E-03

-0.32143E-05 -0.37500E-05 -0.25000E-05 -0.24867E-05

273-323 273-323 273-323 277-333

0.33822E+01 0.26834E+01 0.21347E+02 0.21922E+02

-0.33630E-02 -0.10327E-02 -0.57177E-01 -0.84231E-01

0.17475E-05 -0.73533E-06 0.50655E-04 0.99475E-04

273-412 356-430 293-363 298-423

0.50773E+01

0.15399E-01

-0.50000E-04

303-328

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H17Cl C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20Br2 C10H20Cl2 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21NO C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22OS C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H10 C11H10 C11H10O C11H10O C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2

Name Terpinolene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene β-Myrcene Carvenone d-Fenchone 2-Chlorobornane Pinane cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Eucalyptol Cyclohexyl butanoate Diethyl adipate 1-Decene cis-5-Decene trans-5-Decene 5-Methyl-4-nonene 2,4,6-Trimethyl-3-heptene 1,10-Dibromodecane 1,10-Dichlorodecane 2-Decanone Menthol 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Methylheptyl acetate Pentyl pentanoate Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl isopentanoate Methyl nonanoate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane N,N-Dibutylacetamide Decane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4-Propylheptane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Dipentyl sulfoxide Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Benzyl butanoate Phenyl pentanoate Butyl benzoate

T/K 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 294.2 368.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 308.2 287.2 309.3 296.2 288.2 288.2 305.6 292.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 353.2 293.2 303.2 301.2 293.2 303.2

ε 2.2918 2.1787 2.4970 2.4526 2.3 18.8 12.8 5.21 2.1456 2.219 2.184 4.57 4.58 6.109 2.136 2.071 2.030 2.175 2.293 6.56 6.68 8.3 3.90 2.8 4.18 4.27 4.076 3.6 4.39 3.943 4.44 4.581 19.1 1.9853 1.98 1.9955 7.93 5.82 4.05 3.42 3.24 7.86 2.798 2.817 18.8 7.68 3.826 3.31 2.370 2.50 2.915 2.747 4.020 3.563 5.63 13.50 4.55 4.30 5.52

a

b

c

Range/K

0.25410E+01 0.26615E+01

-0.11420E-02 -0.21241E-02

0.15092E-06 0.16864E-05

293-373 293-373

0.14824E+02 0.19091E+01

-0.40749E-01 0.33442E-02

0.37600E-04 -0.87500E-05

293-343 273-323

0.17350E+02 -0.57423E+01

-0.50328E-01 0.94220E-01

0.48633E-04 -0.17500E-03

303-368 308-338

0.68202E+01

-0.15894E-01

0.20837E-04

309-358

-0.34691E+01 0.23285E+02 0.77641E+01

0.58106E-01 -0.11538E+00 -0.14335E-01

-0.10952E-03 0.17143E-03 0.73740E-05

288-323 288-323 306-393

0.14698E+02

-0.57726E-01

0.76190E-04

288-323

0.11202E+02 0.68741E+01

-0.33491E-01 -0.12210E-02

0.36314E-04 -0.22500E-04

274-328 293-323

0.24054E+01

-0.15445E-02

0.44643E-06

253-393

0.47195E+02 0.13621E+03 0.52090E+02 -0.11260E+02 -0.25832E+01 0.69536E+02

-0.20740E+00 -0.81000E+00 -0.31020E+00 0.93960E-01 0.31456E-01 -0.34596E+00

0.24942E-03 0.12500E-02 0.50000E-03 -0.15000E-03 -0.40000E-04 0.46250E-03

293-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308 293-333

0.44690E+01

-0.63710E-02

0.25000E-05

293-323

0.61497E+01

-0.12801E-01

0.10606E-04

293-373

0.45126E+01

-0.76480E-02

0.75000E-05

293-333

0.71885E+01 0.56702E+01

-0.14838E-01 -0.69754E-02

0.13750E-04 0.28571E-05

293-333 353-373

0.93644E+01

0.74280E-01

-0.20000E-03

303-323

0.77854E+01

-0.34972E-02

-0.13149E-04

303-358

6-172

TeamLRN

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

T/K

C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H23Br C11H24 C11H24O C11H25N C12F27N C12H8O C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2S C12H10S C12H11N C12H11NO C12H12 C12H12O C12H14O2 C12H14O4 C12H16O C12H16O C12H16O2 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O6 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H25I C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H28O4Si C12H28Sn C12H30OSi2 C13H10O C13H10O3 C13H12

Isobutyl benzoate 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 1-Undecene 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Bromoundecane Undecane 1-Undecanol Undecylamine Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Dibenzofuran Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfoxide Diphenyl sulfone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine N-1-Naphthylenylacetamide 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1-Ethoxynaphthalene Propyl cinnamate Diethyl phthalate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol Pentyl benzoate Pentyl salicylate Isopentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide Hexylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene l-Bornyl acetate Dicyclohexyl ether Cyclododecanone Dibutyl tartrate 1-Dodecene Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate Methyl undecanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane 1-Iodododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 2-Butyl-1-octanol Tributyl borate Dodecylamine Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylstannane Hexaethyldisiloxane Benzophenone Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane

291.2 293.2 334.0 293.2 285.3 293.2 288.2 272.6 293.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 373.2 348.2 311.2 283.2 333.2 344.7 406.2 298.2 323.2 433.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 404.2 293.2 301.2 293.12 298.2 293.2 293.2 449.0 303.2 293.2 303.2 314.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 363.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 300.2 290.2 303.2

ε 5.39 2.264 2.358 2.137 8.3 3.87 4.22 4.61 1.9972 5.98 3.25 2.15 3.00 2.53 5.2 3.726 13.03 16.6 21.1 5.43 3.73 24.3 2.7250 3.3 5.45 7.86 3.97 4.42 5.07 6.25 7.26 11.66 2.3 2.256 2.172 4.46 3.45 11.4 9.4 2.152 3.75 3.75 3.671 4.07 4.17 3.91 2.0120 5.82 3.28 2.23 3.07 2.340 8.34 3.21 2.267 2.259 12.62 6.92 2.540

6-173

a

b

c

Range/K

0.30196E+01 0.22132E+01

-0.22619E-02 0.13121E-02

0.83831E-06 -0.53571E-05

334-413 273-323

0.83503E+01

-0.18449E-01

0.14286E-04

288-323

0.23637E+01

-0.12500E-02

-0.85869E-16

283-363

0.54945E+01

-0.96161E-02

0.66017E-05

293-373

0.26869E+01

0.63072E-03

-0.30995E-05

348-428

0.14538E+03

-0.73040E+00

0.10000E-02

333-363

0.84739E+02

-0.12391E+00

-0.35714E-04

433-533

0.13129E+02

-0.19190E-01

-0.36060E-05

225-397

0.35710E+01 0.60791E+01 0.95324E+01 0.39327E+02

-0.46912E-02 0.98200E-02 -0.31740E-01 -0.13248E+00

0.35088E-05 -0.50000E-04 0.37500E-04 0.13298E-03

449-489 303-323 293-333 303-423

0.22581E+01

0.11106E-02

-0.50000E-05

273-323

0.70969E+01

-0.15080E-01

0.12500E-04

293-353

0.86103E+01 0.10002E+02 0.34641E+01 0.23697E+01 0.18518E+02

-0.20891E-01 -0.27798E-01 0.97404E-02 -0.12200E-02 -0.44859E-01

0.18994E-04 0.27559E-04 -0.27602E-04 -0.36375E-16 0.99900E-05

274-328 274-328 293-323 283-363 303-358

0.27999E+01 0.19846E+01 0.26304E+02

0.44810E-02 0.28108E-02 -0.88480E-01

-0.11905E-04 -0.54545E-05 0.92857E-04

303-373 233-293 293-373

0.36559E+01 0.34130E+02 0.26545E+02 0.30638E+01

-0.72406E-02 -0.10249E+00 -0.11180E+00 -0.17286E-02

0.85714E-05 0.10268E-03 0.15220E-03

298-333 300-420 290-358 303-333

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

T/K

C13H12O C13H18O2 C13H20 C13H20O C13H20O C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H27Br C13H28 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H15N C14H16O2Si C14H18O2 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H26O4 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H29Br C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C15H12O4 C15H26O6 C15H30O2 C15H31Br C15H32 C15H32O C15H33N C15H33N C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H33I C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C16H36Sn C17H12O3 C17H34O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H26O4 C18H28O2

Benzyl phenyl ether Hexyl benzoate Heptylbenzene α-Ionone* β-Ionone* Diethyl nonanedioate 1-Tridecene 7-Tridecanone Ethyl undecanoate Methyl dodecanoate 1-Bromotridecane Tridecane 5-Butylnonane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Dibenzylamine Dimethyldiphenoxysilane Pentyl cinnamate Octylbenzene Diisobutyl adipate Diethyl sebacate Dodecyl acetate Ethyl laurate Methyl tridecanoate 1-Bromotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Tributyrin Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Bromopentadecane Pentadecane 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecylamine Triisopentylamine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid Ethyl myristate Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane 1-Iodohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Tetrabutylstannane 2-Naphthyl salicylate 9-Heptadecanone Methyl palmitate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol Dipentyl phthalate Phenyl laurate

313.2 293.2 293.2 292.4 297.65 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 281.15 293.2 293.2 333.2 502.0 383.2 368.2 303.2 301.2 331.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 318.2 312.55 384.2 282.8 293.2 293.35 293.2 333.2 313.25 294.2 293.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 328.35 293.2 293.0 328.2 313.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2

ε 3.748 4.80 2.26 10.78 11.66 5.133 2.139 7.6 3.55 3.539 4.19 2.0213 2.0319 4.02 2.649 2.72 13.04 5.26 4.12 2.47 3.821 3.446 3.500 4.89 2.26 5.19 4.995 3.6 3.94 3.442 3.84 2.0343 4.42 2.90 4.33 5.72 3.352 3.88 2.0391 3.70 2.85 2.29 6.58 2.417 3.50 3.296 3.68 3.57 2.0460 3.69 2.71 9.74 6.30 5.43 3.124 2.0578 3.41 6.00 3.28

a

b

c

Range/K

0.14154E+01

0.66514E-02

-0.14286E-04

273-323

0.23731E+01

-0.12000E-02

-0.21841E-15

283-363

0.20571E+02

-0.69169E-01

0.66667E-04

502-516

-0.23599E+02 0.76856E+01

0.22715E+00 -0.80000E-02

-0.34667E-03 -0.80361E-15

368-393 303-358

0.31178E+01 0.80154E+01

-0.21572E-02 -0.20536E-01

0.59800E-06 0.21250E-04

331-451 293-333

0.51669E+01

-0.77001E-02

0.70156E-05

283-353

0.39143E+02

-0.20965E+00

0.32000E-03

303-313

0.10058E+02 0.23832E+01 0.12272E+02

-0.33905E-01 -0.11900E-02 -0.24667E-01

0.43528E-04 -0.51229E-16 -0.13168E-13

274-328 283-363 318-358

0.13152E+02

-0.36684E-01

0.36795E-04

199-283

0.23792E+01

-0.11600E-02

-0.71069E-16

283-363

0.12444E+02

-0.20000E-01

0.52642E+01

-0.60000E-02

-0.47358E-15

293-353

0.58668E+01 0.79531E+01 0.23861E+01 0.85935E+01

-0.73333E-02 -0.22859E-01 -0.11600E-02 -0.14714E-01

-0.52666E-14 0.26955E-04 0.25555E-15 -0.45533E-13

298-328 293-323 293-363 333-363

0.56115E+02 0.11229E+02 0.44176E+02

-0.24812E+00 -0.18857E-01 -0.21183E+00

0.30682E-03 0.70332E-05 0.28571E-03

293-313 293-353 328-363

0.23627E+01

-0.10400E-02

-0.10397E-12

293-308

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293-333

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C18H30O2 C18H30O4 C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H37Br C18H38O C18H39BO3 C18H39N C19H16 C19H18O3Si C19H32O2 C19H34O2 C19H36O2 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H30O4 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H42O C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H38O6 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C22H46O C24H20O4Si C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C27H50O6 C30H58O4 C30H62 C30H62 C34H66O4 C34H68O2 C38H74O4 C39H74O6 C51H98O6 C57H104O6 C57H104O6 C57H110O6

Name Linolenic acid Dicyclohexyl adipate Linoleic acid Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Hexadecyl acetate Ethyl palmitate Methyl heptadecanoate 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Octadecanol Trihexyl borate Octadecylamine Triphenylmethane Methyltriphenoxysilane Methyl linolenate Methyl linoleate Methyl oleate 10-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Dihexyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Octadecyl acetate Ethyl stearate Methyl nonadecanoate 1-Eicosanol Didecyl ether Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tricresyl phosphate* 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Docosane 1-Docosanol Tetraphenoxysilane Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate Triacontane 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane Ethylene glycol dipalmitate Hexadecyl stearate Ethylene glycol distearate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol tristearate

T/K

ε

293.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 303.2 313.2 303.35 333.2 293.2 326.35 367.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 308.2 313.2 313.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 333.2 293.2 299.2 293.2 343.2 373.2 373.2

2.825 4.84 2.754 2.336 4.54 2.314 3.19 3.07 3.07 3.53 3.38 2.22 2.67 2.46 3.628 3.355 3.466 3.211 5.37 3.021 2.0706 5.62 3.17 3.07 2.958 2.982 3.13 2.644 2.645 6.7 4.476 4.00 3.120 2.0840 2.94 3.4915 5.22 4.01 3.931 2.98 1.9112 1.9106

348.2 333.2 353.2 313.2 328.2 293.2 313.2 353.2

2.89 2.61 2.79 3.287 2.901 3.109 2.980 2.740

6-175

a

b

c

Range/K

0.33867E+01

-0.19181E-02

274-368

0.32073E+01 0.25385E+01

-0.15477E-02 -0.69448E-03

275-368 275-368

0.27159E+01 0.47310E+01 0.57938E+01

-0.13300E-02 -0.50000E-02 -0.12294E-01

0.41338E-14 0.10919E-04

293-373 308-348 303-455

0.46790E+01 0.73784E+01

-0.30355E-02 -0.12000E-01

-0.24798E-05 -0.22871E-13

303-332 333-363

0.40201E+01

-0.66507E-02

0.65329E-05

367-448

0.57033E+01 0.44569E+01 0.70930E+01

-0.11223E-01 -0.45000E-02 -0.19081E-01

0.93447E-05 0.33923E-14 0.19555E-04

301-423 308-348 331-440

0.21700E+01 0.41465E+01 0.57840E+01

0.12497E-01 -0.62240E-02 -0.16568E-01

-0.28571E-04 0.37500E-05 0.20000E-04

338-363 293-333 293-323

0.73894E+02

-0.46261E+00

0.75500E-03

298-343

0.82062E+01

-0.25069E-01

0.28571E-04

348-373

-0.29131E+01

0.32206E-01

-0.44154E-04

328-393

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES This table gives the relative permittivity ε (often called the dielectric constant) of some common gases at a temperature of 20°C and pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Values of the permanent dipole moment µ in Debye Units (1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m) are also included. The density dependence of the permittivity is given by the equation  4π N α 4π N µ 2  ε –1 = ρm  + ε+2 9 k T   3

where ρm is the molar density, N is Avogadro’s number, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and α is the molecular polarizability. Therefore, in regions where the gas can be considered ideal, ε – 1 is approximately proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. For nonpolar gases (µ = 0), ε –1 is inversely proportional to temperature at constant pressure. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values given. The values of ε for air, Ar, H2, He, N2, O2, and CO2 are recommended as reference values; these are accurate to 1 ppm or better. The second part of the table gives the permittivity of water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water as a function of temperature (derived from Reference 4). REFERENCE 1. A. A. Maryott and F. Buckley, Table of Dielectric Constants and Electric Dipole Moments of Substances in the Gaseous State, National Bureau of Standards Circular 537, 1953. 2. B. A. Younglove, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982; 16, 577, 1987 (for data on N2, H2, O2, and hydrocarbons over a range of pressure and temperature). 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980 (for data at high pressures). 4. G. Birnbaum and S. K. Chatterjee, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 220, 1952 (for data on water vapor).

Mol. form.

ε

Name

µ/D

Compounds not containing carbon

Ar BF3 BrH ClH F3N F6S HI H2 H 2S H 3N He Kr NO N2 N 2O Ne O2 O 2S O3 Xe

Air (dry,CO2 free) Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen trifluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium Krypton Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Xenon

1.0005364 1.0005172 1.0011 1.00279 1.00390 1.0013 1.00200 1.00214 1.0002538 1.00344 1.00622 1.0000650 1.00078 1.00060 1.0005480 1.00104 1.00013 1.0004947 1.00825 1.0017 1.00126

0 0 0.827 1.109 0.235 0 0.448 0 0.97 1.471 0 0 0.159 0 0.161 0 0 1.633 0.534 0

1.00121 1.00065 1.000922

0 0.110 0

Compounds containing carbon CF4 CO CO2

Tetrafluoromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide

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PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES (continued) Mol. form.

Name

ε

µ/D

CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H6 C2H6O C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10

Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Methane Acetylene Chloroethylene Ethylene Chloroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Propene Cyclopropane Propane Butane Isobutane

1.01028 1.01080 1.00973 1.00914 1.00081 1.00124 1.0075 1.00134 1.01325 1.00140 1.0062 1.00228 1.00178 1.00200 1.00258 1.00260

1.822 1.892 1.858 1.62 0 0 1.45 0 2.05 0 1.30 0.366 0 0.084 0 0.132

PERMITTIVITY OF SATURATED WATER VAPOR t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50

t/°C

ε 1.00007 1.00012 1.00022 1.00037 1.00060 1.00095

60 70 80 90 100

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ε 1.00144 1.00213 1.00305 1.00428 1.00587

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES J. Gmehling, J. Menke, J. Krafczyk, K. Fischer, J.-C. Fontaine, and H. V. Kehiaian Binary homogeneous (single-phase) liquid mixtures having an extremum (maximum or minimum) vapor pressure P at constant temperature T, as a function of composition, are called azeotropic mixtures, or simply azeotropes. The composition is usually expressed as mole fractions, where x1 for component 1 in the liquid phase and y1 for component 1 in the vapor phase are identical. Mixtures that do not show a maximum or minimum are called zeotropic. A maximum (minimum) of the P(x1) or P(y1) curves corresponds to a minimum (maximum) of the boiling temperature T at constant P, plotted as a function of x1 or y1 [see T(x1) and T(y1) curves, Types I and III, in Fig.1]. Azeotropes in which the pressure is a maximum (temperature is a minimum) are often called positive azeotropes, while pressure-minimum (temperature-maximum) azeotropes are called negative azeotropes. The coordinates of an azeotropic point are the azeotropic temperature TAz, pressure PAz, and the vapor-phase composition y1,Az , which is the same as the liquid-phase composition x1,Az. In the two-phase liquid-liquid region of partially miscible (heterogeneous) mixtures, the vapor pressure at constant T (or the boiling temperature at constant P) is independent of the global composition x1 of the two coexisting liquid phases between the equilibrium compositions x1′and x1′′ (x1′ < x1′′). The constant vapor pressure (boiling temperature) above the two-phase region of certain partially miscible mixtures is usually larger (smaller) than the vapor pressure (boiling temperature) at any other liquid-phase composition in the homogeneous region. In this case, the vapor-phase composition is inside the miscibility gap. Mixtures of this type are called heteroazeotropic mixtures, or simply heteroazeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type II), as opposed to the other types of azeotropes, called homoazeotropes. Only in a few cases partially miscible mixtures present a positive or negative azeotropic point in the single-phase region, outside the miscibility gap, similar to the azeotropic points of homogeneous mixtures (Fig. 1, Types IV and VI). A few binary mixtures, for example the system perfluorobenzene + benzene, may present two azeotropic points at constant temperature (pressure), a positive and a negative one. They are called double azeotropic mixtures, or simply double azeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type V). The knowledge of the occurrence of azeotropic points in binary and higher systems is of special importance for the design of distillation processes. The number of theoretical stages of a distillation column required for the separation depends on the separation factor α12, i.e. the ratio of the Ki-factors (Ki = yi/xi) of the components i (i = 1, 2). The required separation factor can be calculated with the following simplified relation (Reference 1):
12 = K1/K2 = (y1/x1)/ (y2/x2) = (1P1s)/ (2P2 s)

(1)

where i is the activity coefficient of component i in the liquid phase and Pis is the vapor pressure of the pure component i. In distillation processes, only the difference between the separation factor and unity (
12 – 1) can be exploited for the separation. If the separation factor is close to unity, a large number of theoretical stages is required for the separation. If the binary system to be separated shows an azeotropic point (
12 = 1), the separation is impossible by ordinary distillation, even with an infinitely large number of stages. Following eq. (1) azeotropic behavior will always occur in homogeneous binary systems when the vapor pressure ratio P1s/ P2s is equal to the ratio of the activity coefficients γ2/γ1. Various thermodynamic methods based on gE-models (Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC) or group contribution methods (UNIFAC, modified UNIFAC, ASOG, PSRK) can be used for either calculating or predicting the required activity coefficients for the components under given conditions of temperature and composition (Reference 2). Because of the importance of azeotropic data for the design of distillation processes, compilations have been available in book form for quite some time (References 3-7). The most recent printed data collection was published in 1994 (Reference 8). A revised and extended version appeared in 2004 (Reference 9). A collection of approximately 47,400 zeotropic and azeotropic data sets, compiled from 6600 references, are stored in a comprehensive computerized data bank (Reference 10). The references from the above-mentioned compilations and from the vapor-liquid equilibrium part of the Dortmund Data Bank (Reference 11) were supplemented by references found from CAS online searches, private communications, data from industry, etc.. Over 24,000 zeotropic data and over 20,000 azeotropic data are available for binary systems. Nearly 90% of the binary azeotropic data show a pressure maximum. In most cases (ca. 90%) these are homogeneous azeotropes, and in approximately 7–8% of the cases heterogeneous azeotropes are reported. Less than 10% of the data stored show a pressure minimum. Approximately 21,000 of the data sets stored were published after 1970. The table below provides information about azeotropes for 808 selected binary systems. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order, with carbon-containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. In columns 1 and 2 are the molecular formulas of components 1 and 2 written in the Hill convention. In column 3 the names of the components are given, either a systematic IUPAC name or a name in ubiquitous use. Columns 4, 5, and 6 contain the azeotropic coordinates of the mixtures: temperature TAz, pressure PAz, and vapor-phase composition y1,Az . The explanation of the type of azeotrope (column 7) is given by the following codes: O: L: E: X: N: D: C:

homogeneous azeotrope in a completely miscible system homogeneous azeotrope in a partially miscible system heterogeneous azeotrope pressure maximum pressure minimum double azeotrope system contains a supercritical compound

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued)

A

B

C

0

I

y1

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

0

II

y1

0

III

y1

0

IV

y1

0

V

y1

0

VI

y1

0 0

x1

1

0

x1

1

0

x1

1

Figure 1 Different types of binary azeotropic systems: I - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a completely miscible system (OX); II - heterogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope (EX); III - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a completely miscible system (ON); IV - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LX); V - D: double azeotrope (OND, OXD); VI - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LN). A - y1(x1); B - P(x1) and P(y1); C - T(x1) and T(y1). Continuous line - (x1); Dashed line - (y1).

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Gmehling, J. and Brehm, A., Grundoperationen, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996. Gmehling, J. and Kolbe, B., Thermodynamik, VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1992. Lecat, M., Doctoral Dissertation, 1908. Lecat, M., L’Azeotropisme, Monograph, L’Auteur, Brussel, 1918. Lecat, M., Tables Azeotropiques, Monograph, Lamertin, Brussel 1949. Ogorodnikov, S. K., Lesteva, T. M., and Kogan V. B., Azeotropic Mixtures, Khimia, Leningrad, 1971. Horsley, L. H., Azeotropic Data III, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1973. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data, 2 Volumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1994. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data, 2nd Ed., 3 Volumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2004. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., A Data Bank for Azeotropic Data, Status and Applications, Fluid Phase Equilib. 103, 51, 1995. 11. Dortmund Data Bank, www.ddbst.de Molecular Formula Comp. 1 AlCl3

Comp. 2

Name Aluminum chloride

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

Cl3OP

Phosphoryl trichloride Hydrogen chloride Water Thionyl chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Sulfuryl chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphoryl trichloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachlorosilane Acetonitrile Molybdenum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Water Trichlorofluoromethane Nitric acid Water Water Trichloromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Trichloroethene Acetonitrile 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethanol 1,2-Ethanediamine Acrylonitrile Acrolein Propanal Allyl alcohol Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Ethyl formate

660.15

0.5150

101.33

ONC

389.34

0.1083

133.32

ONC

345.85

0.4200

101.33

OX

364.15

0.5000

101.33

ON

536.15 558.85

0.4020 0.4650

101.33 101.33

ON ON

350.75

0.4630

101.33

OX

321.05

0.6900

101.33

EX

274.70

0.9750

101.33

OX

382.15 283.15

0.3508 0.7840

101.33 129.45

ON EX

393.20

0.3820

101.33

ON

329.27 355.75 380.35 356.90 346.55 349.95 345.43 351.25 391.85 344.05 325.45 320.65 361.15 330.05 344.95 325.75

0.1603 0.9300 0.4272 0.5160 0.3560 0.3100 0.3570 0.1030 0.4450 0.2850 0.0730 0.0600 0.5562 0.1060 0.2520 0.0700

101.33 53.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 103.62 101.30 101.33

EX OX ON EX EX OX EX OX ON EX LX LX OX LX OX EX

ClH H 2O Cl2OS Cl3P Cl2O2S Cl3P Cl3OP Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl4Ge C2H4Cl2 Cl4Si C 2H 3 N Cl5Mo Cl6W FH H 2O CCl3F HNO3 H 2O H2O CHCl3 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 C2HCl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C2H6O C2H8N2 C3H3N C3H4O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C5H5N C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2

C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C 6H 6 C 6H 7N C 6H 7N C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H12 C6H12O2

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol Dimethoxymethane cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile Pyrrole Methacrylic acid 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Isobutanal Ethyl acetate Butanoic acid 1,4-Dioxane Propyl formate Methyl propanoate 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Butylamine Pyridine 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyl-2-butene 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Pentanone Isopropyl acetate Propyl acetate Butyl formate Isobutyl formate 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol Benzene Aniline 4-Methylpyridine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Methyldihydropyran (unspecified isomer) 4-Vinyl-1,3-dioxane 1-Hexene Butyl acetate

373.05 336.35 360.80 353.70 372.65 315.05 358.45 363.05 348.15 372.25 346.54 336.67 332.80 343.55 372.95 360.65 344.85 344.75 353.95 348.45 333.95 365.45 360.50 353.00 349.85 367.30 305.85 313.15 361.65 354.45 309.75 369.55 333.15 359.25 356.05 349.75 355.91 356.95 352.75 367.97 360.85 369.08 363.15 342.35 372.55 370.50 343.95 369.45 360.75 367.65 318.15 363.35

0.9500 0.2210 0.5680 0.3260 0.9441 0.0269 0.3832 0.6843 0.7514 0.9464 0.3480 0.1828 0.1698 0.2990 0.9559 0.5280 0.3090 0.3050 0.4950 0.3730 0.1970 0.7540 0.6200 0.4011 0.0700 0.7500 0.0520 0.0212 0.7060 0.4996 0.0650 0.9141 0.8680 0.5770 0.4750 0.3960 0.5228 0.5360 0.4460 0.8265 0.6355 0.8633 0.7550 0.2980 0.9580 0.8972 0.3090 0.8694 0.5841 0.8955 0.1510 0.7013

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.99 101.38 101.33 101.33 50.13 98.93 101.33 101.33 100.99 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.30 101.19 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.75 101.33 92.49 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 100.93 101.33 63.35 101.33

6-183

Type OX EX OX OX OX LX EX EX EX OX LX OX EX EX OX OX EX EX EX EX LX EX LX OX OX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX LX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C 7H 8 C 7H 8O C 7H 9N C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16O C 8H 8 C 8H 8O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C9H10 C9H12 C9H12O C9H20 C9H20O C10H22 C10H22O C12H27N

361.05 366.00 365.05 365.75 370.00 362.05 369.55 334.75 349.85 367.89 372.70 347.25 359.00 357.25 373.05 369.17 358.15 350.20 367.05 367.95 352.35 371.99 367.15 371.15 365.15 365.15 364.15 369.85 362.75 351.95 368.65 372.75 370.05 369.95 368.15 371.25 367.95 373.00 370.75 373.13 372.80

0.6440 0.7779 0.7966 0.7257 0.9900 0.6600 0.8692 0.2110 0.4070 0.9432 0.9679 0.3654 0.6046 0.5230 0.9840 0.8647 0.9740 0.4100 0.7990 0.8340 0.4510 0.9703 0.8000 0.9675 0.7667 0.7450 0.7221 0.9110 0.6850 0.4420 0.7628 0.9820 0.8850 0.8880 0.8340 0.9718 0.8280 0.9846 0.9180 0.9865 0.9762

101.33 101.33 101.50 101.30 90.79 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 59.41 101.33 101.46 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.19 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.46

Type EX EX EX EX OX EX OX EX EX EX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX

C3H8O

Isobutyl acetate 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (unspecified isomer) 4-Ethyl-1,3-dioxane Diacetone alcohol Propyl propanoate Cyclohexylamine Hexane Butyl ethyl ether 1-Hexanol Di(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether Diisopropylamine Dipropylamine Toluene Benzyl alcohol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,2-Propanediol diacetate 1-Heptene Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Heptane 1-Heptanol Styrene Acetophenone m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene Butyl butanoate Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Dibutyl ether 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Isopropenylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Phenyl-2-propanol Nonane 1-Nonanol Decane 1-Decanol Tributylamine Tetrachloromethane Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol 2-Propanol

338.19 341.25 346.28 341.83

0.6140 0.0337 0.8032 0.6686

101.33 149.93 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

C4H6O C4H6O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O

2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal 2-Butanone Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol

348.15 339.15 346.99 347.95 349.71 348.95

0.6500 0.6000 0.6630 0.5700 0.9500 0.9080

97.86 97.86 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX

CCl4

C 2H 6O C 3H 6O C 3H 8O

6-184

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C5H10O

CS2 CH4O CHCl3 CH4O C2H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H8O C4H6O C6H12 C6H14 CHN C3H5Cl CH2Cl2 C2H6O CH2O2 C2H4Cl2 C5H10O2 C8H10 CH3NO2 C2H6O C3H7Br C4H8O2 C5H10 C7H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 CH4O C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C3H5Cl C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Cl C4H4F6O C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O2 C5H3F9O C5H6

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Carbon disulfide Methanol Trichloromethane Methanol Ethanol Acetone Methyl acetate 2-Propanol 2-Butenal 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Hydrogen cyanide 3-Chloropropene Dichloromethane Ethanol Formic acid 1,2-Dichloroethane Butyl formate m-Xylene Nitromethane Ethanol 1-Bromopropane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-2-butene Methylcyclohexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Methanol 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromoethane 3-Chloropropene Acetone Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Ethyl formate Dimethyl carbonate 1-Chloropropane Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Vinyl acetate 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Ethyl acetate Diethyl ether Dimethylacetal 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene

348.45

0.9009

101.06

Type OX

310.65

0.7000

101.33

LX

328.15 332.45 337.58 337.51 334.15 329.15 333.95 333.45

0.6480 0.8410 0.6398 0.6760 0.9500 0.9950 0.6235 0.7840

107.99 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 97.86 101.19 101.33

OX OX ON ON OX OX OX OX

296.45

0.8016

101.33

OX

312.05

0.9600

101.33

OX

350.17 372.15 365.95

0.4275 0.8700 0.8545

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX EX

333.15 343.25 373.25 311.15 354.85 353.25 363.38 369.29 371.96 373.16 373.75

0.2850 0.1020 0.4101 0.0570 0.5123 0.4790 0.6964 0.8403 0.9239 0.9619 0.9846

53.61 99.82 101.48 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.73 99.73 99.73 99.73 99.73

OX OX OX LX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX

317.25 308.05 312.15 328.29 328.15 334.66 318.15 337.25 313.35 326.28 332.05 323.15 332.75 335.66 305.15 330.35

0.1890 0.1610 0.2570 0.2400 0.3480 0.6910 0.3000 0.8504 0.2500 0.4450 0.6182 0.8020 0.5040 0.7120 0.0500 0.4700

93.33 101.33 100.39 101.33 107.19 101.30 81.34 102.52 101.59 101.30 101.33 58.80 101.33 101.33 93.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

330.67 309.05

0.5600 0.2120

101.30 101.33

OX OX

6-185

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H14N2 C6F6 C6H5F C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C7H8 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C8H18 C9H20

C2Cl3F3 C2H3F3O C2H6O C3H8O C4H10O C2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H18 C2Cl4F2 C2H4Cl2 C2HBrClF3 C4H10O C2HCl3 C2H4Cl2

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane Isopentane

303.55 309.05 304.85 311.10 309.65 300.55 291.05 306.25 300.05 334.95 297.05

0.1670 0.2190 0.1900 0.2300 0.2110 0.1720 0.0890 0.2160 0.1469 0.6590 0.0930

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.47 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Pentane Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Diethoxymethane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine Hexafluorobenzene Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexane 2-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethylbutane Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Octane Nonane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Ethanol 2-Propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Octane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Diethyl ether Trichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethane

303.20 330.00 325.00 330.00 336.03 334.15 335.15 318.15 333.35 331.56 328.75 330.00 313.15 333.15 330.95 330.00 335.00 335.55 336.65 333.15 331.95 335.15 335.55 337.25

0.1930 0.5515 0.3140 0.4050 0.8127 0.7250 0.7670 0.6100 0.6625 0.6090 0.6090 0.4517 0.3620 0.5160 0.6002 0.5390 0.8010 0.7735 0.8820 0.7520 0.7279 0.8736 0.8830 0.9526

101.30 100.08 103.15 112.25 101.52 100.00 101.33 61.73 101.62 101.33 106.66 141.80 85.50 149.64 101.54 101.61 98.84 101.69 101.33 102.87 101.33 97.28 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX EX OX OX LX OX

316.58 317.75 319.35 319.95

0.7770 0.8456 0.9159 0.9426

101.33 101.42 100.95 101.09

EX OX OX OX

385.95 393.15 393.65 393.45 371.90

0.2115 0.5900 0.7100 0.6700 0.8781

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 53.44

OX OX OX OX OX

353.80

0.2700

101.33

OX

323.65

0.7200

93.33

ON

355.35

0.3324

101.36

OX

6-186

TeamLRN

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C2H6O C4H6O C6H12

C2H2Cl2 C5H3F9O C2H3N C3H8O C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H10O C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H14O C7H16O C10H20 C2H4Cl2 C3H8O C6H14 C2H4Cl2 C3H8O C4H10O C4H10O C7H14 C8H18 C2H4O C4H6 C5H8 C2H4O2 C5H5N C5H12O C6H7N C6H10O2 C6H14 C7H9N C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C4H10O C5H8

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Ethanol 2-Butenal Cyclohexane trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane Acetonitrile 2-Propanol Vinyl acetate 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene Isopentane Benzene 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Decene 1,1-Dichloroethane 2-Propanol Hexane 1,2-Dichloroethane 2-Propanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol

343.85 360.15 353.40

0.4741 0.9000 0.0975

101.33 97.86 101.32

Type OX OX OX

318.50

0.8390

101.30

OX

348.15 344.65 352.15 338.95 333.15 306.75 312.45 355.25 308.95 301.85 298.45 328.15 346.13 348.85 354.55

0.5287 0.1948 0.3195 0.0784 0.6200 0.0410 0.1450 0.9866 0.1320 0.0830 0.1040 0.4560 0.5835 0.7219 0.9924

100.81 98.33 101.15 101.13 56.93 101.33 101.33 102.07 101.33 101.33 101.33 54.65 100.56 98.99 100.51

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX EX OX OX OX OX

329.55 329.30

0.8928 0.8025

101.60 101.21

OX OX

347.25 356.05

0.5258 0.9173

100.32 101.26

OX OX

349.45 354.65 343.15

0.5336 0.8036 0.7600

101.43 101.21 73.13

OX OX OX

268.15 292.23

0.0520 0.8140

101.33 101.33

OX OX

411.25 392.65 417.27 386.45 341.40 435.45 364.95 389.75 388.40 378.85 386.05 390.05 391.15

0.5780 0.7210 0.5120 0.5750 0.0839 0.3022 0.4490 0.8640 0.8200 0.6870 0.8250 0.9250 0.9720

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON OX OX ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

303.05 301.55 298.90

0.7360 0.6030 0.5150

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylcyclohexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Acetaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Acetic acid Pyridine 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methylpyridine Vinyl butanoate Hexane 2,4-Dimethylpyridine Heptane o-Xylene p-Xylene Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Methyl formate Bromoethane Diethyl ether 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

6-187

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14

C2H5Br C5H10 C5H12 C2H5NO2 C4H10O C7H16 C2H6O C3H3N C3H6O2 C4H3F7O C4H4F6O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H11N C5H3F9O C5H8 C5H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O2 C6H5F C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C7H8 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C2H6O2 C5H12O3

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Pentane Hexane Bromoethane 2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Nitroethane 2-Methyl-1-propanol Heptane Ethanol Acrylonitrile Methyl acetate 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1trifluoroethyl ether Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Ethyl acetate 1,4-Dioxane Methyl propanoate Butylamine 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Isopropyl acetate Methyl butanoate Isopentane Pentane Methyl tert-butyl ether Diethoxymethane Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

297.75 291.55 294.85 302.65

0.5760 0.4920 0.5740 0.8490

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX

308.55 300.55

0.5110 0.2180

101.33 101.33

OX OX

375.81 362.95

0.4080 0.3520

101.33 101.33

OX OX

343.95 329.79

0.4440 0.0362

101.33 101.33

OX OX

326.67 331.90 345.45 347.15 344.95 344.85 351.33 346.30 354.99

0.2000 0.2840 0.3690 0.5080 0.1290 0.4590 0.9480 0.5140 0.5900

101.30 101.30 101.33 101.33 125.00 101.33 101.33 103.91 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX ON

337.88 305.95 323.40 309.79 323.44 343.45 350.85 351.15 351.33 349.85 346.30 299.95 307.15 327.75 348.30 343.85 341.25 337.95 331.65 339.95 346.81

0.3980 0.1500 0.1440 0.0795 0.1800 0.2930 0.8250 0.9779 0.9590 0.7010 0.8800 0.0540 0.0537 0.0380 0.6497 0.4752 0.4600 0.4540 0.3410 0.3728 0.5820

101.30 101.33 134.00 101.33 121.00 101.33 101.33 100.50 101.33 101.33 83.88 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.35 101.54 101.33 102.26 101.33 101.72 101.32

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

349.75 349.35 349.85 344.42 351.35

0.8152 0.7644 0.8250 0.6450 0.9400

101.33 101.54 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX

463.95

0.4388

101.33

OX

Toluene 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Nonane 1,2-Ethanediol Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether

6-188

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C6H14O3 C7H8O C7H16O3 C7H16O3 C7H16O3 C8H11N C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C9H20O3 C10H22O3

C3H3N C5H8 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C3H4O C5H8 C3H6O C5H8 C5H8 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H7Br C4H8O C4H9Cl C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15N C7H14 C3H6O C5H10O2 C6H6 C6H12 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C6H10 C6H12

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether o-Cresol Di(ethylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monopropyl ether Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspecified isomer) 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Di(ethylene glycol) monobutyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspecified isomer) Acrylonitrile Methylenecyclobutane Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Acrolein 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Propanal 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Acetone Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane Tetrahydrofuran 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Methyl tert-butyl ether Cyclohexane 1-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Diisopropyl ether Triethylamine Methylcyclohexane Allyl alcohol Ethyl propanoate Benzene Cyclohexane Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane Cyclohexene Cyclohexane

467.15 462.67 466.35 468.55

0.6480 0.3797 0.6964 0.8448

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX

457.65 443.65 469.15 467.55

0.3500 0.1734 0.9102 0.8355

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

458.65

0.4800

101.33

OX

463.15

0.6590

101.33

OX

465.75

0.8130

101.33

OX

313.80 347.45 337.75 330.90

0.1275 0.5575 0.4836 0.4048

101.33 101.46 101.94 101.05

OX OX OX OX

306.45

0.1980

101.33

OX

306.35 311.30

0.1700 0.3600

101.33 101.33

OX OX

328.85 328.75 328.85 322.05 306.95 311.25 307.75 303.25 308.75 298.75 324.35 330.05 323.35 333.40 322.95 327.10 318.15 318.15

0.6470 0.9915 0.9603 0.1944 0.0610 0.2800 0.2220 0.1400 0.2440 0.1730 0.4824 0.7590 0.5973 0.5793 0.6480 0.7424 0.9800 0.9500

101.33 99.75 100.35 102.11 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.19 109.32 101.40 140.60 101.33 100.17 68.13 68.66

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

367.65 349.90 333.15

0.5597 0.2203 0.2790

99.79 101.33 63.98

OX OX OX

329.60 330.35 328.65

0.9727 0.9121 0.8000

99.56 102.87 101.33

OX OX OX

6-189

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H16

C3H6O2 C3H7Br C6H12 C3H6O2 C5H5N C3H6O3 C5H12O2 C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C7H16 C3H7Br C3H8O C6H12 C3H7NO C7H16 C10H16 C10H16 C3H7NO2 C7H16 C3H7NO2 C7H16 C3H8O C4H3F7O C4H4F6O C4H6O2 C4H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O2 C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O2 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H18 C8H18

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Heptane Ethyl formate 2-Bromopropane Cyclohexane Propanoic acid Pyridine Dimethyl carbonate

325.85 323.15 325.15 326.65 323.15

0.6917 0.6340 0.5931 0.6590 0.9570

99.50 92.08 100.38 106.66 79.48

Type OX OX OX OX OX

326.15 323.15

0.7090 0.8210

101.33 91.46

OX OX

421.75

0.6860

101.33

ON

Diethoxymethane Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Dipropyl ether Heptane 1-Bromopropane 2-Propanol Cyclohexane N,N-Dimethylformamide Heptane 1,4-Dimethyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 1-Methyl-3(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene 1-Nitropropane Heptane 2-Nitropropane Heptane 1-Propanol 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1trifluoroethyl ether Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether 2,3-Butanedione 1,4-Dioxane Propyl acetate Diethoxymethane Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane Hexane Toluene Heptane Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

358.71 353.50 346.95 342.35 338.15 356.45 355.15

0.4437 0.1366 0.3780 0.2680 0.2540 0.5044 0.5930

100.42 100.48 101.49 103.46 98.46 100.73 99.67

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

339.15 343.35

0.7349 0.9219

99.97 98.84

OX OX

370.15 415.65

0.0800 0.5880

101.33 101.33

OX OX

419.05

0.7250

101.33

OX

369.25

0.1630

101.33

OX

367.55

0.2920

101.33

OX

329.23 336.22 359.30 365.30 367.88 359.01 350.20 347.68 340.85 368.20 348.15 365.35 357.65 369.08 369.85 369.90 369.60 369.00 366.85 357.89

0.0350 0.1100 0.3600 0.6418 0.6190 0.2320 0.2060 0.2490 0.1729 0.9597 0.1900 0.6770 0.4830 0.9884 0.9886 0.9531 0.9531 0.8600 0.7483 0.4580

101.30 101.30 100.67 101.30 101.33 99.43 101.33 101.33 101.19 101.30 137.23 101.33 101.33 98.13 98.66 99.06 99.99 101.33 101.33 101.30

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

6-190

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AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C9H20

C3H8O C4H4F6O C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H10O C5H3F9O C5H8 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H12 C5H12O2 C6H5F C6H6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15N C7H8 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18 C3H8O2 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C3H8O2 C5H6 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C3H8O2 C7H16O3 C8H18O3 C9H20O3 C9H20O3 C10H22O3

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Nonane 2-Propanol Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether 2,3-Butanedione 2-Butanone 2-Methyl-2-propanol 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 3-Methyl-2-butanone Isopentane Diethoxymethane Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Diisopropyl ether Diisopropylamine Toluene Methylcyclohexane Heptane tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

369.95

0.9225

101.33

Type OX

334.16 350.85 350.55 343.05

0.2230 0.6454 0.3830 0.5551

101.30 100.95 101.33 60.27

OX OX OX ON

341.23 307.05 310.95 346.10 354.75 298.15 351.45 347.75 345.03 344.65 342.75 336.45 338.15 340.00 352.94 354.65 350.85 349.55 349.95 354.63 349.58

0.3420 0.0150 0.0460 0.1400 0.8500 0.1370 0.6107 0.4666 0.3960 0.4271 0.4050 0.2900 0.2900 0.2050 0.4890 0.8370 0.6530 0.6023 0.5306 0.8990 0.6350

101.30 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 98.61 101.25 101.33 101.40 101.33 98.14 112.66 103.36 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.70 101.33 101.30

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

393.95 392.65 392.15 392.65 380.75 381.25 381.05

0.7787 0.7127 0.6397 0.6303 0.4700 0.4900 0.4900

98.93 98.79 99.73 99.99 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

313.65 306.80 310.35 309.05

0.3350 0.0160 0.4630 0.2900

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

456.85

0.5691

101.33

OX

458.75

0.7778

101.33

OX

458.95

0.8130

101.33

OX

458.95

0.9010

101.33

OX

459.65

0.9721

101.33

OX

2-Methoxyethanol Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Dimethoxymethane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene 1,2-Propanediol Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspecified isomer)

6-191

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H22O3

C3H8O2 C5H12O3 C6H14O3 C4H6 C4H8 C4H6O C7H8 C8H18 C4H6O2 C6H12 C6H14 C4H6O2 C7H8 C4H6O3 C8H16 C8H18 C4H8O C6H12 C4H8O C4H8O2 C6H6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14 C7H16 C4H8O C6H12 C6H14 C4H8O2 C4H10O C6H6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H14 C4H8O2 C5H5N C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C11H24 C4H8O2 C4H10O C5H10O2 C5H12O C6H10 C6H12

Name Di(propylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether (unspecified isomer) 1,3-Propanediol Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butene (unspecified isomer) 2-Butenal Toluene Octane Vinyl acetate Cyclohexane Hexane 2,3-Butanedione Toluene Acetic anhydride 1-Octene Octane Butanal 2-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Butanone Ethyl acetate Benzene Cyclohexene 1-Hexene Hexane Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl ether Methylcyclohexane Heptane Tetrahydrofuran 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Ethyl acetate 2-Methyl-2-propanol Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Hexane Methylcyclohexane Butanoic acid Pyridine Butyl butanoate Butyl butanoate Undecane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Butanol Propyl acetate 2-Methyl-2-butanol Cyclohexene Methylcyclopentane

6-192

TeamLRN

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

459.05

0.9255

101.33

OX

455.25 459.25

0.6300 0.9350

101.33 101.33

OX OX

267.59

0.7650

101.33

OX

374.15 353.15

0.5950 0.4950

97.86 97.86

OX OX

340.45 335.25

0.6200 0.4450

101.33 101.33

OX OX

362.70

0.9513

101.34

OX

367.53 397.65

0.2840 0.3500

53.88 129.80

OX OX

334.15

0.2293

101.48

OX

349.55 351.53 343.29 334.75 337.15 340.55 351.40 350.50 350.15

0.1700 0.4790 0.5110 0.1760 0.3280 0.1938 0.7785 0.7984 0.7670

101.33 101.33 89.35 100.58 101.33 101.56 100.88 98.93 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

334.65 323.15

0.2867 0.5900

101.29 65.83

OX OX

349.75 350.55 347.45 345.00 333.15 338.00 349.90

0.7778 0.9453 0.6183 0.5390 0.1230 0.3430 0.9001

101.28 102.45 100.87 102.45 91.47 101.32 101.83

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

436.35 434.60 434.78

0.9117 0.6532 0.8639

101.33 93.33 93.33

ON OXD OND

435.55

0.9060

101.33

OX

371.75 373.35 373.75 355.75 343.85

0.4732 0.6334 0.8119 0.1065 0.0538

100.77 101.13 99.62 101.44 99.79

OX OX OX OX OX

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C6H15N C7H16 C7H16O

C4H8O2 C6H6 C4H8O2 C7H14 C4H9Cl C6H12 C4H9NO C8H10 C8H10 C4H10O C5H5N C5H10O3 C6H5Cl C6H12 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H14 C7H8 C7H12 C7H16 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H18 C8H18O C9H16 C9H16 C9H20 C4H10O C5H10O C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C7H8 C7H16 C7H16O C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C4H10O C5H12 C4H10O

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Triethylamine Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Propyl formate Benzene Methyl propanoate Methylcyclohexane 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane N,N-Dimethylacetamide o-Xylene Ethylbenzene 1-Butanol Pyridine Diethyl carbonate Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Hexane Toluene 3-Ethylcyclopentene Heptane Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Octane Dibutyl ether 1-Butylcyclopentene 1-Nonyne Nonane 2-Butanol 3-Pentanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Hexane 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane Diethyl ether Pentane 2-Methyl-1-propanol

343.15 364.30 369.15

0.2500 0.4868 0.5452

56.80 101.06 100.27

Type OX OX OX

343.15

0.3770

76.08

OX

352.45

0.8956

101.33

OX

348.31

0.5800

95.85

OX

416.95 408.95

0.0591 0.0037

103.40 101.70

OX OX

392.00 370.85 388.25 352.68 389.97 387.15 341.35 378.85 367.65 366.55 388.71 388.05 387.75 387.85 386.50 398.30 363.45 382.35 382.15 383.15 390.59 356.70 390.60 389.05

0.7050 0.6346 0.6950 0.0787 0.7700 0.5980 0.0370 0.3320 0.1900 0.2272 0.8923 0.8671 0.7865 0.7823 0.6200 0.7910 0.4530 0.5300 0.5310 0.5500 0.8754 0.8450 0.9400 0.8128

101.33 53.20 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.38 98.39 100.13 101.46 99.73 101.33 101.33 53.33 101.33 101.33 102.79 101.33 79.99 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

370.50 352.75 349.90 348.15 359.15 353.44 361.95 367.75 369.85 369.55 371.05

0.6075 0.2046 0.1892 0.1010 0.0991 0.5550 0.4116 0.4931 0.9717 0.9646 0.8001

99.98 101.25 101.02 128.66 102.12 56.67 102.70 102.89 101.06 101.46 101.30

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

306.85

0.5500

101.33

OX

6-193

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C5H10O2 C6H6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C7H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18

C4H10O C5H8 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C7H8 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18 C4H10O2 C15H32O C4H10O2 C7H14 C4H10O2 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C4H10O3 C9H20O C4H11N C6H6 C5H5N C7H8 C7H16 C9H20 C5H6 C5H8 C5H10 C5H12 C5H6 C5H10 C5H12 C5H8 C5H12 C6F15N C5H8 C5H12

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Isobutyl formate Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Toluene m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane 2-Methyl-2-propanol

370.90 352.45 353.75 351.35 343.15 374.35 380.35 380.30 376.58

0.1930 0.0780 0.1363 0.1325 0.0567 0.4941 0.9300 0.9200 0.6700

101.33 101.33 100.31 101.45 100.35 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.30

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Methylenecyclobutane Cyclohexene Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether Diisopropyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1,4-Butanediol 1-Pentadecanol 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Methylcyclohexane 2-Ethoxyethanol Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene Di(ethylene glycol) 1-Nonanol Butylamine Benzene Pyridine Toluene Heptane Nonane 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-1-butene Isopentane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-2-butene Pentane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Pentane Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 3-Methyl-1-butyne Isopentane

314.65 346.00 339.35 333.25 337.70 342.85 340.45 353.20 353.44 350.90 343.15 339.28

0.0150 0.4172 0.2559 0.2650 0.2502 0.2512 0.1058 0.5617 0.9200 0.5390 0.9680 0.6040

101.33 99.61 99.93 101.30 101.30 101.44 101.72 101.80 93.61 102.94 61.18 59.49

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

502.75

0.9980

101.33

OX

350.00

0.8190

79.42

OX

405.75 404.95 401.75 402.55 401.05

0.6438 0.5965 0.5159 0.5042 0.4632

101.33 101.36 101.33 102.19 100.94

OX OX OX OX OX

486.65

0.0095

101.33

OX

343.15

0.7000

80.89

OX

383.19 368.61 388.15

0.2250 0.3002 0.9350

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

305.88 303.15 299.35

0.7210 0.3450 0.3620

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

310.85 307.75

0.3000 0.1959

101.33 101.30

OX OX

310.55 303.35

0.7421 0.8200

114.66 101.33

OX EX

297.15

0.5650

101.33

OX

6-194

TeamLRN

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1 C5H8

Comp. 2 C5H10 C5H12

C5H8O C5H12O C5H12O C5H8O2 C7H16 C8H18 C5H10 C6F15N C5H10 C6F15N C5H10O C6H12 C6H12O2 C7H8 C7H16 C5H10O C6H12 C6H12 C7H8 C5H10O C7H14 C7H16O C5H10O2 C6H12 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C5H12 C6F15N C5H12O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C5H12O C6H10O C7H8 C7H14O2 C7H16 C5H12O C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C5H12O C6H10O

Name 1-Pentyne 2-Methyl-2-butene Pentane Cyclopentanone 3-Methyl-1-butanol 1-Pentanol Methyl methacrylate Heptane Octane 2-Methyl-1-butene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 2-Methyl-2-butene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol Cyclohexane 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane Toluene Heptane 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Toluene 3-Pentanone Methylcyclohexane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Propyl acetate Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Isopentane Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 2-Methyl-1-butanol o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Cyclohexanone Toluene Isopentyl acetate Heptane 2-Methyl-2-butanol Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Pentanol Cyclohexanone

6-195

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

310.95 307.55

0.3300 0.3050

101.33 101.33

OX OX

402.02 403.84

0.5944 0.9196

101.33 101.33

OX OX

366.35 373.70

0.4597 0.9651

99.94 100.16

OX OX

301.95

0.8450

101.33

OX

307.65

0.8170

101.33

OX

352.65 403.05 381.55 370.00

0.0215 0.7590 0.2391 0.2100

101.10 102.26 101.60 101.30

OX OX OX OX

350.15 336.55 366.55

0.1904 0.0479 0.7788

101.20 101.30 101.20

OX OX OX

366.95 371.15

0.4441 0.4764

99.82 100.21

OX OX

353.15 368.40

0.0598 0.4746

100.43 100.90

OX OX

366.75 370.95

0.4215 0.6529

101.38 100.03

OX OX

299.65

0.9020

101.33

OX

402.05 400.65 400.15 398.75

0.7417 0.6316 0.6273 0.5657

101.87 101.85 101.07 99.46

OX OX OX OX

404.87 383.15 403.95 368.15

0.9094 0.1250 0.9900 0.1016

101.33 101.33 101.33 95.06

OX OX OX OX

352.35 351.95 344.75 339.06 366.60 348.15 369.85

0.1500 0.1100 0.0551 0.0436 0.3965 0.3140 0.3904

101.33 101.33 101.80 93.55 99.87 56.83 100.52

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

392.37

0.9748

53.32

OX

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

407.45 371.45 393.15 404.45 410.65

0.6000 0.0576 0.2847 0.6242 0.9221

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX OX

368.15

0.2001

98.62

OX

353.21 361.27

0.1774 0.9101

101.39 102.30

OX OX

353.60 352.50

0.7600 0.1832

101.33 101.33

OND OXD

329.95 329.35 327.65

0.5900 0.5690 0.4840

101.33 101.33 101.33

EX EX OX

403.15

0.7390

52.45

OX

353.15 333.15 341.45 353.25 353.25

0.5460 0.1390 0.0500 0.9922 0.9751

109.18 69.93 101.33 101.32 101.32

OX OX OX OX OX

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C7H5N C7H6O C7H9N C8H18 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H20 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14

Isopentyl acetate Heptane Octane Nonane Decane 3-Pentanol Heptane Diethoxymethane Cyclohexane Hexane Hexafluorobenzene Benzene Benzene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Bromobenzene Cyclohexanol Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Heptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Octane Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1-Nonene Nonane 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) o-Diethylbenzene

459.09 458.33 462.93 465.11 447.00 459.32 398.17 428.15 443.45 440.65 436.95 413.15 419.18 448.15 447.05 441.15 439.95 446.45 447.15

0.3884 0.7852 0.6918 0.2345 0.6001 0.7539 0.0690 0.1150 0.3936 0.2409 0.1828 0.1297 0.2180 0.9031 0.5535 0.3129 0.2773 0.4705 0.5565

101.33 101.32 101.32 101.33 73.00 101.32 101.32 91.85 101.33 101.33 101.33 86.57 101.32 84.25 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON ON ON ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14

m-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

445.95 447.95 447.95 441.75 443.75 443.05 443.65

0.5152 0.5840 0.5840 0.3522 0.4643 0.4027 0.4430

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Comp. 2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22

C5H12O C7H16 C5H12O2 C6H12 C6H14 C6F6 C6H6 C6H6 C6F15N C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H5Br C6H12O C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C6H6O

6-196

TeamLRN

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H18 C10H22 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C12H26 C14H30

C6H7N C7H8O C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H20 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C6H7N C8H18 C9H20 C6H7N C7H8O C7H9N C6H7N C7H8O

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 1-Undecene Dodecane Tetradecane Aniline o-Cresol 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Nonane Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane 2-Methylpyridine Octane Nonane 3-Methylpyridine m-Cresol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine m-Cresol

447.75 446.35 447.15 454.25 453.36 443.15 434.15 455.55 454.15 454.55 443.15 450.73 452.48

0.5801 0.5264 0.5575 0.7957 0.7857 0.5419 0.4450 0.8504 0.8099 0.8230 0.6426 0.7900 0.9650

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.85 101.32 101.33 101.33 101.33 92.31 101.32 101.32

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

464.29 444.65 441.80 437.68 422.35 448.65 443.15 438.25 448.75 447.45 448.85 449.65 449.65 442.75 445.95 444.15 445.35 449.45 447.85 448.75 456.55 455.36 440.43 458.15 456.55 457.05 449.05 453.52 456.22 457.05

0.0953 0.3331 0.1850 0.1071 0.1770 0.4993 0.3021 0.2104 0.5024 0.4584 0.5086 0.5310 0.5310 0.2890 0.4052 0.3419 0.3829 0.5270 0.4711 0.5035 0.7504 0.7349 0.4660 0.8091 0.7661 0.7807 0.6970 0.8220 0.9300 0.9770

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

394.27 402.35

0.4610 0.8790

101.33 101.33

OX OX

477.01 416.64

0.1556 0.2940

101.32 101.33

ON OX

477.74

0.1822

101.32

ON

6-197

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C7H9N

C6H10O C7H8 C6H10O C7H8 C6H12O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H20 C6H12O2 C8H16 C6H12O2 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C6H14O C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C6H14O2 C7H8 C7F16 C7H16 C7H5N C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C8H10O C7H8O C8H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C11H22 C11H24 C12H26 C7H8O C7H9N C9H7N C9H20 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C7H8O C10H8 C10H14

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

2,6-Dimethylpyridine Methyldihydropyran (unspecified isomer) Toluene 4-Methylenetetrahydropyran Toluene Cyclohexanol o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

417.08

0.2000

101.32

Type OX

381.85

0.0207

101.30

OX

381.15

0.5253

101.20

OX

415.95 411.85 410.95

0.1426 0.0503 0.0505

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

Nonane Butyl acetate 1-Octene 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane o-Xylene Octane Nonane Decane 1-Hexanol Octane Nonane Decane 2,2-Dimethoxybutane Toluene Perfluoroheptane Heptane Benzonitrile o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 2,6-Xylenol o-Cresol 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine sec-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane 1-Undecene Undecane Dodecane m-Cresol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Quinoline Nonane Naphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene sec-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane p-Cresol Naphthalene sec-Butylbenzene

410.20

0.3350

79.99

OX

393.00

0.3030

101.33

OX

404.65 393.95 402.15 405.35

0.9662 0.3343 0.8864 0.9999

101.30 101.20 101.30 100.60

OX OX OX OX

398.55 416.95 427.05

0.0886 0.3649 0.7123

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

380.15

0.9180

101.44

OX

328.16

0.6100

53.60

OX

468.91 476.10 476.95 477.15

0.5100 0.1441 0.0898 0.0807

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON ON

470.35 444.65 453.10 462.37 433.15 448.15 433.15 458.15

0.6561 0.0938 0.2694 0.6273 0.3100 0.5516 0.5800 0.8466

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 78.71 83.07 56.40 93.55

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

475.66 511.20 413.15 474.65 468.45 445.85 454.10 466.87 433.15

0.9869 0.0356 0.0400 0.9680 0.5900 0.0136 0.1010 0.3591 0.2170

101.32 101.33 76.54 101.33 93.10 101.33 101.33 101.33 75.85

ON ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

474.55 446.05

0.9414 0.0186

101.33 101.33

OX OX

6-198

TeamLRN

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H14

C7H8O C10H22 C7H9N C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C7H14O2 C9H20 C7H16O C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C8H10 C9H20 C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C9H7N C9H7N C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C11H11N C8H10O C9H7N C9H7N C10H8 C10H9N C11H11N C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C9H7N

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) Benzyl alcohol Decane 2-Methylaniline Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Pentyl acetate Nonane 1-Heptanol Nonane Decane Undecane o-Xylene Nonane 2,6-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,3-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 2,4-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene

454.50

0.1105

101.33

Type OX

445.75

0.2490

101.33

OX

446.91 461.40 468.90 472.55

0.1770 0.4930 0.7650 0.9070

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

419.20

0.5380

101.32

OX

423.45 438.75 447.85

0.1071 0.4308 0.8014

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

417.40

0.8498

101.33

OX

511.00 475.70 468.85

0.0890 0.9381 0.3480

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

513.30 485.45

0.2684 0.4123

101.33 101.33

ON OX

512.30 481.25

0.1717 0.6435

101.33 101.33

ON OX

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,5-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 3,4-Xylenol Isoquinoline Quinoline Naphthalene 3-Methylisoquinoline 2-Methylquinoline 3-Methylquinoline 7-Methylquinoline 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 3,5-Xylenol Isoquinoline Quinoline Naphthalene 2-Methylquinoline 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 2-Ethylphenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 3-Ethylphenol Quinoline

474.05

0.1869

101.33

OX

512.30 481.25 474.35

0.1717 0.6435 0.1763

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

519.75 514.77 490.95 524.35 521.17 523.60 525.85 521.60

0.2955 0.3907 0.1158 0.0811 0.1647 0.1152 0.0466 0.2113

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON OX ON ON ON ON ON

518.05 513.58 489.33 520.65 520.70

0.1915 0.3287 0.2601 0.0094 0.0530

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON OX ON ON

511.75 478.35 471.45

0.1041 0.8005 0.3707

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

512.70

0.2089

101.33

ON

6-199

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular Formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H8 C10H14

C8H10O C9H7N C10H8 C8H11N C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C8H18O C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C9H7N C11H10 C9H7N C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C11H10 C11H16O C11H16O C9H12 C10H22 C9H12 C10H22 C9H12O C10H8 C9H12O C10H8 C9H12O C10H8 C10H14 C9H12O C10H8 C9H20O C11H24 C12H26 C10H22O C12H26

Name

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Ethylphenol Quinoline Naphthalene 2,4-Dimethylaniline Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane 1-Octanol Decane Undecane Dodecane Isoquinoline 2-Methylnaphthalene Quinoline 3-Isopropylphenol 2-Isopropylphenol 2-Propylphenol 3-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-Isobutylphenol 2-sec-Butylphenol 4-sec-Butylphenol 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol 2-sec-Butyl-4-methylphenol 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene Decane 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Decane 2-Ethyl-4-methylphenol Naphthalene 2-Ethyl-5-methylphenol Naphthalene 2-Isopropylphenol Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol

483.45 475.95

0.5551 0.1249

101.33 101.33

Type OX OX

513.45 486.10

0.2832 0.3762

101.33 101.33

ON OX

468.13 482.95 488.43 490.53

0.1490 0.4520 0.7880 0.9840

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

446.45 460.05 466.95

0.1029 0.4772 0.8836

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

513.90

0.2074

101.33

OX

514.70 512.75 513.60 514.70 515.35 515.70 513.70 517.05 515.95 514.70 516.45 511.05 515.45 516.10

0.6109 0.8015 0.7243 0.6109 0.5451 0.5350 0.7299 0.4315 0.5061 0.6339 0.4551 0.9213 0.5854 0.5139

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON OX ON ON

433.35

0.4010

72.54

OX

433.35

0.8600

80.25

OX

488.20

0.2218

101.33

OX

489.45

0.1710

101.33

OX

483.15 476.25

0.5102 0.1036

101.33 101.33

OX OX

Naphthalene 1-Nonanol Undecane Dodecane 1-Decanol Dodecane

486.70

0.3161

101.33

OX

468.45 480.65

0.0925 0.5235

101.33 101.33

OX OX

489.25

0.1068

101.33

OX

6-200

TeamLRN

VISCOSITY OF GASES The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The notation P=0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. The difference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is generally less than 1%. Viscosity is given in units of µPa s; note that 1 µPa s = 10–5 poise. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction).

Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 D2 H2O D2O He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14

Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P=0) Hydrogen (P=0) Deuterium (P=0) Water Deuterium oxide Helium (P=0) Krypton (P=0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen (P=0) Nitrous oxide Neon (P=0) Oxygen (P=0) Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P=0) Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chloroform Methane Methanol Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Propane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane

100 K

200 K

7.1 8.0

13.3 15.9 12.3

4.2 5.9

6.8 9.6

9.7 8.8

15.3 17.1 13.8 12.9 10.0 24.3 14.6 8.6 15.4 12.9 10.0

14.4 7.5 8.3 6.7

Viscosity in micropascal seconds (µPa s) 300 K 400 K 500 K

600 K

Ref.

18.6 22.9 17.1 14.6

23.1 28.8 21.7 19.7

27.1 34.2 26.1 24.3

30.8 39.0 30.2

1 2,8 13 13

7.0 6.4

10.4 10.4 9.5

19.8 10.9 15.4 13.3 13.7 24.4 33.1 23.8 22.2 19.4 38.9 26.1 17.5 30.7 22.1 19.7 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.5 13.6 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.2 8.6

23.9 12.7 17.9 17.3 17.7 28.4 39.8 28.0 26.1 23.6 45.0 30.8 21.7 37.6 25.8 24.0 16.9 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.5 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.3 12.3 12.4 11.4 10.8

27.7 14.4 20.3 21.4 22.0 32.3 45.9 31.9 29.6 27.4 50.8 35.1

7.7

15.3 9.0 12.6 10.0 11.1 20.0 25.6 19.2 17.9 15.0 32.1 20.8 12.9 23.2 17.8 15.0 10.2 11.2

10 4 11 6 7 8 8 13 12 13 8 12 13 8 13 9,10 13 10 13 13 3 5 13 5 5 5 13 13 13

8.3 7.5 7.6 7.6 6.7

44.0 29.1 28.0 20.1 19.4 19.6 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.8 14.6 14.6 13.4 12.8

REFERENCES 1. K. Kadoya, N. Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima, Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley, The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. P. M. Holland, B. E. Eaton, and H. J. M. Hanley, A Correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983. 4. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

VISCOSITY OF GASES (continued) 6. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. N. Matsunaga and A. Nagashima, Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. J. Kestin, et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 299, 1984. 9. V. Vescovic, et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. R. D. Trengove and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 175, 1987. 11. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 189, 1987. 12. W. A. Cole and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 209, 1985. 13. C. Y. Ho, Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS The absolute viscosity of some common liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100∞C is given in this table. Values were derived by fitting experimental data to suitable expressions for the temperature dependence. The substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). All values are given in units of millipascal seconds (mPa s); this unit is identical to centipoise (cp). Viscosity values correspond to a nominal pressure of 1 atmosphere. If a value is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point, the applicable pressure is understood to be the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature. A few values are given at a temperature slightly below the normal freezing point; these refer to the supercooled liquid. The accuracy ranges from 1% in the best cases to 5 to 10% in the worst cases. Additional significant figures are included in the table to facilitate interpolation. REFERENCES 1. Viswanath, D. S. and Natarajan, G., Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Ho, C. Y., Ed., CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Vol. V-1, Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 4. Stephan, K. and Lucas, K., Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 5. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.

Molecular formula

Name

–25∞C

0∞C

Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C

50∞C

75∞C

100∞C

0.439 96.2 0.547 0.628 1.402

0.378 0.480 1.312

0.282 0.384 1.245

0.656

0.494

1.367 0.427

1.029

0.779

0.652

1.030

0.724

0.545

1.833 0.481

0.383

0.317

0.535 0.376 1.061

0.442

0.741

0.570

Compounds not containing carbon Br2 Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl4Si H2 O H4 N2 Hg NO2

Bromine Trichlorosilane Phosphorous trichloride Tetrachlorosilane Water Hydrazine Mercury Nitrogen dioxide

0.870

1.252 0.415 0.662 1.793

0.532

0.944 0.326 0.529 99.4 0.890 0.876 1.526 0.402

0.746

Compounds containing carbon CCl3F CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClF2

Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

0.740

0.988

0.539 1.321 0.429

1.948 0.727

0.706 0.235 1.320 0.533

1.311 1.258 0.319

0.594 7.114 0.875 0.793 0.231

1.465

0.945 1.114 0.703 3.761

0.786 0.522 3.660

0.575 0.398 2.200

0.477

0.376

6-186

0.421 0.908 0.352 1.857 0.537 0.183 0.980 0.413 1.607 0.469 3.343 0.630 0.544

0.656 0.844 0.545 2.254 0.808 0.445 0.317 1.437

0.481 0.663 0.444 1.491 0.571 0.261 1.006

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2

Name Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile Acetone Allyl alcohol Propanal Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Furan Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Butanoic acid

–25∞C

0∞C

1.847

1.161 0.400

1.125

1.354 3.262

0.424 0.477 0.319 0.723 2.549 0.940 1.786

0.300

0.356 0.364 0.232

2.492

0.620 0.408 1.570

0.540

0.395

0.635 0.416

1.851 8.645

0.506 0.477 1.499 0.645 0.612 0.436 0.401 0.970 0.883 1.176 1.160 3.815 4.619 248 0.503 0.477

0.661

0.720 0.849

0.454 0.475 2.085 1.241 0.533 0.605 0.578 0.581 0.669 2.215

6-187

TeamLRN

Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C

50∞C

75∞C

100∞C

0.428 0.234 0.837

0.661

0.447 0.599

0.464

0.368 0.793 0.369 1.595 0.464 0.779 1.056 0.325 0.374

0.294 0.578 0.284 1.116 0.362 0.576 0.786

0.556 1.678 0.688 1.074 1.987 16.1 0.284 0.287

0.444 1.155 0.526 0.694 1.290 6.554

0.365 0.824 0.415 0.476

0.606 0.337

3.340

1.975

21.1 0.471 0.314 1.073 0.294 0.306 1.218 0.321 0.380 0.364 1.030 0.489 0.458 0.334 0.303 0.703 0.653 0.794 0.798 1.945 2.038 40.4 934 0.385 0.357 0.376 0.325 0.361 1.225 0.843 0.553 0.405 0.456 1.177 0.423 0.431 0.485 1.426

8.560 0.373

3.935

1.998

0.781 0.240 0.247 0.759 0.249 0.300 0.284 0.749 0.387 0.359

0.597 0.202

0.474

0.569

0.449

0.541 0.506 0.624 0.589 1.107 1.028 11.3 152

0.436 0.407

0.363

0.460 0.685 0.576 4.770 39.8

0.374

0.505

2.750 14.8

0.280

0.828 0.614 0.418 0.315 0.359 0.787 0.325 0.333 0.370 0.982

0.612 0.472 0.330 0.249 0.569 0.259 0.266 0.293 0.714

0.377 0.268

0.542

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6F6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6 H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O

Name 2-Methylpropanoic acid Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Furfural Pyridine 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Mesityl oxide 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine Hexafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone

–25∞C

0∞C 1.857

1.914

12.19

0.815 0.556 1.071

5.185

0.283 0.558 0.830 0.770

0.313

1.291

0.351 0.376 25.4

2.501 1.361 0.241 0.255 0.555 0.838 0.641 0.592 0.937 0.768 0.691 0.759 0.672 0.274 0.277 8.512

8.627 1.030

1.703

1.958 1.492 1.560 1.058

0.749 2.354 3.036

0.882

6-188

Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 1.226 0.973 0.606 0.422 0.704 1.927 2.021 2.544 3.096 4.312 0.224 30.200 0.422 0.574 0.571 0.319 1.587 0.879 0.195 0.203 0.413 0.602 0.470 0.444 0.644 0.544 0.501 0.541 0.488 1.573 0.224 0.214 3.619 3.470 4.149 4.453 3.692 0.702 2.789 1.324 1.044 1.074 0.753 3.589 0.550 1.554 1.863 0.604 3.316 3.847 13.0 0.625 2.017

50∞C

75∞C

100∞C

0.863 6.280 0.912 0.471 0.329 0.512

0.639 3.818

0.492 2.559

1.247 1.394 1.332 1.421

0.850 0.833 0.698 0.678

0.627 0.533 0.419

11.130 0.331 0.409 0.367 0.239 109.5 1.143 0.637

4.917 0.267 0.298

2.505

28.7 0.906 0.497

9.100 0.772 0.409

0.321 0.465 0.362 0.345 0.472 0.406 0.380 0.406 0.373 0.958

0.381 0.289 0.276 0.362 0.316 0.299 0.318 0.296 0.649

0.326 0.238 0.227 0.289 0.255 0.242 0.257

1.035 0.761 0.727 1.031 1.031 0.356 1.151 0.739 0.628 0.627 0.456 1.131

0.646 0.465 0.436 0.612 0.631

1.820 1.447 1.473 1.963 1.842 0.493 1.730 0.962 0.787 0.798 0.575 1.835 4.041 0.423 1.117 1.262 0.436 1.913 3.437 2.029 4.553 0.467 1.321

0.379 0.261

0.338 0.854 0.918 0.335 1.248 1.784 1.247 1.850 0.364 0.919

0.474

0.593 0.525 0.512 0.369 0.786

0.683 0.704 0.887 1.099 0.850 0.848 0.671

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H5N C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8 H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N

Name Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Dipropyl ether 1-Hexanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethanolamine Benzonitrile o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole N-Methylaniline o-Methyl aniline m-Methyl aniline Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline

–25∞C

0∞C

0.927 0.441

0.653 0.326

1.300

0.840 1.002

28.7

6.621

0.405 0.372 0.395 0.542 0.455 0.751

1.390 1.165 1.165

0.778

4.120 10.3 8.180 0.991 0.441

0.757

0.523

1.050

0.872 1.084 0.795

1.996 3.981

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Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 0.912 0.894 0.479 0.252 57.5 0.583 0.545 0.685 0.676 0.639 2.798 1.079 1.944 0.300 0.286 0.306 0.396 4.578 0.347 0.517 0.393 609 1.267 0.964 0.823 0.837 0.560 12.9 5.474 1.056 2.042 3.823 3.306 1.624 0.679 0.340 0.714 3.840 0.387 0.350 5.810 3.955 4.207 1.314 0.695 1.681 1.857 0.631 0.760 0.581 0.603 1.197 1.300 2.047

50∞C

75∞C

100∞C

0.650 0.615 0.364 0.202 12.3 0.429 0.406 0.500 0.493 0.453 1.829 0.692 1.169 0.240 0.226

0.488 0.447

0.382

4.274 0.329

1.982 0.262

0.383 0.370

0.305 0.286

1.648 0.485 0.782

0.362 0.565

0.304 2.271 0.273 0.377 0.300 114 0.883 0.710 0.616 0.621 0.424 3.035 4.417 2.760 0.747 1.222 1.936 1.679 1.080 0.501 0.273 0.407 2.282 0.301

0.242 1.270 0.221 0.288 0.237 31.5 0.662 0.547 0.482 0.483 0.333 1.562 2.093 1.618 0.554 0.825 1.198 1.014 0.769 0.390 0.226 0.297 1.488 0.243

2.603 1.799 1.957 1.695 0.865 0.507

1.389 0.987 0.976 0.882 0.600 0.390

0.849 0.615 0.584 0.539 0.434 0.310 0.634

0.482 0.561 0.445 0.457 0.817 0.911 1.231

1.102 0.380 0.432 0.353 0.359 0.594 0.675 0.825

0.815 0.304 0.345 0.289 0.290 0.453 0.523 0.596

0.781 0.228 11.7 0.524 0.437 0.391 0.390 0.270 0.961 1.207 1.055 0.427 0.606 0.839 0.699 0.577 0.316

1.041

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H14O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C13H12 C13H28 C14H30 C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38

Name Ethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid Octane 1-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Indane Cumene Isophorone 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate Butylbenzene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane Diphenylmethane Tridecane Tetradecane Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane

–25∞C

0∞C 1.139 0.700

1.417

1.904 2.052 20.7 0.918 1.509 1.115 2.230 1.075 4.201

0.964 63.2 12.8 6.192

5.645 3.243

2.188

1.277

483

Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 0.784 5.020 0.508 7.288 1.085 1.178 6.271 0.637 0.918 0.723 3.337 1.357 0.737 2.329 1.199 7.011 0.665 9.123 14.4 0.950 3.042 1.948

1.707

0.838 10.9 1.098

2.277

1.383

2.909

1.724 2.128 16.6 3.032

66.4

6-190

50∞C 0.579 2.656 0.385 3.232 0.702 0.762 2.631 0.466 0.619 0.511 1.892 0.931 0.547 1.415 0.834 3.712 0.488 4.032 5.309 0.683 1.875 1.289 4.327 0.598 4.590 0.763 2.130 0.930 1.129 1.376 6.470 1.879 2.487

75∞C

100∞C

1.654 0.302 1.681 0.497 0.536 1.360 0.356 0.449 0.384 1.201 0.692

1.147 0.243 0.991 0.375 0.401 0.810 0.281 0.345 0.303 0.833 0.545

0.923 0.619 2.234 0.375

0.638 0.484 1.475 0.300

2.824 0.515 1.271 0.917 2.651 0.453

1.980 0.924 0.689

0.562 1.407 0.673 1.265 0.796 0.953 3.495 1.260 1.609

0.433 1.023 0.514 0.929 0.594 0.697 2.425 0.899 1.132

0.359

VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE SATURATION LINE The table below gives the viscosity of gas and liquid CO2 along the liquid-vapor saturation line. REFERENCES 1. Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 31, 1998. 2. Angus, S., et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976.

T/K

P/kPa

Gas η/µPa s

Liquid η/µPa s

205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 302

227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710 6997

10.33 10.60 10.87 11.13 11.41 11.69 11.98 12.27 12.58 12.90 13.24 13.61 14.02 14.47 14.99 15.61 16.37 17.36 18.79 21.29 23.52

241.68 221.72 203.75 187.48 172.67 159.13 146.69 135.20 124.30 114.63 105.21 96.44 87.89 79.64 71.47 63.01 53.33 48.30

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VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF AQUEOUS HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS The viscosity and density of aqueous hydroxide solutions at 25°C is tabulated here as a function of concentration. Viscosity is given in millipascal second, which is equal to the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP). The last entry in each column refers to the saturated solution.

REFERENCE Sipos, P. M., Hefter, G., and May, P. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 613, 2000. Viscosity in mPa s c/mol L-1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

CsOH

(CH3)4NOH

1.017 1.169 1.340 1.537 2.050 2.734

0.997 1.116 1.248 1.396 1.754 2.228 2.867 3.727 4.869 6.351 8.230 10.554 13.362 16.677 20.503 24.826 29.604 34.767 40.212 45.800 51.354 51.911

0.937 0.990 1.050 1.116 1.269 1.448 1.657 1.902 2.196 2.554 3.005 3.581 4.328 5.303 6.577 8.235

0.91 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.19 1.41 1.67 1.98 2.40 3.09 4.31 6.46

1.017 1.186 1.430 1.762 3.031 7.238

3.311

8.526

8.850

Density in g/cm3 c/mol L-1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

CsOH

1.012 1.025 1.038 1.050 1.072 1.093

1.019 1.040 1.059 1.078 1.115 1.149 1.182 1.213 1.243 1.271 1.299 1.325 1.350 1.374 1.397 1.419 1.441 1.461 1.481 1.499 1.517 1.519

1.022 1.045 1.068 1.090 1.133 1.174 1.214 1.253 1.290 1.326 1.362 1.396 1.429 1.462 1.494 1.524

1.063 1.128 1.193 1.257 1.383 1.508 1.632 1.755 1.876 1.997 2.117 2.236 2.354 2.471 2.587 2.703

0.999 1.002 1.005 1.009 1.019 1.030

1.529

2.800

1.032

1.109

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(CH3)4NOH

VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS This table gives the viscosity of several liquid metals as a function of temperature. Experimental data from some of the references was smoothed to produce the table. Viscosity is given in millipascal second (mPa s), which equals the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP).

REFERENCES 1. Shpil’rain, E. E., Yakimovich, K. A., Fomin, V. A., Skovorodjko, S. N., and Mozgovoi, A. G., in Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the Alkali Metals, Ohse, R. H., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1985. [Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs] 2. Rothwell, E., J. Inst. Metals 90, 389, 1961. [Al] 3. Culpin, M. F., Proc. Phys. Soc. 70, 1079, 1957. [Ca] 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion) , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961 [Co, Au, Mg, Ni, Ag] 5. Spells, K. E., Proc. Phys. Soc. 48, 299, 1936. [Ga] 6. Walsdorfer, H., Arpshofen, I., and Predel, B., Z. Met. 79, 503, 1988. [In]

. Viscosity in mPa s t/°C 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

0.566 0.503 0.453 0.412 0.379 0.352 0.328 0.308 0.290 0.275 0.261 0.249 0.238 0.228 0.219 0.211 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.185 0.180 0.175 0.170 0.166 0.162 0.158 0.155 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.142 0.139 0.137 0.135 0.132 0.130 0.128

0.687 0.542 0.451 0.387 0.341 0.306 0.278 0.255 0.237 0.221 0.208 0.196 0.186 0.177 0.170 0.163 0.156 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.129 0.126 0.123 0.120 0.117 0.115 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.096

0.441 0.358 0.303 0.263 0.234 0.211 0.193 0.178 0.166 0.155 0.146 0.138 0.132 0.126 0.120 0.115 0.111 0.107 0.104 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.092 0.090 0.088 0.086 0.084 0.082 0.081 0.079 0.078 0.076 0.075 0.074

Rubidium

Cesium

Gallium

0.542 0.435 0.365 0.316 0.280 0.252 0.230 0.212 0.197 0.185 0.174 0.165 0.157 0.150 0.143 0.138 0.133 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.117 0.114 0.111 0.108 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.099 0.097 0.095 0.093 0.092 0.090

0.598 0.469 0.389 0.334 0.294 0.264 0.240 0.221 0.206 0.192 0.181 0.171 0.163 0.156 0.149 0.143 0.138 0.134 0.129 0.125 0.122 0.119 0.116 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.104 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.094 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.086

1.921 1.608 1.397 1.245 1.130 1.040 0.968 0.909 0.859 0.817 0.781 0.750 0.722 0.698 0.677 0.657 0.640 0.624 0.610 0.597 0.585 0.574

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VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS (continued)

Viscosity in mPa s t/°C 250 300 350 400 450 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750

Aluminum

Calcium

Cobalt

Gold

Indium

Magnesium

Nickel

Silver

1.35 1.22 1.12 1.04 0.98 1.289 1.200 1.115 1.028

1.10 0.96 0.84 0.74 0.67

1.107 0.959

3.80 3.56 3.31 3.06 2.82 2.61 2.42 2.28 2.20 2.19

5.130 4.874 4.640 4.429 4.240

4.15 3.89 3.64 3.41 3.20 2.99

4.35 4.09 3.87 3.67 3.49 3.32

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES This table gives the thermal conductivity of several gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation P = 0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P = 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%. Units are milliwatts per meter kelvin. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order.

MF

Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 H2O H2S H3N He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CCl2F2 CF4 CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8 C4F8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14

Name

100 K

200 K

Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) Hydrogen (P = 0) Water Deuterium oxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium (P = 0) Krypton (P = 0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon (P = 0) Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P = 0) Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane (P = 0) Carbon monoxide (P = 0) Carbon dioxide Trichloromethane Methane Methanol 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Acetone Propane Perfluorocyclobutane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane

9.4 6.2

18.4 12.4 9.2

68.6

75.5 3.3

131.7

22.3 9.3

119.3 6.4 17.8 18.7 9.8 37.6 18.4

2.0

3.6

9.8

9.6 22.5

Thermal conductivity in mW/m K 300 K 400 K 500 K 26.2 17.9 19.0 14.5 13.0 186.9 18.7

Ref.

39.7 26.8

45.7 30.6

1 2,8 11 11 16 4 6 7 11 11 8 8 11 12 11 8 10 11 8 13 16 14 9 11 5,15 11

33.3 22.6 24.6 19.5 20.6 230.4 27.1 27.0 20.5 37.4 190.6 12.3 33.1 32.3 26.0 60.3 33.7 14.3 7.3 15.0 24.1 32.3 25.1 11.1 49.1 26.2

24.0 27.5

28.1 33.8

35.7 36.5 26.4 51.6 222.3 14.8 39.6 38.3 34.1 69.9 41.0 20.0 8.9 20.1 32.2 39.2 33.5 15.1 66.5 38.6

47.1 47.6 32.4 66.8 252.4 17.1 46.2 44.0 41.8 78.7 48.1 25.6 10.4 25.2 39.9 45.7 41.6

10.25

15.7

21.1

9.0 21.4 20.5 21.3 14.4 11.5 18.0 12.5 16.4 16.1 15.1 14.4

13.6 33.3 34.6 35.4 25.8 20.2 30.6 19.5 28.4 27.9 25.0 24.9 23.4

18.3 45.4 49.9 52.2 38.4 30.6 45.5

14.6 24.4 156.7 9.5 25.9 26.0 17.4 49.8 26.3 9.6 5.5 9.9 16.0 25.0 16.8 7.5 34.1

11.1 11.0

600 K

43.0 42.1 37.1 37.8 35.4

84.1 53.0

13

56.8 68.6 70.5 53.2 42.7 61.9 59.1 57.6 52.7 48.7

13 11 3 5 11 11 5 13 5 5 11 11 11

REFERENCES 1. Kadoya, K. Matsunaga, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. Holland, P. M., Eaton, B. E., and Hanley, H. J. M., A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983.

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES (continued) 4. Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 6. Sengers, J. V. and Watson, J. T. R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984. 9. Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 11. Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Volume V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 12. Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 993, 1987. 13. Krauss, R. and Stephan, K., Thermal conductivity of refrigerants in a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 43, 1989. 14. Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 565, 1989. 15. Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 583, 1989. 16. Uribe, F. J., Mason, E. A., and Kestin, J., Thermal conductivity of nine polyatomic gases at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1123, 1990.

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS This table gives the thermal conductivity of about 275 liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100 °C. Values refer to nominal atmospheric pressure; when an entry is given for a temperature above the normal boiling point of the liquid, the pressure is understood to be the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. Reference 1 contains data on many of these liquids at high pressures. Data on halocarbon refrigerants over a wide range of temperature and pressure may be found in Reference 6. Values given to three decimal places (i.e., to 0.001 W/m K) have an uncertainty of 2% to 5%. Values given to 0.0001 W/m K should be accurate to 1% or better. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order, except that compounds not containing carbon precede those that do contain carbon.

REFERENCES 1. Vargaftik, N. B., Filippov, L. P., Tarzimanov, A. A., and Totskii, E. E., Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 1994. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with four supplements), Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as a database). 3. Watanabe, H., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 124, 2003. 4. Watanabe, H., and Seong, D. J., Int. J. Thermophys. 23, 337, 2002. 5. Nieto de Castro, C. A., Li, S. F. Y., Nagashima, A., Trengove, R. D., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1073, 1986. 6. Krauss, R., and Stephan, K., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 43, 1989. 7. Assael, M. J., Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 113, 1990. 8. Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Nagasaka, Y., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 1377, 1995. 9. Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Perkins, R. A., Nagasaka, Y., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 133, 2000. 10. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 11. Beaton, C. F., and Hewitt, G. F., Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.

Molecular Formula Cl4Ge Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti H2O Hg CCl3F CCl4 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH4O CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name Germanium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Water Mercury Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Nitromethane Methanol Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate

–25°C 0.111

0°C 0.105

0.123

0.117 0.143 0.5562 8.175 0.096 0.109 0.122 0.114 0.149

7.85 0.102 0.127 0.120 0.158

0.226 0.218 0.071 0.0847

0.128 0.124

0.215 0.210 0.154 0.066 0.0790 0.117

0.208

0.121 0.118 0.106 0.198

0.144

0.139 0.194

6-214

TeamLRN

25°C 0.100 0.099 0.112 0.138 0.6062 8.514 0.089 0.103 0.117 0.108 0.140 0.098 0.267 0.204 0.202 0.149 0.061 0.0736 0.110 0.082 0.114 0.111 0.101 0.188 0.100 0.133 0.158 0.187

50°C 0.095 0.096 0.106 0.134 0.6423 8.842 0.083 0.098 0.112 0.103 0.133 0.093 0.265 0.193 0.195

75°C 0.090

100°C 0.084

0.101 0.129 0.6643 9.161 0.076 0.092 0.107 0.097 0.128 0.088 0.263 0.182 0.189

0.095 0.124 0.6729 9.475 0.070 0.087 0.102

0.057 0.0683 0.104 0.078 0.106 0.104 0.096 0.178 0.096 0.128 0.153

0.053

0.049

0.098 0.074 0.098 0.098

0.093 0.069 0.090 0.091

0.168 0.092 0.122 0.149

0.088 0.117 0.144

0.127 0.083 0.261 0.171 0.182

Ref. 1 2 1 1 8 11 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Formula C2H5Br C2H5Cl C 2 H 5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C 2 H 6O C 2 H 6O 2 C2H7NO C 3F 8 C3H3N C3H5ClO C 3 H 6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9N C 4F 8 C4H4O C4H4S C 4H 6 C 4H 6 C 4 H 6O 2 C4H6O3 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9I C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C 5H 8

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanolamine Perfluoropropane Acrylonitrile Epichlorohydrin Allyl alcohol Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol 2-Methoxyethanol Glycerol Trimethylamine Perfluorocyclobutane Furan Thiophene 1,2-Butadiene 2-Butyne Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

–25°C 0.107 0.145

0°C 0.104 0.132 0.091

0.181

0.174 0.248

0.062 0.186 0.142

0.056 0.176 0.137

0.181 0.174 0.108 0.129 0.096 0.089

0.169 0.181 0.147 0.171 0.164 0.104 0.123 0.092 0.085

0.162 0.146 0.199

0.158 0.141 0.200

0.143 0.082 0.142

0.133 0.072 0.134

0.147 0.137

0.134 0.129

0.158 0.132

0.170 0.155 0.151 0.126 0.151 0.151

0.112

0.107 0.094 0.158

0.150

0.140 0.171

0.141

6-215

0.130

25°C 0.101 0.119 0.087 0.203 0.173 0.167 0.254 0.240 0.051 0.166 0.131 0.162 0.161 0.171 0.144 0.160 0.153 0.099 0.116 0.087 0.082 0.183 0.152 0.154 0.135 0.200 0.190 0.285 0.063 0.126 0.199 0.121 0.151 0.164 0.147 0.145 0.120 0.144 0.144 0.141 0.159 0.103 0.090 0.175 0.153 0.112 0.130 0.190 0.166 0.179 0.119

50°C

75°C

100°C

0.106 0.083 0.201 0.161 0.160 0.258 0.238 0.046 0.156 0.125

0.093 0.079 0.199 0.149 0.153 0.261 0.236 0.041 0.146 0.119

0.141 0.149 0.143 0.094 0.110 0.083 0.078 0.175 0.144 0.149 0.129 0.200 0.180 0.288

0.139 0.138 0.133 0.104 0.078 0.074 0.167 0.137 0.145 0.124 0.199 0.170 0.292

0.098 0.074 0.071 0.159

0.053

0.044

0.034

0.195

0.191

0.186

0.141 0.158 0.140 0.139 0.114 0.137 0.136 0.137 0.147 0.098 0.085 0.172 0.147 0.110 0.120 0.182 0.162

0.131 0.152 0.132 0.133

0.120 0.146

0.196 0.148 0.261 0.035 0.136 0.114

0.136 0.122

0.141 0.118 0.197 0.296

0.130

0.135 0.093 0.081 0.168 0.142 0.109 0.110 0.174 0.157

0.123 0.088 0.077 0.137 0.108 0.100 0.165 0.153

Ref. 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Formula C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11I C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C 6F 6 C6F14 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C 6H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene Cyclopentane Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Iodopentane Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene 2-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Hexanedinitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate 1-Hexene Cyclohexane 2-Hexanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate Propyl propanoate

–25°C 0.144 0.143

0.131 0.140

0°C 0.136 0.136 0.156

0.124 0.133 0.146 0.149 0.151

0.146

0.113

0.130 0.159

0.109 0.125 0.096 0.1207 0.155 0.119 0.221

25°C 0.127 0.129 0.147 0.154 0.167 0.116 0.126 0.139 0.142 0.144 0.140 0.136 0.140 0.140 0.105 0.120 0.092 0.1113 0.111 0.150 0.116 0.222 0.190

0.067

0.065

0.125 0.120

0.112 0.121 0.116

0.119 0.137

0.115 0.132

0.106

0.103

0.111 0.127 0.136 0.101 0.149 0.1411 0.148

50°C

75°C

100°C

0.119 0.137 0.150 0.162

0.127 0.146 0.157

0.117 0.143

0.133 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.130 0.135 0.133

0.127 0.128 0.129 0.133 0.123 0.130 0.121

0.121 0.121 0.122 0.130 0.117 0.124

0.101 0.115 0.088 0.1018

0.097 0.109 0.084 0.0923

0.093

0.145 0.113

0.141 0.109

0.136 0.106

0.185 0.083 0.064 0.110 0.109 0.117 0.113 0.112 0.107 0.123 0.131 0.098 0.145 0.1329

0.180

0.175

0.108 0.106 0.113 0.109 0.108 0.103 0.118 0.126 0.095 0.142 0.1247

0.106

0.105 0.099 0.113

0.153

0.149

0.147

0.168 0.124 0.134 0.149 0.152

0.118 0.130 0.142 0.148

0.126 0.134 0.144

0.081 0.083

0.109

0.092 0.139

0.175 0.142

0.136

0.170

0.163

0.138

0.129 0.156 0.148 0.143

6-216

TeamLRN

0.174 0.130 0.138 0.156 0.155 0.157 0.121 0.123 0.145 0.138 0.142 0.136

0.113 0.117 0.134 0.134 0.137 0.130 0.133

0.111 0.124 0.130 0.131 0.123

0.115 0.126 0.116

Ref. 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Formula C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Br C6H13I C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C7F16 C7H5N C7H6O C 7H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C8F18 C 8H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Paraldehyde 1-Bromohexane 1-Iodohexane Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Dipropyl ether 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Triethylene glycol Triethylamine Perfluoroheptane Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Heptanal 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone Hexyl formate Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Ethyl pentanoate Methyl hexanoate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol Perfluorooctane Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene

–25°C

0°C 0.143 0.143

0.115 0.133 0.120 0.122 0.108 0.115 0.161

0.146 0.068

0.1455

0.139

0.111 0.098 0.1250 0.1127 0.1142 0.1006 0.1076 0.157 0.137

0.193 0.139 0.064

0.1385

0.132

0.143

0.141

0.1378 0.125 0.126 0.128 0.111 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.107 0.160 0.148

0.1303 0.1177 0.1184 0.1203 0.1046 0.1127 0.1089 0.1068 0.1011 0.158 0.066 0.142

0.143

0.137

6-217

25°C 0.137 0.138 0.130 0.108 0.095 0.1167 0.1050 0.1064 0.0934 0.1003 0.152 0.130

0.195 0.132 0.060 0.148 0.153 0.1310 0.149 0.159 0.145 0.162 0.161 0.125 0.123 0.140 0.137 0.136 0.141 0.140 0.134 0.139 0.132 0.136 0.1228 0.1105 0.1112 0.1128 0.0980 0.1059 0.1020 0.1001 0.0950 0.153 0.062 0.137 0.147 0.147 0.130 0.131

50°C

75°C

100°C

0.131 0.132

0.126 0.127

0.104 0.091 0.1083 0.0972 0.0986 0.0861 0.0930 0.147 0.123 0.140 0.188 0.196 0.125 0.056 0.142 0.148 0.1235

0.101 0.088 0.0999 0.0894 0.0909 0.0788 0.0857 0.142 0.117 0.133 0.184 0.196 0.118 0.053 0.136 0.143 0.1162

0.147 0.158 0.142

0.145 0.156 0.139

0.154 0.136

0.118 0.118

0.111 0.112

0.108

0.131 0.131 0.133 0.137 0.126 0.133

0.125 0.125 0.126 0.133 0.120 0.126

0.119 0.120 0.119

0.131 0.1152 0.1033 0.1040 0.1053 0.0913 0.0990 0.0951 0.0934 0.0889 0.149 0.059 0.131 0.146

0.126 0.1077 0.0961 0.0968 0.0978 0.0847 0.0922 0.0882 0.0867 0.0828 0.144 0.055 0.126 0.144

0.121 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.078 0.085 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.139 0.052 0.120 0.142

0.123 0.126

0.116 0.120

0.110 0.114

0.097 0.084 0.092 0.082 0.083 0.072 0.078 0.137 0.125 0.180 0.196 0.111 0.130 0.139 0.1095

0.113 0.121

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Formula C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19I C9H20 C9H20O C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethoxybenzene 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octene 2-Octanone Heptyl formate Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Ethyl hexyl ether 1-Octanol Dibutyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol Quinoline Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1-Nonene Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane 1-Iodononane Nonane 1-Nonanol 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±)tert-Butylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Decanal Heptyl propanoate

–25°C

0.151

0.139

0.139 0.127 0.128 0.107 0.115

0°C

0.145

0.133 0.141 0.141

0.142 0.130 0.1317 0.1206 0.1216 0.1007 0.1093 0.131 0.162 0.139

0.134 0.132

0.130 0.128

0.143 0.136

0.139 0.130

0.141

0.116 0.132 0.105 0.1337 0.164

0.129 0.132

0.127 0.133

0.138

0.132 0.149

6-218

TeamLRN

25°C 0.130 0.130 0.140 0.169 0.150 0.122 0.126 0.135 0.137 0.146 0.135 0.138 0.137 0.127 0.1244 0.1139 0.1149 0.0948 0.1035 0.126 0.158 0.132 0.163 0.169 0.191 0.147 0.135 0.141 0.125 0.123 0.129 0.134 0.123 0.150 0.135 0.112 0.128 0.102 0.1269 0.159 0.110 0.126 0.1473 0.131 0.126 0.124 0.117 0.122 0.127 0.113 0.126 0.144 0.137

50°C

75°C

100°C

0.124 0.124 0.135 0.168

0.118 0.118 0.130 0.166

0.113 0.112 0.165

0.119 0.120 0.129 0.132 0.143 0.129 0.132 0.133 0.124 0.1171 0.1072 0.1081 0.0888 0.0976 0.120 0.153 0.125 0.158 0.158 0.192 0.144

0.115 0.114 0.124 0.128 0.139 0.123

0.107 0.118 0.123 0.135 0.118

0.128 0.121 0.1097 0.1005 0.1014 0.0829 0.0918 0.114 0.148 0.118 0.153 0.147

0.123 0.119 0.102 0.094 0.095 0.077 0.086 0.109 0.143 0.112 0.148

0.141

0.138

0.120 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.116 0.146 0.128 0.109 0.124 0.099 0.1201 0.155 0.109

0.115 0.112 0.118 0.123 0.110 0.142 0.122 0.106 0.120 0.095 0.1133 0.150 0.108

0.109 0.107 0.114 0.117 0.104 0.138 0.116 0.103 0.115 0.092 0.106 0.145 0.106

0.1443 0.129 0.121 0.119 0.114 0.117 0.122

0.1409 0.128 0.116 0.114 0.110 0.112 0.116

0.1373 0.126 0.111 0.108 0.106 0.107 0.111

0.120 0.139 0.132

0.114 0.134 0.127

0.109 0.129 0.122

Ref. 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular Formula C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12H10O C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H18 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C13H26 C13H28 C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38 C20H40O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O4

Thermal Conductivity in W/m K Name Hexyl butanoate Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Pentylbenzene 1-Undecene 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Octyl propanoate Heptyl butanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Diphenyl ether Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Hexylbenzene Decyl acetate Octyl butanoate Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine 1-Tridecene Tridecane 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane Butyl palmitate Butyl oleate Dioctyl hexanedioate

–25°C

0°C

25°C 0.137

0.142

0.1360

0.135

0.1296 0.162 0.131 0.140 0.130 0.126 0.137 0.135 0.139 0.136 0.169

0.141

0.150

0.139

0.172 0.121 0.137 0.146 0.139 0.135 0.146 0.129 0.130 0.130 0.136 0.139 0.136 0.140 0.151 0.157 0.157

6-219

50°C

75°C

0.132 0.148 0.1232 0.159 0.125 0.134 0.125 0.118 0.132 0.153 0.130 0.134 0.128 0.165 0.139 0.169 0.119 0.132 0.136 0.134 0.130 0.167 0.143

0.127 0.144 0.1167 0.155 0.121 0.127 0.120 0.114 0.127 0.149 0.125 0.129 0.122 0.161 0.135 0.166 0.117 0.128 0.126 0.129 0.124 0.163 0.139

100°C

0.125 0.119 0.159 0.135

0.125 0.125 0.131 0.134 0.167 0.134 0.135 0.146 0.148 0.153 0.153

0.120 0.120 0.126 0.129 0.162 0.131 0.130 0.142 0.144 0.149 0.149

0.115 0.115 0.121 0.124 0.157 0.129 0.125 0.137 0.140 0.145 0.145

0.121 0.140 0.110 0.151 0.116 0.120 0.115 0.108

0.120 0.123 0.116 0.158 0.131

0.124

Ref. 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

DIFFUSION IN GASES This table gives binary diffusion coefficients D12 for a number of common gases as a function of temperature. Values refer to atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to pressure as long as the gas is in a regime where binary collisions dominate. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the dependence of D12 on temperature and composition. The first part of the table gives data for several gases in the presence of a large excess of air. The remainder applies to equimolar mixtures of gases. Each gas pair is ordered alphabetically according to the most common way of writing the formula. The listing of pairs then follows alphabetical order by the first constituent. REFERENCES 1. Marrero, T. R., and Mason, E. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1, 1972. 2. Kestin, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984.

D12/cm2 s–1 for p = 101.325 kPa and the Specified T/K System

200

273.15

293.15

373.15

473.15

573.15

0.167

0.617

0.148 0.106 0.208 0.160 0.627 0.242 0.580

0.168 0.129 0.698 0.645 0.117 0.168 0.277 0.166

0.187 0.078 0.794 0.726 0.134 0.190 0.313 0.189

0.052

0.095

0.108 0.782 0.723 0.220 0.210

0.408 0.365 0.133

0.686 0.619 0.131 0.208

0.315

0.552

0.300

0.513

0.055 0.131

0.099 0.227

673.15

0.289 0.321 0.315 0.252 1.153 0.399 1.057 0.150

0.437 0.485 0.475 0.390 1.747 0.638 1.594 0.233

0.612 0.678 0.662 0.549 2.444 0.873 2.221 0.329

0.810 0.899 0.875 0.728 3.238 1.135 2.933 0.438

0.306 0.290 0.235 1.228 1.088 0.210 0.290 0.475 0.285 0.128 0.171 1.084 0.992 0.317 0.341 0.167 0.250 1.162 1.052 0.227 0.336 0.307 0.144 0.133 0.964 0.292 0.878 0.253 0.177 0.395

0.467 0.439 0.365 1.876 1.617 0.323 0.439 0.710 0.430 0.202 0.264 1.648 1.502 0.480 0.523 0.257 0.384 1.743 1.577 0.346 0.491 0.462 0.226 0.209 1.470 0.496 1.321 0.392 0.276 0.603

0.657 0.615 0.517 2.634 2.226 0.456 0.615 0.979 0.600 0.290 0.374 2.311 2.101 0.671 0.736 0.363

0.876 0.815 0.689 3.496 2.911 0.605 0.815 1.283 0.793 0.389 0.498 3.070 2.784 0.890 0.978 0.482

2.423 2.188 0.485 0.673 0.643 0.323

3.196 2.882 0.645 0.878 0.849 0.432

2.066 0.741

2.745 1.021

0.553

0.733

Large Excess of Air Ar-air CH4-air CO-air CO2-air H2-air H2O-air He-air SF6-air

0.668

Equimolar Mixture Ar-CH4 Ar-CO Ar-CO2 Ar-H2 Ar-He Ar-Kr Ar-N2 Ar-Ne Ar-O2 Ar-SF6 Ar-Xe CH4-H2 CH4-He CH4-N2 CH4-O2 CH4-SF6 CO-CO2 CO-H2 CO-He CO-Kr CO-N2 CO-O2 CO-SF6 CO2-C3H8 CO2-H2 CO2-H2O CO2-He CO2-N2 CO2-N2O CO2-Ne

0.381 0.064 0.160

0.162 0.772 0.698 0.581 0.231 0.202 0.084 0.412 0.162 0.400 0.160 0.113 0.199

6-179

TeamLRN

0.847

DIFFUSION IN GASES (continued) System CO2-O2 CO2-SF6 D2-H2 H2-He H2-Kr H2-N2 H2-Ne H2-O2 H2-SF6 H2-Xe H2O-N2 H2O-O2 He-Kr He-N2 He-Ne He-O2 He-SF6 He-Xe Kr-N2 Kr-Ne Kr-Xe N2-Ne N2-O2 N2-SF6 N2-Xe Ne-Xe O2-SF6

200

0.631 0.775 0.340 0.408 0.572

273.15

1.079 1.320 0.601 0.686 0.982 0.692 0.513

0.330 0.365 0.563

0.559 0.619 0.948 0.641

0.282 0.131 0.035

0.478 0.131 0.228 0.064

0.111

0.107 0.193

293.15

373.15

0.159

0.248 0.099 1.846 2.255 1.053 1.162 1.684 1.188 0.649 0.890 0.399 0.403 0.942 1.052 1.592 1.092 0.592 0.807 0.227 0.392 0.116 0.483 0.307 0.148 0.188 0.332 0.154

1.219 1.490 0.682 0.772 0.317 0.756 0.208 0.122 0.242 0.244 0.629 0.698 1.066 0.697 1.109 0.538 0.149 0.258 0.073 0.258 0.202 0.123 0.219 0.097

6-180

473.15

573.15

673.15

0.380 0.155 2.778 3.394 1.607 1.743 2.541 1.792 0.998 1.349

0.535

0.710

3.866 4.726 2.258 2.423 3.541 2.497 1.400 1.885

5.103 6.242 2.999 3.196 4.677 3.299 1.851 2.493

0.645 1.404 1.577 2.362 1.640 0.871 1.201 0.346 0.587 0.181 0.731 0.462 0.231 0.287 0.498 0.238

0.882 1.942 2.188 3.254 2.276 1.190 1.655 0.485 0.812 0.257 1.021 0.643 0.328 0.404 0.688 0.334

1.147 2.550 2.882 4.262 2.996 1.545 2.168 0.645 1.063 0.344 1.351 0.849 0.436 0.539 0.901 0.441

DIFFUSION OF GASES IN WATER This table gives values of the diffusion coefficient, D, for diffusion of several common gases in water at various temperatures. For simple one-dimensional transport, the diffusion coefficient describes the time-rate of change of concentration, dc/dt, through the equation dc/dt = D d2c/dx2 where x is, for example, the perpendicular distance from a gas-liquid interface. The values below have been selected from the references indicated; in some cases data have been refitted to permit interpolation in temperature. Gas-liquid diffusion coefficients are difficult to measure, and large differences are found between values obtained by different authors and through different experimental methods. See References 1 and 2 for a discussion of measurement techniques. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W., J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10767, 1987. Himmelblau, D. M., Chem. Rev. 64, 527, 1964. Boerboom, A. J. H., and Kleyn, G., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1086, 1969. O’Brien, R. N., and Hyslop, W. F., Can. J. Chem., 55, 1415, 1977. Maharajh, D. M., and Walkley, J., Can. J. Chem., 51, 944, 1973. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969. D/10-5 cm2 s-1 10˚C

Ar CHCl2F CH3Br CH3Cl CH4 CO2 C2 H 2 Cl2 HBr HCl H2 H2S He Kr NH3 NO2 N2 N2O Ne O2 Rn SO2 Xe

15˚C

20˚C

1.24 1.26 1.43

1.43 1.45 1.59 1.13

1.62 1.67 1.78 1.5

3.62

4.08

4.58

5.67 1.20

6.18 1.39 1.3

6.71 1.60 1.5 1.23

0.81

1.62 3.27 1.67 0.96

0.93

1.08

2.93

2.11 3.64 2.01 1.13 1.62 1.27

25˚C 2.5 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.84 1.91 1.99 1.89 3.15 3.07 5.11 1.36 7.28 1.84 1.4 2.0 2.57 4.03 2.42 1.33 1.83 1.47

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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30˚C

35˚C

2.08 2.17 2.23

2.35 2.47

5.69

6.31

7.87 2.11

8.48 2.40

1.59

4.45

4.89

1.55 2.07 1.70

1.80 2.32 1.95

Ref. 3,4 5 5 5 1 1 2 2,6 6 6 1 2,6 1,3 1,3 2 2,6 2 2,6 1,3 2,6 1 2 1,3

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN LIQUIDS AT INFINITE DILUTION This table lists diffusion coefficients DAB at infinite dilution for some binary liquid mixtures. Although values are given to two decimal places, measurements in the literature are often in poor agreement. Therefore most values in the table cannot be relied upon to better than 10%. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order, as are the solutes within each solvent group. REFERENCE Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. II/5a, 1969.

Solute Acetic acid Benzoic acid Formic acid Nitrobenzene Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane Water Acetic acid Aniline Benzoic acid Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Ethanol Formic acid Heptane Methanol Toluene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Trichloromethane Adipic acid Benzene Biphenyl Butyric acid p-Dichlorobenzene Methanol Oleic acid Propane Water Benzene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Allyl alcohol Benzene Iodine Iodobenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pyridine Tetrachloromethane Water Acetic acid Acetone 2-Butanone Ethyl benzoate Nitrobenzene Water Benzene Toluene Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Dodecane Iodine Methane Propane Tetrachloromethane Toluene

Solvent Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Heptane Heptane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane

t/°C

DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1

25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 30 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 25 30 25 25 30 25 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 20 20 25 25 25 8 30 25 25 25 25 25 25

3.31 2.62 3.77 2.94 3.29 3.64 4.56 2.09 1.96 1.38 1.45 2.09 1.77 2.25 3.02 2.28 1.78 3.80 1.85 1.34 2.26 0.40 1.00 0.63 0.51 0.82 0.59 0.25 1.57 0.56 1.41 1.49 1.57 0.98 1.81 1.32 1.00 0.81 1.10 1.50 1.24 2.18 3.18 2.93 1.85 2.25 3.20 3.91 3.72 2.60 3.74 2.73 4.45 0.09 4.87 3.70 4.21

Solute Acetone Benzene Cyclohexane Ethanol Iodine Trichloromethane Acetic acid Benzene Benzoic acid Cyclohexane Formic acid Water Acetone Benzene 2-Butanone Butyl acetate Diethyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Alanine Allyl alcohol Aniline Arabinose Benzene 1-Butanol Caprolactam Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Diethylamine Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethylene glycol Glucose Glycerol Glycine Lactose Maltose Mannitol Methane Methanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Methylcyclopentane Phenol 1-Propanol Propene Pyridine Raffinose Sucrose Toluene Urea Urethane

6-181

Solvent Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water

t/°C

DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1

25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 15 25 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 25 15 10 20 20 15 25 25 15 25 20 25 15

1.75 1.42 1.30 1.90 1.63 1.66 2.26 2.54 1.49 2.42 2.65 6.19 2.55 2.89 2.13 1.71 2.15 2.20 2.02 1.29 1.28 1.26 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.69 1.02 0.56 0.87 1.34 0.84 0.97 1.24 1.08 1.00 0.81 1.16 0.67 1.06 1.05 0.38 0.38 0.50 1.49 1.28 0.69 0.85 0.89 0.87 1.44 0.58 0.33 0.52 0.85 1.38 0.80

Section 7: Biochemistry Properties of Amino Acids Structures of Common Amino Acids Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases The Genetic Code Properties of Fatty Acids Carbohydrate Names and Symbols Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Biological Buffers Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods Chemical Composition of the Human Body

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PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS This table gives selected properties of some important amino acids and closely related compounds. The first part of the table lists the 20 “standard” amino acids that are the basic constituents of proteins (structures of these amino acids may be found in the following table). The second part includes other amino acids and related compounds of biochemical importance. Within each part of the table the compounds are listed by name in alphabetical order. Symbol — Three-letter symbol for the standard amino acids Mr — Molecular weight tm — Melting point pKa , pKb , pKc , pKd — Negative of the logarithm of the acid dissociation constants for the COOH and NH2 groups (and, in some cases, other groups) in the molecule (at 25oC) pI — pH at the isoelectric point S — Solubility in water at 25oC in units of grams of compound per kilogram of water; when quantitative data are not available, the notations sl.s. (for slightly soluble) and v.s. (for very soluble) are used. Data on the enthalpy of formation of many of these compounds are included in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in Section 5 of this Handbook. Absorption spectra and optical rotation data can be found in Reference 3. Partial molar volume and other thermodynamic properties, including solubility as a function of temperature, are given in References 3 and 5. Most of the pK values come from Reference 7.

REFERENCES Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. Sober, H. A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry. Selected Data for Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. Hinz, H. J., Ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Smith, R. M., and Martell, A. E., NIST Standard Reference Database 46: Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1997. 8. Jin, Z. and Chao, K. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 199, 1992.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The standard amino acids: Symbol Ala Arg Asn Asp Cys Glu Gln Gly His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val

Name

Mol. form.

Mr

tm/° C

pKa

pKb

Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine

C3H7NO2 C6H14N4O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H7NO4 C3H7NO2S C5H9NO4 C5H10N2O3 C2H5NO2 C6H9N3O2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2O2 C5H11NO2S C9H11NO2 C5H9NO2 C3H7NO3 C4H9NO3 C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C5H11NO2

89.09 174.20 132.12 133.10 121.16 147.13 146.15 75.07 155.16 131.17 131.17 146.19 149.21 165.19 115.13 105.09 119.12 204.23 181.19 117.15

297 244 235 270 240 160 185 290 287 284 293 224 281 283 221 228 256 289 343 315

2.33 2.03 2.16 1.95 1.91 2.16 2.18 2.34 1.70 2.26 2.32 2.15 2.16 2.18 1.95 2.13 2.20 2.38 2.24 2.27

9.71 9.00 8.73 9.66 10.28 9.58 9.00 9.58 9.09 9.60 9.58 9.16 9.08 9.09 10.47 9.05 8.96 9.34 9.04 9.52

7-1

pKc 12.10 3.71 8.14 4.15

6.04

10.67

10.10

pI

S/g kg-1

6.00 10.76 5.41 2.77 5.07 3.22 5.65 5.97 7.59 6.02 5.98 9.74 5.74 5.48 6.30 5.68 5.60 5.89 5.66 5.96

165.0 182.6 25.1 4.95 v.s. 8.61 42 250.9 43.5 34.2 22.0 5.8 56 27.9 1623 50.2 98.1 13.2 0.46 88.5

Other amino acids and related compounds: Name N-Acetylglutamic acid N6-Acetyl-L-lysine β -Alanine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 4-Aminobutanoic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid L-3-Amino-2methylpropanoic acid Azaserine L-γ -Carboxyglutamic acid Carnosine Citrulline Creatine L-Cysteic acid L-Cystine L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine Dopamine L-Ethionine Glycocyamine N-Glycylglycine Histamine Homocysteine Homocystine L-Homoserine 5-Hydroxylysine trans-4-Hydroxyproline L-3-Iodotyrosine L-Kynurenine L-Lanthionine Levodopa 2-Methylalanine L-1-Methylhistidine L-Norleucine L-Norvaline L-Ornithine O-Phosphoserine L-Pyroglutamic acid Sarcosine L-Thyroxine

Mol. form.

Mr

tm/° C

pKa

pKb

C7H11NO5 C8H16N2O3 C3H7NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C4H9NO2

189.17 188.23 89.09 103.12 103.12 103.12 131.13 103.12

199 265 200 304 194 203 118 182

2.12 3.51 2.30 3.43 4.02 4.05

9.51 10.08 9.63 10.05 10.35 8.90

C5H7N3O4 C6H9NO6 C9H14N4O3 C6H13N3O3 C4H9N3O2 C3H7NO5S C6H12N2O4S2 C9H9I2NO3 C8H11NO2 C6H13NO2S C3H7N3O2 C4H8N2O3 C5H9N3 C4H9NO2S C8H16N2O4S2 C4H9NO3 C6H14N2O3 C5H9NO3 C9H10INO3 C10H12N2O3 C6H12N2O4S C9H11NO4 C4H9NO2 C7H11N3O2 C6H13NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H12N2O2 C3H8NO6P C5H7NO3 C3H7NO2 C15H11I4NO4

173.13 191.14 226.24 175.19 131.13 169.16 240.30 432.98 153.18 163.24 117.11 132.12 111.15 135.19 268.36 119.12 162.19 131.13 307.09 208.22 208.24 197.19 103.12 169.18 131.17 117.15 132.16 185.07 129.12 89.09 776.87

150 167 260 222 303 260 260 213 273 282 263 83 232 264 203 274 205 191 294 277 335 249 301 307 140 166 162 212 235

7-2

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1.70 2.51 2.32 2.63 1.89 1.50 2.12 2.18 2.82 3.13 2.15 1.59 2.27 2.13 1.82 2.20

2.20 2.36 1.69 2.31 2.31 1.94 2.14 3.32 2.18 2.20

8.55 9.90 9.35 9.30 14.30 8.70 8.80 9.10 10.36 9.05

pKc

pKd

S/g kg-1

891 210 1250 v.s.

v.s. 4.75 6.76

1.30 2.05 6.16 8.88 13.10

3.20 322

8.03

16 v.s. 0.11 0.62

5 8.10 9.83 8.57 9.44 9.28 8.85 9.47 9.10

6.11 10.38 2.54

v.s. 8.52

0.2 1100

9.83 8.70

8.75 10.21 8.85 9.68 9.65 8.78 9.80

9.81

10.52 5.70

9.97 10.01

6.45

13.40

361 sl.s. sl.s. 1.5 1650 137

6.48 15 107 v.s.

428 sl.s.

PROPERTIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES This table lists some of the important purine and pyrimidine bases that occur in nucleic acids. The pKa values (negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant) are given for each ionization stage. The last column gives the aqueous solubility S at the indicated temperature in units of grams per 100 grams of solution. The numbering system in the rings is:

Purine

Pyrimidine

REFERENCES 1. R. M. C. Dawson, et al., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. S. Budavari, Ed., The Merck Index, 11th Ed., Merk and Co., Rahway, NJ., 1989.

Common name

Systematic name

Mol form.

Mol. wt.

pKa values

S/mass % (temp.)

Pyrimidines Cytosine 5-Methylcytosine 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Uracil Thymine Orotic acid

4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5methylpyrimidine

C4H5N3O

111.10

4.5

12.2

0.76 (25°C)

C5H7N3O

125.13

4.6

12.4

0.45 (25°C)

4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine 5-Methyluracil Uracil-6-carboxylic acid

C5H7N3O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H6N2O2 C5H4N2O4

141.13 112.09 126.11 156.10

4.3 0.5 9.9 2.4

13 9.5 >13 9.5

C5H5N5 C5H5N5O

135.14 151.13

<1 3.3

4.1 9.2

C6H7N5O C5H5N5O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3

165.16 151.13 152.11 136.11 168.11

3.5 4.5 0.8 2.0 5.4

9.9 9.0 7.4 8.9 11.3

>13 >13

0.36 (25°C) 0.4 (25°C) 0.18 (18°C)

Purines Adenine Guanine 7-Methylguanine Isoguanine Xanthine Hypoxanthine Uric acid

6-Aminopurine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine 7-Methyl-2-amino-6hydroxypurine 6-Amino-2-hydroxypurine 2,6-Dioxopurine 6-Hydroxypurine 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine

7-4

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9.8 12.3

0.09 (25°C) 0.004 (40°C)

11.1 12.1

0.006 (25°C) 0.05 (20°C) 0.07 (19°C) 0.002 (20°C)

THE GENETIC CODE This table gives the correspondence between a messenger RNA codon and the amino acid which it specifies. The symbols for bases in the codon are: U: uracil C: cytosine A: adenine G: guanine The amino acid symbols are given in the table entitled “Structures of Common Amino Acids”. A chain-initiating codon is indicated by init and a chain-terminating codon by term. Example: UCA codes for Ser, UAC codes for Tyr, etc.

First position U

C

A

G

U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met (init) Val Val Val Val (init)

Second position C A Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala

Tyr Tyr term term His His Gln Gln Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu

7-5

G Cys Cys term Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly

Third position U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G

PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS This table gives the systematic names and selected properties of some of the more important fatty acids of five or more carbon atoms. Compounds are listed first by degree of saturation and, secondly, by number of carbon atoms. The following data are included: Mr: Molecular weight tm: Melting point in ° C

S: Aqueous solubility at 20° C in units of grams of solute per 100 grams of water

REFERENCES 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Common name

Systematic name

Mol. form.

Mr

tm/° C

S

Saturated Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Caproic acid Enanthic acid Caprylic acid Pelargonic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Tridecylic acid Myristic acid Pentadecylic acid Palmitic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Phytanic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Cerotic acid Montanic acid

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 C12H24O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C24H48O2 C26H52O2 C28H56O2

Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Hexanoic acid Heptanoic acid Octanoic acid Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid Dodecanoic acid Tridecanoic acid Tetradecanoic acid Pentadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid Heptadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Eicosanoic acid 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid Docosanoic acid Tetracosanoic acid Hexacosanoic acid Octacosanoic acid

102.13 102.13 116.16 130.19 144.21 158.24 172.27 200.32 214.35 228.38 242.40 256.43 270.46 284.48 312.54 312.54 340.59 368.64 396.70 424.75

-33.6 -29.3 -3 -7.17 16.5 12.4 31.4 43.8 41.5 54.2 52.3 62.5 61.3 69.3 76.5 -65 81.5 87.5 88.5 90.9

170.25 254.41 282.47 282.47 282.47 338.57 338.57 366.63

26.5 0.5 13.4 45 44 34.7 61.9 43

280.45

-7

C18H30O2 C18H30O2

278.44 278.44

49 71.5

C18H30O2

278.44

-11

304.47

-49.5

Monounsaturated Caproleic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid Elaidic acid Vaccenic acid Erucic acid Brassidic acid Nervonic acid

9-Decenoic acid cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic acid cis-13-Docosenoic acid trans-13-Docosenoic acid cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid

C10H18O2 C16H30O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C24H46O2 Diunsaturated C18H32O2

Linoleic acid

cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid

cis-Eleostearic acid trans-Eleostearic acid

trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid trans,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid

Triunsaturated

Linolenic acid

Tetraunsaturated Arachidonic acid

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-trans)

C20H32O2

7-6

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2.5 4.3 0.967 0.24 0.080 0.0284 0.015 0.0055 0.0033 0.0020 0.0012 0.00072 0.00042 0.00029

CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by IUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more complete list can be found in the reference.

REFERENCE McNaught, A. D.,Pure Appl. Chem., 68, 1919-2008, 1996. Common Name

Symbol

Abequose N-Acetyl-2-deoxyneur-2-enaminic acid N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylneuraminic acid Allose Altrose Apiose Arabinitol Arabinose Arcanose Ascarylose Boivinose Chalcose Cladinose Colitose Cymarose 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid 2-Deoxyribose 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose Diginose Digitalose Digitoxose 3,4-Di-O-methylrhamnose Ethyl glucopyranuronate Evalose Fructose Fucitol Fucose β-D-Galactopyranose 4-sulfate Galactosamine Galactose Glucitol Glucosamine Glucose Glucuronic acid N-Glycoloylneuraminic acid Gulose Hamamelose Idose Iduronic acid Lactose Lyxose Maltose Mannose 2-C-Methylxylose Muramic acid Mycarose Mycinose Neuraminic acid

Abe Neu2en5Ac GalNAc GlcNAc Neu5Ac All Alt Api Ara-ol Ara

Kdo dRib GlcN3N

Systematic Name 3,6-Dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose

allo-Hexose altro-Hexose 3-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-glycero-tetrose Arabinitol arabino-Pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-xylo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-gulose 4,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-lyxo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-D-galactose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose

Rha3,4Me2 GlcpA6Et Fru Fuc-ol Fuc β-D-Galp4S GalN Gal Glc-ol GlcN Glc GlcA Neu5Gc Gul Ido IdoA Lac Lyx Man Xyl2CMe Mur

Neu

6-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose arabino-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxy-D-galactitol 6-Deoxygalactose 2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose galacto-Hexose 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose gluco-Hexose

gulo-Hexose 2-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose ido-Hexose β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose lyxo-Pentose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose manno-Hexose 2-Amino-3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 6-Deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-D-allose 5-Amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid

7-7

CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS (continued) Common Name Panose Paratose Primeverose Psicose Quinovose Raffinose Rhamnose Rhodinose Ribose Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose Rutinose Sarmentose Sedoheptulose Sorbose Streptose Sucrose Tagatose Talose Turanose Tyvelose Xylose Xylulose

Symbol

Psi Qui Rha Rib Rib5P Ribulo (Rul)

Sor

Tag Tal Tyv Xyl Xylulo (Xul)

Systematic Name α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-D-glucose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose ribo-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxyglucose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside 6-Deoxymannose 2,3,6-Trideoxy-L-threo-hexose ribo-Pentose erythro-Pent-2-ulose α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose D-altro-Hept-2-ulose xylo-Hex-2-ulose 5-Deoxy-3-C-formyl-L-lyxose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside lyxo-Hex-2-ulose talo-Hexose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-fructose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose xylo-Pentose threo-Pent-2-ulose

7-8

TeamLRN

STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES Petr Van´ysek This table lists transformed values of the standard Gibbs energy of formation for several molecules and ions of biochemical importance. Values of ∆fG‘o are given at pH 7, 298.15 K, and 100 kPa for infinite dilution and for two finite ionic strengths, I = 0.1 mol/L and I = 0.25 mol/L. The charge of the species (zi) is also given. The table can be used for calculating practical (pH 7) reduction potentials for important biological processes. Such listing is more compact than offering reduction potentials, which would require tabulating a large number of reactant-product combinations. To calculate the standard apparent reduction potential E’o for reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol at infinite dilution, for example, write first the reaction: CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2 e- 1 CH3CH2OH The change in hydrogen count can be accomplished by adding H+ , which in turn has to be compensated by adding the appropriate number of electrons (reduction). The correct count of electrons is needed in the subsequent equation for the reduction potential: E’o = [- 1/nF] · [∆fG‘o (product) - ∆fG‘o(reactant)] where n is the number of electrons to be added and F is the Faraday constant. Specifically, for the above reaction: E’o = [-1/(2·9.6485·104 C mol-1)] · [58.1·103 J mol-1 - 20.83·103 J mol-1] = -0.193 V. REFERENCE Alberty, R. A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 353, 116-130, 1998; 358, 25-39, 1998.

∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Acetaldehyde Acetate Acetone cis-Aconitate Adenine Adenosine Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Alanine Ammonium Arabinose L-Asparagine Aspartate 1-Butanol Butyrate Carbonate iso-Citrate Citrate CO(aq) CO(g) CO2(g) Creatine Creatinine L-Cysteine L-Cystine Cytochrome c [oxidized] Cytochrome c [reduced] Ethanol

I=0

I = 0.1 mol/L

20.83 -249.44 80.03 -797.26 512.07 519.43 -1234.36 -367.5 -2098 -91.31 80.52 -342.67 -206.28 -456.15 227.72 -72.94 -547.33 -956.82 -963.46 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 100.41 256.55 -59.23 -187.03 0 -24.54 58.1

23.27 -248.22 83.71 -800.94 515.13 527.39 -1230.97 -361.99 -2097.55 -87.02 82.35 -336.55 -201.38 -453.09 233.84 -69.26 -547.15 -958.84 -965.49 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 105.92 260.84 -55.01 -179.69 -5.51 -26.96 61.77

7-9

I = 0.25 mol/L 24.06 -247.82 84.89 -802.12 516.12 529.96 -1230.12 -360.29 -2097.89 -85.64 82.94 -334.57 -199.8 -452.1 235.82 -68.08 -547.1 -959.58 -966.23 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 107.69 262.22 -53.65 -177.32 -7.29 -27.75 62.96

zi 0 -1 0 -3 0 0 -3 -2 -4 0 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0

STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Ethyl acetate Ferredoxin [oxidized] Ferredoxin [reduced] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [oxidized] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [reduced] Flavin mononucleotide [oxidized] Flavin mononucleotide [reduced] Formate Fructose Fructose-6-phosphate Fumarate Galactose Galactose-1-phosphate Glucose Glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glutamate Glutamine Glutathione [oxidized] Glutathione [reduced] Glycerol Glycerol-3-phosphate Glycine Glycolate Glycylglycine Glyoxylate H2(aq) H2(g) H 2O β-Hydroxypropionate Hydrogen peroxide Hypoxanthine Indole L-Isoleucine Lactate Lactose L-Leucine Lyxose Malate Maltose D-Mannitol Mannose Methane Methanol L-Methionine Methylamine N2(aq) N2(g) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [oxidized] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [oxidized]

I=0

I = 0.1 mol/L

I = 0.25 mol/L

zi

-18 0 38.07 1238.65 1279.68 759.17 800.2 -311.04 -436.03 -1321.71 -521.96 -429.45 -1317.5 -436.42 -1318.03 -1325 -377.82 -128.46 1198.69 625.56 -177.83 -1080.22 -180.13 -411.08 -200.55 -428.64 97.51 79.91 -157.28 -318.62 -54.12 249.33 503.49 175.53 -316.94 -688.29 -167.18 -349.58 -682.83 -695.65 -383.22 -431.51 109.11 -15.45 -63.4 199.88 18.07 0

-13.1 -0.61 38.07 1255.17 1297.43 768.35 810.61 -311.04 -428.69 -1317.16 -523.18 -422.11 -1313.01 -429.08 -1313.34 -1320.37 -373.54 -122.34 1214.6 633.52 -172.93 -1077.83 -177.07 -409.86 -195.65 -428.64 98.74 81.17 -156.05 -316.17 -52.89 251.77 507.78 183.49 -314.49 -674.82 -175.14 -343.46 -682.83 -682.19 -374.65 -424.17 111.55 -13.04 -56.67 202.94 18.07 0

-11.52 -0.81 38.07 1260.51 1303.16 771.32 813.97 -311.04 -426.32 -1315.74 -523.58 -419.74 -1311.6 -426.71 -1311.89 -1318.92 -372.16 -120.36 1219.74 636.09 -171.35 -1077.14 -176.08 -409.46 -194.07 -428.64 99.13 81.53 -155.66 -315.38 -52.5 252.56 509.16 186.06 -313.7 -670.48 -177.71 -341.48 -682.83 -677.84 -371.89 -421.8 112.34 -12.25 -54.49 203.93 18.07 0

0 1 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1101.47

1115.55

1120.09

-2

1038.86

1054.17

1059.11

-1

1064.85

1070.97

1072.95

-4

998.91

1008.7

1011.86

-3

7-10

TeamLRN

STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound O2(aq) O2(g) Oxalate Oxaloacetate Oxalosuccinate 2-Oxoglutarate Palmitate L-Phenylalanine Phosphate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyrophosphate Pyruvate Retinal Retinol Ribose Ribose-1-phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate Ribulose L-Serine D-Sorbose Succinate Sucrose Thioredoxin [oxidized] Thioredoxin [reduced] L-Tryptophane L-Tyrosine Ubiquinone [oxidized] Ubiquinone [reduced] Urate Urea L-Valine Xylose D-Xylulose

I=0

I = 0.1 mol/L

16.4 0 -673.9 -713.37 -979.06 -633.59 979.25 232.42 -1058.56 143.84 134.43 -1937.66 -352.4 1118.78 1170.77 -339.23 -1215.87 -1223.95 -336.38 -231.18 -432.47 -530.62 -685.66 0 54.03 366.88 68.82 3596.07 3586.16 -206.1 -42.92 -80.87 -350.93 -346.59

16.4 0 -676.35 -714.6 -979.06 -633.59 997.6 239.15 -1059.17 148.74 139.32 -1941.82 -351.18 1135.91 1189.13 -333.11 -1212.24 -1220.32 -330.26 -226.89 -425.13 -530.62 -672.2 0 55.26 374.22 75.55 3651.15 3642.47 -204.85 -40.53 -87.6 -344.81 -340.47

7-11

I = 0.25 mol/L 16.4 0 -677.14 -714.99 -979.06 -633.59 1003.54 241.33 -1059.49 150.32 140.9 -1943.35 -350.78 1141.45 1195.06 -331.13 -1211.14 -1219.22 -328.28 225.81 -422.76 -530.62 -667.85 0 55.65 376.59 77.73 3668.94 3660.65 204.45 -39.73 -89.78 -342.83 -338.49

zi 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -2 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0

THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER Robert N. Goldberg, Nand Kishore, and Rebecca M. Lennen This table contains selected values for the pK, standard molar enthalpy of reaction ∆rH°, and standard molar heat-capacity change ∆rC°p for the ionization reactions of 64 buffers many of which are relevant to biochemistry and to biology.1 The values pertain to the temperature T = 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. These data permit one to calculate values of the pK and of ∆rH° at temperatures in the vicinity {T ≈ (274 K to 350 K)} of the reference temperature θ = 298.15 K by using the following equations2 ∆rG°T = –RT lnKT = ln(10)·RT·pKT ,

(1)

RlnKT = –(∆rG°θ /θ) + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )},

(2)

∆rH°T = ∆rH°θ + ∆rC°pθ (T – θ ).

(3)

Here, ∆rG° is the standard molar Gibbs energy change and K is the equilibrium constant for a reaction; R is the gas constant (8.314 472 J K-1 mol-1). The subscripts T and θ denote the temperature to which a quantity pertains, the subscript p denotes constant pressure, and the subscript r denotes that the quantity refers to a reaction. Combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the following equation that gives pK as a function of temperature: pKT = –{R·ln(10)}–1[–{ln(10)·RT·pKθ /θ } + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )}].

(4)

The above equations neglect higher order terms that involve temperature derivatives of ∆rC°p. Also, it is important to recognize that the values of pK and ∆rH° effectively pertain to ionic strength I = 0. However, the values of pK and ∆rH° are almost always dependent on the ionic strength and the actual composition of the solution. These issues are discussed in Reference 1 which also gives an approximate method for making appropriate corrections.

REFERENCES 1. Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., and Lennen, R. M., “Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in press. 2. Clarke, E. C. W., and Glew, D. N., Trans. Faraday Soc., 62, 539-547, 1966. Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa

Buffer

Reaction

ACES Acetate ADA

HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C4H10N2O4S) HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H4O2) H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C6H10N2O5) H2L± = H+ + HLHL- = H+ + L2HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO) HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C3H9NO3S) NH 4+= H+ + NH3 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO5S) H3AsO4 = H+ + H2AsO4H2AsO4- = H+ + HAsO42+ 3HAsO24 = H + AsO 4 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H12N2O3) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO5S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO4) HL± = H+ + LH3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C8H19NO5) H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C11H26N2O6) HL+ = H+ + L H3BO3 = H+ + H2BO -3 H2L+ = H+ + HL, (HL = C2H6AsO2) HL = H+ + L-

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid Ammonia AMPSO Arsenate

Barbital BES Bicine Bis-tris Bis-tris propane Borate Cacodylate

pK

7-12

TeamLRN

6.847 4.756 1.59 2.48 6.844 8.801 9.694 10.2 9.245 9.138 2.31 7.05 11.9 7.980 12.8 7.187 2.0 8.334 6.484 6.65 9.10 9.237 1.78 6.28

∆rH° kJ mol–1

∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1

30.43 -0.41

-49 -142

16.7 12.23 49.85 54.05

-144 -44 ≈-21

51.95 43.19 -7.8 1.7 15.9 24.27

-135

24.25

-2

26.34 28.4

0 27

13.8 -3.5 -3.0

8 -61

≈-240 -86

THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued)

Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa

Buffer

Reaction

CAPS CAPSO Carbonate

HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H19NO3S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H19NO4S) H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3HCO3- = H+ + CO23 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H17NO3S) H3L = H+ + H2L-, (H3L = C6H8O7) H2L- = H+ + HL2HL2- = H+ + L3H3L+ = H+ + H2L, (H2L = C3H7NO2S) H2L = H+ + HLHL- = H+ + L2HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O5) HL- = H+ + L2H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C7H12O4) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H7NO) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H13NO) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C3H9NO6P) HL- = H+ + L2H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C2H5NO2) HL± = H+ + LHL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H6N2O) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C4H8N2O3) HL± = H+ + LH2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H11N3O4) HL± = H+ + LH2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C8H18N2O4S) HL± = H+ + LHL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H20N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H20N2O5S) H3L2+ = H+ + H2L+, (HL = C6H9N3O2) H2L+ = H+ + HL HL = H+ + LH2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = H4N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C3H4N2) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H4O4) HL- = H+ + L2HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H6OS) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H13NO4S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = CH5N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H6N2) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H15NO4S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C7H15NO5S) HL± = H+ + LH2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C2H2O4) HL- = H+ + L2H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4H2PO4- = H+ + HPO24 HPO42-= H+ + PO43-

CHES Citrate

L-Cysteine

Diethanolamine Diglycolate 3,3-Dimethylglutarate DIPSO Ethanolamine N-Ethylmorpholine Glycerol 2-phosphate Glycine Glycine amide Glycylglycine Glycylglycylglycine HEPES HEPPS HEPPSO L-Histidine

Hydrazine Imidazole Maleate 2-Mercaptoethanol MES Methylamine 2-Methylimidazole MOPS MOPSO Oxalate Phosphate

pK

7-13

10.499 9.825 6.351 10.329 9.394 3.128 4.761 6.396 1.71 8.36 10.75 8.883 3.05 4.37 3.70 6.34 7.576 9.498 7.77 1.329 6.650 2.351 9.780 8.04 3.140 8.265 3.224 8.090 ≈3.0 7.564 7.957 8.042 1.54 6.07 9.34 -0.99 8.02 6.993 1.92 6.27 9.75 6.270 10.645 8.01 7.184 0.060 6.90 1.27 4.266 2.148 7.198 12.35

∆ r H° kJ mol–1

∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1

48.1 46.67 9.15 14.70 39.55 4.07 2.23 -3.38 ≈-0.6 36.1 34.1 42.08 -0.1 -7.2

57 21 -371 -249 9 -131 -178 -254

30.18 50.52 27.4 -12.2 -1.85 4.00 44.2 42.9 0.11 43.4 0.84 41.7

42 26

20.4 21.3 23.70 3.6 29.5 43.8 38.1 41.7 36.64 1.1 -3.6 26.2 14.8 55.34 36.8 21.1 25.0 -3.9 7.00 -8.0 3.6 16.0

≈-66 ≈-204 36 ≈-142 ≈-138

-330 -212 -139 -57 -128 -16

47 48 47 176 -233

-9 ≈-21 ≈-31 5 33 25 ≈38 ≈-231 -231 -141 -230 -242

THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued)

Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa

Buffer

Reaction

Phthalate

H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C4H10N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H18N2O6S2) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C10H22N2O8S2) H4P2O7 = H+ + H3P2O7H3P2O7- = H+ + H2P2O27 + 3H2P2O27 = H + HP2O7 HP2O73-= H+ + P2O47 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2HSO4- = H+ + SO24 H2SO3 = H+ + HSO3HSO3- = H+ + SO23 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO7S) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O6) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO6S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO5) HL± = H+ + LHL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15NO3) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO3)

Piperazine PIPES POPSO Pyrophosphate

Succinate Sulfate Sulfite TAPS TAPSO L(+)-Tartaric acid TES Tricine Triethanolamine Triethylamine Tris

pK

7-14

TeamLRN

2.950 5.408 5.333 9.731 7.141 ≈8.0 0.83 2.26 6.72 9.46 4.207 5.636 1.987 1.857 7.172 8.44 7.635 3.036 4.366 7.550 2.023 8.135 7.762 10.72 8.072

∆rH° kJ mol–1

∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1

-2.70 -2.17 31.11 42.89 11.2

-91 -295 86 75 22

-9.2 -5.0 0.5 1.4 3.0 -0.5 -22.4 -17.80 -3.65 40.4 39.09 3.19 0.93 32.13 5.85 31.37 33.6 43.13 47.45

≈-90 ≈-130 -136 -141 -121 -217 -258 -272 -262 15 -16 -147 -218 0 -196 -53 50 151 -59

BIOLOGICAL BUFFERS This table of frequently used buffers gives the pKa value at 25°C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.

Acronym MES BIS TRIS ADA ACES PIPES MOPSO BIS TRIS PROPANE BES MOPS HEPES TES DIPSO TAPSO TRIZMA HEPPSO POPSO EPPS TEA TRICINE BICINE TAPS AMPSO CHES CAPSO AMP CAPS a

Name 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 1,3-Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-[N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(3-propanesulfonic acid) Triethanolamine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid

pKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage.

7-9

Mol. wt.

pKa

Useful pH range

195.2 209.2 190.2 182.2 302.4 225.3 282.3 213.2 209.3 238.3 229.2 243.3

6.1 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8a 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6

5.5—6.7 5.8—7.2 6.0—7.2 6.1—7.5 6.1—7.5 6.2—7.6 6.3—9.5 6.4—7.8 6.5—7.9 6.8—8.2 6.8—8.2 7.0—8.2

259.3 121.1 268.3 362.4 252.3 149.2 179.2 163.2 243.3

7.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4

7.0—8.2 7.0—9.1 7.1—8.5 7.2—8.5 7.3—8.7 7.3—8.3 7.4—8.8 7.6—9.0 7.7—9.1

227.3 207.3 237.3 89.1 221.3

9.0 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4

8.3—9.7 8.6—10.0 8.9—10.3 9.0—10.5 9.7—11.1

TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25°C. Grapes Hominy (lye) Jams, fruit Jellies, fruit Lemons Limes Maple syrup Milk, cows Olives Oranges Oysters Peaches Pears Peas Pickles, dill Pickles, sour Pimento Plums Potatoes Pumpkin Raspberries Rhubarb Salmon Sauerkraut Shrimp Soft drinks Spinach Squash Strawberries Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Tuna Turnips Vinegar Water, drinking Wines

Biological Materials Blood, human Blood, dog Spinal fluid, human Saliva, human Gastric contents, human Duodenal contents, human Feces, human Urine, human Milk, human Bile, human

7.35-7.45 6.9-7.2 7.3-7.5 6.5-7.5 1.0-3.0 4.8-8.2 4.6-8.4 4.8-8.4 6.6-7.6 6.8-7.0

Foods Apples Apricots Asparagus Bananas Beans Beers Beets Blackberries Bread, white Butter Cabbage Carrots Cheese Cherries Cider Corn Crackers Dates Eggs, fresh white Flour, wheat Gooseberries Grapefruit

2.9-3.3 3.6-4.0 5.4-5.8 4.5-4.7 5.0-6.0 4.0-5.0 4.9-5.5 3.2-3.6 5.0-6.0 6.1-6.4 5.2-5.4 4.9-5.3 4.8-6.4 3.2-4.0 2.9-3.3 6.0-6.5 6.5-8.5 6.2-6.4 7.6-8.0 5.5-6.5 2.8-3.0 3.0-3.3

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3.5-4.5 6.8-8.0 3.5-4.0 2.8-3.4 2.2-2.4 1.8-2.0 6.5-7.0 6.3-6.6 3.6-3.8 3.0-4.0 6.1-6.6 3.4-3.6 3.6-4.0 5.8-6.4 3.2-3.6 3.0-3.4 4.6-5.2 2.8-3.0 5.6-6.0 4.8-5.2 3.2-3.6 3.1-3.2 6.1-6.3 3.4-3.6 6.8-7.0 2.0-4.0 5.1-5.7 5.0-5.4 3.0-3.5 5.3-5.6 4.0-4.4 5.9-6.1 5.2-5.6 2.4-3.4 6.5-8.0 2.8-3.8

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below. REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W.S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.

Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium

Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 <0.048 0.022 <0.017 0.012 0.013 0.010 <0.010 <0.0093 <0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.00009 0.000036 3.1⋅10-11

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Percent of total body mass 61 23 10 2.6 1.4 1.1 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.027 0.026 0.006 0.0037 0.0033 0.00046 0.00046 0.00029 0.00017 0.00010 0.00009 0.00007 0.00007 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.000003 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000001

Section 8: Analytical Chemistry Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Flame and Bead Tests Acid-Base Indicators Fluorescent Indicators Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions Electrochemical Series Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Ion Product of Water Substance Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water Solubility of Selected Gases in Water Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Solubility Product Constants Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures Solubility Chart Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo Volume of One Gram of Water Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

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PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuS04 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2⋅2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodide-mercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4⋅5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2⋅2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by diluting 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use.

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PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol. Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2⋅4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1-naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform. Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid.

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PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10 % HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent. Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved.

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PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S⋅9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL. Titration mixture. (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4⋅4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2⋅H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.

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STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride

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Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl

Atomic or molecular weight

Equivalence factor

60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550

1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1

Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)

Name Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate

Formula

Atomic or molecular weight

Equivalence factor

KCN KOH K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O

65.1199 56.1094 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390

1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

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Mass in grams 6.5120 5.6109 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin

Atomic or molecular weight

Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn

8-7

121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium

Reagents

Ref.

Alizarin Red S Aluminon Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline

Ammonia

Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite

Antimony

Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B

Arsenic

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate

Barium

Sulfonazo III

Beryllium

Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R

Bismuth

Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange

Boron

Azomethine H Carminic acid

Curcumin

8-8

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Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133 (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19 (2), Onishi, Part IIa p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22 (2), Marczenko, p 131 (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622 (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413 (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604 (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32, (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh, Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986).

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination

Reagents

Ref.

Methylene Blue

Bromide

Fluorescein Phenol Red

Cadmium

Calcium

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone

4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide

Cerium

Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline

Chlorine

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Chromium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide

Cobalt

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

Copper

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone

Cyanide

4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid

8-9

Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969). Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978).

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Fluoride

Reagents

Ref.

Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion

Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Gallium

Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange

Germanium

Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone

Gold

5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B

Hafnium

Arsenazo III

Indium

Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Iodide Iodine

Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch

Iridium

Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline

Iron

Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid 2,2¢-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline

1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Lanthanum

Arsenazo III

8-10

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Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8)

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Lead

Reagents

Ref.

Dithizone

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Lithium

Thoron

Magnesium

Eriochrome Black T

8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue Manganese

Formaldoxime

Mercury

Dithizone

Michler’s thioketone

Molybdenum

Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol

Nickel

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime

Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2¢-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Niobium

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2¢Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)-3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

8-11

Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311., Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8)

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination

Reagents

Ref.

Sulfochlorophenol S

Nitrate

Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid

Nitrite

Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine

Osmium Palladium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dithizone 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Phosphate

Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate

Platinum

Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

Rare Earths

Arsenazo I Arsenazo III

Xylenol Orange Rhenium

2,2¢-Furildioxime

Rhodium

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Ruthenium

1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide

Scandium

Alizarin red S Arsenazo III

8-12

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Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986). Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7)

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination

Reagents

Ref.

Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange Selenium

3,3¢-Diaminobenzidine

Silver

2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone

Sulfate Sulfide

Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Sulfite

Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde

Tantalum

Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone

Tellurium

Diethyldithiocarbamate

Bismuthiol II Thallium

Brilliant green

Dithizone Rhodamine B

Thorium

Arsenazo III

Thoron

Tin

Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone

Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant Titanium

Chromotropic acid

8-13

Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8)

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination

Reagents

Ref.

Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron Tungsten

Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol

Uranium

Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Vanadium

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol

Yttrium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange

Zinc

Dithizone

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange

Zircon

Zirconium

Alizarin Red S

Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange

8-14

TeamLRN

Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (23), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals I I, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8)

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) REVIEWS Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979. MONOGRAPHS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. Williams, W. J.,, Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

8-15

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations Violet Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds.

Blues Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium.

Greens Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned with alcohol. Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid. Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc.

Reds Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.

Yellow Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.

Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold

Borax Beads Substance

Oxidizing flame

Reducing flame

Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium

Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless Colorless (ns) Red (h) Green (c) Blue (h, c) Green (h); blue (c) Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Violet (h, c) Colorless Brown; red (c) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless Colorless Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Colorless

Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque

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Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Green Blue (h, c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h) Green (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Yellow or brown (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow (h); violet (c) Brown Green Green

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS (continued) Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4 Substance

Oxidizing flame

Reducing flame

Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc

Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow or brownish red (h, s) Red (h, s); green (c) Blue (h, c) Blue (c); green (h) Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Violet (h, c) Colorless; green (h) Yellow (c); red (h, s)

Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (c) Blue (h, c) Red and opaque (c) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (h) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Green (h) (h, s) Green Gray and opaque

Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Green; yellow or brownish Yellow Colorless (ns)

Sodium Carbonate Bead Substance

Oxidizing flame

Reducing flame

Manganese

Green

Colorless

8-17

ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available. The color code is: C = colorless P = purple

A = amber O = orange

B/G = blue-green

Pk = pink

Y = yellow

V = violet

R = red

REFERENCE Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator

pH Range

Indicator

Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4(1H)quinazolinedione

5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2

Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-mphenylene-diamine monohydrochloride Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl) ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric

3.0-4.0

8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6

11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4

3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7

6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0

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pH Range 2.2-3.6

4.4-5.8 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6

B = blue

ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)

pH range

Color change

0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0

R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R

3.0-4.2

Y-B

3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8

Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y

3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8

Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y

4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0

R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B

6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0

Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple

pK

1.3

1.65 1.51

2.63 3.96

Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol

4.10 3.46 4.34

4.90

5.42

5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15

7.30

8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3

0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water

ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)

pH range

Color change

8.0-9.0

B-R

8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6

Y-B O-B C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O

11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2

B-Y C-O C-O Y-A

Indicator

pK

4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow

Preparation 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water

9.20 9.5

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

TeamLRN

0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water

FLUORESCENT INDICATORS Jack DeMent Fluorescent indicators are substances which show definite changes in fluorescence with change in pH. Some fluorescent materials are not suitable for indicators since their change in fluorescence is too gradual. Fluorescent indicators find greatest utility in the titration of opaque, highly turbid or deeply colored solutions. A long wavelength ultraviolet ("black light") lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indicators, although bright daylight is sometimes sufficient to evoke a response in the bright green, yellow and orange fluorescent indicators. Titrations are carried out in non-fluorescent glassware. One should check the glassware prior to use to make certain that if does not fluoresce due to the wavelengths of light involved in the titration. The meniscus of the liquid in the burette can be followed when a few particles of an insoluble fluorescent solid are dropped onto its surface. In this table the indicators are arranged by approximate pH range covered. In the case of some of the dyestuffs the end point may vary slightly with the source or manufacturer.

Indicator Benzoflavine 3,6-Dioxyphthalimide Eosine YS Erythrosine Esculin 4-Ethoxyacridone

3,6-Tetramethyldiaminooxanthone

I

C.I.

I

768 772

-

Chromotropic acid Fluorescein Magdala Red a-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Phloxine Salicylic acid

From pH 0.3, yellow fl. 0, blue fl. 0, yellow colored 0, yellow colored 1.5, colorless 1.2, green fl. 1.2, green fl.

1.7, green fl. 2.4, green fl. 3.0, yellow fl. 3.6, yellow fl. 2, blue fl. 3.2, blue fl. 3.4, blue fl.

3.5, colorless 4, colorless 3.0, purple colored 3.4, colorless 2.8, colorless 3.4, colorless 2.5, colorless

4.5, 4.5, 4.0, 4.8, 4.4, 5.0, 3.5,

4.9, green fl. 4.0, colorless 5.4, colorless 4.0, colorless 4.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 4.4, yellow fl. 4.0, yellow colored 5.0, blue fl.

5.1, violet colored 5.0, green fl. 7.6, blue-violet fl. 4.5, yellow-green fl. 6.2, blue fl. 6.5, blue fl. 6.4, weak orange fl. 5.0, blue fl. 6.1, violet fl.

blue fl. green fl. fl. blue fl. violet fl. bright yellow fl. blue fl.

pH4to6 Acridine Dichlorofluorescein 3,6-Dioxyxanthone Erythrosine β-Methylesculetin Neville-Winther acid Resorufin Quininic acid Quinine [first end point]

Acid R Phosphine Brilliant Diazo1 Yellow Cleves acid Coumaric acid 3,6-Dioxyphthalic dinitrile Magnesium 8-hydroxyquinolinate β-Methylumbelliferone 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid Orcinaurine Patent Phosphine Thioflavine Umbelliferone

788

-

772

-

(claimed for range pH 6.0-7.0) 6.5, colorless 7.5, violet fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, green fl. 9.0, green fl. 7.2, colorless 8.2, green fl. 5.8, blue fl. 7.5, golden fl. 6.5, colorless 7.0, colorless 7.5, blue fl. 6.5, blue fl. 6.0, colorless 8.0, green fl. 6.5, colorless (for the range pH 6.0-7.0, green-yellow fl.) (for the region pH 6.5-7.0, yellow fl.) 6.5, colorless I 7.6, blue fl.

FLUORESCENT INDICATORS (Continued) pH 8 to 10

Indicator

I

C.1.

From pH

Acridine Orange Ethoxyphenylnaphthostilbazonium chloride G Salt Naphthazol derivatives a-Naphthionic acid 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid

8.4, orange colored 9, green fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 8.2, colorless 9, blue fl. 9.5, dark blue fl.

β-Naphthol a-Naphtholsulfonic acid 1,4-Naphtholsulfonic acid

8.6, colorless 8.0, dark blue fl. 8.2, dark blue fl.

Orcinsulfonphthalein Quinine [second end point] R-Salt Sodium 1-naphthol-2-sulfonate

8.6, 9.5, 9.0, 9.0,

Coumarin Eosine BN Papaverine (permanganate oxidized) Schaffers Salt SS-Acid (sodium salt)

9.8, deep green fl. 10.5, colorless 9.5, yellow fl. 5.0, violet fl. 10.0, violet fl.

Cotarnine a-Naphthionic acid β-Naphthionic acid

yellow colored violet fl. dull blue fl. dark blue fl.

12.0, yellow fl. 12, blue fl. 12, blue fl. TeamLRN

10.4, green fl. 11, non-fl. 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, yellow or green fl. 11, green fl. Light blue fl. a t higher pH Blue fl. a t higher pH 9.0, bright violet fl. Light blue fl. a t higher pH 10.0 fl. 10.0, colorless 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, bright violet fl.

12, light green fl. 14.0, yellow fl. 11.0, blue fl. 11.0, green-blue fl. 12.0, yellow colored

13.0, white fl. 13, green fl. 13, violet fl.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany´sek

There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25° C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2′ -dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

REFERENCES 1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.

TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Ag+ + e 1 Ag Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e 1 Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e 1 Ag + I– AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH–

E° /V

Reaction

–2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31

Al(OH)4– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Au+ + e 1 Au Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au Au2+ + e –1 Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH–

8-23

TeamLRN

E° /V –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3 –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone Bi+ + e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Ca+ + e 1 Ca Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O

E° /V

Reaction

0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628

HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Cu+ + e 1 Cu Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D 2 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu

8-24

E° /V 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.232 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Fr+ + e 1 Fr Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga Ga+ + e 1 Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho

E° /V

Reaction

–0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30 –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1

Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e 1 In In2+ + e 1 In+ In3+ + e 1 In2+ In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ In3+ + 3 e 1 In In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e 1 K La3+ + 3 e 1 La La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Li+ + e 1 Li Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Mg+ + e 1 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e 1 MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+

8-25

TeamLRN

E° /V –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379 –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction N2 O + 2 + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e 1 Na Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– No3+ + e 1 No2+ No3+ + 3 e 1 No No2+ + 2 e 1 No Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O OH + e 1 OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– H+

E° /V 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87

Reaction +e 1 P+2 H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Rb+ + e 1 Rb Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re H2P2–

8-26

OH–

E° /V –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353 –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e 1 Rh Rh+ + 2e1 Rh Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –1 [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Se + 2 e 1 Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O

E° /V

Reaction

0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8

SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Te + 2 e 1 Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O Tl+ + e 1 Tl Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm

8-27

TeamLRN

E° /V 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055 –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction U3+ + 3 e 1 U U4+ + e 1 U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e 1 UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e 1 V V3+ + e 1 V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O

E° /V –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036

Reaction 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e 1 Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 ⋅ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr

E° /V –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45

TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)

E° /V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142

Reaction Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+

8-28

E° /V 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I– + OH– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e 1 Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e 1 Cu I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e 1 MnO4– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42–

E° /V 0.2513 0.26 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59

Reaction [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh Rh+ + e 1 Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ AgF + e 1 Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Ag+ + e 1 Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+

8-29

TeamLRN

E° /V 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br– Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O

E° /V 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.232 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350

Reaction Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2Cl– ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e 1 No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au– + 3 H2O 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e 1 Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Au2+ + e–1 Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– OH + e 1 OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O

8-30

E° /V 1.35827 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O Am4+ + e 1 Am3+

E° /V 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60

Reaction H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ XeF + e 1 Xe + F–

E° /V 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D 2 AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e 1 Sn In+ + e 1 In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e 1 Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo Ga+ + e 1 Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O

E° /V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118 –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22

Reaction Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O V3+ + e 1 V2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e 1 Tl In3+ + 3 e 1 In TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) In2+ + e 1 In+ Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS– + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O

8-31

TeamLRN

E° /V –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255 –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction In3+ + e 1 In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta U4+ + e 1 U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Se + 2 e 1 Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O

E° /V –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68 –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93

Reaction SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e 1 Te2– V2+ + 2 e 1 V Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e 1 No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e 1 U H2PO–2 + e 1 P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th

8-32

E° /V –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45 –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr

E° /V –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295 –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353

Reaction ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y La3+ + 3 e 1 La Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e 1 No Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Mg+ + e 1 Mg Na+ + e 1 Na Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Fr+ + e 1 Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba K+ + e 1 K Rb+ + e 1 Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Li+ + e 1 Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Ca+ + e 1 Ca Sr+ + e 1 Sr

8-33

TeamLRN

E° /V –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.899 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10

REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS ´ Petr Vanysek There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e– 1 A–⋅. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A 1 A+⋅ + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs. normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,N-Dimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.

Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals)

Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene

9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol

Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04

REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) (continued)

Substance Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene

1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+

Conditions/electrode/technique

Potential V (vs. SCE)

-/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol

E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79 E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)

Substance

Conditions/electrode/technique

Potential V (vs. SCE)

Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene

CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV

Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28

a b c d e

vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A.K. Covington A Working Party of IUPAC, after extensive considerations over five years, has recently produced a report (1) which sets pH firmly within the International System of Units (SI). A summary of these important developments is given below. The concept of pH is unique amongst the commonly encountered physicochemical quantities in that, in terms of its definition, pH = − lg aH

(1)

it involves a single ion quantity, the activity of the hydrogen ion, which is immeasurable by any thermodynamically valid method and requires a convention for its evaluation. pH was originally defined by Sørensen (2) in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions (in modern nomenclature) as pH = − lg (cH/co) where cH is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm-3, and co = 1 mol dm-3 is the standard amount concentration. Subsequently (3), it was accepted as more satisfactory to define pH in terms of the relative activity of hydrogen ions in solution pH = − lg aH = − lg (mHγH /mo)

(2)

where aH is the relative (molality basis) activity and gH is the molal activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion H+ at the molality mH , and mo the standard molality. The quantity pH is intended to be a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. However, since it is defined in terms of a quantity that cannot be measured by a thermodynamically valid method, eqn.(2) can only be considered a notional definition of pH. pH being a single ion quantity, it is not determinable in terms of a fundamental (or base) unit of any measurement system, and there is difficulty providing a proper basis for the traceability of pH measurements. A satisfactory approach is now available in that pH determinations can be incorporated into the International System (SI) if they can be traced to measurements made using a method that fulfils the definition of a ’primary method of measurement’ (4). The essential feature of a primary method is that it must operate according to a well-defined measurement equation in which all of the variables can be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. Any limitation in the determination of the experimental variables, or in the theory, must be included within the estimated uncertainty of the method if traceability to the SI is to be established. If a convention were used without an estimate of its uncertainty, true traceability to SI would not be established. The electrochemical cell without liquid junction, known as the Harned cell (5), fulfils the definition of a primary method for the measurement of the acidity function, p(aHγCl), and subsequently of the pH of buffer solutions. The Harned cell is written as Pt | H2 | buffer S, Cl- | AgCl | Ag

Cell I

and contains a standard buffer, S, with chloride ions, as potassium or sodium chloride, added in order to use the silver-silver chloride electrode as reference electrode. The application of the Nernst equation to the spontaneous cell reaction of Cell I: /2 H2 + AgCl → Ag(s) + H+ + Cl-

1

yields the potential difference EI of the cell (corrected to 1 atm (101.325 kPa), the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in electrochemistry in preference to 100 kPa) as EI= Eo – (RT /F)ln 10 lg [(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)]

(3)

which can be rearranged, since aH = mHγH/mo, to give the acidity function p(aH γCl) = − lg(aHγCl) = (EI – Eo)/[(RT/F)ln10] + lg(mCl/mo)

(4)

where Eo is the standard potential difference of the cell, and hence of the silver-silver chloride electrode, and γCl is the activity coefficient of the chloride ion. The standard potential difference of the silver/silver chloride electrode, Eo, is determined from a Harned cell in which only HCl is present at a fixed molality (e.g. m = 0.01 mol kg-1) Pt | H2 | HCl (m)| AgCl | Ag

Cell Ia

The application of the Nernst equation to the HCl cell (Ia) gives EIa = Eo – (2RT /F)ln 10 lg[(mHCl/mo)(γ±HCl)]

(5)

where EIa has been corrected to 1 atmosphere partial pressure of hydrogen gas (101.325 kPa) and γ±HCl is the mean ionic activity coefficient of HCl. Values of the activity coefficient (γ±HCl) at molality 0.01 mol kg-1 and various temperatures were given by Bates and Robinson (6). The standard potential difference depends on the method of preparation of the electrodes, but individual determinations of the activity coefficient of HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 are more uniform than values of Eo. Hence the practical determination of the potential difference of the cell with HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 is

8-37

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pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) recommended at 298.15 K at which the mean ionic activity coefficient is 0.904. (It is unnecessary to repeat the measurement of Eo at other temperatures but simply to correct published smoothed values by the observed difference in E0 at 298.15 K). In national metrology institutes (NMIs), measurements of Cells I and Ia are often done simultaneously in a thermostat bath. Subtracting eqn.(5) from (3) gives ∆E = EI - EIa = − (RT /F)ln 10{lg[(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)] − lg[(mHCl/mo) 2γ2±HCl]}

(6)

which is independent of the standard potential difference. Therefore, the subsequently calculated pH does not depend on the standard potential difference and hence does not depend on the assumption that the standard potential of the hydrogen electrode is zero at all temperatures. Therefore, the Harned cell gives an exact comparison between hydrogen ion activities at different temperatures. The quantity p(aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl), on the left hand side of (4), is called the acidity function (5). To obtain the quantity pH according to eqn. (2) from the acidity function, it is necessary to evaluate lg gCl independently. This is done in two steps: (i) the value of lg (aHγCl) at zero chloride molality, lg (aHγCl)o, is evaluated and (ii) a value for the activity of the chloride ion γoCl , at zero chloride molality (sometimes referred to as the limiting or ‘trace’ activity coefficient) is calculated using the Bates-Guggenheim convention (7). The value of lg (aHγCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1). The value of lg (aHγCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1) in accord with eqn. (7): − lg (aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl)o + SmCl

(7)

where S is an empirical, temperature dependent, constant. The Bates-Guggenheim convention (7) assumes that the trace activity coefficient of the chloride ion γoCl is given by lg γoCl = − A I 1/2 / ( 1 + Ba I 1/2)

(8)

where A is the Debye-Hückel temperature dependent constant (limiting slope), a is the mean distance of closest approach of the ions (ion size parameter), Ba is set equal to 1.5 (mol kg-1)-1/2 at all temperatures in the range 5-50 o C, and I is the ionic strength of the buffer (which for its evaluation requires knowledge of appropriate acid dissociation constants). The various stages in the assignment of primary standard pH values are combined in eqn. (9), which is derived from eqns. (4), (5) and (8) pH(PS) = lim mCl → 0 {(EI – Eo)/[(RT /F)ln 10] + lg (mCl/mo)} − AI1/2 /[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2]

(9)

In order for a particular buffer solution to be considered a primary buffer solution, it must be of the “highest metrological” quality (4) in accordance with the definition of a primary standard. It is recommended that it have the following attributes (9): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

High buffer value in the range 0.016-0.07 (mol OH–)/pH. Small dilution value at half concentration (change in pH with change in buffer concentration) in the range 0.01-0.20. Small dependence of pH on temperature less than ± 0.01 K -1. Low residual liquid junction potential < 0.01 in pH. Ionic strength ≤ 0.1 mol kg-1 to permit applicability of Bates-Guggenheim convention. NMI certificate for specific batch. Reproducible purity of preparation (lot to lot differences of |∆pH(PS)| < 0.003). Long term stability of stored solid material.

Values for the above and other important parameters for the primary and secondary buffer materials are given in Table 1.

Primary Standard Buffers. As there can be significant variations in the purity of samples of a buffer of the same nominal chemical composition, it is essential that the primary buffer material used has been certified with values that have been measured with Cell I. The Harned cell is used by many national metrological institutes for accurate measurements of pH of buffer solutions. Typical values of the pH(PS) of the seven solutions from the six accepted primary standard reference buffers, which meet the conditions stated above, are listed in Table 2. Batch-to-batch variations in purity can result in changes in the pH value of samples of at most 0.003. The typical values in Table 2 should not be used in place of the certified value (from a Harned cell measurement) for a specific batch of buffer material. The required attributes listed above effectively limit the range of primary buffers available to between pH 3 and 10 (at 25 oC). Calcium hydroxide and potassium tetraoxalate are excluded because the contribution of hydroxide or hydrogen ions to the ionic strength is significant. Also excluded are the nitrogen bases of the type BH+ (such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and piperazine phosphate) and the zwitterionic buffers (e.g. HEPES and MOPS (10)). These do not comply because either the Bates-Guggenheim convention is not applicable, or the liquid junction potentials are high. This means the choice of primary standards is restricted to buffers derived from oxy-carbon, -phosphorus, -boron and mono, di- and triprotic carboxylic acids. The uncertainties (11) associated with Harned cell measurements are calculated (1) to be 0.004 in pH at NMIs, with typical variation between batches of primary standard buffers of 0.003.

8-38

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) Secondary Standards Substances that do not fulfil all the criteria for primary standards, but to which pH values can be assigned using Cell I are considered to be secondary standards (Table 3). Reasons for their exclusion as primary standards include difficulties in achieving consistent and suitable chemical quality (e.g. acetic acid is a liquid), suspected high liquid junction potential, or inappropriateness of the Bates-Guggenheim convention (e.g. other charge-type buffers). The uncertainty is higher (e.g. 0.01) for biological buffers. Certain other substances, which cannot be used in cells containing hydrogen gas electrodes, are also classed as secondary standards.

Calibration Procedures (a) One-point calibration A single point calibration is insufficient to determine both slope and one-point parameters. The theoretical value for the slope can be assumed but the practical slope may be up to 5% lower. Alternatively, a value for the practical slope can be assumed from the manufacturer’s prior calibration. The one-point calibration therefore yields only an estimate of pH(X). Since both parameters may change with age of the electrodes, this is not a reliable procedure. (b) Two-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.02-0.03 at 25 oC] In the majority of practical applications, glass electrodes cells are calibrated by a two-point calibration, or bracketing, procedure using two standard buffer solutions, with pH values, pH(S1) and pH(S2), bracketing the unknown pH(X). Bracketing is often taken to mean that the pH(S1) and pH(S2) buffers selected from Table 2 should be those that are immediately above and below pH(X). This may not be appropriate in all situations and choice of a wider range may be better. (c) Multi-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.01-0.03 at 25 oC]. Multi-point calibration is carried out using up to five standard buffers . The use of more than five points yields no significant improvement in the statistical information obtainable. Details of uncertainty computations (11) have been given (1).

Measurement of pH and choice of pH Standard Solutions 1a) If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any pH standard solution may be selected. 1b) If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard solution, pH(PS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2) Alternatively, a bracketing procedure may be adopted whereby two standard solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) - E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) - E(S1)]/[pH(S2) - pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketing procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system.

Information to be given about the measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows: System calibrated with pH(S) = .... at ...K. System calibrated with two primary standards, pH(PS1) =.... and pH(PS2) =....at ....K. System calibrated with n standards, pH(S1) =.... , pH(S2) =.... etc. at ....K.

Interpretation of pH(X) in terms of hydrogen ion concentration The defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be used to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration, corresponding to 0.02 in pH.

REFERENCES 1. R.P. Buck, S. Rondinini, A.K. Covington, F.G.K. Baucke, C.M.A. Brett, M.F.C. Camoes, M.J.T. Milton, T. Mussini, R. Naumann, K.W. Pratt, P. Spitzer, and G.S. Wilson, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 2105, 2002. 2. S.P.L.Sørensen, Comp. Rend.Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 8, 1, 1909.

8-39

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pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

S.P.L.Sørensen and K.L.Linderstrøm-Lang, Comp. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 15, 1924. BIPM, Com. Cons. Quantité de Matière 4, 1998. See also M.J.T. Milton and T.J. Quinn, Metrologia 38, 289, 2001. H.S. Harned and B.B. Owen, The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, Ch 14, Reinhold, New York, 1958. R.G. Bates and R.A. Robinson, J. Soln. Chem. 9, 455, 1980. R.G. Bates and E.A. Guggenheim, Pure Appl. Chem. 1, 163, 1960. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), Beuth, Berlin, 2nd. Edn. 1994. R.G.Bates, Determination of pH, Wiley, New York, 1973. N.E. Good et al., Biochem. J. 5, 467, 1966. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1993.

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF USEFUL PROPERTIES OF SOME PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STANDARD BUFFER SUBSTANCES AND SOLUTIONS.

Salt or Solid Substance Potassium tetroxalate dihydrate Potassium tetraoxalate dihydrate Potassium hydrogen tartrate (sat at 25°C) Potassium dihydrogen citrate Potassium hydrogen phthalate Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate + potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate + potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate Disodium tetraborate decahydrate Disodium tetraborate decahydrate Sodium hydrogen carbonate + sodium carbonate Calcium hydroxide (sat. at 25°C)

Molar Molality/ mass/ Formula mol kg-1 g mol–1 KH3C4O8⋅2H2O 0.1 254.191

Amount conc. at Mass/g Density/ 20oC/ to make g/mL mol dm–3 1 dm3 1.0091 0.09875 25.101

Buffer pH β)/ Temperature Dilution value (β value mol OH– coefficient/ ∆pH1/2 dm-3 K–1

KH3C4O8⋅2H2O 0.05

254.191

1.0032

0.04965

0.186

0.070

0.001

KHC4H4O6

0.0341

188.18

1.0036

0.034

6.4

0.049

0.027

- 0.0014

KH2C6H5O7

0.05

230.22

1.0029

0.04958

11.41

0.024

0.034

- 0.022

KHC8H4O4

0.05

204.44

1.0017

0.04958

10.12

0.052

0.016

0.00012

Na2HPO4

0.025

141.958

1.0038

0.02492

3.5379

0.080

0.029

- 0.0028

KH2PO4

0.025

136.085

Na2HPO4

0.03043

141.959

0.07

0.016

- 0.0028

KH2PO4

0.00869

136.085

12.620

3.3912 1.0020

0.08665

4.302

0.03032

1.179

Na2B4O7⋅10H2O 0.05

381.367

1.0075

0.04985

19.012

Na2B4O7⋅10H2O 0.01

381.367

1.0001

0.00998

3.806

0.01

0.020

- 0.0082

NaHCO3

0.025

84.01

1.0013

0.02492

2.092

0.079

0.029

-0.0096

Na2CO3

0.025

105.99

Ca(OH)2

0.0203

74.09

0.9991

0.02025

1.5

-0.28

0.09

-0.033

2.640

8-40

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) TABLE 2. TYPICAL VALUES OF pH(PS) FOR PRIMARY STANDARDS AT 0–50°C . Temperature in °C Primary Standards (PS) Sat. potassium hydrogen tartrate (at 25°C) 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen citrate 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate 0.025 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.025 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.03043 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.008695 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.01 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium carbonate

0

5

10

15

20

25 3.557

30 3.552

35 3.549

37 3.548

40 3.547

50 3.549

3.863

3.840

3.820

3.802

3.788

3.776

3.766

3.759

3.756

3.754

3.749

4.000

3.998

3.997

3.998

4.000

4.005

4.011

4.018

4.022

4.027

4.050

6.984

6.951

6.923

6.900

6.881

6.865

6.853

6.844

6.841

6.838

6.833

7.534

7.500

7.472

7.448

7.429

7.413

7.400

7.389

7.386

7.380

7.367

9.464 10.317

9.395 10.245

9.332 10.179

9.276 10.118

9.225 10.062

9.180 10.012

9.139 9.966

9.102 9.926

9.088 9.910

9.068 9.889

9.011 9.828

TABLE 3. VALUES OF pH(SS) OF SOME SECONDARY STANDARDS FROM HARNED CELL I MEASUREMENTS. Temperature in °C Secondary Standards 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium tetroxalatea 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen diglycolateb 0.1 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate 0.02 mol kg-1 piperazine phosphate c 0.05 mol kg-1 tris hydrochloride + 0.01667 mol kg1 tris c 0.05 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate Saturated (at 25 oC) calcium hydroxide a b c

0 1.67 4.68

5 1.67 3.47 4.67

10 1.67 3.47 4.67

15 1.67 3.48 4.66

20 1.68 3.48 4.66

25 1.68 3.49 4.65

30 1.68 3.50 4.65

37 1.69 3.52 4.66

40 1.69 3.53 4.66

50 1.71 3.56 4.68

4.74

4.73

4.73

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.73

4.73

4.75

6.58 8.47

6.51 8.30

6.45 8.14

6.39 7.99

6.34 7.84

6.29 7.70

6.24 7.56

6.16 7.38

6.14 7.31

6.06 7.07

9.51 13.42

9.43 13.21

9.36 13.00

9.30 12.81

9.25 12.63

9.19 12.45

9.15 12.29

9.09 12.07

9.07 11.98

9.01 11.71

Potassium trihydrogen dioxalate (KH3C4O8) Sodium hydrogen 2,2’-oxydiacetate 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

8-41

TeamLRN

PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8, 8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where TC H

= [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF]. So, pHT = - log TCH

Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+] Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Davison, W. and Harbinson,T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner,D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.

8-41

PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS (continued) Table 1 pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Ionic strength mmol kg-1 Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa

Concentration(x) mmol kg-1

10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —

10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —

pH pCO2 = 0 4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59

pH pCO 2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —

Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a

Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium

Table 2 Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl

mol dm-3

mol kg-1

g kg-1

g dm-3

0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06

0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717

20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010

20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244

Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.

Table 3 Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C)

pHT S = 20‰

pHT S = 35‰

pHF S = 20‰

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762

8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764

8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879

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pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926

BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25°C A

B

D

E

x

pH

x

pH

x

pH

x

pH

x

1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20

67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9

2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00

49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1

4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90

1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7

5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00

3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1

7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00

46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7

pH

x

pH

x

pH

x

pH

x

pH

8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10

20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0

9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80

0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25

9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00

5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7

10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00

3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9

F

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

C

pH

G

H

I

25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.

Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml. REFERENCES 1. Bower, V.E., and Bates, R.G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R.G., and Bower, V.E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).

8-43

J

12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00

x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction BH 1 B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from

[H ] [B ] +

Ka =

–

[BH]

In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system NH3 + H2O 1 NH4+ + OH– can be calculated from the equation

[OH ] [NH ] –

K b = K water / K a =

[NH 3 ]

4

+

where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name. REFERENCE 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Name

Formula

Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid

Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4

Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid

H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3

Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid

Ca+2 H2CO3

Chlorous acid Chromic acid

HClO2 H2CrO4

Cyanic acid Germanic acid

HCNO H2GeO3

Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide

N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen telluride

H2Te

Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid

NH2OH HBrO

Step

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Name

Formula

Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid

HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4

Phosphorous acid

H3PO3

Pyrophosphoric acid

H4P2O7

Selenic acid Selenious acid

H2SeO4 H2SeO3

Silicic acid

H4SiO4

Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid

Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3

Telluric acid

H2TeO4

Tellurous acid

H2TeO3

Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water

HBF4 HSCN H2O

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Step

1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C

pKa

25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25

7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 -1.8 13.995

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA 1 H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] - log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+ 1 H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O 1 BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

REFERENCES 1. Perrin, D.D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E.P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A.R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D.D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E.P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996. Mol. Form.

Name

CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4

Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3

Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole

Step

1 2

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27

C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2

Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine

C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2

Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S C2H7NS

Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine

C2H7N5

Biguanide

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20

TeamLRN

Name

Step

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

pKa 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H8O7P2

C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3

Name 1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane

2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid

C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4

1H-Pyrazole Imidazole 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid

C3H4O5

C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

β-Alanine

C3H7NO2

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2S

L-Cysteine

C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6

C3H7NO3

L-Serine

C3H7NO5S

DL-Cysteic acid

C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2

Glycocyamine Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine

C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N

Step

t/°C

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6

C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2

2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

C3H10N2

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2O

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

C3H11N3

1,2,3-Triaminopropane

C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5 C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

25 25 25 20 25

C4H4O5

Oxaloacetic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8

C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O

Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine

C4H5N3O2

25 25 25 25

14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid 1 2 Methylmalonic acid 1 2 Malic acid 1 2 DL-Tartaric acid 1 2 meso-Tartaric acid 1 2 L-Tartaric acid 1 2 Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

pKa

1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00

25 33 25 25 25

1 2 1 2

t/°C

Mol. Form.

1 2 3 4

25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25

C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2

Name

Step

pKa

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

20 20 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

L-Aspartic acid

Step

1 2 1 2 3 1 2

C4H7N3O

Creatinine

C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO2

Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine Morpholine 2-Methylalanine 1 2 N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 4-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 DL-Homocysteine 1 2 3 L-Threonine 1 2 L-Homoserine 1 2 Creatine 1 2 Piperazine 1 2 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid 1 2 3 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine 1 2 3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine 1 2

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2S

C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10N2 C4H10N2O2

C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3 C4H12N2 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4

1 2 1 2

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

25 25

C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S

25 25 25 25 20

2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96

25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3 C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

TeamLRN

Name

Step

Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid 1,7-Dihydro-6H1 purine-6-thione 2 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol 1 2 3-Pyridinol 1 2 4-Pyridinol 1 2 2(1H)-Pyridinone 1 2 Pyridine-1-oxide 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine 1 2 Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine 1,1-Cyclopropanedi1 carboxylic acid 2 trans-1-Propene-1,21 dicarboxylic acid 2 1-Propene-2,31 dicarboxylic acid 2 2-Oxoglutaric acid 1 2 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid 1 2 Methylsuccinic acid 1 2 L-Proline 1 2 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic 1 acid 2 trans-4-Hydroxyproline 1

t/°C

pKa

25

25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20

8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45

20

5.00

40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37

0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13

12

25 20 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

Step

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

2 1 2 3 1 2

25 25 25

9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6

C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2

C5H9NO4

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9N3

Histamine

C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3

Glycylalanine L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O4

Glycylserine

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2

Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine 1 2 DL-Norvaline 1 2 L-Norvaline 1 2 N-Propylglycine 1 2 5-Aminopentanoic acid 1 2 Betaine L-Methionine 1 2 Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine 1 2 3 Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine 1 2 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline

C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2

C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2 C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N

1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O C6H5N5O2 C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2

24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25

0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34

C6H6O2 C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4 C6H6O4S

Name

Step

2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2-Amino-41 hydroxypteridine 2 Xanthopterin 2 3 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Pyridinecarbox1 aldehyde oxime 2 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone 1 2 Pyrocatechol 1 2 Resorcinol 1 2 Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

t/°C

pKa

25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25

8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9

25

9.07

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6O4S

Name

C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO

4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4

Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid

C6H6O6 C6H6O6

C6H7NO3S C6H7NO3S

C6H8O6 C6H8O7

C6H8O7

C6H9NO6

C6H9NO6

C6H9N3 C6H9N3O2

Step

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 Citric acid 1 2 3 Isocitric acid 1 2 3 Nitrilotriacetic acid 1 2 3 L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid 1 2 3 4 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine 1 2 3

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

25

9.11

C6H10O2

25

1.95

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25

2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46

C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4

25

3.74

25

3.23

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25

9.65 4.57 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1

25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20

4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82

25 25 25

1.80 6.04 9.33

C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4

C6H11N3O4 C6H11N3O4 C6H12N2 C6H12N2O4S2

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO4 C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2

C6H14N4O2

C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N

TeamLRN

Name Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid

Step

1 2 1 2

1 2 3 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1 2 Glycylasparagine 1 2 Triethylenediamine 1 2 L-Cystine 1 2 3 4 Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine L-Leucine 1 2 L-Isoleucine 1 2 L-Norleucine 1 2 6-Aminohexanoic acid 1 2 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy2 ethyl)glycine Citrulline 1 2 cis-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 cis-2,5-Dimethyl1 piperazine 2 L-Lysine 1 2 3 L-Arginine 1 2 3 D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine

t/°C

pKa

25

4.99

25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35

25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H16N2

Name Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine C6H19NSi2 Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile C7H3N3O8 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid C7H4Cl3NO3 Triclopyr C7H4N2O6 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 3-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 4-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 2-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 3-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 4-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 2-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 3-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 4-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5F3O 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5F3O 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5IO2 2-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 3-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 4-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5NO 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO3S Saccharin C7H5NO4 2-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 3-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 4-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H5NO4 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic C7H5NO4 acid C7H5NO4 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H6ClN3O4S2 Chlorothiazide C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7H6O3

Step

t/°C

pKa

1 2 1 2

25 0 0 25 25

7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06

25

25

1 2 1

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43 2.43 4.78 2.15

1 2 1

25 25 25

2.16 4.76 2.80

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25

6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57

1 2

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1

Mol. Form.

Name

Step

2 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H6O4 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic C7H6O5 acid C7H6O5 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide C7H7NO C7H7NO2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid 1 2 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid 1 C7H7NO2 2 C7H7NO2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 1 2 C7H7NO3 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H8ClN3O4S2 Hydrochlorothiazide 2 C7H8N4O2 Theobromine C7H8N4O2 Theophylline 1 C7H8O o-Cresol C7H8O m-Cresol C7H8O p-Cresol C7H8OS 4-(Methylthio)phenol C7H8O2 2-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 3-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol C7H8S Benzenemethanethiol C7H9N Benzylamine C7H9N 2-Methylaniline C7H9N 3-Methylaniline C7H9N 4-Methylaniline C7H9N N-Methylaniline C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9NO 2-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 3-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 4-Methoxyaniline C7H9NS 2-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9NS 4-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9N5 2-Dimethylaminopurine 1 2 C7H11N3O2 L-1-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H11N3O2 L-3-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H6O4

t/°C

pKa

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68

25

4.41

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25

18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Name

Step

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid 1 2 C7H12O4 Butylpropanedioic acid 1 C7H13NO4 α-Ethylglutamic acid 1 2 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid C7H14O6 α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine C7H15N C7H15N 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) C7H15NO3 Carnitine Heptylamine C7H17N C7H17N 2-Heptanamine C8H5NO2 3-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H5NO2 4-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H6N2 Cinnoline C8H6N2 Quinazoline C8H6N2 Quinoxaline C8H6N2 Phthalazine C8H6N4O5 Nitrofurantoin C8H6O3 3-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 4-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 1 2 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 1 2 Terephthalic acid 1 C8H6O4 2 C8H7ClO2 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO3 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7ClO3 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7NO4 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H8F3N3O4S2 Hydroflumethiazide 1 2 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole C8H8N2 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid C8H8O2 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O3 2-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 3-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 4-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 Phenoxyacetic acid C8H8O3 Mandelic acid C8H8O4 2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H9NO Acetanilide C8H9NO2 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20

C8H9NO2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40

25 25

0.5 5.34

25

5.10

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2 C8H11NO3 C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5 C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2 C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O4S2

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2 C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2

TeamLRN

Name 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline 3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

Step

1 2

1 2

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine 1 2 Norepinephrine 1 2 6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide 1 2 Barbital 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid 1 Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine 1 2 Homocystine 1 2 3 4 Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine 1 2 3-Bromoquinoline trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

t/°C

pKa

25

5.04

25 25

1.83 4.39 4.23

20

3.83

20

4.39

25

2.62

25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25

5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15

25 25 25 25

25 25

25 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

30

25 17 21 20 20 25 25

6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3 10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7ClO2

Name

Step

C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

3-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

4-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

6-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

7-Isoquinolinol

C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2

2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine 1 2 3 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 1 2 3 N-Benzoylglycine 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine 1 2 3 2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid

C9H7ClO2

C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3

C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3

C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

t/°C 25

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

pKa 4.29

25

4.41

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25

4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35

20 20 20 20 20 25 25

25

25

3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58

25

4.59

25

4.61

25 25 25 25 25

2.12 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50

25

4.47

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47

Mol. Form.

Name

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 Methylclothiazide C9H11N N-Allylaniline C9H11N 1-Indanamine 4-(Dimethylamino)C9H11NO2 benzoic acid C9H11NO2 Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2

Step

25 22 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

C9H11NO3

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO4

Levodopa

C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3

Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine

C9H13N2O9P

5'-Uridylic acid

C9H13N3O5

Cytidine

C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3'-Cytidylic acid

C9H14N4O3

Carnosine

C9H15NO3S

Captopril

C9H15N5O C9H16O4

Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid

C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N

Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1 2

C9H21N C10H7NO2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O

t/°C

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

20 20 20

25 25 25 23 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44 8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07 10.64 1.82 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O

Name

C10H13N5O4

Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine

C10H14N2

L-Nicotine

C10H14N5O7P

5'-Adenylic acid

C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S

2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione

C10H18N4O5

L-Argininosuccinic acid

C10H12O2 C10H12O5

C10H18O4

Sebacic acid

C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N

Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan

C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2

C11H12N4O3S Sulfamethoxypyridazine C11H13F3N2O3S Mefluidide C11H13NO3 Hydrastinine C11H13N3O3S Sulfisoxazole C11H14N2O Cytisine C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine

C11H16N4O4 C11H17N

Pentostatin N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

Step

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1 2

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

25

4.62 9.12 10.48

C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS

25

4.76 8.11

25 25

25 25 25 30

3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25

25 20 25

10.64 6.35 3.69

25

4.16

27

3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24

25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

1 2

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25

C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2 C12H12N2O3 C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N C12H13N C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4 C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3

TeamLRN

Name

Step

Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl],O-ethylester Bithionol 1 2 1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine 1 2 Phenobarbital 1 2 Iocetamic acid N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine 1 2 Sulfacytine Agaritine 1 2 Aspergillic acid Nizatidine 1 2 Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole 1 2 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr 1 2

t/°C

25 25 25

25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20

25 25

25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

25 25

pKa 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9

4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

Step

Ketamine 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid C13H21N 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine C13H29N (Tridecyl)amine C14H12F3NO4S2 Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid C14H12O2 C14H12O3 α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid C14H18N4O3 Trimethoprim C14H19NO2 Methylphenidate C14H21N3O3S Tolazamide Atenolol C14H22N2O3 C14H31N Tetradecylamine C15H10ClN3O3 Clonazepam 1 2 1 C15H11I4NO4 L-Thyroxine 2 3 C15H14O3 Fenoprofen C15H15NO2 Mefenamic acid C15H15N3O2 Methyl Red 1 2 C15H17ClN4 NeutralRed C15H19NO2 Tropacocaine C15H19N3O3 Imazethapyr 1 2 C15H21N3O2 Physostigmine 1 2 C15H26N2 Sparteine 1 2 Pentadecylamine C15H33N C16H13ClN2O Valium C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide C16H16N2O2 Lysergic acid 1 2 C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 1 2 C16H19N3O4S Cephradine 1 2 C16H22N2 Lycodine 1 2 C16H35N Hexadecylamine C17H17NO2 Apomorphine 1 2 C17H19NO3 Piperine C17H19NO3 Morphine 1 2 C17H20N4O6 Riboflavin 1 2 C17H20O6 Mycophenolic acid C17H23NO3 Hyoscyamine C17H27NO4 Nadolol C18H19ClN4 Clozapine 1 2 C18H21NO3 Codeine C18H21N3O Dibenzepin C18H32O2 Linoleic acid

t/°C

C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S

pKa 7.5 5.8

25 25 25

25 25

25 25 25

15

20 20 25

25

18 25 20 25 21

3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6

Mol. Form.

Name

C18H33ClN2O5S Clindamycin C18H39N Octadecylamine C19H10Br4O5S Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 Indomethacin C19H17N3O4S2 Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone C19H20N2O2 C19H21N Protriptyline C19H21NO3 Thebaine Cinchonine C19H22N2O C19H22N2O

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7

Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid

C20H24N2O2

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

Quinidine

C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2 C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7

Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril

C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O

o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon

C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4

Atisine Brucine

C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4

Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine

Step

t/°C

25

15 1 2 1 2

25

1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 20 20

25

1 2 3 4

20 1 2 1 2

25

1 2

pKa 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11

Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin

C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11

Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine

Step

1 2

t/°C

pKa

Mol. Form.

21

4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88

C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12

Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin

C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9

Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine

TeamLRN

Name

Step

t/°C

1 2 15 1 2

pKa 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20° C. The properties are: Mass %: m c ρ n ∆ η

Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). Density of solution in g/cm3. Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20° C is 1.3330. Freezing point depression in ° C relative to pure water. Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20° C is 1.002 mPa s.

Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order: Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose

Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol

2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate

REFERENCES 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. S hnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH

Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

m/mol kg-1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414

0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472

0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81

1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431

8-58

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

4.697 5.259 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987

3.764 4.116 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447

1.0275 1.0299 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477

1.3485 1.3498 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716

7.57 8.36 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38

1.478 1.525 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223

Acetone (CH3)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913

0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696

0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849

1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402

0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29

1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244

Ammonia NH3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164

0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713

0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502

0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06

1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.094 0.189 0.382

0.093 0.187 0.376

0.9998 1.0014 1.0045

1.3340 1.3349 1.3369

0.32 0.64 1.27

0.999 0.996 0.992

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

8-59

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903

0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789

1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674

1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782

1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60

0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996

Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045

0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716

1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277

1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938

0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69

1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530

Barium chloride BaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915

0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889

1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564

1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591

0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69

1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234

8-60

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687

1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597

1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793

1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781

Calcium chloride CaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.045 0.091 0.184 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007

0.045 0.091 0.183 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957

1.3342 1.3354 1.3378 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420

0.22 0.44 0.88 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70

1.015 1.028 1.050 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997

Cesium chloride CsCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341

0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921

1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49

1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926

8-61

TeamLRN

1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0

3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560

3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163

1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842

1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167

Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.026 0.053 0.106 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231

0.026 0.052 0.105 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772

1.0002 1.0022 1.0063 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25

1.013 1.024 1.048 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549

Copper sulfate CuSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360

1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059

1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689

0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75

1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137

1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223

1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409

0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58

1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142

Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8

8-62

0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

0.157 0.173 0.190

0.152 0.168 0.184

1.0250 1.0277 1.0305

1.3418 1.3427 1.3436

0.65 0.71 0.77

1.160 1.178 1.197

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946

0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133

0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614

0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93

1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197

0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959

0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134

1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444

0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16

1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

5.0 5.5 6.0

8-63

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0

2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166

2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406

1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765

1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931

5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23

1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026

Ferric chloride FeCl3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496

1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730

0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16

1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674

Formic acid HCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535

0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633

0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581

0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69

1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340

8-64

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

60.0 68.0

32.587 46.166

14.813 17.054

1.1364 1.1544

1.3612 1.3641

38.26

1.410 1.490

D-Fructose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20

1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060

D-Glucose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158

1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79

1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704

8-65

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

Hydrochloric acid HCl

∆ /° C

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326

2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261

1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793

1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0

0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615

0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694

0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611

1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735

0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50

1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444

0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403

1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228

1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445

0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98

1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075

8-66

η /mPa s 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH

Lactose C12H22O11

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284

1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140

1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977

1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250

7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51

1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0

0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405

0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522

0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848

1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173

0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44

1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120

8-67

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641

0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565

1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746

1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619

0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50

1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869

Lithium chloride LiCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109

0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344

1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791

1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983

0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04

1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785

Magnesium chloride MgCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.053 0.106 0.214 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501

0.053 0.106 0.213 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022

1.0022 1.0062 1.0144 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763

1.3343 1.3356 1.3381 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148

0.26 0.52 1.06 1.65 2.30 3.01

1.024 1.046 1.091 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017

Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.042 0.084 0.170

0.042 0.084 0.169

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186

1.3340 1.3350 1.3371

0.10 0.19 0.36

1.027 1.054 1.112

8-68

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919

0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800

1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961

1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858

0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67

1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066

Maltose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253

1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41

1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298

Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903

0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893

1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236

1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551

0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80

1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779

8-69

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

Methanol CH3OH

Nitric acid HNO3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656

1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616

1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203

1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708

2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80

2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969

0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867

1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84

1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899

0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710

0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917

1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290

0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50

1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.080 0.160 0.324

0.079 0.159 0.320

1.0009 1.0037 1.0091

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356

0.28 0.56 1.12

1.004 1.005 1.007

8-70

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580

0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913

1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466

1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867

1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16

1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561

Oxalic acid (COOH)2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966

0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920

1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355

1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418

0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09

1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172

Phosphoric acid H3PO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059

1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528

1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582

0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12

1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198

8-71

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803

3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117

1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536

1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735

11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58

2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801

1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685

1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595

0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41

1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497

Potassium bromide KBr

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329 4.727 5.150 5.602

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724 4.012 4.311 4.620

1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746

1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914

0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98

1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968 0.979 0.993 1.010

Potassium carbonate K2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.036 0.073 0.148

0.036 0.073 0.147

1.0027 1.0072 1.0163

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365

0.18 0.34 0.66

1.013 1.025 1.048

8-72

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0

0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236

0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573

1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404

1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168

0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55

1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369

Potassium chloride KCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236

0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742

1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665

0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88

1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040

Potassium hydroxide KOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913 4.456 5.027 5.629

0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730 4.213 4.711 5.223

1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210

1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781

0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92

1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521 1.619 1.732 1.861

8-73

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824

5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389

1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024

1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247

Potassium iodide KI

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016

0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364

1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027

0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97

0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897

Potassium nitrate KNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123

0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759

1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623

1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561

0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75

0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193

1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186

0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43

1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995

Potassium permanganate KMnO4

8-74

2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued) ∆ /° C

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

0.264 0.333 0.404

0.260 0.327 0.394

1.0254 1.0322 1.0390

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491

1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680

1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95

1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816

0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786

1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703

1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23

1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245

Potassium sulfate K2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638

0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620

1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806

1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452

0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17

1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132

1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652

0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911

0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719

1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494

0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67

1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

4.0 5.0 6.0 Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4

Solute

8-75

TeamLRN

n

η /mPa s 0.992 0.989 0.985

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359 11.093 24.958 66.556

3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368

0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034

1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852

7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66

2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556

0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058

0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848

1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3742 1.3776

0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52

1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472

1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743

1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86

1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366

8-76

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

Sodium acetate CH3COONa

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224

0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243

1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748

0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98 4.57

1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760

0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743

1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408

1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409

0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26

1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574

0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069

1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862

0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465

Sodium bromide NaBr

8-77

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479

4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496

1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138

1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665

0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638

1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574

1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652

0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13

1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551

Sodium chloride NaCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012

0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326

1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795

0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18

1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990

Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969

0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891

1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492

1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693

0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39

1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596

8-78

1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180

1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792

1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843

1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001

Sodium hydroxide NaOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668

0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300

1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215

0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42 16.76

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844

0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200

1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175

1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802

0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189

1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335

1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406

0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79

1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198

Sodium phosphate Na3PO4

8-79

TeamLRN

3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

∆ /° C

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530

0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535

1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961

1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371 0.410

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369 0.408

1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478 1.0528

1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424 1.3433

0.17 0.32 0.46

1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254 1.286

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557

0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499

1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493

1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869

0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10

1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.035 0.071 0.144

0.035 0.071 0.143

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161

1.3338 1.3345 1.3360

0.17 0.32 0.61

1.013 1.026 1.058

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

8-80

η /mPa s 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0

0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986

0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875

1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106

1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643

0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56

1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481

Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827

1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229

0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37

1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758

Strontium chloride SrCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99

1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527

8-81

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Sucrose C12H22O11

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

34.0 36.0

3.250 3.548

2.962 3.205

1.3811 1.4114

1.4067 1.4124

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686 0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299 0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435

1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117 1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906 1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677

8-82

∆ /° C

η /mPa s 2.846 3.206

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93

1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561

0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65

1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH

Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592

3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663

1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305

1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077

36.21 44.76 55.28

2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650

0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726

1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682

1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977

0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82

1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527

0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502

0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418

0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97

1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182

8-83

TeamLRN

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

ρ/g cm-3

n

∆ /° C

η /mPa s

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503

0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657

1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076

1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970

1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85

1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208

Urea (NH2)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0

0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100 12.057 13.082 14.183

0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397 7.812 8.234 8.665

0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99 16.83 17.62

1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565 1.629 1.700 1.780

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170

1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630

0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31

1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152

8-84

ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars)

0

25

Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91

13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21

Pressure (bars)

350

400

450

500

12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46

— 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25

— 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09

— 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96

Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62

Temperature (°C) 100 150

75 12.712 12.63 12.55 12.48 12.41 12.29 12.18 12.07 11.98 11.90 11.82 11.66 11.53 11.41 11.30 11.20 11.11

12.265 12.18 12.10 12.03 11.96 11.84 11.72 11.61 11.53 11.44 11.37 11.22 11.09 10.97 10.86 10.77 10.68

11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98

Temperature (°C) 600 700 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78

— 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70

200

250

300

11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45

11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04

11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71

800

900

1000

— 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68

— 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70

— 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85

Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3

E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2

Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.

8-84

TeamLRN

IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m– and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively. REFERENCES 1. W.L. Marshall and E.U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. R.E. Mesmer and D.L. Herting, J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.

–log KW

t/°C

H2O

D2O

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265

15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099

8-85

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere). The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.

Gas

T/K

Solubility (X1)

Equation constants

Ref.

Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5

A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15

1

Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282

283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15

1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%

Averaged experimental values Temp. range = 278.15—303.15

1

Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6

A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

2

Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6

A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

2

Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5

A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

3

Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80

288.15 293.15 298.15

5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5

A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207

4

8-86

TeamLRN

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas

T/K

Solubility (X1)

Equation constants

Ref.

303.15 308.15

4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5

Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15

Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5

A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4

A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp.range = 273.15—373.15

Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5

A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

5

Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant

5

Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5

A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15

6

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4

A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp.range = 273.15—313.15

7

Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5

A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp.range = 273.15—358.15

7

Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15

8

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15

9

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976

288.15 298.15 308.15

1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3

A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042

10

8-87

4

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas

T/K

Solubility (X1)

Equation constants

Ref.

Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3

A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2

A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552 C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp.range = 278.15—328.15

11

Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054

283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15

2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%

Experimental data Temp.range = 283.15—333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048

273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15

5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%

Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2

A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp.range = 283.15—333.15

11

Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5

A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5

A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp.range = 273.15—323.15

13

Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5

A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp.range = 273.15—347.15

14

Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5

A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp.range = 273.15—349.15

14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane)

288.15

2.333 × 10–5

A = –129.714

14

8-88

TeamLRN

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

T/K 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5

Equation constants

Ref.

B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp.range = 278.15—318.15

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.

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SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%. REFERENCES 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991 1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

5

10

20

0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020

0.269 0.226 0.191 0.164 0.141 0.123 0.109 0.097 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.065 0.060 0.056 0.052 0.049 0.047 0.044 0.042 0.041 0.039

Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 30 40 0.404 0.338 0.287 0.245 0.212 0.185 0.163 0.145 0.130 0.117 0.107 0.098 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.070 0.067 0.064 0.061 0.059

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0.538 0.451 0.382 0.327 0.283 0.247 0.218 0.193 0.173 0.156 0.142 0.131 0.121 0.112 0.105 0.099 0.093 0.089 0.085 0.082 0.079

50

100

0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098

1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of over 1200 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at ambient temperature (usually 20°C or 25°C) and at higher temperatures when data are available. Solids, liquids, and gases are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water” in Section 8. Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the specified compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with a. The primary solubility values in this tables are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100w2, where the mass fraction w2 is defined as w2 = m2/(m1 +m2) , where m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution is tabulated in the adjacent column to mass percent. The conversion between these two measures involves the density of the solution, which usually is not readily available. For compounds with low solubility (say, S<1%), the error from approximating the density is generally less than the uncertainty in the experimental solubility measurement, so that little accuracy is lost in the conversion. However, this may not be true for more soluble compounds; for that reason, some values in the table are indicated as approximate (≈). The mass fraction w2 is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality:

m2 = 1000 w2/M2(1-w2)

Molarity:

c2 = 1000ρw2/M2

Mole fraction:

x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1}

Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O:

r2 = 100w2/(1-w2)

Mass of solute per liter of solution

1000ρw2

Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute, M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water, and ρ is the density of the solution in g/mL. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1,2,3,4,35,36,38,39). Many values come from experimental measurements reported in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, as well as critical review papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25˚C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175, 1981. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 975, 1984. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 620, 1995. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984.

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AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 10. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 11. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 12. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 13. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 14. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 15. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 16. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. 17. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. 18. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, p. 8-88, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 19. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. 20. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. 21. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. 22. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. 23. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951 (1997). 24. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. 25. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 2000 [IUPAC No. 67]. 26. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 27. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, MacMillan, New York, 1963. 28. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 27, 1997. 29. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. 30. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 31. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000. 32. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 33. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 21, 1005, 1989. 34. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 22, 289, 1990. 35. Horvath, A. L., and Getzen, F. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649, 1999 [IUPAC No. 68]. 36. Sazonov, V. P., Marsh, K. N., and Hefter, G. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1165, 2000 [IUPAC No. 71]. 37. Verbruggen, E. M. J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Tolls, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1435, 2000. 38. Sazonov, V. P., Shaw, D. G., and Marsh, K. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 1, 2002 [IUPAC No. 77]. 39. Sazonov, V. P., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 989, 2002 [IUPAC No. 78]. 40. Yalkowsky, S. H., and He, Y., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 41. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 387, 2000.

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AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula CBrF3 CBr3F CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl3NO2

Name Bromotrifluoromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane

Mol Wt. 148.910 270.721 331.627 104.459 61.471 120.914 137.368 164.376

CCl4

Tetrachloromethane

153.823

CF4 CHBrCl2 CHBr2Cl CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3

Tetrafluoromethane Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane

88.005 163.829 208.280 252.731 86.469 102.923 119.378

CHF3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2

Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane

70.014 393.732 129.384 173.835

CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO2

Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane

68.478 84.933 267.836 94.939 50.488 34.033 141.939 61.041

CH4 CH4N2O

Methane Urea

16.043 60.055

CH4N2S

Thiourea

76.121

CH4N4O2 CO CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4

Nitroguanidine Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene

104.069 28.010 44.010 76.141 259.823 154.466 170.921 187.375 165.833

C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C 2F 4

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethene

203.830 236.739 100.015

8-94

t/°C 25 25 30 25 0 20 20 0 25 25 75 25 30 30 25 25 25 25 59 25 25 25 20 90 25 25 30 20 25 30 20 0 25 50 25 5 25 20 80 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 0 20 80 27 25 25

Mass% 0.032a 0.040 0.024 0.009a 5.7 0.028a 0.11 0.227 0.162 0.065 0.115 0.00187a 0.300 0.251 0.30 0.30a 0.95a 0.80 0.79 0.09a 0.012 1.7 1.28 1.51 1.05a 1.73 0.124 1.80a 0.535a 0.177a 1.4 9.2 11.0 14.8 0.00227a 44 54.4 10.6 ~37 1.2 0.00276a 0.1501 0.210 0.00030 0.006a 0.013a 0.017 0.0273 0.0286 0.0380 0.016 0.005 0.0158a

g/L 0.32a 0.40 0.24 0.09a 60 0.28a 1.1 2.27 1.62 0.65 11.5 0.0187a 3.00 2.51 3.0 3.0a 9.5a 8.0 7.9 0.9a 0.12 17 11.5 15.3 10.6a 17.6 1.24 18.3a 5.35a 1.77a 14 101 ~125 ~175 0.0227a

~120 580 12 0.0276a 1.501 2.10 0.0030 0.06a 0.13a 0.17 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.05 0.158a

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 14 14 14 10 6.9 13 40 5 41 13 5 10.2 13 40 40 20 2.99 13 20 2.99 13 19 40 40 5 0.047 13 10 3.0 13 10 20 0.43 13 20 0.43 13 14 14 10 0.18 13 20 0.086 13 20 14 20 0.30 13 10 0.032 13 5 0.63 13 5 0.98 13 5 10 0.54 13 36 36 36 18 67.4 5 26 26 40 40 40 18 18 10 25 10 260 13 10 127 13 25 32 13 20 20 1.73 13 20 25 25 0.85 13 19

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C2HBrClF3

Name 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Mol Wt. 197.381

C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene

152.930 131.388

C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C 2H 2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4

Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Acetylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

147.387 163.387 202.294 26.037 256.751 345.653

C2H2Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethene

96.943

C2H2Cl2

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

96.943

C2H2Cl2

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

96.943

C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl4

1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

134.940 167.849

C2H2Cl4

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

167.849

C2H2I2 C2H2I2 C2H2O4

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene trans-1,2-Diiodoethene Oxalic acid

279.846 279.846 90.035

C2H3Br2Cl C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

222.306 266.757 62.498 116.949 133.404

C2H3Cl3

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

133.404

C2H3N

Acetonitrile

41.052

C2H3NS C 2H 4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2

Methyl isothiocyanate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane

73.117 28.053 143.410 187.861

t/°C 10 25 40 25 0 25 60 25 25 25 25 20 0 25 50 100 5 25 50 90 10 25 40 10 25 40 24 0 25 50 5 25 50 25 25 20 80 20 20 25 25 0 25 50 0 25 50 -3 -10 20 25 30 20

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Mass% 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.46 0.145 0.128 0.133 ~39 92.3 0.049 0.1081a 0.070 0.052 0.068 0.106 0.307 0.310 0.242 0.225 0.355 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.53 0.45 0.41 0.49 0.120 0.107 0.123 0.302 0.283 0.318 0.046 0.015 8.69 45.8 0.060 0.050 0.27a 0.042 0.134 0.129 0.138 0.425 0.459 0.536 40.5 31.7 0.75 0.01336a 0.683 0.412

g/L 5.2 4.1 4.0 4.6 1.45 1.28 1.33 650 0.49 1.081a 0.70 0.52 0.68 1.06 3.07 3.10 2.42 2.25 3.55 7.6 6.4 6.6 5.3 4.5 4.1 4.9 1.20 1.07 1.23 3.02 2.83 3.18 0.46 0.15 95.1 0.60 0.50 2.7a 0.42 1.34 1.29 1.38 4.25 4.59 5.36

7.6 0.1336a 6.83 3.1

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 25 25 25 25 25 25 1.03 13 25 40 27 25 0.25 13 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2.62 13 25 25 25 25 0.46 13 25 25 25 0.96 13 25 25 25 25 0.24 13 25 25 25 0.026 13 25 25 25 27 27 25 25 5 2.68 13 25 25 25 1.76 13 25 25 25 0.092 13 25 39 39 40 19 21.7 5 25 20

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

C2H4Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane

98.959

C2H4Cl2

1,2-Dichloroethane

98.959

C2H4N4 C2H4N4 C2H4O2 C2H4O3

Cyanoguanidine 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Methyl formate Glycolic acid

84.080 84.080 60.052 76.051

C2H5Br

Bromoethane

108.965

C2H5Cl

Chloroethane

64.514

C2H5F C2H5I

Fluoroethane Iodoethane

48.059 155.965

C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2

Ethyleneimine Acetamide Nitroethane

43.068 59.067 75.067

C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NS C2H5N3O2 C2H5N3O2 C 2H 6 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H7AsO2 C 2N 2 C3Br2F6

Methyl carbamate Glycine Thioacetamide N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea Imidodicarbonic diamide Ethane Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethylarsinic acid Cyanogen 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3tetrafluoropropane Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropane Malononitrile Acrylonitrile 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone Cyanuric acid Propyne

C3Cl2F6 C3Cl3F5 C3Cl4F4 C3Cl6 C 3F 6 C 3F 8 C3H2N2 C3H3N C3H3NOS2 C3H3N3O3 C 3H 4

Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20 0.066 13 20 25 25 0.63 13 25 25 25 0.14 13 25 25 40 26 10 34 34 25 25 1.23 13 25 25 1.02 13 14 25 25 0.52 13 40 10 38 38 27 26 40 40 40 18 50.6 5 10 0.077 13 10 27 10 40 30 35

75.067 75.067 75.133 103.080 103.080 30.069 46.068 78.133 126.132 62.134 137.998 52.034 309.830

t/°C 50 80 0 25 50 0 25 50 100 25 23 25 25 55 0 25 0 25 25 0 25 20 20 25 50 15 25 25 14 15 25 24 25 18 25 25 25 21

Mass% 0.493 0.572 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.92 0.86 1.05 2.17 3.8 22 23 71.21 77.95 1.05 0.90 0.45 0.67 0.216a 0.44 0.40 0.90 40.8 4.4 5.3 69 20.06 12.3 2.3 1.5 0.00568a 35.3a 25.3 2.7 2 ~41 0.8 0.0068

220.928

21

0.0096

0.096

35

237.383

21

0.0058

0.058

35

253.838

21

0.0052

0.052

35

248.750 150.022 188.019 66.061 53.063 133.192 129.074 40.064

20 25 15 20 20 25 25 25

0.00118 0.0194a 0.0015a 10.6 7.35 0.225 0.259 0.364a

0.0118 0.194a 0.015a 118 79.3 2.25 2.59 3.64a

35 14 14 40 10 40 40 5

Mol Wt.

8-96

g/L 3.9 5.4 6.2 5.0 5.0 9.2 8.6 10.6 22.1 40

Henry Const. kH

10.6 9.0 4.5 6.7 2.16a 4.4 4.0 9.12 46 56

140 24 15 0.0568a

28 20 684 8 0.068

1.11

5

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4N2O C3H4N2O2 C3H4O C3H4O4

Name 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 2-Cyanoacetamide 2,4-Imidazolidinedione Acrolein Malonic acid

Mol Wt. 132.512 110.970 110.970 110.970 84.076 100.076 56.063 104.062

C3H5Br C3H5Br2Cl C3H5Cl

3-Bromopropene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 3-Chloropropene

120.976 236.333 76.525

C3H5ClO

Epichlorohydrin

92.524

C3H5Cl3

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

147.431

C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5N3O9

Propanenitrile Acrylamide Trinitroglycerol

55.079 71.078 227.087

C 3H 6 C 3H 6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2

Propene Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-

42.080 42.080 157.437 201.888 201.888 112.986

C3H6Cl2

1,3-Dichloropropane

112.986

C3H6N6

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

126.120

C3H6N6O6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Br

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Propanal Methyloxirane Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane

222.116 58.079 58.079 74.079 74.079 90.078 122.992

C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

122.992 78.541 78.541

C3H7ClO

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

94.540

C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I

1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane

62.086 62.086 169.992

C3H7I

2-Iodopropane

169.992

t/°C 20 20 20 25 20 25 20 0 20 50 25 20 25 50 20 65 10 25 25 20 25 80 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 40 5 25 20 95 25 25 20 25 20 25 0 25 20 25 0 20 20 70 14 15 0 20 0

8-97

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.133 0.27 0.28 0.215 11.5 3.93 20.8 37.9 42.4 48.1 0.38 0.123 0.40 0.13 6.58 7.2 0.14 0.20 10.3 ~27 0.13 0.34 0.0200a 0.0484a 0.223 0.143 0.169 0.270 0.274 0.297 0.218 0.280 0.323 4.2 0.0060 30.6 40.5 11.8 24.5 17.4 0.298 0.234 0.32 0.250 0.44 0.30 7.79 6.31 0.386a 0.366 0.114 0.100 0.167

g/L 1.33 2.7 2.8 2.15 130 40.9

3.8 1.23 4.0 1.3 70.4 77.9 1.4 2.0 ~115 371 1.3 3.4 0.200a 0.484a 2.23 1.43 1.69 2.70 2.74 2.97 2.18 2.80 3.23 44 0.060

~135 ~210 2.98 2.34 3.2 2.50 4.4 3.0 84 67 3.86a 3.66 1.14 1.00 1.67

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 35 5 0.24 5 5 0.18 5 5 0.36 5 40 29 10 26 26 26 35 35 35 1.10 5 35 10 0.003 13 40 35 35 0.038 13 10 40 40 40 5 21.3 5 19 35 10 35 35 35 0.29 13 35 35 35 40 40 17 10 10 0.0087 13 10 10 30 35 35 3.8 13 35 1.27 13 35 1.41 13 35 35 20 20 14 14 35 35 0.93 13 35

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

C3H7NO2

1-Nitropropane

89.094

C3H7NO2

2-Nitropropane

89.094

C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H7N3O2 C3H7N3O2 C 3H 8 C3H8NO5P C3H8O2 C3H9O4P C4Cl6 C 4F 8 C4H3FN2O2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4O C4H4O4 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N3O C 4H 6 C 4H 6 C4H6N2O2 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

Ethyl carbamate L-Alanine
-Alanine Sarcosine L-Serine N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Guanidinoacetic acid Propane Glyphosate Dimethoxymethane Trimethyl phosphate Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane 5-Fluorouracil Succinonitrile Uracil Furan Maleic acid 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cytosine 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2,5-Piperazinedione Acetazolamide trans-2-Butenal trans-2-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione

89.094 89.094 89.094 89.094 105.093 117.107 117.107 44.096 169.074 76.095 140.074 260.761 200.030 130.077 80.088 112.087 68.074 116.073 67.090 67.090 111.102 54.091 54.091 114.103 222.246 70.090 86.090 86.090 86.090 86.090 86.090

C4H6O4

Succinic acid

118.089

C4H6O4

Methylmalonic acid

118.089

C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H6O5

Dimethyl oxalate Diglycolic acid Malic acid

118.089 134.088 134.088

C4H6O6

DL-Tartaric acid

150.087

C4H6O6

L-Tartaric acid

150.087

C4H7Br C4H7Cl C4H7ClO

4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 3-Chloro-2-butanone

135.003 90.552 106.551

Mol Wt.

8-98

t/°C 20 25 90 25 90 15 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 16 25 25 21 22 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 20 20 20 25 20 80 25 100 0 20 20 24 26 50 0 20 100 20 100 25 25 19

Mass% 0.140 1.54 2.29 1.75 2.36 48 14.30 47.1 30.0 4.76 1.3 0.5 0.00669a 1.2 24.4 ~33 0.41 0.014a 1.10 11.5 0.27 1 44.1 2.57 4.5 0.73 0.0735a 0.287a 1.64 0.10 15.6 7.1 8.9 2.0 4.94 31.7 21.8 7.71 55 30.1 40 5.82 40.03 59 59.9 8.95 17.1 65 58 77 0.076 0.916 2.80

g/L 1.40 15.6 23 17.8 24 ~170

50.0 13 5 0.0669a 12 500 4.1 0.14a 11.1 ~130 2.7 10 26.3 47 7.3 0.735a 2.87a 16.6 1.0 ~185 76 98 20 52.0

83.5

61.8

98 ~200

0.76 9.16 29

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 35 38 20 38 20 27 26 26 26 26 40 26 18 71.6 5 32 10 40 35 14 40 10 29 10 0.54 13 26 10 10 29 5 20.7 13 5 1.91 5 29 40 10 26 10 10 10 20 20 27 27 26 26 27 34 26 34 26 26 26 26 26 35 5 0.12 5 20

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

Mol Wt.

C4H7N C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C 4H 8 C 4H 8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O

Butanenitrile Iminodiacetic acid L-Aspartic acid 1-Butene Isobutene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

69.106 133.104 133.104 56.107 56.107 215.915 127.013 127.013 127.013 143.012

C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O

Succinamide Dimethylglyoxime L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine cis-2-Buten-1-ol Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone

116.119 116.119 132.118 132.118 72.106 72.106 72.106 72.106 72.106

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl

2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane

88.106 88.106 88.106 88.106 137.018 137.018 92.567

C4H9Cl

2-Chlorobutane

92.567

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10NO3PS C4H10N2O C4H10O

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane Butanamide Ethyl N-methylcarbamate 2-Methylalanine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid L-Threonine L-Homoserine Creatine Butane Isobutane Acephate N-Nitrosodiethylamine 1-Butanol

92.567 92.567 184.018 87.120 103.120 103.120 103.120 103.120 119.119 119.119 131.133 58.122 58.122 183.166 102.134 74.121

C4H10O

2-Butanol

74.121

t/°C 92 20 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 81 50 20 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 70 20 22 25 25 18 1 25 0 25 25 15 17 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 24 0 25 50 10 25 50

8-99

TeamLRN

Mass% 3.38 3.3 2.32 0.501 0.0222a 0.0263a 0.035 0.050 0.16 0.056 1.04 1.26 18.4 0.06 2.45 18.4 16.6 0.9 7.1 9.1 25.9 18.1 22.8 2.05 8.08 6 0.087 0.051 0.062 0.087 0.107 0.092 0.92 0.29 0.021 ~19 69 12.0 17.4 55.6 8.93 52.4 1.6 0.00724a 0.00535a ~28 9.6 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0

g/L 35 34 23.7 5.01 0.222a 0.263a 0.35 0.50 1.6 0.56 10.4 12.8 ~225 0.6 25.1 ~225 ~200 9 76 100 ~220 20.9 87.9 6 0.87 0.51 0.62 0.87 1.07 0.92 9.2 2.9 0.21 230 ~135 ~210 98.0 16 0.0724a 0.0535a 394 106 ~115 80 68 ~220 ~165

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20 10 40 26 5 25.6 13 5 21.6 13 35 35 35 35 20 0.003 13 20 27 40 26 29 10 10 10 10 20 20 10 10 10 30 35 1.2 13 35 35 35 1.54 13 35 35 35 35 10 1.87 13 40 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 18 95.9 5 18 120 5 40 40 1 1 1 1 1 1

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C4H10O

Name 2-Methyl-1-propanol

Mol Wt. 74.121

C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O4 C4H10S C4H10S C4H11NO2 C4H11NO3 C4H12Si C5Cl8 C5F12 C5H4N2O4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S C5H4O2 C5H4O3

Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Diethanolamine Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Tetramethylsilane Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene Perfluoropentane Orotic acid Allopurinol Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione Furfural 2-Furancarboxylic acid

74.121 74.121 122.120 90.187 90.187 105.136 121.135 88.224 343.678 288.035 156.097 136.112 136.112 152.112 168.111 152.178 96.085 112.084

C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H5N5O C 5H 6 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C5H6N2OS C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4 C5H7NO2 C5H7N3O C 5H 8 C 5H 8

Adenine Guanine 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Methylthiouracil Thymine 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Ethyl cyanoacetate 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

135.128 151.127 151.127 66.102 197.019 142.179 126.114 130.100 113.116 125.129 68.118 68.118

C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8N4O12 C5H8O

1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Methazolamide Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Cyclopentanone

68.118 68.118 236.273 316.138 84.117

C5H8O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

84.117

C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione

100.117 100.117 100.117

C5H8O3

4-Oxopentanoic acid

116.116

C5H8O4

Pentanedioic acid

132.116

C5H8O4

Dimethyl malonate

132.116

8-100

t/°C 0 25 50 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 25 20 25 18 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 50 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 50 25 25 15 20 20 80 20 82 25 20 20 80 10 25 25 50 19 90

Mass% 11.5 8.1 6.5 6.04 3.5 38.0 0.0597 0.307 95.4 ~41 0.00196 0.000020 0.00012 0.18 0.057 0.070 0.05 0.002 0.0124 8.2 4.758 25.16 0.104 0.0068 0.006 0.068 0.050 0.0533 0.35 7.7 25.9 0.45 0.056 0.061 0.076a 0.157 0.054 0.0472 0.0002 31.0 24.8 1.04 2.26 1.50 1.56 16.1 32.2 63.6 83.97 58.3 78.06 14.9 29.8

g/L ~130 88 70 64.2 36 0.597 3.07 699 0.0196 0.00020 0.0012 1.8 0.57 0.70 0.5 0.02 0.124 89 50.0 1.04 0.068 0.06 0.68 0.50 0.533 3.5 83 4.5 0.56 0.61 0.76a 1.57 0.54 0.472 0.002

10.5 23 15.2 15.9 ~200

~175

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 1 1 0.00273 28 1 10 0.088 13 30 27 10 40 10 40 10 35 35 26 40 29 26 26 40 10 33 33 29 29 26 3 40 40 29 26 10 26 3 12 5 3 7.78 5 3 3 2.5 5 3 6.56 13 40 40 20 20 20 20 10 10 20 20 34 34 33 33 20 20

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C5H9ClO

Name 5-Chloro-2-pentanone

Mol Wt. 120.577

C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2O2S C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2S2 C5H10O C5H10O

L-Proline trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline DL-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 2,3-Dichloropentane 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane Methomyl L-Glutamine Dazomet Pentanal 2-Pentanone

115.131 131.130 147.130 147.130 70.133 70.133 70.133 70.133 70.133 141.038 141.038 141.038 141.038 162.210 146.144 162.276 86.132 86.132

C5H10O

3-Pentanone

86.132

C5H10O

3-Methyl-2-butanone

86.132

C5H10O

Tetrahydropyran

86.132

C5H10O

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

86.132

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O5 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl

Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Diethyl carbonate D-Xylose 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane

102.132 102.132 102.132 102.132 102.132 102.132 102.132 118.131 150.130 151.045 151.045 106.594

C5H11Cl C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12NO3PS2 C5H12O

3-Chloropentane L-Valine L-Norvaline L-Methionine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Cygon 1-Pentanol

106.594 117.147 117.147 149.212 72.149 72.149 72.149 229.258 88.148

t/°C 22 71 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 80 25 80 18 80 20 81 19 71 16 20 22 20 20 20 20 25 25 16 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 0 25 50

8-101

TeamLRN

Mass% 4.7 13.5 61.9 26.5 2.30 0.85 0.0148 0.0203 0.013a 0.041 0.0157 0.029 0.02 0.029 0.029 5.5 4.0 0.12 1.2 5.5 3.8 4.72 3.16 6.7 3.9 8.57 4.29 14.4 6.0 3.6 4.0 1.0 2.3 2.9 1.92 1.6 1.8 ~30 0.0127 0.020 0.020 0.0201 0.025 8.13 9.7 5.3 0.0041 0.00485 0.00332a 2.6 3.1 2.20 1.8

g/L 49 ~155

23.5 8.5 0.148 0.203 0.13a 0.41 0.157 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.29 58 42 1.2 12 58 40 49.5 33 72 41 87.1 45 ~160 64 37 42 10 34 30 19.6 16 18 432 0.127 0.20 0.20 0.201 0.25 88.4 107 56 0.041 0.0485 0.0332a 27 32 22.4 18

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20 20 26 26 29 26 3 40.3 5 3 22.8 5 3 54.7 5 3 3 19.1 13 35 35 35 35 40 26 40 40 20 0.00847 28 20 0.00847 28 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0.67 13 20 26 26 10 10 10 10 30 40 40 35 35 35 35 2.37 13 35 26 26 26 3 128 13 3 479 13 3 220 13 40 1 1 1

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O

Solubility S Name 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether

Mol Wt. 88.148 88.148 88.148 88.148 88.148 88.148 88.148 88.148

136.147 245.875

C6Cl5NO2 C6Cl6 C6F14 C6F14 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Br4 C6H2ClN3O6 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C6H2Cl4O2 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3O C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O2 C6H3Cl4N C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O7

Pentaerythritol 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione Pentachloronitrobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Clopyralid 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol Nitrapyrin 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

295.335 284.782 338.042 338.042 250.337 266.336 393.696 247.549 215.892 215.892 215.892 231.891 247.891 314.800 314.800 330.799 202.552 192.000 192.000 181.447 181.447 181.447 197.446 197.446 213.446 230.907 213.104 229.104

C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C6H4ClF C6H4ClI C6H4ClI

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 2,4-Dibromophenol 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene

191.453 191.453 191.453 282.904 235.904 235.904 235.904 251.903 130.547 238.453 238.453

C5H12O4 C6Cl4O2

8-102

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 20 49 15 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 15 25 90 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Mass% 4.3 5.6 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6 3.5 8.3 4.2 1.9 5.3 0.025 0.000044 0.0000005 0.0000098 0.000017 0.000050 0.0013 0.00000434 0.018 0.0007 0.00035 0.000060 0.017 0.071 0.0010 0.0000789 0.0007 0.00092 0.0121 0.1 0.0021 0.0040 0.0008 0.1 0.050 0.051 0.0040 0.028 1.25 4.9 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.000794 0.00748 0.0064 0.0020 0.2 0.0502 0.00689 0.00674

g/L 45 59 31 28 ~125 59 36 37.6 44 19 56 0.25 0.00044 0.000005 0.000098 0.00017 0.00050 0.013 0.0000434 0.18 0.007 0.0035 0.00060 0.17 0.71 0.010 0.000789 0.007 0.0092 0.121 1 0.021 0.040 0.008 1 0.50 0.51 0.040 0.28 12.7 51 0.124 0.118 0.0442 0.00794 0.0748 0.064 0.020 2 0.502 0.0689 0.0674

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 21 21 3 1 1 1 1 20 0.070 13 20 20 30 40 40 41 35 35 41 24 2 40 41 41 41 24 8 2 2 2 40 40 40 41 41 41 2 24 8 40 40 40 40 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 40 2 2

0.131

11

0.085

11

0.144 0.59 0.122

11 11 11

0.242 0.277 1.1

11 11 11

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C6H4ClI C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2

Name 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene

Mol Wt. 238.453 157.555 157.555 157.555 147.002

C6H4Cl2

m-Dichlorobenzene

147.002

C6H4Cl2

p-Dichlorobenzene

147.002

C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5

2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenol

163.001 163.001 163.001 179.001 179.001 114.093 114.093 114.093 329.905 329.905 329.905 168.107 168.107 168.107 184.106

C6H4O2 C6H5Br

p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene

108.095 157.008

C6H5BrO C6H5Cl

4-Bromophenol Chlorobenzene

173.007 112.557

C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F

2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene

128.556 128.556 128.556 96.102

C6H5I

Iodobenzene

204.008

C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3O4 C 6H 6

Nitrobenzene 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 2,4-Dinitroaniline Benzene

123.110 123.110 139.109 139.109 139.109 183.122 78.112

t/°C 25 20 20 20 0 25 50 10 25 50 10 25 50 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 100 25 10 25 40 25 10 25 50 25 25 25 19 80 10 25 45 25 20 20 20 20 25 10 25

8-103

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.00311 0.0441 0.0273 0.0453 0.0142 0.0147 0.0212 0.0103 0.0120 0.0165 0.00512 0.0080 0.0167 0.82 0.49 0.262 0.78 1.19 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.21 2.09 1.30 0.046 1.4 1.36 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 1.86 0.0387 0.0484 0.0882 2.0 2.2 2.7 0.170 0.188 0.0193 0.0226 0.0279 0.21 1.8 0.21 2.14 1.32 0.0078 0.178 0.178

g/L 0.0311 0.441 0.273 0.453 0.142 0.147 0.212 0.103 0.120 0.165 0.0512 0.080 0.167 8.22 4.9 2.62 7.8 12.0 1.14 1.14 1.22 0.0192 0.00185 0.00893 2.1 21.3 13.1 0.46 14 13.8 0.387 0.445 0.516 19.0 0.387 0.484 0.882 20 22 28 1.70 1.88 0.193 0.226 0.279 2.1 18 2.1 21.9 13.3 0.078 1.78 1.78

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 2 40 40 40 2 2 0.195 28 2 2 41 0.376 11 2 2 41 0.244 28 2 40 24 40 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 27 27 40 40 27 2 2 0.250 28 2 2 2 41 0.32 28 2 2 2 2 20 0.70 11 20 0.70 11 2 2 0.078 11 2 17 40 27 27 27 40 3 22 0.557 22

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula

Solubility S

127.572 127.572 127.572 290.830

Mass% 0.208 0.876 0.54 0.275 0.00073

g/L 2.08 8.76 5.44 2.75 0.0073

290.830

25

0.00020

0.0020

40

290.830

25

0.000024

0.00024

40

122.124 138.124 138.124 138.124 198.137 94.111

20 30 30 30 20 16 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 90 25 20 20 70 20 7 25 25 15 20 20 20 24 20 25 25 25 50 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 80 20 25 15

Mol Wt.

C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N4O4 C6H6O

2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1,2,3
,4,5,6
) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1,2,3
,4,5
,6
) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1,2
,3,4
,5,6
) 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Nitrofurazone Phenol

C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6

p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

110.111 110.111 110.111 126.110 126.110 174.108

C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO

Aniline 2-Aminophenol 3-Aminophenol

93.127 109.126 109.126

C6H7NO C6H7NO3S C6H7N3O C 6H 8 C6H8ClN C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O2S C6H8N2O8 C6H8O4 C6H8O6

4-Aminophenol 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid Isoniazid 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Aniline hydrochloride Hexanedinitrile 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide Isosorbide dinitrate Dimethyl maleate L-Ascorbic acid

109.126 173.190 137.139 80.128 129.588 108.141 108.141 108.141 108.141 172.205 236.136 144.126 176.124

C6H8O7 C6H9N3O2 C6H9N3O3 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O

Citric acid L-Histidine Metronidazole 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone

192.124 155.154 171.153 82.143 82.143 82.143 98.142

C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4

Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate 1,6-Hexanedioic acid

98.142 130.141 146.141

C6H6Cl6 C6H6Cl6

Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 3 10 40 40 40

t/°C 50 25 20 20 25

Name

C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6Cl6

Henry Const. kH

8-104

~33 1.47 0.121 0.073 0.0238 6.3 8.66 7.42 31.1 63.7 38.5 1.12 20.9 52.5 3.38 1.92 2.56 ~24 1.55 0.59 11.0 0.08 15.1 0.80 3.02 3.48 3.45 0.71 0.055 8.0 25.22 41.00 59 4.17 0.93 0.017 0.036 0.016 8.8 6.8 2.89 12 1.48

500 14.9 1.21 0.73 0.238 67 94.8 80.1

11.3

35.0 19.6 26.3 319 15.7 5.9 123 0.8 ~180 8.0 31.1 36.1 35.7 7.14 0.55 87

43.5 9.4 0.17 0.36 0.16 96 73 29.8 ~135 15.0

40 27 27 27 40 26 10 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 10 40 40 40 40 27 40 3 27 16 40 40 40 40 40 10 33 33 26 26 40 3 3 3 20 20 10 10 26

14

15

1.03

13

4.14 4.57

13 13

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

Mol Wt.

C6H10O4

Dimethyl succinate

146.141

C6H10O4 C6H10O8 C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H11N2O4PS3 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O3 C6H12N2O4S C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N2S4 C6H12N2S4Zn C6H12N4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate Galactaric acid Cyclohexanone oxime Caprolactam Methidathion 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Daminozide L-Lanthionine L-Cystine Thiram Ziram Hexamethylenetetramine 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone

146.141 210.138 113.157 113.157 302.330 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 160.170 208.235 240.300 240.432 305.841 140.186 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158

C6H12O

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

100.158

C6H12O

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

100.158

C6H12O

Cyclohexanol

100.158

C6H12O2

Hexanoic acid

116.158

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3

Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 132.157 132.157

C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

Paraldehyde
-D-Fructose D-Galactose -D-Glucose

132.157 180.155 180.155 180.155

C6H12O6 C6H13Br C6H13Cl

L-Sorbose 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane

180.155 165.071 120.620

t/°C 100 21 92 25 14 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 12 25 25 20 20 81 19 90 19 90 10 25 40 20 60 22 20 20 20 25 20 21 90 25 20 20 15 30 80 17 25 5

8-105

TeamLRN

Mass% 61.5 12.4 17.1 13.3 0.33 1.57 84.0 0.0187 0.0053 0.0067 0.0078 0.0048 0.046 0.0058 0.0043 9.1 0.15 0.011 0.003 0.0065 44.8 2.52 3.81 0.3 1.51 1.15 1.92 1.22 1.97 1.14 4.62 3.8 3.30 0.96 1.16 0.3 0.68 0.62 0.63 0.6 0.49 14 32 19 11 ~31 40.6 45.0 54.6 81.5 ~26 0.00258 0.0047

g/L ~140 ~205 153 3.3 15.9 0.187 0.053 0.067 0.078 0.048 0.46 0.058 0.043 100 1.5 0.11 0.03 0.065 25.9 39.6 3 17.8 11.6 17 12.4 18.4 11.5 48.4 40 34.1 9.6 11.7 3 6.8 6.2 6.3 6 4.9 ~165 ~235 ~125 444

355 0.0258 0.047

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 26 20 20 40 40 40 10 40 3 41.8 5 3 3 28.1 5 3 63.2 5 3 3 19.4 13 3 36.7 5 40 26 26 40 40 27 1 1 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 1 1 1 26 26 27 10 10 10 27 10 30 20 20 30 40 27 27 27 27 40 35 35

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

Mol Wt.

C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14

L-Leucine L-Isoleucine L-Norleucine 6-Aminohexanoic acid Ethyl N-propylcarbamate Hexane

131.173 131.173 131.173 131.173 131.173 86.175

C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O

2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane L-Lysine L-Arginine 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

86.175 86.175 86.175 86.175 146.187 174.201 102.174

C6H14O

1-Hexanol

102.174

C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O

2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether

102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174

C6H14O

Butyl ethyl ether

102.174

C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H16ClN C6H16N2 C7F16 C7H3Br2NO C7H3N3O8 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4Cl4O C7H4N2O6 C7H4O6

1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane D-Glucitol D-Mannitol Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride 1,6-Hexanediamine Perfluoroheptane 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

118.174 118.174 182.171 182.171 101.190 101.190 137.651 116.204 388.049 276.913 257.114 201.565 201.565 245.918 212.116 184.103

8-106

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 60 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 79 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 61 20 70 25 20 20 25 20 20 25 5 25 25 23 25 25 25 25 25

Mass% 0.0064 2.15 3.31 1.5 ~34 7.70 0.0011 0.00136 0.00137 0.00129 0.0021 0.0021 0.58 15.44 1.10 0.36 0.79 0.60 0.51 1.4 1.6 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.0 0.8 4.2 2.4 0.49 0.79 0.22 0.65 0.39 5 21.0 ~41 17.7 2.5 5.5 57.8 ~42 0.0000013 0.013 1.97 0.047 0.96 0.00061 0.134 1.45

g/L 0.064 22.0 34.2 15 505 83.4 0.011 0.0136 0.0137 0.0129 0.021 0.021 5.8 ~185 12.7 3.6 7.9 6.0 5.1 14 16 8.1 7.6 33 19 15 20 45 10 8 44 25 4.9 12 2.2 6.5 3.9 5 689 ~215 26 58 711 0.000013 0.13 20.1 0.47 9.6 0.0061 1.34 14.7

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 35 26 26 26 40 27 3 183 13 3 3 176 13 3 170 13 3 199 13 3 144 13 26 26 20 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0.26 13 20 0.26 13 20 20 20 10 10 40 27 10 10 27 40 35 40 40 27 27 2 27 27

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C7H4O7

Solubility S Mol Wt. 200.103

t/°C 25

Mass% 0.84

C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5Cl2NO2 C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3S

Name 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde Saccharin

201.018 201.018 201.018 156.567 156.567 156.567 206.027 195.474 211.473 140.112 140.112 140.112 248.018 248.018 248.018 103.122 119.121 151.120 151.120 183.185

C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6

2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

167.120 167.120 167.120 227.131

C7H5N5O8 C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O5 C7H6O C7H6O2

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline Chlorothiazide (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid

287.144 295.724 161.029 177.028 177.028 118.136 118.136 182.134 198.133 106.122 122.122

C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3

Salicylaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

122.122 122.122 138.121

C7H6O3

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

138.121

C7H6O4

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

154.121

C7H6O5

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

170.120

C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl

4-Bromotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene

171.035 126.584 126.584

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 20 100 20 25 30 25 25 20 20 20 15 20 25 95 86 30 25 50 15 75 14 80 15 100 25 20 20

0.185 0.040 0.0056 0.209 0.040 0.072 0.070 0.0053 0.0112 0.72 0.15 0.12 0.095 0.016 0.0027 0.2 0.834 0.16 0.23 0.40 4.0 0.55 0.256 0.0422 0.012 0.15 0.0074 0.0283 0.025 0.0283 0.0673 0.201 0.0827 0.0271 0.0130 0.3 0.34 6.4 1.68 1.27 0.2550 0.5665 0.8 2.5 1.8 21.3 0.94 25.0 0.011 0.0137 0.0493

8-107

TeamLRN

g/L 8.4 1.85 0.40 0.056 2.09 0.40 0.72 0.70 0.053 0.112 7.2 1.5 1.2 0.95 0.16 0.027 2 8.34 1.6 2.3 4.0 42 5.58 2.56 0.422 0.12 1.5 0.074 0.283 0.25 0.283 0.673 2.01 0.827 0.271 0.130 3 3.4 68 17.0 12.9 2.550 5.665 8 26 18 9.4 0.11 0.137 0.493

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 40 10 2 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 6 27 27 27 27 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 2 2 6 6 40 40 10 27 26 10 40 33 33 26 27 26 26 27 27 2 40 10

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C 7H 8

Name 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol Benzamide 2-Hydroxybenzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene

Mol Wt. 142.583 142.583 142.583 121.137 137.137 137.137 137.137 137.137 137.137 137.137 153.136 153.136 153.136 92.139

C 7H 8 C 7H 8 C7H8ClN3O4S2 C7H8N2S C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,6-Heptadiyne Hydrochlorothiazide Phenylthiourea Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole

92.139 92.139 297.740 152.217 180.165 108.138 108.138 108.138 108.138 108.138

C7H8O2 C7H8O3S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H10N2OS

124.138 172.202 107.153 107.153 107.153 123.152 123.152 171.217 171.217 171.217 170.231

C7H10O5 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O

4-Methoxyphenol p-Toluenesulfonic acid 2-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone Shikimic acid 1-Heptyne Cycloheptene 1-Methylcyclohexene Cycloheptanone

C7H12O

2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)-

112.169

C7H12O

4-Methylcyclohexanone

112.169

C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid

128.169 160.168

C7H12O4

Diethyl malonate

160.168

174.151 96.170 96.170 96.170 112.169

8-108

t/°C 25 25 25 12 15 20 25 30 30 30 20 30 30 25 90 25 25 25 25 20 40 40 40 20 20 81 20 40 20 21 25 25 20 25 25 25 25

Mass% 0.36 0.68 0.40 0.577 0.145 0.349 0.54 0.065 0.050 0.044 0.20 0.169 0.059 0.053 0.12 0.064 0.125 0.007 2.55 0.52 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.08 0.203 0.294 2.51 ~33 1.66 7.35 0.56 1.24 1.14 0.162 0.78 0.316 0.120

g/L 3.6 6.8 4.0 5.77 1.45 3.49 5.39 0.65 0.50 0.44 2.0 1.69 0.59 0.531 1.2 0.64 1.25 0.07 26.1 5.2 31.8 25.8 23.1 0.8 2.0 2.9 25.7 500 16.9 79.3 5.62 12.6 11.5 1.62 7.8 3.16 1.20

25 25 25 20 92 20 90 20 80 15 25 50 20 91

15 0.0094 0.0066 0.0052 3.61 2.82 1.98 1.54 2.43 1.95 0.201 6.347 42.80 2.26 2.47

~175 0.094 0.066 0.052 37 29 20.2 15.6 25 19.9 2.01 67.77 23.2 25

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 2 2 2 27 40 40 40 27 27 27 40 10 27 22 0.660 22 22 3 0.47 13 3 40 27 29 10 10 10 10 20 0.025 13 20 0.025 13 40 40 10 10 40 40 40 27 27 27 40 26 3 3 3 20 20 20 20 20 20 27 33 33 20 20

4.47 4.9

13 13

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C7H12O6 C7H13N3O3S C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

Name Quinic acid Oxamyl 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane

Mol Wt. 192.166 219.261 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186

C7H14 C7H14N2O2S C7H14O C7H14O

Ethylcyclopentane Aldicarb Heptanal 2-Heptanone

98.186 190.263 114.185 114.185

C7H14O

3-Heptanone

114.185

C7H14O

4-Heptanone

114.185

C7H14O

5-Methyl-2-hexanone

114.185

C7H14O

5-Methyl-3-hexanone

114.185

C7H14O

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

114.185

C7H14O2

Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (+)

130.185

C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2

Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate (S)Butyl propanoate Isobutyl propanoate

130.185 130.185 130.185 130.185 130.185 130.185

C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H16

Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane

130.185 130.185 130.185 179.098 134.647 226.098 100.202

C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O

2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol

100.202 100.202 100.202 100.202 100.202 100.202 116.201

C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O

2-Heptanol, (±)3-Heptanol, (S)4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol

116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201

t/°C 9 25 25 25 25 25 50 20 20 11 25 90 20 90 20 90 19 90 20 81 20 90 19 91 15 20 20 25 22 19 91 17 25 20 25 25 25 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 25 50 30 25 25 25

8-109

TeamLRN

Mass% 29 ~21 0.032 0.015 0.0030 0.00151 0.0019 0.012 0.60 0.124 0.435 0.353 0.479 0.309 0.457 0.316 0.537 0.417 0.47 0.32 0.52 0.30 0.257 0.151 0.24 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.572 0.225 0.142 0.162 0.3 0.2 0.00067 0.00136 0.00035 0.0003 0.00024 0.00025 0.00025 0.00026 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059 0.25 0.174 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 1.0

g/L 280 0.32 0.15 0.030 0.0151 0.019 0.12 6.02 1.24 4.3 3.53 4.8 3.1 4.57 3.16 5.40 4.19 4.7 3.2 5.9 3.0 2.58 1.51 2.4 1.7 2 2 5.72 2.26 1.42 1.62 3 2 0.0067 0.0136 0.0035 0.003 0.0024 0.0025 0.0025 0.0026 0.0044 0.0052 0.0042 0.0059 2.5 1.74 1.2 3.3 4.3 4.7 10

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 26 40 3 40.3 13 3 42.2 13 3 9.59 13 3 43.3 13 3 3 40 27 20 0.0171 28 20 0.0171 28 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 27 10 10 27 27 20 20 27 27 10 35 35 35 3 3 209 13 3 3 346 5 3 249 13 3 318 5 3 175 5 3 323 13 3 186 5 1 1 0.00562 28 1 1 1 1 1

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Henry Const. kH

Mol. Formula

Name

Mol Wt.

t/°C

C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8Cl4N2 C8F18 C8H4F6 C8H4O3 C8H5Cl3O3 C8H5NO2 C8H6Cl2O3 C8H6Cl2O3 C8H6N2 C8H6N4O5 C8H6O3 C8H6O4

5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Chlorothalonil Perfluorooctane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Phthalic anhydride 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid Quinoxaline Nitrofurantoin 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde Phthalic acid

116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 265.911 438.057 214.108 148.116 255.483 147.132 221.038 221.038 130.147 238.158 150.132 166.132

C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7ClO3

166.132 134.199 186.593 186.593

25

0.093

0.93

8

C8H7Cl3O C8H7N C 8H 8

Isophthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1H-Indole Styrene

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 50 30 20 25 65 25 20 25

225.500 117.149 104.150

C8H8Cl3O3PS C8H8F3N3O4S2 C8H8HgO2 C8H8N2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8O

Ronnel Hydroflumethiazide Mercury(II) phenyl acetate 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide Acetophenone

321.546 331.293 336.74 132.163 164.162 120.149

C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2

o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Benzyl formate

136.149 136.149 136.149 136.149 136.149

C8H8O2

Phenyl acetate

136.149

C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3

Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-Methoxybenzoic acid -Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)Methyl salicylate

136.149 136.149 152.148 152.148 152.148 152.148

25 20 25 50 20 37 20 20 30 25 80 25 25 25 25 20 80 20 91 20 25 25 25 25 30

0.00050 0.187 0.0321 0.046 0.00011 0.068 0.2 0.145 0.59 0.55 1.204 0.118 0.098 0.345 1.71 1.07 1.43 0.59 0.91 0.21 0.429 0.24 0.023 11.3 0.74

0.0050 1.87 0.321 0.46 0.0011 0.68 2 1.45 5.9 5.5 12.2 1.18 0.98 3.45 17.4 10.8 14.5 5.9 9.2 2.1 4.29 2.4 0.23 ~125 7.4

2 6 22 4 40 40 30 6 40 28 20 27 27 27 27 20 20 20 20 10 40 40 27 27 10

C8H7ClO3

8-110

Mass% 0.49 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.82 1.6 0.70 2.2 0.00006 0.00000017 0.0041 0.62 0.028 0.036 0.07 0.45 54 0.011 0.35 0.6977 3.575 0.013 0.0130 0.013

g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 4.9 1 12 1 17 1 15 1 13 1 8.2 1 16 1 7.0 1 22 1 0.0006 40 0.0000017 35 0.041 2 6.20 40 0.28 40 0.36 40 0.7 40 4.5 40 6 0.11 40 3.5 40 6.977 33 37.08 33 0.13 27 0.130 6 0.13 8

0.286 0.30

22 13

0.00108

28

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C8H8O3 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9NO

Name 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Acetanilide

Mol Wt. 152.148 156.609 156.609 156.609 135.163

C8H9NO2 C8H10

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide Ethylbenzene

151.163 106.165

C8H10

o-Xylene

106.165

C8H10

m-Xylene

106.165

C8H10

p-Xylene

106.165

C8H10NO5PS

Methyl parathion

263.208

C8H10N4O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2

Caffeine 4-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Ethoxybenzene 2-Phenoxyethanol 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

194.191 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 138.164 138.164

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12O2 C8H12O4

N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol 4-Vinylcyclohexene 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane Diethyl maleate

121.180 121.180 137.179 108.181 140.180 172.179

C8H14 C8H14ClN5 C8H14O4

1-Octyne Atrazine Octanedioic acid

110.197 215.684 174.195

C8H14O4 C8H15N3O7 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

Diethyl succinate Streptozotocin 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane

174.195 265.221 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20 70 25 0 25 40 25 45 0 25 40 0 25 40 10 20 30 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 29 25 25 20 20 92 25 20 15 25 20 20 91 25 25 25 50 20 25 25 25 40 25 25 25

8-111

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.247 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.52 2.7 1.3 0.020 0.0161 0.0200 0.0171 0.021 0.0203 0.0161 0.022 0.0160 0.0181 0.022 0.00218 0.00380 0.0059 2.12 0.59 0.457 0.787 0.354 0.60 0.477 0.62 1.72 0.12 2.53 0.716 1.073 0.111 0.66 1.03 0.005 13.4 1.56 1.75 0.0024 0.007 0.2416 0.5570 0.19 0.50 0.00027 0.00079 0.00066 0.00060 0.000384 0.00020

g/L 2.47 8.9 5.2 3.4 5.2 28 13 0.20 0.161 0.200 0.171 0.21 0.203 0.161 0.22 0.160 0.181 0.22 0.0218 0.0380 0.059 21.7 5.9 4.57 7.87 3.54 6.05 4.77 6.2 17.5 1.2 26.0 7.21 10.9 1.11 6.6 10.4 0.05 155 15.9 17.8 0.024 0.07 2.416 5.570 1.9 5.07 0.0027 0.0079 0.0066 0.0060 0.00384 0.0020

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 8 2 2 2 27 27 40 4 22 0.843 22 4 22 0.551 22 4 4 22 0.730 22 4 4 22 0.690 22 4 40 40 40 29 40 40 10 40 40 40 10 40 10 40 20 20 40 27 40 4 40 20 20 4 7.87 13 26 34 34 40 40 4 96.3 13 4 10.7 13 4 4 36 5 4 88.2 5 4 90.2 5

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C8H16 C8H16N2O4S2 C8H16O

Name 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane Homocystine 2-Octanone

Mol Wt. 112.213 268.354 128.212

C8H16O

3-Octanone

128.212

C8H16O

5-Methyl-3-heptanone

128.212

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18

Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane

144.212 144.212 144.212 144.212 144.212 144.212 193.125 148.674 148.674 114.229

C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

3-Methylheptane, (S)2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether

114.229 114.229 114.229 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228

C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9H4Cl3NO2S C9H5Cl3N4 C9H6Cl2N2O3 C9H6O2

Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Tetraethylsilane Folpet Anilazine Methazole 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

129.244 129.244 144.331 296.558 275.522 261.061 146.143

C9H7BrO4 C9H7Cl3O3 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H8Cl2O3 C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H8O C9H8O2

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid Silvex Quinoline Isoquinoline 8-Quinolinol 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid Captan trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-Cinnamic acid

259.054 269.509 129.159 129.159 145.158 235.064 300.590 132.159 148.159

C9H8O4 C9H9ClO3 C9H9Cl2NO C9H9I2NO3 C9H9N C9H9NO3 C9H9N3O2S2

2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid Propanil 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine 3-Methyl-1H-indole N-Benzoylglycine Sulfathiazole

180.158 200.618 218.079 432.981 131.174 179.172 255.316

8-112

t/°C 25 25 25 91 20 91 20 90 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 20 90 20 20 25 20 20 24 20 60 25 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 98 25 20 25 20 25 20

Mass% 0.00037 0.02 0.113 0.094 0.137 0.106 0.192 0.131 0.080 0.02 0.13 0.1 0.5 0.063 0.000167 0.0345 0.01 0.000071 0.00010 0.000079 0.00022 0.00018 0.054 0.4 0.25 0.01 0.023 0.010 0.47 0.25 0.0000325 0.00010 0.001 0.00015 0.190 0.69 0.07 0.014 0.633 0.452 0.065 0.083 0.00005 0.135 0.1 0.59 0.25 0.117 0.013 0.062 0.050 0.37 0.048

g/L 0.0037 0.2 1.13 0.94 1.37 1.06 1.92 1.31 0.80 0.2 1.3 1 5 0.63 0.00167 0.345 0.1 0.00071 0.0010 0.00079 0.0022 0.0018 0.54 4 2.5 0.1 0.3 0.10 4.7 2.5 0.000325 0.0010 0.01 0.0015 1.90 6.95 0.7 0.14 6.33 4.52 0.65 0.83 0.0005 1.35 1 5.9 2.5 1.17 0.13 0.62 0.50 3.7 0.48

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 4 159 5 26 10 20 20 20 20 20 26 10 10 27 10 27 35 35 10 4 311 13 4 4 376 5 4 307 13 4 206 13 1 1 1 1 20 0.48 13 20 10 10 10 40 40 40 40 40 30 40 6 6 40 40 40 40 26 26 27 40 40 26 6 29 40

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C9H10 C9H10 C9H10Cl2N2O C9H10Cl2N2O2 C9H10O

Name Isopropenylbenzene Indan Diuron Linuron 1-Phenyl-1-propanone

Mol Wt. 118.175 118.175 233.093 249.093 134.174

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H11ClN2O C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C9H11Cl3NO3PS C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO4 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12N2O C9H13BrN2O2 C9H13ClN2O2 C9H13ClN6 C9H13NO3 C9H14N4O3 C9H14O

Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea Methyclothiazide Chlorpyrifos DL-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine DL-Tyrosine L-Tyrosine Levodopa 1,8-Nonadiyne Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea Bromacil Terbacil Cyanazine Epinephrine Carnosine Isophorone

150.174 150.174 166.173 198.648 360.237 350.586 165.189 165.189 181.188 181.188 197.188 120.191 120.191 120.191 120.191 120.191 120.191 120.191 120.191 164.203 261.115 216.664 240.692 183.204 226.232 138.206

C9H14O6 C9H16 C9H16ClN5 C9H16N4OS C9H16O4

Glycerol triacetate 1-Nonyne Propazine Tebuthiuron Nonanedioic acid

218.203 124.223 229.710 228.314 188.221

C9H16O4

Diethyl glutarate

188.221

C9H17N5S C9H18 C9H18 C9H18FeN3S6 C9H18N2O4

227.330 126.239 126.239 416.494 218.250

C9H18O

Ametryn 1-Nonene 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane Ferbam 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate 2-Nonanone

C9H18O

3-Nonanone

142.238

C9H18O

5-Nonanone

142.238

142.238

t/°C 20 25 25 25 19 80 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 80 25 25 20 20 25 65 30 91 20 25 25 20 25 20 70 30 80 20 80

8-113

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.0116 0.010 0.0042 0.0075 0.32 0.24 0.083 0.150 0.0080 0.023 0.005 0.000073 1.40 2.71 0.35 0.046 62.3 0.0125 0.0052 0.0050 0.0093 0.0094 0.0070 0.0057 0.0050 0.32 0.082 0.071 0.0171 0.018 24.4 1.57 1.27 5.8 0.00072 0.00086 0.23 0.1780 1.322 1.20 0.91 0.0190 0.000112 0.000177 0.013 0.33 0.038 0.034 0.056 0.046 0.054 0.029

g/L 0.116 0.10 0.042 0.075 3.2 2.4 0.83 1.50 0.080 0.23 0.05 0.00073 14.2 27.9 3.5 0.46 0.125 0.052 0.050 0.093 0.094 0.070 0.057 0.050 3.2 0.82 0.71 0.171 0.18 16.0 12.9 62 0.0072 0.0086 2.3 1.780 13.40 12.2 9.2 0.190 0.00112 0.00177 0.13 3.3 0.38 0.34 0.56 0.46 0.54 0.29

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 40 4 40 40 20 20 20 40 40 26 40 40 29 26 30 26 26 4 22 1.041 22 22 1.466 22 5 0.529 13 5 0.500 13 22 0.343 22 22 0.569 22 22 0.781 22 40 40 40 40 40 26 20 20 10 4 40 40 34 34 20 20 40 40 4 105 13 40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C9H18O

Name 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

Mol Wt. 142.238

C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20

Nonanoic acid Ethyl heptanoate Nonane

158.238 158.238 128.255

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C10Cl10O C10Cl12 C10F22 C10H4Cl2O2 C10H5Cl7 C10H6Cl4O4 C10H6Cl8 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7NO2 C10H8

4-Methyloctane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol, (±)3-Nonanol, (±)4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Kepone Mirex Perfluorodecane 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione Heptachlor Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate Chlordane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene

128.255 128.255 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 490.636 545.543 538.072 227.044 373.318 331.965 409.779 162.616 162.616 173.169 128.171

C10H8N2 C10H8O C10H8O

2,2’-Bipyridine 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol

156.184 144.170 144.170

C10H9Cl4NO2S C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10Cl2O3 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H11F3N2O

Captafol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 3-Methylisoquinoline 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea Sulfamethoxazole 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Chloropropham Bentazon Azinphos-methyl Inosine Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Cantharidin Isopropyl phenylcarbamate N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide 2’-Deoxyadenosine Adenosine Guanosine

349.061 143.185 143.185 143.185 249.090 194.184 194.184 232.201

t/°C 21 91 20 20 25 50 25 25 15 25 15 15 15 15 100 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 10 25 50 25 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 20

253.277 132.202 213.661 240.278 317.324 268.226 180.200 196.200 179.216 179.216 251.242 267.242 283.241

25 20 25 20 20 20 25 20 20 25 25 25 25

C10H11N3O3S C10H12 C10H12ClNO2 C10H12N2O3S C10H12N3O3PS2 C10H12N4O5 C10H12O3 C10H12O4 C10H13NO2 C10H13NO2 C10H13N5O3 C10H13N5O4 C10H13N5O5

8-114

Mass% 0.045 0.037 0.0284 0.029 0.000017 0.000022 0.0000115 0.00008 0.072 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032 0.4 0.0000085 0.000031 0.00001 0.0000056 0.00005 0.000185 0.00224 0.00117 0.005 0.0019 0.00316 0.0082 0.61 0.111 0.064 0.67 0.000142 0.17 0.0189 0.092 0.0046 0.40 0.00328 0.0105 0.0281 0.0045 0.0080 0.050 0.00209 1.6 0.04 0.003 0.01 0.0502 0.67 0.51 0.0500

g/L 0.43 0.37 0.284 0.29 0.00017 0.00022 0.000115 0.0008 0.72 0.14 0.26 0.32 0.026 0.032 4 0.000085 0.00031 0.0001 0.000056 0.0005 0.00185 0.0224 0.0117 0.05 0.019 0.0316 0.082 6.1 1.11 0.64 6.7 0.00142 1.7 0.189 0.92 0.046 4.0 0.0328 0.105 0.281 0.045 0.080 0.50 0.0209 16 0.4 0.03 0.1 0.502 6.7 5.1 0.500

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20 20 26 27 4 333 13 4 4 1000 5 4 246 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 40 35 40 40 40 40 5 0.0363 28 5 0.0335 28 40 4 22 0.043 22 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 6 40 15 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 29 40 40 40 40 29 29 29

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14NO5PS C10H14N2O5 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15NO C10H15N5O5 C10H16

Name Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±)tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Parathion Thymidine 4-tert-Butylphenol Carvone, (±)Thymol l-Ephedrine Vidarabine d-Limonene

Mol Wt. 134.218 134.218 134.218 134.218 134.218 134.218 134.218 134.218 291.261 242.228 150.217 150.217 150.217 165.232 285.257 136.234

C10H16N2O3S C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O4 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O

Biotin Camphor, (+) Carvenone, (S)trans-Camphoric acid, (±)cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol, (±)-Terpineol Eucalyptol

244.310 152.233 152.233 200.232 138.250 138.250 154.249 154.249 154.249

C10H18O2

Cyclohexyl butanoate

170.249

C10H18O4 C10H19N5O C10H19N5S C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O

Sebacic acid Prometone Prometryn 1-Decene Pentylcyclopentane 4-Decanone

202.248 225.291 241.357 140.266 140.266 156.265

C10H20O2 C10H20O2

Nonyl formate Hexyl butanoate

172.265 172.265

C10H20O2 C10H20O2

Decanoic acid Octyl acetate

172.265 172.265

C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H10N2S C11H12Cl2N2O5 C11H12I3NO2

Ethyl octanoate Decane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Naphthalenylthiourea Chloramphenicol Iopanoic acid

172.265 142.282 158.281 158.281 172.181 172.181 142.197 142.197 202.275 323.129 570.932

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 25 15 25 20 0 25 25 20 15 25 25 25 25 15 21 50 20 90 20 20 20 25 25 20 80 10 29 90 20 19 92 20 0 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 25 37

8-115

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.00138 0.0014 0.0032 0.0010 0.0051 0.0071 0.0025 0.000348 0.00129 5.1 0.058 0.13 0.1 0.57 0.051 0.00097 0.00138 0.035 0.01 0.22 0.8 0.000089 0.000089 0.074 0.20 0.379 0.170 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.075 0.0048 0.00057 0.0000115 0.0238 0.0064 0.012 0.021 0.039 0.015 0.020 0.012 0.007 0.0000015 0.0037 0.02 0.016 0.0058 0.00281 0.0025 0.06 0.38 0.034

g/L 0.0138 0.014 0.032 0.010 0.051 0.071 0.025 0.00348 0.0129 54 0.58 1.3 1 5.69 0.51 0.0097 0.0138 0.35 0.1 2.2 8 0.00089 0.00089 0.74 2.0 3.79 1.70 1.1 0.90 1.0 0.75 0.048 0.0057 0.000115 0.238 0.064 0.12 0.21 0.39 0.15 0.20 0.12 0.07 0.000015 0.037 0.2 0.16 0.058 0.0281 0.025 0.6 3.8 0.34

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 22 1.33 22 4 1.89 11 4 1.28 11 4 3.32 11 23 0.80 5 40 40 4 2.55 11 40 29 40 27 30 40 40 4 4 40 10 27 27 37 4 3 13 27 27 40 40 20 20 40 40 32 4 4 185 5 20 20 20 20 20 26 20 20 27 4 479 13 1 10 40 27 22 0.045 22 4 0.051 12 40 40 40

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C11H12NO4PS2 C11H12N2O2 C11H13NO4 C11H13N3O3S C11H14ClNO C11H14N2O C11H14O3 C11H15NO2 C11H15NO3 C11H16 C11H16O C11H17N3O3S

C11H18N2O3 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C12Br10O C12Cl10 C12F26 C12HCl9 C12H2Cl8 C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl4O2 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H5N7O12 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl2NO3 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl6 C12H8Cl6O C12H8Cl6O C12H8O C12H8O4 C12H8S C12H9Cl C12H9ClF3N3O C12H9Cl2NO3 C12H9N C12H9NS C12H10

Solubility S Mass% 0.0025 1.30 0.004 0.03 0.07 ~30 0.020 0.018 0.193 0.00105 0.017 0.053

g/L 0.025 13.1 0.04 0.3 0.7 439 0.20 0.18 1.93 0.0105 0.17 0.53

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 40 26 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 5 1.69 11 40 40

Name Phosmet L-Tryptophan Bendiocarb Sulfisoxazole Propachlor Cytisine Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Butyl 4-aminobenzoate Propoxur Pentylbenzene 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol 4-Amino-N[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfona mide Amobarbital Heptyl butanoate

Mol Wt. 317.321 204.225 223.226 267.304 211.688 190.241 194.227 193.243 209.242 148.245 164.244 271.336

t/°C 25 25 25 37 20 16 25 25 20 25 25 37

226.272 186.292

Ethyl nonanoate Undecane Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl Hexacosafluorododecane 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6trinitrophenyl)aniline 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl Nitrofen 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl Acenaphthylene 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Aldrin Dieldrin Endrin Dibenzofuran Methoxsalen Dibenzothiophene 2-Chlorobiphenyl Norflurazon Vinclozolin Carbazole 10H-Phenothiazine Acenaphthene

186.292 156.309 959.167 498.658 638.086 464.213 429.768 395.323 321.971 360.878 360.878 360.878 326.433 326.433 439.208

25 20 80 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 17

0.06 0.028 0.020 0.003 0.0000004 0.0000025 0.00000000012 0.00000096 0.0000000018 0.00000015 0.0000002 0.0000000019 0.00000006 0.0000003 0.0000004 0.0000008 0.000001 0.0060

0.6 0.28 0.20 0.03 0.000004 0.000025 0.0000000012 0.0000096 0.000000018 0.0000015 0.000002 0.000000019 0.0000006 0.000003 0.000004 0.000008 0.00001 0.060

40 20 20 27 37 40 7 35 7 41 7 40 7 41 41 7 7 40

291.988 291.988 284.095 257.543 257.543 152.192 223.098 223.098 364.910 380.909 380.909 168.191 216.190 184.257 188.652 303.666 286.110 167.206 199.271 154.207

25 25 22 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 20 22 25 0

0.000002 0.0000016 0.00095 0.000014 0.00002 0.0016 0.0002 0.00014 0.00002 0.000020 0.000026 0.000475 0.0048 0.000103 0.00055 0.0028 0.1 0.000120 0.00016 0.00015

0.00002 0.000016 0.0095 0.00014 0.0002 0.016 0.002 0.0014 0.0002 0.00020 0.00026 0.00475 0.048 0.00103 0.0055 0.028 1 0.00120 0.0016 0.0015

7 9 40 7 7 28 7 7 40 40 40 41 40 6 7 40 32 6 40 4

8-116

0.0208

7

0.0381 0.0054

7 7

0.0354 0.818

31 7

0.0421

31

0.0379 0.0495 0.012 0.0201

31 7 28 7

0.011

12

0.0701

7

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Mol. Formula

Name

Mol Wt.

C12H10

Biphenyl

154.207

C12H10Cl2N2 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12H11Cl2NO C12H11N

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine trans-Azobenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenyl ether 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid Propyzamide Diphenylamine

253.126 182.220 198.219 170.206 170.206 170.206 186.206 256.127 169.222

C12H11NO2 C12H11N3

Carbaryl 4-Aminoazobenzene

201.221 197.235

C12H11N3 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12ClN5O4S C12H12N2 C12H12N2O2S C12H12N2O3

1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Chlorsulfuron p-Benzidine Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone Phenobarbital

197.235 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 357.773 184.236 248.300 232.234

C12H13NO2S C12H14N4O2S C12H14O4 C12H15ClNO4PS2 C12H15NO3 C12H18 C12H18N2O3S C12H18N4O6S C12H18O2 C12H19ClNO3P C12H20N4O2 C12H22O4 C12H22O11

Carboxin Sulfamethazine Diethyl phthalate Phosalone Carbofuran Hexylbenzene Tolbutamide Oryzalin 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol Crufomate Hexazinone Dodecanedioic acid Sucrose

235.302 278.330 222.237 367.808 221.252 162.271 270.347 346.359 194.270 291.711 252.313 230.301 342.296

C12H22O11 C12H24O

-Maltose 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

342.296 184.318

C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O

Dodecanoic acid Ethyl decanoate Dodecane 1-Dodecanol

200.318 200.318 170.334 186.333

t/°C 25 50 0 25 50 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 50 20 25 97 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 45 25 20 25 20 20 25 25 25 18 20 25 20 20 50 100 20 10 80 20 20 25 25

8-117

TeamLRN

Mass% 0.000380 0.00092 0.000272 0.00072 0.0022 0.00031 0.03 0.0035 0.07 0.0056 0.00180 0.0415 0.0015 0.0055 0.0058 0.0102 0.0030 0.068 0.050 0.00101 0.00080 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 2.71 0.0360 0.016 0.12 0.26 0.017 0.053 0.12 0.00026 0.032 0.00021 0.011 0.00024 0.05 0.50 3.2 0.004 67.1 72.3 83.0 51.9 0.012 0.014 0.0055 0.0015 0.00000037 0.0004

Henry Const. kH

Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 22 0.01217 22 4 4 22 0.0280 22 4 40 27 17 40 40 6 0.027 13 40 32 40 40 40 40 40 40 4 0.039 12 4 0.078 12 4 4 4 0.036 28 4 4 32 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 27 27 27 27 0.12 20 0.14 20 0.055 26 0.015 27 0.0000037 4 750 5 0.004 1

g/L 0.00380 0.0092 0.00272 0.0072 0.022 0.0031 0.3 0.035 0.7 0.056 0.0180 0.415 0.015 0.055 0.058 0.102 0.030 0.68 0.50 0.0101 0.0080 0.008 0.0114 0.0031 0.0025 0.0017 27.9 0.360 0.16 1.2 2.6 0.17 0.53 1.2 0.0026 0.32 0.0021 0.11 0.0024 0.5 5.0 33 0.04

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Solubility S

Henry Const. kH

Mol. Formula C12H26O

Name Dihexyl ether

Mol Wt. 186.333

C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H9N C13H9N C13H10

Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Acridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene

185.349 266.313 179.217 179.217 166.218

C13H10Cl2O2 C13H10O C13H11ClO C13H12 C13H12N2O C13H13Cl2N3O3 C13H14 C13H17N3O C13H18Cl2N2O2 C13H18O2

Dichlorophene Benzophenone Clorophene Diphenylmethane N,N’-Diphenylurea Iprodione 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene Aminopyrine Melphalan Ibuprofen

269.123 182.217 218.678 168.234 212.246 330.166 170.250 231.293 305.200 206.281

C13H19N3O4 C13H22NO3PS C13H26O2 C13H28 C14H8O2 C14H8O4 C14H9ClF2N2O2 C14H9Cl5

281.308 303.358 214.344 184.361 208.213 240.212 310.683 354.486 370.485

25

0.00013

0.0013

40

C14H9NO2 C14H10

Pendimethalin Fenamiphos Tridecanoic acid Tridecane 9,10-Anthracenedione 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Diflubenzuron 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4chlorophenyl)ethane 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethanol 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione Anthracene

t/°C 20 90 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 20 20 25 20 20 25 25 30 25 60 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 25

223.227 178.229

C14H10

Phenanthrene

178.229

0.000016 0.0000022 0.0000045 0.000050 0.00011 0.00041 0.000009

0.00016 0.000022 0.000045 0.00050 0.0011 0.0041 0.00009

40 4 22 4 22 4 40

C14H9Cl5O

Mass% 0.019 0.019 0.0142 0.039 0.00466 0.0079 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063 0.003 0.0075 0.42 0.000141 0.015 0.0013 0.00021 4.8 0.44 0.0011 0.0048 0.00003 0.0329 0.0033 0.00000003 0.00014 0.0000096 0.00002 0.0000001

g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.19 20 0.19 20 0.142 40 0.39 10 0.0466 6 0.079 6 0.0007 4 0.0019 22 0.00787 22 0.0063 4 0.03 40 0.075 40 4.2 40 0.00141 4 0.001 12 0.15 40 0.013 40 0.0021 4 50 40 4.4 40 0.011 40 0.048 40 0.0003 40 0.329 40 0.033 26 0.0000003 37 0.0014 40 0.000096 40 0.0002 40 0.000001 40

C14H10Cl4

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)ethane

320.041

25 0 25 10 25 50 25

C14H10O4 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H14NO4PS

Benzoyl peroxide trans-Stilbene Benzoin 1,2-Diphenylethane Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate Dibenzyl ether 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene Bayleton o-Tolidine 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

242.227 180.245 212.244 182.261 323.304

45 20 25 25 25 22

0.000024 0.000016 0.000029 0.03 0.00044 0.00031

0.00024 0.00016 0.00029 0.3 0.0044 0.0031

40 40 4 40 6 40

198.260 230.259 225.289 225.289 293.749 212.290 244.289

35 25 20 37 20 25 25

0.0040 0.0018 0.00014 0.0007 0.026 0.13 0.006

0.040 0.018 0.0014 0.007 0.26 1.3 0.06

10 40 40 40 40 40 40

C14H14O C14H14O3 C14H15N3 C14H15N3 C14H16ClN3O2 C14H16N2 C14H16N2O2

8-118

0.00396

22

0.00324

22

0.040

12

0.017

12

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C14H18N4O3 C14H20ClNO2 C14H21N3O3S C14H22N2O C14H28O2 C14H29Cl C14H30 C14H30O C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12N2O2 C15H15NO2 C15H16O2 C15H20N2O4S C15H24O C15H26O6 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10 C16H13ClN2O C16H14 C16H14ClN3O C16H14Cl2O3 C16H14Cl2O4 C16H14N2O C16H15Cl3O2 C16H15NO3 C16H16N2O4 C16H17NO C16H17N3O4S C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C17H12 C17H12 C17H17NO2 C17H17N3O3 C17H19NO3 C17H19NO4 C17H20N2O C17H20N4O6 C17H21NO4 C17H23NO3 C17H23NO3 C17H34O2 C18H12

Solubility S

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 40 40 40 40

Mass% 0.04 0.024 0.0065 0.38

g/L 0.4 0.24 0.065 3.8

284.739 206.282 299.754 325.186 341.186 250.294

20 25 25 25 25 25 25 37 20 20 37 25 20 20 25 25 25 50 25 25 20 20 20 23

0.0020 0.0232 0.000012 0.000031 0.00003 0.000026 0.0000269 0.0038 0.0026 0.035 0.0013 0.000636 0.010 0.0012 0.000010 0.000026 0.000013 0.00009 0.005 0.0000056 0.2 0.001 0.0003 0.03

0.020 0.232 0.00012 0.00031 0.0003 0.00026 0.000269 0.038 0.026 0.35 0.013 0.00636 0.10 0.012 0.00010 0.00026 0.00013 0.0009 0.05 0.000056 2 0.01 0.003 0.3

26 35 5 1 22 4 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 26 1 22 22 4 40 4 40 32 32 40

345.648 269.295 300.309 239.312 347.389 278.344 256.424 226.441 242.440 216.277 216.277 267.323 311.335 285.338 301.338 268.353

25 25 25 27 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

0.000005 0.085 0.00047 0.026 1.2 0.00112 0.00072 0.0000006 0.000003 0.0000045 0.0000002 2.0 0.009 0.015 0.0006 0.04

0.00005 0.85 0.0047 0.26 12 0.0112 0.0072 0.000006 0.00003 0.000045 0.000002 20 0.09 0.15 0.006 0.4

40 29 32 32 40 15 26 37 1 4 4 40 32 27 32 40

376.364 303.354 289.370 289.370 270.451 228.288

25 25 20 20 20 25

0.0075 0.17 0.3 0.36 0.00042 0.0000011

0.075 1.7 3 3.6 0.0042 0.000011

40 27 40 40 26 22

Name Trimethoprim Alachlor Tolazamide 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide Tetradecanoic acid 1-Chlorotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene Phenytoin Mefenamic acid 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane Acetohexamide 4-Nonylphenol Tributyrin Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene

Mol Wt. 290.318 269.768 311.400 234.337

t/°C 25 23 30 25

228.371 232.833 198.388 214.387 192.256 192.256 192.256 252.268 241.286 228.287 324.396 220.351 302.363 242.398 228.414 202.250 202.250

Valium 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Chlorodiazepoxide Chlorobenzilate Diclofop-methyl 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)quinazolinone Methoxychlor N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine Phenmedipham Diphenamid Cephalexin Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Apomorphine Imazaquin Morphine Fenoxycarb N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’diaminobenzophenone Riboflavin Cocaine Atropine Hyoscyamine Heptadecanoic acid Benz[a]anthracene

8-119

TeamLRN

0.00096 0.00092

22 22

0.00058

22

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12N2 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15O4P C18H16OSn C18H20O2 C18H21NO3 C18H32O16 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C19H16ClNO4 C19H16O4 C19H19N7O6 C19H20N2O2 C19H28O2 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12O5 C20H13N C20H14 C20H14O4 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H26O2 C20H30O2 C20H42 C21H13N C21H16 C21H20Cl2O3 C21H21O4P C21H22N2O2 C21H23ClFNO2 C21H26O5 C21H28O5

Solubility S Name Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene 2,2’-Biquinoline o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenyl phosphate Triphenyltin hydroxide trans-Diethylstilbestrol Codeine Raffinose Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 5-Methylchrysene Indomethacin Warfarin Folic acid

Mol Wt. 228.288 228.288 228.288 256.301 230.304 230.304 230.304 326.283 367.029 268.351 299.365 504.437 314.461 284.478 254.495 270.494 242.314 242.314 242.314 357.788 308.328 441.397

Phenylbutazone 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17
) Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Fluorescein 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene Phenolphthalein Diphenyl phthalate Papaverine Amitriptyline Quinine Quinidine Norethisterone 17-Methyltestosterone Eicosane Dibenz[a,j]acridine 1,2-Dihydro-3methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene Permethrin Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Strychnine Haloperidol 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene3,11,20-trione Prednisolone

308.374 288.424 252.309 252.309 252.309 252.309 252.309 332.306 267.324 254.325 318.323 318.323 339.386 277.404 324.417 324.417 298.419 302.451 282.547 279.335 268.352

t/°C 25 25 25 24 25 25 24 20 20 25 20 20 20 25 34 27 25 27 25 20 0 100 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 24 25 20 24 37 24 25 20 25 25 25 25 25

Henry Const. kH

Mass% g/L Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.0000002 0.000002 22 0.000065 22 0.00000006 0.0000006 4 0.000004 12 0.0000041 0.000041 4 0.00001 12 0.000102 0.00102 6 0.00012 0.0012 40 0.00015 0.0015 40 0.0000018 0.000018 40 0.000073 0.00073 40 0.0001 0.001 32 0.01 0.1 40 0.79 7.9 27 12.5 ~145 27 0.004 0.04 10 0.00029 0.0029 26 0.0000006 0.000006 37 0.000011 0.00011 1 0.0000066 0.000066 4 0.0000055 0.000055 4 0.0000062 0.000062 4 0.001 0.01 40 0.004 0.04 40 0.001 0.01 26 0.05 0.5 26 0.0034 0.034 40 0.0024 0.024 40 0.00000004 0.0000004 4 0.000003 12 0.0000003 0.000003 22 0.0000465 22 0.0000005 0.000005 22 0.0000467 22 0.00000008 0.0000008 40 0.0000002 0.000002 40 0.005 0.05 27 0.00000104 0.0000104 6 0.00000036 0.0000036 6 0.018 0.18 27 0.000008 0.00008 40 0.0037 0.037 40 0.00097 0.0097 40 0.057 0.57 27 0.020 0.20 27 0.00063 0.0063 40 0.0033 0.033 40 0.00000019 0.0000019 4 0.000016 0.00016 6 0.00000022 0.0000022 6

391.288 368.363 334.412 375.865 358.428

20 25 20 30 25

0.00002 0.00004 0.013 0.0003 0.012

0.0002 0.0004 0.13 0.003 0.12

32 40 27 40 40

360.444

25

0.03

0.3

40

8-120

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Formula C21H28O5

Solubility S Mass% 0.028

g/L 0.28

25 41 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 30 25 20 25 25 25 22 20 25 25 20 13 25 25 20

0.00088 0.00206 0.029 0.67 0.00000002 0.000000026 0.0000027 0.00000006 0.0000012 0.00000025 0.0000002 0.000001 0.13 0.00041 0.03 4 0.009 0.012 0.2 0.0000006 0.0000005 0.00001 0.000017 0.012 0.078 0.000000014 0.000027 0.001

0.0088 0.0206 0.29 6.75 0.0000002 0.00000026 0.000027 0.0000006 0.000012 0.0000025 0.000002 0.00001 1.3 0.0041 0.3 4 0.09 0.12 2 0.000006 0.000005 0.0001 0.00017 0.12 0.78 0.00000014 0.00027 0.01

20 22 20 25 22 20 15 25 30 25 30 80 25 25 15 23

0.028 0.0000004 0.0000006 0.0000002 0.0000006 0.02 0.096 1.3 0.0073 0.0000002 0.12 0.04 0.0004 0.0059 0.0026 0.0000005

Name 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione Progesterone

Mol Wt. 360.444

t/°C 25

314.462 362.460 411.490 276.330 276.330 278.346 278.346 278.346 278.346 434.287 416.297 492.386 379.427 413.421 399.437 392.460 374.470 340.583 310.600 449.850 422.868 394.417 394.463 445.462 300.352 390.557 392.573

C24H40O5 C24H50 C25H24F6N4 C26H54 C28H58 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4 C29H44O12 C33H40N2O9 C36H74 C37H67NO13

Hydrocortisone Lasiocarpine Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzo[b]triphenylene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene Picene Cyfluthrin Cypermethrin Carminic acid Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Dexamethasone Methylprednisolone Butyl stearate Docosane Cyhalothrin Bifenthrin Rotenone Brucine Narceine Coronene Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3,5
,12) Cholic acid Tetracosane Hydramethylnon Hexacosane Octacosane Etoposide Emetine Ouabain Reserpine Hexatriacontane Erythromycin

C41H64O13 C41H64O14 C45H73NO15 C60H78OSn2

Digitoxin Digoxin Solanine Fenbutatin oxide

764.939 780.939 868.060 1052.68

C21H30O2 C21H30O5 C21H33NO7 C22H12 C22H12 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H18Cl2FNO3 C22H19Cl2NO3 C22H20O13 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H29FO5 C22H30O5 C22H44O2 C22H46 C23H19ClF3NO3 C23H22ClF3O2 C23H22O6 C23H26N2O4 C23H27NO8 C24H12 C24H38O4 C24H40O4

a

408.572 338.654 494.476 366.707 394.761 588.556 480.639 584.652 608.679 506.973 733.927

0.28 0.000004 0.000006 0.000002 0.000006 0.2 0.96 13 0.073 0.000002 1.2 0.4 0.004 0.059 0.026 0.000005

Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.

8-121

TeamLRN

Henry Const. kH Ref. kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 30 40 40 40 40 40 4 4 4 4 4 32 32 40 40 40 26 40 40 10 37 32 32 40 27 27 4 40 40 26 37 32 37 37 40 40 40 40 37 40 40 40 40 40 32

0.000075

12

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100◊w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 rw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. r is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data. The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R.W., and Clynne, M.A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M.A., and Potter, R.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W.L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.

8-110

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued)

8-111

AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2 Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

0.17

0.31

0.47

81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30

83.0

84.2

62.3 0.67 30.91

67.8 0.78 31.03

0.34 38.2

0.44 39.9

1.48 48.5 0.442

1.80 49.5 0.656

24.88

26.33

21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7 0.0262 36.6 6.3

23.66 74.30 67.3 0.0342 41.8 8.2

4.78

6.97

26.69 55 36.70 63.2

27.58 56 39.19 64.2

28.61 59 42.13 65.5

0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1

66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1

0.174

0.191

67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202

62.5 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79

40.5

25∞C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

0.64

0.82

1.02

1.22

1.44

1.66

1.32 1.88

2.11

85.3

86.3

86.9

87.5

87.9

88.3

88.6

88.8

72.3 0.88 31.18

76.1 0.97 31.37

79.2 1.05 31.60

81.7 1.13 31.87

83.8 1.20 32.17

85.4 1.26 32.51

87.8 1.39 33.32

0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935

0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30

0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74

0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27

1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90

1.28

86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45

37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61

40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40

27.70

29.00

30.27

31.53

32.81

34.14

35.54

29.43 77.05

33.16 79.23

36.69 80.92

40.05 82.21

43.04 83.16

45.90 83.88

48.70 84.43

37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90

69.1 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58

69.5 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67

70.1 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18

70.7 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05

71.3 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19

72.0 0.131 68.5 21.5 100 28.55

72.7 0.156 72.1 23.5

73.4 0.182 75.6 25.5

33.04

37.61

29.90 63 49.12* 67.2

31.51 68 52.85* 69.0

33.39 71 56.05* 71.0

35.50 73 56.73 73.2

37.78

40.21

42.72

45.28

57.44 75.5*

58.21 77.4*

59.04 77.7

59.94 78.0

69.0 0.384*

70.8 0.517*

72.4 0.590

74.0 0.652

76.0 0.811*

78.0 0.665*

79.6 0.668

81.0

60.9 0.0049 0.208

65.4 0.0041 0.210

77.8 0.0035 0.207

78.1 0.0030 0.201

78.2 0.0026 0.193

78.3 0.0023 0.184

78.4 0.0020 0.173

78.5 0.0019 0.163

1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25

Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9

TeamLRN

Compound

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound

8-112

CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

25∞C

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

Ref.

53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8

56.4

60.3*

60.3*

60.5

60.7

60.9

61.3

61.6

56.3*

57.3*

57.5

57.8

58.1

58.51

58.98

59.5 66.9

3.76 46.8

47.9

49.0

50.2

51.5

52.7

54.1

55.4

62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10

66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27

70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38

86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46

86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50

86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51

87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51

87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50

68.51

71.17

73.41

75.29

76.89

78.28

79.52

80.70

52.4 29.2

56.0 32.3

60.1 34.4

62.6 35.9

64.9 35.5

67.7 33.2

30.6

27.8

63.0

63.5

64.1

64.7

65.5

66.2

67.1

67.9

4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8

6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0

8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0

11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7

14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9

17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3

21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1

25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2

65.5

66.1

66.7

67.3

67.8

68.3

68.8

43.7 59.3

44.8

46.0

47.2

48.5

49.9

51.3

52.7

61.1 19.3

62.0 22.2

63.1 25.4

64.5 28.8

65.9 32.4

67.5 36.3

69.2 40.3

71.0 43.5

63.29 66.69 60.4

65.43 68.70 62.5

68.04 70.96 64.6

71.58 73.64

77.75

84.4

64.8* 48.7* 84.7

6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13 7 7 6

36.0

43.0

49.9

47.2

50.1

53.2

44.1

5.82 44.9

4.65 45.8

55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0

57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60

59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87

58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9

61.78

65.35

47.0 23.0

49.4 26.1

62.2

62.3

62.6

1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46

1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0

3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6

62.6

63.4

64.1

40.8 54.3

41.7

42.6

45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2

49.8 14.4

56.3 16.7

59.99 63.15 56.7

61.49 64.84 58.5

33.2* 42.7

44.9

47.9

64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4 54.6 39.4* 47.7

51.6

74.8

76.7

84.6

84.3

84.3

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued)

8-113

Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

63.39 40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24

17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05

20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041

73.8 0.038

0.043

0.048

0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0

0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12

0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9

59.1

61.5

51.30

51.39

51.49

25∞C 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072

28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122

32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199

35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18

33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16

30.4

27.1

24.0

82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06

83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90

85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62

0.054

0.059

0.065

0.070

0.076

0.082

0.088

85.3* 0.093

0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5

1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54

2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94

2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74

3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99

4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0

5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94

5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67

31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8

34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3

37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7

40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82

49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89

51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02

54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17

78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9

79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5

79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5

80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*

64.1

67.7*

51.62

51.76

52.32

52.54

66.5 52.79

72.7* 51.93

52.11

53.06

Ref. 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26

TeamLRN

Compound

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound

8-114

K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2

0∞C 7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4

10∞C

20∞C

8.46

9.95

26.7

31.1

52.93

53.17

27.6

31.1

17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46* 75.6* 32.6 0.126

22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29* 80.8* 35.5 0.131

60.5

61.7

41 34.8 10.8

45 37.6 10.8

49 42.7 11.0

1.54

1.43

1.33

9.07 26.3

8.40 25.9

7.77 25.6

49.3 43.0 36.18

49.8 45.2 37.55

50.3 48.0 38.92

33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*

34.85 54.40 48.7

35.58 56.81 49.6

54.7 3.19*

56.1 6.70*

58.2 7.92

25∞C 10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81 82.1 37.0 0.134 62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

Ref.

11.4

12.9

14.2

15.5

16.7

17.7

19.3

35.2

39.0

42.6

46.0

49.1

52.0

18.6 75.7* 54.6

53.43

53.70

53.99

54.30

54.61

54.94

55.26

34.3

37.2

39.6

41.7

43.5

45.0

46.1

25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25 83.4 38.6

29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30 85.9* 41.9

32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47 87.1* 45.5

35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78 88.2 49.2

38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27 89.6 53.2

40.6 58.9

41.4 61.7

43.1

70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98 91.3 57.2

71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98* 93.4 61.3

72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34* 95.7 71.4

63.0

64.3

65.8

67.3

68.8

81.3

81.7

82.6

53 57.9 11.3

56 60.1 11.7

60 62.2 12.2

63 64.0 12.7

66 65.7 13.4

68 67.2 14.2

68.5 15.1

69.7 16.1

1.24

1.15

1.07

0.99

0.92

0.85

0.78

0.72

7.18 25.3

6.64 25.0

6.16 24.8

5.71 24.5

5.30 24.3

4.91 24.0

4.53 23.8

4.16 23.6

50.9 51.0

51.5 54.3

52.1 57.9

52.8 61.6

53.5 65.3

54.2 69.0*

55.0 70.9*

55.7 71.7

36.20 60.91* 50.5

36.77 65.46* 51.3

37.34 67.33 52.1

37.97 69.27

38.71 71.01

39.62 72.44

40.75 73.48

42.15

65.1 19.6

65.2

6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14

68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0

67.0 60.8 9.11

63.9 10.45

65.0 11.99

65.0 13.7

65.0 15.6

65.0 17.6

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued)

8-115

Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF

0∞C

38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*

10∞C

20∞C

39.5 0.37 21.7

40.8 0.46 25.1

57.72 40.6

59.39 42.5

50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7

37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1

38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4

55.7 54.0

59.0 60.1

64.9 65.5

2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0

3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1

4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4

44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7

45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32

47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41

44.27 61.9 3.52

46.67 64.1 3.72

49.3 66.2 3.89

25∞C 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

42.4 0.61 28.2

44.1 0.87* 30.9

45.9 0.85* 33.4

47.9 0.76 35.6

50.0 0.69 36.9

52.2 0.64 35.9

70.6 0.62 34.7

72.0 0.60 33.3

60.96 44.7

62.41 47.0

63.75 49.4

65.01 54.1

66.19 54.7

67.32 55.2

68.42 55.7

47* 69.50 56.1 0.48

0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20

37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64

36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63

34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8

32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7

30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6

28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8

26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6

67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4

78.0

70.3

74.3

77.7

80.8

85.8

88.2

90.3

5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0

7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9

9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0

12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4

83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9

18.3 53.3

21.8 55.9

25.7 58.6

59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1

62.00 58.9 48.5

49.5

50.5

49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52

51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67

53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84

54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03

54.3 40.37

54.5 42.52

54.7

54.9

59.3 27.25

60.5 27.50

61.7 27.78

62.9 28.05

51.2 68.3 4.05

53.6 70.4 4.20

55.5 72.5 4.34

95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46

58.5 74.7 4.57

60.5 75.4 4.66

63.3 76.1 4.75

67.1 76.7 4.82

72.4 71.1

Ref. 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6

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Compound

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound

8-116

NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

6.48

7.59

8.73

36.54 61.2 2.43

41.07 62.4 4.40

46.00 63.9 7.78*

41.9 42.2 30

43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1

45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4

4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4

7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5

11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1

41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1

42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5

55.40 44.1 21.4

57.68 46.0 24.4

59.78 48.4 27.4

21.6 0.449 0.66

0.620 0.81

26.2* 0.841 0.98

0.041

0.0603 0.052

0.0649 0.067

1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1

25∞C 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

9.91

11.13

12.40

51.54 65.7 9.60

57.89* 67.7 11.67

46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

Ref.

13.70

15.02

16.37

17.73

19.10 33.3

61.7* 69.8 13.99

62.3* 72.0 16.52

65.9 74.7 19.25*

68.7 74.8 21.1*

74.9 22.9

75.1 24.7

48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0

50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1

52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3

55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6

57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0

59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6

16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6

35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8

44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0

45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2

46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5

48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8

50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1

42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7

43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1

44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2

45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0

46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5

47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8

48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1

61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5

46.1

46.2

46.4

46.6

61.50 51.3 30.3*

62.80 54.6 32.0*

63.73 58.3 34.1

64.38 61.0 35.8

64.80 63.1 37.7

65.09 65.6 39.9

2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3

69.0 44.8

1.118 1.17

1.46 1.39

1.89 1.64

1.93

2.24

2.60

0.0693 0.086

0.112

0.144

0.187

0.243

0.315

7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2

45.6* 0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076

2.99

3.42

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued)

8-117

Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

25∞C

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58 2.10 1

32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65 3.38

35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53 5.14

0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42 6.22 1.5

39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27 7.45

42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86 10.35

45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34 13.85

58.6 1.53 25.0

75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6

63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4

65.4 3.52 53.1

30.0

32.5

34.8

59.3 56.33 48.0 64

61.6 58.08 48.2

55.8 1.09 16.4 38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5

48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42

0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64

62.8 0.126

63.5 0.152

28.2 0.9

34.6

41.0

8.8

13.2

2.65

3.56

17.7 60.6 4.61

62.3 2.38 39.4 43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4

51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165

44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

47.90

50.42

52.72

54.82

56.75

54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67 17.93

56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92 22.53

58.3 63.5 14.15 56.08 27.57

64.8 17.32 57.16 32.96

65.9 20.76 58.15 38.60 17

67.2 4.41 60.8

68.8 5.42 67.2

70.3 6.52 72.2

71.6 7.74 76.1

72.7 9.00 79.0

73.8 10.36 81.2

36.9

38.7

40.3

41.8

43.0

44.1

44.9

63.9 60.08 48.6

66.2 62.38 49.2

68.5 65.05* 50.0

68.1*

70.8

74.2

52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93

55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*

57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70

59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16

62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65

64.6 40.2* 47.69

66.8 40.8 48.70

3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87

66.18

66.74

67.31

64.5 0.179

65.8 0.206

67.3 0.233

69.0 0.259

70.8 0.284

72.7 0.307

74.7 0.328

79.2 0.346

41.9 47.0

44.3 47.4

47.9

48.4

48.9

49.5

50.1

58.6 50.7

22.2

26.8

5.80

7.09

8.46

9.89

11.33

12.77

14.18

15.53

Ref. 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6

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Compound

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4

0∞C

10∞C

20∞C

49.52 55.57

51.82 56.93

54.42 58.75

79.3

80.1 0.0010 76.6

81.8 0.0019 79.0

81.1

81.2

47.8

50.8

29.1 33.06

32.0 34.98

81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38

44.29*

25∞C 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79

30∞C

40∞C

50∞C

60∞C

70∞C

80∞C

90∞C

100∞C

57.55 61.11*

61.59 63.3*

67.07 64.9

67.9

72.5

84.1

85.6

85.8

86.1

86.3

86.6

86.8

87.1

81.4

81.8

82.4 48.70

83.0

83.7

84.4

85.2

86.0

81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34

81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3

82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0

82.3

82.6

83.0

83.3

83.7

87.5

89.9

42.1

41.0

39.9

38.8

37.6

Ref. 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

8-118

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s) 1 mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) -∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = -∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S-2 + H2O 1 HS– + OH– which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+ 1 mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V.B., and White, H.J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979—1992. 4. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R.J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc.,135, 2971, 1988.

Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate

Formula AlPO4 Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2⋅8H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2⋅H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4

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Ksp 9.84⋅10-21 2.43⋅10-4 2.58⋅10-9 1.17⋅10-10 1.84⋅10-7 2.55⋅10-4 4.01⋅10-9 1.67⋅10-9 3.54⋅10-8 4.64⋅10-3 3.40⋅10-8 1.08⋅10-10 5.0⋅10-10 6.92⋅10-22 4.43⋅10-10

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Formula BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4⋅3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2⋅6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4⋅H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO3⋅0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2⋅2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2⋅H2O CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3 FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4⋅2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3⋅3H2O MgCO3⋅5H2O MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4⋅2H2O

Ksp 7.71⋅10-19 2.2⋅10-33 1.0⋅10-12 6.44⋅10-3 7.2⋅10-15 2.5⋅10-8 1.42⋅10-8 2.53⋅10-33 3.36⋅10-9 3.45⋅10-11 5.02⋅10-6 6.47⋅10-6 7.10⋅10-7 1.46⋅10-8 2.32⋅10-9 2.07⋅10-33 4.93⋅10-5 3.14⋅10-5 3.1⋅10-7 3.95⋅10-3 5.16⋅10-6 6.80⋅10-29 5.92⋅10-15 1.21⋅10-2 2.05⋅10-35 6.27⋅10-9 1.72⋅10-7 3.47⋅10-20 1.27⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-13 7.95⋅10-36 6.94⋅10-8 4.43⋅10-10 1.40⋅10-37 9.38⋅10-27 7.28⋅10-36 3.13⋅10-11 2.36⋅10-6 4.87⋅10-17 2.79⋅10-39 9.91⋅10-16 7.50⋅10-12 6.60⋅10-6 7.40⋅10-14 1.70⋅10-5 3.3⋅10-8 1.43⋅10-20 3.69⋅10-13 9.8⋅10-9 1.37⋅10-7 2.53⋅10-8 8.15⋅10-4 1.84⋅10-3 2.37⋅10-11 6.82⋅10-6 2.38⋅10-6 3.79⋅10-6 5.16⋅10-11 5.61⋅10-12 4.83⋅10-6

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide

Formula

Ksp

Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4⋅2H2O Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6 KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3 Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2⋅H2O Sr(IO3)2⋅6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2

1.04⋅10-24 2.24⋅10-11 4.37⋅10-7 1.70⋅10-7 6.40⋅10-23 3.6⋅10-17 1.43⋅10-18 3.10⋅10-6 5.2⋅10-29 1.75⋅10-13 6.5⋅10-7 3.2⋅10-20 6.2⋅10-20 2.9⋅10-29 1.08⋅10-33 1.42⋅10-7 5.48⋅10-16 4.71⋅10-5 4.74⋅10-32 4.39⋅10-23 7.48⋅10-6 1.05⋅10-2 3.71⋅10-4 3.39⋅10-24 1.16⋅10-9 3.66⋅10-11 3.00⋅10-3 5.81⋅10-24 2.22⋅10-31 1.94⋅10-3 1.03⋅10-22 5.38⋅10-5 5.35⋅10-13 8.46⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-10 1.12⋅10-12 5.97⋅10-17 3.17⋅10-8 8.52⋅10-17 5.40⋅10-12 8.89⋅10-17 1.20⋅10-5 1.50⋅10-14 1.03⋅10-12 4.29⋅10-19 5.60⋅10-10 4.33⋅10-9 1.14⋅10-7 3.77⋅10-7 4.55⋅10-7 3.44⋅10-7 1.10⋅10-4 3.71⋅10-6 1.86⋅10-4 8.67⋅10-13 3.12⋅10-6 5.54⋅10-8 1.57⋅10-4 1.68⋅10-44 5.45⋅10-27

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound

Formula

Ksp

Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate

Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3⋅H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2⋅2H2O ZnC2O4⋅2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3⋅H2O

1.03⋅10-31 8.62⋅10-21 1.00⋅10-22 1.12⋅10-10 2.8⋅10-28 1.46⋅10-10 5.42⋅10-11 3.04⋅10-2 3⋅10-17 4.1⋅10-6 1.38⋅10-9 3.6⋅10-26 1.59⋅10-7

Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS

Kspa 8⋅10-7 6⋅10-16 6⋅102 3⋅10-7 3⋅107 4⋅10-33 2⋅10-32 6⋅10-30 1⋅10-5 2⋅10-4 3⋅10-2

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. Salt

10°C

15°C

20°C

25°C

30°C

35°C

40°C

Ref.

BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4

1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911

1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116

1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336

1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573

1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191

1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331

1.958

4.958 6.422

5.130 6.721

5.314

5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827

6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099

1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

0.593 8.483

10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194

SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt No. 1

5

Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9

8-115

10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

20 21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6)

Al

NH4

W Al(—)3 a Al(—)

W NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)

W AlBr2

W Al(—)3 W AlCl3

W Al(—)

w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3

Sb

A Sb(—) A Sb(—)

d SbBr3

W SbCl3

W SbF3

d SbI3

w Sb2O3 W NH4H2PO4

W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—)

A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3

Ba

Bi

Cd

Ca

Cr

Co

Cu

Au (I)

Au (II)

H

Fe (II)

Fe (III)

W Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2

W Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)

W Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2

W Cr(—)3

W C2H4O2 W H3AsO4

Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2

Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)

W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)

W Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2

W

A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3

W Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—)

W

W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—)

W Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—)

W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2

A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3

W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3

A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3

W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4

d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3

W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3

I CrCl3

A Cr(CN)3

W(a)* CrF3

A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2

W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d

W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2

A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—)

w AuBr

w AuCl

w AuCN

W AuBr3

W C7H6O2 W HBr

W AuCl3

W HClO3 W HCl

W Au(CN)3

W AuOH a AuI

A Au(OH)3 a AuI3

Au2O

A Au2O3 H3PO4

I Au2S I

I Au2S3 I

W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2

W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6

a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4

W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—)

W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)

a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w

w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3

SOLUBILITY CHART (continued)

26

Al

Thiocy’te

No. 1

5

Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8

8-116

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19 20

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

21

Phosphate

22

Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate

23

NH4

Sb

Ba

W NH4CNS

Bi

Cd

Ca

W Ba(CNS)2

Cr

W Ca(CNS)

Pb

Mg

Mn

Hg (I)

Hg (II)

Ni

K

W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)

W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4

W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2

w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN

W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2

A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4

W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2

W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2

w Hg2SO4

d HgSO4

W NiSO4

W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4

w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4

w MnH(—)

A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4

d HgF w Hg(—)

W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)

Pt

w PtBr4

W PtCl4

I Pt(CN)2

W PtF4

A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4

A PtO

W Pt(SO4)2

Co

Cu

W Co(CNS)2

d CuCNS

Au (I)

Au (II)

H

Fe (II)

W CNSH

Fe (III)

W W Fe(CNS)2 Fe(CNS)3

Ag

Na

Sn (IV)

Sn (II)

Sr

Zn

w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)

W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4

W Sn(—)4

d Sn(—)2

W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2

W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2

I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4

w Ag2SO4

A Sn3(—)2

W SnBr4

W SnBr2

W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2

W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)

W SnF4

A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2

w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4

A SnO2

W Sn(SO4)2

A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)

W SnSO4

W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4

W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4

TeamLRN

No.

SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) No.

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Pb

Mg

Mn

Hg (I)

Hg (II)

Ni

K

Pt

Ag

Na

Sn (IV)

Sn (II)

Sr

Zn

A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2

d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2

A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2

I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS

I HgS I

A NiS A Ni(—)

W K2 S W K2(—) W KCNS

I PtS I

A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS

W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS

A SnS2 A

A SnS A Sn(—)

W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2

A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2

w Hg(CNS)2

8-117

REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).

REFERENCES 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 1.94 1.66 1.44 1.28 1.14 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.65

2.26 1.86 1.57 1.36 1.19 1.06 0.95 0.86 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.56

Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0

1.95 1.55 1.26 1.05 0.88 0.75 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.24 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00

0.53 0.49 0.46 0.34 0.26 0.16 0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.06 -0.08 -0.09

0.21 0.18 0.15 0.03 -0.05 -0.15 -0.25 -0.30 -0.33 -0.37 -0.39 -0.40

For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2):

P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105

Air temperature 10°C 20°C 30°C 0.001043 0.001005 0.000968 0.001105 0.001065 0.001025 0.001166 0.001124 0.001083 0.001228 0.001184 0.001140 0.001290 0.001243 0.001198

Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.

TeamLRN

8-118

VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.

REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. t/°C

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3

t/°C

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3

t/°C

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679

PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr ρ25 λ η cp

: : : : :

Molecular weight (relative molar mass) Density at 25°C in g/L Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) Specific heat at 25°C in J/g °C

REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989

Gas

Mr

ρ 25 g L-1

Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane

2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10

0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025

At 25°C λ η mW/m °C µPa s 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9

8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3

8-119

TeamLRN

λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2

At 250°C η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0

cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67

SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point.

REFERENCES 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.

Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290

8-120

ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720

tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

13C

CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS

The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1989. Solvent

Formula

Chemical shift (ppm)

Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane

CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C;N C6 H 6 C6 D 6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13

20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C;N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents”. REFERENCES 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D.R., and Milne, G.W.A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.)

MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued)

8-124

Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) cis-Decalin trans-Decalin

e/m (intensity) 44(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 43(100) 53(100) 41(100) 57(100) 30(100) 58(100) 125(100) 51(100) 78(100) 103(100) 91(100) 49(100) 173(100) 43(100) 31(100) 45(100) 59(100) 30(100) 58(100) 43(100) 133(100) 28(100) 55(100) 76(100) 117(100) 65(100) 112(100) 83(100) 85(100) 105(100) 56(100) 57(100) 55(100) 56(100) 42(100) 55(100)

43(92) 45(87) 15(34) 40(46) 85(31) 26(85) 68(50) 31(34) 56(80) 41(18) 127(32) 77(81) 77(20) 76(34) 126(20) 130(67) 171(50) 56(34) 56(81) 31(22) 31(33) 73(10) 41(21) 58(60) 105(38) 42(74) 113(87) 32(22) 119(98) 45(31) 77(63) 85(64) 69(61) 120(25) 84(71) 44(68) 42(85) 43(23) 70(30) 28(50)

29(77) 60(57) 58(23) 39(13) 100(20) 52(79) 54(42) 29(32) 28(76) 18(17) 160(14) 50(55) 52(19) 50(13) 65(14) 128(52) 175(49) 41(17) 41(62) 27(22) 41(22) 28(5) 42(15) 57(17) 41(23) 29(48) 30(81) 44(17) 121(31) 85(14) 114(33) 47(35) 31(38) 77(13) 41(70) 41(68) 41(34) 28(17) 55(29) 84(42)

31(76) 15(42) 27(9) 14(9) 27(12) 51(34) 40(21) 28(31) 57(33) 42(13) 89(13) 106(44) 51(17) 104(9) 92(9) 51(31) 93(22) 27(16) 43(60) 59(20) 43(18) 41(3) 18(9) 100(16) 148(18) 27(33) 56(66) 78(9) 82(24) 31(10) 51(29) 35(19) 87(32) 51(12) 27(37) 39(51) 27(33) 99(10) 41(29) 41(38)

45(74) 42(14) 14(9) 38(6) 42(10) 27(13) 55(20) 58(25) 39(21) 28(11) 162(9) 105(43) 50(15) 75(7) 39(9) 93(23) 91(22) 29(15) 27(50) 29(18) 29(13) 27(3) 30(8) 29(15) 93(16) 41(27) 84(60) 38(6) 47(23) 64(8) 50(14) 48(16) 50(17) 79(10) 55(36) 32(40) 98(31) 70(8) 39(22) 56(29)

27(52) 29(13) 42(8) 28(4) 29(10) 50(8) 27(17) 39(22) 29(20) 56(10) 63(9) 52(26) 39(12) 51(7) 63(8) 81(20) 79(18) 73(11) 42(31) 43(13) 27(11) 18(3) 15(8) 41(13) 91(14) 56(25) 85(57) 28(5) 84(16) 44(7) 75(8) 49(12) 35(8) 106(9) 39(35) 43(38) 39(27) 57(6) 27(15) 27(24)

72(48) 14(13) 26(7) 26(4) 41(7) 25(7) 39(16) 27(20) 27(18) 30(10) 126(8) 78(16) 79(6) 77(5) 128(6) 79(20) 81(17) 61(10) 29(31) 41(12) 57(10) 44(2) 39(7) 85(8) 115(13) 86(24) 42(51) 77(3) 35(14) 35(6) 113(7) 87(10) 119(6) 39(9) 42(30) 31(32) 69(26) 30(6) 40(7) 39(19)

73(23) 28(7) 29(5) 25(3) 39(7) 38(5) 28(13) 30(16) 26(13) 29(8) 62(7) 39(13) 76(5) 52(4) 45(6) 95(17) 94(13) 28(7) 28(17) 44(8) 42(4) 42(2) 57(6) 27(8) 134(11) 26(18) 41(33) 64(1) 49(8) 26(6) 78(5) 37(6) 66(4) 27(8) 69(23) 42(22) 70(20) 93(5) 29(5) 42(15)

28(17) 18(6) 28(5) 42(2) 31(5) 54(3) 52(7) 32(14) 41(8) 43(6) 105(5) 27(10) 74(4) 39(4) 89(5) 132(16) 92(13) 55(6) 39(16) 18(8) 60(3) 31(2) 28(6) 71(7) 39(11) 85(10) 28(26) 46(1) 28(8) 87(5) 76(5) 50(5) 100(3) 103(6) 28(18) 67(18) 43(14) 54(4) 28(4) 26(9)

46(15) 16(6) 39(4) 27(2) 26(5) 37(3) 42(6) 26(11) 18(8) 59(5) 39(5) 74(8) 38(4) 74(3) 125(3) 47(8) 254(11) 39(6) 55(12) 28(5) 28(3) 29(2) 59(4) 59(5) 116(10) 39(10) 43(17) 39(1) 36(6) 81(4) 28(4) 84(4) 47(3) 91(5) 43(14) 82(16) 28(14) 41(4) 43(3) 29(7)

119(100) 67(100) 41(100)

91(42) 81(87) 68(91)

134(33) 41(81) 67(88)

39(27) 138(67) 82(67)

41(20) 96(62) 27(65)

117(18) 82(62) 96(61)

65(18) 39(50) 95(55)

77(17) 55(45) 138(51)

27(16) 27(44) 81(51)

120(15) 95(42) 29(51)

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Compound

MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound

8-125

Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin

e/m (intensity) 43(100) 27(100) 111(100) 174(100) 179(100) 86(100) 146(100)

59(41) 107(77) 113(98) 93(96) 181(97) 72(52) 148(64)

58(17) 109(72) 192(29) 95(84) 129(34) 30(48) 111(38)

101(10) 26(24) 43(16) 172(53) 131(33) 44(40) 75(23)

41(9) 28(10) 41(16) 176(50) 100(17) 29(31) 113(12)

31(9) 81(5) 190(15) 91(11) 31(13) 57(24) 74(12)

83(6) 79(5) 194(14) 81(9) 260(12) 41(21) 50(11)

56(6) 25(5) 81(9) 79(9) 50(8) 73(15) 150(10)

55(6) 95(4) 79(9) 94(5) 69(7) 28(15) 73(9)

29(6) 93(4) 122(7) 65(5) 262(6) 43(13) 147(7)

63(100)

27(71)

65(31)

26(19)

83(11)

85(7)

61(7)

35(6)

98(5)

62(5)

62(100) 61(100) 61(100) 61(100) 93(100)

27(91) 96(61) 96(73) 96(67) 63(74)

49(40) 98(38) 98(47) 98(43) 27(38)

64(32) 63(32) 63(32) 26(34) 95(32)

26(31) 26(16) 26(30) 63(32) 65(24)

63(19) 60(15) 60(21) 60(24) 31(9)

98(14) 62(7) 25(13) 25(15) 49(4)

51(13) 25(7) 35(12) 62(10) 28(4)

61(12) 100(6) 62(9) 100(7) 94(3)

100(9) 35(6) 100(8) 47(7) 62(3)

49(100) 63(100) 85(100) 30(100) 30(100) 29(100) 45(100)

84(64) 62(71) 135(52) 74(82) 58(81) 45(70) 75(23)

86(39) 27(57) 87(33) 28(77) 44(28) 31(53) 31(20)

51(31) 41(49) 137(17) 56(69) 73(18) 27(39) 44(16)

47(14) 39(32) 101(9) 18(50) 29(18) 91(24) 27(14)

48(8) 65(31) 31(9) 42(46) 28(17) 28(15) 76(12)

88(6) 76(27) 103(6) 29(36) 72(12) 63(11) 29(12)

50(3) 64(25) 100(6) 27(34) 42(11) 26(10) 43(11)

85(2) 49(13) 50(5) 45(30) 27(11) 30(6) 42(9)

83(2) 77(12) 69(4) 43(19) 59(4) 43(5) 41(4)

59(100)

58(43)

31(34)

29(32)

45(28)

28(19)

89(15)

43(9)

27(5)

60(4)

45(100)

59(56)

72(37)

73(22)

60(14)

31(13)

75(11)

44(9)

104(8)

103(7)

43(100)

29(51)

31(42)

45(40)

59(24)

72(18)

44(10)

73(9)

42(9)

30(6)

45(100) 44(100) 31(100) 57(100) 45(100) 44(100) 44(100) 94(100) 73(100) 63(100) 28(100) 73(100) 68(100) 57(100)

31(42) 73(59) 29(63) 85(82) 43(39) 87(69) 45(81) 45(63) 44(86) 78(70) 29(37) 29(56) 93(50) 27(39)

59(41) 30(35) 59(40) 41(46) 87(15) 43(46) 18(32) 79(59) 42(36) 15(40) 88(31) 44(53) 67(44) 29(32)

29(38) 19(18) 27(35) 43(39) 41(12) 45(23) 28(30) 46(38) 30(22) 45(35) 58(24) 45(28) 94(22) 49(25)

28(32) 56(16) 45(33) 58(33) 59(10) 42(19) 43(19) 47(26) 28(20) 29(16) 31(17) 28(21) 39(22) 31(22)

58(21) 28(16) 74(23) 28(30) 27(8) 72(15) 42(15) 15(18) 29(8) 61(13) 15(17) 43(20) 107(18) 62(18)

43(14) 27(16) 15(17) 26(30) 39(4) 15(11) 15(9) 48(14) 43(7) 46(12) 27(15) 27(13) 92(18) 28(16)

27(13) 42(11) 43(9) 39(22) 69(3) 30(8) 46(5) 61(12) 72(6) 31(11) 30(13) 31(7) 53(18) 92(1)

44(11) 99(8) 28(9) 42(12) 42(3) 28(5) 41(5) 64(11) 58(5) 48(10) 43(11) 74(5) 136(16)

32(10) 43(8) 26(9) 142(11) 31(3) 88(4) 27(5) 96(9) 74(4) 47(10) 26(9) 42(3) 79(16)

MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued)

8-126

Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethanediamine) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethylpyridine)

e/m (intensity) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 108(100) 64(100) 29(100)

18(30) 29(46) 29(24) 45(44) 28(32) 106(31) 110(97) 28(91) 44(62)

28(15) 27(33) 88(18) 46(18) 44(20) 51(14) 29(62) 29(84) 43(54)

42(7) 45(32) 28(16) 27(18) 45(19) 39(10) 27(51) 27(75) 88(40)

31(6) 61(28) 85(14) 29(15) 27(13) 77(8) 28(35) 66(32) 30(16)

17(6) 28(25) 27(12) 43(14) 15(10) 65(8) 26(14) 26(28) 28(11)

61(5) 42(18) 42(11) 30(6) 42(9) 105(7) 93(6) 49(25) 45(7)

15(5) 73(11) 60(9) 42(3) 29(8) 92(7) 32(6) 51(8) 58(6)

43(3) 88(10) 130(6) 19(3) 41(5) 78(7) 95(5) 63(6) 42(6)

29(3) 70(10) 45(6) 14(3) 40(5) 27(6) 81(5) 65(4) 73(4)

30(100) 31(100) 31(100) 45(100) 57(100)

18(13) 33(35) 59(71) 60(13) 45(38)

42(6) 29(13) 29(58) 29(13) 29(35)

43(5) 32(11) 45(43) 90(7) 41(31)

27(5) 43(6) 27(33) 58(6) 87(16)

44(4) 27(5) 74(27) 31(5) 27(12)

29(4) 28(4) 43(15) 28(5) 56(11)

17(4) 62(3) 15(14) 43(4) 31(9)

15(4) 30(3) 28(12) 59(3) 75(7)

41(3) 44(2) 44(10) 46(2) 28(7)

31(100)

29(52)

59(50)

27(27)

45(26)

72(14)

43(14)

15(14)

28(8)

26(6)

43(100) 45(100)

31(34) 31(15)

59(31) 29(14)

72(28) 28(11)

44(25) 47(9)

29(24) 76(6)

45(12) 43(6)

27(11) 58(4)

15(11) 46(4)

87(7) 27(4)

43(100) 31(100) 68(100) 39(100) 98(100) 61(100) 43(100) 41(100) 57(100) 56(100) 59(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 30(100) 43(100) 82(100) 43(100) 45(100) 129(100) 68(100)

45(48) 28(73) 39(64) 96(55) 41(65) 43(90) 41(56) 70(87) 43(78) 43(78) 43(61) 58(79) 56(26) 33(73) 28(9) 70(49) 39(20) 61(17) 43(19) 102(26) 93(50)

58(42) 27(51) 40(9) 95(52) 39(59) 31(57) 29(49) 56(86) 41(77) 31(74) 56(25) 41(56) 73(15) 31(72) 41(6) 55(38) 138(17) 41(14) 27(17) 51(20) 67(49)

29(10) 29(38) 38(9) 38(38) 81(55) 44(54) 57(47) 31(78) 29(61) 41(71) 45(17) 59(52) 41(10) 41(66) 73(5) 61(15) 54(13) 87(9) 29(12) 128(18) 41(22)

42(4) 45(34) 42(6) 29(35) 53(53) 29(38) 27(46) 43(72) 27(57) 27(64) 41(16) 71(49) 29(5) 42(60) 27(5) 42(15) 27(12) 59(8) 41(7) 50(11) 94(21)

31(4) 26(17) 29(6) 37(29) 97(51) 18(32) 71(45) 29(70) 56(45) 29(59) 57(13) 27(46) 71(3) 27(43) 39(4) 41(14) 41(10) 27(8) 31(6) 130(10) 79(21)

73(3) 74(11) 37(5) 40(11) 42(49) 27(12) 56(27) 55(67) 42(39) 55(58) 42(13) 29(36) 57(3) 29(18) 29(3) 27(12) 53(8) 42(7) 19(6) 75(10) 39(21)

27(3) 43(9) 69(4) 97(9) 69(39) 42(11) 42(26) 27(65) 39(27) 42(53) 85(11) 39(27) 39(3) 39(17) 15(3) 87(11) 83(7) 39(4) 42(5) 76(9) 136(20)

59(2) 47(8) 34(2) 50(7) 70(36) 60(10) 39(23) 42(54) 28(16) 39(37) 61(10) 57(18) 27(3) 28(8) 58(2) 29(10) 29(7) 45(3) 44(4) 103(8) 53(19)

26(2) 56(4) 67(1) 42(7) 29(28) 45(10) 70(18) 69(41) 86(14) 69(27) 31(10) 55(17) 86(2) 74(6) 56(2) 73(9) 55(6) 44(2) 59(3) 74(7) 121(16)

107(100)

39(39)

106(29)

66(22)

92(18)

65(18)

38(12)

27(11)

79(9)

63(9)

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Compound

MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound

8-127

Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) Pentane 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene 1,2-Propylene glycol

e/m (intensity)

105(100) 55(100) 43(100) 45(100) 31(100) 30(100) 105(100) 83(100) 43(100) 59(100) 31(100) 142(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 45(100) 43(100) 43(100) 99(100) 57(100) 77(100) 29(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 167(100)

120(64) 83(89) 74(52) 75(61) 29(72) 31(87) 77(81) 55(82) 72(24) 30(54) 29(63) 127(38) 58(84) 58(34) 42(53) 43(47) 58(60) 41(17) 44(89) 29(100) 51(59) 30(12) 61(64) 27(93) 41(73) 57(30) 56(85) 165(91)

119(15) 43(73) 28(38) 29(59) 32(67) 28(56) 51(45) 41(60) 29(19) 28(34) 32(34) 141(14) 29(65) 27(14) 41(35) 69(30) 71(14) 86(12) 98(80) 87(69) 123(42) 28(11) 46(39) 41(90) 27(71) 85(25) 43(82) 117(90)

77(13) 29(42) 42(19) 31(13) 15(42) 29(19) 136(24) 98(44) 27(12) 29(13) 60(28) 15(13) 41(56) 41(13) 27(31) 41(27) 41(11) 42(12) 42(60) 28(69) 50(25) 26(9) 28(30) 39(34) 39(30) 41(25) 55(81) 119(89)

39(11) 98(36) 59(17) 30(6) 28(12) 32(15) 50(18) 42(35) 57(7) 58(8) 30(7) 139(5) 57(44) 15(13) 71(29) 27(19) 27(11) 27(11) 41(38) 30(38) 30(15) 27(8) 45(8) 30(25) 30(18) 71(19) 31(69) 83(58)

106(9) 39(32) 44(8) 15(6) 14(10) 15(12) 106(8) 56(30) 42(5) 15(7) 28(7) 140(4) 27(42) 57(11) 39(20) 39(13) 59(9) 39(8) 43(17) 56(33) 65(14) 43(5) 27(8) 44(20) 15(11) 29(17) 27(69) 169(54)

91(9) 27(28) 32(8) 47(5) 30(9) 27(9) 78(6) 27(29) 26(4) 60(3) 44(2) 128(3) 39(31) 39(9) 29(18) 29(12) 39(8) 71(7) 28(17) 86(28) 39(10) 41(5) 44(7) 42(20) 42(9) 56(14) 29(68) 130(43)

51(8) 53(11) 29(6) 76(2) 13(6)

27(7) 41(10) 31(4) 46(2) 12(3)

121(6) 56(5) 75(2) 44(2) 16(2)

28(6) 39(27) 28(3) 41(3) 18(2) 14(1) 85(19) 71(8) 57(11) 87(11) 29(8) 58(7) 71(13) 31(28) 93(9) 14(5) 29(7) 26(20) 28(8) 70(10) 42(62) 132(42)

39(5) 69(23) 44(2) 27(3) 61(1) 13(1) 100(14) 59(8) 15(10) 84(10) 42(5) 45(7) 39(11) 27(12) 74(7) 15(3) 60(5) 28(13) 26(8) 42(10) 70(53) 60(40)

27(5) 70(22) 39(2) 31(2) 59(1) 71(0) 42(14) 29(8) 70(7) 57(10) 114(4) 44(3) 70(10) 15(7) 78(6) 46(2) 43(4) 54(12) 38(6) 27(10) 69(48) 85(37)

31(100) 43(100) 42(100) 43(100) 93(100) 93(100) 93(100) 84(100) 28(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 45(100)

56(85) 42(55) 70(72) 70(90) 66(41) 92(30) 41(64) 85(53) 54(63) 61(19) 27(19) 28(13) 120(21) 18(46)

41(67) 41(45) 55(65) 42(52) 39(31) 39(24) 69(47) 56(46) 26(20) 31(18) 29(18) 59(8) 92(10) 29(21)

57(59) 27(42) 41(56) 28(51) 92(20) 41(23) 39(33) 57(43) 27(17) 27(15) 59(11) 27(7) 38(10) 43(19)

55(51) 29(26) 31(47) 61(50) 78(19) 77(22) 27(31) 28(41) 52(11) 42(11) 42(9) 41(5) 65(9) 31(18)

44(45) 39(19) 29(41) 55(41) 51(19) 91(21) 79(20) 29(37) 55(10) 73(9) 60(7) 42(3) 78(6) 27(17)

29(37) 57(13) 27(26) 73(21) 65(16) 27(21) 77(18) 44(34) 51(9) 41(9) 41(7) 39(3) 51(6) 28(11)

43(31) 28(9) 57(22) 41(20) 38(13) 79(18) 53(14) 42(30) 15(9) 29(9) 28(7) 29(3) 27(5) 19(8)

68(29) 15(9) 28(22) 29(14) 50(12) 121(13) 94(13) 30(30) 53(7) 59(5) 43(3) 26(3) 63(4) 44(6)

27(26) 72(8) 43(21) 69(11) 52(11) 53(10) 91(13) 43(25) 25(7) 39(5) 32(3) 18(3) 105(3) 61(5)

MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued)

8-128

Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

e/m (intensity)

105(100) 79(100) 67(100) 43(100) 85(100) 129(100) 104(100) 41(100) 121(100)

120(56) 52(62) 41(58) 28(52) 42(43) 51(28) 103(41) 28(94) 93(85)

119(17) 51(31) 39(58) 70(33) 41(36) 76(25) 78(32) 56(82) 136(43)

77(15) 50(19) 40(51) 71(26) 28(33) 128(24) 51(28) 55(72) 91(40)

39(15) 78(11) 28(42) 42(22) 30(29) 44(24) 77(23) 120(37) 77(34)

51(11) 53(7) 38(20) 41(20) 56(16) 50(20) 105(12) 27(32) 39(33)

91(10) 39(7) 37(12) 27(16) 84(14) 32(19) 50(12) 39(19) 27(33)

27(10) 80(6) 66(7) 39(15) 40(12) 75(18) 52(11) 29(17) 79(27)

106(9) 27(3) 68(5) 29(10) 27(12) 74(12) 39(11) 26(11) 41(26)

79(7) 77(2) 27(3) 30(9) 29(9) 103(11) 102(10) 48(5) 43(18)

167(100) 101(100) 131(100) 83(100) 166(100) 45(100) 42(100) 104(100) 41(100) 73(100) 91(100) 106(100) 43(100) 142(100) 97(100) 97(100) 95(100) 101(100) 101(100) 118(100) 86(100) 45(100) 99(100) 58(100)

169(96) 103(64) 133(96) 85(63) 164(82) 89(10) 41(52) 132(53) 28(64) 43(14) 92(73) 107(83) 103(44) 100(19) 99(64) 83(95) 130(90) 103(66) 151(68) 56(69) 30(68) 58(11) 81(71) 59(47)

117(85) 167(54) 117(76) 95(11) 131(71) 44(8) 27(33) 91(43) 56(57) 45(12) 39(20) 77(17) 145(34) 143(11) 61(58) 99(62) 132(85) 66(13) 103(64) 45(60) 58(37) 89(9) 155(56) 30(29)

119(82) 169(52) 119(73) 87(10) 129(71) 43(6) 72(29) 51(17) 45(57) 74(8) 65(14) 79(13) 116(17) 29(8) 26(31) 85(60) 60(65) 105(11) 85(45) 42(56) 28(24) 31(8) 82(45) 42(26)

171(31) 117(19) 95(34) 168(8) 168(45) 31(6) 71(27) 39(17) 29(51) 29(7) 63(11) 39(12) 115(13) 185(7) 27(24) 61(58) 97(64) 35(11) 31(45) 44(27) 29(23) 29(8) 45(45) 44(17)

85(29) 119(18) 135(31) 133(8) 94(38) 29(6) 39(24) 131(15) 27(49) 15(5) 51(11) 53(10) 44(10) 57(6) 117(19) 26(23) 35(40) 47(9) 153(44) 43(25) 27(19) 75(7) 109(44) 15(14)

121(26) 171(17) 121(23) 131(8) 47(31) 27(6) 43(22) 117(15) 85(47) 75(4) 50(7) 52(10) 86(9) 44(6) 63(19) 96(21) 134(27) 31(8) 35(20) 41(14) 44(18) 44(7) 127(41) 28(10)

82(14) 105(11) 97(23) 96(8) 96(24) 101(5) 29(22) 115(14) 86(42) 44(4) 27(6) 54(9) 28(8) 41(6) 119(18) 63(19) 47(26) 82(4) 66(19) 116(8) 101(17) 43(7) 43(24) 18(10)

47(14) 31(11) 61(19) 61(8) 133(20) 75(5) 40(13) 78(13) 39(28) 42(4) 93(5) 51(9) 73(7) 30(5) 35(17) 27(17) 62(21) 68(4) 47(18) 57(8) 42(16) 27(7) 125(16) 43(8)

101(13) 132(9) 60(18) 60(8) 59(17) 28(5) 15(10) 77(13) 55(23) 31(4) 90(5) 28(9) 42(7) 86(4) 62(11) 98(15) 59(13) 37(4) 87(14) 86(7) 56(8) 28(5) 111(14) 57(7)

28(100) 110(100) 138(100) 91(100) 91(100) 91(100)

58(93) 109(35) 95(65) 106(40) 106(65) 106(62)

31(76) 79(34) 77(48) 39(21) 105(29) 105(30)

57(70) 95(25) 123(44) 105(17) 39(18) 51(16)

29(40) 80(23) 52(42) 51(17) 51(15) 39(16)

27(26) 15(20) 41(33) 77(15) 77(14) 77(13)

45(24) 140(18) 65(30) 27(12) 27(10) 27(11)

43(23) 47(10) 51(29) 65(10) 92(8) 92(7)

19(18) 31(7) 39(19) 92(8) 79(8) 78(7)

30(17) 139(5) 63(17) 79(8) 78(8) 65(7)

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Compound

Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules Dipole Moments Strengths of Chemical Bonds Electronegativity Force Constants for Bond Stretching Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Infrared Correlation Charts Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures 13C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups

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BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal-ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10-10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.

REFERENCE 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.

M

M-CH3

Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th

2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567

M

M-NH3

Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029

M-CH2R

M-CR=CR2

2.167

2.215(0.042)

2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964

2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)

M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020

M-C(=O)R

2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)

1.964 2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051)

2.069(0.008)

1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044

2.257 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031)

2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205

2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068)

2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)

2.199(0.073) 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042

2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)

2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)

M-PMe3

M-SR

M-AsR3

2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)

2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007)

2.125

M-OH2

2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)

2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)

2.295 2.692

2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032

2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065)

2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)

2.401(0.050)

2.444

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2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)

BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS (continued)

M La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

M-NH3

M-OH2

M-PMe3

M-SR

M-AsR3

2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116)

2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)

2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166

2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)

2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)

2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)

2.366(0.058)

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, pp. 649—661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determination, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformation in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places. REFERENCES 1. L. E. Sutton, ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions, The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London) (1958, 1965). 2. K.-H. Hellwege, ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology, New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules, Springer-Verlag (1976). 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London (1979). 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements. 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements.

STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by their Chemical Formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound AgBr AgCl AgF AgH AgI AgO AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlO Al2Br6

Structure 2.3931 Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re) 2.2808 Ag—F (re) 1.9832 Ag—H (re) 1.617 Ag—I (re) 2.5446 Ag—O (re) 2.0030 Al—Br (re) 2.295 Al—Cl (re) 2.1301 1.6544 Al—F (re) Al—H (re) 1.6482 Al—I (re) 2.5371 1.6176 Al—O (re) Bra Bra Brb Al Al Brb Bra Bra

Al—Bra Al—Brb ∠BrbAlBrb ∠BraAlBra (D2h) Al—Cla Al—Clb ∠ClbAlClb ∠ClaAlCla (D2h) ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF

Al2Cl6

AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3

As—Br As—Cl As—F

Method

2.324 2.165 1.710

9-15

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2.22 2.38 82 118

MW MW MW UV MW UV UV MW MW UV MW UV ED

2.04 2.24 87 122

ED

99.6 98.6 95.9

ED ED, MW ED, MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

AsF5

Fa Fb

BF3 BH BH3PH3

BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2H6

B

BaH BaO BaS BeF BeH BeO BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiH BiI BiO BrCN BrCl BrF BrF3

1.511 2.557 1.5237 1.893 1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.32 118

1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091

BrO Br2 CBr4 CCl

92.1 100.2

∠FBF O—H ∠BOH

B—H 1.212 ∠BPH 116.9 staggered form (D3h)

P—H ∠HBH

B—Ha B—Hb B⋅⋅⋅B ∠HaBHa ∠HbBHb ∠BOB≅∠OBO

Ha 1.376 B—H ∠BNB

1.26 121

2.2318 1.9397 2.5074 1.3609 1.3431 1.3308 2.6095 2.63 2.4716 2.423 2.0516 1.805 2.8005 1.934 1.157 2.1361 1.7590

Fa

118.3 0.941 114.1

1.399 114.6

1.05

∠BrBiBr

90

(C3v)

∠ClBiCl

100

(C3v)

C—Br (re)

1.790

Br—Fa 1.810 ∠FaBrFb 86.2

Br—F (average) 1.753 (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) = 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq 85.1 Br—O (re) 1.7172 Br—Br (re) 2.2811 C—Br 1.935 C—Cl 1.6512

1.19 1.33 1.77 122 97 120 N—H (C2)

Br—Fb (C2v)

MW, IR ED UV ED ED UV MW MW ED, IR UV MW

ED UV EPR UV UV IR, ED

linear

Ha

Fb BrF5

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

1.311 1.34 123 (D3h)

B—F B—O ∠FBO

B Hb

Br

1.656

(D3h) (D3h)

1.313 1.2325

B—O B—N 1.435 ∠NBN 118 Ba—H (re) Ba—O (re) Ba—S (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—O (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—O (re) C—N (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re)

Fa

As—Fb (D3h)

Fb

As—H (re) As—I Au—H (re) B—Br B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—F ∠FBF B—F B—H (re) B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S Ha Hb

Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3

1.711

As Fa

AsH3 AsI3 AuH BBr3 BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH

As—Fa

Fb

Method

1.721

ED ED UV MW MBE UV UV UV MW ED MW ED MW UV MW UV IR MW MW MW

ED, MW (C4v)

(Td)

9-16

MW R ED UV

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

CClF3 CCl3F

C—Cl C—Cl

CCl4 CF CF3I CF4 CH CI4 CN CO COBr2

C—Cl 1.767 C—F (re) 1.2718 C—I 2.138 C—F C—F 1.323 C—H (re) 1.1199 C—I 2.15 1.1718 C—N (re) C—O (re) 1.1283 C—O 1.178 ∠BrCBr 112.3 C—F 1.334 C—O ∠FCCl 108.8 ∠ClCO C—O 1.179 ∠ClCCl 111.8 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 107.71 C—O (re) 1.1600 C—P (re) 1.562 C—S (re) 1.5349 C—S (re) 1.5526 C—C (re) 1.2425 C—O 1.163 linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) 2.002 Ca—H (re) Ca—O (re) 1.8221 Ca—S (re) 2.3178 Cd—H (re) 1.781 Cd—Br 2.35 Cd—Cl 2.24 Cd—I 2.56 C—Cl (re) 1.629 Cl—F (re) 1.6283 Cl—Fa Fa Cl Fa ∠FaClFb Fb 1.5696 Cl—O (re) O—Cl 1.690 O—H Cl—O 1.470 Oa—Cl 1.407 ∠OaClOa H

COClF COCl2 COF2 CO2 CP CS CS2 C2 C3O2 CaH CaO CaS CdH CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 ClCN ClF ClF3

ClO ClOH ClO2 ClO3(OH)

1.752 1.754

C—F C—F

Method ∠FCF ∠ClCCl (C3v)

1.325 1.362

108.6 111

(Td) ∠FCF

1.330

108.1

(Td) (Td)

C—Br 1.173 127.5 C—Cl C—O

C—C

linear linear linear C—N (re)

1.923 C—Cl

1.725

ED, MW MW ED EPR ED, MW ED UV ED MW MW ED, MW ED, MW

1.742

ED, MW

1.172

ED, MW

1.289

IR UV MW IR UV ED

1.160

1.698 87.5

Cl—Fb (C2v)

1.598

0.975 ∠OClO Ob—Cl 114.3

∠HOCl 117.38 1.639 ∠OaClOb

102.5

∠ClOCl

110.89

Cr—C

1.92

UV UV UV EPR ED ED ED MW MW MW

MW, UV MW, IR MW ED

104.1

Ob Cl Oa O Oa a Cl2 Cl2O CoH Cr (CO)6 CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI

Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—H (re) C—O ∠CrCO Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re)

1.9878 1.6959 1.542 1.16 180 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152

UV MW UV ED UV MW MW MW UV MW

9-17

TeamLRN

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound CsOH CuBr CuCl CuF CuH CuI FCN FOH F2 Fe(CO)5

Structure

HBr HCN

Cs—O (re) 2.395 Cu—Br (re) 2.1734 Cu—Cl (re) 2.0512 1.7449 Cu—F (re) Cu—H (re) 1.4626 Cu—I (re) 2.3383 C—F 1.262 O—H 0.96 F—F (re) 1.4119 Fe—C (average) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – (Fe—C)ax C—O (average) 1.153 2.3525 Ga—Br (re) Ga—Cl (re) 2.2017 Ga—F (re) 1.7744 Ga—F 1.88 Ga—I (re) 2.5747 Ga—I 2.458 Gd—I 2.841 Ge—H 1.526 ∠HGeH 106.2 Ge—Br 2.272 Ge—H 1.537 ∠HGeH 111.0 Ge—Cl 2.183 Ge—Cl 2.113 Ge—H 1.522 ∠HGeH 113.0 Ge—F (re) 1.7321 Ge—H (re) 1.5880 Ge—H 1.5251 Ge—O (re) 1.6246 Ge—S (re) 2.0121 Ge—Se (re) 2.1346 Ge—Te (re) 2.3402 Ge—H 1.541 ∠HGeH 106.4 H—Br (re) 1.4145 C—H (re) 1.0655

HCNO

H—C

HCl HF HI HNCO

H-Cl (re) H—F (re) H—I (re) N—H ∠HNC N—H ∠HNC N—H

GaBr GaCl GaF GaF3 GaI GaI3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeH4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6

HNCS HNO HNO2

HNO3

1.027

Method O—H (re)

O—F

C—N 1.442

0.97

1.159 ∠HOF

97.2

0.020 (D3h)

(D3h) (D3h) ∠IGdI Ge—Br

108 2.299

(Td) Ge—Cl

2.150

∠ClGeCl (Td) Ge—F

100.3

∠FGeF (θe)

97.17

(C3v)

ED ED MW, IR

1.732

MW UV IR, R MW MW MW MW ED

(Td)

Ge—Ge ∠GeGeH

C—N

C—N (re) linear 1.161

2.403 112.5

MW MW, IR

1.1532 N—O linear

N—C

1.209

N—C 1.216 ∠NCS 180 N—O 1.212 s-trans conformer Ob—H 0.958 1.432 N—Ob N—Oa 1.170 ∠OaNOb 110.7 ∠NObH 102.1 Oc—H 0.96 N—Oa 1.20 ∠HOcN 102.2 ∠OcNOb 115.9

9-18

MW MW MW ED MW ED ED MW, IR ED IR, MW

1.207

MW

C—O

1.166

MW MW MW MW

C—S

1.561

MW

∠HNO 108.6 s-cis conformer 0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 N—Oc 1.41 N—Ob 1.21 ∠OcNOa 113.9 planar

UV MW

1.2746 0.9169 1.6090 0.986 128.0 0.989 135.0 1.063

MW MW MW MW UV MW MW MW R ED

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

HNSO

N—H ∠HNS

H2 H2O H2O2

H—H (re) 0.7414 O—H (re) 0.9575 O—O 1.475 dihedral angle of internal rotation H—S (re) 1.3356

H2S H2SO4

H2S2 HfCl4 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 IBr ICN ICl IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InF InH InI IrF6 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI Li2 Li2Cl2

LuCl3 MgF MgH MgO MnH Mo(CO)6 MoCl4O

1.029 115.8

N—S ∠NSO planar

Method 1.512 120.4

S—O

1.451

UV MW, IR IR

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH 119.8 ∠HSH (θe)

104.51 94.8 (C2) 92.12 O—H 0.97 S—Oa 1.574 Hb 1.422 ∠HaOaS 108.5 S—Oc Ob ∠OaSOb 101.3 ∠OcSOd 123.3 Oa Ha ∠OaSOc 108.6 ∠OaSOd 106.4 S 20.8 dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes 90.9 Od Oc dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes 88.4 S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 ∠SSH 91.3 dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td) Hg—Cl 2.252 linear Hg—H (re) 1.7404 Hg—I 2.553 linear I—Br (re) 2.4691 C—I 1.995 C—N 1.159 2.3210 I—Cl (re) I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 0.03 ∠FaxIFeq 82.1 (C4v) I—O (re) 1.8676 I—I (re) 2.6663 In—Br (re) 2.5432 In—Cl (re) 2.4012 In—F (re) 1.9854 In—H (re) 1.8376 In—I (re) 2.7537 Ir—F 1.830 (Oh) K—Br (re) 2.8208 K—Cl (re) 2.6667 K—F (re) 2.1716 K—H (re) 2.244 K—I (re) 3.0478 O—H 0.91 K—O 2.212 linear K—K (re) 3.9051 Kr—F 1.89 linear Li—Br (re) 2.1704 2.0207 Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) 1.5639 Li—H (re) 1.5949 2.3919 Li—I (re) Li—Li (re) 2.6729 Li—Cl 2.23 Li Cl—Cl 3.61 Cl Cl ∠ClLiCl 108 Li Lu—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mn—H (re) Mo—C 2.063 Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl

MW

∠ClLuCl

2.417 1.7500 1.7297 1.749 1.7308 C—O

1.145

2.279 87.2

Mo—O (C4v)

9-19

TeamLRN

112

(Oh) 1.658

(C3v)

MW, IR MW

(C2) ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW MW MW ED, MW MW R MW MW MW UV MW ED MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW MW MW MW MW UV ED

ED UV UV UV UV ED ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound MoF6 NClH2 NCl3 NF2 NH2 NH2CN

Structure Mo—F N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl N—F N—H N—H H

Na

1.820 1.017 103.7 1.759 1.3528 1.024 1.00

C Nb

Method (Oh) N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl ∠FNF ∠HNH Na—C

1.748 107 107.1 103.18 103.3 1.35 C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

ED MW, IR ED MW UV MW 114 142

H NH2NO2

NH3 NH4Cl NF2CN

NH NH2OH

NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

N2O4

NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI Na2 NbCl5 NbO Ni(CO)4 NiH NpF6 OCS

N—N 1.427 N—H ∠HNH 115.2 ∠ONO dihedral angle between the NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 F2Nb—C≡Na C—Na 1.158 Nb—F 1.399 ∠NaCNb 174 ∠CNbF 105.4 ∠FNbF 102.8 N—H (re) 1.0362 N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 ∠HNH 107 ∠HNO 103.3 The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond N—O (re) 1.1506 N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.14 O—N 1.136 N—F 1.512 N—O 1.193 ∠ONO N—Cl 1.840 N—O ∠ONO 130.6 (C2v) N—O 1.1798 N—F ∠ONO 136 (C2v) N—S (re) 1.4940 N—N (re) 1.0977 N—H 1.021 N—N ∠HNH 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa ∠NNHb 106 dihedral angle of internal rotation Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N—N (re) 1.1284 N—O (re) Na—Nb 1.864 Oa Ob Nb—Ob 1.202 Na Nb ∠OaNaNb 105.05 Oc ∠NaNbOb 112.72 ∠NaNbOc 117.47 O O N—N 1.782 ∠ONO 135.4 N N O O Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cleq 2.241 Nb—O (re) Ni—C 1.838 Ni—H (re) Np—F C—O (re)

1.005 130.1 128.2 106.7 (C3v) C—Nb

MW

1.386

O—H ∠NOH

0.962 101.4

∠ONCl ∠FNO 134.1 1.202

113 110.1

1.467

N—O (D2h)

2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 3.0789

LMR MW

IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

1.449 112 91 1.1841 Na—Oa Nb—Oc

IR ED MW

1.142 1.217

1.190

MW, IR MW

ED

MW MW MW UV MW UV Nb—Clax 2.338 (D3h)

ED

C—O

(Td)

1.691 1.141

1.476 1.981 1.1578

(Oh) C—S (re)

9-20

1.5601

UV ED UV ED MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound OCSe OF OF2 O(SiH3)2 O2 O2F2 O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl3 PCl5

Structure C—O O—F (re) O—F (re) Si—H ∠SiOSi O—O (re) O—O ∠OOF O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl Cla

Clb

1.159 1.3579 1.4053 1.486 144.1 1.2074 1.217 109.5 1.2716 1.831 1.712 2.220 2.039

Method C—Se

1.709

∠FOF (θe) Si—O

103.07 1.634

F—O dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠OOO (θe) (Oh) (Td) ∠BrPBr ∠ClPCl P—Cla 2.124

Clb P

1.575 87.5 117.47

101.0 100.27 P—Clb (D3h)

(C2v)

MW LMR MW ED MW MW

(C2) (C2v)

2.020

MW ED ED ED ED ED

Cla Clb

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4

P4 P4O6 PbH PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrI3 PtO PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbOH ReClO3 ReF6 RuO4 SCSe SCTe SCl2 SF SF2 SF6

1.5896 P—F (re) P—F 1.570 ∠FPF 97.8 P—Fax 1.577 P—Feq 1.534 (D3h) P—H (re) 1.4223 P—H 1.418 ∠HPH 91.70 P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 93.345 N—P (re) 1.4909 O—P (re) 1.4759 P—O 1.449 P—Cl 1.993 ∠ClPCl 103.3 P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 ∠FPF P—P (re) 1.8931 P—F 1.587 P—P 2.281 ∠PPF 95.4 ∠FPF 99.1 The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P—P 2.21 (Td) P—O 1.638 ∠POP 126.4 (Td) Pb—H (re) 1.839 Pb—O (re) 1.9218 Pb—S (re) 2.2869 Pb—Se (re) 2.4022 Pb—Te (re) 2.5950 Pr—I 2.904 ∠IPrI 113 (C3v) Pt—O (re) 1.7273 Pu—F 1.971 (Oh) 2.9447 Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) 2.7869 Rb—F (re) 2.2703 2.367 Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) 3.1768 Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 linear Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl 2.229 ∠ClReO 109.4 (C3v) Re—F 1.832 (Oh) Ru—O 1.706 (Td) C—Se 1.693 C—S 1.553 C—S 1.557 C—Te 1.904 S—Cl 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 (C2v) S—F (re) 1.6006 S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 S—F 1.561 (Oh)

9-21

TeamLRN

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED 101.3

ED, MW UV ED

ED ED UV MW MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED ED MW MW ED MW MW ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SO SOCl2 SOF2 SOF4

Structure S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠OSF Fb Fa

1.4811 1.44 97.2 1.420 106.2

Fb S

S—O S—Fb ∠OSFb ∠FbSFb

Fa

O

S2O2

S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O Si—H S—S (re) S—Br ∠SSBr S—Cl ∠SSCl S—O

S8

S

SO2 SO2Cl2 SO2F2 SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2 S2Cl2

S S

SbCl3 SbH3 SeF SeF6 SeO SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO

1.4308 1.404 100.0 1.397 97 1.4198 1.494

S S S Sb—Cl Sb—H Se—F Se—F Se—O (re) Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O Se—Se (re) Se—Se

Si—F ∠FSiBr Si—H ∠HSiBr Si—H ∠HSiCl Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH Si—F (re) Si—H (re) ∠HSiF (θe) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—H ∠HSH Si—H N—Si (re) Si—O (re)

Si—S 1.8892 2.24 105 2.057 108.2

1.458 S

S

S—Cl (C2v) S—F (C2v)

Method

S—Cl ∠OSCl S—F ∠FSF 1.403 1.552 124.9 110.2 ∠OSO (θe) 2.011

2.072 108.0 1.583 92.2 S—Fa ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb (C2v) 119.329 ∠OSO

1.530 (D3h) 2.136

S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S 2.025 S—S ∠SSS (D4d)

9-22

ED 1.575 90.7 89.6

ED

123.5

MW ED

∠OSO

123

ED

∠SiSSi

97.4

1.98 83.5 1.931 84.1 (C2) ∠OSS 112.8 planar cis form

2.07 105

2.333 ∠ClSbCl 1.704 ∠HSbH 1.742 1.69 (Oh) 1.6393 1.576 Se—F 104.82 ∠FSeF 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 1.69 (D3h) 2.1660 2.34 ∠SeSeSe six-membered ring with chair conformation 1.560 Si—Br 108.5 (C3v) 1.485 Si—Br 107.8 (C3v) 1.482 Si—Cl 107.9 (C3v) 2.019 (T4) 1.6008 1.484 Si—F 110.63 (C3v) 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 1.4468 Si—F (re) 110.64 1.553 (Td) 1.5201 1.485 Si—I 107.8 1.4798 (Td) 1.572 1.5097

MW MW

IR ED R ED ED MW ED

97.2 91.6

1.730 92.22 113.83

ED MW MW ED MW MW

102

MW ED UV ED

2.153

MW

2.210

MW

2.048

MW

1.593

ED UV MW, IR

100.8 1.5624

MW MW

2.437

ED UV MW IR UV MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6

SnCl4 SnH SnH4 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrH SrO SrS TaCl5 TaO TeF6 Te2 ThCl4 ThF4 TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO TiS UF6 V(CO)6 VCl3O VCl4 VF5 VO W(CO)6 WClF5

Structure Si—S (re) Se—Si (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si ∠ClSiCl Si—Si ∠FSiF Si—H ∠SiSiH

1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 109.7 2.317 108.6 1.492 110.3

Sn—Cl Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—O S—Sn (re) Se—Sn (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—O (re) S—Sr (re) Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Te—F Te—Te (re) Th—Cl Th—F Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) U—F V—C

Method

Si—Cl

2.009

MW MW UV ED

Si—F

1.564

ED

Si—Si 2.331 ∠HSiH 108.6 staggered form (assumed) (Td)

ED

2.280 1.7815 1.711 (Td) 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.1455 1.9198 2.4405 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h) 1.6875 1.815 (Oh) 2.5574 2.58 (Td) 2.14 (Td) 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.339 (Td) 2.170 (Td) 1.620 2.0825 1.996 (Oh) 2.015 C—O 1.138 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—O 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 111.3 V—Cl 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—F (average) 1.71 V—O (re) 1.5893 W—C 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh) W—Cl 2.251 Cl F b W—F (average) 1.836 Fb W Fb ∠FaWFb 88.7 Fb F

ED UV R, IR MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED UV ED UV ED ED MW MW MW UV MW ED ED UV UV ED ED

W—O ∠FWF W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Zn—H (re) Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—O (re)

ED

ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW

a

WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 ZnH ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrO

1.666 86.2 1.832 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 1.5949 2.32 1.902 1.7116

W—F 1.847 (C4v) (Oh) linear (D4h) (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) (Td) (Td) (Td)

9-23

TeamLRN

ED IR ED ED ED UV ED ED UV

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by Chemical Name; Cross References are Given for Common Synonyms (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound

Structure

Acetaldehyde

Method

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide CH3CONH2

Ca—Cb ∠HCbH C—O C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.515 109.8 1.220 1.519 1.124 115.1

Acetic acid

Oa C

CH3

Acetone (CH3)2CO

Acetonitrile CH3CN Acetonitrile oxide CH3CNO Acetyl chloride CH3COCl Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde

Ob H

C—H ∠CCOb C—C C—H ∠HCH

1.10 110.6 1.520 1.103 108.5

C—H C—N C—C N—O C—H C—C ∠HCH ∠CCCl

1.107 1.159 1.442 1.217 1.105 1.506 108.6 111.6

C—H (re)

1.060

H Cc

H

O

Cb

Ca H H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCcCb planar s-trans form

120.3 114

∠CbCcN C—H Cc—Cl H

Cl Cb

H

Cc O

9-24

∠CbCaO ∠CbCaH C—N N—H ∠NCO

124.1 115.3 1.380 1.022 122.0

C—C C—Oa C—Ob ∠CCOa

1.520 1.214 1.364 126.6

C—C (re)

Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O Ca—H Cc—H ∠CbCcO other CCH angles (average)

178 1.086 (assumed) 1.82

Ca H

1.210 1.107 1.128

C—O 1.213 ∠CCC 116.0 symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2° from the C—C bond C—C 1.468 ∠CCH 109.7 C—N 1.169 (C3v) C—O 1.187 C—Cl 1.798 ∠OCCl 121.2

Acrylonitrile

Acryloyl chloride

Ca—O Cb—H Ca—H

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—N Ca—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCC Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O ∠CaCbH ∠CbCaH ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcCl ∠CbCcO

ED, MW

ED

ED

ED, MW

ED, MW MW ED, MW

1.203

IR

1.484 1.345 1.217 1.10 1.13 123.3 122

ED, MW

1.343 1.438 1.167 1.114 121.7 120 1.48 1.35 1.19 120 (assumed) 121.5 (assumed) 123 116 127

ED, MW

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Allene CH2=C=CH2 Allyl chloride

Aniline C6H5NH2 Azetidine

Aziridine

Azomethane CH3N=NCH3 Benzene C6H6 p-Benzoquinone

Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3

Structure C—C ∠HCH

1.3084 118.2

C—H

1.087

IR

cis conformer

C—Cl 1.811 ∠CCCl 115.2 skew conformer C—Cl 1.809 ∠CCCl 109.6 CCCCl dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4 C—C 1.392 C—N 1.431 N—H 0.998 ∠HNH 113.9 140.6 dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond C—N 1.482 CH2 CH2 C—C 1.553 CH2 NH C—H 1.107 N—H 1.03 ∠CNC 92.2 ∠CCC 86.9 ∠CCN 85.8 dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes 147 N—H 1.016 Ha N—C 1.475 Hb Hb N C—C 1.481 C C C—H 1.084 Hc Hc ∠CNC 60.3 ∠HaNC 109.3 ∠HbCHc 115.7 ∠HbCC 117.8 ∠HbCN 118.3 ∠HcCC 119.3 ∠HcCN 114.3 C—N 1.482 N—N 1.247 ∠CNN 112.3 trans conformer C—C 1.399 C—H 1.101

C—O C—H ∠CCC

Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

1.215 1.108 116.2

Ha Ca

Hb Cb Hc

Ca Ha

∠CbCaHa ∠CaCaHa Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene

Hb Cb

128.4

HCb

CaH Ca H

MW

MW

ED

MW

ED ED, IR

Ca—O Cb—Cb Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.225 1.344 1.481 118.1

ED

C—C (average) ∠CCO trans conformer Ca—Ca Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc ∠HbCbHc

1.524 119.5

ED

1.497 1.498 1.071 1.093 115.6

MW

Hc

H2 Cc HCb

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12

Method

Cb H

130.4 ∠CaCbCa 60.0 dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb 1.535 Cb—Cb 1.343 1.573 Ca—Cc C—H 1.12 Cb H ∠CaCcCa 94

121.7

dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 115.6 (C2v) See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms Ca—Cb 1.54 Cb—Cb 1.56 Ca—Cc 1.56 C—C (average) 1.549 –CaCcCa 93.1 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 113.1

9-25

TeamLRN

ED

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene

H Ca

HCb HCb Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

Biphenyl

4,4′-Bipyridyl

Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium (C5H5)2Be Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead (C5H5)2Pb Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel (C5H5)2Ni Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin (C5H5)2Sn Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide CF3OOCF3

Borine carbonyl BH3CO Bromobenzene

Ca H

Cb H Cb H

Method

Cb—Cb 1.345 Ca—Ca 1.574 Ca—Cb 1.524 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.55 ∠CaCbCb C—C (average) 1.542 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis C—C 1.557 ∠CCC

ED

117.3

1.54 109.7

ED

74.2

ED

Ca—Ca 1.536 C —C 1.565 b b Cb Ca Ca—Cb 1.528 CcH2 H2 H 1.507 Ca—Cc Dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes 112.7 C—C (intra-ring) 1.396 (inter-ring) 1.49 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings C—C, C—N (intra-ring) 1.375 C—C (inter-ring) 1.465 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions)

Cb H2

MW

CaH

ED

∼40 ED

∼37 ED

C—C 1.430 Pb—C 2.79 dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes 40∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)

ED

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

ED

C—C

1.439

Ru—C

C—C C—H O—O C—F ∠FCF

1.431 1.14 1.42 1.320 109.0

ED

B—H C—O ∠BCO Br

1.194 1.131 180

Sn—C 2.71 (D5h) C—O 1.399 ∠COO 107 COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation 123 B—C 1.540 ∠HBH 113.9 (C3v) C—H 1.072 Cc—Cd 1.401 Cb—Cc 1.375 C—Br 1.85 Ca—Cb 1.42 ∠CbCaCb 117.4

C—H (C3v) C—C

1.11

ED, MW

1.206

ED

Ca Cb H

HCb

CcH

HCc

1.430 (D5h) 2.196

ED

ED

ED

MW

MW

Cd H Bromoform CHBr3 Bromoiodoacetylene IC≡CBr

C—Br ∠BrCBr C—I C—Br

1.924 111.7 1.972 1.795

9-26

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3-Butadiene

Structure

CaH2 Cb H

Cb H CaH2

1,3-Butadiyne

Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene 2-Butene

3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride (CH3)3CCl tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne

Carbon C2 Carbon C3 Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 Carbon tetraiodide CI4 Carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 Chloroacetylene HC≡CCl Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobromoacetylene ClC≡CBr Chlorocyanoacetylene ClC≡CCN Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol ClCH2CH2OH

Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform CHCl3

∠CbCaH HCa≡Cb—Cb≡CaH Ca—Cb C—C ∠CCC trans conformer

120.9 1.218 1.531 113.8 54%

Method Cb—Cb 1.467 Ca—Cb 1.349 C—H (average) 1.108 ∠CCC 124.4 anti conformer (C2h) C—H 1.09 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear C—H 1.117 ∠CCH 111.0 dihedral angle for the gauche conformer 65

H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.32 CaH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 cis conformer Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.346 ∠CaCbCb 125.4

C—H Cb—Cb ED 1.506 1.347 123.8

1.08 1.28

ED

ED

ED

ED (D2h)

trans conformer 1.508

C—H C—Cl ∠CCH

1.102 1.828 110.8

C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCC

1.528 107.3 111.6

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3 Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C

C—H 1.214 110.7 1.3119 1.277

1.116 Ca—Cb

ED 1.468

linear

UV UV

C—Br

1.935

(Td)

ED

C—Cl

1.767

(Td)

ED

C—F

1.323

(Td)

ED

C—I

2.15

(Td)

ED

C—O C—N ∠CCN C—H C—Cl C—C C—H ∠CC(H)C Cl—C C—Br C—Cl C—CN

1.209 1.153 180 1.0550 1.6368 1.400 1.083 120 1.636 1.784 1.624 1.362

C—C ∠CCC

1.466 115

ED, MW

C—C

1.2033

MW

C—Cl ∠CC(Cl)C

1.737 121.7

ED

C—C

1.206

ED

C—C C—N

1.205 1.160

ED

C—O 1.413 C—C C—Cl 1.801 C—H O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37°C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 C—H ∠ClCCl

1.100 111.3

9-27

TeamLRN

C—Cl (C3v)

1.519 1.093 ∠CCO 113.8

1.758

ED, MW

ED

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Chloroiodoacetylene ClC≡CI Chloromethane → Methyl chloride 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide H2NaCNb Cyanoacetylene H—Cb≡Ca—Cc≡N Cyanocyclopropane C3H5CaN Cyanogen (CN)2 Cyclobutane (CH2)4 Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutene

Cyclohexane C6H12 Cyclohexene

Cyclooctatetraene

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

Structure C—Cl C—C

1.63 1.209 (assumed)

C—I

Na—C 1.346 C—Nb N—H 1.00 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond Cb—H 1.058 Ca—Cb Ca—Cc 1.378 Cc—N C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca C—H 1.107 Ca—N ∠HCH 114.6 ∠CaCH C—N 1.163 C—C

1.99

MW

1.160 114 142 1.205 1.159 1.472 1.157 119.6 1.393 linear 1.555

MW

C—H 1.113 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Cb H 2 Ca—Cb 1.527 Cb—Cc 1.556 CcH2 Ca O ∠CbCaCb 93.1 Cb H 2 ∠CaCbCc 88.0 Cb—Cb 1.342 Ca—Ca 1.566 Ca—Cb 1.517 Ca—H 1.094 Cb—H 1.083 ∠CaCbCb 94.2 ∠CbCbH 133.5 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb 85.8 ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Ca—Ca bond 135.8 C—C 1.536 C—H 1.119 ∠CCC 111.3 chair form Ca—Ca 1.334 HCa CaH Ca—Cb 1.50 H2 Cb Cb H2 Cb—Cc 1.52 CcH2 CcH2 Cc—Cc 1.54 ∠CaCaCb 123.4 ∠CaCbCc 112.0 ∠CbCcCc 110.9 (C2) half-chair form Ca—Cb 1.476 C—H 1.100 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb 1.340 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb 126.1 dihedral angle between the CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes tub form (D2d) Ca—Cb C aH 2 Cb—Cc Cb H HCb Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc HC C H c

∠CbCcCc

c

109.4

Cyclopentadienylindium

Cyclopentane (CH2)5

Method

∠CbCaCb In—C C—C (C5v)

MW

ED ED MW

MW

ED ED

ED

136.9 1.509 1.342 1.469 109.3 102.8 2.621 1.426

C—H 1.114 C—C 1.546 ∠CCH 111.7 (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)

9-28

MW

MW

ED

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Cyclopentene

Structure CaH2

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc C cH C c H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc 110.0 ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C 1.512 C—H ∠HCH 114.0 H2 Cb C—H 1.086 1.575 Cb—Cb Ca O ∠CaCbCb 57.7 H C H2 Cb

Cyclopropane (CH2)3 Cyclopropanone

Method 1.546 1.519 1.342 104.0 103.0 151.2 1.083

Cb H2

Ca—Cb Ca—O

1.475 1.191

ED

R MW

2 b

∠HCbH Cyclopropene

114

CaH2 Cb H

HCb

Decalin C10H18 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formaldehyde azine Diazirine

Ca—H ∠HCaH C—C (average) ∠CCC (average)

1.112 118 1.530 111.4

C—H C—N N—N ∠HCH Cb—Nb Nb—Nc Ca—Na C—H Ca—Cb

N N

Diazoacetonitrile

H Cb Ca Na

Dibromomethane CH2Br2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2

C—H (average)

C—N C—C ∠NCC ∠CNC large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis

CH2

Diazomethane CH2N2 1,2-Dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br

dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Cb—Cb bond 151 Cb—Cb 1.304 1.519 Ca—Cb Cb—H 1.077 ∠CbCbH 133

Nb Nc

1.113

ED

1.472 1.562 110.2 108.7

ED

1.09 1.482 1.228 117 1.280 1.132 1.165 1.082 1.424

MW

∠CaCbH 117 ∠CaCbNb 119.5 C—H 1.075 C—N 1.32 N—N 1.12 ∠HCH 126.0 linear C—C 1.506 C—Br 1.950 C—H 1.108 ∠CCBr 109.5 ∠CCH 110 fraction of the trans conformer at 25°C 95% C—H 1.08 C—Br 1.924 ∠HCBr 109 ∠BrCBr 113.2 C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 ∠CCCl 121.4 ∠CCH 126 dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) C—H 1.102 C—Cl 1.810 C—C 1.530 ∠CCC 111.5 ∠CCCl (ee) 108.6 ∠CCCl (aa) 110.6 ∠HCCl (ee) 111.5 ∠HCCl (aa) 107.6 ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axial

9-29

TeamLRN

ED

MW

MW, IR ED

ED ED

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1-Dichloroethane CHCl2CH3 1,2-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl

1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2=CCl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 1,2-Difluoroethane CH2FCH2F

1,1-Difluoroethane CH2=CF2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene CHF=CHF Difluoromethane CH2F2 Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine (CH)2NH

Dimethylberyllium (CH3)2Be Dimethylcadmium (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate

Structure C—Cl 1.766 C—C 1.540 ∠ClCCl 112.0 ∠CCCl 111.0 C—C 1.531 C—Cl 1.790 C—H 1.11 ∠CCCl 109.0 ∠CCH 113 fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27% C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 1.73 ∠ClCC 123 (C2v) C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCC 123.8 C—H (re) 1.087 C—Cl (re) 1.765 ∠HCH (θe) 111.5 ∠ClCCl (θe) 112.0 C—C 1.498 C—H (average) 1.081 C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) 111.0 ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes 118.9 C—F 1.389 C—C 1.503 C—H 1.103 ∠CCF 110.3 ∠CCH 111 dihedral angle of internal rotation 109 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22°C 94% C—C 1.340 C—F 1.315 C—H 1.091 ∠CCF 124.7 ∠CCH 119.0 C—C 1.33 C—F 1.342 C—H 1.099 ∠CCF 122.0 ∠CCH 124.1 C—H 1.093 C—F 1.357 ∠HCH 113.7 ∠FCF 108.3 Ca—O 1.432 Cb—O 1.382 C—H (average) 1.108

MW ED MW, IR ED

ED

ED, MW

ED, MW

MW ED

∠OCO

114.3

C—H C—N ∠CNH ∠HCH Be—C ∠BeCH C—Cd

1.106 1.455 107 107 1.698 113.9 2.112

N—H ∠CNC ∠NCH

1.00 111.8 112

ED

C—H CBeC linear ∠HCH

1.127

ED

108.4

R

Cb—Ob Cb—Oa Ca—Oa

1.209 1.34 1.42

ED

∠CbOaCa Cb—Na ∠CaNCa

114.5 1.338 115.5

CaH3 Oa Ob

∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb Ca—Na ∠CaNCb CH3 Hb

B Ht

Dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2

ED

114.6 110.3

CaH3 Oa

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

MW

∠COC ∠OCH

Cb

Dimethylcyanamide (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb

Method

B—Ht ∠BBC C—H Se—Se ∠HCSe

107 1.161 1.463 116.0

CH3 B

Hb

108

Ht

B—B B—C B—Hb

1.799 1.580 1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans)

1.24 122.6 (cis), 121.8 (trans) 1.13 C—Se 1.95 2.326 ∠CSeSe 98.9 dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes

9-30

ED

ED

ED 88

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

Dimethyl disulfide (CH3)2S2 S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

C—S C—H ∠SCH

O ∠OCS Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine CH3NH—NHCH3 Dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Dimethyl selenide (CH3)2Se Dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO

Dimethylzinc (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane

CH2 CH2 O

O

111.3

CaH3 SCb SCaH3

C—O ∠COC

Method

1.816 S—S 1.105 ∠SSC CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation Cb—O Cb—S Ca—S 124.9 ∠CSC syn-syn conformer 1.416 C—H 112 ∠HCH

N—N 1.42 C—N N—H 1.03 C—H ∠NNC 112 CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation C—Hg 2.083 C—H Hg⋅⋅⋅H 2.71 C—P 1.848 P—H ∠CPC 99.7 ∠CPH C—H 1.093 Se—C ∠CSeC 96.2 ∠SeCH ∠HCH 110.3 C—S 1.807 C—H ∠CSC 99.05 ∠HCH C—H 1.114 S—O S—C 1.771 ∠CSC ∠OSO 121 C—H 1.081 C—S S—O 1.485 ∠CSC ∠CSO 106.7 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH C—C C—H ∠CCO

1.523 1.112 109.2

C—O ∠COC chair form

2.029 103.2 85 1.206 1.777 1.802 99.3

ED

1.121 108

ED

1.46 1.12 90 1.160 (assumed)

ED

1.419 97.0 1.943 108.7

MW

ED

ED

MW

1.116 109.3 1.435 102

ED, MW

1.799 96.6 110.3 115.5 107.7

MW

1.423 112.45

ED

R ED

CH2 CH2 Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C2H6 Ethanethiol

Ethanol

C—C 1.5351 ∠CCH 111.17 CbH3—CaH2—SH Cb—H 1.093 Ca—S 1.829 109.6 ∠CbCaH ∠CbCaS 108.3 CbH3CaH2OH C—O 1.431 Ca—H 1.10 ∠CCO 107.8 ∠CbCaH 111 staggered conformation

Ethyl chloride

Ethylene CH2=CH2

∠HbCbHb ∠CbCaHa C—H ∠CCH

109.8 110.6 1.087 121.3

9-31

TeamLRN

C—H 1.0940 staggered conformation Ca—H 1.090 Ca—Cb 1.530 S—H 1.350 ∠CaCbH 109.7 ∠CaSH 96.4 C—C 1.512 O—H 0.971 Cb—H 1.09 ∠COH 105 ∠CaCbH 110

MW MW

MW

C—C 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 1.103 Ca—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl 110.7 ∠HaCaHa 109.2

ED, MW

C—C

MW

1.339

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine Ethylene oxide CH2

O

Structure C—N C—H gauche conformer

Method

1.469 C—C 1.545 1.11 ∠CCN 110.2 dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes

ED 64

C—C 1.466 C—H C—O 1.431 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

1.085 116.6 158.0

MW

C—O (average) 1.418 C—H (average) 1.118 ∠OCC 109.4 fraction of the trans conformer at 20°C O

1.520 111.9 109.0

ED

1.518 1.219 1.102 113.5 95% 1.536 97 110

ED

1.104

ED

1.332

MW

1.208

MW

CH2 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane Ethyl methyl ether C2H5OCH3

Ethyl methyl ketone

C aH 3

Cc Cb H 2

Ethyl methyl sulfide C2H5SCH3

Ferrocene (C5H5)2Fe Fluoroform CHF3 Formaldehyde H2CO Formaldehyde azine

CdH3 ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 C—S (average) 1.813 C—H 1.111 ∠SCC 114.0 fraction of the gauche conformer at 20°C C—C 1.440 Fe—C 2.064 C—H 1.098 ∠FCF 108.8 C—H 1.116 ∠HCH 116.5 H2C=N—N=CH2 N—N C—N 1.277 ∠CNN 111.4 fraction of the trans conformer at –30°C

Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxymethane Formaldoxime Ha

OHc C

N

C—C ∠COC ∠HCH 80% C—C (average) Cc—O C—H (average) ∠CaCbCc trans conformer C—C ∠CSC ∠HCH 75% C—H (D5h) C—F (C3v) C—O 1.418 C—H ∠HCN 91%

1.094 120.7

C—Ha C—Hb C—N

1.085 1.086 1.276

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc C—Ha N—H C—N

0.956 110.2 102.7 1.125 1.027 1.368

∠NCO

125.0

C—Oa C—Ob

1.202 1.343

C—H ∠OaCOb planar

1.097 124.9

ED

ED

MW

Hb N—O ∠HbCN ∠HaCN

1.408 115.6 121.8

Formamide

Hc

Formic acid

Ha Hb C—O ∠CNH (average) Oa H C Ob H

O N

Ob—H ∠HCOa ∠CObH

C 1.212 119.2

0.972 124.1 106.3

9-32

ED, MW

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

Method

Formic acid dimer

Formyl radical

C—H ∠HCO

Fulvene

Ca—Ce Ce—Ob Ce—H ∠CeCaCb

1.458 1.250 1.088 133.9

MW

∠CaCeH 116.9 ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Cb—Cb O Ha Ha Ca—Cb Ca Ca Ca—O Ca—Ha Cb Cb Cb—Hb

121.6 1.431 1.361 1.362 1.075 1.077

∠CaOCa ∠OCaHa

106.6 115.9

Cb—Ob Ca—Oa Ca—Cb Oa—Ha Cb—Hc Ca—Hb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa ∠HbCaHb

1.209 1.437 1.499 1.051 1.102 1.093 115.3 101.6 107.6

1.13 107.7 124.7 117

Hb

∠CaCbCb ∠CbCaO ∠CbCbHb

Hc

106.1 110.7 128.0

Ob Cb

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa

Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 2,4-Hexadiyne

Hexafluoroethane F3CCF3 Hexafluoropropene CF2=CFCF3

MW

MW

Hb

Glyoxal CHOCHO

ED

1.349 1.470 1.355 1.476 1.078 1.080 106.6 109 126.4

2-Furaldehyde

Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde

2.703 1.220 1.323 126.2 108.5 C—O 1.1712

Ca—Cd Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc Cb—H Cc—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH

Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH ∠HCdH

Furan

Oa⋅⋅⋅Ob C—Oa C—Ob ∠OaCOb ∠COaOb 1.110 127.43

∠CaCbOb 122.7 111.5 ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb 109.2 ∠HbCaOa 109.7 C—C 1.526 C—O 1.212 C—H 1.132 ∠CCO 121.2 ∠HCO 112 trans conformer (C2h (assumed)) C—C 1.56 C—Cl 1.769 ∠CCCl 110.0 CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 1.450 Cb—Cc 1.208 Ca—Cb Cc—Cc 1.377 Ca—H 1.09 C—C 1.545 C—F 1.326 ∠CCF 109.8 staggered conformation average value of the C=C and C—F distances 1.329 C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 127.8 ∠FCC (CF2) 124 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC (CF3) 110

9-33

TeamLRN

MW

MW

ED, UV

ED ED

ED ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3,5-Hexatriene

Iminocyanide radical ˙ HNCN Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡N Isobutane (CbH3)3CaH Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene CH2=C=O Malononitrile CaH2(CbN)2

Methane CH4 Methanethiol CH3SH

Methanol CH3OH

Methyl radical ⋅CH3 N-Methylacetamide

Structure H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.337 Cc—Cc 1.368 124.4 ∠CbCcCc N—H 1.034 ∠HNC 116.5 I—Ca 1.985 Cb—Cc 1.370 Ca—H 1.122 Ca—Cb 1.535 ∠CaCbH 111.4

Methyl bromide CH3Br Methyl chloride CH3Cl

1.458 121.7

N⋅⋅⋅N ∠NCN Ca—Cb Cc—N Cb—H ∠CbCaCb

2.470 ∼180 1.207 1.160 1.113 110.8

UV MW ED, MW

MW MW

MW

C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 S—H 1.34 ∠HSC 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2. (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.) C—H 1.0936 C—O 1.4246 O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH 108.63 ∠COH 108.53 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) 3.27 C—H 1.08 planar

MW

H3 Ca

ED

H Cb

Methyl azide

ED Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

C—C 1.317 C—O 1.161 C—H 1.080 ∠HCH 123.0 C—H 1.091 C—C 1.480 C—N 1.147 ∠CCC 110.4 ∠HCH 108.4 ∠CCN 176.6 (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb) C—H (re) 1.0870 (Td)

O

Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine CH3NH2

Method

Cb—N ∠CbNCc ∠NCbO ∠CaCbN

N CcH3 1.386 119.7 121.8 114.1

Ca—Cb N—Cc C—H

1.520 1.469 1.107

Cb—O

1.225

N—H 1.010 C—N C—H 1.099 ∠NHN ∠HNC 110.3 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) C—H CH3 C—Na Na Nb Nc Na—Nb Nb—Nc 1.113 ∠CNaNb NNN linear C—H (re) 1.086 C—Br (re) ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C3v) C—H 1.090 C—Cl ∠HCH 110.8

9-34

1.471 107.1 108.0

2.9 1.09 1.468 1.216 116.8

MW

UV

MW

ED

1.933

MW, IR

1.785

MW, IR

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound

Structure

Methyldiazirine

N CH3 CH

Methylene :CH2 Methylenecyclopropane

N

C—H

1.078

Methyl fluoride CH3F Methyl formate

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc

CaH2

CcH2 Cc—H 1.09 ∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH 114.3 ∠HCcH dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond Cb—Cc CcH2 Cc—O O Cb CaH2 Ca—Cb CcH2 C—H ∠HCcH C—H (re) C—F (re)

1.09 (assumed) 114 (assumed) 1.095 1.382

CaH3

Ob

Oa Cb Hb

Methylgermane CH3GeH3 Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylidyne radical ˙ :CH Methylidyne phosphide HCP Methyl iodide CH3I Methyl isocyanide Methylketene

C—N 1.481 C—C 1.501 N—N 1.235 ∠NCN 49.3 dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the C—C bond 122.3 ∠HCH 130

CcH2 Cb

3-Methyleneoxetane

Method

110.45 (C3v) 1.08 1.206 1.393 1.101 (assumed)

∠COC

114

Ge—H ∠HCH

1.529 108.4

MW

O—Cl ∠HCH

1.674 109.6

MW

1.0692

C—P (re)

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) CaH3—N≡Cb N—Cb

1.084 111.2 Ca—H 1.166

C—I (re) (C3v) 1.102 ∠NCaH O—Ca Cb—Cc Cc—H

O

MW

∠HCH (θe) Ca—H Cb—Ob C—O (average) Cb—H

H—C (re)

Ca

MW

87 120 (assumed)

127 110 1.083 1.945 109.3 1.103 1.389 112.8 1.1198

Cb

63.9 113.5 150.8 1.52 1.45 1.33

LMR

∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH

∠OaCbOb ∠OaCaH C—H C—Ge ∠HGeH C—H O—C ∠COCl C—H (re)

CcH3

1.332 1.457 1.542

MW

MW, IR ED

UV 1.5398

MW

2.132

MW, IR

Ca—N 1.424 109.12 1.171 1.518 1.10

MW MW

H

Methylmercury chloride CH3HgCl Methyl nitrate

Ca—Cb ∠OCaCb ∠CaCbH ∠HCH Hg—Cl Hg—C

1.306 180.5 113.7 109.2 2.282 1.99

H a Oa

Ha C Hb N—Oa ∠OCHa ∠CON ∠ONOb

N O

Ob 1.205 110 112.7 112.4

9-35

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Cb—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CcCbH

1.083 122.6 123.7

C—H (C3v) C—Ha C—Hb C—O O—N N—Ob ∠OCHb ∠ONOa

1.15 1.10 1.09 1.437 1.402 1.208 103 118.1

MW, NMR MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Methylphosphine CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene

Structure C—P

1.858

CaH3

Hc Cb

Cc

CaH3

Methylsilane CH3SiH3 Methylstannane CH3SnH3 Methyl thiocyanate

Method

Hc

∠HCaCb (average) ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaH C—H Si—H ∠HSiH C—Sn

111.4 115.6 107.9 1.093 1.485 108.3 2.143 S—Cb Cb—N

CaH3 S Cb

N

∠CaSCb

∠HCH

99.0

Naphthalene

Neopentane C(CH3)4 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane CH3NO2 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CH3)2NNO Nitrosomethane CH3NO Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole

C—H

1.094

ED

Ca—H Cc—Hc Ca—Cb Cb—Cc ∠HcCcHc ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcH C—Si ∠HCH (C3v) Sn—H (C3v) 1.684 1.170

1.119 1.10 1.508 1.342 118.5 122.2 121 1.867 107.7

ED, MW

1.700

MW

S—Ca C—H

110.6 Ca—Cb Cb—Cb Ca—Cc Cc—Cc C—C (average) ∠CaCcCc

∠HCS 108.3 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.40 119.4

MW

1.824 1.081

MW

ED

C—C ∠CCH

1.537 112

C—H

1.114

ED

C—H N—O ∠ONO N—O C—N ∠CNC C—N C—H ∠NCH

1.088 (assumed) 1.224 125.3 1.235 1.461 123.2 1.49 1.084 109.0

C—N ∠NCH

1.489 107

MW

N—N ∠ONN ∠CNN N—O ∠CNO

1.344 113.6 116.4 1.22 112.6

ED

O—N C—N C—C C—H ∠NCH O—C C—N N—N C—H ∠NCH

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxalic acid

H Oa

Ob C

C

Oa

Ob H

9-36

1.380 1.300 1.421 1.076 120.9 1.348 1.297 1.399 1.075 128.5 C—C C—Oa C—Ob Ob—H ∠CCOa ∠OaCOb ∠CObH

∠NON ∠ONC ∠CCN ∠CCH planar ∠COC ∠OCN ∠CNN ∠OCH planar 1.544 1.205 1.336 1.05 123.1 125.0 104

MW

110.4 105.8 109.0 130.2

MW

102.0 113.4 105.6 118.1

MW

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Oxalyl dichloride

Structure C—O 1.182 C—C 1.534 C—Cl 1.744 O Cl ∠CCO 124.2 ∠CCCl 111.7 fraction of the trans conformer at 0°C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% C—O 1.448 C—C 1.546 C—H (average) 1.090 ∠COC 92 ∠CCC 85 ∠OCC 92 ∠HCH (average) 109.9

Cl

O

C

Oxetane

Oxirane → Ethylene oxide Phenol

Phosphirane

C—C (average) Cb—H Cc—H Cd—H Ca—O O—H ∠COH

C—P C—C ∠CPC

CH2 PH

l-Propenyl chloride Propiolaldehyde

Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide

1.867 1.502 47.4

∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH 118 dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond C—C CH2 CH2 C—N NH NH C—H

CH2

Pivalonitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Propadiene → Allene Propane C3H8 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene

ED

C

CH2

Piperazine

Method

CH2

∠CNC

109.0

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc C—C ∠CCC

∠CbCcHd CH3—CbH=CaH—Cl ∠CbCaCl HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO ∠CaCbCc CaH3 Cb H

1.397 1.084 1.076 1.082 1.364 0.956 109.0

P—H C—H ∠HCH

MW

MW

1.43 1.09 114.4

MW

95.7 1.540 1.467 1.110

ED

1.495 1.536

∠CCN (C2h) Ca—N ∠CcCbCc

1.159 110.5

MW

1.532 112

C—H ∠HCH

1.107 107

ED

Ca—Ha Ca—Cb Cc—Hd Cb—Cc ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.104 1.341 1.117 1.506 121.3

ED, MW

∠CaCbCc 1.728 trans conformer Ca—Ha Cb—Cc Cc—O ∠CbCcHc planar

124.3 MW

110.7 Ca—Cl 121.9 1.211 1.130 124.2 178.6

CcH2

110.4

1.085 1.453 1.214 113.7

Ca—Cb 1.51 ∠CaCbCc 121.0 dihedral angle between the CbCcO plane and the CaCb bond 123.8

O

9-37

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ED, MW

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne

Structure H3Cc—Cb≡CaH Cc—Cb Ca—H

Method

1.459 1.056

Pyrazine

C—C C—H ∠CCH

Pyridazine

H H Cb Cb CaH

HCa N

N

∠NCC

123.7

Pyridine

∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCc ∠NCaHa

116.8 118.5 115.9

Pyrimidine

H N

Pyrrole

Cc—H Cb—Ca ∠HCcCb 1.339 1.115 123.9

1.105 1.206 110.2 C—N 1.403 ∠CCN 115.6

N—Ca Ca—Cb N—N Cb—Cb

1.341 1.393 1.330 1.375

∠NNC N—Ca Cb—Cc Cb—Hb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cc—Hc

119.3 1.340 1.394 1.081 1.395 1.084 1.077

∠NCaCb ∠CbCcCb ∠CcCbHb N—C 1.340 ∠NCN 127.6 (C2v assumed)

123.9 118.3 121.3 C—C 1.393 ∠CNC 115.5

N—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb N—H Ca—Ha ∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH C—H C—N C—O Cb—Cc

1.370 1.417 1.382 0.996 1.076 109.8 107.4 127.1 1.12 1.17 1.208 1.477

∠HCH ∠CaCbCc

109.2 114.2

Si—C C—C CH2 SiH2 Si—H C—H 1.14 ∠CSiC ∠SiCC 84.8 ∠CCC dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes Cb H2 Cb—Cb H2 Cb C a—Cb Ca C—H H2 Cb Cb H2 ∠CbCaCb

1.892 1.600 1.47 80.7 99.8 146 1.52 1.47 1.09 62

Ha

Ca

Ca H a

H b Cb Cb—Hb ∠NCaCb ∠NCaHa Pyruvonitrile

Cb H b 1.077 107.7 121.5 O

CaH3

Cb Cc

MW

ED

ED, MW

MW

ED

MW

ED, MW

N

Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane

Spiropentane

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbO ∠CCN

CH2

1.518 124.5 179

CH2

∠HCH

118

9-38

(D2d)

ED

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Succinonitrile

Tetrachloroethylene CCl2=CCl2 Tetracyanoethylene (CN)2C=C(CN)2 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane

Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 Tetrahydrofuran

CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2

Structure C—C 1.561 C—C(N) 1.465 C—N 1.161 C—H 1.09 CH2 CN ∠CCC 110.4 fraction of the anti conformer at 170°C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer 75 C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCCl 115.7 C—N 1.162 C—C 1.435 C=C 1.357 ∠CC=C 121.1 C—S 1.785 S C—F 1.314 F2 C CF2 ∠CSC 83.2 S ∠FCS 113.7 (D2h assumed) C—C 1.31 C—F 1.319 ∠CCF 123.8 (D2h assumed) C—H 1.115 C—O 1.428 C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation CH2 CN

Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

CH2 O

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 CH2 S

Method

C—O C—C C—H ∠COC ∠OCC

1.420 1.531 1.116 111.5 111.8

∠CCC (C) chair form C—S C—C ∠SCC

108

∠CCC (O)

111

1.839 1.536 106.1

C—H ∠CSC ∠CCC

1.120 93.4 105.0

Ge—C ∠GeCH Pb—C

1.945 108 2.238

C—H 1.12 (Td excluding the H atoms) (Td excluding the H atoms)

C—H ∠HCH C—Sn C—H S N N

1.115 109.8 2.144 1.12

C—Si 1.875 (Td excluding the H atoms)

ED

ED ED ED

ED ED

ED

CH2 CH2 Tetramethylgermane (CH3)4Ge Tetramethyllead (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si Tetramethylstannane (CH3)4Sn 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

(Td excluding the H atoms) S—N 1.631 ∠NSN 99.6 C—N 1.328 ∠CCN 113.8 C—C 1.420 ∠CCH 126.2 HC CH C—H 1.079 planar S—C 1.721 ∠CSC 86.4 S N—N 1.371 ∠SCN 114.6 HC CH C—N 1.302 ∠CCN 112.2 N N C—H 1.08 ∠SCH 121.9 ∠NCH 123.5 planar C—S 1.847 C—C 1.549 C—H (average) 1.100 ∠CSC 76.8 ∠HCH (average) 112 dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes 154 C—C 1.484 ∠HCH 116 H2 C C—H 1.083 ∠CSC 48.3 S C—S 1.815 ∠CCS 65.9 H2 C dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C—C bond 152

9-39

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ED ED ED ED MW

MW

ED, MW

MW

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Thioformaldehyde CH2S Thioformamide

Structure C—S ∠HCH

1.611 116.9

S

Ha C

N

Hc

Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene

C—S ∠HaNHb ∠HbNC ∠NCHc

∠SCaCb ∠SCaHa Toluene

1,1,1-Tribromoethane CH3CBr3 Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Tricarbon dioxide OCCCO Trichloroacetonitrile CCl3CN 1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3

Trichloro(methyl)germane CH3GeCl3 Trichloro(methyl)silane CH3SiCl3 Trichloro(methyl)stannane CH3SnCl3 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane Trifluoroacetic acid

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3CF3 Trifluoromethane → Fluoroform

C—Br C—C ∠BrCBr

Hb 1.626 121.7 120.4 108

Method C—H

1.093

MW

N—Ha N—Hb C—N

1.002 1.007 1.358

MW

C—Hc ∠HaNC ∠NCS ∠SCHc

1.10 117.9 125.3 127

Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Ca—S Ca—Cb Cb—Cb ∠CaSCa 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 119.9 ∠CbCbHb C—C (ring) 1.399 C—CH3 C—H (average) 1.11 the difference between the C—H(CH3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1.93 1.51 (assumed) 111

1.078 1.081 1.714 1.370 1.423 92.2 112.5 124.3 1.524

MW

1.095 (assumed) 108 109.0 (assumed)

MW

1.111 113.0 1.289

ED

1.460 110.0 1.541 110.0 109.4

ED

1.89 106.4

ED, MW

2.021

MW

2.10 113.9 108

ED

C—F C—C C—Oa

1.325 1.546 1.192

ED

O—H ∠CCOb

0.96 (assumed) 111.1

C—F ∠CCF

1.340 119.2

C—H ∠CCBr ∠CCH

Ca—Cb 1.611 C—H Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc C—O 1.163 C—C linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) C—N 1.165 C—C C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl C—H 1.090 C—C C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH ∠CCH 108.9 ∠ClCCl ∠CCCl 109.6 Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl ∠GeCH 110.5 (assumed) C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl (C3v) Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl ∠ClSnCl 104.7 ∠SnCH

C—Ob ∠CCOa ∠CCF C—C C—H ∠CCH

1.35 126.8 109.5 1.494 1.081 112

9-40

ED

ED

MW

ED

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane CF3CCl3 Trimethylaluminium (CH3)3Al Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Trimethylbismuth (CH3)3Bi Trimethylborane (CH3)3B Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P 1,3,5-Trioxane

Structure

Method

C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—H ∠AlCH C—N ∠CNC C—As ∠AsCH Bi—C ∠CBiC C—B ∠CBC

1.54 1.77 109.6 1.113 111.7 1.458 110.9 1.979 111.4 2.263 97.1 1.578 120.0

C—F 1.33 ∠CCF 110 staggered conformation Al—C 1.957 ∠CAlC 120 C—H 1.100 ∠HCH 110 ∠CAsC 98.8

C—P ∠CPC O

1.847 98.6

H2 C

CH2

O

O

MW

ED ED ED

C—H

1.07

ED

C—H ∠BCH

1.114 112.5

ED

C—H ∠PCH C—O ∠OCO ∠COC

1.091 110.7 1.422 112.2 110.3

ED MW

C H2 Triphenylamine (C6H5)3N

Tropone

C—C 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 116 (C3) torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes) Ca—O 1.23 O Ca—Cb 1.45 Ca Cb—Cc 1.36 Cc—Cd 1.46 HCb Cb H Cd—Cd 1.34 CcH HCc ∠CbCaCb 122 ∠CaCbCc 133 Cd Cd H H ∠CbCcCd

Vinylacetylene

Ha

126

Hc Ca Cb

Hb

Cc Cd Hd

∠CbCcCd ∠HbCaCb ∠CcCdHd Vinyl chloride

Hc

Cl C

Hb

178 122 182

∠CCCl ∠CCHb

C Ha 122.5 120

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∠CcCdCd Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—Cd Ca—Ha Cd—Hd ∠CaCbCc

130 (C2v) 1.434 1.344 1.215 1.11 1.09 123.1

∠HaCaCb ∠HcCbCa

122

C—C C—Cl C—H

1.342 1.730 1.09

∠CCHa ∠CCHc

124 121.1

ED

ED

ED, MW

119

ED, MW

CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of values found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10-10 m).

REFERENCES 1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd Edition, 2002, p. 9-17. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A Survey of Carbon-Carbon Bond Lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962.

A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si Sn Te

As 2.10 2.32 1.96 2.17 1.71 1.51

Br 2.28 1.94 2.14 1.76 2.30 1.41 2.47

2.22 2.24

2.21

C

1.53 1.79 1.39 1.95 1.09 2.13 1.46 1.42 1.85 1.82 1.95 1.87 2.14

Cl

F

1.99 1.63 2.15 1.28 2.32 1.90 1.70 2.04 2.05 2.33

1.41 1.73 0.92 1.91 1.37 1.42 1.57 1.56

2.05 2.28

Ge

2.40 1.53 2.51

1.71 1.58 1.82

H

0.74 1.61 1.02 0.96 1.42 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.48 1.71 1.66

I

N

O

1.45 1.43 1.65

1.48

P

S

Sb

Se

Si

2.67

2.25 2.00 2.33

2.44 2.67

1.63

2.14

2.33

B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C C⬅C C=N C⬅N C=O C=S N=N N⬅N N=O O=O

1.34 1.20 1.21 1.16 1.21 1.61 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.21

C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C C–C= C–C⬅ =C–C= ⬅C–C= ⬅C–C⬅

C–C length 1.526 1.501 1.459 1.467 1.445 1.378

Examples of molecules H3C–CH3 H3C–CH=CH2 H3C–C⬅CH H2C=CH–CH=CH2 HC⬅C–CH=CH2 HC⬅C–C⬅CH

D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C 1.96 B–C 1.58 Be–C 1.70

Bi–C Cd–C Hg–C

2.26 2.11 2.08

Pb–C Sn–C Zn–C

2.24 2.14 1.93

9-44

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives values of the electric dipole moment for about 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment µ is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in References 1 and 2. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

REFERENCES 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mol. Form.

µ/D

Name

Mol. Form.

Name

µ/D

Compounds not containing carbon AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AlF AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 BClH2 BF BF2H B4H10 B5H9 B6H10 BaO BaS BrCl BrF BrF3Si BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrO2 BrRb BrTl CaCl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF3

Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum monofluoride Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Chloroborane Fluoroborane(1) Difluoroborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium oxide Barium sulfide Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromotrifluorosilane Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Calcium monochloride Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride

5.62 ± 0.03 6.08 ± 0.06 6.22 ± 0.30 4.55 ± 0.05 1.53 ± 0.15 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 0.75 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.971 ± 0.010 0.486 ± 0.002 2.13 ± 0.04 2.50 ± 0.05 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 1.422 ± 0.016 0.83 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.15 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.319 0.726 ± 0.003 10.628 ± 0.001 7.268 ± 0.001 ≈1.8 9.1183 ± 0.0006 1.76 ± 0.04 2.8 ± 0.3 ≈10.9 4.49 ± 0.05 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 0.888061 0.023 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.10

ClF3Si ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO2 ClNS ClNa ClO ClRb ClTl Cl2H2Si Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl3FSi Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P CrO CsF CsNa CuF CuO FGa FGeH3 FH FHO FH2N FH3Si FI

9-45

TeamLRN

Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitryl chloride Thionitrosyl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine oxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Dichlorosilane Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Chromium monoxide Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper(I) fluoride Copper(II) oxide Gallium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluoramide Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride

0.636 ± 0.004 2.13 ± 0.02 1.1086 ± 0.0003 ≈1.3 1.31 ± 0.01 1.24 ± 0.02 3.79 ± 0.19 10.269 ± 0.001 7.12887 0.53 1.87 ± 0.02 9.00117 1.297 ± 0.001 10.510 ± 0.005 4.54299 1.17 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.03 1.81 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01 2.54 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.02 3.88 ± 0.13 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 2.45 ± 0.05 2.33 ± 0.12 1.826178 2.23 ± 0.11 2.27 ± 0.18 1.2969 ± 0.0006 1.948 ± 0.020

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FN3 FNa FO FRb FS FTl F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2S F2Si F3HSi F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Se F5I GeH3N3 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe HI HKO HLi HLiO HN HNO HNO2 HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HS H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H6OSi2 IK

Name

µ/D

Indium(I) fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine azide Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Rubidium fluoride Sulfur monofluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane cis-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Sulfur difluoride Difluorosilylene Trifluorosilane 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Germylazide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) telluride Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Mercapto Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Disiloxane Potassium iodide

3.40 ± 0.07 8.585 ± 0.003 6.3274 ± 0.0002 1.730 ± 0.003 0.466 ± 0.005 1.902 ± 0.012 ≈1.3 8.156 ± 0.001 0.0043 ± 0.0004 8.5465 ± 0.0005 0.794 ± 0.02 4.2282 ± 0.0008 2.61 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.55 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.308180 1.63 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.07 1.12 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.05 1.23 ± 0.02 1.27 ± 0.03 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 0.235 ± 0.004 0.0390 ± 0.0004 1.8685 ± 0.0001 1.03 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.257 ± 0.002 0.632 ± 0.003 1.78 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.579 ± 0.003 3.2823 ± 0.0001 2.00 ± 0.06 1.65 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.07 0.448 ± 0.001 7.415 ± 0.002 5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 1.39 ± 0.07 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 2.17 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.09 1.655 ± 0.001 0.7580 ± 0.0001 1.8546 ± 0.0040 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.4718 ± 0.0002 0.59 ± 0.05 0.5740 ± 0.0003 0.12 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.09 0.24 ± 0.02 ≈10.8

Mol. Form. ILi INa IO IRb ITl KLi KNa LaO LiNa LiO LiRb MgO NO NO2 NP NS N2O N2O3 NaRb OP OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr OTi OY OZr O2S O2Se O2Zr O3 PbS SSi SSn

Name Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Lanthanum monoxide Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Magnesium oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Rubidium sodium Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfide Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide

µ/D 7.428 ± 0.001 9.236 ± 0.003 2.45 ± 0.05 ≈11.5 4.61 ± 0.07 3.45 ± 0.20 2.693 ± 0.014 3.207 ± 0.011 0.463 ± 0.002 6.84 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.6 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 2.7470 ± 0.0001 1.81 ± 0.02 0.16083 2.122 ± 0.010 3.1 ± 0.3 1.88 ± 0.07 4.64 ± 0.50 1.55 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0.03 3.0982 4.32 ± 0.22 8.900 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.05 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 1.63305 2.62 ± 0.05 7.80 ± 0.02 0.53373 3.59 ± 0.18 1.73 ± 0.09 3.18 ± 0.16

Compounds containing carbon CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3I CH CHBrClF CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHFO CHF2N CHF3 CHN

9-46

Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Formyl fluoride Carboimidic difluoride Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide

0.65 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.01 2.8331 ± 0.0002 0.51 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.02 0.645 ± 0.005 2.120 ± 0.001 0.47 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01 1.048 ± 0.003 ≈1.46 1.5 ± 0.3 0.99 ± 0.02 1.42 ± 0.03 1.29 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.02 2.081 ± 0.001 1.393 ± 0.001 1.65150 2.985188

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. CHN CHNO CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O CH2O2 CH2S CH2Se CH3BCl2 CH3BF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3F2OP CH3F2P CH3F3Si CH3F3Si CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH4O CH4O2 CH4S CH5FSi CH5ISi CH5N CH6OSi CH6Si CH8B2 CIN CO COS COSe CS CSe C2BrF C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F4 C2F3N C2F3N C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2

Name

µ/D

Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Fulminic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide 1H-Tetrazole Formaldehyde Formic acid Thioformaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Dichloromethylborane Difluoromethylborane Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Methylphosphonic difluoride Methyldifluorophosphine Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methanol Methylhydroperoxide Methanethiol Fluoromethylsilane Iodomethylsilane Methylamine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Methyldiborane(6) Cyanogen iodide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoselenide Bromofluoroacetylene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroisocyanomethane Bromoacetylene Chloroacetylene Trichloroethene Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid

3.05 ± 0.15 ≈1.6 3.09934 [1.66] 1.43 ± 0.03 1.82 ± 0.04 1.60 ± 0.03 1.9785 ± 0.02 [1.08] 1.50 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.10 2.19 ± 0.05 2.332 ± 0.002 1.425 ± 0.002 1.6491 ± 0.0004 1.41 ± 0.01 1.419 ± 0.013 1.668 ± 0.003 1.698 ± 0.020 1.8203 ± 0.0004 1.8963 ± 0.0002 1.91 ± 0.01 1.858 ± 0.002 3.69 ± 0.26 2.056 ± 0.006 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 1.6406 ± 0.0004 3.73 ± 0.07 3.46 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.04 1.70 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 1.52 ± 0.08 1.700 ± 0.008 1.862 ± 0.005 1.31 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.02 0.73456 0.566 ± 0.006 3.67 ± 0.02 0.10980 0.715189 0.73 ± 0.02 1.958 ± 0.005 1.99 ± 0.04 0.448 ± 0.002 0.40 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.05 0.50

Mol. Form.

≈0.5 1.262 ± 0.010 1.153 ± 0.010 0.22962 0.44408 [0.8] 0.92 ± 0.05 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.32 ± 0.03 2.28 ± 0.25

C2HI C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2N2S C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3HgN C2H3I C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2

9-47

TeamLRN

Name Iodoacetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Ketene Glyoxal (cis) Bromoethene Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Cyanomethylmercury Iodoethene Acetonitrile Methyl cyanate Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Glycolaldehyde Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol (average) Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide

µ/D 0.02525 [1.38] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 2.23 ± 0.11 1.32 ± 0.07 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.80 ± 0.22 1.579 ± 0.007 1.42215 4.8 ± 0.2 1.42 ± 0.03 1.45 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.04 2.72 ± 0.14 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] 1.468 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.03 2.3470 ± 0.005 4.7 ± 0.1 1.311 ± 0.005 3.92519 4.26 ± 0.18 ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 2.7 ± 0.1 [1.2] [1.19] 2.068 ± 0.014 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 2.750 ± 0.006 1.89 ± 0.01 1.70 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.04 2.73 ± 0.05 2.04 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.04] 1.937 ± 0.007 1.976 ± 0.002 1.90 ± 0.01 3.68 ± 0.03 3.83 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 1.30 ± 0.01 3.96 ± 0.04 2.36 ± 0.10 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.554 ± 0.004 2.03 ± 0.08 [1.85]

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Si C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3HF3 C3HN C3H2F2 C3H2O C3H3Cl2F C3H3F C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4F2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2

Name Vinylsilane Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Cyanoacetylene 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 2-Propynal 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropyne 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Propyne Cyclopropene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein (trans) Acrolein (cis) Cyclopropanone Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanate 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Acetone Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Allyl alcohol (gauche) Allyl alcohol (average) Methyl vinyl ether Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average)

µ/D 0.657 ± 0.002 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 1.01 ± 0.02 [2.27] 1.99 ± 0.10 2.317 ± 0.013 3.73172 2.98 ± 0.02 2.78 ± 0.02 2.43 ± 0.02 1.73 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 3.92 ± 0.07 1.503 ± 0.030 2.95 ± 0.04 0.784 ± 0.001 0.454 ± 0.010 0.889 ± 0.007 2.20 ± 0.01 3.8 ± 0.4 1.13 ± 0.06 3.117 ± 0.004 2.552 ± 0.003 2.67 ± 0.13 1.49 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 [4.9] [1.51] ≈1.9 1.67 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.10 1.647 ± 0.010 1.94 ± 0.10 [1.8] 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 4.05 ± 0.03 4.72 ± 0.09 3.17 ± 0.02 0.366 ± 0.001 [1.2] [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 2.88 ± 0.03 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 0.965 ± 0.002 2.01 ± 0.02 1.94 ± 0.01 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09

Mol. Form. C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4H4 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO C4H5NO

9-48

Name Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thietane 1,1-dioxide 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Ethyl methyl ether (trans) 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (gauche) Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 1-Buten-3-yne Methylenecyclopropene Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Isocyanocyclopropane 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole

µ/D 1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 1.72 ± 0.09 1.19 ± 0.06 4.8 ± 0.1 2.08 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.21 ± 0.11 2.02 ± 0.03 1.95 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.04 2.17 ± 0.11 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] ≈1.2 1.19 ± 0.01 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 3.82 ± 0.08 [4.3] 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 0.084 ± 0.001 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.02 [2.25] [2.55] 2.36 ± 0.05 [0.74] [2.56] 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.06 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] 0.22 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.01 [3.7] 2.334 ± 0.010 4.22 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 3.53 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.01 3.69 ± 0.18 1.767 ± 0.001 4.03 ± 0.10 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl

Name 5-Methyloxazole 4-Methylisoxazole 1,2-Butadiene 1-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether 3-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal Cyclobutanone 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Isocyanopropane 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene Isobutene Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane Sulfolane 3-Methylthietane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane

µ/D

Mol. Form.

2.16 ± 0.04 3.583 ± 0.005 0.403 ± 0.002 0.782 ± 0.004 0.132 ± 0.001 0.78 ± 0.05 0.963 ± 0.020 3.67 ± 0.07 2.68 ± 0.13 2.89 ± 0.03 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 [2.13] [1.65] [1.79] [1.77] 4.27 ± 0.03 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001 ≈2.8 [4.9] 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 3.91 ± 0.04 3.73 ± 0.06 4.29 ± 0.09 4.055 ± 0.001 [3.5] 0.438 ± 0.007 0.359 ± 0.011 0.253 ± 0.005 0.503 ± 0.010 0.139 ± 0.004 2.22 ± 0.11 [2.58] 1.96 ± 0.03 1.90 ± 0.02 1.295 ± 0.022 [1.26] 1.891 ± 0.011 2.72 ± 0.05 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 2.779 ± 0.015 1.75 ± 0.04 0.295 ± 0.003 [1.65] [1.08] [1.89] 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.48] [2.45] 2.06 ± 0.04 [4.8] 2.046 ± 0.009 [1.90] 2.14 ± 0.04 2.08 ± 0.10 2.23 ± 0.11 [2.17] 2.05 ± 0.04

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C4H13N3 C5F5N C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4 C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4O C5H4OS C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C5H4S2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2

9-49

TeamLRN

Name

µ/D

2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether (trans-trans) Isopropyl methyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Diethylenetriamine Perfluoropyridine 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 1,3-Pentadiyne 4-Chloropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione Furfural 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Pyridine 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Ethyl cyanoacetate

2.04 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 [1.87] [1.57] 3.61 [3.7] 1.55 ± 0.03 0.132 ± 0.002 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.8] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 1.15 ± 0.02 1.107 ± 0.013 1.247 ± 0.003 [2.58] [2.08] [2.31] [1.53] 1.66 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.08 ≈1.0 [1.28] [1.29] [1.27] 0.92 ± 0.05 [2.8] [1.89] 0.98 ± 0.08 4.59 ± 0.02 4.13 ± 0.02 1.207 ± 0.001 0.756 ± 0.005 2.09 ± 0.26 3.132 ± 0.007 3.95 ± 0.05 [3.54] 3.79 ± 0.02 3.9 ± 0.2 2.215 ± 0.010 0.51 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 0.513 ± 0.02 0.419 ± 0.004 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 4.08 ± 0.02 [1.92] 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 4.61 ± 0.13 4.04 ± 0.04 [2.17]

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3F3

Name cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Cyclopentene 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran (chair) Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) N-Methylpyrrolidine Isopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene

µ/D

Mol. Form.

Name

0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 0.25 ± 0.01 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.20 ± 0.02 0.287 ± 0.003 2.62 ± 0.25 ≈3.3 1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 [1.96] [1.67] [2.78] 4.56 ± 0.02 4.71 ± 0.05 1.720 ± 0.003 4.12 ± 0.08 3.95 ± 0.04 1.007 ± 0.003 [4.1] ≈0.5 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 0.142 ± 0.001 2.66 ± 0.05 [2.70] [2.82] 1.58 ± 0.03 [1.61] [0.63] [2.03] [1.88] [1.78] [1.74] [2.1] 1.10 ± 0.06

C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H8Si C6H9F C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10F2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11Cl C6H11F C6H11F C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one Dimethyl maleate Phenylsilane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene (half-chair) 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3-Methylcyclopentanone Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

[2.13] [2.4] 1.781 ± 0.010 2.20 ± 0.11 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.92] 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 0.572 ± 0.003 0.13 ± 0.05 [3.5] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [1.88] [1.82] [2.5] [1.6] 2.42 ± 0.05 1.46 ± 0.06 1.402 ± 0.009

9-50

µ/D 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.87 ± 0.06 2.46 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.02 5.78 ± 0.11 3.66 ± 0.11 1.96 ± 0.03 4.23 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 2.11 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.09 3.56 ± 0.07 1.44 1.66 4.22 ± 0.08 0.4236 ± 0.013 [1.77] 1.224 ± 0.008 0.69 ± 0.07 2.38 ± 0.05 [1.23] 1.13 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 4.33 ± 0.002 [2.48] 0.845 ± 0.012 1.942 ± 0.010 0.83 ± 0.05 0.661 ± 0.004 0.332 ± 0.012 2.556 ± 0.010 3.14 ± 0.03 3.246 ± 0.006 [2.79] [2.49] [2.34] 2.44 ± 0.07 1.91 ± 0.02 2.11 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.04 [3.5] [3.9] [1.25] [2.66] [1.13] 1.90 ± 0.10 [1.87] [1.87] [1.86] [1.74] [3.24] [2.25]

DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H18N3OP C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5N C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10 C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16O C7H16O C8H6 C8H7N

Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Isocyanobenzene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene 2,5-Norbornadiene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Methylenecyclohexane Diethyl malonate 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Phenylacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile

µ/D

Mol. Form.

1.43 ± 0.07 [1.26] 1.21 ± 0.06 1.13 ± 0.10 [1.24] [2.9] [2.08] [1.38] [1.6] [1.97] [1.03] [1.15] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.57] [3.12] [5.5] [2.03] 2.86 ± 0.06 4.18 ± 0.08 4.018 ± 0.003 [1.70] [2.95] [2.07] 4.1 ± 0.3 [3.0] [2.86] 1.56 ± 0.08 [1.82] 2.21 ± 0.04 [1.82] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 [5.0] 0.375 ± 0.010 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.45] [1.48] [1.48] 1.71 ± 0.09 1.38 ± 0.07 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] [2.30] [1.66] 0.740 0.62 ± 0.01 [2.54] [2.59] [2.78] [2.74] [1.91] [1.75] 1.75 ± 0.10 [1.86] 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.71] [1.71] 0.656 ± 0.005 [3.5]

C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H18O C9H18O2 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H14 C10H16O C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H22O C10H22O C11H12O2 C12H10 C12H10O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C14H12O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C22H44O2 C24H38O4

9-51

TeamLRN

Name Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid sec-Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Azulene tert-Butylbenzene Camphor, (+) 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 1-Bromodecane Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethyl trans-cinnamate Acenaphthene Diphenyl ether Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Benzyl benzoate Dibutyl phthalate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

µ/D 0.123 ± 0.003 3.02 ± 0.06 [1.94] [2.47] 0.59 ± 0.05 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55] 1.45 ± 0.15 [1.29] 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] [2.05] [2.70] [1.15] [1.9] [1.9] [1.8] [2.00] [1.76] [1.71] [1.74] 1.17 ± 0.06 [1.61] [0.98] 2.29 ± 0.11 2.73 ± 0.14 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.22] ≈0.79 [2.66] [0.79] [1.55] [1.57] 0.80 ± 0.02 ≈0.83 [3.1] [1.8] [1.93] [1.20] [1.23] [1.84] ≈0.85 ≈1.3 [0.77] [0.78] [3.07] [2.06] [2.82] [1.18] [2.48] [2.87] [3.05] [3.18] [1.88] [2.84]

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS* J. Alistair Kerr The strength of a chemical bond, D∞(R-X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in which the bond is broken: RX Æ R + X. It is given by the thermochemical equation, D∞(R-X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) - DfH∞(RX). Some authors list bond strengths at a temperature of absolute zero but here the values at 298 K are given because more thermodynamic data are available for this temperature. Bond strengths or bond dissociation energies are not equal to, and may differ considerably from, mean bond energies determined solely from thermochemical data on atoms and molecules.

Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES These have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass spectrometric analysis of hot gases effusing a Knudsen cell. Excellent accounts of these and other methods are given in (i) Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, by A. G. Gaydon, 3rd. ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968 and (ii) “Mass Spectrometric Determination of Bond Energies of High-Temperature Molecules”, K. A. Gingerich, Chimia, 26, 619, 1972. The errors quoted in the table are those given in the original paper or review article. The references have been chosen primarily as a key to the literature. It should not be assumed that the author referred to was responsible for the value quoted, as the reference may be to a review article. Bond strengths reported at a temperature of absolute zero, D∞0, have been converted to D∞298 by the use of enthalpy functions taken mainly from the JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985, wherever possible. For most bonds, however, this data is not available and the conversion has been made by the approximate relation: D∞298 = D∞0 + (3/2)RT The list below does not include the increasing number of bond strengths of diatomic molecules now being calculated by ab initio methods. The Table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms. Molecule Ag-Ag Ag-Al Ag-Au Ag-Bi Ag-Br Ag-Cl Ag-Cu Ag-D Ag-Dy Ag-Eu Ag-F Ag-Ga Ag-Ge Ag-H Ag-Ho Ag-I Ag-In Ag-Li Ag-Mn Ag-Na Ag-Nd Ag-O Ag-S Ag-Se Ag-Si Ag-Sn Ag-Te Al-Al Al-Ar Al-As Al-Au Al-Br

D∞298/kJ mol–1 160.3 ± 3.4 183.7 ± 9.2 202.9 ± 9.2 193 ± 42 293 ± 29 314.2 174.1 ± 9.2 226.8 130 ± 19 129.7 ± 12.6 354.4 ± 16.3 180 ± 15 174.5 ± 20.9 215.1 ± 8 123.4 ± 16.7 234 ± 29 166.5 ± 4.9 173.6 ± 6.3 100 ± 21 138.1 ± 8.4 <209 220.1 ± 20.9 217.1 202.5 177.8 ± 10.0 136.0 ± 20.9 195.8 133 ± 6 5.182 ± 0.005 202.9 ± 7.1 325.9 ± 6.3 429 ± 6

Ref. 314 79 4 246 120 184 136 205 203 66 120 44 135 217 62 120 13 276,303 246 291,298 221 287 349 349 320 3 349 118 180 294,301 124 186

Molecule Al-Cl Al-Co Al-Cr Al-Cu Al-D Al-F Al-H Al-I Al-Kr Al-Li Al-N Al-Ni Al-O Al-P Al-Pd Al-S Al-Sb Al-Se Al-Si Al-Te Al-U Al-V Al-Xe Ar-Ar Ar-He Ar-Hg Ar-I Ar-K As-As As-Cl As-D As-F

D∞298/kJ mol–1 511.3 ± 0.8 181.6 ± 0.2 223.6 ± 0.6 227.1 ± 1.2 290.8 663.6 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 369.9 ± 2.1 6.047 ± 0.001 76.5 297 ± 96 225 ± 5 511 ± 3 216.7 ± 12.6 254.4 ± 12.1 373.6 ± 7.9 216.3 ± 5.9 337.6 ± 10.0 229.3 ± 30.1 267.8 ± 10.0 326 ± 29 147.4 ± 1.0 7.43 ± 0.69 4.73 ± 0.04 3.89 6.15 10.0 4.2 382.0 ± 10.5 448 270.3 410

* Revised to October 2001.

9-52

Ref. 312 22 19 21 246 80 80 267 180 39 120 20 56,74 80 64 376 293 376 51 376 123 22 43 181 246 246 40 205 247 80 205 205

Molecule As-Ga As-H As-I As-In As-N As-O As-P As-S As-Sb As-Se As-Tl At-At Au-Au Au-B Au-Ba Au-Be Au-Bi Au-Ca Au-Ce Au-Cl Au-Co Au-Cr Au-Cs Au-Cu Au-D Au-Dy Au-Eu Au-Fe Au-Ga Au-Ge Au-H Au-Ho

D∞298/kJ mol–1 209.6 ± 1.2 274.0 ± 2.9 296.6 ± 28.0 201 489 ± 2 481 ± 8 433.5 ± 12.6 379.5 ± 6.3 330.5 ± 5.4 96 198.3 ± 14.6 ~80 226.2 ± 0.5 367.8 ± 10.5 254.8 ± 10.0 285 ± 8 297 ± 8.4 243 339 ± 21 343 ± 9.6 222 ± 17 213 ± 17 255 ± 3.3 228.0 ± 5.0 318.4 259 ± 21 241.0 ± 10.5 187.0 ± 16.7 234 ± 38 274.1 ± 5.0 292.0 ± 8 267.4 ± 16.7

Ref. 83 29 325 297 310 262 137 262 94 288 300 89 210 145 135 120 135 135 135 120 135 135 41 34,135 205 203 66 220 135 135 217 62,250

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Au-In Au-La Au-Li Au-Lu Au-Mg Au-Mn Au-Na Au-Nd Au-Ni Au-O Au-Pb Au-Pd Au-Pr Au-Rb Au-Rh Au-S Au-Sc Au-Se Au-Si Au-Sn Au-Sr Au-Tb Au-Te Au-U Au-V Au-Y B-B B-Br B-C B-Ce B-Cl B-D B-F B-H B-I B-Ir B-La B-N B-O B-P B-Pd B-Pt B-Rh B-Ru B-S B-Sc B-Se B-Si B-Te B-Th B-Ti B-U B-Y Ba-Br Ba-Cl Ba-D Ba-F

D∞298/kJ mol–1 286.0 ± 5.7 336.4 ± 20.9 284.5 ± 6.7 332.2 ± 16.7 243 ± 42 185.4 ± 12.6 215.1 ± 12.6 299.2 ± 20.9 247 ± 16 221.8 ± 20.9 130 ± 42 155 ± 21 310 ± 21 243 ± 2.9 231.0 ± 29 418 ± 25 280.3 ± 16.7 243.1 305.4 ± 5.9 254.8 ± 7.1 264 ± 42 289.5 ± 33.5 317.6 318 ± 29 240.6 ± 12.1 307.1 ± 8.4 297 ± 21 396 448 ± 29 305 ± 21 511.3 ± 4 341.0 ± 6.3 757 340 220.5 ± 0.8 514.2 ± 17.2 339 ± 63 389 ± 21 808.8 ± 20.9 346.9 ± 16.7 329.3 ± 20.9 477.8 ± 16.7 475.7 ± 20.9 446.9 ± 20.9 580.7 ± 9.2 276 ± 63 461.9 ± 14.6 317 ± 7 354.4 ± 20.1 297 276 ± 63 322 ± 33 293 ± 63 362.8 ± 8.4 436.0 ± 8.4 £193.7 587.0 ± 6.7

Ref.

Molecule

13 127 276 132 246 342 298 127 352 287 246 135 135 41 66 131 128 349 139 233 246 152,250 349 123 172 177 80 32 246 246 195 246 257 302 315 381 246 80 287 147 381 268 381 381 374 246 374 390 374 140 246 246 246 104,199,230 197,199 205 101,196

Ba-H Ba-I Ba-O Ba-Pd Ba-Rh Ba-S Be-Be Be-Br Be-Cl Be-D Be-F Be-H Be-O Be-S Bi-Bi Bi-Br Bi-Cl Bi-D Bi-F Bi-Ga Bi-H Bi-I Bi-In Bi-Li Bi-O Bi-P Bi-Pb Bi-S Bi-Sb Bi-Se Bi-Sn Bi-Te Bi-Tl Br-Br Br-C Br-Ca Br-Cd Br-Cl Br-Co Br-Cr Br-Cs Br-Cu Br-D Br-F Br-Fe Br-Ga Br-Ge Br-H Br-Hg Br-I Br-In Br-K Br-Li Br-Mg Br-Mn Br-N Br-Na

D∞298/kJ mol–1 176 ± 14.6 320.8 ± 6.3 561.9 ± 13.4 221.8 ± 5.0 259.4 ± 25.1 400.0 ± 18.8 59 381 ± 84 388.3 ± 9.2 203.05 577 ± 42 200.0 ± 1.3 434.7 ± 13.4 372 ± 59 200.4 ± 7.5 267.4 ± 4.2 301 ± 4 283.7 367 ± 13 159 ± 17 £283.3 218.0 ± 4.6 153.6 ± 1.7 154.0 ± 5.0 337.2 ± 12.6 280 ± 13 141.8 ± 14.6 315.5 ± 4.6 251 ± 4 280.3 ± 5.9 210.0 ± 8.4 232.2 ± 11.3 121 ± 13 192.807 280 ± 21 310.9 ± 9.2 159 ± 96 217.53 ± 0.29 331 ± 42 328.0 ± 24.3 389.1 ± 4 331 ± 25 370.74 280 ± 12 247 ± 96 444 ± 17 255 ± 29 366.35 72.8 ± 4 179.1 ± 0.4 414 ± 21 379.9 ± 0.8 418.8 ± 4 £327.2 314.2 ± 9.6 276 ± 21 367.4 ± 0.8

9-53

TeamLRN

Ref.

Molecule

120 188 287 125 125 70 35,87 246 108,191,382 205 80,108 67 287 120 307,324 76 78 266 400 296 266 77 321 277,305 287 137 324 375 244 375 135 375 84 1 120 319 120 59 246 120 285,362 120 205 211 120 80 120 205 80 120,309 80 362,378 362 205 120 120 362,378

Br-Ni Br-O Br-Pb Br-Rb Br-Sb Br-Sc Br-Se Br-Si Br-Sn Br-Sr Br-Th Br-Ti Br-Tl Br-U Br-V Br-W Br-Xe Br-Y Br-Zn C-C C-Ce C-Cl C-D C-F C-Ge C-H C-Hf C-I C-Ir C-La C-Mo C-N C-Nb C-O C-Os C-P C-Pt C-Rh C-Ru C-S C-Sc C-Se C-Si C-Tc C-Th C-Ti C-U C-V C-Y C-Zr Ca-Ca Ca-Cl Ca-D Ca-F Ca-H Ca-I Ca-Li

D∞298/kJ mol–1 360 ± 13 235.5 ± 2.4 247 ± 38 380.7 ± 4 314 ± 59 444 ± 63 297 ± 84 367.8 ± 10.0 ≥552 333.0 ± 9.2 364 439 333.9 ± 1.7 377.4 ± 6.3 439 ± 42 329.3 5.94 ± 0.02 485 ± 84 142 ± 29 610 ± 2.0 444 ± 13 397 ± 29 341.4 552 460 ± 21 338.4 ± 1.2 540 ± 25 209 ± 21 632 ± 4 462 ± 20 481 ± 15.9 748.0 ± 10 569 ± 13.0 1076.5 ± 0.4 ≥594 513.4 ± 8 598 ± 5.9 580.0 ± 3.8 616.2 ± 10.5 714.1 ± 1.2 £444 590.4 ± 5.9 451.5 565 ± 29 453 ± 17 423 ± 29 454.8 ± 15.1 427 ± 23.8 418 ± 14 561 ± 25 ~17 409 ± 9 £169.9 527 ± 21 167.8 284.7 ± 8.4 84.9 ± 8.4

Ref. 120 46 120 362 120 246 246 106 286 199 187 246 28 260 246 223 58 246 246 373 236 283 205 193 120 205 357 120 171 290 167 42 167 80 126 350 171,379 332 333 71,354 148 343 91,387 322 166,357 162,357 165,169 167 338 357 153 269 205 101,190 120 188 397

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

D∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Molecule

Ca-O Ca-S Cd-Cd Cd-Cl Cd-F Cd-H Cd-I Cd-In Cd-O Cd-S Cd-Se Cd-Te Ce-Ce Ce-F Ce-Ir Ce-N Ce-O Ce-Os Ce-Pd Ce-Pt Ce-Rh Ce-Ru Ce-S Ce-Se Ce-Te Cl-Cl Cl-Co Cl-Cr Cl-Cs Cl-Cu Cl-D Cl-Eu Cl-F Cl-Fe Cl-Ga Cl-Ge Cl-H Cl-Hg Cl-I Cl-In Cl-K Cl-Li Cl-Mg Cl-Mn Cl-N Cl-Na Cl-Ni Cl-O Cl-P Cl-Pb Cl-Ra Cl-Rb Cl-S Cl-Sb Cl-Sc Cl-Se

402.1 ± 16.7 337.6 ± 18.8 7.36 208.4 305 ± 21 69.0 ± 0.4 97.23 138 235.6 ± 83.7 208.4 ± 20.9 127.6 ± 25.1 100.0 ± 15.1 245.2 582 ± 42 586 519 ± 21 795 ± 8 506 ± 33 322.2 556 548 531 ± 25 569 494.5 ± 14.6 189.4 ± 12.8 242.580 ± 0.004 337.6 ± 6.7 377.8 ± 6.7 448 ± 8 377.8 ± 7.5 436.47 ~326 256.23 329.7 ± 6.7 481 ± 13 ~431 431.62 100 ± 8 211.3 ± 0.4 439 ± 8 433.0 ± 8 469 ± 13 327.6 ± 2.1 338.5 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.6 412.1 ± 8 377.0 ± 6.7 268.85 ± 0.10 289 ± 42 301 ± 29 343 ± 75 427.6 ± 8 277.0 360 ± 50 331 322

287,326 70,205 251 205 31 120 215 246 158,287 158 158 158 127 246 149 146 95 126 63 149 149 126 24 271 252 205 194 194 285,363 184 205 113 205,279 194 80 205 205 120 120 80 363 80 105,197,382 194 54 363 194 2 246 120 120 363 224 120 386 246

Cl-Si Cl-Sm Cl-Sn Cl-Sr Cl-Ta Cl-Th Cl-Ti Cl-Tl Cl-U Cl-V Cl-W Cl-Xe Cl-Y Cl-Yb Cl-Zn Cm-O Co-Co Co-Cu Co-F Co-Ge Co-H Co-I Co-Nb Co-O Co-S Co-Si Co-Ti Co-Y Co-Zr Cr-Cr Cr-Cu Cr-F Cr-Ge Cr-H Cr-I Cr-N Cr-O Cr-Pb Cr-S Cr-Sn Cs-Cs Cs-F Cs-H Cs-Hg Cs-I Cs-Na Cs-O Cs-Rb Cu-Cu Cu-D Cu-Dy Cu-F Cu-Ga Cu-Ge Cu-H Cu-Ho

D∞298/kJ mol–1 406 ≥423 414 ± 17 406 ± 13 544 489 405.4 ± 10.5 372.8 ± 2.1 452 ± 8 477 ± 63 423 ± 42 6.7 527 ± 84 ~322 228.9 ± 19.7 736 167 ± 25 167 ± 17 435 ± 63 234 ± 21 226 ± 42 285 ± 21 267.0 ± 0.1 384.5 ± 13.4 331 276 ± 17 235.4 ± 0.1 253.7 ± 0.1 306.4 ± 0.1 142.9 ± 5.4 155 ± 21 444.8 ± 19.7 154 ± 7 190.3 ± 7.0 287.0 ± 24.3 377.8 ± 18.8 461 ± 9 105 ± 2 331 141 ± 3 43.919 ± 0.010 519 ± 8 175.364 8 337.2 ± 2.1 63.2 ± 1.3 295.8 ± 62.8 49.57 ± 0.01 176.52 ± 2.38 270.3 142 ± 21 413.4 ± 13 215.9 ± 15.1 208.8 ± 21 277.8 142 ± 21

9-54

Ref.

Molecule

308,385 399 246 197,199 23 261 192 28 259 246 246 205 246 113 73 341 218 135 246 135 369 246 8 287 349 380 353 8 8 201 222 227 202 53 120 152,355 179 202 93 202 394 285 401 205 285,361 86 287 174 135,323 205 203 99 44 273 217,318 203

Cu-I Cu-In Cu-Li Cu-Mn Cu-Na Cu-Ni Cu-O Cu-S Cu-Se Cu-Si Cu-Sn Cu-Tb Cu-Te D-D D-F D-Ga D-Ge D-H D-Hg D-In D-Li D-Lu D-Mg D-Ni D-Pt D-S D-Si D-Sr D-Zn Dy-F Dy-O Dy-S Dy-Se Dy-Te Er-F Er-O Er-S Er-Se Er-Te Eu-Eu Eu-F Eu-Li Eu-O Eu-Rh Eu-S Eu-Se Eu-Te F-F F-Ga F-Gd F-Ge F-H F-Hf F-Hg F-Ho F-I

D∞298/kJ mol–1 197 ± 21 187.4 ± 7.9 192.9 ± 8.8 158.6 ± 17 176.1 ± 16.7 202 ± 10 269.0 ± 20.9 276 251 221.3 ± 6.3 169.5 ± 6.7 193 ± 19 278.7 443.533 576.6 <272.8 £322 439.433 42.05 246.0 240.1892 ± 0.0046 302 135.1 £302.9 £350.2 351 302.5 ≥275.7 88.7 531 607 ± 17 414 ± 42 322 ± 42 234 ± 42 565 ± 17 615 ± 13 418 ± 42 326 ± 42 238 ± 42 33.5 ± 17 544 66.9 ± 2.9 479 ± 10 233.9 ± 33 362.3 ± 13.0 301 ± 14.6 243 ± 14.6 158.78 577 ± 14.6 590.4 ± 27.2 485 ± 21 569.87 ± 0.06 650 ± 15 ~180 540 £271.5

Ref. 120 13 276 222 299 117 287 349 349 320 3,237 203 1 205 205 253 205 205 205 205 207,360 308 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 406 95 246 246 246 406 95 246 246 246 66 242 275 95 66 271,347 25,178,271 25,271 205 270 405 98 402 16 205 406 7,33,60,75

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule F-In F-K F-La F-Li F-Lu F-Mg F-Mn F-Mo F-N F-Na F-Nd F-Ni F-O F-P F-Pb F-Pm F-Pr F-Pu F-Rb F-Ru F-S F-Sb F-Sc F-Se F-Si F-Sm F-Sn F-Sr F-Ta F-Tb F-Th F-Ti F-Tl F-Tm F-U F-V F-W F-Xe F-Y F-Yb F-Zn F-Zr Fe-Fe Fe-Ge Fe-H Fe-O Fe-S Fe-Si Ga-Ga Ga-H Ga-I Ga-Li Ga-O Ga-P Ga-Sb Ga-Te Gd-O

D∞298/kJ mol–1 506 ± 14.6 497.5 ± 2.5 598 ± 42 577 ± 21 333.5 461.9 ± 5.0 423.4 ± 14.6 464.8 343 519 545.2 ± 12.6 430 ± 20 219.54 ± 10 439 ± 96 356 ± 8 540 ± 42 582 ± 46 538.5 ± 29 494 ± 21 402 342.7 ± 5.0 439 ± 96 589.1 ± 13 339 ± 42 552.7 ± 2.1 565 466.5 ± 13 541.8 ± 6.7 573 ± 13 561 ± 42 652 569 ± 33 445.2 ± 19.2 510 659.0 ± 10.5 590 ± 63 548 ± 63 15.77 605.0 ± 20.9 ≥521.3 368 ± 63 616 ± 15 75 ± 17 210.9 ± 29 180 ± 25 390.4 ± 17.2 322 297 ± 25 112.1 ± 7 <274.1 339 ± 9.6 133.1 ± 14.6 353.5 ± 41.8 229.7 ± 12.6 192.0 ± 12.6 251 ± 25 719 ± 10

Ref.

Molecule

D∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Molecule

270 17 246 80 208 101,196 228 198 205 205 403 85 48 120 408 246 246 229 80 185 30,200,231 120 404 246 109 242 408 101,196 256 246 263 407 28 242 157,258 246 246 317,368 404 18,113,399 246 16 330 219 369 287 93 380 337 253 120 160 287 130 295 377 95

Gd-S Gd-Se Gd-Te Ge-Ge Ge-H Ge-Ni Ge-O Ge-Pd Ge-S Ge-Sc Ge-Se Ge-Si Ge-Te Ge-Y H-H H-Hg H-I H-In H-K H-Li H-Mg H-Mn H-N H-Na H-Ni H-O H-P H-Pb H-Pd H-Pt H-Rb H-Rh H-Ru H-S H-Sc H-Se H-Si H-Sn H-Sr H-Te H-Ti H-Tl H-V H-Yb H-Zn He-He He-Hg Hf-C Hf-N Hf-O Hg-Hg Hg-I Hg-K Hg-Li Hg-Na Hg-O Hg-Rb

526.8 ± 10.5 431 ± 14.6 343 ± 14.6 263.6 ± 7.1 £321.7 290.3 ± 10.9 659.4 ± 12.6 254.7 ± 10.5 534 ± 3 271.0 ± 11 484.7 ± 1.7 296.4 ± 8.6 397 ± 3 279.8 ± 11.4 435.990 39.844 298.407 243.1 174.576 238.049 ± 0.004 126.4 ± 2.9 234 ± 29 £339 185.69 ± 0.25 252.3 ± 8 429.99 ± 0.38 297 £157 234 ± 25 £335 167 ± 21 247 ± 21 234 ± 21 344.3 ± 12.1 ~180 314.47 ± 0.96 £299.2 264 ± 17 163 ± 8 268 ± 2.1 204.6 ± 8.8 188 ± 8 208.7 ± 7.0 159 ± 38 85.8 ± 2.1 3.8 6.61 548 ± 63 536 ± 29 801.7 ± 13.4 8±2 34.69 ± 0.96 8.24 ± 0.21 13.8 9.2 220.9 ± 33.1 8.4

116,345 25 25 238 243 335 226,287 334 280 234 282 391 282 235 205 205 205 205 206,401 393 14,15,100 120 205 274,316 217 412 205 205 369 205 120 369 369 212 329 122 205 120 120 119 52 120 53 120 120 205 246 246 152,245 287 204 388 246 205 205,411 158 205

Hg-S Hg-Se Hg-Te Hg-Tl Ho-Ho Ho-O Ho-S Ho-Se Ho-Te I-I I-In I-K I-Li I-Mg I-Mn I-N I-Na I-Ni I-O I-Pb I-Rb I-Si I-Sn I-Sr I-Te I-Ti I-Tl I-Zn I-Zr In-In In-Li In-O In-P In-S In-Sb In-Se In-Te Ir-La Ir-O Ir-Si Ir-Th Ir-Ti Ir-Y K-K K-Kr K-Li K-Na K-O K-Xe Kr-Kr Kr-O Kr-Xe La-La La-N La-O La-Pt La-Rh

9-55

TeamLRN

D∞298/kJ mol–1 217.1 ± 22.2 144.3 ± 30.1 £142 4 84 ± 17 611 ± 17 428.4 ± 14.6 335 ± 17 259 ± 17 151.088 331 325.1 ± 0.8 345.2 ± 4.2 ~285 282.8 ± 9.6 159 ± 17 304.2 ± 2.1 293 ± 21 230 193 ± 4 318.8 ± 2.1 293 234 ± 42 269.9 ± 5.9 192 ± 42 310 ± 42 272 ± 8 108.29 305 100 ± 8 92.5 ± 14.6 <320.1 197.9 ± 8.4 289 ± 17 151.9 ± 10.5 247 ± 17 218 ± 17 577 ± 13 414.6 ± 42.3 462.8 ± 20.9 573 422 ± 13 456.1 ± 16.7 54.63 ± 0.02 4.6 82.0 ± 4.2 65.994 ± 0.008 277.8 ± 20.9 5.0 5.23 <8 5.505 ± 0.002 247 ± 21 519 ± 42 799 ± 4 502 ± 21 527 ± 17

Ref. 158 158 246 183 62 95 345 25 25 205,371 384 361,378 361 26 120 246 361,378 120 47 340 361 205 246 239 246 246 26 215 241 246 160 287 291 69 81 69 69 176 287 381 133 289 177 6,265 205 103,410 36,410 287 205 50,205 246 9 386 246 95 272 65

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule La-S La-Se La-Te La-Y Li-Li Li-Mg Li-Na Li-O Li-Pb Li-S Li-Sb Li-Sm Li-Tm Li-Yb Lu-Lu Lu-O Lu-Pt Lu-S Lu-Se Lu-Te Mg-Mg Mg-O Mg-S Mn-Mn Mn-O Mn-S Mn-Se Mo-Mo Mo-Nb Mo-O N-N N-O N-P N-Pu N-S N-Sb N-Sc N-Se N-Si N-Ta N-Th N-Ti N-U N-V N-Xe N-Y N-Zr Na-Na Na-O Na-Rb Nb-Nb Nb-Ni Nb-O Nb-Ti Nd-Nd Nd-O Nd-S

D∞298/kJ mol–1 573.2 ± 1.7 477 ± 17 381 ± 17 202.1 110.21 ± 4 67.4 ± 6.3 87.181 ± 0.001 333.5 ± 8.4 78.7 ± 7.9 312.5 ± 7.5 172.8 ± 10.0 49.0 ± 4.2 69.0 ± 3.3 37.2 ± 2.9 142 ± 33 678 ± 8 402 ± 33 507.1 ± 14.6 418 ± 17 326 ± 17 8.552 ± 0.004 363.2 ± 12.6 234 25.9 402.9 ± 41.8 301 ± 17 239.3 ± 9.2 406 ± 21 456 ± 25 560.2 ± 20.9 945.33 ± 0.59 630.57 ± 0.13 617.1 ± 20.9 473 ± 63 464 ± 21 301 ± 50 469 ± 84 370 ± 11 470 ± 15 611 ± 84 577.4 ± 33.1 476.1 ± 33.1 531.4 ± 2.1 477.4 ± 17.2 23.0 481 ± 63 564.8 ± 25.1 73.0813 ± 0.0001 256.1 ± 16.7 63.25 510 ± 10.0 271.9 ± 0.1 771.5 ± 25.1 302.0 ± 0.1 <163 703 ± 13 471.5

Ref. 214,359 25,271 25,154 386 383,398 396 102,111 287 277 232 278 275 275 275 246 95 141 114,345 25 25 264,397 287 70 221 225,287 395 351 168 163 287 205 205 72,151 246 246 120 246 254 311 246 144,152 152,356 142 107,152 182 246 143,152 213 287 392 164 8 287 254 246 95 25

Molecule Nd-Se Nd-Te Ne-Ne Ni-Ni Ni-O Ni-Pt Ni-S Ni-Si Ni-V Ni-Y Ni-Zr Np-O O-O O-Os O-P O-Pa O-Pb O-Pd O-Pm O-Pr O-Pt O-Pu O-Rb O-Re O-Rh O-Ru O-S O-Sb O-Sc O-Se O-Si O-Sm O-Sn O-Sr O-Ta O-Tb O-Te O-Th O-Ti O-Tm O-U O-V O-W O-Xe O-Y O-Yb O-Zn O-Zr P-P P-Pt P-Rh P-S P-Sb P-Se P-Si P-Te P-Th

D∞298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 305 ± 17 3.93 200.7 ± 0.2 382.0 ± 16.7 273.7 ± 0.3 344.3 318 ± 17 206.3 ± 0.1 283.9 ± 0.1 279.7 ± 0.1 718.4 ± 41.8 498.36 ± 0.17 575 599.1 ± 12.6 788.3 ± 17.2 382.0 ± 12.6 380.7 ± 83.7 674 ± 63 753 ± 13 391.6 ± 41.8 715.9 ± 33.9 255 ± 84 626.8 ± 83.7 405.0 ± 41.8 528.4 ± 41.8 517.90 ± 0.05 434.3 ± 41.8 681.6 ± 11.3 464.8 ± 21.3 799.6 ± 13.4 565 ± 13 531.8 ± 12.6 426.3 ± 6.3 799.1 ± 12.6 711 ± 13 376.1 ± 20.9 878.6 ± 12.1 672.4 ± 9.2 502 ± 13 759.4 ± 13.4 626.8 ± 18.8 672.0 ± 41.8 36.4 719.6 ± 11.3 397 ± 17 159 ± 4 776.1 ± 13.4 489.5 ± 10.5 £416.7 353.1 ± 17 444 ± 8 356.9 363.6 ± 10.0 363.6 297.9 ± 10.0 550.2 ± 42

9-56

Ref.

Molecule

25,156,271 25 365 304 287 367 93 380 353 8 8 287 38,205 189 287 240 287 287 246 95 287 287 37 287 287 287 57 287 287 287,344 287 95 287 327 287 95 287 287 287 95 287 12,287 287 246 209,287 95 55 287 151 348 348 92 249 92 346 92 135

P-Tl P-U P-W Pb-Pb Pb-S Pb-Sb Pb-Se Pb-Te Pd-Pd Pd-Si Pd-Y Pm-S Pm-Se Pm-Te Po-Po Pr-S Pr-Se Pr-Te Pt-Pt Pt-Si Pt-Th Pt-Ti Pt-Y Rb-Rb Rh-Rh Rh-Sc Rh-Si Rh-Th Rh-Ti Rh-U Rh-V Rh-Y Ru-Si Ru-Th Ru-V S-S S-Sb S-Sc S-Se S-Si S-Sm S-Sn S-Sr S-Tb S-Te S-Ti S-Tm S-U S-V S-Y S-Yb S-Zn S-Zr Sb-Sb Sb-Te Sb-Tl Sc-Sc

D∞298/kJ mol–1 209 ± 13 297 ± 21 305 ± 4 86.6 ± 0.8 346.0 ± 1.7 161.5 ± 10.5 302.9 ± 4 251 ± 13 100 ± 15 261 ± 12 238 ± 17 423 ± 63 339 ± 63 255 ± 63 187.0 492.5 ± 4.6 446.4 ± 23.0 326 ± 42 307 ± 2 501.2 ± 18.0 552 397 ± 13 474.0 ± 12.1 48.898 ± 0.005 285.3 ± 0.05 443.9 ± 10.5 395.0 ± 18.0 515 ± 21 390.8 ± 14.6 519 ± 17 364 ± 29 445.2 ± 10.5 397.1 ± 20.9 591.6 ± 42 414 ± 29 425.30 378.7 477 ± 13 371.1 ± 6.7 623 389 464 ± 3.3 339 515 ± 42 339 ± 21 418 ± 3 368 ± 42 522.6 ± 9.6 450 528.4 ± 10.5 167 205 ± 13 575.3 ± 16.7 299.2 ± 6.3 277.4 ± 3.8 126.8 ± 10.5 162.8 ± 21

Ref. 293 246 150 138,305 375 409 375 375 331 336 313 246 246 246 205 112 155,271 246 366 381 133 173 170 5 255 175 381 129 61 129 135 175 381 134 135 205 110 359,372 90 205 112 88 45 246 88 96,292 246 359 97,205 358 246 82,158 359 81,248 306,364 11,293 136

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Sc-Se Sc-Si Sc-Te Se-Se Se-Si Se-Sm Se-Sn Se-Sr Se-Tb Se-Te Se-Ti Se-Tm Se-V Se-Y

D∞298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 228.7 ± 14 289 ± 17 332.6 ± 0.4 538 ± 13 331.0 ± 14.6 401.2 ± 5.9 ~285 423 ± 42 291.6 ± 4 381 ± 42 276 ± 42 347 ± 21 435 ± 13

Ref.

Molecule

246 234 246 90,375 370 271 68 27 246 88,90,159 246 246 246 246

Se-Zn Si-Si Si-Te Si-Y Sm-Te Sn-Sn Sn-Te Sr-Sr Tb-Tb Tb-Te Te-Te Te-Ti Te-Tm Te-Y

D∞298/kJ mol–1 170.7 ± 25.9 325 ± 7 452 ± 8 258.8 ± 17.3 272.4 ± 14.6 187.1 ± 0.3 359.8 15.5 ± 0.4 131.4 ± 25.1 339 ± 42 257.6 ± 4.1 289 ± 17 276 ± 42 339 ± 13

Ref. 82,158 328 205,281 235 271 284 205 121 250 246 389 246 246 246

Molecule Te-Zn Th-Th Ti-Ti Ti-V Ti-Zr Tl-Tl U-U V-V V-Zr Xe-Xe Y-Y Yb-Yb Zn-Zn Zr-Zr

D∞298/kJ mol–1 117.6 ± 18.0 £289 141.4 ± 21 203.2 ± 0.1 214.3 ± 0.1 64.4 ± 17 222 ± 21 269.3 ± 0.1 260.6 ± 0.3 6.138 ± 0.001 159 ± 21 20.5 ± 17 29 298.2 ± 0.1

Ref. 158 140 216 353 254 10 246 353 254 49,115 246 161 339 8

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9-57

TeamLRN

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.

Calculated from DfH∞(CN) = 441.4 ± 4.6 kJ mol-1 (Table 4), but see also Costes, M., Naulin, C., and Dorthe, G., Astron. Astronphys., 232, 270, 1990. Callender, C. L., Mitchell, S. A., and Hackett, P. A., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 5252, 1989. Carbonel, M., Bergman, C., and Laffite, M., Colloq. Int. Cent. Nat. Rech. Sci., 201, 311, 1972. Cater, E. D. and Johnson, E. W., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5353, 1967. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1069, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1297, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 551, 1996. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 21, 696, 1974. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 25, 163, 1976. Chatillon, C., Allibert, M., and Pattoret, A., C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C, 280, 1505, 1975. Chen, Y. M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 1228, 1991. Chen, Y.-M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 4929, 1993. Clarke, T. C. and Clyne, M. A. A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 877, 1970. Clemmer, D. E., Daltaska, N. F., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 7263, 1991. Clemmer, D. E., Weber, M. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10888, 1992. Clerbaux, C. and Colin, R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 165, 334, 1994. Clevenger, J. O. and Tellinghuisen, J., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 9611, 1995. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 67, 316, 1979. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 72, 2252, 1976. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1958, 1974. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 75, 3264, 1971. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2332, 1972. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Chang, C. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 72, 268, 1976. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 5, 474, 1973. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 7, 61, 1975. Colin, R. and De Greef, D., Can. J. Phys., 53, 2142, 1975. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 673, 1964. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 2611, 1968. Colin, R., Goldfinger, P., and Jeunehomme, M., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 306, 1964. Coppens, P., Reynaert, J. C., and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 75, 292, 1979. Coquart, B. and Prudhomme, J. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 87, 75, 1981. Corbett, J. D. and Lynde, R. A., Inorg. Chem., 6, 2199, 1967. Costes, M., Naulin, C., Dorthe, G., Vaucamps, C., Nouchi, G., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 84, 75, 1987. Coxon, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 33, 136, 1975. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 208, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 211, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., J. Phys. Chem., 71, 3066, 1967. Cuthill, A. M., Fabian, D. J., and Shu-Shou-Shen, S., J. Phys. Chem., 77, 2008, 1973. De Maria, G., Drowart, J., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 31, 1076, 1959. De Maria, G., Goldfinger, P., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., Trans. Faraday Soc., 61, 2146, 1965. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 1019, 1970. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1978, 1972. Devore, T. C., McQuaid, M., and Gole, J. L., High Temp. Sci., 30, 83, 1990. Diemer, U., Weickenmeier, H., Wahl, M., and Demtroeder, W., Chem. Phys. Lett., 104, 489, 1984. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Angew. Chem., 6, 581, 1967. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Q. Rev. (London), 20, 545, 1966. Drowart, J. and Honig, R. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 980, 1957. Drowart, J. and Smoes, S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 73, 1755, 1977. Drowart, J., De Maria, G., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 29, 1015, 1958. Drowart, J., Myers, C. E., Szwarc, R.,Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Uy, O. M., High Temp. Sci., 5, 482, 1973. Drowart, J., Pattoret, A., and Smoes, S., Proc. Br. Ceramic Soc., No. 8, 67, 1967. Drowart, J., Smoes, S., and Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 10, 453, 1978. Dulick, M., Murad, E., and Barrow, R. F., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 385, 1986. Edwards, J. G., Franklin, H. F., and Gilles, P. W., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 545, 1971. Edwards, J. G., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 866, 1992 Ehlert, T. C. and Margrave, J. L., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 1066, 1964. Ehlert, T. C. and Wang, J. S., J. Phys. Chem., 81, 2069, 1977. Ehlert, T. C., Hilmer, R. M., and Beauchamp, E. A., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 3112, 1968. Engelke, F., Chem. Phys., 39, 279, 1979. Engelke, F., Ennen, G., and Meiwes, K. H., Chem. Phys., 66, 391, 1982.

9-58

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162.

Engelke, F., Hage, H., and Sprick, U., Chem. Phys., 88, 443, 1984. Estler, C. and Zare, R. N., Chem. Phys., 28, 253, 1978. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., Chem. Phys. Lett., 42, 567, 1976. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., High Temp. Sci., 12, 21, 1980. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 390, 1973. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 70, 1581, 1974. Farber, M. and Srivastava, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 74, 1089, 1978. Faure, F. M., Mitchell, M. J., and Bartlett, R. W., High Temp. Sci., 4, 181, 1972. Fellows, C. E., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 5855, 1991. Fenochka, B. V. and Gorkienko, S. P., Zh. Fiz. Khim, 47, 2445, 1973. Filippenko, N. V., Morozov, E. V., Giricheva, N. L., and Krasnev, K. S., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved Khim.Technol., 15, 1416, 1972. Franzen, H. and Hariharan, A. V., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 4907, 1979. Freeman, D. E., Yoshino, K., and Tanaka, Y., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 4880, 1974. Fries, J. A. and Cater, E. D., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 3978, 1978. Fu, Z. and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 3417, 1989. Fu, Z., Lemire, G. W., Bishea, G. A., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 8420, 1990. Gal, J. F., Maria, P. C., and Decouzon, M., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 93, 87, 1989. Gaydon, A. G., Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 3rd ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968. Gerber, G. and Moeller, R., Contrib. Symp. At. Surf. Phys., 168, 1982. Gibson, S. T., Greene, J. P., and Berkowitz, J., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 4815, 1986. Gingerich, K. A. and Blue, G. D., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5447, 1967. Gingerich, K. A. and Blue, G. D., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 186, 1973. Gingerich, K. A. and Choudary, U. V., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 3265, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Cocke, D. L., Inorg. Chim. Acta, 28, L171, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Finkbeiner, H. C., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2621, 1971. Gingerich, K. A. and Finkbeiner, H. C., Proc. 9th Rare Earth Res. Conf., 2, 795, 1971. Gingerich, K. A. and Gupta, S. K., J. Chem. Phys., 69, 505, 1978. Gingerich, K. A. and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2498, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Commun., 580, 1970. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 13, 262, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 23, 270, 1973. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 25, 523, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., Chem. Soc. Faraday, Symp., No.14, 109, 1980. Gingerich, K. A., Chimia, 26, 619, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., Cocke, D. L., and Kordis, J., J. Phys. Chem., 78, 603, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., Cocke, D. L., and Miller, F., J. Chem. Phys., 64, 4027, 1976. Gingerich, K. A., Haque, R., and Kingcade, J. E., Thermochim. Acta, 30, 61, 1979. Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 1, 258, 1969. Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 3, 415, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 2192, 1967. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 14, 1968. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 19, 1968. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2646, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 3720, 1971. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 4239, 1972. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 6407, 1981. Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 70, 471, 1974. Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 68, 768, 1964. Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 73, 2734, 1969. Gingerich, K. A., NBS Spec. Publ. (U. S.), 561, 289, 1979. Gondal, M. A., Khan, M. A., and Rais, M. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 243, 94, 1995. Gordienko, S. P. and Fenochka, B. V., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 18, 1811, 1982. Gordienko, S. P., Fenochka, B. V., Viksman, G. Sh., Klockkova, L. A., and Mikhlina, T. M., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 18, 18, 1982. Gordienko, S. P., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 20, 1472, 1984. Gorokhov, L. N., Smirnov, V. K., and Khodeev, Yu. S., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 58, 1603, 1984. Grade, M. and Hirschwald, W., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 86, 899, 1982. Grade, M., Wienecke, J., Rosinger, W., and Hirschwald, W., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 87, 355, 1983. Guggi, D. J., Neubert, A., and Zmbov, K. F., Conf. Int. Thermodyn. Chim. [C. R.] 4th, 3, 124, 1975. Guido, M. and Balducci, G., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 5611, 1972. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. - High Pressures, 12, 273, 1980.

9-59

TeamLRN

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221.

Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 69, 4318, 1978. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 5350, 1979. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 3072, 1979. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 2795, 1980. Gupta, S. K. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 3584, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Atkins, R. M., and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 17, 3211, 1978. Gupta, S. K., Kingcade, J. E., and Gingerich, K. A., Adv. Mass Spectrom., 8A, 445, 1980. Gupta, S. K., Nappi, B. M., and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 20, 966, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Nappi, B. M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 85, 971, 1981. Gupta, S. K., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 2044, 1979. Gupta, S. K., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 83, 2335, 1979. Gustavsson, T., Amiot, C., Verges, J., Mol. Phys., 64, 279, 1988. Haque, R. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 12, 439, 1980. Haque, R., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 2929, 1979. Haque, R., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 73, 4045, 1980. Hariharan, A. V. and Eick, H. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 6, 373, 1974. Hedgecock, I. M., Naulin, C., and Costes, M., Chem. Phys., 207, 379, 1996. Heidecke, S. A., Fu, Z., Colt, J. R., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 1692, 1992. Herman, P. R., La Rocque, P. E., and Stoicheff, B., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 4535, 1988. Herman, R. and Herman, L., J. Phys. Radium., 24, 73, 1963. Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 2nd ed.,Van Nostrand, New York, 1950. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., High Temp. Mater. Sci., 35, 11, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 5825, 1988. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 4909, 1989. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 5983, 1990. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 3830, 1992. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Lau, K. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2325, 1992. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Murad, E., J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1524, 1966. Hildenbrand, D. L. and Theard, L. P., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 5350, 1969. Hildenbrand, D. L., High Temp. Mater. Sci., 35, 151, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 32, 523, 1975. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 2634, 1995. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 10507, 1996. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 48, 3657, 1968. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 5751, 1970. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 614, 1976. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 66, 3526, 1977. Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Phys. Chem., 77, 897, 1973. Hilpert, K. and Ruthardt, K., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 91, 724, 1987. Hilpert, K. and Ruthardt, K., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 93, 1070, 1989. Hilpert, K., Ber. Kernforschungsanlage Juelich, JUEL-1744, 272, 1981. Hilpert, K., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1425, 1982. Huber, K. P. and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, New York, 1979. Hussein, K., Effantin, C., D’Incan, J., Verges, J., and Barrow, R. F., Chem. Phys. Lett., 124, 105, 1986. Ihle, H. R. and Wu, C. H., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 1605, 1975. Ishwar, N. B., Varma, M. P., and Jha, B. L., Acta Phys. Pol. A, A61, 503, 1982. Ishwar, N. B., Varma, M. P., and Jha, B. L., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 20, 992, 1982. James, A. M., Kowalczyk, P., Simard, B., Pinegar, J. C., Morse, M. D., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 168, 248, 1994. Jeyagopal, T., Rajavel, S. R. K., Ramakrishnan, M., and Rajamanickam, N., Acta Phys. Hung., 68, 145, 1990. Johns, J. W. C. and Ramsey, D. A., Can. J. Phys., 39, 210, 1961. Jones, K. M., Maleki, S., Bize, S., Lett, P. D., Williams, C. J., Richling, H., Knöckel, H., Tiemann, E., Wang, H., Gould, P. L., and Stwalley, W. C., Phys. Rev., A, 54, R1006, 1996. Jones, R. W. and Gole, J. L., Chem. Phys., 20, 311, 1977. Jordan, K. J., Lipson, R. H., McDonald, N. A., and Le Roy, R. J., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4778, 1992. Kant, A. and Lin, S.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 51, 1644, 1969. Kant, A. and Moon, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 11, 55, 1979. Kant, A. and Strauss, B. H., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 3806, 1964. Kant, A. and Strauss, B., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 3579, 1968. Kant, A., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 5144, 1968. Kant, A., Lin, S.-S, and Strauss, B., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 1983, 1968.

9-60

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281.

Kant, A., Strauss, B., and Lin, S.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 2384, 1970. Kaposi, O., Magy. Kem. Foly., 83, 356, 1977. Kaufel, R., Vahl, G., Nunkwitz, R., and Baumgaertel, H., Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 481, 207, 1981. Kazenas ,E., Tagirov, V. K., and Zviadadze, G. N., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Met., 58, 1984. Kazenas, E. K., Bol’shikh, M. A., and Petrov, A. A., Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Metally, (3), 29, 1996. Kent, R. A. and Margrave, J. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 3582, 1965. Kent, R. A., Ehlert, T. C., and Margrave, J. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 5090, 1964. Kent, R. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 5657, 1968. Khitrov, A. N., Ryabova, V. G., and Gurvich, L. V., Teplofiz. Vys. Tempo., 11, 1126, 1973. Kiang, T. and Zare, R. N., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 4024, 1980. Kimura, H., Asano, M., and Kubo, K., J. Nucl. Mater., 97, 259, 1981. Kingcade, J. E. Jr. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 3432, 1986. Kingcade, J. E. Jr. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 85, 195, 1989. Kingcade, J. E. Jr., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 4574, 1986. Kingcade, J. E., Cocke, D. L., and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 16, 89, 1983, Kingcade, J. E., Dufner, D. C., Gupta, S. K., and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 10, 213, 1978. Kingcade, J. E., Nagarathna, H. M., Shim, I., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2830, 1986. Kleinschmidt, P. D. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 2819, 1978. Kleinschmidt, P. D. and Ward, J. W., J. Less-Common. Met., 121, 61, 1986. Kleinschmidt, P. D., Cubicciotti, D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 1543, 1978; Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 78, 217, 1978. Kleinschmidt, P. D., Lau, K. H., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 653, 1981. Klynning, L. and Lindgren, B., Arkiv. Fysik., 32, 575, 1966. Kohl, F. J. and Carlson, K. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 4814, 1968. Kohl, F. J. and Stearns, C. A., J. Phys. Chem., 78, 273, 1974. Kondratiev, V. N., Bond Dissociation Energies, Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities, Mauka Publishing House, Moscow, 1974. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 18, 135, 1973. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 5141, 1973. Kordis, J. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2336, 1972. Kordis, J., Gingerich, K. A., and Seyse, R. J., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 5114, 1974. Kowalski, A., Czaikowski, M., and Breckenridge, W. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 119, 368, 1985. Koyama, T. and Yamawaki, M., J. Nucl. Mater., 152, 30, 1988. Kronekvist, M., Lagerqvist, A., and Neuhaus, H., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 39, 516, 1971. Langenberg, J. D. and Morse, M. D., Chem. Phys. Lett., 239, 25, 1995. Langenberg, J. D. and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 100, 2331, 1998. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 1572, 1979. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 4928, 1980. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 76, 2646, 1982. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 80, 1312, 1984. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 2949, 1987. Lau, K. H. and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 6124, 1990. Lau, K. H., Brittain, R. D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 81, 227, 1981; J. Phys. Chem., 86, 4429, 1982. Lau, K. H., Brittain, R. D., and Hildenbrand, D. L., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 1158, 1989. Li, K. C. and Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 4423, 1973. Li, L., Lyyra, A. M., Luh, W. T., and Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 8452, 1990. Lindgren, B. and Nilsson, Ch., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 55, 407, 1975. Martin, E. and Barrow, R. F., Phys. Scr., 17, 501, 1978. McIntyre, N. S., Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 3006, 1968. Menendez, M., Garay, M., Verdasco, E., and Gonzalez, U. A., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 2760, 1993. Murad, E., Hildenbrand, D. L., and Main, R. P., J. Chem. Phys., 45, 263, 1966. Nagai, S., Shinmei, M., and Yokokawa, T., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 1904, 1974. Nappi, B. M. and Gingerich, K. A., Inorg. Chem., 20, 522, 1981. Neckel, A. and Sodeck, G., Monatsch. Chem., 103, 367, 1972. Nedelec, O. and Giroud, M., J. Chem. Phys., 79, 2121, 1983. Neubert, A. and Zmbov, K. F., Chem. Phys., 76, 469, 1983. Neubert, A. and Zmbov, K. F., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 70, 2219, 1974. Neubert, A., Ihle, H. R., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 73, 1406, 1980. Neubert, A., Zmbov, K. F., Gingerich, K. A., and Ihle, H. R., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 5218, 1982. Nordine, P. C., J. Chem. Phys., 61, 224, 1974. O’Hare, P. A. G. and Curtiss, L. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 27, 643, 1995. O’Hare, P. A. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 1455, 1993.

9-61

TeamLRN

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 617. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340.

O’Hare, P. A. G., Zywocinski, A., and Curtiss, L. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 28, 459, 1996. Ovcharenko, I. E., Ya, Kuzyankow, Y., and Tatevaskii, V. M., Opt. Spectrosk., 19, 528, 1965. Pak, K., Cai, M. F., Dzugan, T. P., and Bondybey, V. E., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 86, 153, 1988. Parks, E. K. and Wexler, S., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 4492, 1984. Parr, T. P., Behrens, R., Freedman, A., and Heron, R. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 56, 71, 1978. Pedley, J. B. and Marshall, E. M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 967, 1984. Pelevin, O. V., Mil’vidskii, M. G., Belyaev, A. I., and Khotin, B. A., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater., 2, 924, 1966. Pelino, M. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 1286, 1989. Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 1581, 1989. Pelino, M., Piacente, V., and Ascenzo, G., Thermochim. Acta, 31, 383, 1979. Pelino, M., Viswanadham, P., and Edwards, J. G., J. Phys. Chem., 83, 2964, 1979. Piacente, V. and Balducci, G., Adv. Mass Spectrom., 7A, 626, 1978. Piacente, V. and Balducci, G., Dyn. Mass Spectrom., 4, 295, 1976. Piacente, V. and Balducci, G., High Temp. Sci., 6, 254, 1974. Piacente, V. and Desideri, A., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 2213, 1972. Piacente, V. and Gigli, R., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 4790, 1982. Piacente, V. and Gingerich, K. A., High Temp. Sci., 9, 189, 1977. Piacente, V. and Gingerich, K. A., Z. Naturforsch. Teil A, 28, 316, 1973. Piacente, V. and Malaspina, L., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1780, 1972. Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 5911, 1979. Pianalto, F. S., O’Brien, L. C., Keller, P. C., and Bernath, P. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 129, 348, 1988. Pilgrim, J. C. and Duncan, M. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 232, 335, 1995. Pinegar, J. C., Langenberg, J. D., Arrington, C.A., Spain, E. M., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 666, 1995. Pitzer, K. S., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 3078, 1981. Porter, R. F. and Spencer, C. W. J., J. Chem. Phys., 32, 943, 1960. Prasad, R., Venugopal, V., and Sood, D. D., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 9, 593, 1977. Rajamanickam, N., Dhuvaragaikannan, N., and Raja Mohamed, K., Acta Physica Hungarica, 74, 385, 1994. Rajamanickam, N., Palaniselvam, K., Rajavel, S. R. K., Rajesh, M., and Sureshkumar, G., Acta Phys. Hung., 70, 141, 1991. Rajamanickam, N., Senthilkumar, R. N., Ganesan, S., Gopalakrishnan, N., Rajkumer, J., Jegadesan, V., and Dandapani, C., Acta Phys. Hung., 70, 71, 1991. Rajamanickan, N., Acta Ciencia Indica Phys., 14, 18, 1988. Ram, R. S., Rai, S. B., Ram, R. S., Upadhya, K. N., J. Chim. Phys. Phys-Chim. Biol., 76, 560, 1979. Ramakrishnan, E. S., Shim, I., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 80, 395, 1984. Ran, Q., Schmude, R. W., Gingerich, K. A., Wilhite, D. W., and Kincade, J. E., J. Phys. Chem., 97, 8535, 1993. Rao, P. S. and Rao, T. V. R., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 27, 207, 1982. Rao, S. P. and Rao, T. V. R., Acta Ciencia Indica Phys., 7, 58, 1981. Rao, T. V. R., Reddy, R. R., and Rao, P. S., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 19, 1219, 1981. Rao, V. M., Rao, M. L. P., and Rao, P. T., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 25, 547, 1981. Reddy, R. R., Reddy, A. S. R., and Rao, T. V. R., Acta Phys. Slovaca, 36, 273, 1986. Riekert, G., Lamparter, P., and Steeb, S., Z. Metallkd., 72, 765, 1981. Riekert, G., Rainer-Harbach, G., Lamparter, P., and Steeb, S., Z. Metallkd., 76, 406, 1981. Rinehart, G. H. and Behrens, R. G., J. Phys. Chem., 83, 2052, 1979. Rohlfing, E. A. and Valentine, J. J., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 6560, 1986. Rovner, L., Drowart, A., and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 63, 2910, 1967. Rusin, A. D., Zhukov, E., Agamirova, L. M., and Kalinnikov, V. T., Zh. Neorg. Khim., 24, 1457, 1979. Samoilova, I. O. and Kazenas, E. K., Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Metally, (1), 33, 1995. Samoilova, I. O. and Kazenas, E. K., Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Metally, (3), 36, 1994. Schumde, R. W. Jr., Ran, Q., Gingerich, K. A., and Kingcade, J. E. Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 102,2574, 1995. Scott, P. R. and Richards, W. G., J. Phys. B, 7,1679, 1974. Shim, I. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 2490, 1982. Shim, I. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 80, 5107, 1984. Shim, I., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 81, 5937, 1984. Shim, I., Finkbeiner, H. C., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 3171, 1987. Shim, I., Kingcade, J. E. Jr., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 6629, 1986. Shim, I., Kingcade, J. E. Jr., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 3104, 1988. Shim, I., Kingcade, J. E. Jr., and Gingerich, K. A., Z. Phys. D - Atoms Molecules and Clusters, 7, 261, 1987. Shim, I., Mandix, K., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 5435, 1991. Shim, I., Pelino, M., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 9240, 1992. Siegel, B., Q. Rev. (London), 19, 77, 1965. Simons, J. W., Oldenberg, R. C., and Baughaim, S. L., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 3840, 1987.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398.

Smith, P. K. and Peterson, D. E., J .Chem. Phys., 52, 4963, 1970. Smoes, S. and Drowart, J., Chem. Commun., p.534, 1968. Smoes, S. and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 73, 1746, 1977. Smoes, S. and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 80, 1171, 1984. Smoes, S., Coppens, P., Bergman, C., and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 682, 1969. Smoes, S., Depiere, D., and Drowart, J., Rev. Int. Hautes Temp. Refractaires Paris, 9, 171, 1972. Smoes, S., Drowart, J., Welter, J. M., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 9, 275, 1977; Adv. Mass Spectrom., 7A, 622, 1978. Smoes, S., Huguet, R., and Drowart, J., Z. Naturforsch. Teil A, 26, 1934, 1971. Smoes, S., Mandy, F., Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Drowart, J., Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 81, 45, 1972. Smoes, S., Myers, C. E., and Drowart, J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 8, 10, 1971. Smoes, S., Pattje, W. R., and Drowart, J., High Temp. Sci., 10, 109, 1978. Spain, E. M. and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 4605, 1992. Spain, E. M. and Morse, M. D., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2479, 1992. Sreedhara Murthy, N., Indian J. Phys., 62B, 92, 1988. Srivastara, R. D. and Farber, M., High Temp. Sci., 5, 489, 1973. Stearns, C. A. and Kohl, F. J., High Temp. Sci., 2, 146, 1970. Stearns, C. A. and Kohl, F. J., High Temp. Sci., 6, 284, 1974. Steiger, R. A. and Cater, E. D., High Temp. Sci., 7, 204, 1975. Steiger, R. P. and Cater, E. D., High Temp. Sci., 7, 288, 1975. Stwalley, W. C., Way, K. R., and Velasco, R., J. Chem. Phys., 60, 3611, 1974. Su, T.-M. R. and Riley, S. J., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 3194, 1979. Su, T.-M. R. and Riley, S. J., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 1614, 1980. Su, T.-M. R. and Riley, S. J., J. Chem. Phys., 72, 6632, 1980. Sullivan, C. L., Zehe, M. J., and Carlson, K. D., High Temp. Sci., 6, 80, 1974. Tanaka, Y., Yushina, K., and Freeman, D. E., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 564, 1973. Taylor, S., Lemire, G. W., Hamrick, Y. M., Fu, Z., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 89, 5517, 1988. Taylor, S., Spain, E. M., and Morse, M. D., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 2698, 1990. Tellinghuisen, J., Tisone, G. C., Hoffmann, J. M., and Hays, A. K., J. Chem. Phys., 64, 4796, 1976. Tolbert, M. A. and Beauchamp, J. L., J. Phys. Chem., 90, 5015, 1986. Tomaszkiewicz, I., Susman, S., Volin, K. J., and O’Hare, P. A. G., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 26, 1081, 1994. Tromp, J. W., LeRoy, R. J., Gerstenkorn, S., and Luc, P., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 100, 82, 1983. Tuenge, R. T., Laabs, F., and Franzen, H. F., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 2400, 1976. Urdahl, R. S., Bao, Y., and Jackson, W. M., Chem. Phys. Lett., 178, 425, 1991. Uy, O. M. and Drowart, J., High Temp. Sci., 2, 293, 1970. Uy, O. M. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 3221, 1969. Uy, O. M. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 1293, 1971. Uy, O. M., Muenow, D. W., Ficalora, P, J., and Margrave, J. L., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 2998, 1968. Van Veen, N. J. A., DeVries, M., and DeVries, A. E., Chem. Phys. Lett., 64, 213, 1979. Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A. and Drowart, J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1, 311, 1967. Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., McIntyre, N. S., and Drowart, J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 4, 198, 1969. Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., Peeters, R., McIntyre, N. S., and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 809, 1970. Varma, M. P., Ishwar, N. B., and Jha, B. L., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 20, 828, 1982. Velasco, R., Ottinger, C., and Zare, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 51, 5522, 1969. Vempati, S. N. and Jones, W. E., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 127, 232, 1988. Venkataramanaiah, M. and Lakshman, S. V. J., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 26, 11, 1981. Verhaegen, G., Smoes, S., and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Phys., 40, 239, 1964. Verhaegen, G., Stafford, F. E., and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Phys., 40, 1622, 1964. Viswanathan, K. S. and Tellinghuisen, J., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 98, 185, 1983. Viswanathan, R., Baba, M. S., Raj, D. D. A., Balasubramanian, R., Narasimhan, T. S. L., and Mathews, C. K., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 49B, 243, 1994. Viswanathan, R., Schmude, R. W., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 10784, 1996. Viswanathan, R., Schumde, R. W., and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 27, 763, 1995. Wang, Y. C., Kajitani, M., Kasahara, S., Bata, M., Ishikawa, K., and Kato, H., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 6229, 1991. Way, K. R. and Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 5298, 1973. Weickenmeier, W., Diemer, U., Wahl, M., Raab, M., Demtroeder, W., and Mueller, W., J. Phys.Chem., 82, 5354, 1985. Wiedemeier, H. and Gilles, P. W., J. Chem. Phys., 42, 2765, 1965. Wu, C. H. and Ihle, H. R., Adv. Mass Spectrom., 8A, 374, 1980. Wu, C. H., Ihle, H. R., and Gingerich, K. A., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 47, 235, 1983. Wu, C. H., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 3181, 1976; 65, 2040, 1976.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412.

Yokozeki, A. and Menzinger, M., Chem. Phys., 14, 427, 1976. Yoo, R. K., Ruscic, B., and Berkowitz, J., Chem. Phys., 166, 215, 1992. Zemke, W. T. and Stwalley, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 143, 84, 1988. Zemke, W. T., Stwalley, W. C., Langhoff, S. R., Valderrama, G. L., and Berry, M. J., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 7846, 1991. Zmbov, K. F. and Margrave, J. L., J. Chem. Phys., 45, 3167, 1966. Zmbov, K. F. and Margrave, J. L., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 3122, 1967. Zmbov, K. F. and Margrave, J. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 29, 59, 1967. Zmbov, K. F. and Margrave, J. L., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 3379, 1966. Zmbov, K. F. and Margrave, J. L., J. Phys. Chem., 71, 2893, 1967. Zmbov, K. F., Hastie, J. W., and Margrave, J. L., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 861, 1968. Zmbov, K. F., Neubert, A., and Ihle, H. R., Z. Naturforsch., A, 36A, 914, 1981. Zmbov, K. F., Wu, C. H., and Ihle, H. R., J. Chem. Phys., 67, 4603, 1977. Zollweg, R. J., Contrib. Pap. Int. Conf. Phenom. Ioniz. Gases. 11th, 402, 1973. Ruscic, B., Feller, D., Dixon, D. A., Peterson, K. A., Harding, L. B., Asher, R. L., and Wagner, A. F., J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 1, 2001.

Table 2 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF GASEOUS ATOMS FROM ELEMENTS IN THEIR STANDARD STATES For elements that are diatomic gases in their standard states these are readily obtained from the bond strength. For elements that are crystalline in their standard states they are derived from vapor pressure data. Atom

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Er F Ge H

284.9 ± 0.8 330.0 ± 4.0 302.5 ± 13 368.2 ± 2.1 565 ± 5 177.8 ± 4 324 ± 5 209.6 ± 2.1 111.87 ± 0.12 716.68 ± 0.45 177.8 ± 0.8 111.80 ± 0.20 423 ± 13 121.301 ± 0.008 428.4 ± 4 397 ± 4 76.5 ± 1.0 337.4 ± 1.2 317.1 ± 4 79.38 ± 0.30 372 ± 3 217.998 ± 0.006

2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2

Atom

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Atom

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Hf Hg I In Ir K Li Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb Ni O Os P Pb Pd Pt Pu Rb

619 ± 4 61.38 ± 0.04 106.76 ± 0.04 243 ± 4 669 ± 4 89.0 ± 0.8 159.3 ± 1.0 147.1 ± 0.8 283.3 ± 4 658.1 ± 2.1 472.68 ± 0.40 107.5 ± 0.7 721.3 ± 4 430.1 ± 2.1 249.18 ± 0.10 787 ± 6.3 316.5 ± 1.0 195.2 ± 0.8 376.6 ± 2.1 565.7 ± 1.3 364.4 ± 17 80.9 ± 0.8

1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2

Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Yb Zn Zr

774 ± 6.3 556 ± 4 650.6 ± 6.3 277.17 ± 0.15 264.4 ± 2.5 377.8 ± 4 227.2 ± 4 450 ± 8 301.2 ± 1.5 163.6 ± 2.1 782.0 ± 2.5 196.6 ± 2.1 602 ± 6 473 ± 3 182.21 ± 0.4 533 ± 8 514.2 ± 1.3 849.8 ± 4 424.7 ± 2.1 152.09 ± 0.8 130.40 ± 0.40 608.8 ± 4

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1

REFERENCES 1. Brewer, L. and Rosenblatt, G. M., Adv. High Temp. Chem., 2, 1, 1969. 2. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., Eds., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES The values below refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic methods (see (i) S. W. Benson, J. Chem. Educ., 42, 502, 1965, (ii) J. A. Kerr, Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966 and (iii) D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982, for a full description of the methods). An increasing number of bond strengths are being determined from gas-phase acidity cycles and from photoionization mass spectrometry (see J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994). Bond strengths in polyatomic molecules are notoriously difficult to measure accurately since the mechanisms of the kinetic systems involved in many of the measurements are seldom straightforward. Thus much controversy has taken place in the literature over the past 15 years concerning C-H bond strengths in simple alkanes, for which we recommend data based largely on kinetic studies involving time-resolved flow tube experiments with mass spectrometric determination of reactant radical concentrations (see Berkowitz, J., Ellison, G. B., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994.). These alkane bond strengths and the enthalpies of formation of the corresponding radicals are significantly larger than values derived from experiments in very low pressure reactors (see Dobis, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 101, 6030, 1997; and Benson, S. W. and Dobis, O., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 5175, 1998). Other examples illustrating the difficulties involved are concerned with the C-H bond strengths in ethene and methanol or the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the vinyl and hydroxymethyl radicals and changes to the recommendations could well arise. Some of the bond strengths have been calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the species involved according to the equations: D∞(R–X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) – DfH∞(RX) D∞(R–R) = 2 DfH∞(R) – DfH∞(RR) The enthalpies of formation of the atoms and radicals are taken from Tables 2 and 4 and for the molecules from the appropriate References following Table 3. An attempt has been made to list all the important values obtained by methods that are considered to be valid. The references are intended to serve as a guide to the literature.

Bond H-CH H-CH2 H-CH3 H-CCH H-CHCH2 H-C2H5 H-Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl H-CH2CCH H-CH2CHCH2 H-Cyclopropyl H-n-C3H7 H-i-C3H7 H-CH2CCCH3 H-CH(CH3)CCH H-Cyclobutyl H-Cyclopropylmethyl H-CH(CH3)CHCH2 H-CH2CHCHCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)CH2 H-n-C4H9 H-i-C4H9 H-s-C4H9 H-t-C4H9 H-Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Spiropentyl H-Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl H-CH2CHCHCHCH2 H-CH(C2H3)2 H-CH(CH3)CCCH3 H-C(CH3)2CCH H-C(CH3)2CHCH2 H-Cyclopentyl H-CH2C(CH3)3 H-C(CH3)2C2H5

D∞298/kJ mol–1 424.0 ± 4.2 462.0 ± 4.0 438.9 ± 0.4 556.1 ± 2.9 465.3 ± 3.4 423.0 ± 1.6 379.1 ± 17 374.0 ± 8 361.9 ± 8.8 444.8 ± 1.3 423.3 ± 2.1 409.1 ± 2.0 364.8 ± 8 347.7 ± 9.2 403.8 ± 4 407.5 ± 6.7 345.2 ± 5.4 358.2 ± 6.3 358.2 ± 4 425.4 ± 2.1 425.2 ± 2.1 411.2 ± 2.0 404.3 ± 1.3 346.7 413.4 ± 4 344.3 ± 4 347 ± 13 319.7 365.3 ± 11.3 338.9 ± 9.6 323.0 ± 6.3 403.5 ± 2.5 418 ± 8 404.0 ± 6.3

Ref. 1 1 16 4,37 37,81 16 63 63 16,35 63 82 82 63 63 63 63 63 63 91,95 82 82 82 82 1,12 63 63 63 63,92 63 63 63 22,74 63 1,74,89

Bond H-C6H5 H-Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Cyclohexa-1,4-dien-3-yl H-Cyclohexyl H-C(CH3)2CCCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)2 H-C(CH3)2C(CH3)CH2 H-CH2C6H5 H-Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl H-Norbornyl H-Cycloheptyl H-CH(CH3)C6H5 H-Inden-1-yl H-C(CH3)2C6H5 H-1-Naphthylmethyl H-CH(C6H5)2 H-9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl H-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 H-9-Anthracenylmethyl H-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl H-CN H-CH2CN H-CH2NC H-CH(CH3)CN H-C(CH3)2CN H-CH2NH2 H-CH2NHCH3 H-CH2N(CH3)2 H-CHO H-CHCO H-COCH3 H-COCHCH2 H-COC2H5 H-COC6H5

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D∞298/kJ mol–1 473.1 ± 3.0 305 ± 21 305.4 ± 8.4 399.6 ± 4 344.3 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 4.6 319.2 ± 4.6 375.7 ± 1.7 305.4 ± 8 404.6 ± 10.5 387.0 ± 4 357.3 ± 6.3 351 ± 13 353.1 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 340.6 315.1 ± 6.3 339 ± 8 342.3 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 527.6 ± 1.7 392.9 ± 8.4 380.7 ± 8.8 376.1 ± 9.6 361.9 ± 8.4 390.4 ± 8.4 364 ± 8 351 ± 8 368.5 ± 1.0 440.6 ± 8.8 373.8 ± 1.5 364.4 ± 4.2 371.3 363.6 ± 4

Ref. 46 63 45 63 63 63 63 35 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 63 63 63 63 16 16 16 63 63 63 63 63 23 16 67 63 1,12 63

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond H-COCF3 H-CH2CHO H-CH2COCH3 H-CH(CH3)COCH3 H-CH2OCH3 H-CH(CH3)OC2H5 H-Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl H-2-Furylmethyl H-CH2OH H-CH(CH3)OH H-CH(OH)CHCH2 H-C(CH3)2OH H-CH2OCOC6H5 H-COOCH3 H-CH2F H-CHF2 H-CF3 H-CHFCl H-CF2Cl H-CHFCl2 H-CH2Cl H-CHCl2 H-CH2CH2Cl H-CH(CH3)Cl H-C(CH3)Cl2 H-CCl3 H-CH2Br H-CHBr2 H-CBr3 H-CH2I H-CHI2 H-CHCF2 H-CFCHF H-CFCF2 H-CH2CF3 H-CF2CH3 H-C2F5 H-CFCFCl H-CHClCF3 H-CClCFCl H-CClCH2 H-CClCHCl H-CCl2CHCl2 H-C2Cl5 H-CClBrCF3 H-n-C3F7 H-i-C3F7 H-CHClCHCH2 H-C6F5 H-CH2Si(CH3)3 H-CSH H-CH2SH H-CH2SCH3 H-NH2 H-NHCH3 H-N(CH3)2 H-NHC6H5

D∞298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 8 394.6 ± 9.2 411.3 ± 7.5 386.2 ± 5.9 402.2 383.7 ± 1.7 385 ± 4 361.9 ± 8 401.8 ± 1.5 401.4 341.4 ± 7.5 381 ± 4 419.2 ± 5.4 387.9 ± 4 423.8 ± 4 431.8 ± 4 449.5 421.7 ± 5.4 421.3 ± 8.3 413.8 ± 5.0 419.0 ± 2.3 402.5 ± 2.7 423.1 ± 2.4 406.6 ± 1.5 390.6 ± 1.5 392.5 ± 2.5 425.1 ± 4.2 417.2 ± 7.5 401.7 ± 6.7 431 ± 8 431 ± 8 448 ± 8 448 ± 8 452 ± 8 446.4 ± 4.6 416.3 ± 10.5 429.7 ± 2.1 444 ± 8 425.9 ± 6.3 439 ± 8 >433.5 435 ± 8 393 ± 8 393.5 ± 6.0 404.2 ± 6.3 435 ± 8 433.5 ± 2.5 370.7 ± 5.9 476.6 415.1 ± 4 399.6 ± 5.0 392.9 ± 8.4 384.9 ± 5.9 452.7 ± 1.3 418.4 ± 10.5 382.8 ± 8 368.2 ± 8

Ref. 63 16 63 63 1,12 55 63 63 50 1,12 63 63 63 63 77 77 3,61 97 64 97 84 84 85 84 84 48 97 97 63 63 63 90 90 90 63 63 63 90 63 90 81 90 63 66 63 63 38 63 63 99 16 16 49 16 63 63 63

Bond H-N(CH3)C6H5 H-NO H-NO2 H-NF2 H-NHNH2 H-NH3 H-OH H-OCH3 H-OC2H5 H-OC(CH3)3 H-OCH2C(CH3)3 H-OC6H5 H-O2H H-O2CH3 H-O2C(CH3)3 H-OCOCH3 H-OCOC2H5 H-OCO-n-C3H7 H-ONO H-ONO2 H-SiH H-SiH2 H-SiH3 H-SiH2CH3 H-SiH(CH3)2 H-Si(CH3)3 D-Si(CH3)3 H-SiH2C6H5 H-SiF3 H-SiCl3 H-Si2H5 H-Si(CH3)2Si(CH3)3 H-Si(Si(CH3)3)3 H-PH2 H-SH H-SCH3 H-SC6H5 H-SO H-GeH3 H-GeH2I H-Ge(CH3)3 H-AsH2 H-SeH H-Sn(n-C4H9)3 H-SbH2 H-TeH HC∫CH H2C=CH2 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2CCH CH3-CH2CCCH3 CH3-CH(CH3)CCH CH3-C(CH3)CCH2 CH3-CH2CHCHCH3 CH3-CH2C(CH3)CH2 CH3-CH(CH3)CCCH3 CH3-C(CH3)2CCH

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Ref.

366.1 ± 8 195.35 ± 0.25 327.6 ± 2.1 316.7 ± 10.5 366.1 385 ± 21 497.02 ± 0.38 436.0 ± 3.8 437.7 ± 3.4 439.7 ± 4 428.0 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 369.0 ± 4.2 370.3 ± 2.1 374.0 ± 0.8 442.7 ± 8 445.2 ± 8 443.1 ± 8 327.6 ± 2.1 423.4 ± 2.1 351 268 384.1 ± 2.0 374.9 374.0 377.8 389 ± 7.1 369.0 418.8 382.0 361.1 356.9 ± 8.4 330.5 ± 8.4 351.0 ± 2.1 381.6 ± 2.9 365.3 ± 2.5 348.5 ± 8 172.8 349.0 ± 8 331 ± 8 339 ± 8 319.2 ± 0.8 334.93 ± 0.75 308.4 ± 8.4 288.3 ± 2.1 277.0 ± 5.0 965 ± 8 728.3 ± 6 376.0 ± 2.1 318.0 ± 8 308.4 ± 6.3 305.4 320.1 ± 9.2 305.0 ± 3.3 301.2 ± 3.3 320.9 ± 6.3 295.8 ± 6.3

63 32 63 63 44 63 104 16 16 63 63 63 88 56 47 63 63 63 15 15 63 63 83 99 99 63,99 36 63,99 63,99 63,99 63 45 45 16 65 65 63 100 16 68 34 16 16 19 16 16 1,24,74 1,74 1,74,86 63 63 63 63 63 91 63 63

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond n-C3H7-CH2CCH CH3-C(CH3)2CHCH2 n-C3H7-CH2CHCH2 CH3-C(CH3)2CCCH3 CHCCH2-s-C4H9 CH3-CH2C6H5 CH3-CH(CH3)C6H5 C2H5-CH2C6H5 CH3-1-Naphthylmethyl CH3-C(CH3)2C6H5 CHCCH2-CH2C6H5 n-C3H7-CH2C6H5 CH3-9-Anthracenylmethyl CH3-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH3-CH(C6H5)2 CH3-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 CH3-CN C2H-CN C2H5-CH2NH2 CH3-CH2CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-CH(CH3)CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-C(CH3)2CN CH3-C(CH3)(CN)C6H5 C6H5CH2-CH2NH2 C6H5CH2-C5H4N CN-CN CH3-2-Furylmethyl CH3-COC6H5 C6H5CH2-COCH2C6H5 CH3CO-COCH3 C6H5CH2-COOH C6H5CO-COC6H5 (C6H5)2CH-COOH CF3-COC6H5 CF2=CF2 CH2F-CH2F CH3-CF3 CF3-CF3 C6F5-C6F5 CH3-BF2 C6H5-BCl2 CH2CHCH2-Si(CH3)3 s-C4H9-Si(CH3)3 CH3-NHC6H5 C6H5CH2-NH2 CH3-N(CH3)C6H5 C6H5CH2-NHCH3 C6H5CH2-N(CH3)2 CH2=N2 CH3-N2CH3 C2H5-N2C2H5 i-C3H7-N2i-C3H7 n-C4H9-N2n-C4H9 i-C4H9-N2i-C4H9

D∞298/kJ mol–1 306.3 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 295.8 303.3 ± 6.3 300.0 ± 6.3 332.2 ± 4 312.1 ± 6.3 294.1 ± 4 305.0 ± 6.3 308.4 ± 6.3 256.9 ± 8 292.9 ± 4 282.8 ± 6.3 305.0 ± 6.3 301 ± 8 289 ± 8 509.6 ± 8 602 ± 4 332.2 ± 8 336.4 ± 4 321.7 ± 7.1 329.7 ± 8 321.7 ± 7.1 312.5 ± 6.7 250.6 284.5 ± 8 362.8 536 ± 4 314 ± 8 355.6 ± 9.2 273.6 ± 8 282.0 ± 9.6 280 277.8 248.5 ± 13 308.8 ± 8 319.2 ± 13 368 ± 8 423.4 ± 4.6 413.0 ± 10.5 487.9 ± 24.7 ~473 ~510 293 414 298.7 ± 8 297.5 ± 4 296.2 ± 8 287.4 ± 8 259.8 ± 8 <175 219.7 209.2 198.7 209.2 205.0

Ref. 63 63 96 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 70 63 93 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 30 63 102 63 63 63 63 63 63 103 51 79 63 78 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 58 13 13 13 13 13

Bond s-C4H9-N2s-C4H9 t-C4H9-N2t-C4H9 C6H5CH2-N2CH2C6H5 CF3-N2CF3 CH3-NO i-C3H7-NO t-C4H9-NO C6H5-NO NC-NO CF3-NO C6F5-NO CCl3-NO t-C4H9-NOt-C4H9 CH3-NO2 CH2C(CH3)-NO2 i-C3H7-NO2 t-C4H9-NO2 C6H5-NO2 C(NO2)3-NO2 CH3-OC(CH3)CH2 CH3-OC6H5 CH3-OCH2C6H5 C2H5-OC6H5 CH2CHCH2-OC6H5 O=CO CH3-O2 C2H5-O2 CH2CHCH2-O2 i-C3H7-O2 t-C4H9-O2 C6H5CH2-O2CCH3 C6H5CH2-O2CC6H5 CH3-O2SCH3 CH2CHCH2-O2SCH3 C6H5CH2-O2SCH3 CF3-O2CF3 CH2Cl-O2 CHCl2-O2 CCl3-O2 CH3CHCl-O2 CH3CCl2-O2 (CH3)2CCl-O2 CH3-SH t-C4H9-SH C6H5-SH CH3-SCH3 CH3-SC6H5 C6H5CH2-SCH3 S-CS F-CH3 F-CN F-COF F-CHFCl F-CF2Cl F-CFCl2 F-CF2CH3

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D∞298/kJ mol–1 195.4 182.0 157.3 231.0 167.4 ± 3.3 152.7 ± 13 165.3 ± 6.3 212.5 ± 4 120.5 ± 10.5 179.1 ± 8 208.4 ± 4 134 ± 13 121 254.4 245.2 246.9 244.8 298.3 ± 4 169.5 ± 4 277.4 238 ± 8 280.3 264 ± 6.3 208.4 ± 8 532.2 ± 0.4 137.0 ± 3.8 148.4 ± 8.4 76.2 ± 2.1 155.4 ± 9.6 152.8 ± 7.4 280 ± 8 289 279.5 207.5 221.3 361.5 122.4 ± 10.5 108.2 ± 8.2 92.0 ± 6.4 131.2 ± 1.8 112.2 ± 2.2 136.0 ± 3.8 312.5 ± 4.2 286.2 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 307.9 ± 3.3 290.4 ± 8 256.9 ± 8 430.5 ± 13 472 469.9 ± 5.0 535 ± 12 465.3 ± 9.6 490 ± 25 462.3 ± 10.0 522.2 ± 8

Ref. 13 13 13 13 63 63 63 63 43 63 63 63 21 63 63 63 63 63 63 101 73 26 63 63 29 53 53 62 53 53 63 13 63 63 63 10 53 53 53 53 53 53 65 63 63 65 63 63 63 1,61 63 18 97 41 97 63

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond F-C2F5 Cl-CN Cl-COC6H5 Cl-CSCl Cl-CF3 Cl-CHFCl Cl-CF2Cl Cl-CFCl2 Cl-CH2Cl Cl-CHCl2 Cl-CCl3 Cl-C2F5 Cl-CF2CF2Cl Cl-SiCl3 Br-CH3 Br-C6H5 Br-CN Br-CH2COCH3 Br-COC6H5 Br-CHF2 Br-CF3 Br-CF2CH3 Br-C2F5 Br-n-C3F7 Br-i-C3F7 Br-CH2C6F5 Br-CHClCF3 Br-CCl3 Br-CClBrCF3 Br-CH2Br Br-CHBr2 Br-CBr3 Br-NO2 Br-NF2 I-CHCH2 I-n-C4H9 I-Norbornyl I-CN I-CF3 I-CF2CH3 I-CH2CF3 I-C2F5 I-n-C3F7 I-i-C3F7 I-n-C4F9 I-C(CF3)3 I-C6H5 I-C6F5 C5H5-FeC5H5 CH3-ZnCH3 C2H5-ZnC2H5 CH3-Ga(CH3)2 C2H5-Ga(C2H5)2 CH3-Ge(CH3)3 CH3-As(CH3)2 CH3-CdCH3

D∞298/kJ mol–1 530.5 ± 7.5 421.7 ± 5.0 310 ± 13 265.3 ± 2.1 360.2 ± 3.3 354.4 ± 11.7 346.0 ± 13.4 305 ± 8 350.2 ± 0.8 338.5 ± 4.2 305.9 ± 7.5 346.0 ± 7.1 326 ± 8 464 292.9 ± 5.0 336.8 ± 8 367.4 ± 5.0 261.5 268.6 289 ± 8 296.2 ± 1.3 287.0 ± 5.4 287.4 ± 6.3 278.2 ± 10.5 274.1 ± 4.6 225 ± 6 274.9 ± 6.3 231.4 ± 4 251.0 ± 6.3 296.7 ± 1.3 292.0 ± 8 235.1 ± 7.5 82.0 ± 7.1 £222 259.0 ± 4.2 205.0 ± 4 261.5 ± 10.5 305 ± 4 227.2 ± 1.3 218.0 ± 4.2 235.6 ± 4 218.8 ± 2.9 208.4 ± 4.2 215.1 ± 2.9 205.0 ± 4.2 206 273.6 ± 8 277.0 381 ± 13 285 ± 17 238 ± 17 264 ± 17 209 ± 17 347 ± 17 280 ± 17 251 ± 17

Ref. 63 63 63 71 27 97 97 40 97 97 63 27 63 99 39 63 63 101 13 63 3 76 63 63 63 54 63 63 63 97 97 63 57 25 20 63 69 30 3 63 63 2 63 2 72 33 63 63 59 63 63 63 63 63 63 63

Bond CH3-In(CH3)2 CH3-Sn(CH3)3 C2H5-Sn(C2H5)3 CH3-Sb(CH3)2 C2H5-Sb(C2H5)2 CH3-HgCH3 C2H5-HgC2H5 CH3-Tl(CH3)2 CH3-Pb(CH3)3 C2H5-Pb(C2H5)3 CH3-Bi(CH3)2 CO-Cr(CO)5 CO-Fe(CO)4 CO-Mo(CO)5 CO-W(CO)5 BH3-BH3 NH2-NH2 NH2-NHCH3 NH2-N(CH3)2 NH2-NHC6H5 ON-NO2 O2N-NO2 NF2-NF2 O-N2 O-NO O-NO2 HO-NO HO-NO2 HO2-NO2 CH3O-NO C2H5O-NO CH3COO2-NO2 n-C3H7O-NO i-C3H7O-NO n-C4H9O-NO i-C4H9O-NO s-C4H9O-NO t-C4H9O-NO HO-NCHCH3 Cl-NF2 I-NO I-NO2 HO-OH HO-OCH2C(CH3)3 CH3O-OCH3 C2H5O-OC2H5 n-C3H7O-On-C3H7 i-C3H7O-Oi-C3H7 s-C4H9O-Os-C4H9 t-C4H9O-Ot-C4H9 C2H5C(CH3)2O-OC(CH3)2C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2O-OCH2C(CH3)3 CF3O-OCF3 (CF3)3CO-OC(CF3)3 t-C4H9O-OSi(CH3)3 SF5O-OSF5

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D∞298/kJ mol–1 205 ± 17 297 ± 17 264 ± 17 255 ± 17 243 ± 17 255 ± 17 205 ± 17 167 ± 17 238 ± 17 230 ± 17 218 ± 17 155 ± 8 172 ± 8 167 ± 8 192 ± 8 146 275.3 268.2 ± 8 246.9 ± 8 218.8 ± 8 40.6 ± 2.1 56.9 88 ± 4 167 305 208.7 ± 1.1 206.3 206.7 96 ± 8 174.9 ± 3.8 175.7 ± 5.4 118.8 ± 3.0 167.8 ± 7.5 171.5 ± 5.4 177.8 ± 6.3 175.7 ± 6.3 173.6 ± 3.3 171.1 ± 3.3 207.9 ~134 77.8 ± 0.4 76.6 ± 4 213 ± 4 193.7 ± 7.9 157.3 ± 8 158.6 ± 4 155.2 ± 4 157.7 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 159.0 ± 4 164.4 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 193.3 148.5 ± 4.6 197 155.6

Ref. 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 60 60 60 60 13 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 1,14 1,14 31 63 63 63 9,11 8,11 17 11 7,11 11 11 5,11 6,11 13 1,75 42 98 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond t-C4H9O-OGe(C2H5)3 t-C4H9O-OSn(C2H5)3 FClO2-O CF3O-O2CF3 SF5O-O2SF5 CH3CO2-O2CCH3 C2H5CO2-O2CC2H5 n-C3H7CO2-O2Cn-C3H7 O-SO F-OCF3 HO-Cl O-ClO HO-Br HO-I

D∞298/kJ mol–1 192 192 244.3 126.8 ± 8 126.8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 552 ± 8 182.0 ± 2.1 251 ± 13 247 ± 13 234 ± 13 234 ± 13

Ref. 63 63 13 63 63 63 63 63 29 28 52 29 52 52

Bond O=PF3 O=PCl3 O=PBr3 HO-Si(CH3)3 HS-SH CH3S-SCH3 F-SF5 I-SH I-SO I-SCH3 I-Si(CH3)3 H3Si-SiH3 (CH3)3Si-Si(CH3)3 (C6H5)3Si-Si(C6H5)3

D∞298/kJ mol–1 544 ± 21 510 ± 21 498 ± 21 536 276 ± 8 272.8 ± 3.8 420 ± 10 206.7 ± 8 180 206.3 ± 7.1 322 310 336.8 368 ± 29

Ref. 52 52 52 63 63 65 94 63 63 87 99 63,99 63,99 63,99

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A value calculated from one of the thermochemical equations above, taking enthalpy data fro atoms from Table 2 and for radicals from Table 4. Ahonkhai, S. I. and Whittle, E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 543, 1984. Asher, R. L. and Ruscic, B., J. Chem. Phys., 106, 210, 1997. Baldwin, D. P., Buntine, M. A., and Chandler, D.W., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 6578, 1990. Batt, L. and McCulloch, R. D., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 8, 911, 1976. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 8, 59, 1976. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 141, 1977. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T. , Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 549, 1977. Batt, L. and Milne, R. T., and McCulloch, R. D., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 567, 1977. Batt, L. and Walsh, R., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 605, 1983. Batt, L., Christie, K., Milne, R. T., and Summers, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 6, 877, 1974. Baulch, D. L., Bowman, C. T., Cobos, C. J., Cox, R. A., Just, Th., Kerr, J. A., Pilling, M. J., Stocker, D., Troe, J., Tsang, W., Walker, R. W., and Warnatz, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in press. Benson, S. W. and O’Neal, H. E., Kinetic data on Gas Phase Unimolecular Reactions, National Bureau of Standards, NSRDS-NBS, Washington, D. C., 21, 1970. Benson, S. W., J. Chem. Educ., 42, 502, 1965. Benson, S. W., Thermochemical Kinetics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Berkowitz, J., Ellison, G. B., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994. Bridier, I., Caralp, F., Loirat, H., Lesclaux, R., Veyret, B., Becker, K. H., Reimer, A., and Zabel, F., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 3594, 1991. Buckley, T. J., Johnson, R. D., Huie, R. E., Zhang, Z., Kuo, S. C., and Klemm, B., J. Phys. Chem., 99, 4879, 1995 Burkey, T. J., Majewski, M., and Griller, D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 2218, 1986. Cao, J. R., Zhang, J. M., Zhong, X., Huang, Y. H., Fang, W. Q., Wu, X. J., and Zhu, Q. H., Chem. Phys., 138, 377, 1989. Carmichael, P. J., Gowenlock, B. G., and Johnson, C. A. F., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1853, 1973. Castelhano, A. L. and Griller, D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 3655, 1982. Chuang, M.-C., Foltz, M. F., and Moore, C. B., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 3855, 1987. Chupka, W. A. and Liftshitz, C., J. Chem. Phys., 48, 1109, 1968. Clyne, M. A. A. and Connor, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 1220, 1972. Colussi, A. J., Zabel, F., and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 161, 1977. Coomber, J. W. and Whittle, E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 63, 2656, 1967. Czarnarski, J., Castellano, E., and Schumacher, H. J., Chem. Comm., p. 1255, 1968. Darwent, D. deB., Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules, National Bureau of Standards, NSRDS-NBS, 31 Washington, D. C., 1970. Davis, D. D. and Okabe, H., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 5526, 1968. Davis, H. F., Kim, B., Johnston, H. S., and Lee, Y. T., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 2172, 1993. Dixon, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 6905, 1996. Dobychin, S. L., Mashendzhinov, V. I., Mishin, V. I., Semenov, V. N., and Shpak, V. S., Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 312, 1166 1991. Doncaster, A. M. and Walsh, R., J. Phys. Chem., 83, 578, 1979. Ellison, G. B., Davico, G. E., Bierbaum, V. M., and DePuy, C. H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 156, 109, 1997.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 36. Ellul, E., Potzinger, P., Reimann, B., and Camilleri, P., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 85, 407, 1981. 37. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 38. Evans, B. S., Weeks, I., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 79, 1471, 1983. 39. Ferguson, K. C., Okafo, E. N., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 295, 1973. 40. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 104, 1972. 41. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 1121, 1972. 42. Forte, E., Hippler, H., and van den Bergh, H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 13, 1227, 1981. 43. Gowenlock, B. G., Jonhson, C. A. F., Keary, C. M., and Pfaf, J., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 71, 351, 1975. 44. Grela, M. A. and Colussi, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 713, 1988. 45. Griller, D. and Wayner, D. D. M., Pure Appl. Chem., 61, 717, 1989. 46. Heckmann, E., Hippler, H., and Troe, J., 26th Symp. (Int.) Combust., Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp 543, 1996. 47. Heneghan, S. P. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 815, 1983. 48. Hudgens, J. W., Johnson, R. D., Timonen, R. S., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4400, 1991. 49. Jefferson, A., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7128, 1994. 50. Johnson, R. D. and Hudgens, J. W., J. Phys Chem., 100, 19874, 1996. 51. Kerr, J. A. and Timlin, D. M., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 3, 427, 1971. 52. Kerr, J. A., Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966. 53. Knyazev, V. D. and Slagle, I. R., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 1770, 1998. 54. Kominar, R. J., Krech, M. J., and Price, S. J. W., Can. J. Chem., 58, 1906, 1980. 55. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 949, 1984. 56. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 6675, 1984. 57. Kreutter, K. D., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4020, 1991. 58. Laufer, A. H. and Okabe, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 4137,1971. 59. Lewis, K. E. and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4650, 1984. 60. Lewis, K. E., Golden, D. M., and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 3905, 1984. 61. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 62. Lightfoot, P. D., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Destriau, M., Hayman G. D., Jenkin, M. E., Mootrgat, G. K., and Zabel, F., Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 63. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 64. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 65. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 66. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 67. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 68. Noble, P. N. and Walsh, R., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 561, 1983. 69. O’Neal, H. E., Bagg, J. W., and Richardson, W. H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 2, 493, 1970. 70. Okabe, H. and Dibeler, V. H., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 2430, 1973. 71. Okabe, H., J. Chem. Phys., 66, 2058, 1977. 72. Okafo, E. N. and Whittle, E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 7, 287, 1975. 73. Paul, S. and Back, M. H., Can J. Chem., 53, 3330, 1975. 74. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., “Sussex - N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data; Organic and Organometallic Compounds”, University of Sussex, 1977. 75. Petry, R. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 4600, 1967. 76. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 759, 1977. 77. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 78. Price, S. J. W. and Sapiano, H. J., Can. J. Chem., 57, 1468, 1979. 79. Rogers, A. S. and Ford, W. G. F., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 965, 1973. 80. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 81. Russell, J. J., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 82. Seetula, J. A., and Slagle, I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 83. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 84. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 85. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 86. Seetula, J. A., Russell, J. J., and Gutman, D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 1347, 1990. 87. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem., 15, 433, 1983. 88. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 89. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104.

Steinkruger, F. J. and Rowland, F. S., J. Phys. Chem., 85, 136, 1981. Trenwith, A. B. and Wrigley, S. P., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 73, 817, 1977. Trenwith, A. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 78, 3131, 1982. Trenwith, A. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 79, 2755, 1983. Tsang, W. and Herron, J. T., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 4272, 1992. Tsang, W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 929, 1973. Tsang, W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 10, 1119, 1978. Tschuikow-Roux, E. and Paddison, S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 15, 1987. van den Bergh, H. and Troe, J., J. Chem. Phys., 64, 736, 1976. Walsh, R., Acc. Chem. Res., 14, 246, 1981. White, J. N. and Gardiner, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 58, 470, 1978. Zabel, F., Benson, S. W., and Golden, D. M., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 10, 295, 1978. Zhao, H.-Q., Cheung, Y.-S., Liao, C.-L., Liao, C.-X., Ng, C. Y., and Li, W.-K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 7230, 1997. Zmbov, K. F., Uy, O. M., and Margrave, J. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 5090, 1968. Ruscic, B., Feller, D., Dixon, D. A., Peterson, K. A., Peterson, K. A., Harding, L. B., Asher, R. L., and Wagner, A. F., J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 1, 2001.

Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS The enthalpies of formation of the free radicals are related to the corresponding bond strengths by the equations D∞(R-X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) – DfH∞(RX) or D∞(R-R) = 2DfH∞(R) - DfH∞(RR) For an excellent review of the methods of determining the enthalpies of formation of free radicals the reader is referred to “Thermochemistry of Free Radicals” by H. E. O’Neal and S. W. Benson in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275 and the article by J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison, and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994. Radical CH CH2(triplet) CH2(singlet) CH3 CH∫C CH2=CH C2 H 5 Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl CH∫CCH2 CH2=CHCH2 CH3CH=CH Cyclopropyl n-C3H7 i-C3H7 CH3C∫CCH2 CH2=CHCHCH3 CH∫CCHCH3 Cyclobutyl Cyclopropylmethyl CH2=C(CH3)CH2 CH3CH=CHCH2 n-C4H9 i-C4H9 s-C4H9 t-C4H9 Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

596.4 ± 1.2 390.4 ± 4 428.3 ± 4 146.4 ± 0.4 566.1 ± 2.9 300.0 ± 3.4 120.9 ± 1.6 439.7 ± 17.2 340.6 ± 8.4 170.7 ± 8.8 262.7 279.9 ± 1.1 100.8 ± 2.1 86.6 ± 2.0 293.7 125.5 ± 6.3 295.0 ± 9.2 214.2 ± 4.2 213.8 ± 6.7 127.2 ± 5.4 125.5 ± 6.3 80.9 ± 2.2 72.7 ± 2.2 66.7 ± 2.1 51.8 ± 1.3 263.0

6 15,34 15 10 5,27 27,64 10 48 48 10,26 77 48 65 65 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 65 65 65 65 8

Radical Spiropentyl Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl CH2=CHCH=CHCH2 (C2H3)2CH CH3C∫CCHCH3 CH∫CC(CH3)2 CH2=CHC(CH3)2 Cyclopentyl (CH3)3CCH2 C2H5C(CH3)2 C6 H 5 Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl Cyclohexyl CH3C∫CC(CH3)2 (CH3)2C=C(CH3)CH2 CH2=C(CH3)C(CH3)2 C6H5CH2 Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl CH3CH2CH2C(CH3)2 Norbornyl Cycloheptyl C6H5CHCH3 C6H5C(CH3)2 1-Naphthylmethyl (C6H5)2CH 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl

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DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 4 160.7 ± 4 205 ± 13 205 ± 13 272.8 ± 9.6 257.3 ± 8.4 77.4 ± 6.3 107.1 ± 2.5 36.4 ± 8 32.2 ± 6.3 338 ± 3 197 ± 21 58.2 ± 4 221.8 ± 9.6 39.8 ± 6.3 37.7 ± 6.3 208.0 ± 2.5 271.1 ± 8 3.4 ± 8.4 136.4 ± 10.5 51.1 ± 4 169.0 134.7 252.7 289 256.9 ± 6.3

Ref. 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 17 48 71 35 48 48 48 48 48 26 48 69 48 48 48 48 48 63 48

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical 9-Anthracenylmethyl 9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH2CN CH2NC CH3CHCN (CH3)2CCN C6H5C(CH3)CN CH2NH2 CH3NHCH2 (CH3)2NCH2 CN CHN2 CHO CHCO CH3CO CH2=CHCO C2H5CO C6H5CO CH2CHO CH3COCH2 CH3COCHCH3 CH3OCH2 C2H5OCHCH3 Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl CH2OH CH2CH2OH CH=CHOH CH3CHOH CH2=CHCHOH (CH3)2COH COOH COOCH3 C6H5COOCH2 CF CHF CH2F FCO CHF2 CF2 CF3 CHCl CH2Cl CFCl CHFCl CF2Cl ClCO CHCl2 CFCl2 CCl2 CCl3 CH2Br CHBr2 CBr3 CH2I CHI2 CH3CF2

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

337.6 311.3 243.1 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 11.3 209.2 ± 9.6 166.5 ± 8.4 248.5 149.4 ± 8 126 ± 8 109 ± 8 441.4 ± 4.6 494.42 43.1 175.3 ± 8.4 -10.0 ± 1.2 72.4 -32.3 123.0 ± 9.6 10.5 ± 9.2 -23.9 ± 10.9 -70.3 ± 7.1 -0.1 -84.5 -18.0 ± 6.3 -17.8 ± 1.3 -36.0 113.0 -51.6 0.0 -111.3 ± 4.6 -217 ± 10 -169.0 ± 4 -69.9 ± 8.4 261.5 ± 4.6 143.1 ± 12.6 -31.8 ± 8.4 -152.1 ± 12 -238.9 ± 4 -184.1 ± 8.4 -466.1 ± 3.8 336.4 ± 11.7 117.3 ± 3.1 31.0 ± 13.4 -60.7 ± 10.0 -279.1 ± 8.3 -21.8 89.0 ± 3.0 -89.1 ± 10.0 230.1 ± 8.4 71.1 ± 2.5 169.0 ± 4.2 188.3 ± 9.2 207.1 ± 8 230.1 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.2 -302.5 ± 8

48 48 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 10 30 9,22 10 56 48 8 78 10 48 48 8 42 48 39 31 31 8 48 48 32 48 48 3 61 59 14 59 61 3 61 67 61 73 49 55 67 73 61 37 73 73 73 48 48 48

Radical CF3CH2 C2F5 CCl=CH2 CH3CHCl CH3CCl2 CH2CH2Cl CHCl2CCl2 CF2ClCF2 C2Cl5 C6F5 (CH3)3SiCH2 CS HCS CH2SH CH3SCH2 NH NH2 HNO NF2 N2 H3 N3 CH2NH CH3NH (CH3)3N C6H5NH C6H5NCH3 NCO CNO CH3N2 C2H5N2 i-C3H7N2 OH CH3O C2H5O n-C3H7O i-C3H7O n-C4H9O s-C4H9O t-C4H9O C6H5O CF3O FO ClO BrO IO HO2 CH3O2 C2H5O2 CH2=CHCH2O2 i-C3H7O2 t-C4H9O2 HOCH2O2 CF3O2 CF2ClO2 CFCl2O2 CH2ClO2

9-72

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

-517.1 ± 5.0 -892.9 ± 4 >251 76.5 ± 1.6 48.4 ± 7.6 93.0 ± 3.4 23.4 ± 8 -686 ± 17 33.5 ± 5.4 -547.7 ± 8 -34.7 278.5 ± 3.8 300.4 ± 8.4 151.9 ± 8.4 136.8 ± 5.9 352.3 ± 9.6 188.7 ± 1.3 112.9 34 ± 4 243.5 469 ± 21 104.6 ± 13 177.4 ± 8 145.2 ± 8 237.2 ± 8 233.5 ± 8 127.0 407.01 215.5 ± 7.5 187.4 ± 10.5 158.6 ± 9.2 37.20 ± 0.38 17.2 ± 3.8 -15.5 ± 3.4 -41.4 -52.3 -62.8 -69.5 ± 3.3 -90.8 47.7 -655.6 109 ± 10 101.63 ± 0.1 125.8 ± 2.4 126 ± 18 14.6 9.0 ± 5.1 -27.4 ± 9.9 87.9 ± 5.5 -68.8 ± 11.3 -101.0 ± 9.2 -162.1 ± 2.1 -614.0 -406.5 -213.7 -5.1 ± 13.6

48 48 64 67 40,67 68 48 48 54 48 48 62 10 10 38 60 10 25 48 33 48 33 48 48 48 48 13,79 41 2 2 2 80 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 7 21 1 19 20 70 40 40 43 16,40 40 43 43 43 43 40

STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical CHCl2O2 CCl3O2 CH3CHClO2 CH3CCl2O2 CH3CO2 CH3COO2 C2H5CO2 n-C3H7CO2 FO2 ClO2 OClO NO3 sym-ClO3 SiH SiH2 SiH3 CH3Si CH3SiH CH3SiH2 (CH3)2Si (CH3)2SiH (CH3)3Si C6H5Si(CH3)2 (C6H5)2SiCH3 (C6H5)3Si SiF SiF2

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

-19.2 ± 11.2 -20.9 ± 8.9 -54.7 ± 3.4 -63.8 ± 9.8 -207.5 ± 4 -172 ± 20 -228.5 ± 4 -249.4 ± 4 26.1 97.5 95.6 73.7 ± 1.4 232.6 377 269.0 ± 1.3 200.5 ± 2.5 310 213.0 ± 14.6 152.7 109 59.8 -3.3 163 326 486.2 -19.3 -587.9

40 40 40 40 48 12 48 48 45,58 4,52 28,51 24 23 48,76 29,47 66 76 74 48,76 76 48,76 48,76 57 57 57 48,76 48,76

Radical SiF3 SiCl SiCl2 SiCl3 SiH3SiH Si2H5 PH2 HS CH3S C6H5S SO HSO HSO2 CH3SO2 HOSO2 SO3 SF4 SF5 CH3S2 C2H5S2 i-C3H7S2 t-C4H9S2 HOCS2 GeH3 AsH2 HSe SbH2 HTe

DfH∞298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

-1025 195.8 -163.6 -318 269.9 ± 14.6 223.0 138.5 ± 2.5 143.0 ± 2.8 124.6 ± 1.8 229.7 ± 8 5.0 -4 -222 -239.3 -385 -395.7 -746 ± 12 -879.9 ± 20 68.6 ± 8 43.5 ± 8 13.8 ± 8 -19.3 ± 8 110.5 222 ± 8 167.8 ± 1.3 144.8 ± 2.1 215.5 ± 2.5 158.6 ± 5.0

48,76 48,76 48,76 48,76 74 48,76 10 53 53 48 18 44 11 57 46 75 72 72 36 36 36 36 50 10 10 10 10 10

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

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K., and Zabel, F., Atmos Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 44. Lovejoy, E. R., Wang, N. S., and Howard, C. J., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 5749, 1987. 45. Lyman, J. L. and Holland, R., J. Phys. Chem., 92, 7232, 1988. 46. Margitan, J. J., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 3314, 1984. 47. Martin, J. G., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 715, 1987. 48. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 49. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 50. Murrells, T. P., Lovejoy, E.R., and Ravishankara, A. R., J. Phys. Chem., 80, 4065, 1984. 51. Nickolaisen, S. L., R. R. Friedl, and S. P. Sander, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 155 (1994). 52. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., Shockelford, C. J., and Wine, P. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 179, 367, 1991. 53. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 54. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 55. Nicovich, J.M., Kreutter, K. D., and Wine, P.H., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 3539 (1990). 56. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 57. O’Neal, H. E. and Benson, S. W., in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275. 58. Pagsberg, P., Ratajczak, E., Sillesen, A., and Jodkowski, J. T., Chem. Phys. Lett., 141, 88, 1987. 59. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 60. Piper, L. G., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 3417, 1979. 61. Poutsma, J. C., Paulino, J. A., and Squires, R. R., J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 5327, 1997. 62. Prinslow, D. A. and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 3563, 1991. 63. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 64. Russell, J. R., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 65. Seetula, J. A. and Slagle I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 66. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 67. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 68. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 69. Seres, L., Gorgenyi, M., and Farkas, J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 1133, 1983. 70. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 71. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992. 72. Tsang, W. and Herron, J. T., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 4272, 1992. 73. Tschuikow-Roux, E. and Paddison, S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 15, 1987. 74. Vanderwielen, A. J., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 993, 1975. 75. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1978. 76. Walsh, R., Acc. Chem. Res., 14, 246, 1981. 77. Wu, C. H. and Kern, R. D., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6291, 1987. 78. Zhao, H.-Q., Cheung, Y.-S., Liao, C.-L., Liao, C.-X., Ng, C. Y., and Li, W.-K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 7230, 1997. 79. Zyrianov, M., Droz-Georget, T., Sanov, A., and Reisler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 8111, 1996. 80. Ruscic, B., Feller, D., Dixon, D. A., Peterson, K. A., Harding, L. B., Asher, R. L., and Wagner, A. F., J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 1, 2001.

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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 5 BOND STRENGTHS OF SOME ORGANIC MOLECULES Bond strengths at 298 K expressed in kJ/mol-1 for some organic molecules of the general formula R-X are presented below. Some are experimental values taken from the preceding tables; the remainder are calculated from the enthalpies of formation of atoms (Table 2) and of radicals (Table 4), and the enthalpies of formation of the parent compounds from sources indicated by the references below. The table also includes bond strengths for the inorganic molecules, hydrogen, the hydrogen halides, water and ammonia. H H CH3 C2H5 i-C3H7 t-C4H9 C6H5 C6H5CH2 CCl3 CF3 C2F5 CH3CO CN C6F5

435.990 439 423 409 404 473 376 393 450 430 374 528 473

F 569.87 472 463d 460e — 533e — 419e 547e 531e 512e 470 487e

Cl 431.62 350e 354e 353e 355e 407e 310e 288e 362e 347e 354f 422 383e

Br

I

OH

366.35 293 295e 298e 296e 346f 256f 224e 294e 283e 292e 367 —

298.407 239e 236e 234e 231e 280e 215f 167e 227 219 223e 305 277a

497 385e 393e 396e 402e 472e 346e — — — 459e — 497e

NH2 453 358e 357e 359e 362e 439e 302e — — — 417e — —

CH3O 436 348e 355e 356e 353e 423e — — — — 421e — —

CH3 439 377e 371e 367e 366e 434e 332 362e 423 — 354e 514e 441e

CH3CO

NO

CF3

CCl3

374 354e 349e 339e 332e 415e 297e — — — 282 — —

195 167 — 153 165 213 — 134 179 — — 121 208a

450 423 — — — — — 335b 413 — — — —

393 362e — — — — — 286e 335b — — — —

REFERENCES a b c d e f

Choo, K. Y., Mendenhall, G. D., Golden, D.M., and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 6, 813, 1974. Kolesov, V. P. and Papina, T. S., Russ. Chem. Rev., 52, 425, 1983. Kudchadker, S. A. and Kudchadker, A. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1285, 1978. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988. Lide, D. R., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., Sussex.N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, 1977.

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ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. REFERENCES 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960. 2. Allen, L.C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A.L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X

Z

2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

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X

Z

2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms ( often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond

Molecule

f/(N/cm)

H-H Be-H B-H C-H

H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

a b c

Note

Bond

C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).

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Molecule

f/(N/cm)

OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are: sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm-1. XY2 Molecules Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Molecule CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696 3301 1618 942 1111

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630 3219 1318 1075 945

1225 721 595 2032 1472 855

9-76

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745 1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

Structure

Sym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

Bend

Antisym. str. 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

XYZ Molecules Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent) Molecule HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270 2224 3675 3653 3583

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921 1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000 1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009 640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

676 535 766 596 542 2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407

1372 1325

1913 1548

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520 535 589

523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419 1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373 1063 366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Symmetric XY3 Molecules Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal) Molecule NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Structure

Sym. str.

Sym. deform.

Deg. str.

Deg. deform.

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

1090 830

Linear XYYX Molecules Point Group D∞h Molecule

Sym. XY str.

C2H2 C2D2 C2N2

3374 2701 2330

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str.

Bend

Bend

1974 1762 851

612 505 507

730 537 233

Planar X2YZ Molecules Point Group C2v Molecule

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

Antisym. XY str.

YX2 rock

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

1249 990 626 440 560 408

H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4

Sym. str. 2917 2109 909 459

Deg. deform.(e) 1534 1092 435 217

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Deg. str.(f) 3019 2259 1281 776

Deg. deform.(f) 1306 996 632 314

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

Sym. str.

CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4

267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

Deg. deform.(e) 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

Deg. str.(f)

Deg. deform.(f)

672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

REFERENCES 1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

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SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions: Evib /hc = ωe(v+1/2) - ωexe(v+1/2)2 + ⋅⋅⋅ Erot /hc = BvJ(J+1) - Dv[J(J+1)]2 + ⋅⋅⋅ where Bv = Be - αe(v+1/2) + ⋅⋅⋅ Dv = De + ⋅⋅⋅ Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm-1 . Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion: E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

Molecule

State

107Ag79Br

1Σ+

107Ag35Cl 107Ag19F 107Ag1H 107Ag2H 107Ag127I 107Ag16O 27Al 2 27Al79Br 27Al35Cl 27Al19F 27Al1H 27Al2H 27Al127I 27Al16O 27Al32S 75As 2 75As1H 75As2H 75As14N 75As16O

1Σ+ 1Σ+

1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +

2Π 1/2 3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ +

1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -

1Σ + 2Π

1/2

ωe cm-1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 350.01 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08

ωexe cm-1

Be cm-1

0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 2.02 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12

0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.2054 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482

5.41 4.85

9-80

αe cm-1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0012 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299

De 10-6cm-1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.31 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.466 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

State

197Au

1Σ + g 1Σ +

2 197Au1H 197Au2H 11B 2 11B79Br 11B35Cl 11B19F 11B1H 11B2H 11B14N 11B16O 11B32S 138Ba79Br 138Ba35Cl 138Ba19F 138Ba1H 138Ba2H 138Ba127I 138Ba16O 138Ba32S 9Be19F 9Be1H 9Be2H 9Be16O 9Be32S 209Bi

2 209Bi1H 209Bi2H 79Br 2 79Br35Cl 79Br19F 79Br16O 12C 2 12C35Cl 12C19F 12C1H 12C2H 12C14N 12C16O 12C31P 12C32S 12C80Se 40Ca35Cl 40Ca19F 40Ca1H 40Ca2H 40Ca127I 40Ca16O 40Ca32S 114Cd1H 114Cd2H 35Cl

2 35Cl19F 35Cl16O 52Cr1H 52Cr2H 52Cr16O 133Cs 2

1Σ +

3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 3Π

2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +

1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -

1Σ + g 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Π

3/2 1Σ + g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ +

ωe cm-1

ωexe cm-1

Be cm-1

190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02

2.68 6.16 5.5 32

0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127

0.63 4.83 1.78

2Σ +

1Σ + g 1Σ + 2Π

3/2 6Σ + 6Σ + 5Π

1Σ + g

6.8 0.08

9-81

TeamLRN

αe cm-1 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264

De 10-6cm-1 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464

re Å 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

State

133Cs79Br

1Σ +

133Cs35Cl 133Cs19F 133Cs1H 133Cs2H 133Cs127I 133Cs16O 63Cu

2 63Cu79Br 65Cu35Cl 63Cu19F 63Cu1H 63Cu2H 63Cu127I 63Cu16O 63Cu32S 19F 2 56Fe16O 69Ga81Br 69Ga35Cl 69Ga19F 69Ga1H 69Ga2H 69Ga127I 69Ga16O 74Ge79Br 74Ge35Cl 72Ge1H 72Ge2H 74Ge16O 74Ge32S 74Ge80Se 74Ge130Te 1H

2

2H

2

3H

2 1H81Br 2H81Br 1H35Cl 2H35Cl 1H19F 2H19F 1H127I 202Hg1H 202Hg2H 127I 2 127I79Br 127I35Cl 127I19F 127I16O 115In81Br 115In35Cl 115In19F 115In1H 115In2H 115In127I 39K 2 39K79Br

1Σ + 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+

1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π

3/2

3/2 1Σ + g 5∆ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+

ωe cm-1 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52

ωexe cm-1

Be cm-1

0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9

0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271

0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689

0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77

1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ

2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π

1/2 1/2 1/2

1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+

1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+

1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π

3/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+

1Σ + g 1Σ+

216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213

0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80

9-82

αe cm-1

0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917 0.00028390 0.00456 0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481

De 10-6cm-1 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410 345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462

re Å 3.07225 2.90627 1.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

State

39K35Cl

1Σ+

39K19F 39K1H 39K2H 39K127I 139La16O 7Li 2 7Li79Br 7Li35Cl 7Li19F 7Li1H 7Li2H 7Li127I 7Li16O 24Mg 2 24Mg35Cl 24Mg19F 24Mg1H 24Mg2H 24Mg16O 55Mn1H 55Mn2H 14N 2 14N79Br 14N35Cl 14N19F 14N1H 14N2H 14N16O 14N32S 23Na

2 23Na79Br 23Na35Cl 23Na19F 23Na1H 23Na2H 23Na127I 23Na16O 93Nb16O 58Ni1H 58Ni2H 16O 2 16O1H 16O2H 31P 2 31P35Cl 31P19F 31P1H 31P2H 31P14N

1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+

1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π

1Σ + g 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 7Σ 7Σ

1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ2Π 2Π

1/2

1/2 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π

4Σ2∆ 2∆

5/2

5/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ-

1Σ+

31P16O

2Π

1/2

208Pb 2 208Pb79Br

2Π

1/2

208Pb35Cl 208Pb19F 208Pb1H 208Pb16O 208Pb32S

2Π 2Π 2Π

1/2 1/2

1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+

ωe cm-1

ωexe cm-1

Be cm-1

281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17

1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72

0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337

0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510

1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26

9-83

TeamLRN

αe cm-1

De 10-6cm-1 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76

re Å

436 116 1.091 1.3

2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678

1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

State

208Pb80Se

1Σ+

208Pb130Te 195Pt12C 195Pt1H 195Pt2H 85Rb79Br 85Rb35Cl 85Rb19F 85Rb1H 85Rb127I 85Rb16O 32S 2 32S19F 32S1H 32S2H 32S16O 121Sb35Cl 121Sb19F 121Sb1H 121Sb2H 121Sb14N 121Sb16O 45Sc19F 80Se 2 80Se1H 80Se2H 80Se16O 28Si 2 28Si35Cl 28Si19F 28Si1H 28Si2H 28Si14N 28Si16O 28Si32S 28Si80Se 120Sn79Br 120Sn35Cl 118Sn19F 120Sn1H 120Sn2H 120Sn127I 120Sn16O 120Sn32S 120Sn80Se 120Sn130Te 88Sr79Br 88Sr35Cl 88Sr19F 88Sr1H 88Sr2H 88Sr127I 88Sr16O

1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2∆ 2∆

5/2

5/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+

3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ3Σ-

1Σ+ 2Π

1/2 1Σ+

3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π

1/2 1/2 1/2

277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65

0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33

0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570

0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19

2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7 605.0

59.9 31 5.6 0.6 2.6

0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171

0.2785 0.10308 0.005737

480.6 130 1.134

2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109

0.2792 5.684 2.8782

0.0020

0.23 240 45

1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.024 330

0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

0.0004 0.0014

0.26 207.5 53.4

2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644

2.84

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51

797.11 895.77

4.00 2.39

1/2 1/2

1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+

232Th16O

1Σ+

2 130Te1H

Be cm-1

3Σ-

130Te16O

130Te

ωexe cm-1

3Σ-

2∆ 3/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 0+

181Ta16O

ωe cm-1

9-84

αe cm-1

0.049

De 10-6cm-1

0.270

re Å

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302

0.27 0.1833

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule

State

48Ti16O

3∆

205Tl81Br 205Tl35Cl 205Tl19F 205Tl1H 205Tl2H 205Tl127I 51V16O 89Y35Cl 89Y19F 89Y16O 174Yb1H 174Yb2H 64Zn35Cl 64Zn19F 64Zn1H 64Zn2H 64Zn127I 90Zr16O

1 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 4Σ1Σ

1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ 2Σ

2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ

1Σ+

ωe cm-1 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

ωexe cm-1

Be cm-1

4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04

0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

9-85

TeamLRN

αe cm-1

De 10-6cm-1

0.319

re Å

1.7116

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant H0: 0.0076508(µ/µN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(µ/µN)(I + 1) µ/µN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn) The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykko in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykko, P., Mol. Phys. 19, 1617-1629, 2001. 4. Stone, N. J., <www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/>

Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19

Isotope 1n 1H 2H 3H 3He 6Li 7Li 9Be 10B 11B 13C 14N 15N 17O 19F 21Ne 23Na 25Mg 27Al 29Si 31P 33S 35Cl 37Cl 37Ar 39Ar 39K

Abundance %

I

* 99.9850 0.0115 * 0.000137 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.632 0.368 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.6832 100 0.76 75.78 24.22 * * 93.2581

1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν

29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4360 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893

0.32139 1.00000 0.00965 1.21354 0.44212 0.00850 0.29356 0.01388 0.01985 0.16522 0.01591 0.00101 0.00104 0.02910 0.83400 0.00246 0.09270 0.00268 0.20689 0.00786 0.06652 0.00227 0.00472 0.00272 0.01276 0.01130 0.00051

9-93

TeamLRN

0.6850 1.0000 0.4093 1.0666 0.7618 0.3925 1.9433 0.7027 1.7193 1.6045 0.2515 0.1928 0.1014 1.5822 0.9413 0.3949 1.3233 0.7147 3.0424 0.1988 0.4052 0.3842 0.4905 0.4083 0.6833 1.7079 0.2336

µ/µN -1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 -2.1276248 +0.8220467 +3.25644 -1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 -0.2831888 -1.89379 +2.628868 -0.661797 +2.217522 -0.85545 +3.641507 -0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 -1.59 +0.3914662

Q/fm2

+0.2860

-0.0808 -4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 -2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

-6.78 -8.165 -6.435

+5.85

NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)

Z 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57

Isotope 40K 41K 43Ca 45Sc 47Ti 49Ti 50V 51V 53Cr 55Mn 57Fe 59Co 61Ni 63Cu 65Cu 67Zn 69Ga 71Ga 73Ge 75As 77Se 79Br 81Br 83Kr 85Rb 87Rb 87Sr 89Y 91Zr 93Nb 95Mo 97Mo 99Tc 99Ru 101Ru 103Rh 105Pd 107Ag 109Ag 111Cd 113Cd 113In 115In 115Sn 117Sn 119Sn 121Sb 123Sb 123Te 125Te 127I 129Xe 131Xe 133Cs 135Ba 137Ba 138La

Abundance % 0.0117 6.7302 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.17 30.83 4.10 60.108 39.892 7.73 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.49 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.92 9.55 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.44 21.18 100 6.592 11.232 0.090

I 4 3/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν

2.4737 1.0919 2.8688 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.2982 12.1030 2.6694 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1571 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1254 13.9811 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5454 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2582 4.7634 5.6615

0.00523 0.00008 0.00642 0.30244 0.00210 0.00378 0.05571 0.38360 0.00091 0.17881 0.00003 0.27841 0.00359 0.09342 0.11484 0.00287 0.06971 0.14300 0.00141 0.02536 0.00703 0.07945 0.09951 0.00190 0.01061 0.17703 0.00272 0.00012 0.00949 0.48821 0.00327 0.00349 0.38174 0.00113 0.00159 0.00003 0.00113 0.00007 0.00010 0.00966 0.01106 0.35121 0.35348 0.03561 0.04605 0.05273 0.16302 0.04659 0.01837 0.03220 0.09540 0.02162 0.00282 0.04838 0.00500 0.00700 0.09404

9-94

1.5493 0.1282 1.4150 5.1093 0.6587 1.1861 5.5904 5.5306 0.2832 2.8980 0.0324 4.9702 0.4476 1.3268 1.4213 0.7314 1.2034 1.5291 1.1546 0.8590 0.1916 1.2570 1.3550 1.2744 1.1304 1.6418 1.4358 0.0492 1.0891 8.1011 0.7638 0.7799 7.4633 0.5358 0.6005 0.0317 0.5364 0.0407 0.0468 0.2130 0.2228 7.2588 7.2744 0.3290 0.3584 0.3750 2.8100 2.7389 0.2639 0.3181 2.3504 0.2786 0.4129 2.7735 0.5001 0.5594 5.3188

µ/µN -1.298100 +0.2148701 -1.31726 +4.756487 -0.78848 -1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 -0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 -0.75002 +2.22329 +2.38167 +0.875479 +2.01659 +2.56227 -0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.53506 +2.106400 +2.270562 -0.970669 +1.35303 +2.75124 -1.093603 -0.1374154 -1.30362 +6.1705 -0.9142 -0.9335 +5.6847 -0.6413 -0.7188 -0.08840 -0.642 -0.1136796 -0.1306906 -0.5948861 -0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 -0.91883 -1.00104 -1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 -0.7369478 -0.8885051 +2.813273 -0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.837943 +0.937365 +3.713646

Q/fm2 -7.3 +7.11 -4.08 -22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 -5.2 -15 +33 +42 +16.2 -22.0 -20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 -19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +33.5 -17.6 -32 -2.2 +25.5 -12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+79.9 +81

-36 -49

-71.0 -11.4 -0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45

NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)

Z 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Isotope 139La 137Ce 139Ce 141Ce 141Pr 143Nd 145Nd 143Pm 147Pm 147Sm 149Sm 151Eu 153Eu 155Gd 157Gd 159Tb 161Dy 163Dy 165Ho 167Er 169Tm 171Yb 173Yb 175Lu 176Lu 177Hf 179Hf 180Ta 181Ta 183W 185Re 187Re 187Os 189Os 191Ir 193Ir 195Pt 197Au 199Hg 201Hg 203Tl 205Tl 207Pb 209Bi 209Po 211Rn 223Fr 223Ra 225Ra 227Ac 229Th 231Pa 235U 237Np 239Pu 243Am

Abundance % 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.91 24.90 100 22.93 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 0.012 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.524 70.476 22.1 100 * * * * * * * *100 *0.7200 * * *

I 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 9 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν

6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 4.087 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

0.06058 0.00752 0.01012 0.00364 0.33483 0.00339 0.00079 0.23510 0.04827 0.00152 0.00085 0.17929 0.01544 0.00015 0.00033 0.06945 0.00048 0.00130 0.20423 0.00050 0.00057 0.00552 0.00135 0.03128 0.03975 0.00140 0.00055 0.10610 0.03744 0.00008 0.13870 0.14300 0.00001 0.00244 0.00003 0.00004 0.01039 0.00003 0.00594 0.00149 0.19598 0.20182 0.00955 0.14433 0.02096 0.00997 0.01362 0.00017 0.01814 0.01131 0.00042 0.06903 0.00015 0.13264 0.00038 0.01446

9-95

TeamLRN

2.9895 0.5729 0.6326 1.1708 3.5720 1.1440 0.7047 3.1748 2.7714 0.8753 0.7216 2.9006 1.2809 0.1541 0.2020 1.2019 0.4015 0.5619 4.4825 0.6057 0.0829 0.1768 0.5680 2.3983 6.0516 0.8524 0.8414 11.5175 2.5463 0.0422 2.6627 2.6900 0.0231 0.3938 0.0899 0.0977 0.2182 0.0870 0.1811 0.3343 0.5809 0.5866 0.2122 5.3967 0.2757 0.2152 0.6982 0.1614 0.2627 0.6564 0.3843 1.1995 0.4082 2.6234 0.0727 1.2532

µ/µN +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 -1.065 -0.656 +3.80 +2.58 -0.8149 -0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 -0.2582 -0.3385 +2.014 -0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 -0.5639 -0.2316 +0.49367 -0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 -0.6409 +4.825 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 -0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 -0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 -0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 +20

-5.9 -63 -33 +74 -26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5

+280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.6

-51.6

+117 +125 +170 +430 -172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

13C-NMR

ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula. REFERENCES 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, Benjamin/ Cummings, Menlo Part, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ., 62, 209, 1985.

δ (ppm)

Group

Family

Example (δ of italicized carbon)

220-165

>C=O

Ketones

(CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H CH3CO2H HCONH2 CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCO2CH3 C6 H 6 CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 CH3-CN HCCH CH3CCH3 CH3OOCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3 CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 C6H5-S-CH3 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters 140-120

>C=C<

Aromatic Alkenes

125-115 80-70

-CN -CC-

Nitriles Alkynes

70-45

-C-O

Esters Alcohols

40-20

-C-NH2

Amines

30-15 30-(-2.3)

-S-CH3 -C-H

Sulfides (thioethers) Alkanes, cycloalkanes

Cyclohexane

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

(206.0) (212.1) (199.7) (192.4) (169.9) (166.0) (178.1) (165.0) (172.7) (170.3) (165.5) (128.5) (123.2) (115.9, 136.2) (117.5, 133.7) (132.7) (117.7) (71.9) (73.9) (57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0) (26.9) (35.9) 15.6 (-2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)

Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Line Spectra of the Elements NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables Electron Affinities Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels Electron Binding Energies of the Elements Natural Width of X-Ray Lines Photon Attenuation Coefficients Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths Black Body Radiation Characteristics of Infrared Detectors Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses Index of Refraction of Water Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes Index of Refraction of Air Characteristics of Laser Sources Infrared Laser Frequencies Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards

LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1-94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University

L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader — National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. — University of Arizona H. H. Stroke — New York University D. R. Wood — Wright State University E. F. Worden — Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne — International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas — National Bureau of Standards

All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10-10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three decimal places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of SpectralLine Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale.For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the following meanings: c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved lines h — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengths p — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. References to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, starting on page 10-82.

GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http:// physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html

10-1

TeamLRN

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Actinium—Antimony Intensity

2000 h 2000 h 3000 2000 s 3000 s 3000 s 100 20 20 20 l 20 2000 h 20 3000 h 1000 20 20 l

900 800 800 1000 900 900 800 1000 900 70 30 250 150 500 200 100 200 500 400 200 300 400 500 400 50 450 800 50 900 900 800 1000 150 800 800 800 1000 800 800 1000 100 900 800 125 700

Wavelength/Å Actinium Ac Z = 89 2952.55 3392.78 3487.59 3863.12 4088.44 4168.40 4179.98 4183.12 4194.40 4384.53 4396.71 4413.09 4462.73 4569.87 5910.85 6359.86 6691.27 Aluminum Al Z = 13 125.53 126.07 130.41 130.85 131.00 131.44 160.07 278.69 281.39 486.884 486.912 511.138 511.191 560.317 560.433 670.068 671.118 695.829 696.217 725.683 726.915 855.034 856.746 892.024 893.887 893.897 1042.17 1191.812 1237.19 1257.62 1264.18 1272.76 1350.18 1384.13 1447.51 1494.79 1526.14 1537.54 1539.830 1557.25 1569.385 1582.04 1584.46 1596.059 1605.766

III III III II II II I I I I I III I III II I I

V V V V V V IV V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II IV IV IV IV II III IV IV V IV II IV II IV IV II III

Intensity 100 800 150 800 100 100 1000 100 800 500 900 500 900 350 300 290 500 700 450 300 450 400 450 1000 600 400 250 1000 300 700 120 1000 600 200 150 200 400 150 300 200 150 220 700 150 150 100 200 700 150 300 100 200 400 120 140 460 110 110 180 140 160 850 170 110 240 480

Wavelength/Å 1611.814 1611.874 1625.627 1639.06 1644.235 1644.809 1670.787 1686.250 1719.440 1721.244 1721.271 1724.952 1724.984 1760.104 1761.975 1763.00 1763.869 1763.952 1765.64 1765.815 1766.38 1767.731 1769.14 1818.56 1828.588 1832.837 1834.808 1854.716 1855.929 1858.026 1859.980 1862.311 1862.790 1929.978 1931.048 1932.377 1934.503 1934.713 1935.840 1935.949 1936.907 1939.261 1990.531 2016.052 2016.234 2016.368 2074.008 2094.264 2094.744 2094.791 2095.104 2095.141 2269.10 2269.22 2321.56 2367.05 2367.61 2368.11 2369.30 2370.22 2372.07 2373.12 2373.35 2373.57 2567.98 2575.10

Intensity 110 150 200 160 650 150 360 450 150 4500 r 7200 r 1800 r 150 150 900 800 450 360 290 870 220 110 150 290 450 4500 r 9000 r 110 290 870 150 110 550 110 110 150 290 150 110 220 150 180 110 450 1200 1000 110 220 290 220 450 150 290 110 450 110 150 290 220 450 h 450 360 290 360 450 450

III III II IV II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I IV II II II III II II II II III II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-2

Wavelength/Å 2637.70 2652.48 2660.39 2669.17 2816.19 3041.28 3050.07 3057.14 3074.64 3082.153 3092.710 3092.839 3428.92 3443.64 3492.23 3508.46 3586.56 3587.07 3587.45 3601.63 3651.06 3651.10 3654.98 3655.00 3900.68 3944.006 3961.520 3995.86 4226.81 4529.19 4585.82 4588.19 4666.80 4898.76 4902.77 5280.21 5283.77 5285.85 5312.32 5316.07 5371.84 5557.06 5557.95 5593.23 5696.60 5722.73 5853.62 5971.94 6001.76 6001.88 6006.42 6061.11 6068.43 6068.53 6073.23 6181.57 6181.68 6182.28 6182.45 6183.42 6201.52 6201.70 6226.18 6231.78 6243.36 6335.74

II I I II II II I I II I I I II I IV IV II II II III II II II II II I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I I II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 360 230 110 140 230 290 110 290 360 450 110 180 140 150 110 150 110 140 110 230 450 570 570 450 230 300 140 300 360

15 15 4 4 6 15 6 6 40 6 8 8 40 6 30 8 30 40 50 50 12 6 8 20 8 6 8 20 6 8 20 r 40 h

Wavelength/Å 6696.02 6698.67 7361.57 7362.30 7835.31 7836.13 8075.35 8640.70 8772.87 8773.90 8828.91 8841.28 8923.56 9290.65 9290.75 10076.29 10768.36 10782.04 10872.98 10891.73 11253.19 11254.88 13123.41 13150.76 16718.96 16750.56 16763.36 21093.04 21163.75 Antimony Sb Z = 51 722.86 732.33 861.5 876.84 921.07 983.57 999.62 1001.13 1009.43 1011.94 1052.21 1056.27 1057.32 1065.90 1073.81 1075.82 1087.6 1104.32 1151.49 1157.74 1199.1 1205.20 1210.64 1226.00 1230.30 1274.98 1306.69 1327.40 1358.04 1384.70 1404.18 1407.83 1436.49 1486.57 1491.36

I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III IV II II II III II II III II II II III II III IV V III III IV III III V II II III II II II III II II I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Antimony—Argon Intensity

12 50 r 12 120 r 80 r 6 8 7 80 r 10 200 w 100 w 20 100 w 15 15 80 r 150 r 150 r 15 100 r 100 h 100 r 100 r 150 50 r 80 r 100 50 r 300 r 150 r 100 200 r 60 r 70 r 150 r 1000 r 100 50 r 80 r 100 r 50 r 100 r 10 50 r 100 r 1500 r 250 r 200 r 300 r 150 r 100 120 r 300 r 120 150 r 300 r 2500 r 150 400 h 300 h 100 150 250 400 r

Wavelength/Å 1499.2 1505.70 1512.57 1524.47 1532.74 1535.06 1565.51 1576.11 1581.36 1599.96 1606.98 1612.8 1623.3 1657.04 1662.6 1673.89 1711.84 1716.93 1717.45 1723.43 1725.33 1736.19 1765.76 1780.87 1788.24 1800.18 1810.50 1814.20 1829.50 1868.17 1871.15 1882.56 1927.08 1950.39 2029.49 2039.77 2049.57 2068.33 2079.56 2098.41 2118.48 2127.39 2137.05 2139.69 2141.80 2141.83 2144.86 2175.81 2179.19 2201.32 2208.45 2220.73 2221.98 2224.93 2262.51 2288.98 2293.44 2306.46 2311.47 2315.89 2373.67 2383.64 2395.22 2422.13 2426.35 2445.51

IV V I V I I II II II I II I I II I III III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 400 150 100 2000 r 15 10 150 15 1500 r 500 r 300 r 12 200 r 20 300 r 200 r 120 150 r 400 r 1000 r 15 500 r 600 r 20 700 r 15 25 250 20 200 r 20 200 20 20 15 15 20 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 40 20 20 30 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 h 100 l 30 60 h 100 20 30 50 20 20 30

Wavelength/Å 2478.32 2480.44 2510.54 2528.52 2528.54 2567.75 2574.06 2590.13 2598.05 2598.09 2612.31 2617.17 2652.60 2669.39 2670.64 2682.76 2692.25 2718.90 2769.95 2877.92 2980.96 3029.83 3232.52 3241.28 3267.51 3498.46 3637.80 3637.83 3722.78 3722.79 3850.22 4033.55 4033.56 4133.63 4140.54 4195.17 4219.07 4314.32 4514.50 4596.90 4599.09 4604.77 4647.32 4675.74 4711.26 4757.81 4765.36 4784.03 4802.01 4832.82 4877.24 4947.40 5044.56 5238.94 5354.24 5556.10 5632.02 5639.75 5830.34 6005.21 6053.41 6079.80 6130.04 6154.94 6611.49 6647.44

Intensity 30 h 80 200 60 150 100 400 400 200 300 200 1000 800 80 600 200 400 300 150 5

I I I I II II I III I I I III I III I I I I I I II I I II I II II I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II I II

3 3 6 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 5 8 4 18 4 3 2 6p 3 7 30 50 30 30 3 5 6 30 200 70 2 70 5 70 30 70 30 70 30 30 6 3 500 30

10-3

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 7648.28 7844.44 7924.65 8411.69 8572.64 8619.55 9518.68 9949.14 10078.49 10261.01 10585.60 10677.41 10741.94 10794.11 10839.73 10868.58 10879.55 11012.79 11266.23 12116.06 Argon Ar Z = 18 336.56 337.56 338.00 338.43 339.01 339.89 350.88 396.87 398.55 436.67 446.00 446.95 447.53 449.06 449.49 458.12 458.98 461.23 462.42 463.94 487.227 490.650 490.701 519.327 522.09 524.19 527.69 542.912 543.203 547.461 554.50 556.817 558.48 573.362 576.736 580.263 583.437 597.700 602.858 612.372 623.77 635.12 661.867 664.562

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V II II II II V V V II II II V II V II II II II II II II IV V II II

Intensity 200 1000 3000 70 30 30 200 10 7 12 p 6 8 3 5 4 3 200 3000 2 500 70 200 200 70 4 5 12 5 10 10 5 20 100 60 30 40 50 120 70 80 4 120 120 5 3 150 4p 100 2 15 100 20 25 180 150 10 9 180 r 12 8 180 r 9 10 150 5 9

Wavelength/Å 666.011 670.946 671.851 676.242 677.952 679.218 679.401 683.28 688.39 689.01 699.41 700.28 705.35 709.20 715.60 715.65 718.090 723.361 725.11 725.548 730.930 740.269 744.925 745.322 754.20 761.47 769.15 800.57 801.09 801.41 801.91 802.859 806.471 806.869 807.218 807.653 809.927 816.232 816.464 820.124 822.16 825.346 826.365 827.05 827.35 834.392 834.88 835.002 836.13 840.03 842.805 843.77 850.60 866.800 869.754 871.10 875.53 876.058 878.73 879.62 879.947 883.18 887.40 894.310 900.36 901.17

II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV V V V V II II V II II II II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV I I I I I I I I I V I I V V I V I V IV I IV IV I I III III I III III I III III I IV IV

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Argon Intensity 1000 1000 1000 r 500 r 7 7 7 9 7 10 15 10 10 15 10 20 25 8 10 15 7 10 7 7 12 4 10 15 9 15 12 10 10 9 7 9 10 12 10 7 10 5 12 12 7 8 8 7 12 12 10 6 9 10 15 12 10 7 12 10 7 12 6 12 12 7

Wavelength/Å 919.781 932.054 1048.220 1066.660 1669.67 1673.42 1675.48 1914.40 1915.56 2125.16 2133.87 2138.59 2148.73 2166.19 2168.26 2170.23 2177.22 2184.06 2188.22 2192.06 2248.73 2279.10 2281.22 2282.21 2293.03 2299.72 2300.85 2302.17 2317.00 2317.47 2318.04 2319.13 2319.37 2345.17 2351.67 2360.26 2395.63 2399.15 2413.20 2415.61 2418.82 2420.456 2423.52 2423.93 2443.69 2447.71 2472.95 2476.10 2488.86 2513.28 2516.789 2518.40 2525.69 2534.709 2562.087 2562.17 2568.07 2569.53 2599.47 2608.06 2608.44 2615.68 2619.98 2621.36 2624.92 2631.90

II II I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III IV III III III IV II IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity 15 10 8 9 9 10 14 7 10 12 14 7 16 10 7 8 6 9 25 12 11 200 100 10 12 50 6 12 10 8 10 50 7 7 8 20 25 25 20 20 15 7 7 25 20 25 15 7 7 25 25 15 7 7 9 8 7 9 70 20 20 50 100 12 15 70

Wavelength/Å 2640.34 2654.63 2674.02 2678.38 2682.63 2724.84 2757.92 2762.23 2776.26 2784.47 2788.96 2797.11 2809.44 2830.25 2842.88 2855.29 2874.40 2884.12 2891.612 2913.00 2926.33 2942.893 2979.050 3010.02 3024.05 3033.508 3037.98 3054.82 3064.77 3077.40 3078.15 3093.402 3110.41 3127.90 3200.37 3243.689 3285.85 3293.640 3301.88 3307.228 3311.25 3319.34 3323.59 3336.13 3344.72 3350.924 3358.49 3361.28 3373.47 3376.436 3388.531 3391.85 3393.73 3417.49 3424.25 3438.04 3461.07 3471.32 3476.747 3478.232 3480.55 3491.244 3491.536 3499.67 3503.58 3509.778

Intensity 8 70 70 70 7 100 100 70 25 50 70 7 25 20 35 70 50 150 50 20 20 25 20 25 50 7 70 10 35 7 35 50 25 70 7 35 8 20 35 50 6 50 20 150 50 100 200 70 25 35 25 150 300 5 35 400 50 35 50 100 50 200 400 25 25 25

IV III III III IV III IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III II IV IV II II III III II IV III III IV III II III III I II III II III II III I III III III II III III I II II III I III III III I III II II III II II III III II

10-4

Wavelength/Å 3511.12 3514.388 3545.596 3545.845 3554.306 3559.508 3561.030 3576.616 3581.608 3582.355 3588.441 3606.522 3622.138 3639.833 3718.206 3729.309 3737.889 3765.270 3766.119 3770.369 3770.520 3780.840 3795.37 3803.172 3809.456 3834.679 3850.581 3858.32 3868.528 3907.84 3925.719 3928.623 3932.547 3946.097 3947.505 3948.979 3960.53 3979.356 3994.792 4013.857 4023.60 4033.809 4035.460 4042.894 4044.418 4052.921 4072.005 4072.385 4076.628 4079.574 4082.387 4103.912 4131.724 4146.70 4156.086 4158.590 4164.180 4179.297 4181.884 4190.713 4191.029 4198.317 4200.674 4218.665 4222.637 4226.988

III II II II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II II III II II I II III II III II II II II I I III II II II III II II II I II II II II II II II II III II I I II I I I I I II II II

Intensity 100 100 25 200 100 70 150 550 20 100 25 70 200 50 100 50 25 800 50 25 50 200 70 50 150 50 70 200 400 150 50 50 20 35 100 200 100 20 20 400 20 400 400 15 550 7 35 400 15 20 550 50 300 800 550 150 50 800 70 20 35 200 50 70 70 20

Wavelength/Å 4228.158 4237.220 4251.185 4259.362 4266.286 4266.527 4272.169 4277.528 4282.898 4300.101 4300.650 4309.239 4331.200 4332.030 4333.561 4335.338 4345.168 4348.064 4352.205 4362.066 4367.832 4370.753 4371.329 4375.954 4379.667 4385.057 4400.097 4400.986 4426.001 4430.189 4430.996 4433.838 4439.461 4448.879 4474.759 4481.811 4510.733 4522.323 4530.552 4545.052 4564.405 4579.350 4589.898 4596.097 4609.567 4628.441 4637.233 4657.901 4702.316 4721.591 4726.868 4732.053 4735.906 4764.865 4806.020 4847.810 4865.910 4879.864 4889.042 4904.752 4933.209 4965.080 5009.334 5017.163 5062.037 5090.495

II II I I I II I II II I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Argon—Arsenic Intensity 100 70 5 15 25 20 20 7 5 10 25 5 25 10 35 20 10 5 10 15 25 50 15 5 7 5 5 70 35 10 20 7 10 100 10 7 150 10 10 5 25 7 15 7 20 70 25 15 15 25 20 50 5 5 25 100 35 150 5 15 20 150 5 10 50 7

Wavelength/Å 5141.783 5145.308 5151.391 5162.285 5165.773 5187.746 5216.814 5221.271 5421.352 5451.652 5495.874 5506.113 5558.702 5572.541 5606.733 5650.704 5739.520 5834.263 5860.310 5882.624 5888.584 5912.085 5928.813 5942.669 5987.302 5998.999 6025.150 6032.127 6043.223 6052.723 6059.372 6098.803 6105.635 6114.923 6145.441 6170.174 6172.278 6173.096 6212.503 6215.938 6243.120 6296.872 6307.657 6369.575 6384.717 6416.307 6483.082 6538.112 6604.853 6638.221 6639.740 6643.698 6660.676 6664.051 6666.359 6677.282 6684.293 6752.834 6756.163 6766.612 6861.269 6871.289 6879.582 6888.174 6937.664 6951.478

II II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I I

Intensity 7 10000 150 10000 100 25 25 1000 15 70 15 7 2000 35 25 5 70 200 20 10000 20 15 10 25 10 20000 15000 25000 15000 10000 10 20000 20000 25000 7 20000 35000 10000 20 15000 20000 15000 7 4500 20 180 20 35000 550 15000 400 1600 25000 4500 180 30 100 1600 13 180 200 11 7 30 30 7

Wavelength/Å 6960.250 6965.431 7030.251 7067.218 7068.736 7107.478 7125.820 7147.042 7158.839 7206.980 7265.172 7270.664 7272.936 7311.716 7316.005 7350.814 7353.293 7372.118 7380.426 7383.980 7392.980 7412.337 7425.294 7435.368 7436.297 7503.869 7514.652 7635.106 7723.761 7724.207 7891.075 7948.176 8006.157 8014.786 8053.308 8103.693 8115.311 8264.522 8392.27 8408.210 8424.648 8521.442 8605.776 8667.944 8771.860 8849.91 9075.394 9122.967 9194.638 9224.499 9291.531 9354.220 9657.786 9784.503 10052.06 10332.72 10467.177 10470.054 10478.034 10506.50 10673.565 10681.773 10683.034 10733.87 10759.16 10812.896

Intensity 11 30 12 400 200 12 200 50 50 200 200 100 200 150 30 12 200 50 500 200 200 200 100 500 1000 1000 30 1000 11 30 400 200 1000 10 10 200 100 25 10 30 30 500 12 50 30 20 20

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I II

510 325 325 325 325 325 250 340 250 340 500 615 555 555 615 615 340

10-5

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 11078.869 11106.46 11441.832 11488.109 11668.710 11719.488 12112.326 12139.738 12343.393 12402.827 12439.321 12456.12 12487.663 12702.281 12733.418 12746.232 12802.739 12933.195 12956.659 13008.264 13213.99 13228.107 13230.90 13272.64 13313.210 13367.111 13499.41 13504.191 13573.617 13599.333 13622.659 13678.550 13718.577 13825.715 13907.478 14093.640 15046.50 15172.69 15329.34 15989.49 16519.86 16940.58 18427.76 20616.23 20986.11 23133.20 23966.52 Arsenic As Z = 33 871.7 889.0 927.5 937.2 953.6 963.8 987.7 1021.96 1029.5 1082.35 1139.40 1149.31 1181.51 1189.87 1196.38 1196.56 1207.44

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III III III V II V II II II II II II II II

Intensity 800 800 340 760 965 870 800 965 800 800 715 715 715 340 760 965 760 965 800 1000 760 800 800 500 500 500 100 r 500 340 1000 r 500 800 r 585 r 170 r 100 r 100 r 230 r 100 r 200 350 r 200 350 r 100 r 135 r 250 250 170 r 200 340 170 r 300 300 100 r 300 80 615 300 300 340 325 715 615 615 500 500 500

Wavelength/Å 1211.17 1218.10 1223.15 1241.31 1243.08 1245.67 1258.58 1263.77 1266.34 1267.59 1280.99 1287.54 1305.70 1307.74 1333.15 1341.55 1355.93 1369.77 1373.65 1375.07 1375.78 1394.64 1400.31 1448.59 1558.88 1570.99 1593.60 1660.55 1860.34 1890.42 1912.94 1937.59 1972.62 1990.35 1991.13 1995.43 2003.34 2009.19 2263.2 2288.12 2301.0 2349.84 2370.77 2381.18 2417.5 2454.0 2456.53 2461.4 2602.00 2780.22 2830.359 2831.164 2860.44 2884.406 2926.3 2959.572 3003.819 3116.516 3842.60 3922.6 4190.082 4197.40 4242.982 4315.657 4323.867 4336.64

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I IV I IV I I I IV IV I IV II I II II I II III II II II II III II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Arsenic—Barium Intensity 500 425 375 615 615 715 340 715 500 800 850 615 715 615 340 340 340 340 340 500 425 500 340 425 425 425 500 300 300 300 340 300 200 230 290 230 170 290 290 170

8 10

14 14 18 300 150 1000 40000 300 50000 200 200 400 300 200

100 400

Wavelength/Å 4352.145 4352.864 4371.17 4427.106 4431.562 4458.469 4461.075 4466.348 4474.46 4494.230 4507.659 4539.74 4543.483 4602.427 4629.787 4707.586 4730.67 4888.557 5105.58 5107.55 5231.38 5331.23 5497.727 5558.09 5651.32 6110.07 6170.27 6511.74 7092.27 7102.72 7990.53 8174.51 9300.61 9597.95 9626.70 9833.76 9915.71 9923.05 10024.04 10614.07 Astatine At Z = 85 2162.25 2244.01 Barium Ba Z = 56 555.48 587.57 647.27 719.86 721.85 766.87 794.89 877.41 923.74 946.26 1486.72 1504.01 1554.38 1572.73 1573.92 1630.40 1674.51 1694.37 1697.16 1761.75

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I

I I

III III III V V V IV V IV V II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

100 500 300 10 400

500 800 1000 1400 60 2000 190 40 40 60 50 8h 100 40 8 18 15 100 r 40 10 h 8 8h 10 10 10 12 12 h 25 15 h 30 15 10 25 h 30 40 50 60 r 40 15 50 80 h 50 60 r 20 70 r 25 30 h 40 200 r 80 h 30 h 80 h 20 h 100 200

Wavelength/Å 1771.03 1786.93 1904.15 1924.70 1985.60 1999.54 2001.30 2009.20 2023.95 2052.68 2054.57 2214.7 2245.61 2254.73 2304.24 2331.10 2335.27 2347.58 2512.28 2523.83 2528.51 2559.54 2596.64 2634.78 2681.89 2702.63 2771.36 2785.28 3071.58 3079.14 3108.21 3132.60 3135.72 3137.70 3155.34 3155.67 3158.05 3158.54 3165.60 3173.69 3183.16 3183.96 3193.91 3203.70 3221.63 3222.19 3261.96 3262.34 3281.50 3281.77 3322.80 3356.80 3368.18 3377.08 3377.39 3420.32 3421.01 3421.48 3463.74 3501.11 3524.97 3531.35 3544.66 3547.68 3552.45 3567.73

Intensity 100 30 80 h 200 40 40 h 20 h 400 200 200 100 20 1400 l 20 40 500 25 50 20 200 500 25 80 30 300 200 30 h 1500 h 20 200 500 800 100 300 200 800 20 h 600 200 300 80 60 400 40 60 h 50 h 40 200 60 h 130 65000 40 80 30 20 h 25 h 300 30 35 20 800 40 800 300 200 30 h

II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III III II III I II III I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II

10-6

Wavelength/Å 3576.28 3577.62 3579.67 3596.57 3630.64 3636.83 3688.47 3735.75 3816.69 3842.80 3854.76 3889.33 3891.78 3892.65 3909.91 3914.73 3926.85 3935.72 3937.87 3939.67 3949.51 3993.06 3993.40 3995.66 4036.26 4083.77 4084.86 4130.66 4132.43 4166.00 4216.04 4267.95 4283.10 4287.80 4297.60 4309.32 4323.00 4325.73 4326.74 4329.62 4350.33 4402.54 4405.23 4431.89 4488.98 4493.64 4505.92 4509.63 4523.17 4524.93 4554.03 4573.85 4579.64 4599.75 4619.92 4628.33 4644.10 4673.62 4691.62 4700.43 4708.94 4726.44 4843.46 4847.14 4850.84 4877.65

II I I II I I I II II II II I II I I II III I I II II III I I II II I II I II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I

Intensity 400 15 20000 8 1000 300 1000 20 h 20 800 1000 200 100 200 300 200 1000 r 20 h 10 400 800 100 20 150 2800 15 100 800 100 300 100 200 300 400 20000 150 500 10 90 150 12000 300 150 3000 150 1500 1800 1000 600 300 h 1000 6000 2400 hs 600 600 hl 3000 1200 300 900 hl 600 450 hl 600 hl 1800 1200 180 h 1500

Wavelength/Å 4899.97 4902.90 4934.09 4947.35 4957.15 4997.81 5013.00 5159.94 5267.03 5361.35 5391.60 5421.05 5424.55 5428.79 5480.30 5519.05 5535.48 5620.40 5680.18 5777.62 5784.18 5800.23 5805.69 5826.28 5853.68 5907.64 5971.70 5981.25 5997.09 5999.85 6019.47 6063.12 6110.78 6135.83 6141.72 6341.68 6378.91 6383.76 6450.85 6482.91 6496.90 6498.76 6527.31 6595.33 6654.10 6675.27 6693.84 6769.62 6865.69 6867.85 6874.09 7059.94 7120.33 7195.24 7228.84 7280.30 7392.41 7417.53 7459.78 7488.08 7636.90 7642.91 7672.09 7780.48 7839.57 7905.75

II I II I II II II I I II II II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I I II I II I I I II II I II III I I II I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Barium—Beryllium Intensity 600 900 h 8 1800 h 100 100 300 h 300 450 300 300 300 h 1500 300 8 450 900 300 h 1500 hl 900 600 1200 h 300 120 hl 180 hl 150 h 240 120 h 120 120 120 120 120 150 150

1h 2 3 4 1h 5 10 20 30 50

Wavelength/Å 7911.34 8210.24 8308.69 8559.97 8710.74 8737.71 8799.76 8860.98 8914.99 9219.69 9308.08 9324.58 9370.06 9455.92 9521.76 9589.37 9608.88 9645.72 9830.37 10001.08 10032.10 10233.23 10471.26 10791.25 11012.69 11114.42 11303.04 11697.45 13207.30 13810.50 14077.90 15000.40 20712.00 25515.70 29223.90 Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 58.57 59.32 60.74 64.06 75.93 76.10 76.48 78.53 78.66 78.92 81.89 82.38 82.58 83.20 83.66 84.76 88.31 89.16 89.80 90.04 90.21 90.67 91.06 91.36 91.74 92.19 92.61 93.14 93.42

I I III I II II I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II III II III III I II II I I II II II I II II II

Intensity

100

3 2 6 4 8 4 5 5 7 2 8 20 2 10 10

8 5 15 1 20 60 2 1 2 1 10 5 1 2 20 60 100 2h 15 20

Wavelength/Å 93.93 94.78 95.76 96.29 97.24 97.44 97.86 97.97 98.12 98.37 98.66 98.94 99.19 100.25 100.86 101.20 102.13 102.49 104.40 104.67 105.80 107.26 107.38 509.99 549.31 582.08 661.32 675.59 714.0 725.59 725.71 743.58 746.23 767.75 775.37 842.06 865.3 925.25 943.56 973.27 981.4 1020.1 1026.93 1036.32 1048.23 1114.69 1143.03 1155.9 1197.19 1213.12 1214.32 1362.25 1401.52 1421.26 1422.86 1426.12 1435.17 1440.77 1491.76 1512.30 1512.43 1661.49 1754.69 1776.12 1776.34 1907.

Intensity

II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II II I I I I III III III III III II III II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II III III III III III III I III III I II II I III II II I

3 5 10 60 h 50 5

60

50 100 75 h 60 h 25 15 h 10 20 15 h 5 25 55 55 5

950 20 60 200 2 16 20 35 35 100 16 5 20 100 60 200 60 100 5 20 20 30 20 10 20 30 10 60 30 30 20

10-7

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 1909.0 1912. 1917.03 1919. 1929.67 1943.68 1954.97 1956. 1964.59 1985.13 1997.95 1997.98 1998.01 2033.25 2033.28 2033.38 2055.90 2056.01 2076.94 2080.38 2118.56 2122.27 2125.57 2125.68 2127.20 2137.25 2145. 2174.99 2175.10 2191.57 2273.5 2324.6 2337.0 2348.61 2350.66 2350.71 2350.83 2413.34 2413.46 2453.84 2480.6 2494.54 2494.58 2494.73 2507.43 2617.99 2618.13 2650.45 2650.55 2650.62 2650.69 2650.76 2697.46 2697.58 2728.88 2738.05 2764.2 2898.13 2898.19 2898.25 2986.06 2986.42 3019.33 3019.49 3019.53 3019.60

II I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III I I III III I I I III II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II I I I I I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 10 30 10 10 20 480 320

20 20 30 20 60 2 10 30 15 100 30 30 30 30 220 20 60 5 300 20 300 10 100

100 700 40 80 1 6 100 90 h 100 60 300 500 400 2 100 h 1 140 h

12 700 1000 6

Wavelength/Å 3046.52 3046.69 3090.3 3110.81 3110.92 3110.99 3120. 3130.42 3131.07 3136. 3150. 3160.6 3163. 3168. 3180.7 3187. 3193.81 3197.10 3197.15 3208.60 3220. 3229.63 3233.52 3241.62 3241.83 3269.02 3274.58 3274.67 3282.91 3321.01 3321.09 3321.34 3345.43 3367.63 3405.6 3451.37 3455.18 3476.56 3515.54 3555. 3720.36 3720.92 3722.98 3736.30 3813.45 3865.13 3865.42 3865.51 3865.72 3866.03 4249.14 4253.05 4253.76 4360.66 4360.99 4407.94 4485.52 4487.30 4495.09 4497.8 4526.6 4548. 4572.66 4673.33 4673.42 4709.37

II II I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II II I I I II II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I III I I II II I III III III III I I I II II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Beryllium—Bismuth Intensity 200 40 2h 80 8 20 3 64 500 20 20 140 h 10 16 30 30 60 60 30 2h 1 2 30 1h 6h 100 6h 40 h 100 3 2 10 10 h 20 h 60 5h 10 h 4 10 h 30 60 300 6 40 20 h 1h 40 2 16 20 10 h 20 h 80 16 20 60 80 30 1 120 2h 2 100

Wavelength/Å 4828.16 4849.16 4858.22 5087.75 5218.12 5218.33 5255.86 5270.28 5270.81 5403.04 5410.21 5558. 6142.01 6229.11 6279.43 6279.73 6473.54 6547.89 6558.36 6564.52 6636.44 6756.72 6757.13 6786.56 6884.22 6884.44 6982.75 7154.40 7154.65 7209.13 7401.20 7401.43 7551.90 7618.68 7618.88 8090.06 8158.99 8159.24 8254.07 8287.07 8547.36 8547.67 8801.37 8882.18 9190.45 9243.92 9343.89 9392.74 9476.43 9477.03 9847.32 9895.63 9895.96 9939.78 10095.52 10095.73 10119.92 10331.03 11066.46 11173. 11173.73 11496.39 11625.16 11659. 11660.25 12095.36

II I II I II II II II II II II I III I II II I II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II II II I I II II I II II II II

Intensity 30 100 60 200 80 120 100 160 200

6 6 2 3 5 6 5 10 4 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 d 15 12 15 25 50 h 30 15 20 10 24 20 50 10 15 10 10 15 10 60 20 40 20 60 20 25 15 20 35 35 45 25 50 60 h 25 35 20 40 40 30

Wavelength/Å 12098.18 14643.92 14644.75 16157.72 17855.38 17856.63 18143.54 31775.05 31778.70 Bismuth Bi Z = 83 420.7 431.2 488.39 563.62 670.76 686.88 730.71 738.17 775.16 790.5 790.6 792.5 820.3 822.9 824.9 864.45 872.6 923.9 943.3 1039.99 1045.76 1051.81 1058.88 1085.47 1099.20 1103.4 1139.01 1224.64 1225.43 1232.78 1241.05 1265.35 1283.73 1306.18 1317.0 1325.46 1326.84 1329.47 1346.12 1350.07 1372.61 1376.02 1393.92 1423.33 1423.52 1436.83 1447.94 1455.11 1461.00 1462.14 1486.93 1502.50 1520.57 1533.17 1536.77

Intensity 35 20 40 60 25 60 h 40 40 20 20 80 60 70 70 100 9000 7000 25 7000 9000 45 h 4600 2500 15 15 60 40 h 360 1700 340 100 100 16 12 100 190 75 h 10 25 70 20 h 700 100 100 12 280 c 20 140 d 100 100 360 100 15 11 12 140 c 100 80 h 4000 100 100 100 15 3200 20 12

II I I I I I I I I

IV IV V V III V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV III III III II II II IV III III II II II II II II IV II III II III II II II II III III II II II III II II II II II II

10-8

Wavelength/Å 1538.06 1563.67 1573.70 1591.79 1601.58 1606.40 1609.70 1611.38 1652.81 1749.29 1777.11 1787.47 1791.93 1823.80 1902.41 1954.53 1960.13 1989.35 2021.21 2061.70 2068.9 2110.26 2133.63 2143.40 2143.46 2186.9 2214.0 2228.25 2230.61 2276.58 2311. 2326. 2368.12 2368.25 2376. 2400.88 2414.6 2501.0 2515.69 2524.49 2544.5 2627.91 2629. 2677. 2693.0 2696.76 2713.3 2730.50 2767. 2772. 2780.52 2786. 2803.42 2803.70 2805.3 2809.62 2842. 2855.6 2897.98 2924. 2933. 2936. 2936.7 2938.30 2950.4 2963.4

II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I II II II II I I I IV IV II II IV I III II I I II I IV IV II I II I IV IV I IV II II II I IV III I IV IV IV II I II II

Intensity 2800 700 100 2400 60 100 9000 c 140 35 100 550 c 10 12 40 h 40 35 500 c 380 c 45 100 12 100 50 50 100 70 h 12 20 10 30 100 40 h 10 140 140 75 h 25 70 h 12 h 25 h 12 h 25 h 60 h 600 c 30 20 40 h 12 10 12 20 45 h 10 50 h 60 h 20 75 h 40 h 10 10 c 3 20 40 h 6 12 20

Wavelength/Å 2989.03 2993.34 3012. 3024.64 3034.87 3042. 3067.72 3076.66 3115.0 3239. 3397.21 3430.83 3431.23 3451.0 3473.8 3485.5 3510.85 3596.11 3613.4 3643. 3654.2 3682. 3695.32 3695.68 3734. 3792.5 3811.1 3815.8 3845.8 3863.9 3868. 4079.1 4097.2 4121.53 4121.86 4259.4 4272.0 4301.7 4339.8 4340.5 4379.4 4476.8 4705.3 4722.52 4730.3 4749.7 4797.4 4908.2 4916.6 4969.7 4993.6 5079.3 5091.6 5124.3 5144.3 5201.5 5209.2 5270.3 5397.8 5552.35 5599.41 5655.2 5719.2 5742.55 5818.3 5860.2

I I IV I I IV I I III IV I II II III III III I I III IV II IV III III IV II II II II II IV II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II III II II II II III II II II II II II II I I II II I II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Bismuth—Bromine Intensity 20 15 15 6 3 3 15 10 40 h 50 h 4h 12 2 10 h 2 10 h 10 3 2 20 40 12 h 50 15 15 30 2 1 25 2 3 25 2 2000 d 40 20 15 20 20 50 1500 d 40 200 200 100 200 50 60

30 10 30

160 450 40 285 20 40 150 75 110

Wavelength/Å 5973.0 6059.1 6128.0 6134.82 6475.73 6476.24 6497.7 6577.2 6600.2 6808.6 6991.12 7033. 7036.15 7381. 7502.33 7637. 7750. 7838.70 7840.33 7965. 8008. 8050. 8070. 8328. 8388. 8532. 8544.54 8579.74 8653. 8754.88 8761.54 8863. 8907.81 9657.04 9827.78 10104.5 10138.8 10300.6 10536.19 11072.44 11710.37 11999.49 12165.08 12690.04 12817.8 14330.5 16001.5 22551.6 Boron B Z=5 41.00 48.59 52.68 60.31 194.37 262.37 344.0 385.0 411.80 418.7 510.77 510.85 512.53 518.24 518.27 677.00

II II II I I I II II II II I II I II I II II I I II III II III II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V IV IV V V IV IV III IV III III V III III III

Intensity 160 40 40 40 40 70 110 110 40 110 110 70 450 70 110 220 70 120 160 110 220 70 160 100 150 200 150 200 300 300 110 20 550 250 250 100 300 450 160 500 500 70 40 70 40 40 40 220 40 40 1000 1000 70 160 450 70 285 160 110 70 110 110 450 285 110

Wavelength/Å 677.14 693.95 731.36 731.44 749.74 758.48 758.67 882.54 882.68 984.67 1081.88 1082.07 1112.2 1168.9 1170.9 1230.16 1362.46 1600.46 1600.73 1623.58 1623.77 1624.02 1624.16 1624.34 1663.04 1666.87 1667.29 1817.86 1818.37 1825.91 1826.41 1842.81 1953.83 2065.78 2066.38 2066.65 2066.93 2067.19 2067.23 2077.09 2088.91 2089.57 2220.30 2234.09 2234.59 2323.03 2328.67 2393.20 2395.05 2459.69 2459.90 2496.77 2497.73 2524.7 2530.3 2821.68 2824.57 2825.85 2918.08 3032.26 3179.33 3323.18 3323.60 3451.29 4121.93 4194.79

Intensity 40 70 110 110 220 360 70 110 110 70 70 40 110 70 20 70 800 570 125 200 250 235

III II II II V III III II II II II II IV IV IV II II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II III III I I I I III III I I II III III II II II II II II I I IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II

700 700 800 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200

10-9

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4242.98 4243.61 4472.10 4472.85 4487.05 4497.73 4784.21 4940.38 6080.44 6285.47 7030.20 7031.90 7835.25 7841.41 8667.22 8668.57 11660.04 11662.47 15629.08 16240.38 16244.67 18994.33 Bromine Br Z = 35 379.73 400.37 482.11 531.97 545.43 547.90 559.76 569.19 576.59 585.10 586.71 597.51 600.09 601.27 607.03 617.85 619.87 630.14 642.23 661.53 683.51 697.72 715.39 731.00 800.12 812.95 813.66 850.81 889.23 948.97 1015.54 1049.00 1069.15 1112.13 1143.56 1189.28 1189.50 1210.73 1221.13 1223.24 1224.41 1226.90

III III II II III III II II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I

IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II V V V I I I I I I I

Intensity 7500 1200 1500 1000 1500 1200 1200 1000 1000 3000 3000 1000 2000 12000 3000 50000 30000 25000 30000 20000 25000 75000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 600 1000 1100 h 500 h 500 500 500 500 500 500 1200 1500 1000 2000 1000 1500 10000 10000 20000 1000 3000 15000 3000 2500 2500 4000 1600 4000 1200 1200 1800 1600 2400 40000 2000

Wavelength/Å 1232.43 1243.90 1251.66 1255.80 1259.20 1261.66 1266.20 1279.48 1286.26 1309.91 1316.74 1317.37 1317.70 1384.60 1449.90 1488.45 1531.74 1540.65 1574.84 1576.39 1582.31 1633.40 2133.79 2145.02 2257.21 2272.73 2307.40 2408.16 2411.58 2491.14 2581.19 2661.40 2842.88 2907.71 2972.26 3041.18 3074.42 3349.64 3380.56 3540.16 3562.43 3815.65 3992.36 4223.89 4365.14 4365.60 4425.14 4441.74 4472.61 4477.72 4490.42 4513.44 4525.59 4575.74 4614.58 4752.28 4780.31 4785.19 4979.76 5395.48 5466.22 5852.08 5940.48 6122.14 6148.60 6177.39

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV III III IV III III I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Bromine—Cadmium Intensity 1500 60000 2500 1800 1000 20000 1500 50000 c 1000 1800 20000 1500 50000 c 20000 10000 8000 2000 2000 2200 6500 1600 c 1800 10000 2000 10000 40000 1600 1800 2000 30000 1200 2500 s 2500 2500 30000 c 3000 3000 8000 10000 30000 2000 2500 30000 1000 c 10000 25000 5000 15000 75000 c 20000 10000 1200 40000 4000 1500 1000 1000 20000 4000 10000 c 15000 25000 4000 30000 6000 1800

Wavelength/Å 6335.48 6350.73 6410.32 6483.56 6514.62 6544.57 6548.09 6559.80 6571.31 6579.14 6582.17 6620.47 6631.62 6682.28 6692.13 6728.28 6760.06 6779.48 6786.74 6790.04 6791.48 6861.15 7005.19 7260.45 7348.51 7512.96 7591.61 7595.07 7616.41 7803.02 7827.23 7881.45 7881.57 7925.81 7938.68 7947.94 7950.18 7978.44 7978.57 7989.94 8026.35 8026.54 8131.52 8152.65 8153.75 8154.00 8246.86 8264.96 8272.44 8334.70 8343.70 8384.04 8446.55 8477.45 8513.38 8557.73 8566.28 8638.66 8698.53 8793.47 8819.96 8825.22 8888.98 8897.62 8932.40 8949.39

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 9000 30000 15000 20000 40000 15000 6000 10000 3000 6000 1000 1500 30000 1000 3000 1700 1800 1250 1800 1200 3500 1000 1000 1200 4000 1000 500 500 600 150 120

50 50 60 70 70 70 70 80 70 70 80 60 50 70 70 80 70 60 80 70 70 60 70 80 80 70 70 60 70 80 80 60 80

Wavelength/Å 8964.00 9166.06 9173.63 9178.16 9265.42 9320.86 9793.48 9896.40 10140.08 10237.74 10299.62 10377.65 10457.96 10742.14 10755.92 13217.17 14354.57 14888.70 16731.19 18568.31 19733.62 20281.73 20624.67 21787.24 22865.65 23513.15 28346.50 30380.85 31630.13 38345.75 39964.36 Cadmium Cd Z = 48 427.01 447.85 480.90 493.00 495.13 498.14 498.53 504.09 504.20 504.50 506.31 508.01 508.95 509.55 511.40 513.00 514.50 519.42 524.41 524.47 525.10 525.19 527.07 531.09 531.51 534.29 536.77 540.90 541.74 542.60 546.55 553.06 554.05

Intensity 60 150 100 100 100 150 100 60 150 60 200 50 200 100 50 40 40 50 40 40 100 75 40 100 50 40 40 200 150 300 100 40 30 200 100 50 75 40 50 75 150 50 1000 r 50 100 1000 1000 1500 r 1000 200 40 50 50 40 40 50 30 25 h 50 50 25 3 500 50 30 25 h

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

10-10

Wavelength/Å 567.01 1118.16 1164.65 1183.40 1256.00 1296.43 1326.50 1370.48 1370.91 1418.89 1514.26 1545.17 1571.58 1668.60 1702.47 1707.16 1722.95 1724.41 1747.67 1773.06 1785.84 1793.40 1823.41 1827.70 1844.66 1851.13 1855.85 1856.67 1874.08 1922.23 1943.54 1965.54 1986.89 1995.43 2007.49 2032.45 2036.23 2039.83 2045.61 2087.91 2096.00 2111.60 2144.41 2155.06 2187.79 2194.56 2265.02 2288.022 2312.77 2321.07 2376.82 2418.69 2469.73 2487.93 2495.58 2509.11 2516.22 2525.196 2544.613 2551.98 2553.465 2565.789 2572.93 2580.106 2592.026 2602.048

IV IV IV IV II II II IV II IV II III II II II III III II III III II III III II III III III III III II II II II II II II II III III III II III II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I I

Intensity 50 40 75 40 50 h 25 50 100 25 50 75 50 1000 100 h 50 h 50 30 200 25 100 200 r 50 r 200 50 200 1000 r 200 r 50 50 150 25 30 100 200 50 150 300 300 50 50 30 800 50 50 100 1000 800 25 150 25 100 100 1000 800 60 20 10 100 200 50 100 8 100 3 1000 30

Wavelength/Å 2628.979 2632.190 2639.420 2659.23 2660.325 2668.20 2672.62 2677.540 2677.748 2707.00 2712.505 2733.820 2748.54 2763.894 2764.230 2774.958 2823.19 2836.900 2856.46 2868.180 2880.767 2881.224 2914.67 2927.87 2929.27 2980.620 2981.362 2981.845 3030.60 3080.822 3081.48 3082.593 3092.34 3133.167 3146.79 3250.33 3252.524 3261.055 3343.21 3385.49 3388.88 3403.652 3417.49 3442.42 3464.43 3466.200 3467.655 3483.08 3495.44 3499.952 3524.11 3535.69 3610.508 3612.873 3614.453 3649.558 3981.926 4029.12 4134.77 4141.49 4285.08 4306.672 4412.41 4412.989 4415.63 4440.45

I I I II I II II I I II I I II I I I II I II I I I II II II I I I II I II I II I II II I I II II II I II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I II II II II I II I II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Cadmium—Carbon Intensity 8 200 30 300 50 50 1000 h 6 100 100 1000 1000 200 40 50 300 100 100 30 400 500 2000 400 25 500 100 30 50 100 1000 50 5 20 15 35 80 55 d 25 35

250 250 300 250 265 400 300 400 300 450 c 500 300 300 300 250 c 250 450 250 200 750 600 250 750 500 500

Wavelength/Å 4662.352 4678.149 4744.69 4799.912 4881.72 5025.50 5085.822 5154.660 5268.01 5271.60 5337.48 5378.13 5381.89 5843.30 5880.22 6099.142 6111.49 6325.166 6330.013 6354.72 6359.98 6438.470 6464.94 6567.65 6725.78 6759.19 6778.116 7237.01 7284.38 7345.670 8066.99 8200.309 9289. 11652. 14487. 15708. 19120. 24371. 25448. Calcium Ca Z = 20 190.46 196.97 199.55 200.51 257.98 267.77 270.31 280.99 284.98 286.96 322.17 323.22 330.94 334.55 342.45 343.93 352.92 377.18 387.08 425.00 434.57 437.77 443.82 450.57 558.60

I I II I II II I I II II II II II II II I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I I

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V IV IV IV IV V

Intensity 400 300 400 750 300 500 24 12 20 20 60 20 40 40 60 20 40 17 16 16 19 21 19 20 10 15 3 19 170 180 150 20 12 19 20 13 18 20 30 40 170 180 20 30 230 220 50 60 30 40 50 50 24 22 22 25 20 23 22 20 19 25 26 25 30 28

Wavelength/Å 637.93 643.12 646.57 656.00 656.76 669.70 1341.89 1342.54 1433.75 1545.29 1649.86 1807.34 1814.50 1838.01 1840.06 1843.09 1850.69 2123.03 2152.43 2687.76 2881.78 2899.79 2924.33 2988.63 3006.86 3028.59 3055.32 3119.67 3158.87 3179.33 3181.28 3316.51 3361.92 3372.67 3461.87 3487.60 3537.77 3644.41 3683.70 3694.11 3706.03 3736.90 3755.67 3758.39 3933.66 3968.47 4097.10 4109.82 4110.28 4206.18 4220.07 4226.73 4283.01 4289.36 4298.99 4302.53 4302.81 4307.74 4318.65 4355.08 4399.59 4425.44 4434.96 4435.69 4454.78 4455.89

Intensity 20 20 20 19 23 22 23 23 24 24 20 30 40 40 25 70 80 40 23 25 22 23 22 24 25 60 70 50 27 23 25 27 24 26 25 24 24 30 27 29 22 30 22 24 26 28 35 30 22 80 34 29 32 28 23 30 33 31 33 30 60 80 20 40 60 20

V V V IV V IV II II II III II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I III I III II II II II I III II I III I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I

10-11

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4456.61 4472.04 4489.18 4499.88 4526.94 4578.55 4581.40 4581.47 4585.87 4585.96 4685.27 4716.74 4721.03 4799.97 4878.13 5001.48 5019.97 5021.14 5041.62 5188.85 5261.71 5262.24 5264.24 5265.56 5270.27 5285.27 5307.22 5339.19 5349.47 5512.98 5581.97 5588.76 5590.12 5594.47 5598.49 5601.29 5602.85 5857.45 6102.72 6122.22 6161.29 6162.17 6163.76 6166.44 6169.06 6169.56 6439.07 6449.81 6455.60 6456.87 6462.57 6471.66 6493.78 6499.65 6572.78 6717.69 7148.15 7202.19 7326.15 7575.81 7581.11 7601.30 7602.32 7820.78 7843.38 8017.50

I II II III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II

Intensity 20 70 100 110 70 130 170 160 100 110 110 90 100 110 25 100 110 80 80 110 90 100 20 20 25 24 25 30 21 24 20 22 21 20 24 30 48 49 47 50 35 34 23 24 25 30

110 450 110 250 160 160 200 250 570 500 250 250 150 650 700 500 400 500

Wavelength/Å 8020.50 8133.05 8201.72 8248.80 8254.73 8498.02 8542.09 8662.14 8912.07 8927.36 9213.90 9312.00 9319.56 9320.65 9416.97 9567.97 9599.24 9601.82 9854.74 9890.63 9931.39 10223.04 10343.81 11838.99 12816.04 12823.86 12909.10 13033.57 13086.44 13134.95 16150.77 16157.36 16197.04 18925.47 18970.14 19046.14 19309.20 19452.99 19505.72 19776.79 19853.10 19862.22 19917.19 19933.70 22624.93 22651.23 Carbon C Z=6 34.973 40.268 227.19 244.91 248.66 248.74 289.14 289.23 312.42 312.46 371.69 371.75 371.78 384.03 384.18 386.203 419.52 419.71

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V IV V V IV IV IV IV III III III IV IV III IV IV

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Carbon—Cerium Intensity 200 400 500 570 250 250 300 350 400 350 9 30 50 10 20 30 60 150 30 800 9 10 10 80 150 150 150 150 370 350 330 500 350 370 150 150 200 300 300 300 300 100 150 150 100 100 100 250 250 300 300 200 100 9 120 120 150 300 100 150 120 100 200 120 150 1000

Wavelength/Å 450.734 459.46 459.52 459.63 511.522 535.288 538.080 538.149 538.312 574.281 595.022 687.053 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.624 903.962 904.142 904.480 977.03 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.337 1037.018 1157.910 1158.019 1158.035 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1188.992 1189.447 1189.631 1193.009 1193.031 1193.240 1193.264 1193.393 1193.649 1193.679 1194.064 1194.488 1261.552 1277.245 1277.282 1277.513 1277.550 1280.333 1311.363 1323.951 1329.578 1329.600 1334.532 1335.708 1354.288 1355.84 1364.164 1459.032 1463.336 1467.402 1481.764 1548.202

III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II I I I III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I IV

Intensity 900 150 400 400 100 400 150 120 300 120 120 150 500 1000 250 40 5 20 800 800 250 350 200 l 300 s 250 h 150 110 l 150 l 150 l 350 l 250 1000 800 200 800 h 350 350 350 570 800 150 200 250 250 250 350 l 150 250 h 800 1000 200 600 520 375 200 w 200 200 200 5 5 200 350 350 350 570 400

Wavelength/Å 1550.774 1560.310 1560.683 1560.708 1561.341 1561.438 1656.266 1656.928 1657.008 1657.380 1657.907 1658.122 1751.823 1930.905 2162.94 2270.91 2277.25 2277.92 2296.87 2478.56 2509.12 2512.06 2524.41 2529.98 2574.83 2697.75 2724.85 2725.30 2725.90 2741.28 2746.49 2836.71 2837.60 2982.11 2992.62 3876.19 3876.41 3876.66 3918.98 3920.69 4056.06 4067.94 4068.91 4070.26 4074.52 4075.85 4162.86 4186.90 4267.00 4267.26 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.47 4658.30 4665.86 4771.75 4932.05 4943.88 4944.56 5052.17 5132.94 5133.28 5143.49 5145.16 5151.09

Intensity 300 250 350 450 250 200 150 570 350 200 250 110 150 300 250 800 570 200 150 250 150 h 250 250 250 200 350 800 1000 150 90 w 200 200 300 h 150 520 300 250 200 200 250 450 300 800 150 250 300 200 300 12 23 13 47 24 85 142 114 11 17 30 26 20 38 16 61 12 13

IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I III V V V III I II II IV IV II III III III III II II II II III II II II II II II III III III III II II III III II II III III III III IV III I I V V I II II II II II

10-12

Wavelength/Å 5380.34 5648.07 5662.47 5695.92 5801.33 5811.98 5826.42 5889.77 5891.59 6001.13 6006.03 6007.18 6010.68 6013.22 6014.84 6578.05 6582.88 6587.61 6744.38 6783.90 7037.25 7113.18 7115.19 7115.63 7116.99 7119.90 7231.32 7236.42 7612.65 7726.2 7860.89 8058.62 8196.48 8332.99 8335.15 8500.32 9061.43 9062.47 9078.28 9088.51 9094.83 9111.80 9405.73 9603.03 9620.80 9658.44 10683.08 10691.25 11619.29 11628.83 11658.85 11659.68 11669.63 11748.22 11753.32 11754.76 11777.54 11892.91 11895.75 12614.10 13502.27 14399.65 14403.25 14420.12 14429.03 14442.24

I II II III IV IV III II II I I I I I I II II I III II III I I II I II II II III IV I I III III I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 12 50 10 11 13 23

300 200 40 30 75 75 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000 10000 340 270 250 10000 10000 400 10000 50000 95000 20000 40000 20000 680 40000 20000 30000 30000 20000 20000 20000 710 990 710 880 710 20000 710 990 20000 10000 30000 40000 30000 40000 60000 710 50000 60000 770

Wavelength/Å 16559.66 16890.38 17338.56 17448.60 18139.80 19721.99 Cerium Ce Z = 58 399.36 482.96 741.79 754.60 1332.16 1372.72 2000.42 2009.94 2318.64 2372.34 2380.12 2431.45 2439.80 2454.32 2469.95 2483.82 2497.50 2531.99 2603.59 2651.01 2830.90 2874.14 2923.81 2931.54 2976.91 3022.75 3031.58 3055.59 3056.56 3057.23 3057.58 3063.01 3085.10 3106.98 3110.53 3121.56 3141.29 3143.96 3147.06 3194.83 3201.71 3218.94 3221.17 3227.11 3228.57 3234.16 3272.25 3353.29 3395.77 3427.36 3443.63 3454.39 3459.39 3470.92 3485.05 3497.81 3504.64 3539.08

I I I I I I

V V IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III III III III III III II III III III III III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III III II III III II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Cerium—Cesium Intensity 50000 1200 1000 1800 880 880 1000 1000 1400 800 860 2500 800 1000 1100 860 860 1200 1200 1100 1500 1000 770 980 770 770 770 2000 2700 770 3100 980 770 770 770 770 700 910 2800 910 2700 910 840 840 840 2100 910 700 1100 1800 1500 1500 910 770 980 980 2700 2000 770 980 1400 1300 3500 840 910 1500

Wavelength/Å 3544.07 3560.80 3577.45 3655.85 3660.64 3667.98 3709.29 3709.93 3716.37 3728.42 3786.63 3801.52 3803.09 3808.11 3838.54 3848.59 3853.15 3854.18 3854.31 3878.36 3882.45 3889.98 3907.29 3912.44 3918.28 3931.09 3940.34 3942.15 3942.75 3943.89 3952.54 3956.28 3960.91 3967.05 3978.65 3984.68 3992.39 3993.82 3999.24 4003.77 4012.39 4014.90 4024.49 4028.41 4031.34 4040.76 4042.58 4053.51 4071.81 4073.48 4075.71 4075.85 4083.23 4118.14 4123.87 4127.37 4133.80 4137.65 4142.40 4149.94 4151.97 4165.61 4186.60 4198.72 4202.94 4222.60

III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 770 980 1100 2000 1500 770 770 980 700 910 910 700 1700 980 770 2400 1400 700 700 840 770 840 840 840 2100 1100 840 1700 310 470 280 280 370 260 260 340 450 300 280 260 300 370 240 230 55 55 55 75 110 10000 110 55 10000 45 45 35 35 35 35 23 28 45 35 28 23 35

Wavelength/Å 4227.75 4239.92 4248.68 4289.94 4296.67 4300.33 4306.72 4337.77 4349.79 4364.66 4382.17 4386.84 4391.66 4418.78 4449.34 4460.21 4471.24 4479.36 4483.90 4486.91 4523.08 4527.35 4528.47 4539.75 4562.36 4572.28 4593.93 4628.16 4737.28 5079.68 5159.69 5161.48 5187.46 5223.46 5245.92 5274.23 5353.53 5393.40 5409.23 5512.08 5696.99 5699.23 5719.03 5940.86 6001.90 6005.86 6006.82 6013.42 6024.20 6032.54 6043.39 6047.40 6060.91 6098.34 6123.67 6143.36 6186.17 6208.98 6228.94 6232.45 6237.45 6272.05 6295.58 6299.51 6300.21 6310.01

Intensity 35 35 28 23 35 23 35 28 35 23 45 23 22 30 22 26 35 30 35 30 30 35 35 22 25 25 25 25 25 22 22 30 25 30

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I III II I III II I II I I I II I II I II I I

10000 2000 2500 5000 3500 15000 20000 20000 5000 12000 15000 15000 7500 35000 15000 40000 25000 c 17 c 12 10 20 c 11 12 12 25 25 c 12 17 710 120

10-13

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 6343.95 6371.11 6386.84 6393.02 6430.07 6436.40 6458.03 6467.39 6473.72 6513.59 6555.65 6579.10 6612.06 6628.93 6652.72 6700.66 6704.27 6774.28 6775.59 6924.81 6986.02 7061.75 7086.35 7238.36 7252.75 7329.91 7397.77 7616.11 7689.17 7844.94 7857.54 8025.56 8772.14 8891.20 Cesium Cs Z = 55 614.01 638.17 666.25 691.60 703.89 718.14 721.79 722.20 731.56 740.29 808.76 813.84 830.39 901.27 920.35 926.66 1054.79 1673.99 1705.25 1801.83 1822.40 1823.93 1824.70 1841.80 1915.50 1923.29 1961.33 1996.56 2035.11 2056.43

II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II I I II I I I II II II I I I II II II II II II II

III III III III III II III III III III II II III II III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 330 540 410 210 200 1000 230 390 1600 1600 890 410 1400 430 16000 390 6200 370 710 390 270 630 3100 200 180 3200 210 1700 1100 c 1400 8400 1300 550 430 1200 400 580 480 7200 1300 2300 300 c 520 4800 640 430 2100 c 2900 600 c 2700 680 c 3100 420 520 14000 18000 w 370 1200 940 530 12000 1200 590 20000 1000 c 460 c

Wavelength/Å 2076.43 2077.30 2088.68 2101.63 2141.47 2316.88 2325.95 2340.49 2455.81 2477.57 2485.45 2495.07 2525.67 2573.05 2596.86 2610.12 2630.51 2700.32 2701.20 2776.44 2810.87 2845.70 2859.32 2893.85 2921.13 2976.86 3001.28 3066.59 3149.36 3152.36 3268.32 3315.51 3340.60 3344.02 3349.46 3463.45 3476.83 3559.82 3597.45 3608.31 3618.19 3641.34 3651.08 3661.40 3699.50 3837.46 3876.15 3888.37 3888.61 3925.60 4001.70 4006.55 4006.78 4043.42 4264.70 4277.13 4403.86 4410.22 4425.68 4471.48 4501.55 4506.72 4522.86 4526.74 4555.28 4593.17

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III I III III III III III II II III III III III II III III II I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Cesium—Chlorine Intensity 99900 420 h 210 25000 140 19000 37000 370 27000 75000 29000 11000 10000 c 22000 230 60 c 37 39000 100 210 c 27 24000 59 c 300 51000 140 110 640 c 86 150 870 9800 330 1000 170 450 320 c 510 8300 10000 w 490 97 8800 3300 c 9600 400 200 300 37000 4800 16000 980 13000 w 1900 c 790 130 1100 2600 c 3300 22000 3500 510 4500 59000 c 15000 c 61000 c

Wavelength/Å 4603.79 4620.61 4665.52 4830.19 4851.59 4870.04 4952.85 5035.72 5043.80 5227.04 5249.38 5274.05 5349.13 5370.99 5380.79 5465.94 5502.88 5563.02 5635.21 5664.02 5745.72 5831.14 5838.83 5845.14 5925.63 5950.14 5979.97 6010.49 6034.09 6043.99 6079.86 6128.61 6150.42 6213.10 6217.60 6242.96 6354.55 6456.33 6495.53 6536.44 6586.51 6628.66 6646.57 6723.28 6724.47 6753.12 6824.65 6870.45 6955.50 6973.30 6979.67 6983.49 7149.54 7219.60 7228.53 7279.90 7279.96 7608.90 7943.88 7997.44 8015.73 8078.94 8079.04 8521.13 8761.41 8943.47

II III III II III II II III II II II II II II III I I II I I I II I I II III III I I III III II III I I III I III II II I I II I II III I I II I II I II III I I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity 18000 5200 19000 4800 26000 2900 38000 c 8400 5700 55000 c 820 1500 760 880 1100 3900 4400 850 890 d 500 680 c 2800 610 c 1100 190 2c 2d 1

500 800 800 700 600 900 500 600 800 600 1000 600 1000 500 700 600 700 600 700 700 350 700 700 700 400 800 500 500 500 700 600 800 700 800 1000 1000

Wavelength/Å 9172.32 9208.53 10024.36 10123.41 10123.60 13424.31 13588.29 13602.56 13758.81 14694.91 16535.63 17012.32 20138.47 22811.86 23037.98 23344.47 24251.21 24374.96 25763.51 25764.73 29310.06 30103.27 30953.06 34900.13 36131.00 39177.28 39421.25 39424.11 Chlorine Cl Z = 17 392.43 486.17 534.73 535.67 536.15 537.61 538.03 538.12 542.23 542.30 545.11 546.33 547.63 549.22 552.02 553.30 554.62 556.23 556.61 557.12 559.305 561.53 561.68 561.74 571.904 574.406 601.50 604.59 606.35 618.057 619.982 620.298 626.735 635.881 636.626 650.894

Intensity 1000 1300 2000 1500 1500 1500 2000 2500 2000 5000 5000 5000 500 500 6000 8000 600 5000 2000 2000 2000 500 600 40 700 25 25 75 500 600 150 700 90 6000 3000 9000 6000 5000 5000 200 200 250 400 350 250 250 400 350 350 400 250 300 200 200 500 800 800 3000 1200 900 3000 10000 5000 12000 2500 20000

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V IV IV IV IV IV V IV V V V V V IV IV IV IV III III III II III III III II II IV IV III II II II II II II II

10-14

Wavelength/Å 659.811 661.841 663.074 682.053 687.656 693.594 725.271 728.951 777.562 787.580 788.740 793.342 834.84 834.97 839.297 839.599 840.93 851.691 888.026 893.549 961.499 973.21 977.56 978.284 984.95 998.372 998.432 1002.346 1005.28 1008.78 1013.664 1015.02 1025.553 1063.831 1067.945 1071.036 1071.767 1075.230 1079.080 1084.667 1085.171 1085.304 1088.06 1090.271 1090.982 1092.437 1094.769 1095.148 1095.662 1095.797 1096.810 1097.369 1098.068 1099.523 1107.528 1139.214 1167.148 1179.293 1188.774 1201.353 1335.726 1347.240 1351.657 1363.447 1373.116 1379.528

II II II II II II II II II II II II IV IV II II IV II II II II IV IV I IV I I I III III I III I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 25000 20000 12000 500 500 500 500 500 600 500 500 500 500 450 h 450 350 h 350 h 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 600 700 600 600 500 500 600 500 500 500 600 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 800 900 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 800 900 800 700 700 700 700 600 600 800 800 500 10000

Wavelength/Å 1389.693 1389.957 1396.527 1441.470 1528.569 1542.942 1558.144 1565.050 1822.50 1828.40 1857.488 1901.61 1983.61 1997.370 2032.116 2088.583 2091.458 2253.07 2268.95 2278.34 2283.93 2323.50 2336.45 2340.64 2359.67 2370.37 2416.42 2447.14 2448.58 2486.91 2532.48 2580.67 2603.59 2632.67 2633.18 2665.54 2710.37 2724.03 2751.23 2782.47 2965.56 3063.13 3076.68 3104.46 3139.34 3191.45 3289.80 3320.57 3329.06 3340.42 3392.89 3393.45 3530.03 3560.68 3602.10 3612.85 3622.69 3656.95 3670.28 3682.05 3705.45 3707.34 3720.45 3748.81 3779.35 3850.99

I I I II II II II II III III II III III II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Chlorine—Chromium Intensity 25000 500 700 600 600 500 500 10000 h 500 40 50 80 45 40 45 13000 99000 29000 16000 81000 47000 26000 10000 26000 30 56000 23000 15000 99000 10000 19000 10000 40 50 d 45 30 50 200 160 150 300 300 600 7500 5000 550 550 700 11000 2300 450 7000 10000 2200 650 2200 1700 3000 2300 1800 3000 2100 1700 650 1500 1300

Wavelength/Å 3860.83 3925.87 3991.50 4018.50 4059.07 4104.23 4106.83 4132.50 4608.21 4623.938 4654.040 4661.208 4691.523 4721.255 4740.729 4781.32 4794.55 4810.06 4819.47 4896.77 4904.78 4917.73 4995.48 5078.26 5099.789 5217.94 5221.36 5392.12 5423.23 5423.51 5443.37 5444.21 5532.162 5796.305 5799.914 5856.742 6019.812 6140.245 6194.757 6434.833 6932.903 6981.886 7086.814 7256.62 7414.11 7462.370 7489.47 7492.118 7547.072 7672.42 7702.828 7717.581 7744.97 7769.16 7771.09 7821.36 7830.75 7878.22 7899.31 7915.08 7924.645 7933.89 7935.012 7952.52 7974.72 7976.97

II III III III III III III II III I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 600 2900 2200 1100 400 1700 2200 3000 1300 2500 2200 2200 800 18000 3000 20000 18000 99900 400 15000 2200 2200 20000 750 75000 450 300 3500 2200 3000 2000 2500 1000 2000 7500 3000 500 4000 1500 3500 500 1000 3500 250 1000 250 200 400 331 300 269 1000 350 310 550 525 294 269 381 1094 1487 2780 277 342 735 283

Wavelength/Å 7980.60 7997.85 8015.61 8023.33 8051.07 8084.51 8085.56 8086.67 8087.73 8194.42 8199.13 8200.21 8203.78 8212.04 8220.45 8221.74 8333.31 8375.94 8406.199 8428.25 8467.34 8550.44 8575.24 8578.02 8585.97 8628.54 8641.71 8686.26 8912.92 8948.06 9038.982 9045.43 9069.656 9073.17 9121.15 9191.731 9197.596 9288.86 9393.862 9452.10 9486.964 9584.801 9592.22 9632.509 9702.439 9744.426 9807.057 9875.970 10392.549 11123.05 11409.69 11436.33 13243.8 13296.0 13346.8 13821.7 14931.7 15108.0 15465.1 15520.3 15730.1 15869.7 15883.3 15928.9 15960.0 15970.5

Intensity 259 717 100

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

100 100 100 100 80 100 100 60 100 100 80 80 100 150 150 100 100 150 150 170 220 170 150 120 120 140 130 200 140 140 120 19000 14000 8900 200 200 150 150 150 150 130 140 170 110 190 110 390 190 160 130 150 100 380 250 250 320 440

10-15

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 16198.5 19755.3 24470.0 39716.0 40085.5 40089.5 40532.2 Chromium Cr Z = 24 438.62 464.02 620.66 629.26 630.30 666.55 693.92 1030.47 1033.69 1036.03 1055.89 1068.41 1116.48 1121.07 1127.63 1263.50 1417.42 1465.86 1497.97 1519.03 1579.70 1591.72 1603.19 1672.66 1758.51 1802.72 1812.41 1837.44 1873.89 1967.18 1972.07 2055.52 2061.49 2065.42 2226.72 2235.91 2237.59 2244.10 2284.44 2324.88 2383.33 2408.62 2496.31 2502.53 2504.31 2516.92 2519.52 2527.12 2549.54 2560.69 2571.74 2577.65 2591.85 2653.59 2658.59 2663.42 2666.02

I I I I I I I

V V IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III V V V V IV V V V V V V IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II

Intensity 280 350 280 1800 320 230 280 180 180 110 140 170 420 h 280 h 170 h 250 110 h 330 390 280 110 h 150 350 750 750 250 h 610 180 180 2500 110 1700 1200 120 880 610 440 790 750 610 480 210 110 160 320 230 180 120 170 700 370 190 210 180 260 260 250 480 480 210 480 190 350 110 480 1500

Wavelength/Å 2668.71 2671.81 2672.83 2677.16 2678.79 2687.09 2691.04 2698.41 2698.69 2701.99 2712.31 2722.75 2726.51 2731.91 2736.47 2743.64 2748.29 2748.98 2750.73 2751.87 2752.88 2757.10 2757.72 2762.59 2766.54 2769.92 2780.70 2822.37 2830.47 2835.63 2840.02 2843.25 2849.84 2851.36 2855.68 2858.91 2860.93 2862.57 2865.11 2866.74 2867.65 2870.44 2871.63 2873.48 2875.99 2876.24 2877.98 2879.27 2887.00 2889.29 2893.25 2894.17 2896.75 2905.49 2909.05 2910.90 2911.14 2967.64 2971.11 2971.91 2975.48 2979.74 2980.79 2985.32 2985.85 2986.00

II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Chromium—Cobalt Intensity 2100 660 160 480 230 300 700 210 1100 750 140 710 710 1400 710 2800 430 240 430 2800 1100 170 710 140 390 550 550 110 710 240 430 470 120 590 140 140 100 100 240 220 170 140 120 130 130 130 110 170 160 430 140 170 360 210 270 140 270 160 140 170 170 190 130 100 120 130

Wavelength/Å 2986.47 2988.65 2989.19 2991.89 2994.07 2995.10 2996.58 2998.79 3000.89 3005.06 3013.03 3013.71 3014.76 3014.92 3015.19 3017.57 3018.50 3018.82 3020.67 3021.56 3024.35 3029.16 3030.24 3031.35 3034.19 3037.04 3040.85 3050.14 3053.88 3118.65 3120.37 3124.94 3128.70 3132.06 3136.68 3147.23 3155.15 3163.76 3180.70 3197.08 3209.18 3217.40 3245.54 3251.84 3257.82 3339.80 3342.59 3358.50 3360.30 3368.05 3382.68 3403.32 3408.76 3421.21 3422.74 3433.31 3433.60 3436.19 3441.44 3445.62 3447.43 3453.33 3455.60 3460.43 3550.64 3566.16

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II II II II II I I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 130 330 h 19000 160 h 130 17000 350 13000 130 350 630 220 220 170 220 130 120 130 130 130 150 480 570 340 230 260 130 130 120 130 140 200 530 110 110 180 180 130 130 380 190 140 290 140 190 110 140 260 660 570 380 260 360 960 120 hd 120 190 1900 600 600 410 1900 120 1600 1600 960

Wavelength/Å 3573.64 3574.80 3578.69 3584.33 3585.30 3593.49 3601.67 3605.33 3632.84 3636.59 3639.80 3641.83 3649.00 3653.91 3656.26 3663.21 3685.55 3686.80 3687.25 3730.81 3732.03 3743.58 3743.88 3749.00 3757.66 3768.24 3791.38 3792.14 3793.29 3793.88 3797.13 3797.72 3804.80 3806.83 3807.93 3815.43 3819.56 3826.42 3830.03 3841.28 3848.98 3849.36 3850.04 3852.22 3854.22 3855.29 3855.57 3857.63 3883.29 3885.22 3886.79 3894.04 3902.92 3908.76 3911.82 3915.84 3916.24 3919.16 3921.02 3928.64 3941.49 3963.69 3969.06 3969.75 3976.66 3983.91

Intensity 190 160 960 160 190 160 120 120 190 160 120 140 120 140 170 170 110 20000 110 16000 10000 780 1100 380 1900 380 2300 570 530 110 530 110 660 380 380 240 240 240 140 600 120 120 360 360 480 240 600 550 1600 570 840 240 d 190 240 120 140 340 190 120 110 140 130 260 110 70 110

I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-16

Wavelength/Å 3984.34 3989.99 3991.12 3991.67 3992.84 4001.44 4012.47 4026.17 4039.10 4048.78 4058.77 4126.52 4153.82 4163.62 4174.80 4179.26 4209.37 4254.35 4263.14 4274.80 4289.72 4337.57 4339.45 4339.72 4344.51 4351.05 4351.77 4359.63 4371.28 4374.16 4384.98 4458.54 4496.86 4526.47 4530.74 4535.72 4540.50 4540.72 4544.62 4545.96 4565.51 4571.68 4580.06 4591.39 4600.75 4613.37 4616.14 4626.19 4646.17 4651.28 4652.16 4698.46 4708.04 4718.43 4730.71 4737.35 4756.11 4789.32 4801.03 4829.38 4870.80 4887.01 4922.27 4936.33 4942.50 4954.81

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 60 70 70 70 85 5300 8400 11000 85 290 530 180 95 h 70 h 340 70 h 660 85 340 h 70 h 780 380 40 1400 24 7 24 24 40 24 24 24 h 30 h 24 h 19 h 60 h 180 h 35 22 19 21 h 27 h 30 h 85 130 150 40 19

20 18 12 66 70 64 10 10 15 50 80 80 50 1000 800 1000

Wavelength/Å 5013.32 5166.23 5184.59 5192.00 5196.44 5204.52 5206.04 5208.44 5224.94 5247.56 5264.15 5265.72 5275.17 5276.03 5296.69 5297.36 5298.27 5300.75 5328.34 5329.17 5345.81 5348.32 5400.61 5409.79 5628.64 5642.36 5664.04 5694.73 5698.33 5702.31 5712.78 5783.11 5783.93 5785.00 5785.82 5787.99 5791.00 6330.10 6362.87 6661.08 6883.03 6924.13 6978.48 7355.90 7400.21 7462.31 8947.15 8976.83 Cobalt Co Z = 27 355.52 355.88 356.06 609.16 609.21 609.28 1018.36 1021.14 1231.73 1277.01 1299.58 1306.95 1345.67 1696.01 1697.99 1707.35

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V IV IV IV V V V V II II V III III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Cobalt Intensity 5000 5000 2000 3000 1000 1000 1000 2000 2000 5000 1500 1800 1800 2400 2000 1500 1800 1500 1500 1800 1800 1500 1500 1500 h 1500 h 3000 1800 h 1800 h 1500 1800 2400 h 1500 1800 1500 l 1500 900 50 1200 h 900 50 50 900 1500 1200 50 1500 h 900 900 900 900 900 900 1200 1500 1500 900 900 s 900 900 900 1100 200 200 150 200 1000

Wavelength/Å 1760.35 1773.57 1780.05 1782.97 1787.08 1789.07 1823.08 1830.09 1831.44 1835.00 1842.34 1847.89 1852.71 1855.05 1863.83 1878.28 1936.58 1946.79 1951.90 1954.22 1955.17 1958.55 1961.59 1968.69 1968.93 1970.71 1971.16 1972.52 1973.85 1976.97 1980.89 1989.80 1990.34 1998.49 2002.32 2008.04 2011.51 2014.58 2016.17 2022.35 2027.04 2031.96 2039.95 2041.11 2065.54 2077.76 2085.67 2087.55 2089.35 2093.40 2094.86 2095.77 2097.51 2104.73 2106.80 2108.98 2117.68 2137.78 2138.97 2163.03 2174.60 2193.60 2256.73 2260.00 2283.52 2286.15

III III III III III III III III III III I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II

Intensity 200 300 d 300 800 d 2600 500 500 300 200 p 2400 300 p 200 d 500 1400 1600 200 1600 200 d 2000 500 400 1400 200 300 p 1400 200 500 200 1100 d 200 p 5300 5300 1600 4800 4800 300 4100 3300 2900 2400 200 200 d 200 p 200 200 200 200 570 500 360 200 860 500 4300 200 h 300 500 2900 200 p 720 860 200 d 2900 860 300 1700

Wavelength/Å 2291.98 2293.38 2301.40 2307.85 2309.02 2311.60 2314.05 2314.96 2317.06 2323.14 2324.31 2326.11 2326.47 2335.99 2338.67 2347.39 2352.85 2353.41 2353.42 2363.80 2378.62 2380.48 2381.76 2383.45 2384.86 2386.36 2388.92 2397.38 2402.06 2404.16 2407.25 2411.62 2412.76 2414.46 2415.30 2417.65 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.05 2442.63 2446.03 2447.69 2450.00 2464.20 2486.44 2498.82 2504.52 2506.46 2506.88 2511.16 2517.87 2519.82 2521.36 2524.65 2524.97 2528.62 2528.97 2530.09 2530.13 2532.18 2533.82 2535.96 2536.49 2541.94 2544.25

Intensity 200 340 310 310 300 200 960 500 1100 960 800 300 d 500 500 200 100 p 100 100 100 p 100 100 310 770 100 100 200 100 100 100 200 200 190 100 80 190 100 190 100 100 100 100 150 80 80 80 190 100 100 100 690 690 60 3100 1700 80 1100 2200 11000 4500 6700 2200 2700 50 2500 4500 1600

II II II II I II II II II I II II II I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II I II I II I II I II II II I II I I II I I II I

10-17

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2546.74 2548.34 2553.37 2555.07 2559.41 2560.03 2562.15 2564.04 2567.35 2574.35 2580.32 2582.22 2587.22 2587.52 2588.91 2605.71 2612.50 2614.36 2628.77 2632.26 2636.07 2646.42 2648.64 2653.72 2663.53 2666.73 2675.85 2684.42 2702.02 2706.62 2707.35 2715.99 2727.78 2734.54 2745.10 2753.22 2764.19 2766.70 2774.97 2791.00 2793.73 2815.56 2835.63 2847.35 2871.22 2886.44 2918.38 2930.24 2954.73 2987.16 2989.59 3022.59 3044.00 3061.82 3387.70 3388.17 3395.38 3405.12 3409.18 3412.34 3412.63 3417.16 3423.84 3431.58 3433.04 3442.93

II I I I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I II I I I

Intensity 8800 50 4100 2100 21000 1000 5100 5100 8000 1900 4800 2400 50 9600 7000 50 2900 1400 4800 3800 4800 1300 2700 3800 60 6400 2700 7300 1900 50 1100 80 8800 50 1600 60 2500 60 1000 6700 1900 1600 100 1000 80 60 1100 1400 6900 5500 2800 7900 1500 80 h 6000 970 350 370 350 830 550 2800 4400 90 90 690

Wavelength/Å 3443.64 3446.39 3449.17 3449.44 3453.50 3455.23 3462.80 3465.80 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3495.69 3501.72 3502.28 3506.32 3507.77 3509.84 3510.43 3512.64 3513.48 3518.35 3520.08 3521.57 3523.43 3523.51 3526.85 3529.03 3529.81 3533.36 3545.03 3560.89 3561.07 3569.38 3574.95 3574.96 3575.32 3575.36 3577.96 3585.16 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3621.21 3627.81 3643.61 3681.35 3745.50 3842.05 3845.47 3873.12 3873.96 3894.08 3935.97 3963.10 3995.31 3997.91 4020.90 4045.39 4066.37 4092.39 4110.54 4118.77 4121.32 4190.71 4469.56 4530.96

I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I II I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Cobalt—Copper Intensity 90 140 190 120 85 110 100 150 80 h 50 50 50 50 50

80 100 100 150 200 250 80 100 150 200 300 150 250 250 400 400 250 150 200 250 200 500 100 250 600 600 500 800 400 600 400 600 400 800 600 500 400 600 600 600 500 200 250 400 200 250 200 250 100 250

Wavelength/Å 4549.66 4565.59 4581.60 4629.38 4663.41 4792.86 4840.27 4867.88 4964.18 5212.71 5230.22 5247.93 5342.71 5352.05 Copper Cu Z = 29 685.141 709.313 718.179 724.489 735.520 736.032 779.295 797.455 810.998 813.883 826.996 848.808 851.303 858.487 861.994 865.390 869.336 873.263 876.723 877.012 877.555 878.699 884.133 885.847 886.943 890.567 892.414 893.678 894.227 896.759 896.976 901.073 906.113 914.213 922.019 924.239 935.232 935.898 943.335 945.525 945.965 954.383 956.290 958.154 960.414 968.042 974.759 977.567 987.657 992.953

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 300 300 300 300 250 500 500 250 200 600 600 600 800 800 500 600 400 600 400 600 600 600 200 200 500 300 200 300 250 150 200 300 100 150 300 150 150 150 300 300 100 100 150 250 150 300 200 200 250 200 300 r 200 r 100 100 150 150 100 250 250 200 400 250 150 150 200 200

Wavelength/Å 1004.055 1008.569 1008.728 1010.269 1012.597 1018.707 1027.831 1028.328 1030.263 1036.470 1039.348 1039.582 1044.519 1044.744 1049.755 1054.690 1055.797 1056.955 1058.799 1059.096 1060.634 1063.005 1065.782 1066.134 1069.195 1073.745 1088.395 1094.402 1097.053 1119.947 1142.640 1144.856 1250.048 1265.506 1275.572 1282.455 1287.468 1298.395 1308.297 1314.337 1320.686 1326.395 1350.594 1351.837 1355.305 1358.773 1359.009 1362.600 1367.951 1371.840 1376.79 1377.49 1393.128 1398.642 1402.777 1407.169 1414.898 1418.426 1421.759 1427.829 1430.243 1434.904 1436.236 1442.139 1445.984 1449.058

Intensity 250 200 300 250 200 400 200 400 200 250 200 150 300 r 200 200 750 300 250 250 350 150 250 200 300 350 200 200 500 200 500 600 200 200 150 500 300 250 250 500 200 300 300 750 400 100 300 300 500 250 400 500 300 400 400 100 300 300 400 500 400 600 500 r 400 400 200 300

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-18

Wavelength/Å 1450.304 1452.294 1458.002 1459.412 1463.752 1463.838 1466.070 1470.697 1472.395 1473.978 1474.935 1476.059 1481.23 1481.544 1485.328 1488.831 1492.834 1493.366 1495.430 1496.687 1503.368 1504.757 1505.388 1508.632 1510.506 1512.465 1513.366 1514.492 1517.631 1519.492 1519.837 1520.540 1524.860 1525.764 1531.856 1532.131 1533.986 1535.002 1537.559 1540.239 1540.389 1540.588 1541.703 1544.677 1547.958 1550.653 1551.389 1552.646 1553.896 1555.134 1555.703 1558.345 1565.924 1566.415 1569.416 1579.492 1580.626 1581.995 1583.682 1590.165 1593.556 1593.75 1598.402 1602.388 1604.848 1605.281

II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II

Intensity 400 250 150 200 600 400 250 100 1000 r 250 30 r 200 200 300 100 30 30 30 r 50 r 150 50 r 100 50 r 150 200 r 100 r 250 250 100 200 150 150 500 300 250 270 250 350 300 100 110 320 300 320 350 350 420 900 400 150 1300 r 250 1600 r 700 1700 r 700 900 400 1700 r 1300 r 100 200 750 1600 r 250 1000 r

Wavelength/Å 1606.834 1608.639 1610.296 1617.915 1621.426 1622.428 1630.268 1636.605 1642.21 1649.458 1655.32 1656.322 1660.001 1663.002 1672.776 1688.09 1691.08 1703.84 1713.36 1717.721 1725.66 1736.551 1741.57 1753.281 1774.82 1825.35 1929.751 1944.597 1946.493 1957.518 1970.495 1977.027 1979.956 1989.855 1999.698 2035.854 2037.127 2043.802 2054.980 2078.663 2098.398 2104.797 2112.100 2117.310 2122.980 2126.044 2134.341 2135.981 2148.984 2161.320 2165.09 2174.982 2178.94 2179.410 2181.72 2189.630 2192.268 2195.683 2199.58 2199.75 2200.509 2209.806 2210.268 2214.58 2215.106 2215.65

II II II II II II II II III II I II II II II I I I I II I II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Copper Intensity 750 2100 r 150 1600 r 350 2500 r 1100 r 900 2300 r 1000 1300 r 2200 r 150 200 100 2500 r 170 1000 150 2500 r 120 1500 1000 r 100 2000 r 150 120 300 100 150 200 2500 r 200 750 700 650 700 650 300 120 270 2500 r 800 200 170 100 1250 r 350 100 600 270 2500 r 100 2000 2000 2500 2500 1400 1500 1250 2000 1400 h 1500 1400 1500 h 10000 r

Wavelength/Å 2218.108 2225.70 2226.780 2227.78 2228.868 2230.08 2238.45 2242.618 2244.26 2247.002 2260.53 2263.08 2263.786 2276.258 2286.645 2293.84 2294.368 2303.12 2369.890 2392.63 2403.337 2406.66 2441.64 2485.792 2492.15 2506.273 2526.593 2544.805 2571.756 2590.529 2600.270 2618.37 2666.291 2689.300 2700.962 2703.184 2713.508 2718.778 2721.677 2737.342 2745.271 2766.37 2769.669 2791.795 2799.528 2810.804 2824.37 2837.368 2857.748 2877.100 2884.196 2961.16 2986.335 2997.36 3010.84 3036.10 3063.41 3073.80 3093.99 3099.93 3108.60 3126.11 3194.10 3208.23 3243.16 3247.54

II I II I II I I II I II I I II II II I II I II I II I I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 10000 r 1400 h 400 1500 h 110 250 2500 h 200 1500 150 200 450 300 200 100 1250 h 1250 2000 1400 1400 1000 150 170 100 140 160 280 150 170 140 120 120 150 140 1250 100 600 500 2000 120 500 200 300 500 370 400 500 500 320 200 950 300 500 400 100 400 150 150 500 100 120 2000 120 320 300 450

Wavelength/Å 3273.96 3282.72 3290.418 3290.54 3300.881 3301.229 3307.95 3316.276 3337.84 3338.648 3365.648 3370.454 3374.952 3380.712 3384.945 3483.76 3524.23 3530.38 3599.13 3602.03 3686.555 3786.270 3797.849 3818.879 3826.921 3864.137 3884.131 3892.924 3903.177 3920.654 3933.268 3987.024 3993.302 4003.476 4022.63 4032.647 4043.484 4043.751 4062.64 4068.106 4131.363 4143.017 4153.623 4161.140 4164.284 4171.851 4179.512 4211.866 4230.449 4255.635 4275.11 4279.962 4292.470 4365.370 4444.831 4506.002 4516.049 4541.032 4555.920 4596.906 4649.271 4651.12 4661.363 4671.702 4673.577 4681.994

Intensity 100 400 120 300 100 150 1000 500 200 900 120 700 500 400 350 400 350 200 300 900 400 500 450 350 450 420 350 1500 250 2000 100 100 2500 100 100 1650 100 1500 1500 150 100 200 120 400 100 650 100 250 150 150 160 300 600 750 500 550 400 300 470 450 750 700 500 1000 350 900

I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II

10-19

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4758.433 4812.948 4851.262 4854.988 4873.304 4901.427 4909.734 4918.376 4926.424 4931.698 4943.026 4953.724 4985.506 5006.801 5009.851 5012.620 5021.279 5039.016 5047.348 5051.793 5058.910 5065.459 5067.094 5072.302 5088.277 5093.816 5100.067 5105.54 5124.476 5153.24 5158.093 5183.367 5218.20 5269.991 5276.525 5292.52 5368.383 5700.24 5782.13 5805.989 5833.515 5897.971 5937.577 5941.196 5993.260 6000.120 6023.264 6072.218 6080.343 6099.990 6107.412 6114.493 6150.384 6154.222 6172.037 6186.884 6188.676 6198.092 6204.261 6208.457 6216.939 6219.844 6261.848 6273.349 6288.696 6301.009

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 550 400 120 400 750 400 850 200 750 170 950 750 400 220 400 120 200 750 800 450 100 300 400 320 250 320 270 270 220 150 150 200 300 400 300 250 1000 270 500 700 1000 150 450 800 750 1500 1000 350 300 700 1500 400 400 1200 2000 500 800 250 750 200 500 250 200 600 600 200

Wavelength/Å 6305.972 6312.492 6326.466 6373.268 6377.840 6403.384 6423.884 6442.965 6448.559 6466.246 6470.168 6481.437 6484.421 6517.317 6530.083 6551.286 6577.080 6624.292 6641.396 6660.962 6770.362 6806.216 6809.647 6823.202 6844.157 6868.791 6872.231 6879.404 6937.553 6952.871 6977.572 7022.860 7194.896 7326.008 7331.694 7382.277 7404.354 7434.156 7562.015 7652.333 7664.648 7681.788 7744.097 7778.738 7805.184 7807.659 7825.654 7860.577 7890.567 7902.553 7933.13 7944.438 7972.033 7988.163 8092.63 8277.560 8283.160 8503.396 8511.061 8609.134 9813.213 9827.978 9830.798 9861.280 9864.137 9883.969

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Copper—Erbium Intensity 550 500 550 450 500 450 550 550 650 450

Wavelength/Å

9916.419 9917.954 9925.594 9938.998 9960.354 10006.588 10022.969 10038.093 10054.938 10080.354 Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 240 2410.01 260 2439.84 220 2585.30 440 2634.80 220 2755.75 300 2816.39 390 2913.95 610 3038.28 830 3135.38 500 3141.14 1200 3156.52 670 3162.83 1000 3169.99 470 3215.19 830 3216.63 490 3235.89 490 3245.12 1200 3251.27 890 3280.09 490 3282.77 1100 3308.88 780 3316.32 1000 3319.88 780 3341.00 510 3353.58 510 3368.11 5300 3385.02 610 3388.85 3800 3393.57 1300 3396.16 5300 3407.80 1300 3413.78 530 3414.82 780 3419.63 530 3425.06 1900 3434.37 560 3440.93 1300 3441.45 3800 3445.57 830 3446.99 2700 3454.32 1300 3456.56 4400 3460.97 720 3468.43 560 3471.14 560 d 3471.53 1300 3477.07 4400 3494.49 560 3496.34 830 3498.71 830 3504.53 830 3505.45 1300 3506.81

II II II II II II II II II II

II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 560 4400 22000 4400 5500 4400 1700 1400 4400 2200 440 h 440 2200 560 780 1400 4400 1700 830 440 3300 1400 560 1100 560 560 1800 560 1800 440 560 470 1100 4000 440 1100 11000 1000 700 990 420 1400 2200 640 820 1300 4700 990 540 440 440 420 1600 930 1200 1400 1400 1200 4700 640 640 420 3300 1600 700 510

Wavelength/Å 3517.26 3523.98 3531.70 3534.96 3536.02 3538.52 3542.33 3546.83 3550.22 3551.62 3558.23 3559.30 3563.15 3563.69 3573.83 3574.15 3576.24 3576.87 3577.98 3580.04 3585.06 3585.78 3586.11 3591.41 3591.81 3592.11 3595.04 3600.38 3606.12 3618.51 3620.16 3624.27 3629.42 3630.24 3632.78 3640.25 3645.40 3648.78 3664.62 3672.30 3672.70 3674.08 3676.59 3678.51 3684.85 3685.78 3694.81 3698.21 3701.63 3707.57 3708.22 3710.07 3724.45 3739.34 3747.82 3753.51 3753.75 3757.05 3757.37 3767.63 3773.05 3781.47 3786.18 3788.44 3791.87 3804.14

Intensity 580 470 470 1400 700 2300 1400 420 420 1200 420 560 1600 820 7000 1200 470 5800 540 540 540 d 420 540 2100 10000 800 14000 2700 1400 1600 800 540 1600 8000 420 540 540 540 420 520 d 520 420 420 12000 1600 520 2500 7400 3900 860 1500 490 990 1200 990 5700 930 12000 2200 6800 800 680 680 16000 1800 3700

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II I II I I I II II II II

10-20

Wavelength/Å 3806.27 3812.27 3813.67 3816.76 3825.68 3836.50 3841.31 3846.34 3847.02 3853.03 3858.40 3868.45 3868.81 3869.86 3872.11 3873.99 3879.11 3898.53 3914.87 3915.59 3917.29 3927.86 3930.14 3931.52 3944.68 3957.79 3968.39 3978.57 3981.92 3983.65 3984.21 3991.32 3996.69 4000.45 4005.84 4011.29 4013.82 4014.70 4027.78 4028.32 4032.47 4033.65 4036.32 4045.97 4050.56 4055.14 4073.12 4077.96 4103.30 4103.87 4111.34 4124.63 4129.42 4143.10 4146.06 4167.97 4183.72 4186.82 4191.64 4194.84 4198.02 4201.30 4202.24 4211.72 4213.18 4215.16

II I II II II II II II I II I II I II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 4400 4400 2700 1000 540 740 420 2100 990 170 120 h 480 70 160 95 120 80 80 130 h 190 110 80 290 95 70 130 65 55 160 65 85 80 70 95 65 100 55 h 80 70 h 55 55 h 70 120 140 140 100 270 160 75 180 80 65 55 55 80 100 45

600 290 490 500 610 1000 1500

Wavelength/Å 4218.09 4221.11 4225.16 4308.63 4409.38 4449.70 4577.78 4589.36 4612.26 4731.84 4775.79 4957.34 5022.12 5042.63 5070.68 5077.67 5090.38 5110.32 5120.04 5139.60 5169.69 5185.30 5192.86 5197.66 5259.88 5260.56 5267.11 5282.07 5301.58 5340.30 5389.58 5419.13 5423.32 5451.11 5547.27 5639.50 5645.99 5652.01 5718.46 5745.53 5868.11 5945.80 5974.49 5988.56 6088.26 6168.43 6259.09 6579.37 6667.86 6835.42 6852.96 6899.32 7426.86 7543.73 7662.36 8201.57 8791.39 Erbium Er Z = 68 2277.65 2586.73 2670.26 2739.27 2755.63 2904.47 2910.36

I I I II II II I I I II I II I I I I II I I II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II II

III II II III II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Erbium—Europium Intensity 1500 1200 1000 1000 610 720 610 770 1500 870 870 610 2300 2700 720 720 2000 2300 770 770 1300 1400 1400 d 7700 970 1700 2300 770 970 610 970 6700 610 610 820 1500 1000 920 1000 610 610 1000 3100 720 1000 1600 900 7900 1300 900 900 1800 1600 4000 3600 680 7500 1500 1200 4200 5200 11000 3200 2100 3200 2700

Wavelength/Å 2964.52 3002.41 3055.10 3070.40 3073.34 3082.08 3084.02 3122.72 3166.25 3181.92 3220.73 3223.31 3230.58 3264.78 3279.33 3280.22 3301.23 3312.42 3323.19 3332.70 3346.04 3364.08 3368.02 3372.71 3374.17 3385.08 3392.00 3441.13 3471.71 3479.41 3485.85 3499.10 3502.78 3524.91 3549.84 3558.02 3559.90 3570.75 3580.52 3590.76 3599.50 3599.83 3616.56 3628.04 3633.54 3638.68 3645.94 3692.65 3729.52 3742.64 3747.43 3786.84 3810.33 3816.78 3830.48 3855.90 3862.85 3880.61 3882.89 3892.68 3896.23 3906.31 3937.01 3938.63 3944.42 3973.04

II II III III II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II I II II II I II I II II II II I II I III II I I II II I II II I II I I

Intensity 3200 1400 810 1100 810 14000 1100 3000 1000 940 690 3500 1100 6900 1000 1400 690 40000 20000 810 1000 570 15000 2000 250 200 210 120 130 120 130 170 130 160 150 140 80 90 60 180 90 80 80 60 70 80 90 70 70 100 290 70 70 430 100 120 140 120 8000 70 70 60 360 55 60 130

Wavelength/Å 3973.58 3974.72 3977.02 3982.33 3987.66 4007.96 4012.58 4020.51 4046.96 4055.47 4059.78 4087.63 4098.10 4151.11 4190.70 4218.43 4286.56 4290.06 4386.86 4409.34 4606.61 4675.62 4735.56 4783.12 5007.25 5035.94 5042.05 5124.56 5127.41 5131.53 5133.83 5164.77 5172.78 5188.90 5206.52 5255.93 5272.91 5348.06 5414.63 5456.62 5468.32 5485.97 5593.46 5611.82 5622.01 5626.53 5640.36 5664.95 5719.55 5739.19 5762.80 5784.66 5800.79 5826.79 5850.07 5855.31 5872.35 5881.14 5903.30 6022.56 6061.25 6076.45 6221.02 6262.56 6268.87 6308.77

Intensity 55 55 60 70 70 35 70 55 55 120 35 35 35 30 35 55 9

Wavelength/Å

6326.13 6492.35 6583.48 6601.11 6759.87 6790.92 6848.10 6865.13 7459.55 7469.51 7680.01 7797.47 7921.85 7937.84 8312.82 8409.90 8866.84 Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 200 2350.51 4000 2375.46 100 d 2435.14 1000 2444.38 4000 2445.99 2000 2513.76 200 2522.14 160 2564.17 110 2568.17 230 2577.14 1000 2638.77 380 2641.27 640 2668.34 110 2673.42 250 2678.29 250 2685.66 550 2692.03 700 2701.14 800 2701.90 240 2705.28 180 2709.99 700 2716.98 4200 2727.78 160 2740.62 120 2744.26 480 2781.89 1900 2802.84 220 2811.75 3400 2813.94 550 2816.18 2000 2820.78 400 cw 2828.72 260 2859.67 280 2862.57 200 2892.54 140 2893.03 360 2893.83 3200 2906.68 160 2908.99 850 2925.04 200 cw 2952.68 260 2960.21 300 2991.33 100 c 3023.93 200 c 3026.79 320 cw 3054.94

I II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I III III I I II III III I I II I II I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I II I I I I

10-21

TeamLRN

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II II II II III III II

Intensity 120 220 120 320 950 120 50 c 50 c 420 1000 420 150 210 150 140 140 950 110 140 190 280 150 150 130 470 cw 150 180 150 6400 20000 cw 350 260 39000 cw 140 190 150 28000 cw 32000 cw 30000 cw 180 150 120 120 33000 cw 60000 cw 150 240 14000 cw 3000 11000 9800 8300 110 150 180 180 170 110 170 170 210 270 210 200 110 120

Wavelength/Å 3058.98 3077.36 3097.45 3106.18 3111.43 3130.73 3171.00 3183.78 3210.57 3212.81 3213.75 3272.77 3277.78 3301.95 3308.02 3313.33 3334.33 3350.40 3369.06 3391.99 3396.58 3425.02 3441.00 3461.38 3521.09 3542.15 3552.52 3603.20 3688.42 3724.94 3741.31 3761.12 3819.67 3844.23 3865.57 3884.75 3907.10 3930.48 3971.96 4011.69 4017.58 4039.19 4085.38 4129.70 4205.05 4298.73 4355.09 4435.56 4522.57 4594.03 4627.22 4661.88 4867.62 4907.18 4911.40 5013.17 5022.91 5029.54 5114.37 5129.10 5133.52 5160.07 5166.70 5199.85 5200.96 5206.44

I II II I I II III III I I I II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Europium—Fluorine Intensity 750 300 120 200 390 110 150 120 120 540 120 110 120 450 380 260 120 120 200 150 200 120 210 330 180 170 600 cw 330 480 cw 170 240 110 420 170 420 140 240 240 120 330 110 260 cw 140 240 170 230 120 cw 120 cw 180 140 830 120 1400 50 140 360 120 330 570 570 540 720 300 160 60 cw 70

Wavelength/Å 5215.10 5223.49 5239.24 5266.40 5271.96 5272.48 5282.82 5291.26 5294.64 5357.61 5361.61 5376.94 5392.94 5402.77 5451.51 5452.94 5488.65 5510.52 5547.44 5570.33 5577.14 5580.03 5645.80 5765.20 5783.69 5818.74 5830.98 5966.07 5967.10 5972.75 5992.83 6012.56 6018.15 6029.00 6049.51 6057.36 6083.84 6099.35 6118.78 6173.05 6178.76 6188.13 6195.07 6262.25 6299.77 6303.41 6350.04 6400.93 6410.04 6411.32 6437.64 6457.96 6645.11 6666.35 6802.72 6864.54 7040.20 7077.10 7194.81 7217.55 7301.17 7370.22 7426.57 7583.91 7742.57 7746.19

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I II I II III I I I II II II II II II I I I

Intensity 35 24 cw 21 cw 18

50 50 90 100 50 60 70 50 60 70 80 90 90 100 140 150 160 100 110 150 90 120 130 160 50 60 70 90 100 120 60 90 100 120 110 140 140 150 160 90 100 90 100 110 130 120 130 110 140 140 140 130 150 130 160 60 150 125 500 1000

Wavelength/Å 7887.99 8209.80 8642.67 8870.30 Fluorine F Z=9 148.00 163.56 165.98 166.18 186.84 190.57 190.84 196.39 196.45 200.09 201.16 208.25 240.08 251.03 419.65 420.05 420.73 429.51 430.15 430.76 464.29 465.98 490.57 491.00 497.38 497.83 498.80 506.16 508.08 508.39 514.08 525.29 526.30 567.69 567.75 570.64 571.30 571.39 572.66 605.67 606.80 630.20 647.77 647.87 654.03 656.12 656.87 657.23 657.33 658.33 676.12 677.15 677.22 678.99 679.21 757.04 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83

Intensity 750 500 20 350 100 40 100 60 70 80 80 90 70 70 110 120 110 140 130 110 100 110 100 100 100 100 130 140 100 120 150 110 140 160 110 170 110 120 110 100 120 120 50 40 120 50 130 130 120 150 120 120 130 120 130 140 130 140 120 130 160 120 160 40 50 140

I I I I

V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V V III III IV IV IV IV II II III V V V III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV V I I I I

10-22

Wavelength/Å 955.55 958.52 972.40 973.90 976.22 976.51 977.75 1082.31 1088.39 1219.03 1266.87 1267.71 1297.54 1359.92 1498.93 1502.01 1504.18 1504.79 1506.30 1506.77 1553.02 1557.59 1563.73 1565.54 1623.40 1650.76 1670.39 1677.40 1716.99 1770.09 1770.67 1772.93 1773.36 1791.65 1803.03 1805.90 1839.30 1839.97 1840.14 2027.44 2030.32 2217.17 2298.29 2451.58 2452.07 2456.92 2464.85 2470.29 2478.73 2484.37 2542.77 2580.04 2583.81 2593.23 2595.53 2599.28 2625.01 2629.70 2656.44 2755.55 2759.63 2788.15 2811.45 2820.74 2826.13 2833.99

I I I I I I I V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III

Intensity 150 150 120 140 150 120 140 160 140 140 120 h 130 120 130 120 160 150 140 160 180 140 140 140 180 170 120 200 200 200 6 12 270 260 250 5 8 5 5 240 220 230 200 200 200 140 h 120 h 120 h 140 h 6 150 160 15 12 18 12 10 20 12 15 40 90 18 25 25 140 120

Wavelength/Å 2835.63 2860.33 2862.86 2887.58 2889.45 2905.30 2913.29 2916.34 2932.49 2994.28 2997.21 2997.53 2999.47 3039.25 3039.75 3042.80 3049.14 3113.62 3115.70 3121.54 3124.79 3134.23 3146.99 3174.17 3174.76 3214.00 3501.45 3501.57 3502.96 3594.10 3668.17 3847.09 3849.99 3851.67 3898.48 3930.69 3934.26 3948.56 4024.73 4025.01 4025.49 4103.51 4246.23 4299.17 4420.30 4427.35 4432.32 4479.99 4960.65 5012.54 5110.99 5230.41 5279.01 5540.52 5552.43 5577.33 5624.06 5626.93 5659.15 5667.53 5671.67 5689.14 5700.82 5707.31 5753.17 5761.20

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II I I II II II I I I I II II II II II II III III III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Fluorine—Gadolinium Intensity 12 25 70 50 150 80 900 100 150 140 800 400 130 13000 10000 140 8000 450 300 400 1800 400 7000 1500 9000 50000 8000 15000 6000 4000 45000 30000 15000 1000 15000 700 5000 120 130 10000 4000 2200 2500 900 5000 5000 7000 18000 15000 300 500 350 300 80 1000 900 350 350 600 300 600 300 350 2500 3000 500

Wavelength/Å 5950.15 5959.19 5965.28 5994.43 6015.83 6038.04 6047.54 6080.11 6091.82 6125.50 6149.76 6210.87 6233.57 6239.65 6348.51 6363.05 6413.65 6569.69 6580.39 6650.41 6690.48 6708.28 6773.98 6795.53 6834.26 6856.03 6870.22 6902.48 6909.82 6966.35 7037.47 7127.89 7202.36 7309.03 7311.02 7314.30 7331.96 7336.77 7354.94 7398.69 7425.65 7482.72 7489.16 7514.92 7552.24 7573.38 7607.17 7754.70 7800.21 7879.18 7898.59 7936.31 7956.32 8016.01 8040.93 8075.52 8077.52 8126.56 8129.26 8159.51 8179.34 8191.24 8208.63 8214.73 8230.77 8232.19

I I I I I I I I III III I I III I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 1500 2000 600 900 1000 300 350 400 350 200 25 12 25 15 12 80 h 15 20

Wavelength/Å

8274.62 8298.58 8302.40 8807.58 8900.92 8912.78 9025.49 9042.10 9178.68 9433.67 9505.30 9662.04 9734.34 9822.11 9902.65 10047.98 10285.45 10862.31 Francium Fr Z = 87 7177. Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 1200 1063.84 1600 1476.98 1500 1705.03 1600 1706.01 2000 1736.24 1500 1815.32 2200 1975.24 3400 2018.07 2800 2359.31 1400 2397.87 2800 2697.39 2800 2703.28 2700 2727.89 9000 2904.73 9500 2955.53 1200 2999.04 2100 3010.13 1900 3027.60 2100 3032.84 1600 3034.05 2100 3081.99 3500 3100.50 930 3145.00 980 3156.53 980 3161.37 4000 3176.66 1400 3331.38 1100 3336.18 5400 3350.47 4300 3358.62 5400 3362.23 1100 3392.53 1100 d 3407.56 6900 3422.47 1700 3439.21 2700 3439.99 1400 3450.38 1100 3451.23 2700 3463.98 1700 3467.27 1700 3468.99 1400 3473.22

Intensity 2200 1700 1700 1400 1100 4300 3900 1400 5400 1100 1100 6100 3900 3100 1400 2700 2000 2000 3100 2000 1300 2700 2000 1400 2000 1800 d 1500 4500 1400 8700 1400 2900 5100 3700 3300 5100 4300 1600 1500 2200 1200 1400 1200 1100 1100 1400 1600 1300 2200 2600 2600 1900 1300 2800 1500 1100 2600 2200 1100 2400 2400 2200 1300 4800 1700 1600

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I

I

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-23

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3481.28 3481.80 3494.40 3505.51 3512.50 3545.80 3549.36 3557.05 3584.96 3592.71 3604.87 3646.19 3654.62 3656.15 3662.26 3664.60 3671.20 3684.13 3687.74 3697.73 3699.73 3712.70 3713.57 3716.36 3717.48 3719.45 3730.84 3743.47 3758.31 3768.39 3770.69 3783.05 3796.37 3813.97 3850.69 3850.97 3852.45 3866.99 3894.70 3916.51 3934.79 3945.54 3957.67 4023.14 4028.15 4037.33 4045.01 4049.43 4049.86 4053.64 4058.22 4063.39 4078.44 4078.70 4085.56 4092.71 4098.61 4130.37 4132.28 4175.54 4184.25 4190.78 4212.00 4225.85 4251.73 4262.09

II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II I II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II I I II I I II I II II I I II II I II I II II II I II I II I II I

Intensity 1100 1800 2600 d 1900 1000 2200 1400 1400 1100 1100 910 520 700 410 470 300 320 280 750 75 5000 130 910 180 120 860 190 410 280 130 320 120 140 280 280 220 280 130 280 110 170 300 200 300 240 3000 150 4000 3000 190 110 260 3000 390 120 240 220 280 110 170 85 85 65 110 h 430 75

Wavelength/Å 4306.34 4313.84 4325.57 4327.12 4344.30 4346.46 4401.86 4422.41 4430.63 4519.66 4537.81 4614.50 4694.33 4743.65 4767.24 4784.62 4821.69 4934.12 5015.04 5039.09 5091.70 5098.38 5103.45 5108.91 5125.56 5155.84 5176.28 5197.77 5219.40 5233.93 5251.18 5252.14 5255.80 5283.08 5301.67 5302.76 5307.30 5321.50 5321.78 5327.32 5333.30 5343.00 5348.67 5350.38 5353.26 5365.96 5370.63 5553.30 5587.88 5617.91 5632.25 5643.24 5658.98 5696.22 5733.86 5791.38 5851.63 5856.22 5904.56 5911.45 5930.29 5936.84 5937.71 5988.02 6114.07 6305.15

I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III II I II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I III III I I I III I II I I I I II I I I I I II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Gadolinium—Germanium Intensity 40 40 40 h 55 50 35 85 50 26 100 100 50 75 60 45 35 170 28 28 35 40 55 80 35 35 25 18 21 21 h 14 h 18 h 5000

14 61 30 30 30 41 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 25 16 50 40 90 90 50 20 40 40 90 90 120

Wavelength/Å 6331.35 6380.95 6538.15 6564.78 6634.36 6681.23 6730.73 6752.67 6786.33 6828.25 6916.57 6985.89 6991.92 6996.76 7006.16 7122.57 7168.37 7189.57 7262.66 7441.85 7464.36 7562.97 7733.50 7846.35 7856.93 7930.25 8146.15 8668.63 8832.06 8849.14 8867.31 14332.88 Gallium Ga Z = 31 294.53 295.67 298.44 300.01 302.86 304.99 307.03 308.26 311.79 313.68 319.41 322.31 322.99 323.10 324.25 324.95 326.14 326.77 328.65 423.18 439.92 620.00 622.01 806.51 817.30 828.70 878.17 973.21 989.75 1014.47 1019.71 1050.48

I II I I II II I II II I I II I II II I I II I I I I I II I II I I II I I III

IV IV V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV III III III III III V V V V V V

Intensity 80 90 80 60 80 90 110 60 80 250 80 90 100 80 160 140 60 75 70 80 120 130 120 100 130 67 130 90 70 120 35 70 25 75 48 40 68 40 73 73 75 69 72 80 63 50 60 60 75 83 81 82 90 81 15 80 80 60 82 83 82 80 80 60 85 77

Wavelength/Å 1054.56 1058.12 1066.69 1069.60 1073.77 1078.83 1079.60 1080.99 1085.00 1085.01 1087.37 1091.71 1094.36 1095.10 1102.83 1103.03 1105.61 1105.62 1106.17 1118.34 1126.40 1128.10 1128.53 1129.94 1136.07 1137.06 1150.23 1150.27 1156.10 1156.51 1157.74 1163.60 1169.40 1170.58 1171.71 1178.95 1185.23 1186.06 1190.89 1193.02 1195.02 1201.54 1206.89 1213.17 1216.15 1228.03 1236.38 1238.59 1245.53 1258.77 1264.66 1267.15 1267.16 1279.24 1283.64 1285.33 1293.46 1295.36 1295.86 1299.46 1303.53 1309.68 1314.82 1323.15 1338.09 1347.03

Intensity 76 70 74 60 77 70 73 90 50 10 15 20 90 90 15 10 10 20 15 50 80 100 10 10 10 10 15 10 h 10 40 100 150 100 150 10 20 15 10 2000 1000 10 h 20 h 30 h 10 h 50 h 100 h 15 h 20 h 100 h 200 h 200 h 200 h 300 h 100 h 400 200 60 60 70

V V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V V IV V III IV V V IV V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV V IV III III IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV

700 1000 200 20 50

10-24

Wavelength/Å 1351.06 1353.92 1364.63 1395.54 1402.55 1405.32 1465.87 1495.07 1534.46 1813.98 1845.30 2091.34 2417.70 2423.98 2424.36 2632.66 2665.05 2700.47 2780.15 3521.77 3581.19 3589.34 3731.10 3806.60 4032.99 4172.04 4251.16 4254.04 4255.77 4262.00 4380.69 4381.76 4863.00 4993.78 5808.28 5848.25 5993.51 6334.2 6396.56 6413.44 7251.4 7403.0 7464.0 7620.5 7734.77 7800.01 8002.55 8074.25 8311.86 8386.49 9492.92 9493.12 9589.36 10905.95 11949.12 12109.78 14996.64 22016.81 22568.71 Germanium Ge Z = 32 294.51 295.64 304.98 621.52 724.21

IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III II II II III III III I I II II III III III III III I I II II II II III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V

Intensity 60 60 10 15 15 20 300 300 50 300 100 900 700 100 300 40 800 200 500 1000 500 700 200 500 500 200 20 300 700 20 500 500 100 200 200 500 75 100 3r 2r 2r 3r 4r 2 200 2 4r 3 4r 10 h 4 3r 100 r 200 r 100 h 100 50 200 100 100 h 100 h 50 h 200 200 100 h 75 h

Wavelength/Å 746.88 760.05 862.234 875.493 905.977 920.554 971.35 990.66 999.101 1004.38 1016.638 1045.71 1072.66 1075.072 1085.51 1088.45 1089.49 1098.71 1106.74 1116.94 1120.46 1163.39 1164.27 1181.19 1181.65 1188.73 1188.99 1191.26 1222.30 1229.81 1237.059 1261.905 1264.710 1401.24 1538.091 1576.855 1581.070 1602.486 1615.57 1624.130 1630.173 1636.31 1639.730 1647.531 1649.194 1651.528 1651.955 1661.345 1663.539 1665.275 1667.802 1670.608 1691.090 1716.784 1739.102 1742.195 1746.065 1750.043 1758.279 1764.185 1765.284 1766.433 1774.176 1785.046 1793.071 1801.432

V V II II II II V V II V II V V II II III V II II V II V II II II II IV II V IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Germanium—Gold Intensity 200 h 200 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 200 500 r 100 300 r 100 500 r 50 h 30 300 r 100 h 500 r 10 h 100 r 500 100 r 500 30 s 200 200 500 30 h 30 200 200 300 h 300 500 r 200 1700 2400 r 1600 r 420 220 h 750 r 2600 r 420 2000 r 25 240 95 h 50 h 340 r 15 18 18 24 15 20 10 15 130 30 30 90 500 70 20 3 28 500 8

Wavelength/Å 1841.328 1842.410 1844.410 1845.872 1846.958 1853.134 1860.086 1865.052 1874.256 1895.197 1904.702 1908.434 1912.409 1917.592 1923.467 1929.826 1934.048 1937.483 1938.008 1938.300 1938.891 1944.116 1944.731 1955.115 1962.013 1963.373 1965.383 1970.880 1979.274 1987.849 1988.267 1998.887 2011.29 2019.068 2041.712 2043.770 2054.461 2057.238 2065.215 2068.656 2086.021 2094.258 2104.45 2105.824 2124.744 2186.451 2198.714 2220.375 2256.001 2314.201 2327.918 2359.233 2379.144 2389.472 2397.885 2417.367 2436.412 2488.25 2497.962 2500.54 2533.230 2542.44 2556.298 2589.188 2592.534 2644.184

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I II I IV I I I I

Intensity 1200 500 500 850 400 40 650 70 80 1000 1000 750 600 20 35 40 110 40 300 60 50 200 70 200 150 10 1000 1000 50 100 200 3 6 6 8 8 6 7 6 5 9 6 5 6 9 1000 500 75 100 100 6 50 30 5 7 10 10 6 10 10 9 5 5 6 20 20

Wavelength/Å 2651.172 2651.568 2691.341 2709.624 2729.78 2740.426 2754.588 2793.925 2829.008 2831.843 2845.527 3039.067 3067.021 3124.816 3211.86 3255.05 3269.489 3434.03 3499.21 3554.19 3676.65 4178.96 4226.562 4260.85 4291.71 4685.829 4741.806 4814.608 4824.097 5131.752 5178.648 5194.583 5265.892 5513.263 5564.741 5607.010 5616.135 5621.426 5664.226 5664.842 5691.954 5701.776 5717.877 5801.029 5802.093 5893.389 6021.041 6283.452 6336.377 6484.181 6557.488 7049.369 7145.390 7353.334 7384.208 7833.575 8031.039 8044.165 8256.013 8482.21 8700.60 9068.785 9095.957 9398.868 9474.993 9475.645

Intensity 4 7 5 4 10 10 8 8 10 230 600 1300 1050 235 470 150 135 70 62 28

I I I I II I I I I II II I I I III III I III II IV IV III I III III I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II

100 100 200 100 80 80 100 h 100 100 100 h 200 180 100 150 150 150 50 500 200 60 70 50 180 150 150 125 200 80 50 300 100 180 60 180 50 100 70 100 225 250 100 100 125 150

10-25

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 9492.559 9625.664 10039.436 10200.952 10382.427 10404.913 10734.068 10947.416 11125.130 11252.83 11714.76 12069.20 12391.58 13107.61 14822.38 16759.79 17214.34 18811.86 19279.24 20673.64 Gold Au Z = 79 843.44 845.14 945.10 1040.63 1044.49 1046.81 1239.96 1278.51 1314.84 1328.37 1336.72 1341.68 1348.89 1350.32 1355.61 1356.13 1363.98 1365.40 1367.17 1368.62 1374.82 1375.76 1377.73 1378.69 1379.98 1380.53 1381.36 1382.75 1385.33 1385.79 1389.41 1391.46 1392.27 1396.00 1402.12 1402.91 1407.38 1408.45 1409.50 1413.80 1414.27 1417.09 1417.39 1427.42

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III I III III I I I III III III III III I I III III III I III I III I I III III III III III III

Intensity 300 80 250 275 50 250 300 200 150 250 250 100 150 100 150 100 300 250 200 250 200 200 100 100 200 200 200 150 200 200 150 70 200 250 100 500 100 300 d 250 50 100 150 250 250 100 100 125 1000 150 200 200 200 200 100 250 200 100 300 500 100 d 300 150 500 500 500 300

Wavelength/Å 1428.93 1429.19 1430.06 1433.37 1435.79 1435.81 1439.12 1441.21 1446.37 1448.42 1454.95 1464.72 1471.28 1474.73 1481.10 1481.76 1487.15 1487.91 1489.47 1500.37 1502.47 1503.74 1542.00 1548.50 1567.54 1574.85 1579.44 1584.10 1587.16 1589.56 1593.41 1598.24 1600.51 1617.16 1617.78 1621.93 1624.34 1629.13 1638.88 1639.90 1644.17 1646.67 1652.74 1664.77 1665.76 1668.11 1673.93 1693.94 1697.09 1698.98 1699.34 1700.00 1702.25 1707.53 1710.16 1715.69 1716.71 1717.83 1727.31 1733.17 1738.48 1744.39 1746.10 1756.92 1761.95 1767.42

III I III III I III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III I III III I III I III III I III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Gold—Hafnium Intensity 100 800 200 100 60 300 150 500 200 400 100 400 400 150 500 150 100 150 100 100 200 100 400 150 11000 2600 150 300 60 100 80 200 100 500 70 80 300 180 100 120 150 150 2600 60 250 3400 1100 100 1000 300 100 100 h 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 320 300

Wavelength/Å 1774.42 1775.17 1776.40 1780.57 1783.22 1786.11 1792.65 1793.76 1801.98 1805.24 1809.81 1821.17 1844.89 1848.83 1861.80 1871.92 1879.83 1918.28 1932.04 1935.42 1948.79 1958.47 1989.63 1996.85 2012.00 2021.38 2082.09 2083.09 2110.68 2159.08 2167.33 2172.20 2184.11 2188.97 2248.56 2263.62 2322.27 2352.65 2382.40 2387.75 2402.71 2405.12 2427.95 2533.52 2641.48 2675.95 2748.25 2780.82 2802.04 2819.79 2822.55 2825.44 2837.85 2846.92 2856.74 2883.45 2891.96 2893.25 2907.04 2913.52 2918.24 2954.22 2990.27 2994.80 3029.20 3065.42

III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III I I II III II III III III III III II II III I III I III III I II I I I I II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II I I

Intensity 100 1600 100 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 h 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 100 h 100 100 100 100 100 h 400 300 100 400 700 100 100 200 120 h 250 900 h 100 h 500 100 100 300 100 h 100 100 h 300 100 h 300 h 600 100 600 10 10

220 180 200 200 400 600 200 270 180 180 180 180 180

Wavelength/Å 3122.50 3122.78 3194.72 3227.99 3230.63 3308.30 3309.64 3309.86 3320.12 3355.15 3391.31 3395.40 3467.21 3557.36 3586.73 3611.57 3631.31 3637.90 3645.02 3650.74 3709.62 3796.01 3874.73 3892.26 3897.86 3909.38 3927.69 4040.93 4065.07 4084.10 4241.80 4315.11 4437.27 4488.25 4607.51 4620.56 4792.58 4811.60 5147.44 5230.26 5261.76 5655.77 5721.36 5837.37 5862.93 5956.96 6278.17 6562.68 7510.73 8145.06 9254.28 Hafnium Hf Z = 72 545.41 600.00 618.27 644.54 647.39 665.65 673.49 867.25 875.88 885.58 896.14 901.54 919.10

Intensity 270 245 180 180 160 160 160 270 200 160 160 160 440 270 160 370 370 270 270 160 220 370 370 500 370 270 100 270 550 750 750 440 1000 1000 500 370 270 6200 8500 300 1200 200 h 200 h 200 200 200 540 200 320 160 250 620 200 h 230 580 300 300 200 300 200 230 320 540 250 250 170

II I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V

10-26

Wavelength/Å 921.67 951.62 960.12 964.74 971.51 1092.76 1201.76 1232.03 1233.59 1237.42 1239.53 1244.46 1396.66 1400.09 1401.70 1407.17 1408.38 1412.28 1413.51 1421.96 1422.53 1433.43 1437.27 1437.73 1445.40 1457.91 1717.21 1719.32 1729.08 1731.83 1733.96 1741.74 1749.11 1750.19 1760.89 1765.62 1774.02 2012.78 2028.18 2070.94 2096.18 2099.30 2110.31 2155.66 2183.50 2195.44 2210.82 2234.59 2254.01 2255.15 2266.83 2277.16 2313.44 2321.14 2322.47 2323.25 2324.89 2332.97 2336.47 2337.33 2343.32 2347.44 2351.22 2380.30 2383.540 2393.18

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V II II III II III III III III III II III II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II III II

Intensity 450 670 540 370 320 390 450 400 430 210 2000 290 580 580 1000 890 340 200 320 400 h 250 300 h 890 320 320 300 320 390 450 230 450 160 1100 1100 160 670 160 210 290 200 670 210 250 710 200 360 500 450 160 170 980 180 390 230 230 170 230 200 1200 490 180 410 270 270 180 180

Wavelength/Å 2393.36 2393.83 2405.42 2410.14 2417.69 2447.25 2460.49 2461.74 2464.19 2469.18 2495.16 2496.99 2512.69 2513.03 2515.16 2516.88 2531.19 2537.33 2551.40 2560.74 2563.61 2567.46 2571.67 2573.90 2576.82 2578.14 2582.54 2606.37 2607.03 2613.60 2622.74 2637.00 2638.71 2641.41 2642.75 2647.29 2657.84 2661.88 2683.35 2687.22 2705.61 2712.42 2718.59 2738.76 2743.64 2751.81 2753.60 2761.63 2766.96 2773.02 2773.36 2774.02 2779.37 2808.00 2813.86 2814.48 2817.68 2819.74 2820.22 2822.68 2833.28 2845.83 2849.21 2850.96 2851.21 2860.56

II II II II II II II III II II III II II II III II II II II III II III II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II III I II I II I II III I I I II II I II II II I I II II I I II I II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Hafnium—Helium Intensity 760 760 2100 210 800 1800 1200 890 2000 580 320 180 490 450 710 2000 160 1200 1100 540 1400 620 710 890 1100 210 170 800 1100 540 1100 980 1200 410 710 1100 850 2100 170 250 430 200 340 710 710 850 170 220 220 450 270 710 450 890 450 220 360 670 200 310 180 180 180 360 220 890

Wavelength/Å 2861.01 2861.70 2866.37 2887.14 2889.62 2898.26 2904.41 2904.75 2916.48 2918.58 2919.59 2924.62 2929.63 2929.90 2937.80 2940.77 2944.71 2950.68 2954.20 2958.02 2964.88 2966.93 2968.81 2975.88 2980.81 2982.72 3000.10 3005.56 3012.90 3016.78 3016.94 3018.31 3020.53 3031.16 3050.76 3057.02 3067.41 3072.88 3074.10 3074.79 3080.84 3096.76 3101.40 3109.12 3131.81 3134.72 3139.65 3145.32 3148.41 3156.63 3159.82 3162.61 3168.39 3172.94 3176.86 3181.01 3193.53 3194.19 3196.93 3206.11 3210.98 3217.30 3220.61 3247.66 3249.53 3253.70

II II I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I I II II I I II I II I II I I II I I I I I I I I II II I II II II I I I II I I II I II II I I I II II I I II

Intensity 270 180 200 h 270 160 210 340 670 180 890 370 230 180 180 230 170 800 230 230 230 230 2300 170 180 230 230 410 200 250 710 200 480 250 250 980 1200 980 980 760 180 540 1300 270 1100 210 540 800 320 800 320 200 220 200 480 2200 280 240 340 1000 650 160 460 160 400 170 200

Wavelength/Å 3255.28 3273.66 3279.67 3279.98 3291.05 3306.12 3310.27 3312.86 3317.99 3332.73 3352.06 3358.91 3360.06 3378.93 3384.70 3386.21 3389.83 3392.81 3394.59 3397.26 3397.60 3399.80 3400.21 3402.51 3410.17 3417.34 3419.18 3428.37 3438.24 3472.40 3478.99 3479.28 3495.75 3497.16 3497.49 3505.23 3523.02 3535.54 3536.62 3548.81 3552.70 3561.66 3567.36 3569.04 3597.42 3599.87 3616.89 3630.87 3644.36 3649.10 3651.84 3665.35 3672.27 3675.74 3682.24 3696.51 3699.72 3701.15 3717.80 3719.28 3729.10 3733.79 3737.88 3746.80 3766.92 3768.25

Intensity 1400 1400 650 850 d 320 1300 280 800 600 230 200 160 380 200 200 200 620 620 200 320 410 160 200 180 230 180 540 1100 160 190 170 170 170 200 170 320 160 180 250 180 160 200 250 500 d 230 210 120 160 310 130 120 95 95 75 230 110 120 110 110 75 230 230 95 160 95 95

II II III II I I I I II I II I I I II I II I II I I II I I II I I II II I II II II I I II I II I I II II I II II I I II II I I II I I I I II II I II I I II I II I

10-27

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3777.64 3785.46 3793.37 3800.38 3811.78 3820.73 3830.02 3849.18 3858.31 3860.91 3872.55 3877.10 3880.82 3882.52 3889.23 3889.33 3899.94 3918.09 3923.90 3931.38 3951.83 3968.01 3973.48 4032.27 4062.84 4083.35 4093.16 4174.34 4206.58 4209.70 4228.08 4232.44 4260.98 4263.39 4272.85 4294.79 4330.27 4336.66 4356.33 4370.97 4417.91 4438.04 4565.94 4598.80 4620.86 4655.19 4699.01 4782.74 4800.50 4859.24 4975.25 5018.20 5047.45 5170.18 5181.86 5243.99 5294.87 5354.73 5373.86 5452.92 5550.60 5552.12 5613.27 5719.18 6098.67 6185.13

I I II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II I II I I II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 85 160 160 570 650 410 360 110 310 130 250 130 150 160 40 65

15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 10 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 35 50 100 400 1000 50 5 6 8 15 30 35 50 120 180 7 9 50 1 12 2 10 4 10 40 20 3 15 1 2

Wavelength/Å 6789.27 6818.94 7063.83 7131.81 7237.10 7240.87 7624.40 7740.17 7845.35 7920.71 7994.73 8204.58 8546.48 8640.06 8711.24 9004.73 Helium He Z = 2 231.454 232.584 234.347 237.331 243.027 256.317 303.780 303.786 320.293 505.500 505.684 505.912 506.200 506.570 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.098 515.616 522.213 537.030 584.334 591.412 958.70 972.11 992.36 1025.27 1084.94 1215.09 1215.17 1640.34 1640.47 2385.40 2511.20 2577.6 2723.19 2733.30 2763.80 2818.2 2829.08 2945.11 3013.7 3187.74 3202.96 3203.10 3354.55 3447.59

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I I I I II II I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Helium—Hydrogen Intensity 1 3 2 3 1 10 1 500 20 1 50 5 12 2 3 10 3 200 25 6 30 30 4 20 100 10 5 500 100 8 100 3 200 30 50 1 2 2 2 10 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 15 1 10 2 3 300 1000 2000 9 3 4 30 20 50 20 7 10 2 12

Wavelength/Å 3587.27 3613.64 3634.23 3705.00 3732.86 3819.607 3819.76 3888.65 3964.729 4009.27 4026.191 4026.36 4120.82 4120.99 4143.76 4387.929 4437.55 4471.479 4471.68 4685.4 4685.7 4713.146 4713.38 4921.931 5015.678 5047.74 5411.52 5875.62 5875.97 6560.10 6678.15 6867.48 7065.19 7065.71 7281.35 7816.15 8361.69 9063.27 9210.34 9463.61 9516.60 9526.17 9529.27 9603.42 9702.60 10027.73 10031.16 10123.6 10138.50 10311.23 10311.54 10667.65 10829.09 10830.25 10830.34 10913.05 10917.10 11626.4 11969.12 12527.52 12784.99 12790.57 12845.96 12968.45 12984.89 15083.64

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I

Intensity 200 1 6 500 200 100 20 1000 80 10 20 3 4

170 170 190 270 270 300 270 c 270 360 460 570 c 410 c 410 480 c 410 c 500 c 500 c 910 430 c 760 580 c 810 810 c 980 c 630 c 980 c 8100 c 810 c 1400 c 5400 1200 2000 c 2000 c 3200 16000 c 1600 810 c 5400 c 6300 2500 c 810 c 810 4100 c 410 c 630 1600 1100 c 410 410 c 630 c 810

Wavelength/Å 17002.47 18555.55 18636.8 18685.34 18697.23 19089.38 19543.08 20581.30 21120.07 21121.43 21132.03 30908.5 40478.90 Holmium Ho Z = 67 2502.91 2533.80 2605.86 2750.35 2769.89 2824.20 2831.69 2849.10 2880.26 2880.98 2909.41 2979.63 2987.64 3049.38 3054.00 3057.45 3082.34 3084.36 3086.54 3118.50 3166.62 3173.78 3181.50 3281.97 3337.23 3343.58 3398.98 3410.26 3414.90 3416.46 3421.63 3425.34 3428.13 3453.14 3456.00 3461.97 3473.91 3474.26 3484.84 3494.76 3498.88 3510.73 3515.59 3519.94 3540.76 3546.05 3556.78 3560.15 3573.24 3574.80 3579.12

Intensity 410 410 630 c 1100 cw 540 c 410 430 c 490 430 c 430 c 1600 c 1400 720 670 720 580 410 490 c 430 450 1100 810 3200 cw 8900 c 8900 c 410 c 1300 cw 410 c 1100 490 c 1800 c 2700 c 3000 c 13000 c 1300 cw 580 490 2700 5400 c 8100 1700 720 8900 2900 1500 1300 4300 1500 980 cw 8100 2500 540 2000 1300 cw 490 1300 300 290 80 130 130 c 290 100 c 65 290 250 c

I I II I I I I I I I I II I

II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II I

10-28

Wavelength/Å 3580.75 3581.83 3592.23 3598.77 3600.95 3618.43 3626.69 3627.25 3631.76 3638.30 3662.29 3667.97 3679.19 3679.70 3682.65 3690.65 3700.04 3702.35 3712.88 3720.72 3731.40 3736.35 3748.17 3796.75 3810.73 3835.35 3837.51 3842.05 3843.86 3846.73 3854.07 3861.68 3888.96 3891.02 3905.68 3955.73 3959.68 4040.81 4045.44 4053.93 4065.09 4068.05 4103.84 4108.62 4120.20 4125.65 4127.16 4136.22 4152.61 4163.03 4173.23 4194.35 4227.04 4254.43 4264.05 4350.73 4477.64 4629.10 4701.69 4709.84 4717.52 4742.04 4757.01 4782.92 4939.01 4967.21

II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II II II II I II I I I II

Intensity 220 90 130 80 140 130 110 160 90 c 130 c 90 65 90 80 90 100 70 65 140 140 c 140 c 140 c 70 c 70 70 cw 70 90 230 c 120 70 70 c 70 260 120 55 cw 55 c 40 cw 45 cw 140 40 c 50 c 60 cw 60 50 40 90

15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 5 6 8 15 30 80 120 180 5 7

Wavelength/Å 4979.97 4995.05 5042.37 5093.07 5127.81 5142.59 5143.22 5149.59 5167.88 5182.11 5190.11 5251.82 5301.25 5330.11 5359.99 5407.08 5566.52 5627.60 5659.58 5691.47 5696.57 5860.28 5882.99 5921.76 5948.03 5972.76 5973.52 5982.90 6081.79 6208.65 6305.36 6550.97 6604.94 6628.99 6694.32 6785.43 6939.49 6950.39 7555.09 7628.42 7693.15 7815.48 7894.64 8512.94 8670.19 8915.98 Hydrogen H Z=1 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.722 1215.668 1215.674 3835.384 3889.049 3970.072 4101.74 4340.47 4861.33 6562.72 6562.852 9545.97 10049.4

I I I I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Hydrogen—Iodine Intensity 12 20 40 5 8 15 4 6

17 17 14 25 25 25 622 689 709 10 10 10 85 87 86 89 85 88 82 80 84 83 82 86 90 83 82 84 85 80 90 85 80 89 83 84 90 90 85 88 85 83 90 88 85 85 87 90 88 81 100 100 30 40 30 50

Wavelength/Å 10938.1 12818.1 18751.0 21655.3 26251.5 40511.6 46525.1 74578. Indium In Z = 49 378.61 386.21 388.91 393.89 400.57 402.39 472.71 479.39 498.62 882.24 890.84 915.87 954.67 973.50 991.60 1024.68 1024.79 1031.45 1031.98 1054.43 1063.03 1068.25 1069.82 1077.64 1082.10 1086.33 1096.81 1097.18 1116.10 1124.06 1131.46 1144.43 1145.41 1146.62 1154.11 1154.60 1157.71 1157.82 1159.78 1176.50 1191.58 1204.87 1206.55 1221.50 1221.90 1233.58 1235.84 1373.20 1398.77 1412.09 1625.42 1748.83 1842.41 1850.30 2154.08 2205.28

I I I I I I I I

V V V V V V IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III II

Intensity 40 100 c 90 d 70 d 80 h 110 d 70 h 100 110 d 90 80 100 90 d 110 d 100 100 160 d 1100 200 90 d 100 d 140 d 140 d 80 1600 300 80 130 d 700 90 d 180 c 80 120 d 1100 100 100 110 c 100 8000 110 d 180 c 130 c 80 c 130 d 150 100 c 90 c 90 d 13000 3000 90 c 100 c 110 d 180 c 95 c 380 w 120 c 160 c 160 c 170 w 230 c 250 c 200 c 100 100 100 c

Wavelength/Å 2281.64 2306.05 2313.21 2327.95 2334.57 2382.63 2427.20 2447.90 2488.62 2488.95 2498.59 2499.60 2500.99 2512.31 2521.37 2527.41 2554.44 2560.15 2601.76 2654.70 2662.63 2668.65 2674.56 2683.12 2710.26 2713.94 2726.15 2749.75 2753.88 2818.97 2836.92 2865.68 2890.18 2932.63 2941.05 2982.80 2999.40 3008.08 3039.36 3099.80 3101.8 3138.60 3142.75 3146.70 3155.77 3158.40 3176.30 3198.11 3256.09 3258.56 3338.50 3404.28 3438.40 3693.91 3708.13 3716.14 3718.30 3718.72 3723.40 3795.21 3799.21 3834.65 3842.18 3852.82 3889.78 3902.07

Intensity 250 w 120 c 140 d 100 150 410 w 100 100 17000 140 c 100 d 110 d 100 150 d 150 c 18000 110 c 140 c 180 w 180 w 140 c 170 c 250 c 150 w 170 c 140 c 380 c 220 c 360 c 320 w 190 c 450 w 90 d 150 c 80 h 100 w 140 c 270 c 200 w 80 d 240 c 140 c 200 150 c 80 140 c 220 w 130 c 140 c 320 c 250 w 130 c 190 w 240 c 200 w 100 160 c 100 c 100 210 c 490 w 260 w 120 c 130 c 250 c 210 c

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I III II I I II II II II II I I III II I II I II II I II III II III I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II

10-29

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3962.35 4004.66 4013.92 4023.77 4032.32 4056.94 4071.57 4072.93 4101.76 4205.14 4213.04 4219.66 4252.68 4372.87 4500.78 4511.31 4549.01 4570.85 4578.02 4578.40 4616.08 4617.17 4620.14 4620.70 4627.30 4637.04 4638.16 4644.58 4655.62 4656.74 4681.11 4684.8 4907.06 4973.77 5109.36 5115.14 5117.40 5120.80 5121.75 5129.85 5175.42 5184.44 5248.77 5309.45 5411.41 5418.45 5436.70 5497.50 5507.08 5513.00 5523.28 5536.50 5555.45 5576.90 5636.70 5645.15 5708.50 5721.80 5819.50 5853.15 5903.4 5915.4 5918.78 6062.9 6095.95 6108.66

II II II III III II III III I II II II III II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II II II II II

Intensity 180 w 230 w 240 w 320 w 150 c 90 140 c 190 w 80 180 w 200 100 c 280 w 140 w 270 w 290 w 300 w 210 c 190 c 180 c 100 c 320 w 380 w 180 c 210 c 180 c 320 c 100 c 100 c 210 c 100 c 180 c 90 c 240 c 100 w 80 c 120 c 120 c 220 w 160 d 100 200 100 h 20 20 10 9 7 6 7

30 36 45 50 6 6 8 7 7 8 7 10000 8 10000

Wavelength/Å 6115.9 6128.7 6129.4 6132.1 6140.0 6143.23 6148.10 6149.5 6161.15 6162.45 6197.72 6224.28 6228.3 6231.1 6304.8 6362.3 6469.0 6541.20 6751.88 6765.9 6783.72 6891.5 7182.9 7255.0 7276.5 7303.4 7350.6 7632.7 7682.9 7740.7 7776.96 7789.0 7840.9 8227.0 8813.5 8832.6 9197.7 9202.0 9213.0 9241.1 9977.86 10257.03 10744.31 11334.72 11731.48 12912.59 13429.96 14719.08 22291.06 23879.13 Iodine I Z = 53 363.78 380.74 565.53 607.57 612.46 666.81 705.11 784.64 784.80 795.52 919.28 1034.66 1094.20 1139.80

II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V IV III III III III III IV II III II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iodine—Iridium Intensity 10000 20000 10000 15000 10000 200 20000 600 600 500 20000 600 8 2500 3000 800 600 600 1500 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 2000 20000 5000 3000 5000 3000 2500 2500 4000 3000 2000 2000 8000 5000 5000 5000 5000 10000 2500 4000 2500 1000 5000 5000 5000 15000 2500 5000 5000 2500 15000 12000 5000 75000 15000 2000 7 6 7 8 9 8

Wavelength/Å 1160.56 1166.48 1178.65 1187.34 1190.85 1218.41 1220.89 1224.05 1224.08 1228.89 1234.06 1251.34 1252.35 1259.15 1259.51 1261.27 1267.57 1267.60 1275.26 1289.40 1300.34 1302.98 1313.95 1317.54 1330.19 1336.52 1355.10 1357.97 1360.97 1361.11 1367.71 1368.22 1383.23 1390.75 1392.90 1400.01 1425.49 1446.26 1453.18 1457.39 1457.47 1457.98 1458.79 1459.15 1465.83 1485.92 1492.89 1507.04 1514.68 1518.05 1526.45 1593.58 1617.60 1640.78 1702.07 1782.76 1799.09 1830.38 1844.45 2061.63 2361.13 2372.45 2376.46 2387.11 2426.10 2475.35

II II II II II I II I I I II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 8 8 7 8 5000 200 200 100 d 500 d 250 1000 200 10000 3000 c 1000 3000 c 10000 5000 c 600 c 3000 2000 c 10000 2000 c 4000 c 1000 d 2000 5000 300 2000 d 2000 c 1000 2000 c 800 500 800 1000 500 800 400 2000 1000 500 1000 2000 1000 5000 500 500 c 400 4000 500 500 1200 2000 1000 400 d 700 1000 500 5000 1000 500 5000 500 c 2000 500 d

Wavelength/Å 2519.74 2545.67 2545.71 2652.23 3078.75 4102.23 4129.21 4134.15 4321.84 4763.31 4862.32 4916.94 5119.29 5161.20 5234.57 5245.71 5338.22 5345.15 5427.06 5435.83 5464.62 5625.69 5690.91 5710.53 5764.33 5894.03 5950.25 5984.86 6024.08 6074.98 6082.43 6127.49 6191.88 6213.10 6244.48 6293.98 6313.13 6330.37 6333.50 6337.85 6339.44 6359.16 6566.49 6583.75 6585.27 6619.66 6661.11 6697.29 6732.03 6812.57 6989.78 7120.05 7122.05 7142.06 7164.79 7191.66 7227.30 7236.78 7237.84 7402.06 7410.50 7416.48 7468.99 7490.52 7554.18 7556.65

Intensity 2000 c 600 500 1000 99000 300 d 1000 800 c 500 d 4000 10000 c 1000 1500 c 500 c 250 d 1000 2000 3000 1000 d 400 400 5000 15000 1000 12000 600 600 1000 4000 3000 2000 2000 3000 d 5000 500 750 1000 400 400 5000 400 350 320 450 300 150 60 140 200 100 225 105 150 15 20 15 35 110 50 10 220 150 30 32 12 9

IV IV III IV II I I I I I I I I II I II II II I II II II II II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-30

Wavelength/Å 7700.20 7897.98 7969.48 8003.63 8043.74 8065.70 8090.76 8169.38 8222.57 8240.05 8393.30 8486.11 8664.95 8700.80 8748.22 8853.24 8853.80 8857.50 8898.50 8964.69 8993.13 9022.40 9058.33 9098.86 9113.91 9128.03 9227.74 9335.05 9426.71 9427.15 9598.22 9649.61 9653.06 9731.73 10003.05 10131.16 10238.82 10375.20 10391.74 10466.54 11236.56 11558.46 11778.34 11996.86 12033.69 12304.58 13149.16 13958.27 14287.02 14460.00 15032.57 15528.65 16037.33 18275.71 18348.52 18982.41 19070.17 19105.12 19370.02 20648.69 22183.03 22226.53 22309.21 24420.82 27365.42 27573.05

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 10 8 10 9 3 2

9900 8700 15000 6200 5000 3700 3100 17000 14000 2700 1800 2000 4500 2000 4500 3700 2500 3500 2900 7900 2100 5800 4500 2700 1600 1100 740 910 1300 790 2500 620 2100 2100 1400 350 1400 830 1100 1000 660 950 660 330 330 790 460 910 2700 410 210 910 460 410 410 210 540 740

Wavelength/Å 30361.93 30383.88 34295.73 34513.11 40228.54 41633.80 Iridium Ir Z = 77 2010.65 2022.35 2033.57 2052.22 2060.64 2083.22 2085.74 2088.82 2092.63 2112.68 2119.54 2125.44 2126.81 2127.52 2127.94 2148.22 2150.54 2152.68 2155.81 2158.05 2162.88 2169.42 2175.24 2178.17 2187.43 2190.38 2191.64 2208.09 2220.37 2221.07 2242.68 2245.76 2253.38 2255.10 2255.81 2258.51 2258.86 2264.61 2266.33 2268.90 2280.00 2281.02 2281.91 2284.60 2295.08 2298.05 2299.53 2300.50 2304.22 2305.47 2307.27 2308.93 2315.38 2321.45 2321.58 2327.98 2333.30 2333.84

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I I II II I II I II II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iridium—Iron Intensity 580 1600 740 580 230 410 500 2500 370 3500 290 250 250 500 540 210 1300 2500 2700 230 290 290 290 540 370 620 210 370 290 540 540 1300 270 250 250 910 1300 230 210 210 870 3300 210 2100 620 210 250 4100 210 990 1100 580 580 7900 790 210 210 910 210 230 740 740 740 700 1800 210

Wavelength/Å 2334.50 2343.18 2343.61 2355.00 2357.53 2358.16 2360.73 2363.04 2368.04 2372.77 2375.09 2377.28 2377.98 2379.38 2381.62 2383.17 2386.89 2390.62 2391.18 2407.59 2409.37 2410.17 2410.73 2413.31 2415.86 2418.11 2424.89 2424.99 2425.66 2427.61 2431.24 2431.94 2435.14 2445.34 2447.76 2452.81 2455.61 2455.87 2457.03 2457.23 2467.30 2475.12 2478.11 2481.18 2493.08 2496.27 2502.63 2502.98 2513.71 2533.13 2534.46 2537.22 2542.02 2543.97 2546.03 2551.40 2555.35 2564.18 2569.88 2572.70 2577.26 2592.06 2599.04 2608.25 2611.30 2614.98

I I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 330 210 250 700 250 3500 210 1800 350 2700 520 520 330 270 3000 330 250 520 330 540 1600 380 410 680 1200 820 1100 820 3800 380 380 270 820 650 260 260 200 440 230 4400 1200 880 250 2700 230 200 1200 200 440 300 220 600 270 380 330 300 300 300 1600 320 240 390 510 510 340 200

Wavelength/Å 2617.78 2619.88 2625.32 2634.17 2639.42 2639.71 2644.19 2661.98 2662.63 2664.79 2669.91 2671.84 2673.61 2692.34 2694.23 2772.46 2775.55 2781.29 2785.22 2797.35 2797.70 2798.18 2800.82 2823.18 2824.45 2836.40 2839.16 2840.22 2849.72 2875.60 2875.98 2877.68 2882.64 2897.15 2901.95 2904.80 2907.24 2916.36 2918.57 2924.79 2934.64 2936.68 2938.47 2943.15 2946.97 2949.76 2951.22 2974.95 2980.65 2996.08 3002.25 3003.63 3017.31 3029.36 3039.26 3047.16 3049.44 3057.28 3068.89 3083.22 3086.44 3088.04 3100.29 3100.45 3120.76 3121.78

Intensity 3400 490 370 370 610 370 5100 300 470 200 390 200 560 660 410 3200 220 410 320 1200 320 220 660 220 300 300 320 200 200 530 3100 230 480 480 400 590 460 350 370 150 100 140 90 260 220 160 65 110 55 55 30 35 75 26 50 26 65 30 50 26 25 25 30 30 35 75

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-31

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3133.32 3168.88 3177.58 3198.92 3212.12 3219.51 3220.78 3229.28 3241.52 3262.01 3266.44 3322.60 3368.48 3437.02 3448.97 3513.64 3515.95 3522.03 3558.99 3573.72 3594.39 3609.77 3628.67 3636.20 3661.71 3664.62 3674.98 3687.08 3731.36 3747.20 3800.12 3817.24 3902.51 3915.38 3934.84 3976.31 3992.12 4033.76 4069.92 4070.68 4092.61 4115.78 4172.56 4268.10 4311.50 4399.47 4403.78 4426.27 4478.48 4545.68 4548.48 4568.09 4616.39 4656.18 4728.86 4756.46 4778.16 4795.67 4938.09 4970.48 4999.74 5002.74 5014.98 5123.66 5364.32 5449.50

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 45 35 20 12 10 6

350 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 800 600 400 500 400 400 600 700 700 500 700 500 500 500 500 350 17 15 13 14 15 13 14 13 13 14 13 10 10 10 p 10 10 10 10 w 12 15 15 15 12 18 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 12 12

Wavelength/Å 5625.55 5894.06 6110.67 6288.28 6686.08 7834.32 Iron Fe Z = 26 386.16 386.88 387.20 387.50 387.76 387.78 395.90 404.62 405.50 407.42 407.44 407.49 407.75 409.71 410.20 411.55 417.39 418.04 418.47 421.06 421.78 422.31 426.06 426.11 426.97 525.69 526.29 526.63 536.61 537.10 537.26 537.79 537.94 552.14 607.53 608.80 813.38 844.28 861.83 891.17 950.33 981.37 983.88 1055.27 1068.36 1071.60 1096.89 1099.12 1112.09 1121.99 1122.86 1128.07 1130.43 1133.41 1133.68 1138.64 1142.33 1143.23

I I I I I I

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iron Intensity 18 12 15 12 12 12 400 400 400 400 600 700 600 500 500 800 400 600 800 400 500 400 600 400 600 800 13 800 400 800 700 400 700 500 400 500 700 500 400 500 500 10 h 13 13 14 13 15 13 14 10 h 13 14 12 h 13 14 13 13 13 13 10 h 13 13 13 13 13 15

Wavelength/Å 1144.95 1147.41 1148.29 1151.16 1267.44 1272.00 1317.86 1323.27 1330.40 1359.01 1361.82 1373.59 1373.67 1376.34 1378.56 1387.94 1397.97 1400.24 1402.39 1406.67 1406.82 1407.25 1409.45 1415.20 1420.46 1430.57 1431.43 1440.53 1442.22 1446.62 1448.85 1449.93 1456.16 1459.83 1460.73 1462.63 1464.68 1465.38 1466.65 1469.00 1479.47 1505.17 1526.60 1530.26 1532.63 1532.91 1533.86 1533.95 1536.58 1538.63 1542.16 1542.70 1550.20 1566.26 1568.27 1591.51 1592.05 1598.01 1600.58 1601.21 1601.67 1603.18 1603.73 1604.88 1605.68 1605.97

II II II II II II V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 13 17 14 13 13 13 15 13 13 16 14 12 14 13 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 17 15 14 13 18 15 15 14 16 14 12 15 15 12 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 14 13 15 15 12 13 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 13 12 20 20

Wavelength/Å 1606.98 1609.10 1609.83 1610.47 1611.20 1613.64 1614.02 1614.64 1615.00 1616.68 1617.68 1618.47 1619.02 1621.16 1621.57 1623.38 1623.53 1626.47 1626.90 1628.54 1630.18 1631.08 1631.12 1632.40 1634.01 1635.40 1636.32 1639.40 1639.40 1640.04 1640.16 1641.76 1641.87 1647.09 1647.16 1651.58 1652.90 1653.41 1656.11 1656.65 1660.10 1662.32 1662.52 1663.54 1668.09 1670.74 1671.04 1673.68 1675.66 1681.36 1687.69 1698.88 1702.04 1709.81 1711.41 1712.76 1717.90 1718.16 1719.46 1722.71 1724.06 1725.63 1761.08 1761.38 1785.26 1786.74

Intensity 18 13 13 13 10 12 10 12 13 11 20 10 s 19 15 15 10 p 18 15 14 30 25 14 10 l 14 s 12 50 10 12 25 30 11 30 13 10 10 w 60 11 60 13 30 50 12 15 14 13 12 12 10 12 14 100 10 12 15 12 12 10 15 12 50 12 10 40 12 12 15

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV II II II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II

10-32

Wavelength/Å 1788.07 1792.10 1796.93 1827.98 1869.83 1877.99 1882.05 1886.76 1890.67 1893.98 1895.46 1907.58 1914.06 1915.08 1922.79 1926.01 1926.30 1930.39 1931.51 1934.538 1937.269 1937.34 1938.90 1943.48 1945.34 1946.988 1950.33 1951.01 1951.571 1952.59 1952.65 1953.005 1953.32 1953.49 1954.22 1957.823 1958.58 1960.144 1960.32 1961.25 1962.111 1963.11 1987.50 1991.61 1994.07 1995.56 1996.42 2061.55 2068.24 2078.99 2084.122 2084.35 2090.14 2097.48 2097.69 2103.80 2107.32 2151.78 2157.71 2157.794 2158.47 2161.27 2166.773 2166.95 2171.04 2174.66

II IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I III III III III I III III I I III I III III III I III I III I I II III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III

Intensity 300 12 250 60 120 250 150 80 80 15 10 p 20 12 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 p 50 60 300 12 60 80 10 80 50 150 150 80 150 150 300 10 15 200 600 80 300 50 100 150 120 150 10 p 10 200 10 p 10 100 100 300 10 p 200 10 600 80 150 200 250 200 150 120

Wavelength/Å 2178.118 2180.41 2186.486 2186.892 2187.195 2191.839 2196.043 2200.390 2200.724 2208.41 2208.85 2213.65 2218.26 2220.38 2221.83 2229.27 2232.43 2232.69 2235.91 2238.16 2241.54 2250.790 2251.874 2259.511 2261.59 2264.389 2267.085 2267.42 2267.469 2270.862 2272.070 2276.026 2279.937 2284.086 2287.250 2292.524 2293.06 2295.86 2297.787 2298.169 2299.220 2300.142 2301.684 2303.424 2303.581 2308.999 2313.104 2317.70 2319.22 2320.358 2321.71 2326.95 2327.40 2331.31 2332.80 2336.77 2338.01 2338.96 2343.49 2343.96 2344.28 2348.11 2348.30 2359.12 2360.00 2360.29

I III I I I I I I I II III II II II III III III III III III III I I I III I I III I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I III III I III III II II II III II III II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iron Intensity 200 80 80 80 80 120 300 150 120 120 80 120 150 1000 300 200 1000 300 800 250 80 300 200 150 80 60 60 150 120 120 80 60 150 150 100 250 100 50 100 60 100 1500 150 80 100 100 1500 50 800 60 600 80 80 800 1000 200 600 60 120 1200 100 80 100 10000 300 1000

Wavelength/Å 2364.83 2365.76 2368.59 2369.456 2369.95 2371.430 2373.624 2373.74 2374.518 2376.43 2379.27 2380.76 2381.835 2382.04 2388.63 2389.973 2395.62 2399.24 2404.88 2406.66 2406.97 2410.52 2411.07 2413.31 2417.87 2420.396 2423.089 2424.14 2428.36 2430.08 2432.26 2438.182 2439.30 2439.74 2442.57 2443.872 2444.51 2445.212 2445.57 2447.709 2453.476 2457.598 2458.78 2461.28 2461.86 2462.181 2462.647 2463.730 2465.149 2467.732 2468.879 2470.67 2470.965 2472.336 2472.895 2473.16 2474.814 2476.657 2479.480 2479.776 2480.16 2482.12 2482.66 2483.271 2483.533 2484.185

II II II I II I I II I II II II I II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II I II I I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I I

Intensity 50 800 100 100 120 4000 100 80 1000 50 3000 100 2000 100 100 500 60 50 100 600 150 1000 50 80 500 50 1000 120 80 400 80 300 800 150 50 4000 200 500 100 200 300 2000 800 250 150 200 120 100 120 400 200 200 100 100 150 50 200 600 80 300 250 150 800 80 100 80

Wavelength/Å 2485.990 2486.373 2486.691 2487.066 2487.370 2488.143 2488.945 2489.48 2489.750 2489.913 2490.644 2490.71 2491.155 2491.40 2493.18 2493.26 2494.000 2494.251 2495.87 2496.533 2498.90 2501.132 2501.693 2506.09 2507.900 2508.753 2510.835 2511.76 2512.275 2512.365 2516.570 2517.661 2518.102 2519.629 2522.480 2522.849 2523.66 2524.293 2525.02 2525.39 2526.29 2527.435 2529.135 2529.55 2529.836 2530.687 2533.63 2534.42 2535.49 2535.607 2536.792 2536.80 2538.80 2538.91 2538.99 2539.357 2540.66 2540.972 2541.10 2542.10 2543.92 2544.70 2545.978 2546.67 2548.74 2549.08

Intensity 80 600 400 200 150 300 100 1500 650 90 90 650 2000 300 60 300 800 650 600 320 320 250 90 400 200 150 250 250 100 300 50 200 300 60 600 500 400 10 h 200 80 400 60 200 80 50 50 250 4000 100 50 1500 400 150 50 80 200 50 80 1000 60 50 500 50 500 120 400

I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II I I II II II I I II II II II I II I II I I I I II II II

10-33

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2549.39 2549.613 2562.53 2563.48 2574.36 2576.691 2582.58 2584.54 2585.88 2591.54 2593.73 2598.37 2599.40 2599.57 2605.657 2606.51 2606.827 2607.09 2611.87 2613.82 2617.62 2618.018 2620.41 2623.53 2625.67 2628.29 2631.05 2631.32 2632.237 2635.809 2641.646 2643.998 2666.812 2666.965 2679.062 2684.75 2689.212 2695.13 2699.106 2706.012 2706.582 2708.571 2711.655 2714.41 2716.257 2717.786 2718.436 2719.027 2719.420 2720.197 2720.903 2723.578 2724.953 2726.235 2727.54 2728.020 2728.820 2728.90 2733.581 2734.005 2734.268 2735.475 2735.612 2737.310 2737.83 2739.55

II I II II II I II I II II II II II I I II I II II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I III I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I II

Intensity 250 800 200 150 200 80 300 100 500 1200 80 150 100 800 250 100 120 150 150 120 120 80 250 300 600 3000 200 400 1500 10 p 2500 300 600 50 120 1500 120 200 200 1000 100 800 50 50 80 50 12 10 12 120 120 1200 60 1000 600 250 150 1500 120 800 1200 500 600 1000 1000 250

Wavelength/Å 2742.254 2742.405 2743.20 2743.565 2744.068 2744.527 2746.48 2749.32 2749.48 2750.140 2753.29 2754.032 2754.426 2755.73 2756.328 2757.316 2761.780 2761.81 2762.026 2762.772 2763.109 2766.910 2767.522 2772.07 2778.220 2788.10 2797.78 2804.521 2806.98 2813.24 2813.287 2823.276 2825.56 2825.687 2828.808 2832.436 2835.950 2838.119 2843.631 2843.977 2845.594 2851.797 2869.307 2872.334 2874.172 2894.504 2904.43 2907.50 2907.70 2912.157 2929.007 2936.903 2941.343 2947.876 2953.940 2957.364 2965.254 2966.898 2969.36 2970.099 2973.132 2973.235 2981.445 2983.570 2994.427 2994.502

I I II I I I II II II I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iron Intensity 500 120 800 12 60 12 h 200 500 120 15 60 60 500 1500 600 500 150 500 80 60 60 800 80 800 600 1000 250 120 120 80 100 100 60 100 10 p 10 80 10 10 150 250 500 800 200 80 50 100 200 200 60 50 80 60 300 600 80 50 120 300 100 80 80 80 50 13 50

Wavelength/Å 2999.512 3000.451 3000.948 3001.62 3001.655 3007.28 3007.282 3008.14 3009.569 3013.17 3017.627 3018.983 3020.491 3020.639 3021.073 3024.032 3025.638 3025.842 3030.148 3031.214 3034.484 3037.389 3041.637 3047.604 3057.446 3059.086 3067.244 3075.719 3091.577 3098.189 3099.895 3099.968 3100.303 3100.665 3136.43 3174.09 3175.445 3175.99 3178.01 3184.895 3191.659 3193.226 3193.299 3196.928 3199.500 3205.398 3211.88 3214.011 3214.396 3215.938 3217.377 3219.583 3219.766 3222.045 3225.78 3227.796 3233.967 3234.613 3236.222 3239.433 3244.187 3246.005 3265.046 3265.617 3266.88 3271.000

I I I III I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I

Intensity 11 150 10 120 200 400 80 60 120 50 50 60 50 150 150 80 500 250 60 500 60 6000 2500 1000 200 1200 2000 500 2500 500 10 250 300 400 100 60 60 60 100 200 300 250 80 400 200 400 1000 1200 800 120 100 60 60 4000 150 150 120 300 150 10 200 400 100 11 150 11

Wavelength/Å 3276.08 3286.75 3288.81 3305.97 3306.343 3355.227 3355.517 3369.546 3370.783 3378.678 3380.110 3383.978 3392.304 3392.651 3399.333 3404.353 3407.458 3413.131 3424.284 3427.119 3428.748 3440.606 3440.989 3443.876 3445.149 3465.860 3475.450 3476.702 3490.574 3497.840 3501.76 3513.817 3521.261 3526.040 3526.166 3526.237 3526.381 3526.467 3533.199 3536.556 3541.083 3542.075 3553.739 3554.925 3556.878 3558.515 3565.379 3570.097 3570.25 3571.996 3573.393 3573.829 3573.888 3581.19 3582.199 3584.660 3584.929 3585.319 3585.705 3586.04 3586.103 3586.984 3594.633 3600.94 3603.204 3603.88

Intensity 200 500 1500 250 60 150 1500 200 150 150 100 1200 60 100 200 80 1500 250 80 200 120 150 100 150 1500 200 120 150 120 500 120 150 120 150 80 1200 60 150 300 600 120 8000 1500 120 60 60 500 150 1200 5000 120 6000 100 400 6000 1200 3000 80 3000 1500 400 1500 400 600 60 250

III I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I III I III

10-34

Wavelength/Å 3605.454 3606.680 3608.859 3610.16 3612.068 3617.788 3618.768 3621.462 3622.004 3623.19 3631.096 3631.463 3632.041 3638.298 3640.389 3643.717 3647.842 3649.506 3650.279 3651.467 3670.024 3670.089 3676.311 3677.629 3679.913 3682.242 3683.054 3684.107 3685.998 3687.456 3689.477 3694.008 3695.051 3701.086 3704.462 3705.566 3707.041 3707.821 3707.919 3709.246 3716.442 3719.935 3722.563 3724.377 3725.491 3727.093 3727.619 3732.396 3733.317 3734.864 3735.324 3737.131 3738.306 3743.362 3745.561 3745.899 3748.262 3748.964 3749.485 3758.232 3760.05 3763.788 3765.54 3767.191 3776.452 3785.95

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 100 250 250 150 400 120 250 400 200 80 600 60 1500 2500 150 80 2500 1500 1200 1000 120 500 800 120 80 200 120 2500 150 10000 150 60 250 150 250 2000 4000 200 300 800 1200 400 250 80 600 1200 1200 2000 60 60 50 50 16 60 250 60 11 100 80 10 w 40 50 60 200 40 400

Wavelength/Å 3786.68 3787.880 3790.092 3794.34 3795.002 3797.518 3798.511 3799.547 3805.345 3806.696 3812.964 3813.059 3815.840 3820.425 3821.179 3824.306 3824.444 3825.880 3827.823 3834.222 3839.257 3840.437 3841.047 3843.256 3846.800 3849.96 3850.817 3856.372 3859.212 3859.911 3865.523 3867.215 3872.501 3873.761 3878.018 3878.573 3886.282 3887.048 3888.513 3895.656 3899.707 3902.945 3906.479 3916.731 3920.258 3922.911 3927.920 3930.296 3948.774 3949.953 3951.164 3952.601 3954.33 3956.454 3956.68 3966.614 3968.72 3969.257 3977.741 3979.42 3981.771 3983.956 3994.114 3997.392 3998.053 4005.241

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I III I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Iron—Krypton Intensity 60 100 10 50 4000 11 1500 50 50 1200 40 12 40 40 150 10 11 11 40 400 80 40 15 13 200 800 40 50 60 18 13 50 13 60 50 50 120 50 120 120 80 40 150 40 300 40 80 80 400 100 50 11 50 200 100 13 250 50 12 50 200 300 40 800 250 1200

Wavelength/Å 4009.713 4021.867 4035.42 4040.638 4045.813 4053.11 4063.594 4066.975 4067.977 4071.737 4076.629 4081.00 4100.737 4107.489 4118.544 4120.90 4122.02 4122.78 4127.608 4132.058 4134.676 4136.997 4137.76 4139.35 4143.415 4143.869 4153.898 4154.500 4156.799 4164.73 4166.84 4172.744 4174.26 4174.912 4175.635 4177.593 4181.754 4184.891 4187.038 4187.795 4191.430 4195.329 4198.304 4199.095 4202.029 4203.984 4206.696 4210.343 4216.183 4219.360 4222.212 4222.27 4225.956 4227.423 4233.602 4235.56 4235.936 4238.809 4243.75 4247.425 4250.118 4250.787 4258.315 4260.473 4271.153 4271.759

I I III I I III I I I I I III I I I III III III I I I I III III I I I I I III III I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I III I I I I I I I

Intensity 12 h 12 1200 14 h 80 16 h 250 18 h 1200 20 h 150 1500 80 80 11 h 14 h 18 h 800 3000 1200 300 12 600 400 120 80 80 200 50 50 30 30 50 120 60 30 100 250 30 150 500 1500 80 30 100 60 30 150 30 30 25 150 40 100 25 12 80 2500 80 500 50 80 200 10 30 25

Wavelength/Å 4273.40 4279.72 4282.402 4286.16 4291.462 4296.85 4299.234 4304.78 4307.901 4310.36 4315.084 4325.761 4352.734 4369.771 4372.31 4372.53 4372.81 4375.929 4383.544 4404.750 4415.122 4419.60 4427.299 4461.652 4466.551 4476.017 4482.169 4482.252 4489.739 4528.613 4647.433 4736.771 4859.741 4871.317 4872.136 4878.208 4890.754 4891.492 4903.309 4918.992 4920.502 4957.597 5001.862 5005.711 5006.117 5012.067 5014.941 5041.755 5049.819 5051.634 5074.748 5110.357 5139.251 5139.462 5151.910 5156.12 5166.281 5167.487 5168.897 5171.595 5191.454 5192.343 5194.941 5199.08 5204.582 5215.179

Intensity 150 60 1000 250 10 18 13 l 100 1200 800 14 15 30 16 60 12 11 12 25 14 w 10 10 150 800 300 100 80 500 11 12 12 10 400 11 l 40 300 250 250 100 200 120 25 20 30 30 60 120 200 20 50 11 10 20 18 10 30 15 30 10 p 18 p 10 14 12 30 12 h 18

III III I III I III I III I III I I I I III III III I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I III I I

10-35

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 5216.274 5226.862 5227.150 5232.939 5235.66 5243.31 5260.34 5266.555 5269.537 5270.357 5272.98 5276.48 5281.789 5282.30 5283.621 5284.83 5298.12 5299.93 5302.299 5302.60 5306.76 5322.74 5324.178 5328.038 5328.531 5332.899 5339.928 5341.023 5346.88 5353.77 5363.76 5368.06 5371.489 5375.47 5393.167 5397.127 5405.774 5429.695 5434.523 5446.871 5455.609 5497.516 5501.464 5506.778 5569.618 5572.841 5586.755 5615.644 5624.541 5662.515 5719.88 5756.38 5762.990 5833.93 5854.62 5862.353 5891.91 5914.114 5920.13 5929.69 5952.31 5953.62 5979.32 5986.956 5989.08 5999.54

I I I I III III III I I I III III I III I III III III I III III III I I I I I I III III III III I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I III III I III I III III III III III I III III

Intensity 16 13 11 11 40 30 40 40 40 30 30 40 20 80 30 20 30 20 20 30 200 60 20 20 40 25 80 30 30 40 60 80 60 80 60 50 150 120 20 120 30 15 60 150 52 87 91 255 160 230 160 580 225 1030 96 72 50 40 94 41 105

30 150 100

Wavelength/Å 6032.59 6036.56 6048.72 6054.18 6065.482 6102.159 6136.614 6137.694 6191.558 6213.429 6219.279 6230.726 6246.317 6247.56 6252.554 6393.602 6399.999 6411.647 6421.349 6430.844 6456.38 6494.981 6546.239 6592.913 6677.989 7164.443 7187.313 7207.381 7445.746 7495.059 7511.045 7937.131 7945.984 7998.939 8046.047 8085.176 8220.41 8327.053 8331.908 8387.770 8468.404 8514.069 8661.898 8688.621 11422.32 11439.12 11593.59 11607.57 11638.26 11689.98 11783.26 11882.84 11884.08 11973.05 14400.56 14512.23 14555.06 14826.43 15294.58 15769.42 18856.65 Krypton Kr Z = 36 467.35 472.16 484.39

III III III III I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III V V

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Krypton Intensity 250 120 200 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 50 35 50 35 40 45 50 30 45 50 35 120 50 60 50 50 30 40 35 35 35 35 45 45

45 50 30 50 600 50 100 p 60 30 200 100 60 200 60 p 200 100 60

7 18 60 60

Wavelength/Å 496.25 500.77 507.20 540.86 548.04 565.64 569.16 571.98 579.83 585.14 585.96 593.70 594.10 596.41 600.17 603.67 605.86 606.47 611.12 616.72 621.45 622.80 625.02 625.76 628.59 630.04 633.09 637.87 639.98 646.41 651.20 659.72 664.86 672.34 672.85 676.57 680.13 683.68 686.25 687.98 690.86 691.75 691.93 695.61 698.05 708.36 708.85 714.00 722.04 729.40 746.70 761.18 763.98 766.20 771.03 773.69 782.10 783.72 785.97 793.44 794.11 805.76 810.70 816.82 818.15 830.38

V V V III V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III V III III III III III III III III III III III III V V III III III III V III III II III II II II II II II II III IV IV IV V IV II II

Intensity 50 22 100 50 60 60 60 40 50 200 1000 400 75 200 2000 50 50 20 50 50 2000 50 100 100 100 30 200 650 6 6 3 6 3 4 4 3 3 40 4 3 5 4 6 100 h 5 60 40 4 5 6 5 5 6 4 30 3 5 10 8 7 60 30 40 80 h 3 8

Wavelength/Å 837.66 842.04 844.06 854.73 862.58 864.82 868.87 870.84 876.08 884.14 886.30 891.01 897.81 911.39 917.43 945.44 946.54 951.06 953.40 963.37 964.97 987.29 1001.06 1003.55 1030.02 1158.74 1164.87 1235.84 1638.82 1914.09 2237.34 2291.26 2329.3 2336.75 2348.27 2358.5 2388.05 2393.94 2416.9 2428.04 2442.68 2451.7 2459.74 2464.77 2474.06 2492.48 2494.01 2517.0 2518.02 2519.38 2524.5 2546.0 2547.0 2558.08 2563.25 2586.9 2606.17 2609.5 2615.3 2621.11 2639.76 2680.32 2681.19 2712.40 2730.55 2748.18

Intensity 6 3 100 3 30 30 5 3 50 100 30 50 60 50 80 50 30 60 40 60 30 100 60 3 100 80 6 40 40 300 3 150 100 30 30 30 50 200 60 50 100 40 100 70 100 200 100 100 h 200 30 250 80 150 100 80 30 300 h 200 150 200 150 80 500 500 3 5

III IV II III III II II III III II II II III II II I I I I I II III I I I III I I III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV II IV II III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II IV IV

10-36

Wavelength/Å 2774.70 2829.60 2833.00 2836.08 2841.00 2851.16 2853.0 2859.3 2870.61 2892.18 2909.17 2952.56 2992.22 3022.30 3024.45 3046.93 3056.72 3063.13 3097.16 3112.25 3120.61 3124.39 3141.35 3142.01 3189.11 3191.21 3224.99 3239.52 3240.44 3245.69 3261.70 3264.81 3268.48 3271.65 3285.89 3304.75 3311.47 3325.75 3330.76 3342.48 3351.93 3374.96 3439.46 3474.65 3488.59 3507.42 3564.23 3607.88 3631.889 3641.34 3653.928 3665.324 3669.01 3679.559 3686.182 3690.65 3718.02 3718.595 3721.350 3741.638 3744.80 3754.245 3778.089 3783.095 3809.30 3860.58

IV IV II IV III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III IV III III III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II III II I II I II III II II II II II II II II IV IV

Intensity 40 h 150 h 150 200 5 100 100 h 300 300 50 500 250 100 40 250 40 150 1000 100 600 200 500 h 400 1000 150 h 100 3000 500 200 800 300 h 200 100 500 600 600 800 800 400 h 600 400 h 200 h 800 300 150 h 500 1000 800 2000 500 100 200 3000 300 1000 300 300 800 700 150 300 20 h 200 250 400 h 500

Wavelength/Å 3868.70 3875.44 3906.177 3920.081 3934.29 3994.840 3997.793 4057.037 4065.128 4067.37 4088.337 4098.729 4109.248 4131.33 4145.122 4154.46 4250.580 4273.969 4282.967 4292.923 4300.49 4317.81 4318.551 4319.579 4322.98 4351.359 4355.477 4362.641 4369.69 4376.121 4386.54 4399.965 4425.189 4431.685 4436.812 4453.917 4463.689 4475.014 4489.88 4502.353 4523.14 4556.61 4577.209 4582.978 4592.80 4615.292 4619.166 4633.885 4658.876 4680.406 4691.301 4694.360 4739.002 4762.435 4765.744 4811.76 4825.18 4832.077 4846.612 4857.20 4945.59 5016.45 5022.40 5086.52 5125.73 5208.32

III II II II IV II II II II III II II II III II III II I I II II II I I II I II I II I II I I II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Krypton—Lanthanum Intensity 200 500 200 10 500 2000 80 100 400 200 h 100 3000 200 60 10 h 60 10 h 10 300 100 200 150 60 100 250 100 80 400 400 60 200 100 300 1000 2000 150 1000 1200 250 150 800 200 180 200 120 100 1500 4000 6000 60 3000 200 80 3000 100 1500 5000 100 3000 150 6000 2000 500 500 hl 200 h 300

Wavelength/Å 5308.66 5333.41 5468.17 5501.43 5562.224 5570.288 5580.386 5649.561 5681.89 5690.35 5832.855 5870.914 5992.22 5993.849 6037.17 6056.125 6078.38 6310.22 6420.18 6421.026 6456.288 6570.07 6699.228 6904.678 7213.13 7224.104 7287.258 7289.78 7407.02 7425.541 7435.78 7486.862 7524.46 7587.411 7601.544 7641.16 7685.244 7694.538 7735.69 7746.827 7854.821 7913.423 7928.597 7933.22 7973.62 7982.401 8059.503 8104.364 8112.899 8132.967 8190.054 8202.72 8218.365 8263.240 8272.353 8281.050 8298.107 8412.430 8508.870 8764.110 8776.748 8928.692 9238.48 9293.82 9320.99 9361.95

II II II III I I I I II II I I II I III I III III II I I II I I II I I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II II II

Intensity 100 200 h 200 h 500 500 h 400 h 200 200 h 2000 500 500 1000 100 200 150 500 150 1500 600 160 100 1100 1000 2400 800 200 600 150 550 140 180 2000 100 1600 550 450 400 120 140 1700 130 1500 700 200 180 120 200 2000 1000 2400 1600 1800 600 700 120 150 650 700 2600 100 150 300 170 200 140 300

Wavelength/Å 9362.082 9402.82 9470.93 9577.52 9605.80 9619.61 9663.34 9711.60 9751.758 9803.14 9856.314 10221.46 11187.108 11257.711 11259.126 11457.481 11792.425 11819.377 11997.105 12077.224 12861.892 13177.412 13622.415 13634.220 13658.394 13711.036 13738.851 13974.027 14045.657 14104.298 14402.22 14426.793 14517.84 14734.436 14762.672 14765.472 14961.894 15005.307 15209.526 15239.615 15326.480 15334.958 15372.037 15474.026 15681.02 15820.09 16726.513 16785.128 16853.488 16890.441 16896.753 16935.806 17098.771 17367.606 17404.443 17616.854 17842.737 18002.229 18167.315 18399.786 18580.896 18696.294 18785.460 18797.703 20209.878 20423.964

Intensity 140 600 1800 120 180 120 180 600 180 1000 150 140 300 300 300 500 1100 220 100 1400 1100 500 300 1300 250

I II II II II II II II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

100 400 1000 2500 10000 5000 7000 15000 10000 12000 10000 15000 8000 40000 5000 30000 400 2000 1000 400 50000 95000 2000 10000 25000 20000 15000 10000 4000 5000 4000 c 770 25000 w 50000 45000 95000 w 70000 w 420 50000 w

10-37

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 20446.971 21165.471 21902.513 22485.775 23340.416 24260.506 24292.221 25233.820 28610.55 28655.72 28769.71 28822.49 29236.69 30663.54 30979.16 39300.6 39486.52 39557.25 39572.60 39588.4 39589.6 39954.8 39966.6 40306.1 40685.16 Lanthanum La Z = 57 344.12 390.72 432.11 435.28 463.14 482.16 498.08 499.54 503.58 526.76 531.07 533.23 547.44 552.02 600.24 631.26 796.99 870.40 882.34 942.86 1081.61 1099.73 1255.63 1349.18 1368.04 1463.47 1507.87 1523.79 1808.66 1902.97 2197.45 2256.76 2417.58 2532.75 2582.05 2597.50 2662.75 2808.39 2848.30

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV V V V IV V V IV V V V V V IV V IV III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV II IV

Intensity 30000 c 70000 w 90000 c 1000 1500 510 550 800 1500 870 1500 320 1000 550 2400 3700 3900 600 1600 3400 1700 1300 1100 2200 9000 4400 3600 2800 3000 850 2800 5500 4400 550 1100 1500 1600 480 600 600 440 4600 550 2000 850 420 400 400 410 410 540 360 230 230 500 390 320 320 850 1000 1000 370 340 370 720 210

Wavelength/Å 2962.58 3009.51 3056.68 3171.63 3171.74 3245.13 3265.67 3303.11 3337.49 3344.56 3380.91 3628.83 3645.42 3713.54 3759.08 3790.83 3794.78 3840.72 3849.02 3871.64 3886.37 3916.05 3921.54 3929.22 3949.10 3988.52 3995.75 4031.69 4042.91 4067.39 4077.35 4086.72 4123.23 4141.74 4151.97 4196.55 4238.38 4269.50 4286.97 4296.05 4322.51 4333.74 4354.40 4429.90 4522.37 4526.12 4558.46 4574.88 4613.39 4619.88 4655.50 4662.51 4692.50 4728.42 4740.28 4743.09 4748.73 4860.91 4899.92 4920.98 4921.79 4949.77 4970.39 4986.83 4999.47 5050.57

IV IV IV III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Lanthanum—Lead Intensity 470 470 450 290 580 850 260 720 520 340 370 370 180 500 470 240 180 370 320 450 140 320 720 260 d 450 250 180 110 160 50 110 w 110 w 75 cw 50 85 40 75 85 95 65 300 40 35 120 100 140

10 12 14 20 10 20 12 10 10 18 18 14 14 15 18 12 18 10

Wavelength/Å 5114.56 5122.99 5145.42 5158.69 5177.31 5183.42 5188.22 5211.86 5234.27 5253.46 5271.19 5301.98 5303.55 5455.15 5501.34 5648.25 5740.66 5769.34 5789.24 5791.34 5821.99 5930.62 6249.93 6262.30 6394.23 6455.99 6709.50 7045.96 7066.23 7161.25 7282.34 7334.18 7483.50 7498.83 7539.23 7964.83 8086.05 8324.69 8346.53 8545.44 8583.45 8674.43 8825.82 9184.38 9212.63 10284.79 Lead Pb Z = 82 496.38 499.94 529.78 570.16 648.50 703.73 749.46 752.52 761.09 767.45 769.49 771.42 782.79 797.02 802.07 802.82 809.63 812.59

II II I I I II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I I III I I III III III

IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V V V V IV IV V IV

Intensity 10 12 12 18 16 20 14 6 12 18 14 14 14 8 16 14 12 12 14 12 12 12 12 10 12 10 14 12 10 10 10 10 14 20 16 18 12 10 10 10 15 10 12 18 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 18 14 12 14 20 10 10 11 10 20 10 10 12

Wavelength/Å 827.41 832.60 845.94 857.64 862.33 863.97 870.44 873.71 879.96 883.90 884.96 884.99 888.37 889.68 890.72 894.40 896.08 908.51 915.71 917.90 918.09 920.28 920.66 922.12 922.49 927.64 932.20 954.35 967.23 986.71 995.89 1016.61 1028.61 1032.05 1041.24 1044.14 1048.9 1049.82 1050.77 1051.26 1056.53 1060.66 1072.09 1080.81 1084.17 1088.86 1103.94 1108.43 1109.84 1116.08 1119.57 1121.36 1133.14 1137.84 1144.93 1157.88 1185.43 1189.95 1203.63 1231.20 1233.50 1291.10 1313.05 1331.65 1335.20 1343.06

Intensity 10 16 18 10 10 10 14 20 10 10 20 10 10 10 7 12 16 10 5r 10 12 8r 12 6 10 15 500 r 7 12 7 8 10 20 20 25 20 150 16 180 550 r 140 320 r 320 r 16 15 150 r 160 r 130 r 80 r 500 r 900 r 160 4 10 700 10 25000 r 100 14000 r 35000 r 6 14000 r 3 15 15 15

IV IV IV IV IV V IV II IV V IV IV V II IV V V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV V II II II II IV IV IV IV III II II V IV II IV IV IV V II II II IV II II II IV IV V V IV II II V IV IV II II IV

10-38

Wavelength/Å 1348.37 1388.94 1400.26 1404.34 1433.96 1512.42 1535.71 1553.1 1671.53 1682.15 1726.75 1796.670 1822.050 1904.77 1921.471 1959.34 1973.16 1998.83 2022.02 2042.58 2049.34 2053.28 2079.22 2111.758 2115.066 2154.01 2170.00 2175.580 2177.46 2187.888 2189.603 2203.534 2237.425 2246.86 2246.89 2259.01 2332.418 2359.53 2388.797 2393.792 2399.597 2401.940 2411.734 2417.61 2424.81 2443.829 2446.181 2476.378 2577.260 2613.655 2614.175 2628.262 2634.256 2657.094 2663.154 2697.541 2801.995 2822.58 2823.189 2833.053 2840.557 2873.311 2914.442 2966.460 2972.991 2980.157

II IV IV IV II II IV III II II II II II I II IV IV V I IV IV I IV I I IV I I IV I I II I I I V I IV I I I I I IV V I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I I

Intensity 4 10 150 10 10 600 100 400 200 35000 50000 r 20000 70000 r 10 25000 12 15000 95000 14000 10 10000 8 200 10 6 16 7 10 6 1000 100 50 10 2000 10 40 200 2000 500 500 40 50 100 50 c 20000 10 20 5 10 6 5 40 20 10 5 10 8 15 15 15 200 100 50 15 40

Wavelength/Å 2986.876 3043.85 3118.894 3137.81 3176.50 3220.528 3229.613 3240.186 3262.355 3572.729 3639.568 3671.491 3683.462 3713.982 3739.935 3854.08 4019.632 4057.807 4062.136 4157.814 4168.033 4272.66 4340.413 4496.15 4499.34 4534.60 4571.21 4579.051 4761.12 5005.416 5006.572 5089.484 5107.242 5201.437 5372.099 5692.346 5895.624 6001.862 6011.667 6059.356 6081.409 6110.520 6235.266 6660.20 7228.965 7346.676 7809.259 7896.737 8168.001 8191.886 8217.711 8272.690 8409.384 8478.492 8722.810 8857.457 9293.476 9438.05 9604.297 9674.351 10290.458 10498.965 10649.249 10886.688 10969.53 13512.6

II III I III III I I I I I I I I II I III I I I I I III I IV III IV III II III I I I I I II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Lead—Lutetium Intensity

3 5 1 3 5 1

Wavelength/Å 14743.0 15349.6 39039.4 Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 103.4 104.1 105.5 108.0 113.9 125.5 135.0 136.5 140.5 167.21 168.74 171.58 178.02 199.28 207.5 456. 483. 540. 540.0 729. 729.1 800. 820. 861. 905.5 917.5 936. 945. 965. 972. 988. 1018. 1032. 1036. 1093. 1103. 1109. 1116. 1132.1 1141. 1166.4 1198.09 1215. 1238. 1253.8 1420.89 1424. 1492.93 1492.97 1493.04 1555. 1653.08 1653.13 1653.21 1681.66 1755.33 2009. 2039. 2068. 2131.

Intensity

I I I

III III III III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II

h

3 5 2

1

3

10

24 15 2 3

5 2 3 1 5

Wavelength/Å 2164. 2173.4 2183. 2214. 2222. 2237. 2249.21 2286.82 2302.57 2303.33 2304.59 2304.92 2305.36 2305.83 2306.29 2306.82 2307.44 2308.97 2309.88 2310.94 2312.11 2313.49 2315.08 2316.95 2319.18 2321.88 2325.11 2329.02 2329.84 2333.94 2336.88 2336.91 2337.00 2340.15 2348.22 2358.93 2373.54 2381.54 2383.20 2394.39 2402.33 2410.84 2425.43 2429.81 2460.2 2475.06 2506.94 2508.78 2518. 2539.49 2551.7 2559. 2562.31 2605.08 2657.29 2657.30 2674.46 2728.24 2728.29 2728.32 2730.47 2730.55 2741.20 2766.99 2790.31 2801.

Intensity

II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II I I I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I

2 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 1 9 4 5 2 17

1 5 6d 8 7d 10 1 3 6 20 20 10 10 40 40 20 20 5 5 1 13 13

6 2 3 1

4 4 1 8 8

10-39

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2846. 2868. 2895. 2934.02 2934.07 2934.12 2934.25 2968. 3029.12 3029.14 3144. 3155.31 3155.33 3196.26 3196.33 3196.36 3199.33 3199.43 3232.66 3249.87 3306.28 3488. 3579.8 3618. 3662. 3684.32 3714.00 3714.16 3714.27 3714.29 3714.40 3714.41 3714.51 3714.58 3718.7 3794.72 3915.30 3915.35 3985.48 3985.54 4132.56 4132.62 4196. 4273.07 4273.13 4325.42 4325.47 4325.54 4516.45 4602.83 4602.89 4607.34 4671.51 4671.65 4671.70 4678.06 4678.29 4760. 4763. 4788.36 4843.0 4881.32 4881.39 4881.49 4971.66 4971.75

I I I II II II II I II II I II II II II II II II I II II I I I I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I I II II II II II II I II II II II II II I I

Intensity

600 c 600 c 320 320 3600 3600 48 48

100 500 2000 100 400 100 100 100 400 100 800 400 200 200 200 400 200 200 400 600 100 c 1000 1500 1500 c 600 c 1000 c 1000 c 1700 h 1000 2000 95 190 1300 120 80 130 370 930 1700 4500 c

Wavelength/Å 5037.92 5271. 5315. 5395. 5440. 5483.55 5485.65 6103.54 6103.65 6707.76 6707.91 8126.23 8126.45 8517.37 9581.42 10120. 12232. 12782. 13566. 17552. 18697. 19290. 24467. 40475. Lutetium Lu Z = 71 563.72 810.73 832.28 861.92 876.80 880.32 891.81 914.72 1001.18 1272.42 1333.79 1429.38 1441.76 1453.35 1468.99 1472.12 1473.71 1485.58 1511.26 1772.57 1786.25 1854.57 2065.35 2070.56 2086.47 2104.41 2108.31 2195.54 2236.14 2236.22 2276.94 2297.41 2392.19 2399.14 2419.21 2459.64 2536.95 2571.23 2578.79 2603.35

II I I I I II II I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I

V III III V IV V V V III IV IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V III III III IV IV IV II III III II II II II II II II II II III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Lutetium—Magnesium Intensity 1800 18000 1800 2700 570 h 4200 180 d 480 h 3600 750 h 2000 2700 270 c 330 h 3000 570 h 6300 4500 300 9000 270 h 1200 4200 2400 1800 3000 2100 1000 7500 390 5100 h 3000 2400 260 1400 4800 3800 7600 6200 7600 6200 950 160 h 1400 4100 4800 8300 c 1600 4800 4800 340 800 680 2600 110 110 150 2700 530 50 480 670 310 3100 150 c 460

Wavelength/Å 2613.40 2615.42 2619.26 2657.80 2685.08 2701.71 2719.09 2728.95 2754.17 2765.74 2772.55 2796.63 2834.35 2845.13 2847.51 2885.14 2894.84 2900.30 2903.05 2911.39 2949.73 2951.69 2963.32 2969.82 2989.27 3020.54 3056.72 3057.86 3077.60 3080.11 3081.47 3118.43 3171.36 3191.80 3198.12 3254.31 3278.97 3281.74 3312.11 3359.56 3376.50 3385.50 3391.55 3396.82 3397.07 3472.48 3507.39 3508.42 3554.43 3567.84 3596.34 3623.99 3636.25 3647.77 3756.70 3756.79 3800.67 3841.18 3876.65 3918.86 3968.46 4054.45 4122.49 4124.73 4131.79 4154.08

II II II II I II I I II I III II II I II I II II I II I II II II I II II III II I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I II II II I II I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I

Intensity 1600 150 250 330 d 150 190 c 190 3300 100 h 1000 85 h 150 85 460 180 800 800 140 2700 170 500 140 c 100 2100 550 80 690 cw 140 1400 440 150 600 160 2100 80 160 70 h 1100 29 55 c 35 cw 23 c 30 c 45 23 45 14 ch 11 c 9c 17 35 10 d 29 c 35 c

400 20 20 10 100 80 35 4000 3000 30

Wavelength/Å 4184.25 4277.50 4281.03 4295.97 4309.57 4430.48 4450.81 4518.57 4648.21 4658.02 4659.03 4785.42 4815.05 4904.88 4942.34 4994.13 5001.14 5134.05 5135.09 5196.61 5402.57 5421.90 5437.88 5476.69 5736.55 5800.59 5983.9 5997.13 6004.52 6055.03 6159.94 6198.13 6199.66 6221.87 6235.36 6242.34 6345.35 6463.12 6477.67 6523.18 6611.28 6677.14 6793.77 6917.31 7031.24 7125.84 7237.98 7441.52 8178.16 8382.08 8459.19 8478.50 8508.08 8610.98 Magnesium Mg Z = 12 146.95 186.51 187.20 188.53 231.73 234.26 276.58 320.99 323.31 353.09

Intensity 150 50 250 300 300 800 300 600 900 500 800 300 1000 500 1000 300 300 400 400 350 300 300 5 500 10 400 15 40 50 20 40 50 30 300 9 25 20 20 3 20 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 5 1 2 3 3 6 8 2

II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II III II II II II I II I I II I I I I II I I I I II I I I

IV III III III III III V IV IV V

10-40

Wavelength/Å 857.29 919.03 1037.41 1210.99 1342.19 1346.57 1346.68 1352.05 1384.46 1385.77 1387.53 1404.68 1409.36 1437.53 1437.64 1447.42 1459.54 1459.62 1481.51 1490.45 1495.50 1607.11 1668.43 1683.02 1683.41 1698.81 1707.06 1734.84 1737.62 1747.80 1750.65 1753.46 1827.93 1844.17 2025.82 2064.90 2091.96 2177.70 2329.58 2395.15 2449.57 2557.23 2560.94 2562.26 2564.94 2570.91 2572.25 2574.94 2577.89 2580.59 2584.22 2585.56 2588.28 2591.89 2593.23 2595.97 2602.50 2603.85 2606.62 2613.36 2614.73 2617.51 2628.66 2630.05 2632.87 2644.80

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I IV I IV I II II I II II I IV I III III III II III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 3 4 8 8 6 8 10 3 5 6 8 10 12 5 7 38 32 90 8 32 36 1000 600 3 2 1 12 12 14 14 16 16 6000 2 4 3 10 12 2 13 20 22 14 9 8 6 6 7 2 17 6 9 7 8 7 8 140 300 500 8 7 3 3 4 6 8

Wavelength/Å 2646.21 2649.06 2660.76 2660.82 2668.12 2669.55 2672.46 2693.72 2695.18 2698.14 2731.99 2733.49 2736.53 2765.22 2768.34 2776.69 2778.27 2779.83 2781.29 2781.42 2782.97 2795.53 2802.70 2809.76 2811.11 2811.78 2846.72 2846.75 2848.34 2848.42 2851.65 2851.66 2852.13 2902.92 2906.36 2915.45 2936.74 2938.47 2942.00 2942.00 3091.08 3092.99 3096.90 3104.71 3104.81 3168.98 3172.71 3175.78 3197.62 3329.93 3332.15 3336.68 3535.04 3538.86 3549.52 3553.37 3829.30 3832.30 3838.29 3848.24 3850.40 3878.31 3895.57 3903.86 3938.40 3986.75

I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I II II II II I I I II II I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Magnesium—Manganese Intensity 10 15 20 9 10 8 9 14 13 28 10 7 75 220 400 8 7 9 6 30 10 9 7 10 9 11 7 8 7 8 10 10 12 20 19 17 15 12 13 10 9 8 10 20 10 11 10 15 10 12 13 10 17 11 14 10 11 20 10 14 13 12 30 10 10 25

Wavelength/Å 4057.50 4167.27 4351.91 4384.64 4390.59 4428.00 4433.99 4481.16 4481.33 4571.10 4730.03 4851.10 5167.33 5172.68 5183.61 5264.21 5264.37 5401.54 5528.41 5711.09 6318.72 6319.24 6319.49 6346.74 6346.96 6545.97 6781.45 6787.85 6812.86 6819.27 7193.17 7291.06 7387.69 7657.60 7659.15 7659.90 7691.55 7877.05 7896.37 8098.72 8115.22 8120.43 8209.84 8213.03 8213.99 8234.64 8310.26 8346.12 8710.18 8712.69 8717.83 8734.99 8736.02 8745.66 8806.76 8824.32 8835.08 8923.57 8997.16 9218.25 9244.27 9246.50 9255.78 9327.54 9340.54 9414.96

I I I II II II II II II I I II I I I II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I II II I II II I I II II I I I I I II I II I II II I I II II I I II II I

Intensity 17 19 20 12 11 15 15 17 18 14 35 11 10 25 27 28 15 14 45 30 28 35 30 25 10 30 5

600 600 600 650 600 600 1000 850 60 60 60 60 90 90 95 95 90 500 400 300 1000 800 500 h 1000 2000 500 80 80 20 30 50 40 30 20 20 85 85

Wavelength/Å 9429.81 9432.76 9438.78 9631.89 9632.43 9953.20 9983.20 9986.47 9993.21 10092.16 10811.08 10914.23 10951.78 10953.32 10957.30 10965.45 11032.10 11033.66 11828.18 12083.66 14877.62 15024.99 15040.24 15047.70 15765.84 17108.66 26392.90 Manganese Mn Z = 25 410.30 410.60 415.62 415.98 428.59 435.67 441.72 442.49 579.79 581.44 581.65 585.21 1242.25 1244.50 1251.93 1257.28 1264.41 1283.58 1287.59 1291.62 1360.72 1365.20 1609.17 1614.14 1620.60 1633.80 1667.00 1698.30 1726.47 1732.70 1733.55 1734.49 1737.93 1740.16 1742.00 1742.10 1766.27

Intensity 80 80 30 20 50 20 75 30 20 d 100 20 30 80 20 20 30 50 30 500 800 20 20 20 500 1000 30 20 d 30 20 500 30 9700 14000 18000 1000 w 500 w 50 40 40 500 500 1000 30 900 800 600 1500 500 20 500 500 20 1700 30 1000 700 900 800 800 290 540 900 770 1000 20 20

I I I II II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III IV IV II II II II II II II IV IV

10-41

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 1795.65 1795.79 1853.27 1857.92 1902.95 1907.84 1910.25 1911.41 1914.68 1915.10 1918.64 1919.64 1921.25 1923.07 1923.34 1925.52 1926.59 1931.40 1941.28 1943.21 1945.15 1947.93 1950.14 1952.36 1952.52 1953.23 1954.81 1959.25 1969.24 1978.95 1994.23 1996.06 1999.51 2003.85 2027.83 2028.14 2037.31 2037.64 2039.97 2049.68 2066.38 2069.02 2076.21 2077.38 2084.23 2090.05 2092.16 2094.78 2097.46 2097.93 2099.97 2102.50 2109.58 2113.96 2169.78 2174.15 2176.87 2181.86 2184.87 2208.81 2213.85 2220.55 2221.84 2227.42 2373.36 2427.38

IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II III III II II II II III II I I I III III II II II III III III II III III III I III II III III II I II III III III III III I I III I III II II

Intensity 50 30 30 20 30 50 30 20 30 20 20 20 50 50 30 80 100 30 100 50 80 50 100 50 30 75 30 95 30 150 30 580 480 12000 550 30 45 250 6200 250 95 30 45 4300 190 500 140 150 40 200 190 130 80 27 60 30 30 110 55 55 45 30 30 55 55 110

Wavelength/Å 2427.72 2427.94 2437.37 2437.84 2452.49 2499.00 2507.60 2516.60 2516.74 2521.66 2530.72 2531.80 2532.78 2533.33 2534.10 2534.22 2535.66 2535.98 2537.92 2541.11 2542.92 2543.45 2548.75 2551.85 2553.27 2556.57 2556.89 2558.59 2559.41 2563.65 2565.22 2572.76 2575.51 2576.10 2584.31 2588.97 2589.71 2592.94 2593.73 2595.76 2598.90 2602.72 2603.72 2605.69 2610.20 2618.14 2622.90 2624.04 2624.80 2625.58 2632.35 2638.17 2639.84 2650.99 2655.91 2666.77 2667.03 2672.59 2673.37 2674.43 2680.34 2680.68 2681.25 2684.55 2685.94 2688.25

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Manganese—Mercury 198 Intensity 27 55 27 85 50 160 100 130 80 110 45 80 110 30 30 30 50 30 30 55 6200 5100 220 3700 110 60 30 60 30 80 70 160 55 50 80 140 h 190 h 1100 1500 250 h 1900 30 55 30 330 120 200 30 250 140 170 170 160 140 h 220 1000 300 850 330 650 100 310 310 220 180 180

Wavelength/Å 2693.19 2695.36 2698.97 2701.00 2701.17 2701.70 2703.98 2705.74 2707.53 2708.45 2709.96 2710.33 2711.58 2716.80 2717.53 2719.01 2719.74 2722.10 2724.46 2728.61 2794.82 2798.27 2799.84 2801.06 2809.11 2815.02 2816.33 2870.08 2872.94 2879.49 2886.68 2889.58 2892.39 2898.70 2900.16 2914.60 2925.57 2933.06 2939.30 2940.39 2949.20 3019.92 3031.06 3035.35 3044.57 3045.59 3047.04 3050.65 3054.36 3062.12 3066.02 3070.27 3073.13 3178.50 3212.88 3228.09 3230.72 3236.78 3243.78 3248.52 3251.14 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.23 3264.71

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 200 720 50 360 360 h 290 180 140 50 100 360 1100 1300 1100 390 2200 720 1400 720 290 150 420 420 360 290 220 140 100 280 180 210 130 130 260 110 3200 700 2100 390 200 480 1300 350 670 350 120 130 150 190 150 1500 150 27000 19000 11000 1500 5600 210 d 1100 150 1900 210 1100 150 730

Wavelength/Å 3330.78 3441.99 3460.03 3460.33 3474.04 3474.13 3482.91 3488.68 3495.84 3496.81 3497.54 3531.85 3532.12 3547.80 3548.03 3548.20 3569.49 3569.80 3577.88 3586.54 3595.12 3601.72 3607.54 3608.49 3610.30 3619.28 3623.79 3629.74 3660.40 3693.67 3696.57 3706.08 3718.93 3731.93 3790.22 3800.55 3806.72 3809.59 3823.51 3823.89 3829.68 3833.86 3834.36 3839.78 3841.08 3843.98 3926.47 3982.58 3985.24 3986.83 3987.10 4018.10 4026.44 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4035.73 4041.36 4045.13 4048.76 4055.21 4055.54 4057.95 4058.93 4059.39 4061.74

Intensity 730 290 730 730 1100 1100 200 150 120 150 120 370 510 190 290 290 270 50 350 210 800 160 130 160 110 210 270 150 510 290 200 130 170 240 240 160 180 130 1000 180 750 300 500 940 1000 19 30 200 150 60 50 50 85 160 19 95 95 50 95 35 85 35 150 12 60 200

II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-42

Wavelength/Å 4063.53 4070.28 4079.24 4079.42 4082.94 4083.63 4110.90 4131.12 4135.04 4176.60 4189.99 4235.14 4235.29 4239.72 4257.66 4265.92 4281.10 4323.63 4414.88 4436.35 4451.59 4453.00 4455.01 4455.32 4455.82 4457.55 4458.26 4461.08 4462.02 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4709.72 4727.48 4739.11 4754.04 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.42 4823.52 5004.91 5074.79 5079.20 5100.03 5117.94 5150.89 5196.59 5255.32 5341.06 5349.88 5377.63 5394.67 5399.49 5407.42 5413.69 5420.36 5432.55 5454.07 5457.47 5470.64 5474.68

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I III

Intensity 40 30 50 40 21 200 140 200 290 200 17 24 14 h 12 14 12 24 h 35 h 50 12 12 h 12 h 17 h 30 h

80 8 100 5 20 10 1000 60 20 20 100 20 40 20 20 15 40 30 40 90 15000 25 25 250 400 100 50 80 20 40 30 750 50 150 150 60 1200 300 120 30

Wavelength/Å 5481.40 5505.87 5516.77 5537.76 5551.98 5946.65 6013.50 6016.64 6021.80 6231.21 6440.97 6491.71 6942.52 6989.96 7069.84 7184.25 7283.82 7302.89 7326.51 7680.20 8672.06 8701.05 8703.76 8740.93 Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 1250.564 1259.242 1268.825 1307.751 1402.619 1435.503 1849.492 2262.210 2302.065 2345.440 2378.325 2380.004 2399.349 2399.729 2446.900 2464.064 2481.999 2482.713 2483.821 2534.769 2536.506 2563.861 2576.290 2652.043 2653.683 2655.130 2698.831 2752.783 2759.710 2803.471 2804.438 2847.675 2856.939 2893.598 2916.227 2925.413 2967.283 3021.500 3023.476 3025.608

I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Mecury 198—Mercury Intensity 50 400 320 320 80 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 20 60 200 1800 150 40 250 400 4000 80 1100 160 240 280 20 30 160 250 240

3 2 2 1 400 300 150 200 100 50 1 2 5 800 2 80 8 100 5 300 400 400 80 200 20 200 10 15 120 20 150 50 200

Wavelength/Å 3027.490 3125.670 3131.551 3131.842 3341.481 3650.157 3654.839 3662.883 3663.281 3701.432 3704.170 3801.660 3901.867 3906.372 3983.839 4046.572 4077.838 4108.057 4339.224 4347.496 4358.337 4916.068 5460.753 5675.922 5769.598 5790.663 6072.713 6234.402 6716.429 6907.461 11287.407 Mercury Hg Z = 80 621.44 679.68 878.59 886.48 893.08 915.83 923.39 940.80 962.74 969.13 988.89 1009.29 1068.03 1099.26 1161.95 1250.58 1259.24 1268.82 1307.75 1307.93 1321.71 1331.74 1350.07 1361.27 1402.62 1414.43 1435.51 1619.46 1623.95 1628.25 1649.94 1653.64 1672.41

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III II II II II II II III III III II III I I I I II II II II II I II I II II II II II II

Intensity 9 100 100 120 250 15 20 40 30 200 60 30 40 400 5 1000 160 300 200 1 20 30 300 100 200 150 90 90 70 5 60 20 7 15 5 20 20 100 20 4 40 20 10 60 50 8 5 20 15 5 40 30 40 7 90 15000 25 25 5 2 4 15 5 250 400 100

Wavelength/Å 1681.40 1702.73 1707.40 1727.18 1732.14 1759.75 1775.68 1783.70 1796.22 1796.90 1798.74 1803.89 1808.29 1820.34 1832.74 1849.50 1869.23 1870.55 1875.54 1894.77 1900.28 1927.60 1942.27 1972.94 1973.89 1987.98 2026.97 2052.93 2148.00 2247.55 2262.23 2302.06 2314.15 2323.20 2340.57 2345.43 2352.48 2378.32 2380.00 2380.55 2399.38 2399.73 2400.49 2407.35 2414.13 2431.65 2441.06 2446.90 2464.06 2480.56 2482.00 2482.72 2483.82 2484.50 2534.77 2536.52 2563.86 2576.29 2578.91 2612.92 2617.97 2625.19 2639.78 2652.04 2653.69 2655.13

Intensity 3 5 50 50 80 70 80 20 6 40 30 2 2 150 3 750 50 150 150 60 150 400 1200 300 120 30 50 15 400 320 320 400 400 5 12 80 100 8 5 400 3 4 200 5 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 15 100 20 60 100 200 1800 150 40 70 10 100 250 400 4000

III II II II II III I II II II II II II II I I II II II III II II II II II II II II II I II I III I I I I I I III I I I II II III I I I III I I I III I I I I I III III I I I I I

10-43

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2670.49 2674.91 2698.83 2699.38 2705.36 2724.43 2752.78 2759.71 2769.22 2803.46 2804.43 2805.34 2806.77 2814.93 2844.76 2847.68 2856.94 2893.60 2916.27 2925.41 2935.94 2947.08 2967.28 3021.50 3023.47 3025.61 3027.49 3090.05 3125.67 3131.55 3131.84 3208.20 3264.06 3283.02 3312.28 3341.48 3385.25 3389.01 3450.77 3451.69 3500.35 3538.88 3549.42 3557.24 3650.15 3654.84 3662.88 3663.28 3701.44 3704.17 3801.66 3803.51 3806.38 3901.87 3906.37 3918.92 3983.96 4046.56 4077.83 4108.05 4122.07 4140.34 4216.74 4339.22 4347.49 4358.33

III I I I II III I I III I I I I II III II I I II I II II I I I I I III I I I II II III III I II III III II III III II III I I I I I I I III II I I II II I I I III III III I I I

Intensity 100 15 12 90 50 80 10 5 5 80 5 80 5 20 40 100 20 30 20 5 60 30 1100 30 160 6 240 100 280 140 60 60 20 20 1000 25 30 35 40 80 10 6 30 160 250 250 200 40 100 12 20 7 100 25 50 5 2000 240 120 140 60 80 500 450 200 500

Wavelength/Å 4398.62 4470.58 4552.84 4660.28 4797.01 4855.72 4869.85 4883.00 4889.91 4916.07 4970.37 4973.57 4980.64 5102.70 5120.64 5128.45 5137.94 5210.82 5290.74 5316.78 5354.05 5384.63 5460.74 5549.63 5675.86 5695.71 5769.60 5789.66 5790.66 5803.78 5859.25 5871.73 5871.98 6072.72 6149.50 6220.35 6234.40 6418.98 6501.38 6521.13 6584.26 6610.12 6709.29 6716.43 6907.52 7081.90 7091.86 7346.37 7485.87 7517.46 7728.82 7808.10 7944.66 7946.75 7984.51 8151.64 10139.75 11287.40 13209.95 13426.57 13468.38 13505.58 13570.21 13673.51 13950.55 15295.82

II III III II III II III I I I I III I I I II I III I I I I I I I III I I I I I II I I II III I III III II III III III I I I I II II III I III II III III III I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Mercury—Molybdenum Intensity 100 400 300 500 400 20 20 20 70 30 50 40 250

50 100 60 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 150 150 100 80 100 80 70 19000 40000 21000 17000 50 4800 2400 2200 4000 2700 1500 1400 100 100 400 150 200 160 160 150 110 190 100 110 140 120 85

Wavelength/Å 16881.48 16920.16 16942.00 17072.79 17109.93 17116.75 17198.67 17213.20 17329.41 17436.18 18130.38 19700.17 22493.28 23253.07 32148.06 36303.03 Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 867.92 884.19 886.05 891.74 1169.33 1254.93 1258.52 1262.21 1263.74 1274.37 1276.40 1277.40 1277.58 1278.40 1281.90 1283.60 1854.73 1926.26 1929.24 1971.06 2010.92 2015.11 2020.30 2038.44 2045.98 2060.38 2081.68 2089.52 2092.50 2093.11 2100.84 2104.29 2108.02 2184.37 2211.02 2269.69 2269.71 2294.97 2304.25 2306.97 2330.93 2332.12 2341.59 2359.76 2389.20 2403.61 2413.01 2498.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II III III II III III II II III II II III II II II II

Intensity 200 440 330 80 85 250 250 400 440 330 720 410 600 370 640 480 560 h 640 720 250 1000 95 640 880 560 480 190 290 85 140 80 330 160 80 h 290 110 220 240 160 190 1700 65 880 400 100 400 1700 220 80 80 80 160 1700 370 370 220 1700 85 220 65 1300 95 190 950 140 70

Wavelength/Å 2506.19 2538.46 2542.67 2558.88 2564.34 2593.70 2602.80 2616.78 2629.85 2636.67 2638.76 2640.99 2644.35 2646.49 2649.46 2653.35 2655.03 2660.58 2672.84 2673.27 2679.85 2681.36 2683.23 2684.14 2687.99 2701.42 2713.51 2717.35 2726.97 2729.68 2730.20 2732.88 2736.96 2737.88 2746.30 2756.07 2763.62 2769.76 2773.78 2774.39 2775.40 2777.86 2780.04 2784.99 2807.74 2807.76 2816.15 2817.44 2827.74 2834.39 2835.33 2842.15 2848.23 2853.23 2863.81 2866.69 2871.51 2872.88 2879.05 2888.15 2890.99 2891.28 2892.81 2894.45 2897.63 2900.80

Intensity 290 80 600 1100 120 1300 140 1100 800 95 110 150 140 95 125 95 240 70 95 250 210 70 250 80 95 95 100 800 250 800 85 800 270 190 560 560 1400 290 14000 110 220 55 6000 8700 95 160 120 d 7600 880 3000 560 880 600 1100 950 65 950 480 800 200 1100 950 190 100 190 640

III II II II II II II I I II II I II II I II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-44

Wavelength/Å 2903.07 2907.12 2909.12 2911.92 2918.83 2923.39 2924.32 2930.50 2934.30 2940.10 2941.22 2944.82 2946.69 2947.28 2947.32 2955.84 2956.06 2956.90 2960.24 2963.79 2965.27 2971.91 2972.61 2975.40 2992.84 3027.77 3060.78 3064.28 3065.04 3074.37 3077.66 3085.62 3087.62 3092.07 3094.66 3101.34 3112.12 3122.00 3132.59 3138.72 3152.82 3155.64 3158.16 3170.35 3172.03 3172.74 3187.59 3193.97 3205.88 3208.83 3215.07 3228.22 3229.79 3233.14 3237.08 3240.71 3256.21 3264.40 3270.90 3271.69 3289.02 3290.82 3292.31 3313.62 3320.90 3323.95

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I I I I I I I II I I I III I I II II II I

Intensity 1300 95 1600 950 950 1900 130 640 1300 640 130 3200 640 950 640 800 560 480 640 520 400 1400 1400 1000 400 540 590 1300 65 180 1400 500 80 29000 520 940 1700 29000 580 580 19000 65 1400 2300 1300 940 730 630 2900 480 2500 1500 890 1200 1400 680 890 840 1900 2500 990 480 630 400 460 640

Wavelength/Å 3344.75 3346.40 3358.12 3363.78 3379.97 3384.62 3395.36 3404.34 3405.94 3437.22 3446.08 3447.12 3449.07 3456.39 3460.78 3504.41 3508.12 3521.41 3537.28 3558.10 3563.14 3581.89 3624.46 3635.43 3657.35 3664.81 3672.82 3680.60 3688.31 3692.64 3694.94 3727.69 3744.37 3798.25 3826.70 3828.87 3833.75 3864.11 3869.08 3886.82 3902.96 3941.48 4062.08 4069.88 4081.44 4084.38 4107.47 4120.10 4143.55 4185.82 4188.32 4232.59 4276.91 4277.24 4288.64 4292.13 4293.21 4326.14 4381.64 4411.57 4434.95 4457.36 4474.56 4536.80 4626.47 4707.26

I II I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Molybdenum—Neodymium Intensity 700 770 410 410 180 80 65 100 50 200 100 100 130 130 80 150 110 80 100 160 d 230 h 160 h 110 50 50 80 65 100 460 h 230 h 110 h 100 150 65 65 210 55 55 55 80 65 560 hl 110 hl 65 50 55 65 50 7800 5200 50 55 2500 100 330 50 230 55 460 80 210 620 520 55 h 50 h 520

Wavelength/Å 4731.44 4760.19 4819.25 4830.51 5014.60 5029.00 5030.78 5047.71 5055.00 5059.88 5080.02 5096.65 5097.52 5109.71 5114.97 5145.38 5147.39 5163.19 5167.76 5171.08 5172.94 5174.18 5200.17 5200.74 5211.86 5219.40 5231.06 5234.26 5238.20 5240.88 5242.81 5245.51 5259.04 5261.14 5279.65 5280.86 5292.08 5295.47 5313.89 5354.88 5356.48 5360.56 5364.28 5394.52 5400.47 5435.68 5437.75 5501.54 5506.49 5533.05 5543.12 5556.28 5570.45 5610.93 5632.47 5634.86 5650.13 5674.47 5689.14 5705.72 5722.74 5751.40 5791.85 5849.73 5851.52 5858.27

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 50 820 50 h 160 h 35 1300 40 40 35 100 230 50 110 50 35 40 35 110 150 40 40 140 27 40 h 45 h 45 h

Wavelength/Å

5869.33 5888.33 5893.38 5928.88 6025.49 6030.66 6101.87 6357.22 6401.07 6424.37 6619.13 6650.38 6733.98 6746.27 6753.97 6838.88 6914.01 7109.87 7242.50 7245.85 7391.36 7485.74 7720.77 8328.44 8389.32 8483.39 Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 80 2993.20 95 3007.97 95 3014.19 95 3018.35 140 3056.71 130 3069.73 160 3075.38 240 3092.92 260 3115.18 290 3133.60 220 3134.90 170 3141.46 170 3142.44 150 3203.47 220 3259.24 220 3265.12 320 3275.22 290 3285.10 410 3328.28 320 3353.59 410 3560.75 470 3587.51 370 3615.82 410 3653.15 470 3662.26 540 3665.18 540 3672.36 580 3673.54 1200 3685.80 440 3687.30 410 3689.69 410 3697.56 470 3713.70 640 d 3714.73 470 3715.68 410 3718.54 410 3721.35

Intensity 780 410 710 470 1000 d 440 1000 580 510 930 930 510 1400 710 580 510 2400 370 1200 2500 470 540 440 580 710 410 1200 540 440 510 740 1700 410 d 1700 d 1500 470 2400 d 3700 d 850 470 1100 1000 780 1200 540 1300 1300 1300 580 470 810 440 2000 1300 1700 510 2000 850 440 610 1100 510 610 410 510 2000

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-45

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3723.50 3724.87 3728.13 3730.58 3735.54 3737.10 3738.06 3752.49 3757.82 3758.95 3763.47 3769.65 3775.50 3779.47 3780.40 3781.32 3784.25 3801.12 3803.47 3805.36 3807.23 3808.77 3809.06 3810.49 3814.73 3822.47 3826.42 3828.85 3829.16 3830.47 3836.54 3838.98 3841.82 3848.24 3848.52 3850.22 3851.66 3863.33 3869.07 3875.87 3878.58 3879.55 3880.38 3880.78 3887.87 3889.93 3890.58 3890.94 3891.51 3892.06 3894.63 3897.63 3900.21 3901.84 3905.89 3907.84 3911.16 3912.23 3915.13 3915.95 3920.96 3927.10 3934.82 3936.11 3938.86 3941.51

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 2000 810 590 510 1400 1100 740 740 740 470 1400 1000 1100 410 540 410 3700 540 1000 1000 1000 1200 410 1200 3000 410 410 850 850 4700 1100 710 470 470 1400 2500 510 410 470 510 3000 510 410 810 2400 640 470 470 440 1300 2000 850 410 470 710 5400 470 1100 510 540 680 850 470 d 710 540 510

Wavelength/Å 3951.16 3952.20 3958.00 3962.21 3963.12 3973.30 3973.69 3976.85 3979.49 3986.25 3990.10 3991.74 3994.68 4000.50 4004.02 4007.43 4012.25 4012.70 4020.87 4021.34 4021.78 4023.00 4030.47 4031.82 4040.80 4043.59 4048.81 4051.15 4059.96 4061.09 4069.28 4075.12 4075.28 4080.23 4109.08 4109.46 4110.48 4123.88 4133.36 4135.33 4156.08 4156.26 4168.00 4175.61 4177.32 4179.59 4205.60 4211.29 4227.73 4232.38 4247.38 4252.44 4261.84 4282.44 4284.52 4303.58 4314.52 4325.76 4327.93 4338.70 4351.29 4358.17 4374.93 4385.66 4400.83 4411.06

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Neodymium—Neon Intensity 580 1400 740 410 250 340 340 340 300 510 340 250 300 310 470 240 240 350 280 350 220 240 280 210 330 470 260 290 290 250 360 360 360 340 680 500 630 330 310 450 250 720 360 590 680 220 500 290 160 240 220 140 d 220 130 160 100 160 80 70 80 55 45 45 55 45 45

Wavelength/Å 4446.39 4451.57 4462.99 4501.82 4516.36 4541.27 4542.61 4563.22 4621.94 4634.24 4641.10 4645.77 4649.67 4683.45 4706.54 4719.02 4811.34 4825.48 4859.02 4883.81 4890.70 4891.07 4896.93 4901.84 4920.68 4924.53 4944.83 4954.78 4959.13 4989.94 5076.59 5092.80 5107.59 5123.79 5130.60 5191.45 5192.62 5200.12 5212.37 5234.20 5239.79 5249.59 5255.51 5273.43 5293.17 5311.46 5319.82 5361.47 5431.53 5594.43 5620.54 5675.97 5688.53 5702.24 5708.28 5729.29 5804.02 5811.57 5825.87 5842.39 5858.91 6007.67 6034.24 6066.03 6178.59 6223.39

II II II II II II II II I I I II I I II I II II II I II I I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II I I II I I I

Intensity 55 65 45 45 40 40 35 40 29 24 20 15 12 10 10 12 17 12 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 10 12 17

66 200 66 45 50 150 150 100 100 150 100 150 150 66 120 15 15 45 15 15 100 100 80 500 80 150 100

Wavelength/Å 6310.49 6385.20 6630.14 6650.57 6740.11 6900.43 7037.30 7066.89 7129.35 7189.42 7192.01 7236.54 7316.81 7406.62 7418.18 7511.16 7513.73 7528.99 7538.26 7696.56 7750.95 7808.47 7863.04 7917.01 7958.95 7965.73 7982.09 7982.68 8000.76 8120.93 8122.07 8141.75 8143.27 8231.52 8307.72 8346.36 8839.10 Neon Ne Z = 10 119.01 122.52 125.12 131.99 132.04 140.76 140.79 142.44 142.50 142.72 143.27 143.34 147.13 151.23 151.42 151.82 152.23 154.50 158.65 158.82 164.02 164.14 172.62 173.93 177.16 186.58 194.28

Intensity 100 100 80 150 140 120 140 120 20 20 20 40 40 20 40 160 110 40 220 220 220 40 90 60 50 400 500 200 500 90 60 1000 220 125 100 150 120 800 150 200 300 250 180 150 200 10 120 90 1000 500 140 200 180 140 250 150 250 500 285 220 450 70 220 360 120 140

I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV

10-46

Wavelength/Å 208.48 208.73 208.90 212.56 223.24 223.60 234.32 234.70 251.14 251.56 251.73 267.06 267.52 267.71 283.18 283.21 283.69 283.89 301.12 313.05 313.68 313.95 352.956 354.962 357.83 357.96 358.47 358.72 359.38 361.433 362.455 365.59 379.31 387.14 388.22 405.854 407.138 416.20 421.61 445.040 446.256 446.590 447.815 454.654 455.274 456.275 456.348 456.896 460.728 462.391 469.77 469.82 469.87 469.92 480.41 481.28 481.36 482.99 488.10 488.87 489.50 489.64 490.31 491.05 521.74 521.82

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I IV V V IV V II II V III IV IV II II V IV II II II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV V V V V III III III III III III IV IV

Intensity 80 100 150 400 250 500 250 800 35 35 35 70 100 75 35 70 170 170 170 120 200 200 1000 400 60 70 90 100 90 20 110 160 90 90 90 120 180 100 100 200 500 300 200 100 c 80 65 110 80 150 200 300 240 400 180 120 200 300 200 30 200 200 240 300 10 75 110

Wavelength/Å 541.13 542.07 543.89 568.42 569.76 569.83 572.11 572.34 587.213 589.179 589.911 591.830 595.920 598.706 598.891 600.036 602.726 615.628 618.672 619.102 626.823 629.739 735.896 743.720 993.88 1068.65 1131.72 1131.85 1229.83 1255.03 1255.68 1257.19 1418.38 1428.58 1436.09 1681.68 1688.36 1888.11 1889.71 1907.49 1916.08 1930.03 1938.83 1945.46 2007.01 2018.44 2022.19 2025.56 2085.47 2086.96 2089.43 2092.44 2095.54 2096.11 2096.25 2161.22 2163.77 2180.89 2203.88 2209.35 2211.85 2213.76 2216.07 2220.81 2227.42 2232.41

IV IV IV V V V V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I III III III I I I II II II II II II II II II II IV IV II II III III III III II II III III III IV III III III III IV V V

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Neon Intensity 65 250 65 175 240 65 110 200 250 550 30 250 250 450 700 250 250 110 350 65 350 300 240 200 200 80 p 90 w 800 600 400 300 240 200 80 80 90 w 80 200 200 80 600 500 80 90 80 100 80 80 90 90 80 80 80 80 w 80 90 150 150 150 100 15 100 12 150 120 p 300

Wavelength/Å 2245.48 2258.02 2259.57 2262.08 2263.21 2263.39 2264.54 2264.91 2265.71 2285.79 2293.14 2293.49 2350.84 2352.52 2357.96 2362.68 2363.28 2365.49 2372.16 2384.20 2384.95 2412.73 2412.94 2413.78 2473.40 2562.12 2567.12 2590.04 2593.60 2595.68 2610.03 2613.41 2615.87 2623.11 2629.89 2636.07 2638.29 2638.70 2641.07 2644.10 2677.90 2678.64 2762.92 2792.02 2794.22 2809.48 2906.59 2906.82 2910.06 2910.41 2911.14 2915.12 2925.62 2932.10 2940.65 2946.04 2955.72 2963.24 2967.18 2973.10 2974.72 2979.46 2982.67 3001.67 3017.31 3027.02

V IV V IV III V IV III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III II II III III III III III III II II II II III III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II

Intensity 300 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 10 300 100 100 p 100 100 100 120 500 60 120 120 150 150 120 120 200 120 120 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 300 1000 150 100 200 150 300 150 200 120 200 120 100 120 12

Wavelength/Å 3028.86 3030.79 3034.46 3035.92 3037.72 3039.59 3044.09 3045.56 3047.56 3054.34 3054.68 3059.11 3062.49 3063.30 3070.89 3071.53 3075.73 3088.17 3092.09 3092.90 3094.01 3095.10 3097.13 3117.98 3118.16 3126.199 3141.33 3143.72 3148.68 3164.43 3165.65 3188.74 3194.58 3198.59 3208.96 3209.36 3213.74 3214.33 3218.19 3224.82 3229.57 3230.07 3230.42 3232.02 3232.37 3243.40 3244.10 3248.34 3250.36 3297.73 3309.74 3319.72 3323.74 3327.15 3329.16 3334.84 3344.40 3345.45 3345.83 3355.02 3357.82 3360.60 3362.16 3362.71 3367.22 3369.808

Intensity 40 100 500 150 120 300 100 120 100 120 120 50 15 120 60 50 100 100 25 30 30 60 150 200 200 25 30 25 150 120 120 100 250 100 200 50 30 15 20 150 200 20 12 200 10 150 250 250 800 1000 100 120 150 100 120 120 70 150 100 200 150 150 100 100 100 p 100 p

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

10-47

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3369.908 3371.80 3378.22 3388.42 3388.94 3392.80 3404.82 3406.95 3413.15 3416.91 3417.69 3417.904 3418.006 3428.69 3447.703 3454.195 3456.61 3459.32 3460.524 3464.339 3466.579 3472.571 3479.52 3480.72 3481.93 3498.064 3501.216 3515.191 3520.472 3542.85 3557.80 3561.20 3568.50 3574.18 3574.61 3593.526 3593.640 3600.169 3633.665 3643.93 3664.07 3682.243 3685.736 3694.21 3701.225 3709.62 3713.08 3727.11 3766.26 3777.13 3818.43 3829.75 4219.74 4233.85 4250.65 4369.86 4379.40 4379.55 4385.06 4391.99 4397.99 4409.30 4413.22 4421.39 4428.52 4428.63

I II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II II I I I I II II II I I I I II II II II II II I I I I II II I I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 150 p 150 p 120 100 10 10 100 15 12 10 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 4 10 10 25 20 8 60 5 10 5 12 80 12 40 500 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 120 80 100 100 80 60 100 120 250 150 150 60 100 120 200 150 60 150 70 90 20 100 90 100 50 80 100

Wavelength/Å 4430.90 4430.94 4457.05 4522.72 4537.754 4540.380 4569.06 4704.395 4708.862 4710.067 4712.066 4715.347 4752.732 4788.927 4790.22 4827.344 4884.917 5005.159 5037.751 5144.938 5330.778 5341.094 5343.283 5400.562 5562.766 5656.659 5719.225 5748.298 5764.419 5804.450 5820.156 5852.488 5872.828 5881.895 5902.462 5906.429 5944.834 5965.471 5974.627 5975.534 5987.907 6029.997 6074.338 6096.163 6128.450 6143.063 6163.594 6182.146 6217.281 6266.495 6304.789 6334.428 6382.992 6402.246 6506.528 6532.882 6598.953 6652.093 6678.276 6717.043 6929.467 7024.050 7032.413 7051.292 7059.107 7173.938

II II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Neon—Nickel Intensity 150 150 100 150 40 90 100 150 80 60 100 120 300 120 400 700 2000 2000 100 1000 600 3000 2500 100 2500 800 6000 100 1500 100 8000 1000 4000 1500 800 5000 600 1000 4000 6000 3000 15000 4000 100 5000 5000 2000 4000 12000 10000 500 7000 1000 1000 3000 2000 100 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 1000 200 6000 1500

Wavelength/Å 7213.20 7235.19 7245.167 7343.94 7472.439 7488.871 7492.10 7522.82 7535.774 7544.044 7724.628 7740.74 7839.055 7926.20 7927.118 7936.996 7943.181 8082.458 8084.34 8118.549 8128.911 8136.406 8259.379 8264.81 8266.077 8267.117 8300.326 8315.00 8365.749 8372.11 8377.606 8417.159 8418.427 8463.358 8484.444 8495.360 8544.696 8571.352 8591.259 8634.647 8647.041 8654.383 8655.522 8668.26 8679.492 8681.921 8704.112 8771.656 8780.621 8783.753 8830.907 8853.867 8865.306 8865.755 8919.501 8988.57 9079.46 9148.67 9201.76 9220.06 9221.58 9226.69 9275.52 9287.56 9300.85 9310.58

II II I II I I II II I I I II I II I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I

Intensity 3000 6000 2000 5000 3000 5000 5000 3000 120 1000 100 800 2000 1500 2000 3000 3500 1600 1100 3000 1500 950 500 1200 300 2000 1500 500 1000 3000 800 1000 1100 700 800 400 400 1000 350 250 2500 2000 1200 250 1200 2000 1000 1200 300 400 900 1600 350 550 1200 750 300 350 2250 400 600 1000 1050 850 3500 300

Wavelength/Å 9313.97 9326.51 9373.31 9425.38 9459.21 9486.68 9534.16 9547.40 9577.01 9665.42 9808.86 10295.42 10562.41 10798.07 10844.48 11143.020 11177.528 11390.434 11409.134 11522.746 11525.020 11536.344 11601.537 11614.081 11688.002 11766.792 11789.044 11789.889 11984.912 12066.334 12459.389 12689.201 12912.014 13219.241 15230.714 17161.930 18035.80 18083.21 18221.11 18227.02 18276.68 18282.62 18303.97 18359.12 18384.85 18389.95 18402.84 18422.39 18458.65 18475.79 18591.55 18597.70 18618.96 18625.16 21041.295 21708.145 22247.35 22428.13 22530.40 22661.81 23100.51 23260.30 23373.00 23565.36 23636.52 23701.64

Intensity 1100 1800 600 1000 200 500 600 1500 800 400 700 300 550 250 650 125 150 250 450 1300 2200 600 100 120

I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

300 300 h 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 300 h 1000 s 300 l 3000 s 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l

10-48

Wavelength/Å 23709.2 23951.42 23956.46 23978.12 24098.54 24161.42 24249.64 24365.05 24371.60 24447.85 24459.4 24776.46 24928.88 25161.69 25524.37 28386.21 30200. 33173.09 33352.35 33901. 33912.10 34131.31 34471.44 35834.78 Neptunium Np Z = 93 3481.93 3501.50 3986.89 5044.66 5601.70 5652.75 5784.39 5878.04 6011.22 6056.09 6073.90 6080.05 6120.49 6188.59 6200.00 6215.90 6317.84 6341.38 6566.11 6720.68 6751.32 6795.21 6802.62 6805.81 6816.44 6865.45 6907.13 6912.91 6930.31 6963.63 6972.09 7014.02 7018.91 7039.14 7080.01 7174.83 7184.93 7284.28 7292.29 7332.52

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 300 s 300 s 1000 l 300 l 1000 l 300 s 300 1000 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 h 300 s 300 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 1000 l 300 300 l 3000 3000 1000 s 1000 s 1000 1000 s 1000 l 10000 l 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l

55 56 72 76 68 500 500 300

Wavelength/Å 7370.60 7381.03 7381.65 7402.70 7512.22 7515.15 7546.05 7624.83 7626.85 7681.01 7685.25 7735.14 7761.61 7765.75 7776.07 7787.46 7791.38 7851.44 7887.88 7901.71 7975.98 8080.32 8124.59 8155.11 8167.42 8183.06 8188.61 8247.82 8287.11 8287.75 8306.22 8313.66 8339.12 8356.79 8367.11 8372.88 8529.96 8696.23 8906.02 8942.70 9004.75 9006.31 9016.18 9141.30 9379.33 9468.66 9679.13 9930.55 10091.99 10817.45 11695.15 11776.64 12148.18 12377.42 12407.99 13834.33 Nickel Ni Z = 28 315.24 315.71 354.18 354.42 354.49 630.71 676.94 713.33

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V III III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Nickel—Niobium Intensity 300 500 300 500 400 300 300 300 300 400 500 300 500 500 500 400 300 300 300 300 300 300 400 500 76 74 70 73 76 73 72 75 74 74 76 73 75 74 300 300 400 1000 800 650 500 400 500 300 1000 300 550 300 400 800 500 2000 400 300 300 800 400 650 800 300 1000 2000

Wavelength/Å 713.38 718.48 722.09 729.82 731.70 732.16 747.99 750.05 757.80 770.22 778.81 788.04 811.57 826.14 842.14 845.24 847.43 860.64 862.88 863.22 867.51 973.79 979.59 1317.22 1398.19 1411.45 1438.82 1449.01 1452.22 1482.25 1489.83 1525.31 1527.68 1527.80 1534.71 1537.25 1543.41 1546.23 1604.54 1652.87 1687.90 1692.51 1709.90 1715.30 1719.46 1722.28 1738.25 1739.78 1741.55 1741.96 1747.01 1752.43 1753.01 1764.69 1767.94 1769.64 1776.07 1807.24 1819.28 1823.06 1830.01 1847.28 1854.15 1858.75 2165.55 2169.10

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II

Intensity 2000 1500 2500 3000 5000 4000 6000 1000 2000 1600 630 1000 2000 1700 1400 1400 1000 1400 2600 1900 1400 940 1200 400 1000 240 1000 2000 240 160 150 250 500 570 500 1000 4000 2200 3700 1700 3500 1500 1900 500 2600 1300 2900 1100 600 660 2000 2900 3300 1300 3300 8200 1600 2600 990 4800 1300 5000 5000 1600 550 5500

Wavelength/Å 2174.67 2175.15 2185.50 2192.09 2205.55 2206.72 2216.48 2264.46 2270.21 2289.98 2300.78 2303.00 2310.96 2312.34 2313.66 2313.98 2316.04 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2347.52 2375.42 2386.58 2394.52 2416.13 2419.31 2472.06 2798.65 2821.29 2943.91 2981.65 2992.60 2994.46 3002.49 3003.63 3012.00 3037.94 3050.82 3054.32 3057.64 3064.62 3101.55 3101.88 3134.11 3232.96 3243.06 3315.66 3331.88 3369.57 3380.57 3391.05 3392.99 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3437.28 3446.26 3452.89 3458.47 3461.65 3472.54 3483.77 3492.96

Intensity 660 2600 6600 660 8200 5000 990 1300 1300 530 6600 200 130 180 260 160 80 120 150 60 600 700 700 110 1200 110 110 85 55 65 75 110 45 45 40 45 45 50 100 100 65 40 h 40 h 180 23 16 10 10 10 10 10 13 16 22 10 26 16 16 23 13 19 23 16 19 19 10

II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-49

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3500.85 3510.34 3515.05 3519.77 3524.54 3566.37 3571.87 3597.70 3610.46 3612.74 3619.39 3664.10 3669.24 3670.43 3674.15 3688.42 3693.93 3722.48 3736.81 3739.23 3775.57 3783.53 3807.14 3831.69 3858.30 3973.56 4401.55 4459.04 4470.48 4605.00 4648.66 4714.42 4786.54 4855.41 4904.41 4980.16 4984.13 5017.59 5035.37 5080.52 5081.11 5146.48 5155.76 5476.91 5709.56 5754.68 5857.76 5892.88 6108.12 6176.81 6191.18 6256.36 6643.64 6767.77 6914.56 7122.20 7393.60 7409.35 7422.28 7522.76 7555.60 7617.00 7714.32 7727.61 7748.89 7788.94

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 13 1000 700 9 500 w

80 80 80 80 60 400 500 500 100 150 100 60 80 80 80 100 80 100 80 80 100 60 80 60 100 100 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 60 3300 65 3000 2000 1700 1100 80 h 1500 80 100 80 100 80 100 370 280 100 100 80 90 80

Wavelength/Å 7797.59 8096.75 8121.48 8862.55 9900.92 Niobium Nb Z = 41 464.55 468.32 763.77 774.02 993.54 1005.72 1007.05 1010.19 1116.08 1120.02 1258.87 1314.56 1445.43 1445.98 1447.09 1456.68 1484.73 1495.94 1498.02 1499.45 1501.99 1502.30 1513.81 1524.36 1524.91 1590.21 1598.86 1604.72 1639.51 1682.77 1705.44 1707.14 1758.33 1877.34 1892.92 1922.41 1938.84 1978.22 2029.32 2032.53 2032.99 2109.42 2125.21 2126.54 2130.24 2131.18 2273.92 2275.23 2279.36 2281.51 2284.40 2290.36 2295.68 2302.08 2313.30 2338.09 2344.12 2349.21 2355.54

I II II I II

V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III IV III IV III III III III III III III III V V III IV III IV II IV II II II II III II III III III III III III II II III III III III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Niobium Intensity 100 80 80 100 170 110 100 140 80 45 160 80 55 55 140 100 160 140 100 75 40 45 40 28 65 65 100 55 65 80 80 110 65 65 35 100 110 110 390 100 110 130 80 130 110 390 390 80 80 200 320 330 330 310 80 110 110 110 400 200 200 160 1000 320 320 150

Wavelength/Å 2362.06 2362.50 2365.70 2372.73 2376.40 2387.09 2387.41 2387.52 2388.23 2388.27 2398.48 2404.89 2405.34 2405.85 2412.46 2413.94 2416.99 2418.69 2421.91 2433.80 2435.95 2437.42 2442.14 2442.68 2451.87 2453.95 2456.99 2458.09 2462.89 2468.72 2475.87 2477.38 2478.29 2479.94 2483.88 2499.73 2511.00 2521.40 2544.80 2545.64 2551.38 2556.94 2557.94 2562.41 2571.33 2583.99 2590.94 2598.86 2633.17 2642.24 2646.26 2647.50 2654.45 2656.08 2657.99 2665.25 2666.59 2667.30 2671.93 2673.57 2675.94 2691.77 2697.06 2698.86 2702.20 2702.52

III III III III II II III II III II II III II II II III II II III II II II II II II II III II I III III II II II II III II II II III II II III II II II II III III II II I I II III II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 470 470 310 110 240 310 270 110 190 250 280 160 240 100 500 800 270 530 100 570 280 470 400 470 670 470 1100 110 870 110 h 110 110 1100 400 320 210 200 330 470 80 140 350 300 100 100 220 110 100 110 100 400 110 1800 140 270 1500 80 390 1200 150 390 300 150 1000 120 300

Wavelength/Å 2716.62 2721.98 2733.26 2737.09 2768.13 2773.20 2780.24 2793.05 2827.08 2841.15 2842.65 2846.28 2861.09 2865.61 2868.52 2875.39 2876.95 2877.03 2880.72 2883.18 2888.83 2897.81 2899.24 2908.24 2910.59 2911.74 2927.81 2931.47 2941.54 2945.88 2946.12 2946.90 2950.88 2972.57 2974.10 2977.68 2982.11 2990.26 2994.73 3001.84 3024.74 3028.44 3032.77 3044.76 3055.52 3064.53 3069.68 3070.90 3071.56 3073.24 3076.87 3080.35 3094.18 3099.19 3127.53 3130.79 3142.26 3145.40 3163.40 3175.78 3180.29 3191.10 3191.43 3194.98 3203.35 3206.34

Intensity 390 800 140 400 200 120 320 230 160 200 160 320 400 120 130 1300 1300 1700 420 340 1700 130 340 130 350 170 350 230 180 230 230 230 180 180 200 100 500 460 200 200 200 2000 1300 250 500 300 1000 630 630 1500 5000 500 750 500 500 500 300 420 400 200 630 900 1500 330 3300 480

II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II

10-50

Wavelength/Å 3215.60 3225.48 3229.56 3236.40 3247.47 3248.94 3254.07 3260.56 3263.37 3283.46 3292.02 3296.01 3312.60 3319.58 3341.60 3341.97 3343.71 3349.06 3349.52 3354.74 3358.42 3365.58 3366.96 3369.16 3374.92 3386.24 3392.34 3408.68 3409.19 3412.94 3425.42 3426.57 3432.70 3440.59 3479.56 3484.05 3498.63 3507.96 3510.26 3515.42 3517.67 3535.30 3537.48 3540.96 3544.02 3550.45 3554.66 3563.50 3563.62 3575.85 3580.27 3584.97 3589.11 3589.36 3593.97 3602.56 3619.51 3649.85 3651.19 3659.61 3660.37 3664.70 3697.85 3711.34 3713.01 3716.99

II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I I I II I II I II I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I I I

Intensity 2700 2700 670 1700 530 350 530 870 1700 1300 3500 2700 2700 670 530 670 530 530 210 670 350 350 530 870 670 1100 670 580 670 530 670 520 910 d 1100 16000 c 350 12000 440 6700 310 5300 670 770 2300 440 2700 350 870 4400 870 4400 4000 3500 310 1200 870 870 1300 310 350 870 350 420 420 770 420

Wavelength/Å 3726.24 3739.80 3740.73 3742.39 3763.49 3765.08 3771.85 3781.01 3787.06 3790.15 3791.21 3798.12 3802.92 3803.88 3804.74 3810.49 3811.03 3815.51 3818.86 3824.88 3835.18 3863.38 3877.56 3878.82 3883.14 3885.44 3885.68 3891.30 3914.70 3920.20 3937.44 3943.67 3966.09 4032.52 4058.94 4060.79 4079.73 4100.40 4100.92 4116.90 4123.81 4129.43 4129.93 4137.10 4139.44 4139.71 4143.21 4150.12 4152.58 4163.47 4163.66 4164.66 4168.13 4184.44 4190.88 4192.07 4195.09 4195.66 4198.51 4201.52 4205.31 4214.73 4217.94 4229.15 4262.05 4266.02

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Niobium—Nitrogen Intensity 400 580 580 390 350 390 330 150 530 480 370 720 480 1200 170 450 450 450 340 240 580 530 320 130 c 260 150 220 c 130 c 190 230 150 210 170 130 750 420 170 170 210 250 250 230 190 170 150 150 150 d 270 130 c 250 460 340 110 85 170 130 170 130 110 110 130 d 190 cw 150 75 85 c 65

Wavelength/Å 4286.99 4299.60 4300.99 4311.27 4326.33 4331.37 4410.21 4503.04 4523.41 4546.82 4564.53 4573.08 4581.62 4606.77 4616.17 4630.11 4648.95 4663.83 4666.24 4667.22 4672.09 4675.37 4685.14 4706.14 4708.29 4713.50 4749.70 4967.78 4988.97 5017.75 5026.36 5039.04 5058.01 5065.25 5078.96 5095.30 5100.16 5120.30 5134.75 5160.33 5164.38 5180.31 5189.20 5193.08 5195.84 5232.81 5251.62 5271.53 5276.20 5318.60 5344.17 5350.74 5437.27 5551.35 5642.11 5664.71 5665.63 5729.19 5760.34 5819.43 5838.64 5900.62 5983.22 6221.96 6430.46 6544.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 210 cw 150 cw 130 c 85 85 190 c 130 190 cw 65 170 c 75 c 35 40 29 cw 29 35

400 52 62 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 90 500 500 d 500 d 800 w 800 600 w 600 w 600 w 550 500 500 w 600 500 w 900 90 120 500 w 500 w 500 w 500 650 700 800 600 800 500 500 500 150 200 500 650 250 300 350 600

Wavelength/Å 6660.84 6677.33 6723.62 6828.11 6990.32 7046.81 7159.43 7372.50 7515.93 7574.58 7726.68 7885.31 8135.20 8320.93 8346.08 8905.78 Nitrogen N Z=7 181.75 186.069 186.153 191.7 192.9 196.87 197.23 202.60 205.94 205.97 206.03 209.303 217.20 217.90 223.4 225.12 225.21 234.12 234.20 234.25 236.07 237.99 238.7 238.80 239.62 247.20 247.561 247.706 248.43 248.46 248.48 257.95 258.50 259.19 260.09 260.45 261.28 262.91 265.23 265.27 266.196 266.379 268.70 270.99 283.42 283.48 283.58 285.56

Intensity 600 w 700 650 90 500 150 200 90 150 120 150 200 120 600 300 500 500 500 w 500 700 120 150 150 90 300 350 500 500 250 300 650 285 360 450 140 360 170 285 150 160 170 500 570 650 500 350 90 150 285 150 200 500 570 570 250 300 350 200 150 650 90 90 80 40 450 450

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV III III III III IV III III III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV

10-51

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 297.7 297.82 300.32 303.123 303.28 314.715 314.850 314.877 315.053 322.503 322.570 322.724 323.175 323.26 335.050 338.35 340.20 351.93 351.98 353.06 362.833 362.881 362.946 362.985 374.204 374.441 387.48 420.77 451.869 452.226 463.74 644.634 644.837 645.178 647.50 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.630 671.773 672.001 684.996 685.513 685.816 686.335 692.70 713.518 713.860 746.984 748.195 748.291 763.336 764.359 765.148 771.544 771.901 772.385 772.891 772.975 775.965 885.67 909.697 910.278 910.645 915.612 915.962

IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV III IV III III IV III IV III III III III III III III IV III III IV II II II I II II II II II II III III III III I V V II V V III III IV III III III III III II I I I I II II

Intensity 550 650 520 500 480 520 90 100 130 1000 130 115 70 650 700 900 700 1000 150 w 90 60 90 450 600 430 650 175 115 115 105 40 90 360 385 410 105 130 60 105 270 105 60 195 230 105 195 500 570 90 410 385 360 175 160 130 160 1000 900 360 315 290 250 230 315 115 115

Wavelength/Å 916.012 916.701 921.992 922.519 923.057 924.283 953.415 953.655 953.970 955.335 963.990 964.626 965.041 979.842 979.919 989.790 991.514 991.579 1036.16 1067.614 1068.612 1078.71 1083.990 1084.580 1085.546 1085.701 1097.237 1098.095 1098.260 1100.360 1100.465 1101.291 1134.165 1134.415 1134.980 1143.65 1163.884 1164.206 1164.325 1167.448 1168.334 1168.417 1168.536 1176.510 1176.630 1177.695 1183.031 1184.550 1188.01 1199.550 1200.223 1200.710 1225.026 1225.37 1228.41 1228.79 1238.821 1242.804 1243.179 1243.306 1310.540 1310.95 1319.00 1319.68 1326.57 1327.92

II II IV IV IV IV I I I IV I I I III III III III III IV I I IV II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III IV I I I I I I I V V I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Nitrogen Intensity 150 360 700 490 640 90 200 l 350 l 1000 250 775 700 570 350 650 150 200 150 90 w 350 400 200 150 150 300 150 200 200 250 120 90 90 160 70 110 90 90 110 160 90 200 150 160 160 110 220 160 285 90 w 160 150 110 70 110 160 220 110 250 300 350 250 w 90 160 110 110 60 l

Wavelength/Å 1387.371 1411.94 1492.625 1492.820 1494.675 1549.336 1616.33 1619.69 1718.55 1729.945 1742.729 1745.252 1747.848 1751.218 1751.657 1804.486 1805.669 1846.42 1860.37 1885.06 1885.22 1907.99 1919.55 1919.77 1920.65 1920.84 1921.30 2064.01 2064.42 2068.68 2071.09 2080.34 2095.53 2096.20 2096.86 2117.59 2121.50 2130.18 2142.78 2147.31 2188.20 2188.38 2206.09 2286.69 2288.44 2316.49 2316.69 2317.05 2318.09 2461.27 2477.69 2496.83 2496.97 2520.22 2520.79 2522.23 2590.94 2645.65 2646.18 2646.96 2682.18 2689.20 2709.84 2799.22 2823.64 2859.16

III I I I I V V V IV III I I III III III III III III V III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II II III III II II III III III II II II II II II IV II IV II II II II II II IV IV IV III III II II II V

Intensity 160 90 l 150 w 250 w 60 w 220 90 120 360 90 570 500 400 90 90 120 285 360 90 450 1000 150 200 360 550 360 150 250 140 200 185 285 120 150 285 285 220 450 90 120 300 285 650 90 120 360 550 350 90 450 360 250 450 870 90 120 550 285 450 180 90 150 285 160 210 200 w

Wavelength/Å 2885.27 2974.52 2980.78 2981.31 2998.43 3006.83 3078.25 3367.34 3437.15 3463.37 3478.71 3482.99 3484.96 3747.54 3754.67 3771.05 3838.37 3919.00 3938.52 3955.85 3995.00 3998.63 4003.58 4035.08 4041.31 4043.53 4057.76 4097.33 4099.94 4103.43 4109.95 4176.16 4195.76 4200.10 4227.74 4236.91 4237.05 4241.78 4332.91 4345.68 4379.11 4432.74 4447.03 4510.91 4514.86 4530.41 4601.48 4603.73 4606.33 4607.16 4613.87 4619.98 4621.39 4630.54 4634.14 4640.64 4643.08 4788.13 4803.29 4847.38 4858.82 4867.15 4895.11 4914.94 4935.12 4944.56

Intensity 160 350 285 450 650 360 870 550 450 360 360 550 185 140 90 200 150 450 285 650 550 870 450 450 285 700 240 265 235 360 550 285 650 285 160 210 285 360 150 185 210 210 210 185 235 90 185 120 300 265 750 360 300 325 160 210 185 750 185 185 235 185 235 210 185 210

II V V V V II IV III II IV IV IV IV IV III III II II III II II III III II II II IV III I III I II III III II II II II III III III II II III III II II V IV II II V II II III III II II II I III III II I I V

10-52

Wavelength/Å 4950.23 4963.98 4987.37 4994.36 5001.48 5002.70 5005.15 5007.32 5010.62 5016.39 5025.66 5045.10 5281.20 5292.68 5314.35 5320.82 5327.18 5495.67 5535.36 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5747.30 5752.50 5764.75 5829.54 5854.04 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5999.43 6008.47 6167.76 6379.62 6380.77 6411.65 6420.64 6423.02 6428.32 6437.68 6440.94 6454.11 6457.90 6467.02 6468.44 6481.71 6482.05 6482.70 6483.75 6484.80 6491.22 6499.54 6506.31 6610.56 6622.54 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51 6722.62 7398.64

I I II II II II II II II II II II I I III III III II II II II II II II II I I I I II II II II II I I II II IV I I I I I I III I III I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I

Intensity 160 265 685 785 900 185 60 w 450 400 400 250 300 570 400 400 550 500 570 650 500 220 700 650 500 110 110 h 500 160 h 570 500 250 200 500 570 250 200 160 h 110 h 160 h 220 h 160 h 220 h 285 h 220 h 220 h 160 h 250 300 350 400 110 h 250 200 380 225 290 310 180 510 920 500 840 180 180 290 250

Wavelength/Å 7406.12 7406.24 7423.64 7442.29 7468.31 7608.80 7618.46 7762.24 8184.87 8188.02 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.14 8242.39 8438.74 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.89 8676.08 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8687.43 8699.00 8703.25 8710.54 8711.70 8718.83 8728.89 8747.36 9386.80 9392.79 9460.68 9863.33 9865.41 9868.21 9887.39 9891.09 9961.86 9969.34 10023.27 10035.45 10065.15 10070.12 10105.13 10108.89 10112.48 10114.64 10126.27 10539.57 12074.51 12186.82 12288.97 12328.76 12381.65 12438.40 12461.25 12469.62 13429.61 13581.33 13587.73 13602.27 13624.18 14757.07

I I I I I I V II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Nitrogen—Oxygen Intensity 100 160 180 120 s 100 l 100

9600 13000 17000 29000 14000 14000 18000 26000 8600 13000 7800 4200 7200 14000 2900 2900 2900 6000 5300 2100 4800 5300 2600 1300 1200 3100 1100 2100 1100 1300 2000 1400 1400 500 2600 1700 1100 200 1400 110 1800 110 530 4500 2600 2400 780 1000 1000 1800 3800 1900 1900 2100 3000 1300 960 2800

Wavelength/Å 14868.87 14966.60 15582.27 17516.58 17584.86 17878.26 Osmium Os Z = 76 2001.45 2003.73 2010.15 2018.14 2022.76 2028.23 2034.44 2045.36 2058.69 2061.69 2067.21 2070.67 2076.95 2079.97 2082.54 2089.03 2089.21 2097.60 2100.63 2117.66 2117.96 2137.11 2154.59 2157.84 2158.53 2166.90 2167.75 2171.65 2234.61 2252.15 2255.85 2264.60 2282.26 2367.35 2377.03 2387.29 2395.88 2423.07 2424.97 2454.91 2461.42 2468.90 2486.24 2488.55 2498.41 2513.25 2538.00 2542.51 2590.76 2613.06 2637.13 2644.11 2658.60 2689.82 2714.64 2720.04 2770.71 2806.91

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 5100 2300 1500 1500 9600 2100 2100 1100 h 1400 4400 1100 2900 120 8600 1100 3100 180 150 1900 3100 3100 1200 7600 960 960 620 620 620 1200 1200 620 95 480 3700 2100 730 1000 730 960 1200 2500 1200 1200 4900 560 560 4900 540 670 55 45 35 35 35 90 55 140 40 270 35 45 55 40 110 120 45

Wavelength/Å 2838.63 2844.40 2850.76 2860.96 2909.06 2912.33 2919.79 2948.23 2949.53 3018.04 3030.70 3040.90 3042.74 3058.66 3077.72 3156.25 3173.93 3213.31 3232.06 3262.29 3267.94 3290.26 3301.56 3336.15 3370.59 3387.84 3401.86 3504.66 3528.60 3560.86 3598.11 3604.48 3670.89 3752.52 3782.20 3876.77 3963.63 3977.23 4066.69 4112.02 4135.78 4173.23 4211.86 4260.85 4293.95 4311.40 4420.47 4550.41 4793.99 5031.83 5039.12 5072.88 5074.77 5079.09 5103.50 5110.81 5149.74 5193.52 5202.63 5203.23 5255.82 5265.15 5298.78 5376.79 5416.34 5416.69

Intensity 28 55 22 22 28 22 270 22 80 35 22 28 28 170 22 170 40 110 28 65 35 22 22 27 22 26 7

I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

80 110 80 110 80 110 150 80 110 80 80 150 110 450 250 375 450 520 80 200 150 200 80 80 80 80 150 110 150 100 200 100 110 150 300 150 200

10-53

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 5417.51 5443.31 5446.93 5457.30 5470.00 5509.33 5523.53 5546.82 5584.44 5620.08 5642.56 5645.25 5680.88 5721.93 5765.05 5780.82 5800.60 5857.76 5860.64 5996.00 6227.70 6269.41 6403.15 6729.56 7145.54 7602.95 8041.29 Oxygen O Z=8 124.616 135.523 138.109 139.029 151.447 151.477 151.546 164.574 164.657 164.709 166.235 167.99 170.219 172.169 185.745 192.751 192.799 192.906 193.003 194.593 195.86 196.01 202.161 202.224 202.283 202.334 202.393 203.78 203.82 203.85 203.89 203.94 207.18 207.24 207.794 215.040 215.103

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V

Intensity 250 250 520 80 80 150 80 80 80 150 140 150 110 200 110 90 180 110 110 110 150 300 250 80 d 110 110 150 150 150 300 375 110 150 110 80 110 120 150 150 140 160 160 250 200 250 190 300 190 200 150 450 300 250 300 110 90 80 200 190 150 210 200 300 190 200 210

Wavelength/Å 215.245 216.018 220.352 227.372 227.469 227.511 227.549 227.634 227.689 231.823 233.46 233.50 233.52 233.56 233.60 238.36 238.57 248.459 252.56 252.95 253.08 260.39 260.56 264.34 264.48 266.97 266.98 267.03 277.38 279.63 279.94 285.71 285.84 286.448 295.62 295.66 295.72 303.41 303.46 303.52 303.62 303.69 303.80 305.60 305.66 305.70 305.77 305.84 306.62 306.88 320.979 328.45 328.74 345.31 355.14 355.33 355.47 359.02 359.22 359.38 373.80 374.00 374.08 374.16 374.33 374.44

V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Oxygen Intensity 450 300 800 900 1000 1000 250 300 220 200 150 700 775 850 700 700 1000 580 110 640 160 200 100 270 150 200 520 580 640 1000 150 200 150 230 70 800 800 900 1000 900 600 70 700 640 580 775 640 700 70 90 520 70 200 315 360 200 640 520 700 70 300 200 160 90 70 70

Wavelength/Å 395.558 434.98 507.391 507.683 508.182 525.795 537.83 538.26 539.09 539.55 539.85 553.330 554.075 554.514 555.261 597.818 599.598 608.398 609.70 609.829 610.04 610.75 610.85 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.617 625.130 625.852 629.730 644.148 672.95 673.77 681.272 685.544 702.332 702.822 702.899 703.850 718.484 718.562 744.794 758.678 759.441 760.228 760.445 761.128 762.003 770.793 771.056 774.518 775.321 779.734 779.821 779.912 779.997 787.711 790.109 790.199 791.973 796.66 802.200 802.255 804.267 804.848 805.295

III III III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV V II II II V I III III III III II II I V V V V V V I I V I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I II IV IV I I I

Intensity 80 240 600 450 780 600 600 800 40 130 160 80 200 130 90 40 90 40 160 40 250 90 160 60 40 900 600 300 200 130 230 640 160 160 w 285 160 315 w 160 220 110 220 220 750 550 360 110 110 220 160 160 220 110 110 285 285 285 160 110 110 220 110 110 360 160 220 160

Wavelength/Å 805.810 832.762 832.927 833.332 833.742 834.467 835.096 835.292 877.879 921.296 921.366 922.008 923.367 923.433 935.193 948.686 971.738 976.448 988.773 990.204 1025.762 1027.431 1039.230 1040.942 1152.152 1302.168 1304.858 1306.029 1338.612 1342.992 1343.512 1371.292 1476.89 1506.72 1590.01 1591.33 1643.68 1707.996 1760.12 1760.42 1763.22 1764.48 1767.78 1768.24 1771.67 1773.00 1773.85 1779.16 1781.03 1784.85 1789.66 1848.26 1856.62 1872.78 1872.87 1874.94 1920.04 1920.75 1921.52 1923.49 1923.82 1926.94 2013.27 2026.96 2045.67 2052.74

Intensity 30 d 30 d 110 200 30 d 30 d 30 d 50 d 30 d 30 d 200 d 80 110 80 80 250 80 d 80 d 80 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 230 200 200 80 110 300 110 1000 920 775 160 160 200 210 80 265 250 80 80 80 200 110 460 410 80 160 220 110 450 285 160 160 80 200 300 80 220 220 220 360

I II III II III II III III I IV IV I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV V III V III III V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

10-54

Wavelength/Å 2283.42 2284.89 2293.32 2300.35 2313.05 2316.12 2316.79 2319.68 2322.15 2339.31 2390.44 2394.33 2411.60 2422.84 2425.55 2433.56 2436.06 2438.83 2444.26 2445.55 2449.372 2450.040 2454.99 2493.44 2493.77 2507.73 2509.19 2517.2 2558.06 2687.53 2695.49 2733.34 2747.46 2781.01 2786.99 2789.85 2836.26 2921.45 2941.33 2941.65 2959.68 2972.29 2983.78 3017.63 3023.45 3043.02 3047.13 3059.30 3063.42 3071.61 3121.71 3122.62 3129.44 3132.86 3134.82 3138.44 3144.66 3209.66 3238.57 3260.98 3265.46 3267.31 3270.98 3273.52 3277.69 3287.59

II II II II II II II II II II III III II III II II II III II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II II V V V IV IV V V III I III III III III III III IV IV III II II III II II V IV III III III III II II II II

Intensity 160 160 80 110 230 270 160 200 220 130 360 360 285 270 360 220 230 160 410 230 80 80 285 200 160 230 270 80 80 80 110 220 110 315 w 285 360 410 160 110 230 360 150 80 250 110 160 120 450 160 185 160 140 220 100 200 450 220 160 285 450 80 d 50 d 150 d 110 220 285

Wavelength/Å 3305.15 3306.60 3312.30 3340.74 3348.08 3349.11 3354.27 3375.40 3377.20 3378.06 3381.20 3385.52 3390.25 3396.79 3403.52 3407.38 3409.66 3409.84 3411.69 3413.64 3444.10 3455.12 3470.81 3489.83 3492.24 3560.39 3563.33 3698.70 3702.75 3703.37 3707.24 3712.75 3715.08 3725.93 3727.33 3729.03 3736.85 3739.92 3744.00 3744.89 3749.49 3754.67 3757.21 3759.87 3791.26 3803.14 3823.41 3911.96 3919.29 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3954.37 3954.61 3961.59 3973.26 3982.20 4069.90 4072.16 4075.87 4083.91 4087.14 4089.27 4097.24 4105.00 4119.22

II II III III IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV II IV IV III III II IV IV IV IV III III III III II III IV II IV IV II III IV II III III III III II I II II I I I II I III II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Oxygen—Palladium Intensity 100 160 50 220 285 450 80 50 d 50 d 50 d 50 d 285 160 220 285 220 100 220 450 285 160 160 50 50 d 50 50 360 285 80 d 160 360 450 160 360 285 220 285 160 230 w 220 135 160 190 90 110 135 120 110 130 160 190 80 160 190 110 100 400 450 490 80 100 100 100 320 360 400

Wavelength/Å 4123.99 4132.81 4146.06 4153.30 4185.46 4189.79 4233.27 4253.74 4253.98 4275.47 4303.78 4317.14 4336.86 4345.56 4349.43 4366.90 4368.25 4395.95 4414.91 4416.98 4448.21 4452.38 4465.45 4466.28 4467.83 4469.41 4590.97 4596.17 4609.39 4638.85 4641.81 4649.14 4650.84 4661.64 4676.23 4699.21 4705.36 4924.60 4930.27 4943.06 5329.10 5329.68 5330.74 5435.18 5435.78 5436.86 5577.34 5592.37 5597.91 5958.39 5958.58 5995.28 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6106.27 6155.98 6156.77 6158.18 6256.83 6261.55 6366.34 6374.32 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98

V II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II V II I I I I I I I III V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 130 80 100 360 450 210 400 450 320 210 100 120 120 100 870 810 750 80 100 100 235 210 185 110 135 190 135 250 400 265 265 325 120 120 810 1000 935 325 160 d 120 80 80 80 235 450 490 450 400 540 590 490 640 185 120 120 d 235 140 265 160 235 210 120 120 100

Wavelength/Å 6500.24 6604.91 6653.83 7001.92 7002.23 7156.70 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7476.44 7477.24 7479.08 7480.67 7706.75 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7886.27 7943.15 7947.17 7947.55 7950.80 7952.16 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.02 8233.00 8235.35 8426.16 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.43 9057.01 9118.29 9134.71 9150.14 9151.48 9156.01 9260.81 9260.84 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.77 9265.94 9266.01 9399.19 9481.16 9482.88 9487.43 9492.71 9497.97 9499.30 9505.59 9521.96 9523.36 9523.96 9528.28

Intensity 100 120 160 80 65 235 235 120 140 120 160 120 d 590 640 490 490 490 540 590 265 490 450 120 160 700 750 640 160 120 590 120 120 120 140 540 140

V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

200 200 500 500 2000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 1000 300 500 4000 400 1500 2000 1000 1500 2000 1000 1500

10-55

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 9622.13 9625.29 9677.38 9694.66 9694.91 9741.50 9760.65 9909.05 9936.98 9940.41 9995.31 10421.18 11286.34 11286.91 11287.02 11287.32 11295.10 11297.68 11302.38 11358.69 12464.02 12570.04 12990.77 13076.91 13163.89 13164.85 13165.11 16212.06 17966.70 18021.21 18041.48 18042.19 18046.23 18229.23 18243.63 26173.56 Palladium Pd Z = 46 705.49 727.72 763.06 766.42 781.02 794.08 797.52 800.03 800.10 803.67 825.35 840.58 856.47 864.04 880.59 888.84 889.29 1596.89 1741.62 1782.55 1843.49 1851.59 1852.27 1859.21 1874.63 1885.83 1887.40 1891.34

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 4000 1000 2000 800 1000 500 500 500 500 100 r 200 r 100 100 100 100 150 1100 100 150 100 1700 250 300 200 150 150 150 100 150 1900 150 h 100 h 200 100 h 100 h 520 650 1500 1100 2600 11000 2700 3500 3600 5000 24000 13000 5000 6400 7700 10000 2000 12000 12000 4500 20000 20000 5500 1400 1500 1500 2200 1500 290 2500 180

Wavelength/Å 1914.62 1930.33 1941.64 2002.16 2004.47 2055.11 2149.82 2177.55 2177.63 2231.59 2296.53 2426.87 2430.94 2433.11 2435.32 2446.17 2447.91 2457.29 2469.29 2471.18 2476.42 2486.52 2488.92 2498.81 2505.73 2551.84 2565.51 2569.56 2658.75 2763.09 2776.85 2787.92 2854.59 2871.37 2878.01 2922.49 3002.65 3027.91 3065.31 3114.04 3242.70 3251.64 3258.78 3302.13 3373.00 3404.58 3421.24 3433.45 3441.40 3460.77 3481.15 3489.77 3516.94 3553.08 3571.16 3609.55 3634.70 3690.34 3718.91 3799.19 3832.29 3894.20 3958.64 4087.34 4212.95 4473.59

III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Palladium—Phosphorus Intensity 160 120 55 75 55 h 65 75 120 45 55 45 65

250 150 500 250 300 300 375 120 520 600 200 200 350 400 500 450 10 650 700 800 300 350 500 10 450 600 700 300 300 350 1000 250 570 500 570 500 500 900 570 700 20 20 20 15 35 60 500 650 300 500 15 400

Wavelength/Å 5163.84 5295.63 5542.80 5670.07 5695.09 6784.52 7368.12 7764.03 7915.80 8132.82 8300.83 8761.35 Phosphorus P Z = 15 328.78 359.899 388.318 389.50 390.70 445.158 475.60 498.180 542.57 544.92 569.853 581.831 629.008 629.914 631.779 673.90 810.24 823.179 824.730 827.932 847.669 855.624 859.652 865.44 865.45 871.39 877.476 913.971 917.120 918.665 950.655 1003.598 1025.563 1028.096 1030.517 1033.111 1035.517 1117.98 1118.551 1128.01 1249.82 1301.87 1304.47 1304.68 1305.48 1310.70 1334.808 1344.327 1344.845 1366.695 1372.033 1372.674

I I I I I I I I I I I I

V IV IV V V IV V III V V III III IV IV IV V II IV IV IV III III III II V V IV III III III IV III IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II II II III III III IV I IV

Intensity 15 10 15 15 25 25 15 500 400 350 80 120 450 150 200 140 100 180 140 140 600 600 140 100 100 100 100 600 500 400 140 140 100 140 100 500 400 140 650 180 140 280 280 180 400 400 400 400 400 280 500 180 450 250 750 950 750 500 250 300 400 400 500 250 450 700

Wavelength/Å 1373.500 1374.732 1377.080 1377.937 1379.429 1381.469 1381.637 1484.507 1487.788 1502.228 1532.51 1535.90 1610.50 1618.632 1618.907 1671.070 1671.510 1671.680 1672.035 1672.474 1674.591 1679.695 1685.976 1694.028 1694.486 1706.376 1707.553 1774.951 1782.838 1787.656 1834.801 1847.165 1849.820 1851.194 1852.069 1858.886 1859.393 1864.348 1888.523 1905.481 1906.403 1907.665 2023.489 2024.516 2032.432 2033.477 2135.465 2136.182 2149.145 2152.940 2154.080 2235.732 2440.93 2478.256 2533.976 2535.603 2553.262 2554.915 2605.506 2632.713 2644.295 2728.770 2739.309 2739.872 2978.55 3175.09

Intensity 520 300 400 650 570 400 300 350 400 300 500 350 400 250 250 250 500 500 600 300 300 500 300 300 100 100 100 140 140 180 300 140 400 250 300 180 100 250 300 400 100 400 140 180 140 140 100 100 250 500 400 500 250 150 350 180 350 500 180 140 100 250 600 600 600 100

I I I I I I I IV IV III II II V III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV I I I I IV III IV IV IV IV V V

10-56

Wavelength/Å 3204.04 3219.307 3233.602 3347.736 3364.467 3371.122 3957.641 3978.307 4059.312 4080.084 4222.195 4246.720 4420.71 4479.776 4540.288 4541.112 4588.04 4589.86 4602.08 4626.70 4658.31 4943.53 4954.39 4969.71 5079.381 5098.221 5100.974 5109.628 5154.844 5162.290 5253.52 5293.539 5296.13 5316.07 5344.75 5345.851 5364.631 5378.20 5386.88 5425.91 5428.094 5450.74 5458.305 5477.672 5477.860 5478.267 5514.774 5516.997 5588.34 6024.18 6034.04 6043.12 6055.50 6083.409 6087.82 6097.690 6165.59 6199.024 6210.499 6375.681 6388.579 6435.32 6459.99 6503.46 6507.97 6717.411

V III III IV IV IV III III III III III III II III IV IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II I II I I I I I I II II II II II III II I II I I I I II II II II I

Intensity 150 100 100 180 180 180 200 250 100 150 140 100 140 140 180 400 100 180 950 600 1250 500 950 950 600 1250 1700 1500 280 1700 280 750 400 500 180 1500 280 1500 600 1700 280 400 280 229 458 962 1235 415 435 265 764 402 479 256 714 228 296 203 1627 588 225 221 419 471 289 299

Wavelength/Å 6992.690 7102.200 7158.367 7165.465 7175.102 7176.660 7443.657 7845.63 8046.801 8113.528 8278.058 8367.856 8531.475 8613.835 8637.578 8741.529 8872.174 9175.819 9193.85 9278.88 9304.94 9323.50 9435.069 9441.86 9452.83 9493.56 9525.73 9545.18 9556.81 9563.439 9593.50 9609.04 9638.939 9676.24 9706.533 9734.750 9736.680 9750.77 9790.21 9796.85 9834.80 9903.68 9976.67 10084.27 10511.58 10529.52 10581.57 10596.90 10681.40 10813.13 11183.23 11186.75 14241.64 14307.83 15711.52 15962.53 16254.77 16292.97 16482.92 16590.07 16613.05 16738.68 16803.39 17112.48 17286.91 17423.67

III I I I I I IV II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Phosphorus—Potassium Intensity 287 311

30 30 30 50 r 30 30 40 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 40 3200 4400 100 40 5500 1500 3000 1000 30 950 30 1900 100 600 1500 30 400 50 h 320 50 h 30 h 100 150 30 30 h 190 30 h 280 50 h 30 150 150 240 50 90 220 100 170 280 180 50 130 40 120 35 70 200

Wavelength/Å 23844.97 29097.16 Platinum Pt Z = 78 1621.66 1723.13 1751.70 1777.09 1781.86 1879.09 1883.05 1889.52 1911.70 1929.25 1929.68 1939.80 1949.90 1983.74 2014.93 2030.63 2032.41 2036.46 2041.57 2049.37 2067.50 2084.59 2103.33 2115.57 2128.61 2130.69 2144.23 2144.24 2165.17 2174.67 2190.32 2202.22 2202.58 2222.61 2233.11 2240.99 2245.52 2249.30 2251.52 2251.92 2268.84 2271.72 2274.38 2287.50 2288.20 2289.27 2292.40 2308.04 2310.96 2315.50 2318.29 2326.10 2340.18 2357.10 2368.28 2377.28 2383.64 2386.81 2389.53 2396.17 2401.87 2403.09

I I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I II I II I II I I II I II I II II II I II II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity 100 50 80 50 25 180 650 60 440 35 1000 25 200 160 240 50 120 50 60 240 140 40 50 160 18 50 50 70 30 50 30 1100 130 1000 500 20 2800 40 440 200 2000 1600 60 1300 130 1800 70 70 80 200 30 500 40 20 50 50 100 40 h 140 10 50 30 h 1400 70 16 80 h

Wavelength/Å 2418.06 2424.87 2428.04 2428.20 2429.10 2436.69 2440.06 2450.97 2467.44 2471.01 2487.17 2488.74 2490.12 2495.82 2498.50 2505.93 2508.50 2514.07 2515.03 2515.58 2524.30 2529.41 2536.49 2539.20 2549.46 2552.25 2596.00 2603.14 2616.76 2619.57 2625.34 2628.03 2639.35 2646.89 2650.86 2658.17 2659.45 2674.57 2677.15 2698.43 2702.40 2705.89 2713.13 2719.04 2729.92 2733.96 2738.48 2747.61 2753.86 2754.92 2769.84 2771.67 2773.24 2774.00 2774.77 2793.27 2794.21 2799.98 2803.24 2808.51 2818.25 2822.27 2830.30 2834.71 2853.11 2860.68

Intensity 40 h 40 h 100 h 25 25 600 300 60 120 120 70 30 1700 30 30 25 60 1800 35 220 30 30 h 130 800 3200 30 130 320 140 120 320 30 20 20 40 160 25 25 120 500 60 35 340 35 60 160 120 70 70 50 80 80 35 18 80 40 110 35 100 20 110 80 40 18 18 80

I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I I I II

10-57

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2865.05 2875.85 2877.52 2888.20 2893.22 2893.86 2897.87 2905.90 2912.26 2913.54 2919.34 2921.38 2929.79 2942.76 2944.75 2959.10 2960.75 2997.97 3001.17 3002.27 3017.88 3031.22 3036.45 3042.64 3064.71 3071.94 3100.04 3139.39 3156.56 3200.71 3204.04 3230.29 3233.42 3250.36 3251.98 3255.92 3268.42 3281.97 3290.22 3301.86 3315.05 3323.80 3408.13 3427.93 3483.43 3485.27 3628.11 3638.79 3643.17 3663.10 3671.99 3674.04 3699.91 3706.53 3818.69 3900.73 3922.96 3948.40 3966.36 3996.57 4118.69 4164.56 4192.43 4327.06 4391.83 4442.55

II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 14 25 12 35 12 14 30 35 40 12 12 14 14 6 20 8 6 7 8 9 10 20 60 20 10

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 3000 3000 3000

1500 w 1500 w 2500 w 1200 800 500

100 150 100 150 150 300 200 200 200 200 200 250 200 250

Wavelength/Å 4445.55 4498.76 4520.90 4552.42 4879.53 5044.04 5059.48 5227.66 5301.02 5368.99 5390.79 5475.77 5478.50 5763.57 5840.12 5844.84 6026.04 6318.37 6326.58 6523.45 6710.42 6760.02 6842.60 7113.73 8224.74 Plutonium Pu Z = 94 2806.11 2950.06 3000.31 3200.23 3418.88 3805.93 4097.12 4170.95 4367.41 5590.54 7068.90 8691.94 9533.07 12144.46 16897.38 Polonium Po Z = 84 2450.08 2558.01 3003.21 4170.52 4493.21 8618.26 Potassium K Z = 19 214.35 271.82 273.06 282.35 293.33 294.84 296.17 297.06 300.25 300.50 311.24 312.77 315.18 327.38

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I

V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Potassium—Praseodymium Intensity 25 300 150 30 15 200 300 150 300 200 250 150 150 500 200 200 300 300 250 30 300 300 25 250 200 30 300 150 200 300 250 200 300 250 250 250 250 250 300 200 200 500 250 200 15 200 200 400 20 300 250 150 30 250 40 50 30 250 200 30 150 30 30 400 300 500

Wavelength/Å 330.68 340.46 340.74 341.92 348.00 349.50 354.93 356.26 359.73 359.91 362.08 362.15 363.02 372.15 372.46 372.77 375.96 375.96 377.76 379.12 379.12 379.88 380.48 380.48 381.70 382.23 382.23 382.49 382.65 382.91 384.10 386.61 387.80 388.92 389.07 389.07 390.11 390.42 390.57 391.46 392.47 393.14 395.40 398.36 398.63 398.88 399.75 400.21 402.10 402.91 403.97 404.41 406.48 408.08 408.96 413.79 414.87 415.05 415.79 416.00 417.28 417.54 418.62 422.18 425.16 425.59

III IV IV III III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V III V IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV V V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V IV III IV IV IV III IV III III III V V III IV III III V V V

Intensity 75 50 250 25 200 300 75 200 250 75 750 200 200 250 400 400 75 100 75 45 10 40 10 10 200 200 30 75 10 50 250 25 200 150 40 15 15 750 250 500 30 250 400 25 30 250 750 300 20 300 400 600 500 500 500 400 300 150 400 20 30 150 150 35 20 10

Wavelength/Å 434.72 435.68 438.02 441.81 442.30 443.57 444.34 445.61 446.83 448.60 448.60 449.71 452.90 455.67 456.33 456.33 466.79 470.09 471.57 474.92 476.03 479.18 482.11 482.41 482.71 483.75 495.14 497.10 514.94 520.61 523.00 523.79 526.45 527.62 529.80 539.71 546.12 580.32 585.51 586.32 600.77 602.27 603.43 607.93 612.62 638.67 646.19 687.50 708.84 720.43 724.42 731.86 737.14 741.95 745.26 746.35 749.99 754.19 754.67 765.31 765.64 770.29 771.46 778.53 872.31 873.86

Intensity 15 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 3 7 6 11 10 3 4 18 17 10 11 4 6 5 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 14 16 17 15 17 8 7 19 12 20 7 12 25 24 5 4 7 6 9 8 3

III III V II IV IV III IV IV III IV V V V IV V III III III III II III III III V V II III III III IV III IV IV III III III V V V II V V II II V IV V III V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III V V III III III

10-58

Wavelength/Å 874.04 2550.02 2635.11 2689.90 2938.45 2986.20 2992.42 3052.07 3056.84 3062.18 3101.79 3102.04 3217.16 3217.62 3446.37 3447.38 3648.84 3648.98 4044.14 4047.21 4641.88 4642.37 4740.91 4744.35 4753.93 4757.39 4786.49 4791.05 4799.75 4804.35 4849.86 4856.09 4863.48 4869.76 4942.02 4950.82 4956.15 4965.03 5084.23 5097.17 5099.20 5112.25 5323.28 5339.69 5342.97 5359.57 5782.38 5801.75 5812.15 5831.89 6120.27 6307.29 6911.08 6936.28 6938.77 6964.18 6964.67 7664.90 7698.96 7955.37 7956.83 8078.11 8079.62 8250.18 8251.74 8390.22

III III III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 11 10 4 3 13 12 5 4 7 3 6 15 14 6 5 9 5 8 17 16 17 16 17

7000 5000 2000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 2000 2000 5000 5000 2000 5000 5000 3000 2000 10000 2000 3300 2000 c 40 h 100 h 60 270 200 d 190 200 250 250 370 290 410 680 680

Wavelength/Å 8503.45 8505.11 8763.96 8767.05 8902.19 8904.02 8923.31 8925.44 9347.24 9349.25 9351.59 9595.70 9597.83 9949.67 9954.14 10479.63 10482.15 10487.11 11019.87 11022.67 11690.21 11769.62 11772.83 12522.11 13377.86 13397.09 15163.08 15168.40 40158.37 Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 865.90 869.17 1228.59 1293.22 1295.28 1321.36 1333.57 1354.66 1360.64 1365.77 1374.41 1435.56 1520.98 1574.55 1575.10 1578.38 1622.30 1884.87 2083.23 2246.20 2378.98 2598.04 2707.37 2760.35 3168.24 3195.99 3219.48 3584.21 3645.66 3646.30 3668.83 3714.05 3739.18 3761.87 3800.30

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Praseodymium—Protactinium Intensity 390 1300 h 680 310 960 480 580 1200 720 c 960 480 c 480 1700 c 680 440 c 440 c 770 c 630 310 1300 c 420 960 480 370 370 730 c 900 c 900 c 380 470 560 1600 c 560 c 500 320 620 c 320 1300 c 340 1600 560 c 320 620 c 730 1900 620 730 620 470 360 360 c 730 c 960 730 470 1300 340 450 2200 2200 450 3400 500 c 500 c 790 500

Wavelength/Å 3811.84 3816.02 3818.28 3821.80 3830.72 3840.99 3846.59 3850.79 3851.55 3852.80 3865.45 3876.19 3877.18 3880.47 3885.19 3889.34 3908.05 3912.90 3913.55 3918.85 3919.63 3925.47 3927.46 3929.29 3935.82 3947.63 3949.43 3953.51 3956.75 3962.45 3964.26 3964.81 3966.57 3971.16 3971.67 3972.14 3974.85 3989.68 3992.16 3994.79 3997.04 3999.12 4000.17 4004.70 4008.69 4010.60 4015.39 4020.96 4022.71 4025.54 4029.72 4031.75 4033.83 4038.45 4039.34 4044.81 4047.08 4051.13 4054.88 4056.54 4058.80 4062.81 4079.77 4080.98 4081.85 4083.34

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 560 380 2900 c 1700 c 340 1500 c 2700 1700 c 620 730 5200 2500 560 c 2500 c 500 320 320 3800 3800 320 320 c 960 340 840 c 500 320 790 c 470 c 790 c 450 c 1500 1300 360 620 cw 470 c 340 450 410 c 1200 320 430 1700 410 1200 c 730 960 1100 790 340 c 340 270 c 270 c 290 250 200 320 380 270 320 360 560 410 620 360 360 560

Wavelength/Å 4096.82 4098.40 4100.72 4118.46 4130.77 4141.22 4143.11 4164.16 4171.82 4172.25 4179.39 4189.48 4191.60 4206.72 4208.32 4211.86 4217.81 4222.93 4225.35 4233.11 4236.15 4241.01 4243.51 4247.63 4254.40 4269.09 4272.27 4280.07 4282.42 4298.98 4305.76 4333.97 4338.70 4344.30 4347.49 4350.40 4354.91 4359.79 4368.33 4371.62 4405.83 4408.82 4413.77 4429.13 4449.83 4468.66 4496.46 4510.15 4534.15 4535.92 4628.74 4672.09 4695.77 4736.69 4924.60 4939.74 4951.37 5034.41 5045.52 5110.38 5110.76 5129.52 5173.90 5206.55 5219.05 5220.11

Intensity 680 340 c 340 430 65 150 110 90 90 90 160 d 90 90 160 7000 w 90 110 90 150 150 140 65 9000 w 65 65 5000 190 270 45 110 55 c 55 45 45 45 45 55 75 55 75 35 c 55 cw 35 cw 7000 40 5000 4500 20 24 16 20 c 14 20 16 14 14 10 cw 11 5000 w 10

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II I II II II II II II II

1000 1000 1000 1000

10-59

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 5259.73 5292.02 5292.62 5322.76 5509.15 5535.17 5623.05 5624.45 5756.17 5779.28 5815.17 5823.72 5859.68 5939.90 5956.05 5956.60 5967.82 6006.33 6017.80 6025.72 6055.13 6087.52 6090.02 6114.38 6148.23 6160.24 6161.18 6165.94 6244.35 6281.28 6359.03 6411.23 6429.63 6431.84 6486.55 6566.77 6616.67 6656.83 6673.41 6673.78 6747.09 6798.60 6827.60 6910.14 7021.51 7030.39 7076.62 7114.55 7227.70 7407.56 7451.74 7541.02 7645.66 7721.84 7871.67 8067.44 8122.78 8141.10 8602.74 8714.59 Promethium Pm Z = 61 3892.15 3910.26 3919.10 3957.74

II II II II II II II II II I II II II II III II II II II II I II III II I III II II II II I I II II I II I II II II I I II III II III III I II II II II II I I I II I III II

II II II II

Intensity 1000 r 1000 900 r 900 1000 d

3000 3000 3000 3000 h 3000 h 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 l 3000 l 3000 l 3000 l 3000 l 3000 l 3000 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 3000 s 3000 3000 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 s 10000 l 3000 s 3000 10000 3000 l 3000 s 3000 3000 s 10000 s 10000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 3000 s 3000 s 3000 l 3000 3000 l 3000 3000 l 3000 h 10000 3000 3000 h 3000 s 3000 3000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000

Wavelength/Å 3998.96 4417.96 4728.36 6100.21 6520.45 Protactinium Pa Z = 91 2599.16 2699.22 2822.79 2871.42 2891.14 3011.10 3033.59 3071.24 3093.23 3126.23 3146.28 3170.89 3171.54 3240.58 3274.46 3332.69 3346.66 3452.82 3504.97 3530.65 3570.56 3571.82 3618.07 3636.52 3702.74 3752.67 3873.35 3931.83 3952.62 3957.85 3970.07 3981.82 3982.23 4012.96 4018.21 4030.16 4046.93 4056.20 4070.40 4176.18 4217.23 4248.08 4291.34 4601.43 6035.78 6162.56 6358.61 6379.25 6438.97 6792.75 6945.72 6960.09 6961.78 6992.73 7076.27 7100.94 7114.89 7171.55 7227.13

II II I I I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Protactinium—Rhenium Intensity 3000 10000 l 3000 h 10000 h 3000 h 10000 h 10000 10000 s 10000 3000 10000 h 3000 3000 l 10000 10000 h 10000 10000 3000 s 3000 s 3000 h 10000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 h 10000 3000 10000 10000 3000

100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50

100 200 100 300 100 100 100 100

25000 16000 27000 10000 9800 3400 3700 4900 3400 4200 c 5200 c 2900 2700 390 610

Wavelength/Å 7318.79 7368.25 7471.89 7493.15 7558.26 7608.20 7626.79 7635.18 7669.34 7679.20 7749.19 7872.95 7945.56 8039.34 8099.84 8199.04 8271.87 8358.98 8369.60 8441.04 8532.66 8572.96 8639.91 8653.51 8735.27 10923.32 11791.73 14344.76 18478.61 Radium Ra Z = 88 3649.55 3814.42 4340.64 4682.28 4825.91 5660.81 7141.21 8019.70 Radon Rn Z = 86 4349.60 7055.42 7268.11 7450.00 7809.82 8099.51 8270.96 8600.07 Rhenium Re Z = 75 2003.53 2017.87 2049.08 2085.59 2097.12 2139.04 2156.67 2167.94 2176.21 2214.26 2275.25 2287.51 2294.49 2298.09 2302.99

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II II II II I I I II

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I II I I I II II I I II I

Intensity 680 800 300 860 230 680 250 1200 570 520 220 320 370 340 230 320 320 210 d 210 1500 740 320 270 1200 300 300 2500 490 420 340 c 230 250 610 610 390 800 c 1200 390 980 370 370 570 230 270 1800 c 570 540 370 570 740 d 370 300 370 1000 250 340 540 370 380 290 290 660 610 d 310 550 270

Wavelength/Å 2306.54 2322.49 2328.66 2344.78 2349.39 2352.07 2356.50 2365.90 2367.68 2369.27 2370.76 2375.07 2379.77 2388.57 2393.65 2394.37 2396.79 2400.72 2401.68 2405.06 2405.60 2406.70 2410.37 2419.81 2421.73 2421.88 2428.58 2431.54 2432.18 2441.47 2442.51 2444.94 2446.98 2449.71 2461.20 2461.84 2483.92 2485.81 2487.33 2496.04 2501.72 2502.35 2504.60 2505.94 2508.99 2520.01 2521.50 2534.80 2540.51 2544.74 2545.48 2552.02 2554.63 2556.51 2559.08 2564.19 2568.64 2571.81 2586.79 2599.86 2603.89 2608.50 2611.54 2635.83 2636.64 2642.75

Intensity 270 660 400 220 940 220 1300 220 610 220 210 310 220 220 350 550 220 220 880 310 220 270 240 2900 490 830 c 210 550 830 c 270 440 270 720 1500 310 210 220 220 220 1800 5500 350 220 500 300 380 240 1600 320 260 550 340 700 700 340 340 c 340 420 260 250 440 330 360 c 220 700 220

I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I II I II I I

10-60

Wavelength/Å 2649.05 2651.90 2654.12 2663.63 2674.34 2688.53 2715.47 2732.21 2733.04 2758.00 2763.79 2767.74 2768.85 2769.32 2770.42 2783.57 2791.29 2814.68 2819.95 2834.08 2843.00 2850.98 2867.19 2887.68 2896.01 2902.48 2905.58 2909.82 2927.42 2930.61 2943.14 2962.27 2965.11 2965.76 2976.29 2978.15 2980.82 2982.19 2988.47 2992.36 2999.60 3001.14 3004.14 3016.02 3016.49 3030.45 3047.25 3067.40 3069.94 3071.16 3082.43 3088.76 3100.67 3108.81 3110.86 3118.19 3121.36 3128.94 3134.02 3141.38 3151.64 3153.79 3158.31 3164.52 3168.37 3174.61

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 440 260 600 1100 1100 260 260 220 1100 c 380 600 600 300 280 280 280 240 320 280 240 600 2000 1600 810 320 240 d 240 320 320 240 4000 650 650 240 320 320 810 8000 400 300 320 400 16000 c 240 55000 c 40000 c 400 240 400 320 240 560 320 320 320 240 240 360 810 c 650 810 320 810 440 320 860 c

Wavelength/Å 3177.71 3178.61 3182.87 3184.76 3185.57 3190.78 3192.36 3198.58 3204.25 3235.94 3258.85 3259.55 3268.89 3296.70 3296.99 3301.60 3302.23 3303.21 3303.75 3313.95 3322.48 3338.18 3342.24 3344.32 3346.20 3356.33 3377.74 3379.06 3379.70 3389.43 3399.30 3404.72 3405.89 3408.67 3409.83 3417.77 3419.41 3424.62 3426.19 3427.61 3437.71 3449.37 3451.88 3453.50 3460.46 3464.73 3467.96 3476.44 3480.38 3480.85 3482.23 3503.06 3516.65 3517.33 3537.46 3549.89 3570.26 3579.12 3580.15 3580.97 3583.02 3617.08 3637.84 3651.97 3670.53 3689.50

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Intensity 1500 c 520 240 360 c 4000 240 c 810 910 300 cw 700 240 240 240 380 c 550 280 350 c 220 240 240 c 240 cw 1800 700 220 220 650 3600 c 260 c 380 360 cw 2600 260 500 2200 cw 220 1300 1600 cw 100 110 c 110 cw 550 200 200 100 cw 180 c 260 50 cw 65 cw

50 80 100 150 500 400 500 d 200 200 200 150 200 150 200 1000 500

Wavelength/Å 3691.48 3703.24 3709.93 3717.28 3725.76 3735.01 3735.31 3740.10 3745.44 3787.52 3869.94 3875.26 3876.86 3917.27 3929.85 3961.04 3962.48 4033.31 4081.43 4110.89 4133.42 4136.45 4144.36 4182.90 4183.06 4221.08 4227.46 4257.60 4358.69 4394.38 4513.31 4516.64 4522.73 4889.14 4923.90 5270.95 5275.56 5667.88 5752.93 5776.83 5834.31 6307.70 6321.90 6605.19 6813.41 6829.90 7640.94 7912.94 Rhodium Rh Z = 45 813.44 882.51 925.75 937.28 991.62 992.48 1009.60 1012.22 1015.17 1073.87 1784.24 1784.94 1796.50 1816.03 1832.05 1859.85

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 800 500 500 700 800 500 600 500 700 500 500 800 500 500 800 600 1000 3000 2000 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 3000 3000 150 140 110 350 140 190 300 110 270 230 270 80 130 230 110 330 90 130 150 100 130 300 150 350 300 200 130 110 350 550 150 230 100 110 400 100 400 100 180

Rhenium—Rhodium Wavelength/Å 1880.66 1884.91 1887.36 1888.62 1901.32 1910.16 1919.37 1927.07 1931.79 1954.25 1994.26 2013.71 2017.47 2028.53 2036.72 2037.61 2040.18 2048.67 2064.11 2076.84 2118.53 2118.63 2139.44 2152.23 2158.17 2163.19 2167.33 2276.21 2288.57 2309.82 2322.58 2326.47 2334.77 2361.92 2368.34 2382.89 2383.40 2386.14 2415.84 2427.68 2429.52 2437.90 2440.34 2461.04 2473.09 2487.47 2490.77 2502.46 2504.29 2505.67 2509.70 2511.03 2515.75 2520.53 2537.04 2545.70 2555.36 2622.58 2625.88 2630.42 2647.28 2652.66 2680.63 2703.73 2715.31 2718.54

Intensity 160 100 130 150 180 280 110 140 160 65 180 130 130 230 160 450 110 50 130 50 180 140 240 130 140 470 190 520 520 2300 2300 280 210 260 50 4200 330 280 420 1100 110 110 5600 820 160 820 330 120 d 8200 1400 120 120 400 180 220 5900 180 4700 120 4700 2100 110 1200 5900 2800 8800

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I II I I I I II II I I I I II I I II I II I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I II I

10-61

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2728.94 2771.51 2783.03 2826.43 2826.68 2862.94 2878.66 2882.37 2907.21 2910.17 2924.02 2929.11 2931.94 2968.66 2977.68 2986.20 3004.46 3006.43 3023.91 3052.44 3083.96 3121.76 3123.70 3155.78 3189.05 3191.19 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3294.28 3300.46 3310.69 3323.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3372.25 3377.14 3385.78 3396.82 3399.70 3406.55 3412.27 3421.22 3424.38 3434.89 3440.53 3447.74 3450.29 3455.22 3457.07 3457.93 3462.04 3469.62 3470.66 3472.25 3474.78 3478.91 3494.44 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02

I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I III I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 880 d 280 1200 1800 1200 4700 4700 5900 3100 1800 8200 1300 560 1900 9400 940 280 380 7600 940 650 420 420 1200 240 380 490 1000 2300 490 380 1000 1300 3800 4900 760 1300 470 760 1300 3800 2300 2000 5900 490 380 120 240 2000 590 3800 45 380 240 240 380 120 560 140 120 1100 1500 2100 240 330 3300

Wavelength/Å 3538.14 3541.91 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3626.59 3657.99 3666.22 3681.04 3690.70 3692.36 3695.52 3698.26 3698.60 3700.91 3713.02 3735.28 3737.27 3744.17 3748.22 3754.12 3754.27 3755.58 3760.40 3765.08 3769.97 3778.13 3788.47 3792.18 3793.22 3799.31 3805.92 3806.76 3815.01 3816.47 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3870.01 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3964.54 3975.31 3984.40 3995.61 3996.15 4023.14 4082.78 4097.52 4119.68 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4154.37 4196.50 4211.14

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Rhodium—Ruthenium Intensity 820 4200 130 150 70 70 60 60 95 130 95 160 40 29 40 35 130 35 14 16 29 40 13 11 20 65 16 16 18 15 18 35 18 h 12 12 11 29 55 21 29 15 8

30 40 500 500 600 90 20 150 300 75 1200 40 200 1200 1500 1000 1500 2500 1500 2500 1000 1300

Wavelength/Å 4288.71 4374.80 4569.00 4675.03 4745.11 5090.63 5155.54 5175.97 5193.14 5354.40 5390.44 5599.42 5686.38 5792.66 5806.91 5831.58 5983.60 6102.72 6199.99 6253.72 6319.53 6752.35 6827.33 6857.68 6879.94 6965.67 6979.15 7001.58 7101.64 7104.45 7268.18 7270.82 7442.39 7475.74 7495.24 7557.67 7791.61 7824.91 8029.91 8045.36 8136.20 8425.59 Rubidium Rb Z = 37 465.85 481.118 482.83 489.66 493.48 497.430 508.434 513.266 530.173 533.801 535.86 542.887 555.036 556.19 566.71 572.82 576.65 579.63 581.26 589.419 594.94 595.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III II III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III II III III

Intensity 1200 1500 25 3000 6000 25 50 10000 5000 25 2500 15 1000 5000 2000 10000 30000 10000 5000 50000 1000 2000 500 500 5000 c 25 50 500 60 75 100 40 5000 10000 25000 1000 500 90000 15000 20000 10000 30000 2 2 10 10000 1 2 15 2 20 1 3 40 4 75 3 6 40 20 60 3 75 30 c 75 c 120 c

Wavelength/Å 598.49 643.878 663.76 697.049 711.187 716.24 740.85 741.456 769.04 776.89 815.28 850.18 1604.12 1760.50 2068.92 2075.95 2143.83 2217.08 2291.71 2472.20 2631.75 2956.07 3086.84 3111.36 3148.90 3157.54 3227.98 3286.41 3348.72 3350.82 3587.05 3591.57 3600.60 3600.64 3940.51 4201.80 4215.53 4244.40 4273.14 4571.77 4648.57 4775.95 5087.987 5132.471 5150.134 5152.08 5165.023 5165.142 5195.278 5233.968 5260.034 5260.228 5322.380 5362.601 5390.568 5431.532 5431.830 5578.788 5647.774 5653.750 5724.121 5724.614 6070.755 6159.626 6206.309 6298.325

Intensity 5 10000 5000 100 l 150 200 l 300 60 90000 c 45000 c 40 l 30 40 l 30 30 l 20 l 2000 c 35 l 30 l 100 20 30 75 1000 800 150 20 4

III II IV II II IV IV II III IV III IV II II II II II II II II III III III III II I I III I I I I II II II I I II II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

250 200 250 500 500 750 900 500 900 900 300 500 900 500 800 500 500 500 300 500 500 2400 2600 2400 690 780 780 480 120 190 h 310 170 780 150 180 150

10-62

Wavelength/Å 6299.224 6458.33 6560.81 7279.997 7408.173 7618.933 7757.651 7759.436 7800.27 7947.60 8271.41 8271.71 8868.512 8868.852 9522.65 9540.18 9689.05 10075.282 10075.708 13235.17 13442.81 13443.57 13665.01 14752.41 15288.43 15289.48 22529.65 27314.31 Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 850.09 850.30 919.74 940.09 966.54 974.14 979.43 981.35 986.84 994.56 1001.65 1009.13 1009.87 1014.68 1190.51 1200.07 1207.17 1209.77 1211.31 1941.35 2009.28 2076.43 2083.77 2090.89 2255.52 2272.09 2279.57 2317.80 2334.96 2342.85 2351.33 2357.91 2402.72 2407.92 2455.53 2456.44

I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I I I I II II I II II II II II

Intensity 370 280 140 140 260 110 110 150 550 370 830 460 330 400 330 690 330 200 690 140 310 1800 100 110 350 1700 350 400 640 420 550 1800 740 370 1100 180 370 550 170 140 550 1400 460 440 330 310 390 330 830 740 490 370 930 3100 4900 6400 8300 640 790 690 6400 6900 6400 1300 3100 6200

Wavelength/Å 2456.57 2478.93 2498.42 2498.57 2507.01 2513.32 2517.32 2535.59 2549.58 2609.06 2612.07 2642.96 2651.84 2659.62 2661.61 2678.76 2692.06 2712.41 2719.52 2725.47 2734.35 2735.72 2778.38 2787.83 2810.03 2810.55 2818.36 2829.16 2854.07 2861.41 2866.64 2874.98 2886.54 2908.88 2916.26 2945.67 2949.50 2965.16 2965.55 2976.59 2976.92 2988.95 2994.96 3006.59 3017.24 3020.88 3064.84 3096.57 3099.28 3100.84 3294.11 3301.59 3339.55 3417.35 3428.31 3436.74 3498.94 3514.49 3539.37 3570.59 3589.22 3593.02 3596.18 3599.76 3634.93 3661.35

II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Ruthenium—Samarium Intensity 830 650 550 8700 11000 7100 3500 870 2800 760 870 1200 600 600 1500 600 3900 6000 760 7600 7600 600 760 760 650 550 760 930 760 1300 650 1300 650 760 1500 3300 600 760 600 600 870 1500 600 1400 710 760 980 6000 930 1900 2000 650 870 550 550 7600 1500 5400 760 930 550 760 760 760 550 3700

Wavelength/Å 3663.37 3669.49 3726.10 3726.93 3728.03 3730.43 3742.28 3742.78 3745.59 3753.54 3755.93 3759.84 3761.51 3767.35 3777.59 3782.74 3786.06 3790.51 3798.05 3798.90 3799.35 3812.72 3817.27 3819.03 3822.09 3824.93 3831.80 3839.70 3850.43 3857.55 3862.69 3867.84 3892.21 3909.08 3923.47 3925.92 3931.76 3945.57 3978.44 3979.42 3984.86 4022.16 4023.83 4051.40 4054.05 4068.37 4076.73 4080.60 4097.79 4112.74 4144.16 4145.74 4167.51 4197.58 4198.88 4199.90 4206.02 4212.06 4214.44 4217.27 4230.31 4241.05 4243.06 4284.33 4295.93 4297.71

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 930 550 550 710 870 2400 870 1300 1700 1600 1100 5400 1700 720 1400 500 550 160 450 120 200 530 170 250 110 500 920 180 130 260 110 130 110 h 80 130 90 290 180 65 55 80 21 h 16 35 18 26 26 18 16 26 h 21 55 21 30 21 26 110 26 26 35 16 18 26 70 26 18

Wavelength/Å 4307.60 4319.87 4342.07 4354.13 4361.21 4372.21 4385.39 4385.65 4390.44 4410.03 4460.04 4554.51 4584.44 4647.61 4709.48 4757.84 4869.15 5011.23 5057.33 5076.32 5093.83 5136.55 5142.76 5147.24 5151.07 5155.14 5171.03 5195.02 5284.08 5309.27 5335.93 5361.77 5401.04 5484.32 5510.71 5559.75 5636.24 5699.05 5814.98 5919.34 5921.45 5973.38 5988.67 5993.65 6116.77 6199.42 6225.20 6295.22 6390.23 6444.84 6663.14 6690.00 6766.95 6775.02 6824.17 6911.48 6923.23 6982.01 7027.98 7238.92 7393.93 7468.91 7485.79 7499.75 7559.61 7621.50

Intensity 18 22 30 80 18 22

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

150 410 720 600 530 600 720 720 720 720 850 1700 1200 1200 1200 4200 4200 1700 3400 1700 3400 2200 2200 1100 1600 2100 1600 2900 1200 930 800 1200 1900 1100 370 d 1100 1500 1600 1600 1600 1100 560 1600 530 2700 480 400 3700 1600 1300 2500 1900 1300 470 1500 1500 620 1000

10-63

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 7722.87 7791.86 7847.80 7881.49 8264.96 8710.84 Samarium Sm Z = 62 2789.38 3152.52 3183.92 3211.73 3216.85 3218.61 3230.56 3236.64 3239.66 3250.37 3254.38 3306.39 3321.18 3365.86 3382.40 3568.27 3592.60 3604.28 3609.49 3621.23 3634.29 3661.36 3670.84 3693.99 3728.47 3731.26 3735.98 3739.12 3743.87 3745.46 3756.41 3757.53 3760.69 3764.37 3773.33 3778.14 3788.12 3793.97 3797.73 3826.20 3831.50 3834.48 3843.50 3853.30 3854.21 3854.56 3858.74 3885.29 3896.98 3903.42 3922.40 3928.28 3941.87 3951.89 3963.00 3971.40 3974.66 3976.43

I I I I I I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II II II II II I II II I II

Intensity 1500 1400 1000 1900 1200 1000 1100 1000 1200 2100 1300 1200 2200 710 470 1600 1900 470 1800 440 1300 880 1100 440 530 1600 410 470 1500 2900 470 1600 1800 530 440 710 1300 1200 1000 2200 810 370 440 380 470 d 1100 370 530 730 770 470 730 580 350 970 730 630 350 430 400 540 510 350 360 470 250

Wavelength/Å 3990.00 4064.58 4092.27 4118.55 4152.21 4188.13 4203.05 4225.33 4236.74 4256.39 4262.68 4279.68 4280.79 4282.21 4282.83 4296.74 4318.94 4319.53 4329.02 4330.02 4334.15 4336.14 4347.80 4362.91 4380.42 4390.86 4401.17 4419.33 4420.53 4424.34 4429.66 4433.88 4434.32 4441.81 4442.28 4445.15 4452.73 4454.63 4458.52 4467.34 4470.89 4499.11 4581.73 4649.49 4670.75 4674.60 4688.73 4704.40 4716.10 4728.42 4745.68 4760.27 4783.10 4785.86 4841.70 4883.97 4910.40 4913.25 4918.99 5044.28 5071.20 5117.16 5122.14 5155.03 5175.42 5200.59

II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II I II I I II I I II II I II II I I I II II II II I I I I I II I II I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Samarium—Scandium Intensity 260 400 250 220 230 230 140 140 120 85 70 60 70 d 60 60 65 65 50 50 65 50 50 45 45 h 45 100 140 110 50 120 d 95 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 26 30 30 26 85 d 23 60 26 30 26 13 45 12 40 w 16 90 40 16 45 40 w 19 45 w 45 w 95

350 500

Wavelength/Å 5251.92 5271.40 5282.91 5453.00 5493.72 5516.09 5550.40 5659.86 5696.73 5706.20 5773.77 5778.33 5786.98 5788.38 5800.52 5802.84 5867.79 5874.21 5898.96 5965.71 6045.00 6070.06 6084.12 6159.56 6256.54 6267.28 6569.31 6589.72 6671.51 6731.84 6794.20 6860.93 6955.29 7020.44 7039.22 7042.24 7051.52 7082.37 7088.30 7095.50 7104.54 7115.96 7149.60 7213.82 7240.90 7347.30 7444.56 7445.41 7470.76 7645.09 7645.82 7835.08 7895.96 7928.14 8048.70 8065.16 8068.46 8305.79 8383.71 8485.99 8708.43 8913.66 Scandium Sc Z = 21 180.14 243.87

I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I II II I II II II II II II I I I I II I II I I I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II

V V

Intensity 500 500 900 800 600 900 15 1000 d 800 15 15 700 1000 600 10 25 15 180 150 160 12 11 11 14 11 110 560 2900 560 2300 1100 11 120 350 360 210 580 230 340 1200 1400 340 2200 2700 360 120 h 130 990 1500 4400 5500 110 d 270 9900 2000 1700 1700 4000 6600 130 200 200 270 530 270 180

Wavelength/Å 252.85 253.73 283.91 284.45 288.29 289.59 289.85 291.93 293.25 296.31 299.04 300.00 573.36 587.94 785.12 1168.61 1550.80 1603.06 1610.19 2010.42 2118.97 2185.43 2205.46 2222.22 2271.33 2438.62 2545.22 2552.37 2555.82 2560.25 2563.21 2586.93 2692.78 2699.07 2706.77 2707.95 2711.35 2734.05 2965.86 2974.01 2980.75 2988.95 3015.36 3019.34 3030.76 3056.31 3065.11 3251.32 3255.69 3269.91 3273.63 3343.28 3352.05 3353.73 3359.68 3361.27 3361.94 3368.95 3372.15 3418.51 3429.21 3429.48 3431.36 3435.56 3457.45 3462.19

Intensity 130 d 110 200 2700 6600 6100 13000 9900 7700 4000 4000 28000 110 20000 13000 6600 110 5300 110 290 75 h 270 610 20000 23000 4400 5500 530 20000 20000 220 140 220 200 2700 120 5500 220 100 160 h 160 6100 200 400 440 h 530 h 720 1100 h 110 h 110 h 180 200 400 15000 290 350 4200 3300 2400 180 110 2000 130 1100 880 120 h

V V V V V V IV V V IV IV V V V IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV I II II II II II IV I III I I I III I I I I I I I I II II I I I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I

10-64

Wavelength/Å 3469.65 3471.13 3498.91 3535.73 3558.55 3567.70 3572.53 3576.35 3580.94 3589.64 3590.48 3613.84 3617.43 3630.75 3642.79 3645.31 3646.90 3651.80 3664.25 3666.54 3717.10 3833.07 3843.03 3907.49 3911.81 3933.38 3996.61 4014.49 4020.40 4023.69 4030.67 4031.39 4043.80 4046.48 4047.79 4049.95 4054.55 4056.59 4068.66 4074.97 4078.57 4082.40 4086.67 4087.16 4133.00 4140.30 4152.36 4165.19 4218.26 4219.73 4231.93 4233.61 4238.05 4246.83 4294.77 4305.71 4314.09 4320.74 4325.01 4354.61 4358.64 4374.46 4384.81 4400.37 4415.56 4557.24

I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II I II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II I

Intensity 160 h 350 120 120 200 490 590 690 790 1200 200 220 170 90 90 90 170 120 150 140 530 250 530 250 2100 1200 1100 750 390 270 390 620 370 180 150 320 390 280 350 280 210 120 350 120 210 530 270 370 270 120 750 530 570 660 660 70 110 80 250 1500 1200 1100 10 190 880 230

Wavelength/Å 4573.99 4670.40 4706.97 4709.34 4728.77 4729.23 4734.10 4737.65 4741.02 4743.81 4753.16 4779.35 4839.44 4909.76 4922.84 4934.25 4954.06 4973.66 4980.37 4991.92 5031.02 5064.32 5070.23 5075.81 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.95 5087.14 5089.89 5096.73 5099.23 5101.12 5109.06 5112.86 5116.69 5210.52 5219.67 5239.82 5258.33 5285.76 5341.05 5349.30 5349.71 5355.75 5356.10 5375.35 5392.08 5446.20 5451.34 5481.99 5484.62 5514.22 5520.50 5526.82 5564.86 5591.33 5640.98 5657.88 5671.81 5686.84 5700.21 5706.82 5708.61 5711.75 5717.28

I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I IV I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Scandium—Silicon Intensity 180 14 620 320 120 110 80 250 750 60 90 60 65 50 50 90 55 h 30 19 h 50 30 h 400 150

360 360 450 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 360 360 360 360 450 360 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 450 450 285 285 285 120 120 150 150 250 150 200 150 150 150 150

Wavelength/Å 5724.08 5771.63 6210.68 6239.78 6245.63 6249.96 6256.01 6258.96 6305.67 6378.82 6413.35 6604.60 6737.87 6819.52 6835.03 7449.16 7741.17 7800.44 8761.40 8829.78 8834.35 22051.86 22065.05 Selenium Se Z = 34 613.0 652.7 670.1 724.3 746.4 759.1 808.7 830.3 832.7 839.5 843.0 845.8 912.9 959.6 974.8 996.7 1013.4 1014.0 1033.6 1049.6 1057.4 1094.7 1099.1 1119.2 1141.9 1192.3 1227.6 1291.0 1308.9 1314.4 1435.3 1435.8 1449.2 1500.9 1530.4 1531.3 1531.8 1575.3 1577.6 1577.9 1579.5

I IV I I II I III I I I I II I I I III I I I III I I I

V IV IV III IV V V V II V III V II IV III IV II II II II II V III III II II V II II IV I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 200 150 150 250 200 150 150 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 400 350 300 500 500 285 500 285 500 600 300 360 285 285 220 160 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 360 450 285 285 220 285 500 400 300 285 360 450 360 100 120 110 285 285 285 450 285 200 360 285 285 150 120 100 200

Wavelength/Å 1580.0 1587.5 1593.2 1606.5 1617.4 1621.2 1643.4 1671.2 1675.3 1690.7 1793.3 1795.3 1855.2 1858.8 1898.6 1913.8 1919.2 1960.9 2039.8 2057.5 2074.8 2136.6 2164.2 2413.5 2548.0 2665.5 2724.3 2767.2 2773.8 2951.6 3387.2 3413.9 3457.8 3637.6 3738.7 3800.9 4169.1 4175.3 4180.9 4382.9 4446.0 4449.2 4467.6 4730.8 4739.0 4742.2 4840.6 4845.0 5227.5 5305.4 5365.5 5369.9 5374.1 5522.4 5566.9 5866.3 6056.0 6303.8 6325.6 6444.2 6490.5 6535.0 6831.3 6990.690 6991.792 7010.809

Intensity 150 300 200 250 150 300 200 150 150 180 150 200 180 150 150 150 150 300 200 200 100 200 377 900 640 275 170 205 315 410 500 320 265 395 360 505 205 235 680 415 270 240 150 265 375 255 510

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I IV I I I IV IV III III IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II I I I II II II II I I I II II II II III I II II II I I I I

10 15 10 20 20 4 8 8 7 8 9 40 h 100 200 9 100 200

10-65

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 7013.875 7062.065 7575.1 7583.4 7592.2 8001.0 8036.4 8093.2 8094.7 8149.3 8152.0 8157.7 8163.1 8182.9 8440.47 8450.38 8742.33 8918.86 9001.97 9038.61 9432.50 10217.25 10307.45 10327.26 10386.36 11946.87 11952.64 11972.93 14817.93 14917.47 15151.44 15471.00 15520.97 15618.40 16659.44 16813.78 16866.54 21374.24 21442.56 21473.48 21716.36 21730.60 23388.85 24148.18 24385.99 25017.51 25127.43 Silicon Si Z = 14 85.18 96.44 97.14 117.86 118.97 457.82 566.61 653.33 815.05 818.13 823.41 845.77 889.72 892.00 967.95 989.87 992.68

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V V IV III III IV IV III II II II III II II

Intensity 10 13 16 50 8 14 16 18 8 10 100 200 250 100 30 30 9 10 50 100 150 200 100 150 100 150 200 40 50 1000 2000 200 17 14 15 18 14 16 100 50 h 200 13 100 100 150 100 100 15 12 13 90 h 100 h 12 10 9 100 h 50 h 60 p 500 1000 150 100 300 200 100 100

Wavelength/Å 993.52 994.79 997.39 1023.69 1066.63 1108.37 1109.97 1113.23 1122.49 1128.34 1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1226.81 1227.60 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1250.09 1250.43 1251.16 1256.49 1258.80 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96 1301.15 1303.32 1304.37 1305.59 1309.27 1312.59 1346.87 1348.54 1350.06 1352.64 1353.72 1393.76 1402.77 1417.24 1485.02 1485.51 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1509.10 1512.07 1516.91 1526.72 1533.45 1594.55 1622.87 1629.43 1629.92 1667.62 1668.52

III III III II IV III III III IV IV II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II II II I I II II II III III III III III III II II II III II II II II II IV IV III II II III III III II II II II II I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Intensity 100 200 200 200 100 h 100 h 100 h 150 500 h 200 200 200 9 200 300 400 200 500 200 500 h 200 200 200 h 1000 h 100 h 50 h 50 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 50 h 110 115 110 120 120 10 10 100 h 30 h 50 h 300 11 425 375 500 7 350 425 450 110 25 10 14 30 85 45 190 11 14 9 1000

Wavelength/Å 1672.59 1675.20 1696.20 1697.94 1770.92 1776.83 1799.12 1808.00 1814.07 1816.92 1836.51 1841.44 1842.55 1843.77 1845.51 1847.47 1848.14 1850.67 1852.46 1874.84 1881.85 1887.70 1893.25 1901.33 1902.46 1910.62 1941.67 1949.56 1954.97 2058.65 2059.01 2072.02 2072.70 2124.12 2136.56 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2296.87 2308.19 2356.30 2357.18 2357.97 2435.15 2449.48 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2517.51 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2532.381 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2563.679 2568.641 2577.151 2631.282 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2881.579

I I I I I I I II I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I III III II II II I III I I I IV I I I I III III III I I I I III III III I

Intensity 300 500 55 150 50 75 100 h 9 100 h 50 h 150 h 25 20 16 9 16 13 150 150 100 14 200 100 h 200 h 15 75 12 14 15 12 10 300 500 15 9 20 8 20 c 25 30 100 h 500 h 200 h 300 20 10 70 9 300 h 500 h 100 h 50 9 30 25 20 100 150 9h 10 h 9 16 50 35 80 15

Silicon Wavelength/Å 2904.28 2905.69 2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3030.00 3040.93 3043.69 3048.30 3053.18 3086.24 3093.42 3096.83 3165.71 3185.13 3186.02 3188.97 3193.09 3195.41 3196.50 3199.51 3203.87 3210.03 3210.55 3214.66 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3258.66 3276.26 3333.14 3339.82 3486.91 3525.94 3590.47 3762.44 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 3905.523 3924.47 4088.85 4102.936 4116.10 4128.07 4130.89 4190.72 4198.13 4338.50 4552.62 4567.82 4574.76 4621.42 4621.72 4631.24 4654.32 4683.02 4716.65 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4813.33

Intensity 16 18 30 40 1000 1000 10 h 100 100 h 200 h 500 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 500 h 500 h 100 h 200 h 35 100 h 150 h 30 100 h 200 h 90 150 h 80 1000 h 120 300 h 100 90 200 h 100 h 160 20 45 45 45 45 70 70 90 100 150 h 200 50 300 h 40 10 h 150 200 500 500 90 85 90 100 100 160 160 40 125 125 180 45

II II I I I I II III II II II III III III IV III III II II II III II II II III II III III III III III II II III III III IV III III III II II II I III IV I IV II II II II III III III III II II IV IV III III I I I III

10-66

Wavelength/Å 4819.72 4828.97 4947.607 5006.061 5041.03 5055.98 5091.42 5181.90 5185.25 5192.86 5202.41 5405.34 5438.62 5456.45 5466.43 5466.87 5469.21 5496.45 5517.535 5540.74 5576.66 5622.221 5632.97 5639.48 5645.611 5660.66 5665.554 5669.56 5684.484 5688.81 5690.425 5701.105 5701.37 5706.37 5708.397 5739.73 5747.667 5753.625 5754.220 5762.977 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5800.47 5806.74 5846.13 5868.40 5873.764 5898.79 5915.22 5948.545 5957.56 5978.93 6125.021 6131.574 6131.850 6142.487 6145.015 6155.134 6237.320 6238.287 6243.813 6244.468 6254.188 6331.954

III III I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II I II I II I I II II I III I I I I I I I I II II II II I III II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 1000 1000 45 45 45 50 h 100 7 50 h 100 50 30 80 180 180 90 250 6h 200 100 100 180 160 400 375 200 275 425 9h 12 h 100 6h 30 400 500 30 90 120 140 35 35 70 9h 11 h 35 9h 40 40 60 40 120 50 40 75 100 35 100 100 30 120 120 120 30 30 60 30

Wavelength/Å 6347.10 6371.36 6526.609 6527.199 6555.462 6660.52 6671.88 6701.21 6717.04 6721.853 6829.82 6848.568 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7017.646 7034.903 7047.94 7165.545 7226.206 7235.326 7250.625 7275.294 7289.173 7405.774 7409.082 7415.946 7423.497 7466.32 7612.36 7680.267 7723.82 7800.008 7848.80 7849.72 7849.967 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 8102.86 8103.45 8230.642 8262.57 8443.982 8501.547 8502.221 8536.165 8556.780 8648.462 8728.011 8742.451 8752.009 8790.389 9412.72 9413.506 10371.269 10585.141 10603.431 10660.975 10694.251 10727.408 10749.384 10784.550

II II I I I II II IV II I II I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I III III I IV I II II I I I I I I I III III I III I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Intensity 80 140 60 130 30 30 80 30 80 370 220 440 190 95 110

25 30 400 15 10 12 250 150 150 60 50 50 50 55 55 50 70 65 85 55 50 60 60 50 70 50 150 100 100 90 95 100 50 50 r 100 r 50 r 100 100 60 50 700 120 500 10 50 125 750 10 h 75

Wavelength/Å 10786.856 10827.091 10843.854 10869.541 10882.802 10885.336 10979.308 10982.061 11017.965 11984.19 11991.57 12031.51 15888.39 16060.03 19722.50 Silver Ag Z = 47 730.83 752.80 799.41 1005.32 1065.49 1072.23 1074.22 1107.03 1112.46 1195.83 1223.33 1240.80 1246.87 1256.81 1257.55 1266.63 1273.67 1297.51 1311.20 1313.81 1314.61 1323.84 1342.09 1342.57 1346.62 1353.54 1364.50 1396.00 1410.93 1419.72 1432.60 1464.72 1466.23 1507.37 1515.63 1548.58 1555.16 1644.50 1651.52 1652.10 1656.18 1682.82 1693.51 1708.11 1709.27 1736.44 1751.03 1766.14 1790.37

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II I I III II III I I II III I II

Intensity 600 700 100 600 500 600 150 150 200 100 80 r 60 600 50 60 100 r 500 75 r 75 30 h 700 70 r 80 r 70 r 80 r 70 50 h 75 90 r 100 r 80 80 60 50 h 60 60 75 100 h 30 h 90 100 55000 r 28000 r 30 70 80 50 50 h 75 30 80 50 h 200 50 100 h 50 h 50 50 h 70 60 100 h 70 100 h 80 100 90 h

Silicon—Sodium Wavelength/Å 1917.08 1957.62 1967.38 1975.92 1977.03 2000.24 2015.96 2033.98 2061.17 2069.85 2113.82 2145.60 2161.89 2186.76 2229.53 2246.43 2246.51 2248.74 2280.03 2309.56 2310.04 2317.05 2320.29 2324.68 2331.40 2357.92 2375.02 2411.41 2413.23 2437.81 2447.93 2473.84 2506.63 2575.63 2660.49 2721.77 2767.54 2824.39 3130.02 3180.70 3267.35 3280.68 3382.89 3469.16 3475.82 3495.28 3542.61 3624.68 3682.46 3682.50 3683.34 3709.20 3810.94 3811.78 3840.74 3907.41 3909.31 3914.40 3920.10 3949.43 3981.58 3985.19 4055.48 4085.91 4185.48 4210.96

Intensity 100 50 50 h 30 h 80 50 60 h 30 h 100 30 h 100 80 1000 1000 100 100 10 h 320 25 500 25 30 h 10 h 12 15 10 60 20 15 15

III III II III III III II II I I II II III II II II III II II I III II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II I I I II II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II I II II I

7 8 9 8 8 8 12 10 12 10 5 10 10 8 8 8p 8 8 15 50 c 30 25 70 50 50 20 p 20 10 300 350 100 70 12 10

10-67

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4212.82 4311.07 4476.04 4615.69 4620.04 4620.46 4668.48 4677.60 4788.40 4847.82 4874.10 5027.35 5209.08 5465.50 5471.55 5667.34 6268.50 7687.78 8005.4 8273.52 8403.8 8645.70 8704.85 8747.6 9000.9 12551.0 16819.5 17416.7 18307.9 18382.3 Sodium Na Z = 11 142.232 146.064 150.298 150.687 155.510 156.537 162.448 163.190 168.411 168.546 183.95 190.445 199.772 202.49 202.76 203.06 203.28 203.33 229.87 250.52 251.37 266.90 267.65 267.87 268.63 272.08 272.45 319.644 372.08 376.38 378.14 380.10 408.684 409.614

I I I I II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II III III IV IV

Intensity 15 10 13 11 11 d 12 12 d 11 12 11 15 c 20 d 12 11 12 d 30 16 20 h 300 18 17 300 300 25 18 20 1000 25 17 20 10 70 35 850 850 1000 200 100 1000 400 200 2 1100 1100 1100 1200 1300 1000 1200 1100 1000 1100 1100 1300 1700 2500 1700 2000 2000 1000 1700 1600 1500 1700 1700 1200

Wavelength/Å 410.372 411.334 412.242 1582.18 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1887.47 1960.76 1965.08 2106.33 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2315.65 2386.99 2394.03 2420.99 2424.73 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2493.15 2497.03 2510.26 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92 2611.81 2661.00 2671.83 2680.34 2680.43 2841.72 2852.81 2853.01 2893.62 2904.92 2917.52 2919.05 2919.85 2920.95 2923.49 2951.24 2952.40 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 2984.19 3124.42 3135.48 3137.86 3149.28 3163.74 3179.06 3189.79 3212.19 3257.96 3285.60 3301.35 3302.37

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV III III III II III III II II III III III II III III I I I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Sodium—Sulfur Intensity 600 1500 1000 50 1500 1200 6 10 1 2 15 20 2 3 30 40 3 5 40 60 5 8 60 100 10 15 120 200 20 30 200 400 40 80 280 70 560 80000 40000 120 240 130 130 130 20 10 50 25 4400 800 8800 100 60 25 40 60 80 20 60 200 80 120 35 50 400 1000

Wavelength/Å 3302.98 3304.96 3318.04 3426.86 3533.05 3631.27 4238.99 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560 4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 6530.70 6544.04 6545.75 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 9153.88 9465.94 9961.28 10566.00 10572.28 10746.44 10749.29 10834.87 11190.19 11197.21 11381.45 11403.78

I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 400 60 100 60 100 400 50 25 60 100

15 15 125 500 75 250 150 20 75 50 50 1000 1875 1250 3750 10 2500 25 30 25 50 25 200 35 100 12 50 35 50 1400 1400 100 100 50 160 100 40 40 100 200 10 100 50 50 100 400 650 50 950 600 1300 46000 32000 9

Wavelength/Å 12679.17 14767.48 14779.73 16373.85 16388.85 18465.25 22056.44 22083.67 23348.41 23379.13 Strontium Sr Z = 38 298.12 300.12 330.67 351.62 358.80 363.49 371.21 378.53 392.44 393.00 396.22 437.24 491.79 507.04 514.38 517.28 562.75 578.01 624.93 642.23 649.21 660.94 664.43 686.23 710.35 747.82 1025.23 1125.49 1236.23 2152.84 2165.96 2273.71 2340.13 2346.97 2428.10 2486.52 2555.60 2571.04 3002.61 3012.32 3019.29 3021.73 3061.43 3182.61 3235.39 3351.25 3380.71 3430.76 3464.46 3969.26 4030.38 4077.71 4215.52 4298.57

Intensity 340 65000 9 3200 2200 1400 4800 3600 3000 2000 1000 8000 1300 800 h 1400 2000 2000 2800 4800 40 40 1500 7000 3500 2600 2000 2000 1000 900 h 600 h 9000 5500 1000 1700 3000 1800 4800 1200 5500 2500 500 400 h 200 h 120 200 100 400 h 600 300 100 100 h 300 1000 200 700 100 60 40 75 100 50 230 120 30

I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV III III III III III IV IV IV IV III III III III V III V V V V V IV V IV V III III III II II III III IV I III IV IV III III IV III III III III I II III II I I II II IV

10-68

Wavelength/Å 4305.45 4607.33 4685.08 4722.28 4741.92 4784.32 4811.88 4832.08 4872.49 4876.32 4891.98 4962.26 4967.94 5156.07 5222.20 5225.11 5229.27 5238.55 5256.90 5257.71 5443.48 5450.84 5480.84 5504.17 5521.83 5534.81 5540.05 6380.75 6386.50 6388.24 6408.47 6504.00 6546.79 6550.26 6617.26 6791.05 6878.38 6892.59 7070.10 7309.41 7621.50 7673.06 8422.80 8505.69 8688.91 9294.10 9448.95 9596.00 9624.70 9638.10 9647.70 10036.66 10327.31 10914.88 11241.25 12014.76 12445.90 12495.00 12974.70 13123.80 17447.40 20261.40 20700.70 26023.60

II I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I

Intensity

5 5 5 20 20 40 20 20 20 40 40 70 40 70 20 110 40 70 40 160 110 40 40 70 20 40 110 40 20 70 110 70 70 110 110 110 110 285 70 70 70 70 70 110 70 70 160 110 220 110 110 40 40 40 40 40 160 160 70 285 40 70 70 40

Wavelength/Å Sulfur S Z = 16 437.4 438.2 439.6 519.3 520.1 520.8 522.0 522.5 551.2 652.5 653.0 653.6 654.0 655.6 655.9 657.3 658.3 659.8 660.9 661.4 663.2 663.7 664.8 666.1 678.1 680.3 680.9 681.6 693.5 729.5 732.42 735.2 738.5 744.9 748.4 750.2 753.8 786.5 789.0 796.7 800.5 804.0 809.7 816.0 824.9 836.3 849.2 852.2 854.8 857.9 860.5 906.9 910.5 912.7 937.4 937.7 1062.7 1073.0 1073.5 1077.1 1102.3 1194.0 1201.0 1234.1

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV V IV IV IV V V V V V III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III IV IV IV IV III III V V V V V II II II II II IV IV IV III II III III II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Sulfur—Tantalum Intensity 40 110 110 275 250 280 275 235 235 245 260 265 355 290 375 355 775 710 960 640 775 1000 300 510 425 300 300 425 550 300 355 485 300 330 390 20 20 680 640 710 680 640 710 550 20 40 110 110 160 160 220 70 220 110 110 220 110 220 220 110 285 110 160 110 160 160

Wavelength/Å 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 1270.782 1277.216 1295.653 1302.337 1302.863 1303.110 1303.430 1305.883 1310.194 1316.542 1316.618 1323.515 1326.643 1381.552 1385.510 1388.435 1389.154 1392.588 1396.112 1409.337 1425.030 1433.280 1436.968 1448.229 1472.972 1473.995 1474.380 1481.665 1483.039 1483.233 1485.622 1487.150 1624.0 1629.2 1666.688 1687.530 1807.311 1820.343 1826.245 1900.286 1914.698 2387.0 2398.9 2460.5 2489.6 2496.2 2499.1 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2741.0 2756.9 2775.2 2785.5 2863.5 2904.3 2986.0

II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 110 110 160 110 160 160 285 285 160 360 450 280 360 450 450 360 450 285 160 280 450 360 450 285 360 650 1000 1000 1000 280 1000 450 450 280 650 450 160 450 450 280 450 450 450 280 280 280 360 160 285 450 450 450 285 450 1000 160 285 450 450 450 450 450 450 285 450 360

Wavelength/Å 3097.5 3497.3 3632.0 3709.4 3717.8 3838.3 3867.6 3902.0 3928.6 3933.3 4120.8 4142.3 4145.1 4153.1 4162.7 4253.6 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 4716.2 4815.5 4924.1 4925.3 4993.5 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5564.9 5606.1 5640.0 5640.3 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5706.1 5819.2 6052.7 6286.4 6287.1 6305.5 6312.7 6384.9 6397.3 6398.0 6413.7 6743.6 6748.8 6757.2 7579.0 7629.8 7686.1 7696.7 7924.0 7928.8 7930.3 7931.7 7967.4 7967.4 8314.7 8314.7 8585.6 8680.5 8694.7 8874.5

Intensity 110 220 160 450 450 450 285 285 285 650 450 450 450 285 285 285 285 285 285 285

IV III III III III III I I III II I II II II II III I I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I

60 1000 500 67 79 78 85 80 80 85 500 85 90 88 95 87 94 98 94 86 92 87 92 86 92 5000 91 93 91 92 93 90 95 85 7000 85 85 85 1100 1500 1200 1100 1500 90

10-69

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 8882.5 8884.2 9035.9 9212.9 9228.1 9237.5 9413.5 9421.9 9437.1 9649.9 9672.3 9680.8 9693.7 9697.3 9739.7 9932.3 9949.8 9958.9 10455.5 10459.5 Tantalum Ta Z = 73 493.07 890.87 947.30 999.34 1116.10 1136.17 1175.51 1189.28 1192.67 1213.09 1213.42 1215.53 1223.73 1238.12 1240.06 1258.34 1264.91 1272.42 1275.48 1275.94 1308.51 1315.58 1332.38 1343.30 1365.88 1392.56 1398.78 1413.40 1454.32 1464.41 1469.82 1495.25 1514.19 1607.70 1709.10 1712.16 1716.13 2055.75 2140.13 2146.87 2182.71 2193.88 2196.03 2199.58

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II II II IV

Intensity 1500 90 1400 d 1400 1200 840 990 990 790 600 990 440 440 440 420 690 550 250 260 600 320 1400 2400 320 360 360 480 380 600 500 600 500 600 600 1200 d 600 1200 460 600 600 1400 1200 860 2400 2600 1900 1500 770 1500 470 1000 1200 2600 470 1200 860 410 1000 430 770 680 680 510 640 560 1500

Wavelength/Å 2199.67 2207.64 2210.03 2239.48 2250.76 2261.42 2262.30 2272.59 2285.25 2286.59 2289.16 2302.24 2302.93 2312.60 2315.46 2331.98 2332.19 2357.30 2361.09 2364.24 2371.58 2387.06 2400.63 2416.89 2427.64 2429.71 2432.70 2470.90 2474.62 2484.95 2488.70 2490.46 2504.45 2507.45 2526.35 2532.12 2559.43 2562.10 2577.37 2603.49 2608.63 2635.58 2636.90 2647.47 2653.27 2656.61 2661.34 2675.90 2685.17 2694.52 2698.30 2710.13 2714.67 2727.44 2748.78 2749.83 2752.49 2758.31 2761.68 2775.88 2796.34 2797.76 2806.58 2844.25 2848.52 2850.49

II IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I II II II I I I II I I II I II I I II I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Tantalum—Terbium Intensity 1900 360 470 380 770 560 310 410 310 1700 470 1200 510 340 1500 770 770 340 430 1800 290 d 530 530 360 560 380 380 270 320 270 600 300 1100 680 330 d 640 360 450 490 380 490 750 980 500 210 210 210 410 310 300 360 c 340 260 450 200 100 110 100 100 330 110 110 d 140 200 130 90

Wavelength/Å 2850.98 2861.98 2871.42 2880.02 2891.84 2902.05 2915.49 2925.19 2932.70 2933.55 2940.06 2940.22 2951.92 2953.56 2963.32 2965.13 2965.54 2969.47 2975.56 3012.54 3027.48 3049.56 3069.24 3077.24 3103.25 3124.97 3130.58 3132.64 3170.29 3173.59 3180.95 3223.83 3311.16 3318.84 3330.99 3371.54 3385.05 3406.94 3480.52 3497.85 3511.04 3607.41 3626.62 3642.06 3918.51 3970.10 3996.17 4061.40 4067.91 4205.88 4510.98 4574.31 4619.51 4681.88 5037.37 5067.87 5115.84 5141.62 5143.69 5156.56 5212.74 5218.45 5341.05 5402.51 5419.19 5518.91

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 150 130 130 90 130 240 130 90 90 130 240 190 c 100 250 100 100 65 130 150 150 150 75 65 75 65 90 65 250 200 380 65 100 100 100 110 75 100 180 75 c 75 160 c 210 180 150 140 140 65 180 110 d 75 150 110 140 160 140 c 100 90 cw 160 100 75 75

10000 c 20000 c 15000

Wavelength/Å 5645.91 5664.90 5776.77 5780.71 5811.10 5877.36 5882.30 5901.91 5918.95 5939.76 5944.02 5997.23 6020.72 6045.39 6047.25 6101.58 6144.56 6154.50 6256.68 6268.70 6309.58 6325.08 6341.17 6356.16 6360.84 6389.45 6428.60 6430.79 6450.36 6485.37 6505.52 6514.39 6516.10 6574.84 6611.95 6621.30 6673.73 6675.53 6740.73 6771.74 6813.25 6866.23 6875.27 6902.10 6927.38 6928.54 6951.26 6966.13 6995.22 7006.96 7148.63 7172.90 7301.74 7346.41 7352.86 7356.96 7369.09 7407.89 7882.37 8026.50 8281.62 Technetium Tc Z = 43 3636.07 4031.63 4095.67

Intensity 20000 30000 20000

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

8 8 8 10 10 12 9 9 9 9 10 9 8 10 10 10 5 5 6 5 10 26000 6500 18000 3200 500 1200 1500 50 120 100 80 110 100 150 70 70 100 60 60 150 50 50 50 100 50 50 70 100 80 100 60 80 150 75 170 80 100 70 100 180

I I I

10-70

Wavelength/Å 4262.27 4297.06 4853.59 Tellurium Te Z = 52 802.28 1059.51 1077.66 1161.42 1174.34 1175.79 1208.54 1220.98 1253.62 1270.52 1324.92 1363.24 1366.73 1374.80 1608.41 1613.15 1655.4 1688.5 1700.0 1708.0 1822.4 2002.02 2081.16 2142.81 2147.25 2259.02 2383.26 2385.78 2438.69 2530.72 2649.66 2661.10 2677.13 2858.29 2895.41 2967.29 3047.00 3175.14 3256.80 3329.22 3406.79 3442.25 3521.11 3552.19 3611.78 3617.57 4006.52 4127.32 4169.77 4225.73 4261.11 4273.43 4285.85 4364.00 4385.10 4478.63 4537.07 4557.78 4630.62 4641.12 4654.37

I I I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 200 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 130 200 8 50 50 150 150 100 200 150 100 50 10 h 20 h 20 h 15 h 20 h 12 15 15 15 10 30 h 10 20 15 15 10 205 81 5660 532 689 325 5950 4097 381 397 745 1880 10200 508 6620 1580 1050 1480 2430 3760 1960 2780 1020 464 74 38

1000 1000

Wavelength/Å 4686.91 4696.38 4706.53 4766.05 4784.87 4827.14 4831.28 4842.90 4865.12 4866.24 5083.0 5449.84 5487.95 5576.35 5649.26 5666.20 5708.12 5755.85 5974.68 6367.13 6790.0 6837.6 6854.7 7191.1 7263.5 7460.98 7468.75 7921.69 7943.14 7950.34 8061.4 8122.44 8186.44 8273.53 8672.95 8733.81 8758.18 9004.37 9722.74 9868.92 9956.30 9977.13 10051.41 10091.01 10118.08 10300.56 10493.57 10918.34 11089.56 11163.74 11487.23 13247.75 14513.51 15452.45 15546.23 16403.90 17303.54 18291.59 21043.73 21602.50 22555.29 26539.17 Terbium Tb Z = 65 1259.40 1327.67

II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Terbium—Thallium Intensity 1000 5000 2000 2000 1000 1000 110 110 130 140 190 270 320 250 230 230 460 460 670 480 480 480 440 480 480 1100 1200 480 760 760 1000 1500 3800 760 760 810 810 d 810 5700 1300 1100 810 3200 810 4200 1600 1100 710 810 1600 810 2300 810 2000 3800 810 450 450 4700 2400 1000 d 650 870 870 1100 650

Wavelength/Å 1373.86 1595.39 1633.19 2027.79 2089.98 2332.54 2584.61 2608.57 2628.69 2669.29 2704.07 2769.53 2897.44 2956.21 3010.59 3016.18 3053.55 3070.05 3078.86 3082.36 3089.58 3102.96 3139.64 3187.26 3199.56 3218.93 3219.98 3252.32 3280.31 3281.40 3285.04 3293.07 3324.40 3349.42 3364.93 3454.06 3472.79 3500.84 3509.17 3523.66 3540.24 3543.89 3561.74 3567.35 3568.52 3568.98 3579.20 3585.03 3596.38 3600.44 3625.54 3650.40 3654.88 3658.88 3676.35 3682.26 3693.58 3700.12 3702.86 3703.92 3711.76 3745.04 3747.17 3747.34 3755.24 3759.35

IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II I

Intensity 1700 2100 600 410 760 d 1500 540 920 d 3700 3500 w 480 490 2400 1600 480 650 760 810 d 2200 d 1800 970 1900 760 870 2100 430 410 1300 650 1100 350 390 650 600 480 480 650 760 cw 450 2200 600 600 3000 600 870 600 1700 700 870 330 300 260 350 240 240 430 75 110 110 110 110 210 65 65 75 d 95

Wavelength/Å 3765.14 3776.49 3783.53 3789.92 3806.85 3830.26 3833.42 3842.50 3848.73 3874.17 3888.22 3894.64 3899.20 3901.33 3908.06 3915.43 3925.45 3939.52 3976.84 3981.87 4002.59 4005.47 4012.75 4032.28 4033.03 4054.12 4060.37 4061.58 4105.37 4144.41 4158.53 4196.74 4203.74 4206.49 4215.09 4232.82 4266.34 4278.52 4310.42 4318.83 4322.23 4325.83 4326.43 4332.12 4336.43 4337.64 4338.41 4340.62 4356.81 4382.45 4388.23 4390.91 4423.10 4436.12 4448.04 4493.07 4514.31 4549.07 4550.45 4556.46 4563.69 4578.69 4584.84 4591.56 4626.32 4626.94

Intensity 65 65 h 85 210 260 cw 80 80 80 70 c 80 80 200 110 80 70 410 cw 180 100 80 80 95 65 85 110 75 85 120 75 75 w 75 65 110 65 w 160 75 75 50 55 55 50 65 85 c 75 75 65 65 65 65 c 75 35 35 cw 35 90 40 cw 130 55 45 h 40 65 40 45 45 27 h 45 65 30

I II I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II

10-71

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4632.07 4636.59 4641.00 4641.98 4645.31 4647.23 4662.79 4676.90 4681.87 4688.63 4693.11 4702.41 4707.94 4739.93 4747.80 4752.53 4786.78 4813.77 4875.57 4881.15 4915.90 4931.79 4993.82 5078.25 5089.12 5186.13 5228.12 5248.71 5262.11 5281.05 5304.72 5319.23 5337.90 5354.88 5369.72 5375.98 5424.10 5459.81 5509.61 5514.54 5524.12 5747.58 5795.64 5803.13 5815.36 5851.07 5870.62 5920.78 5967.34 6331.68 6518.68 6581.82 6677.94 6702.61 6794.58 6896.37 6899.95 6901.98 7204.28 7257.73 7348.88 7496.12 7582.03 7590.24 7596.44 7627.81

I I II II II I I I I II II II II I I II I I II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I II I II II I I I I II I II I I I

Intensity 30 30 27 30 30 65 95 40 30 h 45 30 65

10 5r 15 r 5r 10 r 5r 8r 30 20 20 10 r 8r 5r 30 10 r 15 r 10 r 10 r 12 r 5r 10 15 r 8r 25 r 8r 10 r 10 8r 10 r 10 r 15 r 10 r 7r 5h 5 10 r 12 r 25 r 100 r 100 r 30 140 900 h 20 700 420 4400 d 10 2800 20 15 15

Wavelength/Å 7737.63 7855.79 7927.90 8025.42 8085.06 8194.82 8212.57 8450.06 8511.80 8583.45 8603.40 8765.74 Thallium Tl Z = 81 570.49 670.87 696.30 709.23 817.18 836.34 1018.85 1028.69 1034.73 1036.61 1049.73 1050.30 1074.97 1079.68 1130.17 1162.55 1167.43 1183.41 1194.84 1246.00 1266.33 1307.50 1310.20 1321.71 1330.40 1373.52 1477.14 1489.65 1499.30 1507.82 1561.58 1568.57 1593.26 1616. 1685.40 1792.76 1814.85 1908.64 2007.56 2210.71 2298.04 2315.98 2379.69 2530.86 2580.14 2709.23 2767.87 2849.80 2918.32 3091.56 3185.51 3186.56

I II II II II II I II I II I II

IV II II II II II II IV IV IV II II II IV II II II II II II III II II II II II III I II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I II I I I II I II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Thallium—Thulium Intensity 15 1200 15 15 9 20000 5000 8 9 12000 w 10 10 7 6 20 40 20 15 25 25 18000 15 d 10 25 10 10 16 h 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 40 20 30 40 1000 150 700

150 200 200 200 200 200 200 500 480 520 410 800 1200 100 550 100 100 420 450 670 480 510 100

Wavelength/Å 3187.74 3229.75 3291.01 3369.15 3456.34 3519.24 3529.43 3540.08 3560.68 3775.72 3832.30 3887.15 4109.85 4269.81 4274.98 4306.80 4737.05 4981.35 5078.54 5152.14 5350.46 5384.85 5410.97 5949.48 6179.98 6378.32 6549.84 6966.5 7815.80 8373.6 8474.27 8664.1 9130. 9130.5 9509.4 9930.4 10011.9 10488.80 11512.82 12736.4 13013.2 Thorium Th Z = 90 1707.37 1959.02 2002.34 2413.50 2427.94 2431.68 2441.24 2565.593 2692.415 2747.156 2752.166 2832.315 2837.295 2848.084 2870.406 2936.086 2943.729 3049.092 3067.729 3078.828 3080.217 3108.296 3116.263

II I II II III I I II II I II II III III II II II II II II I II II II II II I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I

IV IV IV III III III III II II II II II II I II I I II II II II II I

Intensity 510 510 480 100 420 420 420 1100 770 560 560 480 590 910 180 910 620 910 620 240 480 510 840 250 620 620 310 980 620 250 1300 200 250 200 250 390 270 980 770 1300 170 200 670 180 170 200 530 200 270 270 980 200 480 270 210 170 220 280 700 150 170 180 340 590 770 1300

Wavelength/Å 3119.526 3122.963 3125.507 3136.216 3139.306 3142.835 3175.726 3180.193 3188.233 3221.292 3229.009 3235.84 3238.116 3256.274 3257.366 3262.668 3287.789 3291.739 3292.520 3301.650 3304.238 3321.450 3325.120 3330.476 3334.604 3337.870 3348.768 3351.228 3358.602 3374.974 3392.035 3396.727 3398.544 3405.558 3413.012 3421.210 3423.989 3433.998 3435.976 3469.920 3471.218 3486.552 3539.587 3544.018 3549.595 3555.013 3559.451 3576.557 3592.780 3598.120 3609.445 3612.427 3615.133 3635.943 3642.248 3649.735 3663.202 3669.968 3675.567 3682.486 3692.566 3698.105 3706.767 3719.435 3721.825 3741.183

Intensity 310 650 180 590 450 840 450 210 340 590 200 390 200 150 530 220 220 280 4200 250 250 250 700 700 150 840 240 280 1100 200 200 450 620 620 110 110 480 700 130 1300 1100 110 280 90 50 280 260 110 120 95 110 95 60 60 95 70 85 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 h 55

II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I I II II I II II I II II I II I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I II II

10-72

Wavelength/Å 3747.539 3752.569 3770.056 3803.075 3828.384 3839.746 3863.405 3875.374 3895.419 3929.669 3932.911 3967.392 3972.155 3980.089 3994.549 4008.210 4009.056 4012.495 4019.129 4030.842 4036.047 4063.407 4086.520 4094.747 4100.341 4108.421 4112.754 4115.758 4116.713 4127.411 4134.067 4149.986 4178.060 4208.890 4253.538 4260.333 4277.313 4282.042 4337.277 4381.860 4391.110 4498.940 4510.527 4723.438 4840.843 4863.163 5017.255 5067.974 5148.211 5216.596 5231.160 5247.654 5343.581 5587.026 5707.103 5760.551 5989.044 6169.822 6182.622 6274.116 6274.117 6355.911 6457.283 6462.614 6531.342 6989.656

I II I I I II II I I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II II I II I I II I I II II II I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II I II I I II I II I I II II II I I I I

Intensity 30 30 30 40 35 50 30 30 40 20 20 20 30 20 20 15 10

5000 360 20000 5000 20000 5000 5000 6000 6000 3000 3000 4000 450 450 770 30000 2000 1300 3000 130 10000 360 540 430 170 h 810 730 5000 2000 3000 540 3000 4000 680 730 2000 580 200 1600 1000 490 1000 1500 360 7400 2300 1900

Wavelength/Å 7045.795 7084.171 7168.896 7191.132 7208.006 7525.508 7647.380 8330.451 8967.641 9833.42 10726.93 10942.24 11230.259 11984.67 17208.22 18811.88 22264.35 Thulium Tm Z = 69 2185.94 2284.79 2296.21 2305.03 2311.16 2312.72 2326.19 2328.50 2329.29 2331.80 2357.05 2406.63 2409.02 2426.17 2480.13 2489.44 2504.71 2509.08 2519.78 2527.02 2552.46 2552.76 2561.65 2588.27 2596.49 2607.06 2624.33 2682.32 2707.03 2719.47 2721.19 2724.44 2727.56 2794.60 2797.27 2806.77 2827.92 2854.17 2869.23 2947.72 2973.22 2998.28 3015.30 3081.12 3131.26 3133.89 3151.04

II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II

III II III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III I III I II II I II II III III III II III III II II III II I II III I III II I II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Thulium—Tin Intensity 1500 450 2300 1200 1600 2300 320 1900 1600 1200 1100 1200 1200 2300 2000 1200 230 4000 1700 850 340 340 6400 340 4900 4900 8500 210 340 340 420 340 250 1700 420 210 340 420 1300 420 280 2100 1000 380 1100 4800 3800 7700 2400 5000 1700 6000 4800 7100 770 600 290 1300 290 8900 6800 1800 5400 440 3500 1500

Wavelength/Å 3157.34 3172.65 3172.83 3236.81 3240.23 3241.54 3246.96 3258.05 3266.64 3267.40 3276.81 3283.40 3285.61 3291.00 3302.46 3309.80 3349.99 3362.61 3397.50 3410.05 3412.59 3416.59 3425.08 3429.33 3441.50 3453.66 3462.20 3467.51 3476.69 3480.98 3487.38 3499.95 3517.60 3535.52 3537.91 3555.82 3560.92 3563.88 3566.47 3567.36 3586.07 3608.77 3629.09 3638.41 3668.09 3700.26 3701.36 3717.91 3734.12 3744.06 3751.81 3761.33 3761.91 3795.75 3798.54 3807.72 3826.39 3838.20 3840.87 3848.02 3883.13 3883.44 3887.35 3896.62 3916.48 3949.27

II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I II III I II II II I II I I II II II I I I II I II I II I I I I

Intensity 1500 1800 220 380 10000 9500 1100 8800 6000 380 3000 270 150 2700 1400 200 140 120 540 150 260 110 270 300 80 95 110 120 160 120 110 680 70 80 140 160 160 150 95 80 650 80 270 520 40 35 190 35 240 140 200 95 110 120 80 10 10 12 10 17 14 14 75 75 140 80

Wavelength/Å 3958.10 3996.52 4024.23 4044.47 4094.19 4105.84 4138.33 4187.62 4203.73 4222.67 4242.15 4271.71 4298.36 4359.93 4386.43 4394.42 4396.50 4454.03 4481.26 4519.60 4522.57 4548.60 4599.02 4615.94 4626.33 4626.56 4634.26 4655.09 4681.92 4691.11 4724.26 4733.34 4759.90 4831.20 4957.18 5009.77 5034.22 5060.90 5113.97 5213.38 5307.12 5346.49 5631.41 5675.84 5684.76 5709.97 5764.29 5838.76 5895.63 5971.26 6460.26 6604.96 6779.77 6844.26 6845.76 6937.37 7017.90 7034.34 7106.14 7272.62 7310.51 7432.18 7481.08 7490.20 7558.33 7731.53

Intensity 40 55 110 95 27

II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I II II II II I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

7 150 100 200 500 7 500 1000 1000 200 8 1000 1000 1000 200 10 1000 2000 9 13 11 2000 1000 20 200 1000 1000 20 1000 1000 1000 25 1000 20 9 1000 10 r 15 r 20 r 30 r 80 r 15 500 40 r 120 r 9 50 r 200 r 80 100 12 50 80 500 150 50 h 80 50 50

10-73

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 7856.08 7927.51 7930.84 8017.90 8472.01 Tin Sn Z = 50 169.47 361.01 753.01 910.92 956.25 985.13 1019.72 1044.49 1073.41 1089.35 1108.19 1119.34 1139.29 1158.33 1160.74 1161.43 1184.25 1210.52 1219.07 1223.70 1243.00 1251.38 1259.92 1290.86 1294.36 1305.97 1314.55 1316.59 1327.34 1347.65 1386.74 1400.52 1437.52 1475.15 1489.22 1570.36 1737.21 1751.46 1764.98 1790.75 1804.60 1811.34 1811.71 1815.74 1823.00 1831.89 1848.75 1860.32 1886.05 1891.40 1899.91 1909.30 1925.31 1941.86 1952.15 1977.6 1984.20 2040.66 2054.03

I I I I II

II V III III IV II IV IV IV V II IV III III V II III III II II II V III II V III IV II III III III II IV II II III I I I I I II III I I II I I I I II I I III I I I I I

Intensity 70 80 100 100 200 100 100 r 50 40 r 20 r 30 80 150 r 300 r 400 r 80 r 400 r 60 400 r 200 r 600 r 300 r 1000 r 22 100 800 r 1000 r 15 300 13 10 200 400 500 r 200 200 r 700 r 150 1400 r 1000 r 700 r 850 r 12 550 r 550 r 50 110 60 10 11 280 r 10 20 25 500 15 50 100 150 250 100 400 200 150 100 70

Wavelength/Å 2058.31 2068.58 2072.89 2073.08 2096.39 2100.93 2113.93 2121.26 2148.73 2151.43 2151.54 2171.32 2194.49 2199.34 2209.65 2231.72 2246.05 2251.17 2268.91 2286.68 2317.23 2334.80 2354.84 2368.33 2408.15 2421.70 2429.49 2448.98 2483.39 2483.48 2486.99 2495.70 2546.55 2571.58 2594.42 2661.24 2706.51 2779.81 2839.99 2863.32 3009.14 3034.12 3047.50 3175.05 3262.34 3283.21 3330.62 3351.97 3472.46 3575.45 3801.02 5332.36 5561.95 5588.92 5631.71 5799.18 5925.44 5970.30 6037.70 6069.00 6073.46 6149.71 6154.60 6171.50 6310.78 6453.50

I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I II II II I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Tin—Titanium Intensity 25 20 10 13 100 100 h 200 80 300 400 50 h 50 h 80 h 150 50 100 h 300 h 500 54 70 56 200 200 258 96 106 254 48 111 42 42 89 187 187 68 378 144 40 4

17 15 14 13 18 20 20 23 20 11 10 20 18 180 190 190 22 25 360 24 210 190 190 130 23

Wavelength/Å 6844.05 7191.40 7387.79 7741.80 7754.97 8030.5 8114.09 8357.04 8422.72 8552.60 8681.7 9410.86 9415.37 9616.40 9741.1 9742.8 9805.38 9850.52 10894.00 11191.85 11277.66 11454.59 11616.26 11739.78 11825.18 11835.82 11932.99 12009.50 12313.24 12530.87 12536.5 12888.5 12981.7 13018.5 13081.5 13460.2 13608.2 20861.7 24738.2 Titanium Ti Z = 22 252.96 498.26 502.08 526.57 779.07 1298.66 1298.97 1455.19 1467.34 1717.40 1841.49 2067.56 2103.16 2273.28 2279.96 2305.67 2413.99 2516.05 2525.60 2527.84 2529.85 2531.25 2534.62 2535.87 2540.06

II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V IV III III III IV V V IV IV I I I III III II III I II II II III

Intensity 24 23 22 270 340 510 300 640 800 950 250 250 190 180 280 450 340 1100 1300 1600 22 1300 d 1100 1600 2300 3600 720 500 780 1000 1600 2400 1000 3100 3800 780 1100 1300 6600 5200 4100 2600 1200 1200 1200 1200 840 2900 2100 1800 1100 5700 4300 12000 4100 7200 1100 4300 5700 2900 d 1400 5700 1400 1400 1100 890

Wavelength/Å 2563.44 2565.42 2567.56 2599.92 2605.15 2611.28 2619.94 2641.10 2644.26 2646.64 2742.32 2802.50 2841.94 2877.44 2884.11 2912.08 2928.34 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2984.75 3066.22 3072.97 3075.22 3078.64 3088.02 3119.72 3161.20 3161.77 3162.57 3168.52 3186.45 3190.87 3191.99 3199.92 3202.54 3217.06 3222.84 3234.52 3236.57 3239.04 3241.99 3248.60 3252.91 3254.25 3261.60 3314.42 3322.94 3329.46 3335.20 3340.34 3341.88 3349.04 3349.41 3354.64 3361.21 3370.44 3371.45 3372.80 3377.48 3380.28 3383.76 3385.95 3387.84 3394.58 3444.31

Intensity 600 600 480 890 600 17 600 4800 6600 7200 600 3100 600 2900 3300 330 5200 3300 2900 840 500 530 2600 500 500 15 1100 890 1100 4500 4500 5200 950 950 4800 570 5700 7800 950 1200 840 890 840 950 840 840 2000 200 2900 4100 6000 1200 330 890 230 840 550 840 950 1100 240 530 780 1000 1000 780

III III III I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I III II II II II II I II II II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II I II I I II I II II I II II II

10-74

Wavelength/Å 3461.50 3477.18 3491.05 3504.89 3510.84 3576.44 3610.16 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3671.67 3685.20 3689.91 3729.82 3741.06 3741.64 3752.86 3759.30 3761.32 3786.04 3882.89 3900.54 3904.78 3913.46 3914.34 3915.47 3924.53 3929.88 3947.78 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3962.85 3964.27 3981.76 3982.48 3989.76 3998.64 4008.93 4024.57 4078.47 4286.01 4287.40 4289.07 4290.94 4295.76 4298.66 4300.05 4300.56 4301.09 4305.92 4314.80 4395.04 4427.10 4443.80 4449.15 4450.90 4453.32 4455.33 4457.43 4468.50 4481.26 4512.74 4518.03 4522.80 4527.31

II II II II II IV I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I II I II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I

Intensity 6000 240 3600 2400 1200 1200 720 950 240 15 950 720 240 15 d 950 480 720 840 950 470 400 380 5800 4600 4000 3600 3200 d 840 840 1200 840 740 1200 1400 1100 1300 1400 17 20 340 270 320 250 130 95 95 85 400 230 120 150 120 300 200 270 340 110 120 120 120 17 380 380 300 55 65

Wavelength/Å 4533.24 4533.97 4534.78 4535.58 4535.92 4536.05 4544.69 4548.77 4549.63 4549.84 4552.46 4555.49 4571.98 4572.20 4617.27 4623.09 4656.47 4667.59 4681.92 4840.87 4885.08 4899.91 4981.73 4991.07 4999.51 5007.21 5014.19 5020.03 5022.87 5035.91 5036.47 5038.40 5039.95 5064.66 5173.75 5192.98 5210.39 5278.12 5398.93 5512.53 5514.35 5514.54 5644.14 5675.44 5689.47 5715.13 5739.51 5866.46 5899.32 5918.55 5922.12 5941.76 5953.17 5965.84 5978.56 5999.04 6064.63 6085.23 6091.17 6126.22 6246.65 6258.10 6258.70 6261.10 6546.28 6554.23

I II I I I I I I II III I I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Titanium—Uranium Intensity 75 18 18 80 20 18 260 130 130 120 90 60 60 55 75 100 100 75 120 170 490 240 20 90

5800 13000 5100 4100 4100 7300 15000 5300 9700 6100 2100 2400 1500 1300 460 510 530 d 340 440 460 390 d 320 580 850 510 670 730 560 560 1700 d 610 870 1800 580 780 870 630 780 780 1100

Wavelength/Å 6556.07 6621.58 6667.99 6743.12 7072.64 7084.57 7209.44 7244.86 7251.72 7344.72 7357.74 7364.11 7978.88 8024.84 8364.24 8377.85 8382.54 8396.87 8412.36 8426.52 8434.94 8435.70 8466.87 8675.39 Tungsten W Z = 74 2001.71 2008.07 2009.98 2010.23 2014.23 2026.08 2029.98 2049.63 2079.11 2094.75 2118.87 2121.59 2166.32 2204.48 2249.80 2277.58 2294.49 2309.02 2313.17 2321.63 2326.56 2354.61 2360.44 2363.07 2374.47 2384.82 2397.09 2397.73 2397.98 2405.58 2415.68 2424.21 2435.96 2444.06 2451.48 2452.00 2454.98 2455.51 2456.53 2459.30

I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I

Intensity 1400 480 1200 870 1500 480 d 580 390 390 630 680 75 310 780 270 780 430 780 1200 780 2700 730 870 390 390 370 680 370 970 480 400 400 400 400 400 810 400 d 650 400 1600 810 810 650 2100 650 650 400 400 400 400 d 400 2100 2600 400 650 400 400 400 810 810 810 810 400 810 1600 810

Wavelength/Å 2466.85 2472.51 2474.15 2480.13 2481.44 2482.10 2484.74 2487.50 2489.23 2495.26 2504.70 2510.47 2520.46 2521.32 2522.04 2523.41 2527.76 2533.64 2547.14 2550.38 2551.35 2561.97 2580.49 2584.39 2589.17 2601.96 2606.39 2608.32 2613.08 2613.82 2620.25 2622.21 2625.22 2632.48 2632.70 2633.13 2638.62 2646.18 2646.73 2656.54 2662.84 2671.47 2677.28 2681.42 2695.67 2699.59 2700.01 2706.58 2708.59 2708.80 2715.50 2718.91 2724.35 2725.03 2748.84 2762.34 2764.27 2769.74 2770.88 2774.00 2774.48 2792.70 2799.93 2818.06 2831.38 2833.63

Intensity 810 1500 690 2400 2400 730 d 360 520 770 210 310 d 440 d 270 440 810 180 180 d 370 240 240 230 260 290 320 190 390 390 520 1000 190 210 210 210 d 730 440 440 440 390 230 240 400 650 240 1900 650 400 570 810 510 680 1000 340 1000 290 190 260 1400 1100 730 1800 730 8600 540 910 730 5000

I I I I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I

10-75

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2848.02 2896.44 2935.00 2944.40 2946.99 2979.71 3013.79 3016.47 3017.44 3024.93 3026.67 3041.73 3043.80 3046.44 3049.69 3073.28 3084.83 3093.50 3107.23 3108.02 3117.57 3120.18 3163.42 3176.60 3181.82 3191.57 3198.84 3207.25 3215.56 3232.49 3254.36 3259.66 3266.62 3300.82 3311.38 3326.20 3331.69 3373.75 3429.59 3443.00 3495.24 3545.22 3570.65 3617.52 3682.08 3683.30 3688.06 3707.92 3757.92 3760.13 3768.45 3773.71 3780.77 3809.22 3810.38 3810.79 3817.48 3835.06 3846.22 3867.99 3881.41 4008.75 4015.22 4045.59 4069.95 4074.36

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 1000 540 450 220 250 540 1400 4100 2200 200 180 200 640 170 640 640 790 380 220 820 770 220 65 55 45 40 55 55 55 40 45 35 40 17 13 15 13 15 9 11 10 15 15 10 17 17 13 11 22 22 13 10 27 10 13

440 610 830 870 630 630 870 680 920

Wavelength/Å 4102.70 4137.46 4171.17 4207.05 4219.37 4244.36 4269.38 4294.61 4302.11 4378.48 4384.85 4408.28 4484.19 4588.73 4659.87 4680.51 4843.81 4886.90 4982.59 5053.28 5224.66 5514.68 5648.37 5735.09 5804.85 5902.64 5947.57 5965.86 6012.78 6021.52 6292.02 6404.21 6445.12 6611.62 6678.42 6693.08 6984.27 7140.52 7162.64 7200.16 7278.24 7285.81 7296.55 7509.00 7569.92 7614.15 7688.97 7784.15 8017.19 8055.64 8123.82 8338.08 8585.11 8594.42 8865.53 Uranium U Z = 92 2565.41 2635.53 2793.94 2802.56 2807.05 2817.96 2821.12 2828.90 2832.06

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II II II II II II II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Uranium—Vanadium Intensity 970 1200 780 780 580 530 p 1300 830 580 580 580 530 630 630 580 630 630 580 580 580 970 530 680 530 680 530 730 680 730 1100 730 580 580 630 680 1600 530 630 780 1600 630 530 1200 680 1200 2300 530 630 3200 840 2800 1100 600 680 950 600 1900 570 1900 750 2000 1200 2400 4900 1900 1500

Wavelength/Å 2865.68 2889.62 2906.80 2908.28 2931.41 2940.37 2941.92 2943.90 2956.06 2967.94 2971.06 2984.61 3022.21 3031.99 3050.20 3057.91 3062.54 3072.78 3093.01 3102.39 3111.62 3119.35 3124.95 3139.61 3149.24 3153.11 3229.50 3232.16 3291.33 3305.89 3390.38 3424.56 3435.49 3466.30 3482.49 3489.37 3496.41 3500.08 3507.34 3514.61 3533.57 3540.47 3550.82 3555.32 3561.80 3566.59 3569.08 3578.72 3584.88 3638.20 3670.07 3701.52 3738.04 3746.42 3748.68 3751.17 3782.84 3793.10 3811.99 3826.51 3831.46 3839.63 3854.64 3859.57 3865.92 3871.03

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I II I I II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II I

Intensity 1000 2200 2000 1200 1200 1000 1600 880 2200 810 880 1400 1000 600 620 170 150 110 170 80 70 80 70 70 160 70 70 230 100 90 55 90 110 90 45 50 35 75 30 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75

20 20 20 35 50 200 500 400 100 500 500 100 1000 1000

Wavelength/Å 3881.45 3890.36 3932.02 3943.82 3985.79 4042.75 4050.04 4062.54 4090.13 4116.10 4153.97 4171.59 4241.67 4472.33 4543.63 4689.07 4756.81 5008.21 5027.38 5160.32 5280.38 5475.70 5480.26 5481.20 5492.95 5780.59 5798.53 5915.39 5976.32 6077.29 6372.46 6395.42 6449.16 6826.92 7533.93 7881.94 8445.39 8607.95 8757.76 10554.93 11167.84 11384.13 11859.42 11908.83 12250.46 13185.16 13306.23 13961.58 18634.43 21910.22 Vanadium V Z = 23 225.46 251.66 286.84 483.01 633.94 677.34 684.37 737.85 864.27 1006.46 1149.94 1426.65 1643.03 1650.14

Intensity 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 500 400 500 2100 500 1000 2500 2500 1000 240 410 210 80 h 230 250 250 80 h 180 1100 680 530 640 180 240 900 900 1400 900 2400 710 2400 1700 900 1100 410 600 1200 1400 2400 3800 3000 2600 2000 1500 3200 5300 3800 410 530 750 1100 900 750 80 h 560 560 560 560 560

II II II I II I II II II II I II II II II II I II I II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V V V III IV IV IV III III III IV III III

10-76

Wavelength/Å 1680.20 1694.78 1760.07 1788.26 1794.60 1812.19 1861.56 1939.06 1951.43 1997.72 2092.44 2268.30 2292.86 2330.42 2371.06 2382.46 2507.78 2526.22 2527.90 2570.72 2574.02 2593.05 2595.10 2645.54 2661.42 2687.96 2700.94 2706.17 2715.69 2731.35 2864.36 2891.64 2892.66 2893.32 2906.46 2908.82 2923.62 2924.02 2924.64 2941.37 2944.57 2962.77 2968.38 3056.33 3060.46 3066.38 3093.11 3102.30 3110.71 3118.38 3125.28 3183.41 3183.98 3185.40 3187.71 3188.51 3190.68 3267.70 3271.12 3276.12 3514.25 3517.30 3533.68 3545.20 3556.80 3589.76

V III III III III III IV IV IV IV I IV III III III III I I II IV I III III IV I II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II II I II I I I II II II II II I I I II II II II II II IV II I II II II

Intensity 490 560 100 1300 1000 1500 1000 3800 1800 320 250 280 520 1100 570 570 1000 1300 1700 2600 1200 3000 1300 1500 700 2400 700 540 430 170 1100 1800 890 2800 590 2800 2300 8900 4300 1800 2000 3100 3100 2300 20 360 560 460 460 430 460 510 760 1000 12000 7000 4800 3600 1400 2300 2800 3600 4600 640 640 640

Wavelength/Å 3592.02 3592.53 3679.86 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.86 3703.58 3704.70 3715.47 3727.34 3732.76 3790.32 3794.96 3799.91 3803.47 3813.49 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.37 3855.84 3864.86 3875.08 3890.18 3902.25 3909.89 3990.57 3998.73 4005.71 4090.58 4092.69 4095.49 4099.80 4102.16 4105.17 4109.79 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.57 4128.07 4132.02 4134.49 4200.32 4232.46 4268.64 4271.55 4276.96 4284.06 4330.02 4332.82 4341.01 4352.87 4379.24 4384.72 4389.97 4395.23 4400.58 4406.64 4407.64 4408.20 4408.51 4416.47 4421.57 4437.84

II I III I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Vanadium—Xenon Intensity 830 640 610 1000 2000 610 510 640 830 1300 230 100 130 160 130 110 130 130 130 150 120 320 480 620 740 110 110 110 110 110 110 100 140 140 100 200 400 110 110 310 1200 920 570 850 230 230 450 480 1300 600 450 450 430 710 280 130 170 200 200 170 110 65 c 50 c 40 40 35

Wavelength/Å 4441.68 4444.21 4452.01 4459.76 4460.29 4462.36 4577.17 4580.40 4586.36 4594.11 4619.77 4635.18 4646.40 4670.49 4776.36 4786.51 4796.92 4807.53 4827.45 4831.64 4832.43 4851.48 4864.74 4875.48 4881.56 5128.53 5138.42 5192.99 5194.83 5234.07 5240.87 5401.93 5415.26 5584.50 5592.42 5624.60 5627.64 5657.44 5668.36 5670.85 5698.52 5703.56 5706.98 5727.03 5731.25 5737.06 6039.73 6081.44 6090.22 6119.52 6199.19 6216.37 6230.74 6243.10 6251.82 6268.82 6274.65 6285.16 6292.83 6296.49 6531.43 6753.00 6766.49 6784.98 7338.92 7356.54

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 29 c 120 w 70 c 60 c

8 8 9 9 9 10 20 12 10 15 10 350 15 10 10 10 25 15 12 15 350 25 30 25 600 350 15 20 20 600 250 10 800 700 35 35 500 700 1100 10 1000 1200 12 2000 600 1200 30 600 250 800 p 250 25 600 250 1000 600 80 100 30 40

Wavelength/Å 8027.39 8116.80 8161.07 8919.85 Xenon Xe Z = 54 657.8 660.1 673.8 674.0 676.6 694.0 698.5 705.1 721.2 731.0 733.3 740.41 742.6 756.0 761.5 769.1 779.1 792.9 796.1 802.0 803.07 823.2 824.9 853.0 880.80 885.54 889.3 894.0 896.0 925.87 935.40 965.5 972.77 976.68 1003.4 1017.7 1032.44 1037.68 1041.31 1047.8 1048.27 1051.92 1066.4 1074.48 1083.86 1100.43 1130.3 1158.47 1169.63 1183.05 1192.04 1232.1 1244.76 1250.20 1295.59 1469.61 2668.98 2717.33 2814.45 2815.91

Intensity 30 40 30 200 80 w 60 w 30 150 h 30 50 40 80 w 40 60 40 40 80 w 400 40 30 100 h 100 40 50 30 300 100 w 80 c 40 100 80 30 80 w 40 30 200 h 80 2 2 2 3 60 70 100 w 100 h 40 4 4 5 80 50 10 50 10 40 100 80 100 w 100 40 15 8 100 w 40 600 6

I I I I

III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III II III III III II II III III III II II III II II III III II II II III II II III II II II III II II II I III II I I I III III III III

10-77

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 2827.45 2847.65 2862.40 2864.73 2871.10 2871.24 2871.7 2895.22 2896.62 2906.6 2911.89 2912.36 2940.2 2945.2 2947.5 2948.1 2970.47 2979.32 2992.87 3004.25 3017.43 3023.81 3083.5 3091.1 3106.46 3128.87 3138.3 3150.82 3185.2 3242.86 3268.98 3287.82 3301.55 3331.6 3358.0 3366.72 3384.12 3400.07 3418.37 3420.00 3442.66 3444.2 3454.2 3458.7 3461.26 3468.22 3469.81 3472.36 3506.74 3522.83 3542.3 3549.86 3552.1 3554.04 3561.4 3579.7 3583.6 3595.4 3606.06 3607.0 3610.32 3613.06 3615.9 3623.1 3624.08 3633.06

III III III II III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III III II III III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III I I I I III III III II III I I I III III I III I III III III III III III I I III III III I

Intensity 10 50 40 40 40 300 100 200 60 100 l 500 300 100 200 200 l 60 100 h 100 100 200 l 1000 h 500 h 300 h 100 h 300 h 100 300 h 400 h 500 h 100 l 30 500 h 500 h 1000 l 200 h 100 l 500 h 500 l 200 l 150 l 50 500 h 100 w 1000 h 500 l 100 l 100 w 100 w 100 w 30 60 30 600 100 w 150 500 400 300 40 500 500 200 l 400 300 100 l 200

Wavelength/Å 3669.91 3676.67 3685.90 3693.49 3776.3 3781.02 3841.5 3877.8 3880.5 3907.91 3922.55 3950.59 4037.59 4050.07 4057.46 4060.4 4098.89 4109.1 4145.7 4158.04 4180.10 4193.15 4208.48 4209.47 4213.72 4215.60 4223.00 4238.25 4245.38 4251.57 4285.9 4296.40 4310.51 4330.52 4369.20 4373.78 4393.20 4395.77 4406.88 4416.07 4434.2 4448.13 4462.1 4462.19 4480.86 4521.86 4569.1 4570.1 4641.4 4673.7 4683.57 4723.60 4734.152 4757.3 4792.619 4807.02 4829.71 4843.29 4869.5 4916.51 4923.152 4971.71 4972.71 4988.77 4991.17 5028.280

I III I I III III III III III II III III II III II III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II III II III II II II III III III III III III I III I I I I III I I II II II II I

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Xenon—Ytterbium Intensity 200 1000 300 100 100 300 400 100 60 500 500 2000 300 1000 2000 200 30 200 500 100 50 3000 800 300 200 400 1000 100 l 40 200 600 100 300 300 600 150 100 200 200 500 500 300 300 100 300 150 100 300 100 200 100 500 300 2000 200 1000 2000 600 1500 400 100 100 150 120 300 500

Wavelength/Å 5044.92 5080.62 5122.42 5125.70 5178.82 5188.04 5191.37 5192.10 5239.0 5260.44 5261.95 5292.22 5309.27 5313.87 5339.33 5363.20 5367.1 5368.07 5372.39 5392.80 5401.0 5419.15 5438.96 5445.45 5450.45 5460.39 5472.61 5494.86 5524.4 5525.53 5531.07 5566.62 5616.67 5659.38 5667.56 5670.91 5695.75 5699.61 5716.10 5726.91 5751.03 5758.65 5776.39 5815.96 5823.89 5824.80 5875.02 5893.29 5894.99 5905.13 5934.17 5945.53 5971.13 5976.46 6008.92 6036.20 6051.15 6093.50 6097.59 6101.43 6115.08 6146.45 6178.30 6179.66 6182.42 6194.07

II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II I III II II II II II II II III II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II

Intensity 100 60 100 25 60 60 500 400 100 100 250 500 400 600 200 100 300 150 120 100 200 h 300 200 100 1000 100 400 100 150 300 200 150 100 1000 200 100 300 80 100 800 h 100 2000 150 500 50 s 200 500 100 200 200 100 150 300 200 80 500 100 200 60 100 100 300 500 100 200 150

Wavelength/Å 6198.26 6205.97 6220.02 6221.7 6238.2 6259.05 6270.82 6277.54 6284.41 6286.01 6300.86 6318.06 6343.96 6356.35 6375.28 6397.99 6469.70 6472.84 6487.76 6498.72 6504.18 6512.83 6528.65 6533.16 6595.01 6595.56 6597.25 6598.84 6668.92 6694.32 6728.01 6788.71 6790.37 6805.74 6827.32 6872.11 6882.16 6910.22 6925.53 6942.11 6976.18 6990.88 7082.15 7119.60 7147.50 7149.03 7164.83 7284.34 7301.80 7339.30 7386.00 7393.79 7548.45 7584.68 7618.57 7642.02 7643.91 7670.66 7787.04 7802.65 7881.32 7887.40 7967.34 8029.67 8057.26 8061.34

Intensity 100 150 h 100 700 10000 500 7000 2000 100 2000 50 h 200 50 h 250 100 200 50 h 300 100 5000 300 200 200 1000 100 200 400 500 100 100 200 50 h 150 50 l 100 2000 3000 100 90 375 100 300 2500 250 2000 1250 800 375 140 3000 100 2500 150 250 100 1000 125 1500 1500 350 150 3000 250 1250 110 1800

I III II III III III II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I II II I II I II II I II I II II II I I I II I II I II II I II II II II II II I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I

10-78

Wavelength/Å 8101.98 8151.80 8171.02 8206.34 8231.635 8266.52 8280.116 8346.82 8347.24 8409.19 8515.19 8576.01 8604.23 8648.54 8692.20 8696.86 8716.19 8739.39 8758.20 8819.41 8862.32 8908.73 8930.83 8952.25 8981.05 8987.57 9045.45 9162.65 9167.52 9374.76 9513.38 9591.35 9685.32 9698.68 9718.16 9799.70 9923.19 10838.37 11742.01 12235.24 12257.76 12590.20 12623.391 13544.15 13657.055 14142.444 14240.96 14364.99 14660.81 14732.806 15099.72 15418.394 15557.13 15979.54 16039.90 16053.28 16554.49 16728.15 17325.77 18788.13 20187.19 20262.242 21470.09 23193.33 23279.54 24824.71

I II I I I I I I II I II I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 175 2000 2500 250 750 300 150 100 100 600 1500 100 500 6000 125 550 100 1800 3500 150 450 170 5000 110 250 150 450 850 140 175 270 120

1000 1000 5000 900 800 900 80 80 h 800 100 800 500 500 900 2500 800 3000 800 20000 15000 370 850 640 300 300 140 170 460 140 270 2000 1000

Wavelength/Å 25145.84 26269.08 26510.86 28381.54 28582.25 29384.41 29448.06 29649.58 29813.62 30253.14 30475.46 30504.12 30794.18 31069.23 31336.01 31607.91 32293.08 32739.26 33666.69 34014.67 34335.27 34744.00 35070.25 35246.92 36209.21 36231.74 36508.36 36788.83 38685.98 38737.82 38939.60 39955.14 Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1050.24 1054.46 1134.43 1316.04 1326.36 1350.26 1561.42 1765.21 1791.06 1863.32 1873.91 1898.25 1998.82 2116.65 2116.67 2123.32 2126.74 2139.99 2144.77 2154.18 2161.60 2185.71 2224.46 2240.11 2305.32 2320.81 2390.74 2464.50 2512.06 2538.67 2567.61 2579.57

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III III III III IV II IV II IV IV IV II II II III III II II I II II III III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Ytterbium—Yttrium Intensity 800 600 1000 1000 700 990 200 2000 2000 390 390 170 230 1300 170 600 1000 600 1000 140 190 230 h 360 430 140 200 45 200 3600 600 1000 170 140 280 35 140 2000 200 170 800 310 160 160 2000 920 3000 28 170 190 4000 1000 230 28 800 390 240 2000 35 18000 130 140 80 2000 240 280 d 240

Wavelength/Å 2599.14 2621.11 2642.56 2651.74 2652.25 2653.75 2665.04 2666.13 2666.99 2671.96 2672.66 2718.35 2748.66 2750.48 2776.28 2795.60 2803.43 2816.92 2818.72 2821.15 2830.99 2847.18 2851.13 2859.80 2861.21 2867.06 2873.49 2888.04 2891.38 2898.30 2906.31 2914.21 2915.28 2919.35 2934.36 2945.91 2970.56 2983.99 2994.80 2998.00 3005.77 3017.56 3026.67 3029.49 3031.11 3092.50 3100.74 3107.90 3117.81 3126.01 3138.58 3140.94 3162.29 3191.35 3192.88 3201.16 3228.58 3239.58 3289.37 3305.25 3305.73 3319.41 3325.51 3337.17 3342.93 3375.48

III III III III III II II III III I II II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II I II II III III II II II I II II II II III II II II III II III I II II III III II I III II II III I II I II I III II II II

Intensity 2000 140 50 140 360 240 85 500 190 d 360 2400 500 500 50 230 35 200 170 360 200 240 70 90 240 140 32000 70 400 180 550 80 60 h 170 340 340 140 500 32000 930 50 2000 70 440 470 120 340 300 150 d 120 70 120 60 h 60 h 440 85 h 100 85 h 640 200 70 140 40 190 170 h 170 35

Wavelength/Å 3384.01 3387.50 3412.45 3418.39 3426.04 3431.11 3452.40 3454.08 3458.29 3460.27 3464.37 3476.30 3478.84 3517.00 3520.29 3559.03 3560.33 3560.70 3585.47 3619.80 3637.76 3648.15 3655.73 3669.69 3675.08 3694.19 3700.58 3711.91 3734.69 3770.10 3774.32 3791.74 3839.91 3872.85 3900.85 3911.27 3931.23 3987.99 3990.88 4007.36 4028.14 4052.28 4089.68 4149.07 4174.56 4180.81 4213.64 4218.56 4231.97 4277.74 4305.97 4393.69 4430.21 4439.19 4482.42 4517.58 4563.95 4576.21 4582.36 4589.21 4590.83 4684.27 4726.08 4781.87 4786.61 4816.43

Intensity 40 40 h 27 710 140 30 70 220 50 60 85 100 150 h 170 30 h 150 30 40 60 40 17 85 h 2400 60 220 27 35 35 27 17 40 60 60 200 35 h 35 h 340 180 25 690 9h 8h 10 h 16 h 25 30 h 750 100 70 h 200 100

III I I I I I I II II I I II II I II I II II II II II I I II II II I III I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I I I II III II I I I I I I I III I I I I I I II I II I

150 150 900 500 400 500 500 500 900 300 300 400 500

10-79

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 4837.46 4894.60 4912.36 4935.50 4966.90 5067.80 5069.14 5074.34 5076.74 5196.08 5211.60 5244.11 5277.04 5335.15 5351.29 5352.95 5363.66 5449.27 5481.92 5505.49 5524.54 5539.05 5556.47 5651.98 5719.99 5771.66 5833.99 5837.14 5854.51 5989.33 5991.51 6152.57 6274.78 6328.52 6400.35 6417.91 6489.06 6667.82 6727.61 6799.60 7244.41 7305.22 7313.05 7350.04 7448.28 7527.46 7699.48 7971.46 8922.56 10110.60 10830.36 Yttrium Y Z = 39 264.64 273.03 333.09 333.80 335.14 336.62 339.02 344.59 355.86 370.42 372.05 379.96 386.82

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II III I I I I II I I I I I I I I III II III III

IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V V IV

Intensity 300 300 600 300 4000 2000 5000 7000 15000 25000 5000 4000 4000 10000 16000 350 10000 10000 50 50000 40000 560 60 95 70 140 90000 45 70 95 160 99000 390 350 480 750 140 130 190 95 110 220 70 2300 2200 2200 3900 6200 4700 85 85 170 1700 3900 130 540 170 190 260 3300 300 100 2800 10000 6200 7800

Wavelength/Å 403.45 420.74 425.03 473.10 584.98 630.97 805.20 809.92 989.21 996.37 1314.51 1334.04 2068.98 2127.98 2191.16 2243.06 2284.34 2327.31 2354.20 2367.23 2414.64 2422.20 2694.21 2723.00 2742.53 2760.10 2817.04 2822.56 2854.43 2886.48 2919.05 2946.01 2948.40 2964.96 2974.59 2984.26 2996.94 3021.73 3045.37 3095.88 3173.06 3179.41 3191.31 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3327.89 3388.59 3412.47 3485.73 3496.09 3549.01 3551.80 3552.69 3558.76 3571.43 3576.05 3584.52 3587.75 3589.69 3592.92 3600.73 3601.92 3611.05

V V IV IV V V III III III III III III III III III II III III I III III II I I I I III I II I I III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I II II I I I I I II I I I II II II

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Yttrium—Zirconium Intensity 4300 1900 7800 3000 170 13000 1200 10000 1400 7400 1300 4000 80 480 4400 3600 940 2400 9400 2000 9900 8900 7500 100 h 2400 2000 8000 160 280 h 600 2200 300 360 h 2800 110 440 h 120 800 120 12000 150 h 100 1800 890 100 130 170 180 160 110 300 500 890 440 100 100 130 95 2000 200 h 2000 180 170 160 410 120

Wavelength/Å 3620.94 3628.71 3633.12 3664.61 3692.53 3710.30 3747.55 3774.33 3776.56 3788.70 3818.35 3832.88 3876.82 3878.28 3950.36 3982.60 4039.83 4047.64 4077.38 4083.71 4102.38 4128.31 4142.85 4157.63 4167.52 4174.14 4177.54 4217.80 4220.63 4235.73 4235.94 4251.20 4302.30 4309.63 4330.78 4348.79 4357.73 4358.73 4366.03 4374.94 4375.61 4387.74 4398.02 4422.59 4443.66 4446.63 4475.72 4476.96 4477.45 4487.28 4487.47 4505.95 4527.25 4527.80 4544.32 4559.37 4596.55 4604.80 4643.70 4658.32 4674.84 4696.81 4728.53 4752.79 4760.98 4781.04

I II II II I II II II II II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 170 180 140 120 770 550 410 120 890 330 1900 95 1100 100 150 120 100 75 75 1100 180 960 1500 10000 180 75 220 90 190 710 100 240 300 250 120 740 120 180 620 120 560 120 120 740 90 160 90 75 100 120 120 120 150 1200 300 1000 90 70 95 40 150 70 190 21 45 29

Wavelength/Å 4786.89 4799.30 4819.64 4822.13 4839.87 4845.68 4852.69 4854.25 4854.87 4859.84 4883.69 4893.44 4900.12 4906.11 4921.87 4974.30 5006.97 5070.21 5072.19 5087.42 5135.20 5200.41 5205.72 5238.10 5240.81 5380.62 5402.78 5424.37 5438.24 5466.46 5468.47 5497.41 5503.45 5509.90 5521.63 5527.54 5544.50 5577.42 5581.87 5606.33 5630.13 5644.69 5648.47 5662.94 5675.27 5706.73 5743.85 5765.64 5781.69 6009.19 6023.41 6135.04 6138.43 6191.73 6222.59 6435.00 6538.60 6557.39 6613.75 6650.61 6687.58 6700.71 6793.71 6815.16 6845.24 6887.22

Intensity 24 h 24 29 35 35 50 29 9000 35 29 110 10000 24 10000 95 19 h

I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I II I II II III I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I

200 200 200 1000 750 200 60 50 50 500 500 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 90 200 200 200 80 d 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 500 500 200 120 300 200 800 r 1000 150 1000 300 200 300

10-80

Wavelength/Å 6950.31 6979.88 7052.94 7191.66 7264.17 7346.46 7450.30 7558.71 7563.13 7855.52 7881.90 7991.43 8344.43 8796.21 8800.62 8835.85 Zinc Zn Z = 30 425.90 428.54 430.59 677.63 677.96 713.90 1193.23 1239.12 1249.69 1265.74 1306.66 1456.72 1459.98 1499.42 1500.42 1505.92 1515.85 1552.30 1572.99 1629.19 1639.33 1673.05 1735.61 1767.69 1797.64 1811.05 1833.57 1864.12 1866.08 1872.13 1918.96 1929.67 1969.40 1982.11 1986.99 2025.48 2062.00 2064.23 2079.08 2099.94 2102.18 2138.56 2501.99 2515.81 2557.95 2582.49 2608.56 2608.64

I I I I II I II III I I II III I III I II

IV IV IV III III III II IV IV IV IV III IV III III III III III II III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I I I

Intensity 200 300 300 200 300 300 400 100 200 200 300 500 r 800 700 r 800 500 50 300 400 400 800 500 200 500 500 500 500 1000 h 300 300 100 100 100 100 20 20 20 10

500 60 60 60 600 500 50 2000 10000 10000 10000 3000 300 500 9000 9000 10000 500 500 p 1000 10000 10000 5000 100 700 200

Wavelength/Å 2670.53 2684.16 2712.49 2756.45 2770.86 2770.98 2800.87 2801.06 3035.78 3072.06 3196.31 3282.33 3302.58 3302.94 3345.02 3345.57 3883.34 4680.14 4722.15 4810.53 4911.62 4924.03 5181.98 5894.33 6021.18 6102.49 6214.61 6362.34 7588.5 7732.5 11054.25 13053.63 13150.59 14038.70 16483.45 16491.98 16505.23 24375.02 Zirconium Zr Z = 40 304.01 480.66 497.23 500.22 628.66 633.56 690.39 740.61 800.00 806.89 812.05 841.40 863.65 864.59 1183.97 1201.77 1219.86 1303.93 1323.81 1469.47 1546.17 1598.95 1607.95 1612.38 1725.02 1790.19

I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I

V IV IV IV IV IV III V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV IV III V III

Line Spectra of the Elements (continued): Zirconium Intensity 150 125 600 200 600 125 200 10000 10000 600 10000 100 100 10000 100 90 570 1600 2100 250 200 150 1800 90 750 1300 800 1400 1100 660 660 530 620 390 530 710 660 350 350 340 490 300 270 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 820 320 820 350 500 880 350 d 690 690

Wavelength/Å 1793.56 1798.13 1860.86 1940.25 2028.54 2070.43 2086.78 2091.49 2092.36 2132.42 2163.68 2175.80 2191.15 2286.67 2301.60 2539.65 2567.64 2568.87 2571.39 2620.56 2643.79 2664.26 2678.63 2687.75 2700.13 2722.61 2726.49 2734.86 2742.56 2745.86 2752.21 2758.81 2814.90 2818.74 2825.56 2837.23 2844.58 2848.52 2851.97 2869.81 2875.98 2915.99 2918.24 2926.99 2948.94 2955.78 2960.87 2962.68 2968.96 2978.05 2985.39 3003.74 3011.75 3020.47 3028.04 3029.52 3036.39 3054.84 3106.58

III III V III V III III IV IV V IV III III IV III I II II II III III III II I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II I II II II II II I II II II I II I II II I II II II

Intensity 350 500 500 350 690 540 880 880 540 540 760 630 630 760 1000 1300 880 540 880 380 380 380 760 380 760 540 380 570 760 5700 570 570 760 380 1000 4700 600 410 820 600 1200 1300 4100 820 1000 2000 440 440 630 1800 630 1800 2100 1100 2100 1100 1300 880

Wavelength/Å 3120.74 3129.18 3129.76 3132.07 3138.68 3164.31 3165.97 3182.86 3191.21 3212.01 3214.19 3231.69 3234.12 3241.05 3273.05 3279.26 3284.71 3305.15 3306.28 3322.99 3326.80 3334.25 3340.56 3344.79 3356.09 3357.26 3374.73 3387.87 3388.30 3391.98 3393.12 3404.83 3410.25 3414.66 3430.53 3438.23 3447.36 3457.56 3463.02 3471.19 3479.39 3481.15 3496.21 3505.67 3509.32 3519.60 3525.81 3533.22 3542.62 3547.68 3550.46 3551.95 3556.60 3566.10 3572.47 3575.79 3576.85 3586.29

Intensity 3500 690 1100 1100 1100 1100 390 800 390 960 720 560 880 480 480 340 720 560 560 2200 1300 550 550 550 2900 770 990 1500 2900 2000 610 1200 940 490 990 660 770 770 400 770 990 400 490 400 610 490 400 610 770 600 1500 2000 240 2000 400 1200 400 400

I II II I II II II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II II I I II I II I I II II I II I II I

10-81

TeamLRN

Wavelength/Å 3601.19 3611.89 3613.10 3614.77 3623.86 3663.65 3671.27 3674.72 3697.46 3698.17 3709.26 3745.98 3751.60 3764.39 3766.72 3766.82 3780.54 3791.40 3822.41 3835.96 3836.76 3843.02 3847.01 3849.25 3863.87 3864.34 3877.60 3885.42 3890.32 3891.38 3921.79 3929.53 3958.22 3966.66 3968.26 3973.50 3991.13 3998.97 4023.98 4024.92 4027.20 4029.68 4030.04 4035.89 4043.58 4044.56 4045.61 4048.67 4055.03 4055.71 4064.16 4072.70 4078.31 4081.22 4121.46 4149.20 4161.21 4166.36

I II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II II I

Intensity 660 400 610 610 610 400 2000 2000 770 770 1200 550 550 550 1000 290 310 350 550 610 490 490 350 700 2300 510 1900 1400 870 700 250 360 470 300 200 100 270 160 160 340 170 170 680 340 440 300 150 150 540 280 170 590 160 160 150 790 390 280

Wavelength/Å 4187.56 4194.76 4199.09 4201.46 4208.98 4213.86 4227.76 4239.31 4240.34 4241.20 4241.69 4282.20 4294.79 4341.13 4347.89 4359.74 4360.81 4366.45 4507.12 4535.75 4542.22 4575.52 4602.57 4633.98 4687.80 4688.45 4710.08 4739.48 4772.31 4815.63 5046.58 5064.91 5078.25 5155.45 5158.00 5191.60 5385.14 5664.51 5797.74 5879.80 6045.85 6121.91 6127.44 6134.55 6143.20 6313.02 6953.84 6990.84 7097.70 7102.91 7103.72 7169.09 7944.61 8005.27 8063.09 8070.08 8132.99 8212.53

I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

SOURCES OF DATA FOR EACH ELEMENT Numbers following the element name refer to the references on the following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279 Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242

Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413,430 Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418

10-82

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336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377.

10-86

Worden, E. F. and Conway, J. G., Lawrence Livermore Lab., unpublished, 1977. Worden, E. F., Hulet, E. K., Gutmacher, R. G., Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 459, 1976. Worden, E. F., Lougheed, R. W., Gutmacher, R. G., and Conway, J. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 77, 1974. Wu, C. M., Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1971. Zaidel, A. N., Prokofev, V. K., Raiskii, S. M., Slavnyi, V. A., and Schreider, E. Y., Tables of Spectral Lines, 3rd ed., Plenum, New York, 1970. Zetterberg, P. O. and Magnusson, C. E., Phys. Scr., 15, 189, 1977. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1058, 1965. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 727, 1971. Worden, E. F., and Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 22, 329, 1978. Kaufman, V. and Edlen, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 825, 1974. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 697, 1929. Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectros., 39, 455, 1975. Foster, E. W., Proc. R. Soc. London, 200(A), 429, 1950. Morillon, C. and Verges, J., Phys. Scr., 12, 129, 1975. Ruedy, J. E., Phys. Rev., 41, 588, 1932. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and McLeod, J. H., Philos. Mag., 4 ,486, 1927. Handrup, M. B. and Mack, J. E., Physica, 30, 1245, 1964. Clearman, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 42, 373, 1952. Paschen, F., Ann. Physik, 424, 148, 1938. Paschen, F. and Campbell, J. S., Ann. Phys., 31(5), 29, 1938. Nodwell, R., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, unpublished, 1955. Gibbs, R. C. and White, H. E., Phys. Rev., 31, 776, 1928. Green, M., Phys. Rev., 60, 117, 1941. Ellis, C. B. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 145, 1936. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and Crawford, M. F., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 125, 50, 1929. Mack, J. E. and Fromer, M., Phys. Rev., 48, 346, 1935. Humphreys, C. J. and Paul, E., U.S. Nav. Ord. Lab., Navord Rep. 4589, 25, 1956. Walters, F. M., Sci. Pap. Bur. Stand., 17, 161, 1921. Crawford, M. F. and McLay, A. B., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 143, 540, 1934. McLay, A. D. and Crawford, M. F., Phys. Rev., 44, 986, 1933. Schoepfle, G. K., Phys. Rev., 47, 232, 1935. Acquista, N., and Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 789, 1980. Benschop, H., Joshi, Y. N., and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 53, 498, 1975. Bockasten, K., Hallin, R., and Hughes, T. P., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 522, 1963. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 378, 1934. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 47, 718, 1935. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 48, 396, 1935. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 49, 351, 1936. Corliss, C. H. and Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 61, 269, 1958. Crooker, A. M. and Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 42, 766, 1964. De Bruin, T. L., Z. Physik, 77, 505, 1932. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 36, 727, 1933. De Bruin, T. L., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 1935, p. 415. De Bruin, T. L., Physica, 3, 809, 1936. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 40, 339, 1937. Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 46, 1291, 1968. Dick, K. A., unpublished, 1978.

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Edlen, B. and Swensson, J. W., Phys. Scr., 12, 21, 1975. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 55, 1973. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 59, 1973. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 12, 42, 1975. Ekberg, J. O. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 18, 107, 1978. Eliason, A. Y., Phys. Rev., 43, 745, 1933. Gallardo, M., Massone, C. A., Tagliaferri, A. A., Garavaglia, M., and Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 19, 538, 1979. Garcia-Riquelme, O., Optica Pura Y Aplicada, 1, 53, 1968. Gibbs, R. C., Vieweg, A. M., and Gartlein, C. W., Phys. Rev., 34, 406, 1929. Gilbert, W. P., Phys. Rev., 48, 338, 1935. Goldsmith, S. and Kaufman, A. S., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 544, 1963. Hermansdorfer, H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1149, 1972. Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 47, 712, 1935. Humphreys, C. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 16, 639, 1936. Iglesias, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 856, 1955. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 64A, 481, 1960. Iglesias, L., Anales Fisica Y Quimica, 58A, 191, 1962. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 465, 1966. Iglesias, L., Can. J. Phys., 44, 895, 1966. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 72A, 295, 1968. Joshi, Y. N., Can. Spectrosc., 15, 96, 1970. Joshi, Y. N. and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 55, 714, 1977. Kaufman, A. S., Hughes, T. P., and Williams, R. V., Proc. Phys. Soc., 76, 17, 1960. Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 1529, 1978. Keussler, V., Z. Physik, 85, 1, 1933. Kiess, C. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 56, 167, 1956. Klinkenberg, P. F. A., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Noorman, P. E., Physica, 27, 1177, 1961. Kovalev, V. I., Romanos, A. A., and Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectrosc., 43, 10, 1977. Lang, R. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 13, 341, 1927.

407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436.

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Lang, R. J., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 44, 1935. Liberman, S., et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 286, 253, 1978. Livingston, A. E., J. Phys., B9, L215, 1976. Meijer, F. G., Physica, 72, 431, 1974. Meijer, F. G. and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 94C, 259, 1978. Moore, F. L., thesis, Princeton, 1949. Paul, F. W. and Polster, H. D., Phys. Rev., 59, 424, 1941. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. Poppe, R., Physica, 81C, 351, 1976. Raassen, A. J. J., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 84C, 133, 1976. Rao, A. B. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 51, 772, 1939. Reader, J. and Acquista, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 239, 1979. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 619, 1972. Rico, F. R., Anales, Real Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 61, 103, 1965. Schonheit, E., Optik, 23, 409, 1966. Shenstone, A. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 749, 1954. Shenstone, A. G., unpublished, 1958. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 67A, 87, 1963. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1656, 1974. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., Phys. Rev., C12, 1336, 1975. Svensson, L. A., Phys. Scr., 13, 235, 1976. Swensson, J. W. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 9, 335, 1974. Tagliaferri, A. A., Gallego Lluesma, E., Garavaglia, M., Gallardo, M., and Massone, C. A., Optica Pura Y Aplica, 7, 89. Tilford, S. G. and Giddings, L. E., Astrophys. J., 141, 1222, 1965. Trawick, M. W., Phys. Rev., 46, 63, 1934. Van Deurzen, C. H. H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 476, 1977. Yarosewick, S. L. and Moore, F. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1381, 1967. Zalubas, R., unpublished, 1979. Bhatia, K. S., Jones, W. E., and Crooker, A. M., Can. J. Phys., 50, 2421, 1972. van Kleef, T. A. M. and Joshi, Y. N., Phys. Scr., 24, 557, 1981.

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES J.R. Fuhr and W.L. Wiese These tables substantially update and enlarge our earlier tables in this Handbook. The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Specifically, data have been taken from three recent comprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,1 on Sc through Mn,2 and Fe through Ni.3 Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne4 and Na through Ca5 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.6-8 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies9,10; for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties of 50% or less. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkalis, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength, λ, in angstroms; and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gk A (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center11,12 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements”, which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers listed in the transition column; therefore, the special hydrogen table which appears below gives weighted average A-values. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electric-dipole transitions): gi f = 1.499 × 10–8 λ2 gk A = 303.8 λ–1 S where λ is in angstroms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188 × 10-59 m2 C2. After the special table for hydrogen, the tables for other elements appear in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., and Deters, T.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 2. Martin, G.A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 3. Fuhr, J.R., Martin, G.A., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 4. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Glennon, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 5. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Miles, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 6. Wiese, W.L. and Weiss, A.W., Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 7. Smith, M.W. and Wiese,M.L., Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 8. Martin, G.A., and Wiese,W.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 9. Fuhr, J.R., Miller, B.J., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B.J., Fuhr, J.R., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 10. Wiese, W.L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116—123, 1982; 19A, 122—138, 1985.; 20A, 117—123, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 11. Moore, C.E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306—Section 1, 1968; Sections 2—4, 1969.

10-88

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) 12. Hagan, L. and Martin, W.C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R. and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A. and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 13. Younger, S.M. and Weiss, A., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975. Transition Probabilities for Allowed Lines of Hydrogen λ Å Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40

Weights gi gk

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682

A 108 s–1

5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06

λ Å 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39

Weights gi gk 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18

1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05 1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05

8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578 75004 123680

For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: AZ = Z4 AHydrogen; fZ = fH; SZ = Z–2SH (For wavelengths, λZ = Z–2λH) For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections13 must be applied.

10-89

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50 72 72

392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72 128 98

A 108 s–1 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02 1.561E-03 4.561E-03

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) Transition Probabilities for Other Elements λ Å Aluminum Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02

Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1 6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4

1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 1 5 3 7

3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01

Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7

2 2 2 10 2

6 4 2 14 2

4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00

λ Å 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å *4761 5172 5551 5687

2 2 4 4

6 4 6 4

2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03

Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10

1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3

5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04

4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4

2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2

9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00

Al X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01

Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0 *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069

2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 2

6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 2 4 2 4 2

1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01 9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01

10-90

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42 5459.65 5467.16

Weights gi gk 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5 7 5

5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03 3.8E-04 7.6E-04

5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73 6013.68

Weights gi gk 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3 5

10-91

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03

6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61

Weights gi gk 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5

3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3

A 108 s–1 9.0E-03 1.47E-02 1.9E-03 5.8E-04 7.5E-04 9.0E-05 3.0E-03 5.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 1.21E-02 4.7E-04 5.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.1E-03 8.6E-04 7.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.89E-04 5.0E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-04 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 1.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-04 2.0E-04 9.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.6E-04 5.6E-03 4.2E-03 4.21E-03 1.16E-02 5.1E-04 1.5E-03 9.4E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-03 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 5.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.8E-03 1.5E-03 2.36E-03 3.9E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.2E-04 1.93E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 4.0E-03

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16

Weights gk gi 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5

A 108 s–1 1.21E-03 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 6.7E-04 2.78E-02 1.8E-03 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 1.2E-03 3.08E-02 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 6.39E-02 7.5E-03 2.67E-02 3.80E-02 2.0E-02 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 6.0E-03 6.25E-03 2.1E-02 5.8E-04 2.48E-02 6.6E-04 1.7E-03 1.1E-03 1.83E-02 1.2E-03 1.7E-02 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.47E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-04 3.1E-03 9.0E-03 2.7E-03 2.2E-04 3.4E-03 4.45E-01 4.5E-03 4.02E-01 2.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.45E-01 2.8E-03 6.3E-04 5.18E-02 1.17E-01 8.7E-04 3.50E-03 9.5E-03 1.2E-03 1.86E-01 4.90E-02

λ Å 8014.79 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2

Weights gi gk 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5

10-92

5 3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5

A 108 s–1

λ Å

9.28E-02 3.59E-03 1.12E-02 8.6E-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-01 3.31E-01 1.53E-01 2.4E-03 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 9.6E-04 1.39E-01 1.04E-02 9.2E-03 2.43E-02 9.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.89E-01 1.76E-02 5.03E-02 3.26E-02 1.06E-02 5.43E-02 1.47E-02 9.8E-03 2.44E-02 3.96E-03 8.3E-03 2.22E-02 1.39E-02 3.69E-03 1.9E-03 3.76E-02 9.52E-03 4.2E-03 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.1E-01 1.2E-03 7.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 8.9E-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-02

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

13622.4 13678.5 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

3 3 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

5 5 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1

7.3E-02 6.2E-02 4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03

Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5

6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6

4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8

1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0

Weights gi gk 2 6 2 4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2

4 8 4 6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02

4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1

Weights gi gk 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8

6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6

10-93

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01 1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02

6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

4 6 4 10 2 8 4 6 2 4 6

2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 4 4 4

1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02 1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60

4 4 4

2 4 6

2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00

Ar VI 292.15 294.05

2 4

2 2

6.9E+01 1.36E+02

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30

9 9 1 9

3 15 3 9

2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18

2 2

4 2

1.1E+02 1.11E+02

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å

229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24 713.81

2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01 2.4E+01

Ar IX 48.739

1

3

1.69E+03

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 3 9

1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2

4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4

2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2860.4 2898.7

2 4

2 2

5.5E-01 9.9E-02

Barium Ba I 2409.2 2414.1 2420.1 2427.4 2432.5 2438.8 2444.6 2452.4 2473.2 2500.2 2543.2 2596.6 2646.5 2702.6 2739.2 2785.3 3071.6 3501.1 3889.3 3909.9 3935.7 3937.9 3993.4 3995.7 4132.4 4239.6 4242.6 4264.4 4283.1 4323.0 4325.2 4332.9 4350.3 4402.5 4406.8 4431.9 4467.1 4489.0 4493.6 4505.9 4523.2 4573.9 4579.6 4591.8 4599.7 4605.0 4619.9 4628.3 4673.6 4691.6 4700.4 4726.4 5519.1 5535.5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 5 7 7 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 7 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3

8.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 5.6E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-03 4.5E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-03 1.5E-02 4.1E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 9.1E-03 2.8E-02 4.1E-01 1.9E-01 8.8E-03 4.9E-01 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 8.8E-02 7.1E-03 2.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.5E-01 7.1E-02 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.6E-02 4.2E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 9.6E-01 1.21E+00 7.0E-01 1.6E-02 4.07E-01 7.7E-02 9.3E-02 6.0E-02 6.5E-02 1.6E+00 2.4E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.19E+00

5777.6 5784.0 5800.2 5805.7 5826.3 5907.6 5971.7 5997.1 6019.5 6063.1 6083.4 6110.8 6129.2 6341.7 6450.9 6482.9 6498.8 6527.3 6595.3 6675.3 6693.8 6865.7 7059.9 7120.3 7195.2 7280.3 7392.4 7417.5 7488.1 7528.2 7672.1 7780.5 7905.8 7911.3 8147.7 9645.6 9704.3 9821.5 10370.3 10649.1 11075.7 11303.1 11373.8 14158.4 14723.2 14999.9 17123.7 17187.1 20563.9

5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 9 3 5 7 3 5

7 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 1 3 1 5 1 7 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 7 5 3 7 1 7

6.5E-01 2.1E-01 9.9E-02 1.1E-02 5.6E-01 1.5E-02 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.4E+00 5.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 6.0E-02 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 4.4E-01 8.6E-01 5.9E-01 3.9E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 7.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 5.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.5E-02 1.0E-01 2.7E-02 3.1E-01 1.3E-01 6.3E-01 2.98E-03 6.3E-02 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-05 1.2E-03 1.3E-01 2.0E-03 8.6E-03 2.8E-03 3.3E-03 2.7E-02 2.6E-03

Ba II 1413.4 1417.1 1444.9 1461.5 1487.0 1503.9 1554.4 1572.7

6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6

8 6 6 8 6 8 6 8

1.7E-02 3.8E-02 8.1E-02 8.7E-02 1.4E-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-01

10-94

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1573.9 1630.4 1674.5 1694.4 1697.2 1761.8 1771.0 1786.9 1892.7 1904.2 1906.8 1924.7 1954.2 1955.1 1970.2 1985.6 1999.5 2009.2 2052.7 2054.6 2080.0 2153.9 2200.9 2232.8 2235.4 2286.0 2528.5 2634.8 2641.4 2647.3 2771.4 3816.7 3842.8 3891.8 4024.1 4057.5 4130.7 4166.0 4216.0 4287.8 4325.7 4329.6 4405.2 4470.7 4509.6 4524.9 4554.0 4708.9 4843.5 4847.1 4850.8 4900.0 4934.1 4997.8 5185.0 5361.4 5391.6 5413.6 5421.1

Weights gi gk 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 8 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 6

6 2 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 2 8 6 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.6E-02 1.7E-02 2.2E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-02 3.9E-03 3.4E-02 4.4E-02 9.0E-02 1.1E-02 5.1E-02 3.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-02 6.7E-02 2.5E-01 1.0E-01 8.6E-02 2.0E-01 2.9E-02 1.0E-01 5.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-01 7.6E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.67E+00 5.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.80E+00 3.7E-01 5.8E-02 2.4E-02 5.9E-02 8.8E-03 3.9E-02 1.4E-02 1.2E-02 7.2E-01 1.17E+00 9.7E-02 9.3E-02 4.1E-02 1.4E-02 7.75E-01 9.55E-01 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 4.8E-02 5.2E-02 8.4E-04 1.9E-03

5428.8 5480.3 5784.2 5853.7 5981.3 5999.9 6135.8 6141.7 6363.2 6372.9 6378.9 6457.7 6496.9 7556.8 7678.2 8710.7 8737.7

6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4

4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 6

2.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.0E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-02 8.5E-02 3.7E-01 2.9E-03 6.7E-04 9.9E-02 3.0E-03 3.32E-01 1.6E-03 6.6E-04 8.0E-01 9.3E-01

1 1 1 9 9 3

3 3 3 15 9 5

1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01

Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4

2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02

Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02

Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2

3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2

4 4

6 4

1.2E+00 6.0E-02

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4

1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03

Weights gi gk

10-95

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7 8446.6 8638.7

6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2 4 6

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4

7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 9.7E-02

Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

5 5 5

7 5 3

1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Cadmium Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02

Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2

1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3

3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5

3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01

3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7

Weights gi gk 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7

10-96

7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01 6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

6493.8 6499.7

3 5

5 5

4.4E-01 8.1E-02

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7 2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01 8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 3 3

8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 2

1.6E+02 3.2E+02

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81

5 1 3

3 3 5

3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92

378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 3 1 3 5 5

7 5 3 5 5 3

1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01

Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212

1 1 1

3 3 3

6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03

Ca XII 140.05 147.27

4 2

2 2

3.7E+02 1.6E+02

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 3 5

4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01

Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93

1 3 5 5 1 3

3 3 3 7 3 1

3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00

Weights gi gk 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1

3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3

10-97

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01 2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04

4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43

3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5

3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3 3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3

8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01

C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34

4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2

6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2

2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28

Weights gk gi 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6

2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02 1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02

7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68

4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6

C III 310.170 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8

3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3

6.56E+00 3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01

5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10 9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 5

5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 7 5 3

4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02 5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1

2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02

Weights gi gk

10-98

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

8449.19

3

3

6.829E-02

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05 1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01

Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4

2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å

7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02

3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

6 4 6 4 4

8 6 8 6 6

1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8 4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 7

1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88

9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7

9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5

1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00

10-99

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4319.66 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4429.93 4432.16

Weights gk gi 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13 7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1

7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11 9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.15E-01 6.4E-01 3.07E-01 2.2E-01 4.7E-01 3.16E-01 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01

4432.77 4443.72 4482.88 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4663.33 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02 4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 4966.80 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11 5783.89 5787.97

15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 5

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3 5 7

4.9E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 3.9E-01 4.47E-01 2.0E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.14E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.31E-01 3.4E-01 3.83E-01 3.38E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 4.0E-01 2.6E-01 3.06E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.0E-01 5.09E-01 5.14E-01 5.06E-01 2.19E-01 3.88E-01 3.0E-01 6.2E-01 2.25E-01 2.1E-01 2.02E-01 2.35E-01

2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8

8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6

2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6

3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01

Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07 1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70

9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7 9 5 3 5 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9 11 3 1 7 9

1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01 3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00

Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241

6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8

1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02

Weights gi gk

10-100

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345

3 5 1 3 3 1 7

Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2 125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4

227.202

4

6

6.6E+02

Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150

6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6

9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01

Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3

7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5

1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01

Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32 305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06

4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 3.0E+02 2.4E+02 3.3E+02 1.4E+02 3.5E+02 2.2E+02 3.4E+02 2.0E+02 1.5E+02 3.2E+02 2.1E+02 1.4E+02 2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02

Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73

1 1 5 5

3 3 7 7

9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1 7 3 5 1 3 9

1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02

346.5

6

8

2.5E+02

6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6

2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02 5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02

Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27

1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3

1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02

Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04

Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389

5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1

3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3

9.6E+03 3.2E+04 9.7E+04 1.3E+05 5.7E+04 1.1E+04 1.8E+05 6.8E+04 4.4E+04 2.63E+04 1.5E+04 8.6E+03 1.7E+04 1.6E+04 9.2E+03

Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62 123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4

3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02 3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02

Weights gi gk

10-101

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18

3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02

Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85

2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02

Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75 13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5

1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 5 5 7 5

4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04 1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58 3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82

14.04 14.24

3 1

5 3

1.2E+05 1.41E+05

Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6

1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05

Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923

1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05

8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4

8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6 10 8 6 4 6

8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00 3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01

Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80

10-102

Weights gi gk 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 6 8

8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8 2 10 8 10

A 108 s–1 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79 Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

Weights gi gk 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10

11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

A 108 s–1

λ Å

9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02

Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5 2769.7

5 9 7 5 3 5 7

5 7 7 5 3 5 7

1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01 6.1E-01

17 17 15 15 15 15 17

15 17 17 13 13 13 19

6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00

3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1

Weights gi gk

10-103

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

17 17 17 13 17 17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

17 19 15 11 17 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00 7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1

13 13 13

13 15 11

2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6

1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01

Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5 Fluorine FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7

Weights gk gi 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6

10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03

7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2

4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0 Ga II 829.60 1414.4

3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01

2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

5 5 5 5 1 1

3 3 5 3 3 3

1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2

1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01

1 1

3 3

2.2E-01 1.88E+01

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02

Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15

4.6224E-01 7.3174E-01 1.2582E+00 2.4356E+00 5.6634E+00 1.7989E+01 4.4174E-03 6.0234E-03 8.4996E-03 1.2508E-02 1.9389E-02 3.2006E-02 5.6361E-02 5.1015E-03 6.9627E-03 9.8432E-03 1.4537E-02 2.2691E-02 7.5971E-03 4.8362E-03 1.8107E-02

Weights gi gk

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3

10-104

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1

7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985

1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15

3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9

3.8022E-02 2.6062E-02 9.7444E-03 3.9528E-02 6.4351E-02 9.6470E-03 2.4465E-02 1.3386E-02 9.4746E-02 1.9371E-02 7.4475E-03 6.9507E-02 2.9612E-02 1.1281E-02 1.1600E-01 4.4529E-02 4.8812E-02 1.8298E-02 8.9889E-02 3.2689E-02 2.4578E-01 9.5209E-02 1.9863E-01 1.3372E-01 6.7712E-02 7.0703E-01 6.3705E-01 2.7853E-01 1.8299E-01 3.8126E-03 5.6868E-03 5.8286E-03 8.6511E-03 1.9945E-02 1.4471E-02 1.0216E-01 1.9801E-02 1.6083E-02 1.4253E-03 9.2496E-03 1.8457E-02 1.1168E-02 3.4781E-02 7.0932E-03 1.2754E-03 4.1339E-02 3.2475E-02 2.7317E-02 3.3615E-02 2.7292E-03

Indium In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3

2 4 2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 2 2

4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

In II 2941.1

3

1

1.4E+00

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4

4 4

4 6

2.71E+00 1.6E-01

Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10

10 12 10 10 8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12

2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03

Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2084.12 2102.35 2112.97 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.20 2191.84 2196.04 2200.72 2259.51 2267.08 2272.07

9 9 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 1 5 3 3 9 7 7

7 7 5 7 7 3 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 11 5 9

2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 8.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E-01 7.0E-02 7.1E-02 3.8E-02

10-105

TeamLRN

λ Å 2276.03 2277.11 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2300.14 2301.68 2303.42 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2371.43 2373.62 2374.52 2381.83 2389.97 2462.18 2462.65 2479.78 2483.27 2488.14 2490.64 2491.15 2501.13 2510.83 2518.10 2522.85 2524.29 2527.43 2529.13 2535.61 2540.97 2545.98 2549.61 2584.54 2606.83 2618.02 2623.53 2656.15 2669.49 2679.06 2719.03 2720.90 2723.58 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2742.41 2744.07 2750.14 2756.33 2788.10 2894.50 2899.42 2920.69 2923.29 2925.36 2929.01

Weights gi gk 9 7 5 7 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 5 7 9 5 9 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 3 7 5 1 3 5 7 11 9 7 7 13 11 11 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 1 7 3 11 5 5 5 11 7 7

7 5 3 9 1 7 3 3 5 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 9 7 5 7 5 3 9 1 7 5 3 5 7 9 13 11 7 9 15 13 11 7 5 3 9 7 3 5 3 7 5 13 5 3 5 11 9 5

A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 3.7E+01 3.4E-01 4.3E-02 6.1E-01 8.0E-02 1.3E-01 9.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 5.2E-02 6.7E-02 2.9E-01 5.4E-02 5.0E-02 1.5E-01 5.8E-01 1.8E+00 4.9E+00 4.7E+00 3.8E+00 3.0E+00 6.8E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.9E+00 3.4E+00 1.9E+00 9.8E-01 9.7E-01 9.2E-01 6.7E-01 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.1E+00 6.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 6.3E-01 3.5E-01 3.9E-01 2.0E-01 6.3E-01 6.2E-01 5.9E-01 5.2E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 7.3E-02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2936.90 2941.34 2947.88 2953.94 2954.65 2957.36 2965.25 2966.90 2969.36 2973.13 2973.24 2980.53 2981.45 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.95 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3017.63 3018.98 3021.07 3024.03 3025.84 3026.46 3031.63 3037.39 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3057.45 3059.09 3067.24 3068.17 3075.72 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19 3100.67 3119.49 3120.43 3156.27 3160.66 3161.95 3166.44 3168.85 3175.45 3176.36 3196.93 3199.53 3205.40

Weights gk gi 9 5 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 7 3 11 5 3 13 9 7 11 5 3 7 7 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 11 7 9 5 7 5 3 11 7 11 9 7 9 11 9 5 11 5 9 9 3

9 3 7 5 7 3 3 11 1 7 9 7 5 7 7 11 5 5 11 3 1 11 9 9 9 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 9 9 7 3 5 3 1 11 7 9 7 7 9 13 7 7 11 3 11 9 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.3E-01 5.6E-02 2.0E-01 1.89E-01 1.0E-01 1.77E-01 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 3.66E-02 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 2.2E-01 6.54E-02 2.80E-01 6.6E-02 3.9E-01 4.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.42E-01 1.07E+00 6.7E-02 1.7E-01 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 8.5E-02 6.82E-02 1.3E-01 4.56E-01 4.88E-02 3.48E-01 1.1E-01 1.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-02 5.7E-02 2.84E-01 1.5E-01 4.4E-01 1.7E-01 3.4E-01 9.8E-02 2.9E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 8.2E-02 8.9E-02 5.4E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E-01 1.14E-01 5.7E-02 1.3E-01 9.2E-02 9.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E+00

3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3246.96 3248.20 3253.60 3254.36 3257.59 3265.62 3268.23 3271.00 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.36 3307.23 3314.74 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3337.66 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.98 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3406.44 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3417.84 3418.51 3424.28 3425.01 3427.12 3428.19 3428.75 3440.99

Weights gi gk 5 11 7 11 11 9 5 9 5 7 13 9 5 7 7 11 7 7 3 5 9 3 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 13 5 9 5 11 11 5 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 5 5 13 3 7 3 9 5 3 3 7 9 7 5 7 7

5 9 9 11 13 7 3 11 5 5 15 9 3 7 9 13 5 5 3 3 11 5 5 5 9 3 5 7 5 13 7 11 5 11 9 5 3 9 9 11 7 7 7 3 5 13 5 9 5 9 7 3 1 7 7 9 5 5 5

10-106

A 108 s–1

λ Å

8.0E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 3.3E-01 8.8E-01 1.4E+00 4.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.9E-01 5.4E-01 2.0E-01 9.9E-02 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 6.6E-01 5.4E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-02 6.0E-02 6.1E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-02 4.7E-01 6.1E-01 2.0E-01 6.9E-01 6.2E-02 3.0E-01 2.7E-01 5.7E-02 4.0E-02 7.7E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.4E-01 9.3E-02 2.6E-01 9.9E-02 3.8E-01 2.8E-01 3.0E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 5.5E-02 3.6E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 8.4E-02

3442.36 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3476.70 3477.85 3485.34 3495.29 3497.10 3505.07 3506.50 3508.49 3510.44 3516.56 3521.84 3523.31 3524.08 3524.24 3527.79 3529.82 3536.56 3537.73 3537.90 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3548.02 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3556.88 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.42 3568.82 3570.10 3572.00 3573.39 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3582.20 3583.33 3585.32 3585.71 3586.98 3591.48 3592.67 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.62 3603.20 3603.82 3605.45

Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 9 1 7 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 5 3 5 11 9 3 7 7 5 5 7 9 11 5 11 1 11 13 1 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 5 11 11 3 9

5 3 7 5 3 3 1 3 7 7 3 5 11 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 3 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 3 5 5 9 11 3 9 9 7 3 9 11 11 7 9 3 13 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 9 5 3 9 11 3 9

A 108 s–1 4.55E-02 6.2E-02 2.8E-01 9.1E-02 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.4E-01 9.46E-02 1.4E-01 9.9E-02 7.1E-02 5.7E-02 4.4E-02 3.7E-02 9.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.5E-02 4.2E-02 2.0E-01 7.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E-01 8.4E-02 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 4.5E-02 1.5E-01 8.1E-01 4.4E-01 1.9E-01 6.5E-02 3.8E-01 6.5E-02 5.3E-02 5.6E-02 6.77E-01 2.4E-01 7.5E-02 9.6E-02 6.3E-02 1.02E+00 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 1.3E-01 3.75E-02 1.6E-01 6.0E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-01 5.4E-02 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.4E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3606.68 3608.86 3610.16 3610.70 3612.07 3613.45 3615.19 3617.79 3618.77 3621.46 3622.00 3623.19 3624.06 3630.35 3631.46 3632.04 3632.55 3635.19 3637.86 3638.30 3640.39 3644.80 3645.82 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3667.25 3669.15 3669.52 3670.09 3674.77 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3678.86 3682.24 3684.11 3686.00 3686.26 3687.46 3688.48 3690.73 3694.01 3697.43 3698.60 3699.15 3701.09 3702.03 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3709.25 3711.41 3718.41 3719.93 3722.56

Weights gi gk 11 3 13 5 11 7 3 5 5 9 7 13 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 7 9 7 1 9 11 7 7 5 9 9 9 9 11 5 9 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 11 7 11 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 1 11 9 3 7 9 5

13 5 13 3 13 7 3 7 7 11 7 13 3 7 9 5 9 3 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 11 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 7 9 1 11 3 9 7 5 7 11 5

A 108 s–1

λ Å

8.2E-01 8.14E-01 4.8E-01 7.1E-02 7.5E-02 6.7E-02 5.8E-02 6.5E-01 7.3E-01 5.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.4E-02 5.4E-02 7.6E-02 5.17E-01 4.8E-01 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-02 2.6E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-02 5.7E-01 2.92E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-02 6.2E-01 1.0E-01 5.8E-02 1.4E-01 7.4E-02 3.0E-01 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 4.63E-02 3.1E-01 8.0E-01 4.1E-02 1.7E+00 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E-01 8.01E-02 6.9E-02 2.7E-01 6.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-02 4.5E-02 4.8E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.56E-01 7.3E-02 5.3E-02 1.62E-01 4.97E-02

3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3730.39 3730.95 3732.40 3733.32 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3744.10 3745.56 3745.90 3746.93 3748.26 3749.48 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3760.05 3760.53 3763.79 3765.54 3766.67 3767.19 3768.03 3774.82 3778.51 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.82 3791.73 3793.87 3794.34 3795.00 3799.55 3801.68 3802.00 3802.28 3804.01 3805.35 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3813.88 3815.84 3817.64 3819.50

Weights gi gk 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 3 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 5 5 1 7 3 9 7 11 5 7 13 3 5 13 5 3 3 3 7 5 11 5 5 3 9 5 3 9 5 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 13 9 11 7

7 5 7 5 11 7 5 3 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 3 7 3 7 5 9 5 11 3 7 15 5 5 15 3 3 1 3 5 7 13 5 5 5 7 3 3 11 7 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 11 7 11 5

10-107

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.3E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.25E-01 1.3E-01 3.8E-02 2.8E-01 6.2E-02 9.02E-01 2.4E-01 1.42E-01 3.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.0E-01 2.60E-01 3.6E-01 1.15E-01 7.33E-02 2.2E-01 9.15E-02 7.64E-01 9.3E-02 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.34E-01 4.47E-02 4.8E-02 5.44E-01 9.8E-01 9.7E-02 6.40E-01 8.4E-02 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.7E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 1.29E-01 3.9E-02 6.3E-02 7.4E-02 3.8E-02 1.15E-01 7.32E-02 6.6E-02 3.5E-02 5.0E-02 4.7E-02 9.8E-01 2.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.0E-02 3.54E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 1.3E+00 8.3E-02 4.6E-02

3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3839.61 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.17 3845.69 3846.00 3846.41 3846.80 3849.96 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.57 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3895.66 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3909.83 3914.27 3916.73 3919.07 3925.20 3931.12 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3948.77 3949.14 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60

Weights gi gk 11 11 5 9 7 9 7 5 9 3 5 5 9 3 5 9 11 7 3 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 5 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 9 5 7 3 3 3 13 9 1 5 5 3 9 11 3 7 3 11

9 13 5 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 3 3 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 1 7 7 9 7 5 5 3 3 11 9 3 7 5 5 11 9 3 5 5 11

A 108 s–1 6.68E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-02 5.98E-01 1.05E+00 4.69E-02 4.53E-01 3.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.9E-01 4.70E-01 1.3E+00 4.7E-01 6.8E-02 4.9E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-01 6.6E-01 6.06E-01 4.64E-02 8.5E-02 9.70E-02 1.55E-01 3.4E-01 6.7E-02 1.05E-01 8.0E-02 7.72E-02 6.6E-02 1.6E-01 3.5E-02 5.8E-02 5.30E-02 3.52E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E-01 9.40E-02 7.5E-02 2.14E-01 9.6E-02 6.7E-02 6.7E-02 5.3E-02 6.5E-02 5.4E-02 1.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.7E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-02 9.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.9E-02 3.6E-01 4.1E-02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3953.15 3955.34 3955.96 3956.45 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.97 3997.39 3998.05 4003.76 4005.24 4006.31 4007.27 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4021.87 4024.72 4031.96 4040.64 4044.61 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4059.73 4062.44 4063.59 4065.40 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4078.35 4079.18 4079.84 4080.21 4082.44 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4088.57 4098.18 4107.49

Weights gk gi 7 3 3 13 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 9 11 3 7 11 7 3 11 9 7 7 3 5 5 9 5 9 5 3 7 3 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 1 3 3 11 3 7 7 5 7 5

9 3 3 11 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9 11 9 3 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 9 5 7 3 9 3 7 3 3 7 1 9 5 5 3 9 9 3 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 3 7 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3.7E-02 1.4E-01 5.7E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E-01 4.2E-02 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 6.3E-02 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 5.7E-02 6.6E-02 1.8E-01 7.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 6.7E-02 1.5E-01 6.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.04E-01 4.7E-02 4.2E-02 5.2E-02 2.4E-01 4.5E-02 1.0E-01 8.9E-02 7.1E-02 4.4E-02 1.1E-01 8.63E-01 1.6E-01 4.9E-02 8.1E-02 2.2E-01 6.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.65E-01 1.6E-01 4.8E-02 1.9E-01 4.2E-02 5.1E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 3.9E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01

4109.07 4109.80 4112.96 4114.45 4118.54 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4137.42 4142.63 4143.87 4149.37 4150.25 4153.90 4154.80 4156.80 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.79 4191.68 4196.21 4198.30 4198.64 4199.09 4200.09 4200.92 4202.03 4203.67 4203.94 4205.54 4207.13 4210.34 4213.65 4217.55 4219.36 4220.34 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4226.42 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4240.37 4245.26 4246.08 4247.43 4248.22 4250.12

Weights gi gk 1 3 11 5 11 11 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 9 1 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 13 5 5 3 3 3 11 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 7 5 1 7 9 3 5

3 3 13 5 13 11 3 7 5 7 5 7 5 9 13 3 9 11 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 11 7 9 9 9 13 5 3 3 1 5 13 1 7 11 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 3 5 11 5 7

10-108

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.4E-01 4.7E-02 5.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 9.4E-02 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.1E-02 7.4E-02 1.5E-01 3.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.3E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 6.1E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 3.6E-01 4.9E-02 1.1E-01 2.15E-01 1.52E-01 4.8E-02 9.8E-02 8.03E-02 1.3E-01 6.1E-01 4.0E-02 4.2E-02 8.22E-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.77E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.85E-01 1.88E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-02 8.3E-02 5.7E-02 2.0E-01 3.5E-02 2.08E-01

4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4268.75 4271.15 4271.76 4282.40 4300.83 4305.45 4307.90 4315.08 4325.76 4327.09 4352.73 4369.77 4383.54 4387.89 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4430.61 4433.22 4438.34 4442.34 4443.19 4446.83 4447.72 4454.38 4455.03 4466.55 4469.37 4481.61 4484.22 4485.67 4528.61 4533.13 4547.85 4619.29 4669.17 4673.16 4678.85 4704.95 4736.77 4789.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.75 4891.49 4892.87 4903.31 4917.23 4918.01 4918.99 4920.50 4930.31

Weights gi gk 7 11 1 5 7 9 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 9 9 3 7 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 5 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 3 5 1 7 11 3

7 11 3 3 9 11 5 5 3 9 5 7 5 5 9 11 3 7 7 9 7 3 1 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 7 7 3 9 3 9 1 7 5 3 7 9 1 11 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 9 3

A 108 s–1 1.0E-01 3.2E-01 9.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.82E-01 2.28E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 6.0E-02 3.4E-01 7.7E-02 5.0E-01 7.8E-02 3.9E-02 7.2E-02 5.00E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 2.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.8E-02 7.45E-02 2.3E-01 7.9E-02 3.76E-02 1.1E-01 5.3E-02 5.11E-02 3.8E-02 3.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-02 7.0E-02 1.1E-01 5.44E-02 3.7E-02 7.6E-02 4.7E-02 4.0E-02 4.6E-02 7.4E-02 8.1E-02 4.9E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 9.1E-02 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-02 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 4.0E-02 1.7E-01 3.5E-01 4.1E-02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4969.92 4973.10 4978.60 4988.95 4991.27 5001.86 5004.04 5014.94 5022.24 5074.75 5090.78 5109.65 5121.64 5125.11 5133.69 5137.38 5159.06 5162.27 5184.26 5208.59 5232.94 5263.30 5266.55 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93 5353.39 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5389.48 5398.29 5400.50 5410.91 5415.20 5424.07 5432.95 5445.04 5463.27 5466.39 5473.90 5480.87 5487.74 5554.89 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5598.30 5615.64 5624.54 5633.97 5638.27 5650.01 5655.18 5658.82

Weights gi gk 3 3 5 7 5 9 5 7 5 9 7 3 5 9 11 11 5 11 5 7 9 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 13 5 11 9 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 3 9 5 11 5 11 9 3 7 7

3 3 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 11 5 5 5 7 13 9 3 11 7 5 11 5 9 7 5 9 7 7 7 9 11 9 13 7 5 9 9 13 15 5 11 9 7 7 1 5 9 3 5 1 7 5 9 5 13 7 5 9 7

A 108 s–1

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.2E-02 3.9E-01 3.5E-02 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 7.9E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 3.5E-02 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.2E-02 8.6E-02 8.0E-02 6.3E-02 1.5E-01 7.0E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.5E-02 5.6E-01 1.3E-01 9.8E-02 1.8E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.0E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-02 1.2E-01 8.6E-02 8.7E-02 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 8.7E-02 4.0E-02 5.0E-02 5.3E-02 3.6E-02

5679.02 5686.53 5691.51 5705.99 5717.85 5753.12 5762.99 5816.36 5905.67 5927.80 5930.17 6020.17 6024.07 6055.99 6170.49 6336.84 6338.90 6400.00 6411.65 6419.98 6469.21 6495.78 6496.46 6569.23 6633.76 6733.16 6841.35 7130.94

5 9 3 7 1 3 5 9 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3

7 11 1 9 3 5 7 11 3 3 7 9 11 9 5 3 3 9 7 7 3 3 5 9 7 1 7 5

3.6E-02 4.4E-02 6.2E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 7.0E-02 1.0E-01 3.7E-02 1.2E-01 5.1E-02 1.6E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 4.9E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-02 3.5E-02 1.3E-01 9.0E-02 6.0E-02 8.5E-02 6.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.9E-02 3.6E-02 4.3E-02

Fe II 1144.94 1635.40 1641.76 1647.16 2208.41 2213.66 2218.27 2327.40 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2343.49 2343.96 2344.28 2348.11 2348.30 2351.67 2352.31 2353.68 2354.89 2360.00 2360.29 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.77 2366.59 2368.60 2369.95

10 8 6 6 10 14 8 6 10 8 4 10 8 2 10 6 6 2 8 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 10

12 6 4 6 10 14 10 4 8 6 4 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 10 8 6 6 4 12

4.8E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 5.2E-01 1.8E+00 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 5.9E-01 2.9E-01 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 2.9E-01 8.2E-01 5.1E-01 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 4.2E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.3E-01 5.1E+00 6.1E-01 2.1E+00 9.9E-02 5.9E-01 5.7E+00

2370.50 2373.74 2375.19 2379.27 2380.76 2382.04 2382.90 2383.25 2384.39 2388.37 2388.63 2390.10 2390.77 2395.42 2395.62 2399.24 2400.06 2401.29 2404.43 2404.89 2406.66 2410.52 2411.07 2413.31 2416.45 2418.44 2423.21 2428.36 2432.87 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2439.30 2445.11 2445.80 2446.47 2447.20 2453.98 2455.71 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2466.52 2469.51 2472.61 2475.12 2475.54 2481.05 2484.44 2492.34 2493.26 2501.31 2503.87 2508.34 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36

10-109

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk 4 10 4 8 6 10 12 6 4 10 8 14 6 6 8 6 12 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 8 6 4 8 14 8 8 12 12 12 4 12 6 8 8 10 6 10 6 8 2 8 8 4 6 12 8 10 14 2 10 8 12 8 6

4 10 2 8 8 12 14 6 4 12 8 16 6 4 10 6 14 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 10 8 6 10 14 6 10 12 14 12 6 14 6 10 8 12 4 12 8 10 4 6 10 6 8 12 8 12 16 2 10 10 12 8 4

A 108 s–1 1.4E-01 3.3E-01 9.8E-01 1.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.8E+00 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.5E+00 1.4E+00 5.2E+00 2.5E+00 7.1E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.5E+00 2.4E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.2E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 3.2E+00 2.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.5E+00 2.9E-01 1.2E+00 7.3E-01 1.0E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 5.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.9E+00 3.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.3E+00 1.6E-01 3.4E+00 1.4E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2535.49 2536.67 2537.14 2538.20 2538.50 2538.80 2538.91 2538.99 2540.52 2541.10 2541.84 2542.73 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2546.67 2547.34 2548.33 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.68 2551.21 2555.07 2555.45 2557.51 2559.77 2559.92 2560.28 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.91 2568.41 2569.78 2570.53 2570.85 2573.21 2574.36 2576.86 2577.92 2582.41 2582.58 2585.63 2585.88 2587.95 2588.18 2590.55 2591.54

Weights gk gi 10 12 10 14 8 12 10 14 2 8 8 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 6 4 10 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 8 4 2 2 6 8 8 6 10 2 6 4 10 10 8 2 4 6

8 12 10 12 6 10 8 12 2 6 6 2 12 4 6 10 10 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 8 8 6 8 8 8 4 2 6 4 10 6 2 4 4 8 6 10 4 12 2 8 4 10 8 10 2 6 6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.4E-01 4.0E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E-01 8.2E-01 7.8E-01 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 7.7E-01 1.9E+00 4.4E-01 7.1E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 1.4E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E+00 4.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 8.0E-01 2.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 4.4E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 7.7E-01 3.6E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+00 1.6E-01 9.1E-02 5.1E-01

2592.78 2593.72 2594.96 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2605.04 2605.34 2605.42 2605.90 2606.51 2607.09 2609.13 2609.87 2611.87 2613.82 2617.62 2619.07 2620.17 2620.70 2621.67 2623.11 2623.73 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2628.29 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.69 2637.50 2637.64 2639.56 2642.01 2649.47 2650.48 2654.63 2658.25 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2671.40 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2692.60 2697.33 2697.46 2699.20 2703.99 2707.13 2709.05 2711.84

Weights gi gk 14 2 8 8 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 8 4 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 2 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 8 2 8 6 4 2 2 8 4 8 10 4 4 4 8 4 4 12

16 4 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 10 8 8 2 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 4 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 2 10 8 6 4 4 10 6 10 12 4 2 4 8 6 6 14

10-110

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.1E+00 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E-01 2.1E+00 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 2.0E+00 4.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.3E-01 3.3E-01 4.9E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 5.3E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 7.7E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 9.2E-01 4.7E-01 5.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.4E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 3.7E-01 3.8E-01

2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.56 2717.87 2718.64 2719.30 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.94 2739.55 2741.40 2743.20 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2753.29 2754.91 2755.73 2761.81 2762.34 2763.66 2765.13 2767.50 2769.36 2774.69 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.04 2783.69 2785.19 2787.24 2793.89 2796.63 2799.29 2809.78 2817.09 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.65 2840.76 2844.96 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2855.69 2856.38

Weights gi gk 10 8 6 14 16 10 6 8 6 6 12 6 8 4 8 8 6 2 4 6 4 6 2 10 8 8 2 6 14 10 12 12 2 8 10 2 2 12 12 8 10 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 2 10 2 4 6 6 8 6

12 6 6 12 14 8 8 8 8 6 10 4 10 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 2 12 6 10 4 6 12 8 14 14 4 8 8 4 2 10 10 6 12 10 8 8 4 6 6 6 2 8 10 4 12 2 4 6 4 10 8

A 108 s–1 1.3E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 3.7E-01 1.1E-01 7.8E-01 9.7E-01 3.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.8E-02 2.5E-01 7.8E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 8.4E-01 2.1E+00 1.1E-01 3.7E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.9E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.3E-01 9.6E-02 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 5.8E-01 2.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.1E-01 5.3E-01 1.1E-01 4.5E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.0E-01 2.7E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512 151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

5 7 9 7 9 5 5 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

7 9 11 7 9 7 5 7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02 3.9E+02 2.4E+02 8.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.2E+02 3.5E+02 8.8E+02 7.7E+02 9.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.0E+03 1.8E+03 2.3E+02 6.9E+02 2.8E+03 2.9E+03 3.6E+03 2.7E+03 2.4E+03 1.5E+03 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 2.1E+02

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6

1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03

2856.91 2857.17 2872.39 2873.40 2875.35 2883.71 2884.77 2895.22 2897.27 2944.40 2947.66 2949.18 2959.84 2964.63 2969.93 2982.06 2984.82 2985.55 2997.30 3002.65 3036.96 3048.99 3062.23 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3135.36 3154.20 3167.86 3177.54 3179.50 5247.95 5506.20 5961.71

8 6 10 8 8 12 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 2 8 4 6 2 6 4 6 4 12 2 4 14 6 6 10 8 8 6 4 12 10

8 8 8 10 10 14 8 10 4 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 6 4 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 12 8 6 10 8 8 8 6 14 12

8.7E-01 9.5E-02 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 1.0E-01 1.4E-01 8.0E-02 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 1.8E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 8.4E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 8.1E-02 9.9E-02 1.7E+00 1.4E+00 7.7E-01

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13

4.8E+00 4.9E+00 5.5E+00 5.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 5.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.1E+00 5.3E+00 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.3E+00 4.9E+00 5.1E+00 4.9E+00

Weights gi gk

10-111

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

175.266

2

4

1.72E+03

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733 92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9 9 11 9 5

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11 11 13 11 7

2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03 3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6

2.0E+03 1.7E+03 1.6E+03 1.1E+03 1.4E+03 1.7E+03 8.7E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 4.5E+03 4.9E+03 5.2E+03 4.0E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 4.6E+03 1.0E+03 9.0E+02 9.1E+02 8.6E+02

Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03

Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386

2 4 4 2

4 6 6 4

2.7E+03 3.1E+03 5.6E+02 7.6E+02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 248 284.160

3 1

Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096 37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0 Fe XVII 11.023 12.123

69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216 217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45

2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4

8.9E+02 1.3E+03 8.1E+02 1.7E+03 7.9E+03 6.6E+03 7.0E+03 5.1E+02 5.6E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 3.6E+02 2.8E+02 4.0E+02 1.7E+02 4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5

1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1 3

5.4E+02 2.28E+02

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03 1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02

12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11

5.9E+04 3.0E+03 3.5E+03 3.3E+04 3.4E+03 2.28E+05 6.0E+04 8.29E+03 9.33E+03 4.8E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 1.2E+04

Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56 13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3

3 7 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 2.7E+05 2.2E+04 1.0E+04 7.0E+04 1.4E+04 4.51E+04 2.0E+04 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 1.2E+04 2.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.4E+04 1.1E+04

1 1

3 3

2.1E+04 8.0E+04

Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07

6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6

6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4

1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03

Weights gi gk

10-112

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 13.14 13.41

3 1

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922 11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325 Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298

13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23

2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2

4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2

8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03

Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03

3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5

1 5 3 7 3 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5

1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1 3

2.0E+04 7.3E+03

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2

6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2

5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05 5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05

11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3

1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05

5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1

7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3

3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6

1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05 6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5

2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06

Weights gi gk

10-113

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038 Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9 4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7 Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3

Weights gk gi 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4

3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04

3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03 2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01

1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03

Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8

2 2 6 6 2

6 6 10 10 6

1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01

Lutetium Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6

4 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 6 4

2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01

10-114

λ Å

Magnesium Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3

3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5

8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01

Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5 *3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3

2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 10 6 4 4 10 2 2

4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 14 4 4 2 14 4 2

1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00 8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01

Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9

4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00

Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32

10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4

6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6

3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9

3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7

9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00

Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92

6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6

10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10

4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00

Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55 1639.8 2814.2

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3 3 1

3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5 5 3

2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00 2.1E+00 3.35E-01

Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02

Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08

6 6 6

8 6 4

3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00

λ Å 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02 3298.23 3303.28 3463.66 3470.01 3511.83 3535.30 3559.81 3577.87 3595.11 3601.27 3607.53 3608.49 3610.30 3635.70 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44

Weights gi gk 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10 6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14

8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10 4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14

10-115

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01

3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3823.89 3833.87 3834.37 3839.78 3841.07 3843.99 3889.46 3898.37 3899.34 3924.08 3926.48 3951.98 3952.84 3975.88 3982.16 3982.58 3982.90 3991.60 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4061.74 4063.53 4065.08 4066.24 4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01

Weights gi gk 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4

12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8 2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2

A 108 s–1 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 1285.10 1333.87

5 7

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79

4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13 3482.90 3488.68

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5 5 3

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 3

2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 2.5E-01

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1

3.7E+01 5.7E+01 4.4E+01 3.4E+01 2.8E+01 5.7E+01 1.5E+01 2.2E+01 7.8E+01 2.2E+01 6.0E+01 2.7E+01 1.3E+02 4.4E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01

Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38

A 108 s–1

λ Å

7 9

1.1E+01 1.0E+01

1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01

3 7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13

5 7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11

7.34E-01 1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01

2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71

Weights gi gk

10-116

Weights gi gk 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5

9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7

A 108 s–1 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01 5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03

Weights gi gk 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3 5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1

7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1 7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00 3.85E-01 1.44E-01 6.33E-01 2.95E-01 2.80E-01 1.71E-01 1.87E-01 3.05E-01 6.89E-01 1.31E-01 1.62E-01 3.62E-01 5.42E-01 2.60E-01 1.95E-01 3.59E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01

3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3438.87 3441.87 3442.66 3445.03 3445.26 3445.80 3447.12 3447.29 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15

Weights gi gk 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9 11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5

7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9 11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5

10-117

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.49E-01 1.38E-01 5.08E-01 5.44E-01 1.74E-01 3.06E-01 1.25E-01 1.62E-01 2.82E-01 2.26E-01 1.72E-01 2.88E-01 1.64E-01 1.20E-01 6.04E-01 1.13E-01 2.72E-01 7.59E-01 1.38E-01 2.74E-01 1.39E-01 2.03E-01 1.38E-01 1.56E-01 1.88E-01 3.75E-01 4.11E-01 2.66E-01 7.32E-01 3.30E-01 1.85E-01 1.97E-01 2.08E-01 2.10E-01 1.25E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 2.45E-01 1.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.28E-01 2.52E-01 2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01

3456.52 3460.22 3460.78 3465.84 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92 3475.03 3479.42 3483.67 3483.83 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.65 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3563.75 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3584.25 3585.57 3588.95 3590.74 3595.55 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70

Weights gi gk 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5 13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7

3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5 11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5

A 108 s–1 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01 5.67E-01 2.07E-01 1.15E-01 2.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.96E-01 5.58E-01 5.27E-01 1.37E-01 3.51E-01 3.33E-01 1.94E-01 2.11E-01 1.15E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75

Weights gk gi 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7 13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9

3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9 11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.80E-01 2.03E-01 1.86E-01 6.70E-01 1.34E-01 1.45E-01 3.48E-01 2.30E-01 9.54E-01 1.92E-01 2.16E-01 1.95E-01 1.13E-01 5.22E-01 2.96E-01 1.68E-01 1.20E-01 2.12E-01 3.26E-01 2.07E-01 6.36E-01 3.59E-01 1.48E-01 1.28E-01 2.38E-01 1.34E-01 2.86E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01 1.55E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-01 2.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.56E-01 3.07E-01 3.95E-01 1.41E-01 2.48E-01 1.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.16E-01 2.88E-01 2.46E-01 1.66E-01 2.87E-01 1.22E-01 1.48E-01 6.90E-01 3.16E-01 2.44E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.94E-01 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 1.20E-01 3.05E-01 1.70E-01

3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65

Weights gi gk 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7 9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11

5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9 11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11

10-118

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.20E-01 1.26E-01 2.41E-01 1.26E-01 1.78E-01 6.24E-01 1.74E-01 2.22E-01 1.35E-01 1.67E-01 6.17E-01 1.13E-01 1.15E-01 1.40E-01 1.78E-01 2.24E-01 1.71E-01 4.39E-01 1.35E-01 2.70E-01 1.29E-01 4.38E-01 2.65E-01 1.36E-01 1.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.16E-01 1.94E-01 1.22E-01 2.02E-01 6.05E-01 1.56E-01 1.56E-01 2.17E-01 1.60E-01 3.82E-01 3.32E-01 2.70E-01 3.17E-01 1.68E-01 2.00E-01 1.76E-01 2.01E-01 1.36E-01 2.85E-01 1.35E-01 1.28E-01 1.84E-01 2.56E-01 1.23E-01 2.93E-01 3.83E-01 1.38E-01 2.63E-01 2.51E-01 1.90E-01 1.28E-01 2.10E-01 2.09E-01

4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9

15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9

5.03E-01 1.47E-01 1.32E-01 2.35E-01 1.25E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.54E-01 3.63E-01 2.17E-01 1.23E-01 4.49E-01 3.01E-01 4.67E-01 2.16E-01 4.36E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.24E-01 3.11E-01 1.14E-01 1.31E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.84E-01 4.11E-01 5.83E-01 1.62E-01 3.74E-01 3.89E-01 2.01E-01 1.13E-01 1.28E-01 1.21E-01 2.11E-01 6.19E-01 2.26E-01 3.46E-01 2.13E-01 3.61E-01 3.72E-01 3.30E-01 3.02E-01 1.55E-01 2.60E-01 3.12E-01 1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3

16 14 10 8 10 12 18

18 16 12 10 10 12 18

1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1

3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3

3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03

Weights gi gk 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3

5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3

10-119

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01 6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02

6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459

5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5

6 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6

10 2 10 6 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4

3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01 2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7

Weights gk gi 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6

2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01

3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2 3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8

Weights gi gk 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 4

10-120

2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01

3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7

6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95 561.38 561.73 562.99

1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1

1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01 7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78 4732.47

564.53

5

3

1.31E+01

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01

Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97 2307.35 2312.34

7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3 5 7

7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3 7 7

1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E+00

Weights gi gk 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7 7

5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7 9

10-121

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 9.3E-02

4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7

3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7

2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8

2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 168 182 185.23 187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254

6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6

8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4

3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02 1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02

Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284

1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5

3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3

2.77E+03 4.75E+03 1.5E+04 6.7E+03 1.4E+04 1.6E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.0E+02 2.5E+02 4.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 2.75E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.5E+02

2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00

Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399

6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6

1.2E+03 2.4E+02 8.5E+02 9.8E+02 7.1E+02 9.4E+02 4.7E+02 1.4E+02 5.6E+02 8.9E+01 7.4E+01 1.5E+02 3.8E+01 4.6E+01 3.6E+01

Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386

5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5

7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5

6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01

Ni XVI 166

4

6

3.1E+02

Weights gi gk

10-122

A 108 s–1

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

292

5

7

2.2E+02

Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070 26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6

4 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8

8.6E+02 9.9E+02 1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03

Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9

3.1E+04 5.2E+03 1.1E+05 9.4E+04 4.7E+03 5.1E+03 4.8E+04 6.3E+03 3.66E+05 1.0E+05 1.23E+04 1.31E+04 6.4E+03 8.4E+03 9.4E+03

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318 11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502

Weights gi gk

3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5

3 3 7 1 7 1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5

A 108 s–1

1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05 1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04

Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4

2.84E+02 1.2E+03 5.6E+02 4.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 5.2E+02 2.45E+02 3.9E+02 4.83E+02 2.66E+02 2.36E+02 5.1E+02 3.7E+02 3.3E+02

Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55

3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1

2.8E+02 8.3E+02 1.77E+02 2.5E+02 7.5E+02 4.39E+02 2.1E+02 5.3E+02 2.4E+02 1.78E+02 2.94E+02 2.87E+02 3.32E+02 2.26E+02 2.19E+02 1.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.02E+02 1.86E+02 2.53E+02

Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43

6 4 2

4 4 4

1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963

1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1

3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3

2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05 8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05

Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4

6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6

7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03

103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47 137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69

4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 2 2

2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4

4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01 2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01

Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08

3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3

9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05

Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6

3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05

Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538

1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5

3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06

10-123

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56

Weights gk gi 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02 7.75E-03 1.83E-02 1.03E-02 4.67E-03 3.83E-03 9.83E-03 2.04E-02 5.95E-02 1.24E-01 1.93E-01 2.82E-01 3.28E-02 3.13E-01 8.58E-02 1.27E-01 4.95E-02 4.84E-02 2.23E-01 2.64E-01 1.36E-01 4.92E-02 2.09E-01 2.66E-01 1.05E-01 2.46E-01 1.80E-01 1.09E-01 2.10E-01 1.28E-01 6.75E-02 3.76E-02 1.04E-02 3.02E-01 2.80E-01 1.88E-02 2.60E-01 2.95E-01 2.44E-01 1.76E-02 2.70E-02 2.33E-01 2.24E-01 2.63E-01 3.98E-02 1.18E-02 1.13E-02 2.99E-02 2.75E-02

9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73

4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 8

N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99

5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6 4 6 8

5.30E-02 6.56E-03 4.95E-02 4.50E-02 9.62E-02 2.97E-02 2.93E-02 3.11E-03 7.58E-03 3.64E-02 1.08E-02 7.60E-03 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03

5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3

9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00

1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24

Weights gi gk

10-124

Weights gi gk 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3

5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5

A 108 s–1 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01 6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47

Weights gi gk 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5

7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01

5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29

7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

A 108 s–1

λ Å

7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3

2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02

4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2

9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01

2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86 5270.57 5272.68

Weights gi gk

10-125

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4

4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01 8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75 7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2

2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02 3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5

3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5

1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01 6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008

5 1 3 5 5 5

5 3 5 3 5 7

4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00

935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23

Weights gi gk

10-126

Weights gi gk 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5

5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7

A 108 s–1 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04 2.32E-03 2.41E-02 5.44E-03 2.26E-03 1.81E-03 4.04E-03 7.56E-03 7.59E-03 4.43E-03 8.44E-03 1.27E-02 7.13E-03 9.98E-03 9.48E-03 1.81E-02 2.71E-02 7.74E-03 1.29E-02 1.80E-02 2.69E-03 3.58E-03 5.83E-03 9.71E-03 6.80E-03 9.06E-03 1.05E-02 1.75E-02 3.50E-03 2.67E-02 5.08E-02 7.62E-02 3.76E-05 1.65E-02 2.75E-02 3.85E-02 1.18E-05 6.44E-06 2.65E-02 3.53E-02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00

7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3

2.24E-02 3.73E-02 7.45E-03 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 2.33E-04 3.09E-04 4.19E-04 1.41E-04 5.63E-04 2.89E-01 8.13E-02 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 4.86E-02 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 2.93E-01 4.46E-01 3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4

2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2

4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01

Weights gi gk 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2

6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2

10-127

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01

4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86

Weights gi gk 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2

6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4

A 108 s–1 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02 3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78

4641.81 4649.13 4650.84 4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97 4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01 8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01

O III 263.694 263.727 263.773

1 3 3

3 5 3

3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01

Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5

10-128

7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01

3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90

Weights gi gk 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7

7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9

A 108 s–1 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02 4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60

Weights gi gk 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5

7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01 7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02

4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01

4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02

2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18

Weights gi gk

10-129

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4

A 108 s–1 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01 1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

O VI *150.10 *173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2

2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5

3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5

2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5

1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02

2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

2.62E+02 8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

2 4 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2

5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02

Phosphorus PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4

3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01

K II 607.93

1

3

1.3E-02

Weights gi gk

10-130

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00

K XVI 206.27

1

3

9.4E+01

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15 15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17 13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13

1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02 2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02

8 6

6 4

4.8E-02 4.45E-02

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0 Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91

λ Å 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44

Weights gi gk 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6 10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2

6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4 8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2

10-131

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01 9.1E-01 3.9E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 4.2E-01 5.5E-01 6.2E-02 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 6.2E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.7E-03 3.7E-02 2.5E-03 6.25E-02 1.58E-01 7.15E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 2.8E-02

4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72 5599.42 5983.60 Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4 6 10

4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4 8 10

9.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.0E-02 9.8E-02 1.73E-01 1.0E-01 3.9E-02 1.62E-01 6.5E-03 9.2E-03 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 1.64E-01 2.48E-02 4.5E-03 1.35E-02 5.5E-03 4.00E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 6.4E-03 3.43E-03 5.2E-03 6.0E-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-02 9.8E-03 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 3.1E-03 4.35E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-03 5.95E-03 3.7E-03 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79

2 2 2

2 4 2

1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01

4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6

2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00 1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01

Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4

4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4

10-132

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01 2.58E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 2.09E-01 2.30E-01 7.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.16E-01 2.0E-02 1.15E-01 4.1E-02 7.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.6E-01 1.69E-01 1.50E-01 8.8E-02 1.11E-01

5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43 6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42

6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8

6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8

1.06E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.8E-02 3.0E-01 5.7E-01 3.4E-01 4.2E-01 4.4E-02 2.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 3.4E-02 1.74E-01 2.15E-01 2.8E-01 1.50E-01 6.6E-02 3.2E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-02 5.2E-01 5.2E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.4E-01 4.9E-01 4.6E-01 4.7E-02 4.5E-01 7.5E-02 7.4E-02 6.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.2E-02 3.5E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3

5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81

Weights gi gk 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1

1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01 2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01

5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

9 5 3

7 5 1

3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01

1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 7 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 7 9 5

1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02 4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03

1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8

2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01

Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1 7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4

6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01

Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9 3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4

5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3

7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5

6.3E+01 7.89E+00 1.31E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 1.6E+01 2.59E+01 4.89E+01 1.9E+01 5.42E+00 7.19E+00 5.36E+00 1.61E+01 2.13E+01 8.85E+00 2.7E+01 2.60E+01 2.1E+01 1.1E+01 4.4E+00 3.8E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00 3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00

Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2

Weights gi gk

10-133

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1

2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10

4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6

3.6E+00 3.6E+00 4.1E+00 8.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.45E+01 1.23E+01 2.44E+01 1.8E+00 3.91E+01 2.05E+01 4.03E+00 2.42E+01 7.73E+00 7.58E+00 5.5E+00

Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86

1 1 1

3 3 3

4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02

Si VI 246.00 249.12

4 2

2 2

1.7E+02 8.5E+01

Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01

Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83

4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6

4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01

Si IX 223.73 225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36

1 3 5 5 5 9 9

3 3 3 3 5 9 15

4.2E+01 1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01

Si X 253.77 256.57

2 2

4 2

2.9E+01 1.1E+02

λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01

Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08

1 1 1

3 3 3

3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01

Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0

4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6

2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00

Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19

10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4

6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4

2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01

Na VI 313.75 361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8

5 5 9 9 5 5

3 5 9 15 5 3

1.3E+02 7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00

258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09

4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6

4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10

1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01

Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8

1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01

Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01

Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0 4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6

2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4

4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6

2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03 1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02

10-134

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4607.3

1

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6 Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3 1820.3 1826.2

1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5

3 5 3 5

1 5 5 7

2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00

Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83

6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4

10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6

2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00

Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3

9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1

15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3

3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01

Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02

Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3 2428.1 2569.5 2931.8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02

A 108 s–1

λ Å

3

2.01E+00

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02

4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7

5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5 3 1

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00 2.2E+00 7.2E-01

S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8 5606.1

2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 10

4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 8

1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.4E-01

Weights gi gk

10-135

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7 S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01

249.27 388.94 390.86 706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52

2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2

2 2 2 4 6 4 4 2

3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01 4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01

S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029

1 1 1

3 3 3

9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02

S VIII 198.55 202.61

4 2

2 2

2.5E+02 1.2E+02

S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49

9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15

4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01

S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01

S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5

1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01

S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967

2 6 2 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2 4

8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01

S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7

2 4 2 2

2 2 4 2

2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00

SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85

1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9

3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9

1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01

S VI 248.99

2

4

3.1E+01

Weights gi gk

10-136

A 108 s–1

λ Å 4153 Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

4

6

5.7E-02

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4

6 4 10 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6

5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03 5.8E-03 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 6.8E-02 1.91E-02 2.62E-02 8.5E-03 7.3E-03 4.9E-02 2.72E-02 3.3E-03 4.6E-02 1.0E-02 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 4.3E-02 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 4.0E-03 1.30E-02 2.5E-03 2.5E-02 3.98E-02 3.35E-02 1.8E-02 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 3.60E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-03 7.3E-03 6.5E-02 3.83E-02 6.8E-03 8.4E-03 2.1E-03 1.1E-02 1.82E-02 1.79E-02 2.8E-02 8.9E-03 2.08E-02 4.8E-03 1.0E-02 2.28E-02 2.53E-02 7.5E-03

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4

Weights gi gk 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8 4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10

8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8 4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10

A 108 s–1

λ Å

9.0E-03 1.36E-02 1.56E-02 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.3E-03 2.42E-02 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 2.5E-02 1.2E-02 2.1E-03 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.85E-02 1.5E-02 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.08E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.5E-03 2.8E-02 2.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.63E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 1.95E-02 2.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 4.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.9E-02 4.4E-02 2.73E-02 2.92E-02 1.7E-03 1.9E-03 1.5E-02 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 9.0E-03 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 5.5E-03 2.2E-02 6.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 6.1E-03

5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9 Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5

4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 6 4 2 2

7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01

Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5 2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1

8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8

10 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10

6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02

8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2 4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6

10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4

3.8E-02 6.0E-03 4.9E-03 1.43E-02 4.2E-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6

4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01

10-137

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2 Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6 8 6

1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02

1 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1

8 10 6

3 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3

3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00 6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6073.5 6171.5

3 3

1 3

6.3E-02 4.9E-02

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2

2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 2 2

4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01

Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46

7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5

5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7

1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01

3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08

10-138

Weights gi gk 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11

9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13

A 108 s–1 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28

4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98 5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5 7 11 9 11 13 9 9

9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7 7 9 11 13 15 7 7

4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01

Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33

4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4

4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6

5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01

Weights gi gk 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10 8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4

8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10 8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4

10-139

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01

3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90 3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10 8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10 8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4

1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3

3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3

6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2862.60 3576.44

4 4

Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376

6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6

2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14 4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5 11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8

4.9E+01 5.3E+01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.9E+00 1.4E+01 1.8E+01 2.1E+01 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.9E+00 7.4E+00

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2 6

4.1E+00 4.6E+00

4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01

308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5

5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7

1.3E+02 1.6E+02 1.4E+02 1.99E+02 1.8E+02 2.9E+02 3.25E+02 1.48E+02 1.37E+02 1.2E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+02

Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701 60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2

1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02 3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02

Ti XIII 23.356

1

3

1.02E+05

Weights gi gk

Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567 439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215

5 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 5

7 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 7

5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00 7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00

Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99

4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02

Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266

1 1 5

3 3 7

5.1E+02 8.5E+02 1.8E+02

10-140

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7

Weights gi gk 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02

145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240

6 4 4 4 4 2 4

Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62 163.049 186.863 207.73

Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03

Ti XV 20.19 20.234 20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034

5 5 3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1

7 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

6.9E+03 1.9E+04 4.9E+04 4.2E+04 6.5E+03 1.1E+04 3.4E+04 5.8E+04 7.5E+04 8.0E+04 3.8E+04 4.1E+04 1.3E+04 4.3E+04 1.1E+05 1.1E+04 2.85E+04 8.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.58E+04 1.3E+04 6.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 6.3E+03

Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4

3.36E+02 1.45E+02 7.4E+02 2.4E+02 6.1E+02 3.81E+02 2.6E+02 3.5E+02 2.8E+02

A 108 s–1

λ Å

6 2 4 2 6 2 4

2.3E+02 1.32E+02 1.2E+02 1.92E+02 1.0E+02 2.45E+02 2.52E+02

3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02 6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02

16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36

3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1

3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3

4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04

Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07

2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4

4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4

7.3E+04 8.6E+04 1.4E+04 5.2E+01 3.2E+02 1.15E+02 1.97E+02 6.7E+01 1.16E+02 1.54E+02 6.3E+01 9.6E+01 6.6E+01 4.56E+01 1.2E+02

Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620 10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4

4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6

4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04 1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04

Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43

3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3

1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5

3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04

Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513

1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3

3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5

1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06

Weights gi gk

10-141

TeamLRN

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1 3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9

2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227

5 3 3 3 1 1

3 5 1 1 3 3

1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3 9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3

2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.61E-02 3.53E-03 2.4E-02 2.68E-03 1.3E-02 8.1E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-03 1.0E-02 6.7E-03 2.64E-03 9.7E-03 2.04E-03 5.2E-03 3.2E-02 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.1E-01 1.3E-02 1.20E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 1.38E-02 1.99E-02 3.47E-02

Weights gi gk 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9

5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11

10-142

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.2E-02 9.0E-03 3.1E-02 3.83E-03 5.2E-02 2.14E-02 8.3E-03 5.6E-03 4.6E-02 3.6E-02 5.07E-03 4.1E-03 5.6E-03 1.63E-01 6.7E-03 2.0E-02 2.88E-02 1.79E-03 3.60E-02 5.6E-03 1.0E-01 4.13E-03 4.9E-02 4.8E-03 8.4E-03 8.6E-03 4.9E-03 6.1E-03 1.38E-02 3.04E-02 1.69E-03 1.2E-01 3.6E-02 5.1E-03 1.64E-03 3.48E-03 4.2E-03 1.5E-02 1.55E-03 5.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.3E-03 7.0E-03 1.42E-03 4.20E-03 3.4E-03 1.42E-02 2.9E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.22E-03 7.8E-03 5.20E-03 2.72E-03 4.1E-03 2.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.1E-03

4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

1.75E-03 1.0E-02 1.36E-03 3.9E-03 4.17E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 1.9E-02 3.4E-03 1.61E-03 4.0E-03 1.12E-03 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 3.86E-03 1.4E-03 6.9E-03 7.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.47E-03 1.43E-03 6.8E-03 2.20E-03 2.21E-03 1.47E-03 2.40E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 4.7E-03 3.0E-03 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9

13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11

2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

λ Å 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79

3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11 11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9 13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02

Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53

6 10 4 6 8 10 6

8 8 4 6 8 10 4

2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01

Weights gi gk 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10

6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4 2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10

10-143

TeamLRN

A 108 s–1

λ Å

2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01

3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46 4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71

Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10

2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10 8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12

A 108 s–1 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87 3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5 7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8

4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64 2892.43 2892.65

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1 9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3 9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5

6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00

A 108 s–1

λ Å

7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01

2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8

5.2E+00 2.9E+00 5.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.5E+00 3.7E+00 3.5E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10

4.6E+00 3.8E+00 3.2E+00 2.5E+00 2.2E+00 2.7E+00 3.6E+00 4.2E+00 4.2E+00

V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7 9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5

6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00

Weights gi gk

10-144

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25 Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1 1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

Weights gi gk 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

A 108 s–1

λ Å

5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00 1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01

Ytterbium Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 2

1.8E+00 1.4E+00

Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36

4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6

4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8

3.5E-01 3.5E-01 4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00

10-145

TeamLRN

λ Å 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49 4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43

Weights gi gk 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6

6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4

A 108 s–1 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å

Weights gk gi

A 108 s–1

λ Å 3448.81 3467.88 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42

5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15

8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4

10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28

1 3 3 5 3 5 7

3 5 3 5 1 3 5

1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00

Weights gi gk 5 5 1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9

10-146

5 3 3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9

A 108 s–1

λ Å

4.1E-02 2.7E-02 3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02 9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01

5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02

Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00

Weights gi gk

A 108 s–1

ELECTRON AFFINITIES Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical review of Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. A great many additional electron affinities have been provided here by G. B. Ellison, W. C. Lineberger, H. Hotop, D. G. Leopold, and K. H. Bowen. Little work has been done on electron affinities for the lanthanides and actinides, but theoretical estimates have been made by Bratch, S. G., Chem. Phys. Lett., 98, 113, 1983, and Bratch, S. G., and Lagowski, J. J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 107, 136, 1984. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. [See Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Patel-Mistra, D., Sarkas, H. W., and Bowen, K. H., in Ion and Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Structure, Maier, J. P., Ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 1989, p. 417.] The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988. For the present tabulation the 1998 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54477 ± 0.00032 cm -1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 40 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; e-scat = electron scattering or attachment; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) TABLE 1. ATOMIC ELECTRON AFFINITIES Atomic Number 1

Atom H

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.4011895 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895220 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.814 2.020670 3.363588 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.893 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302

Uncertainty in eV 0.000019 0.000074 0.000020 0.000025 0.000020 0.0000007 0.0000025 0.000025 0.00005 0.0000024 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007

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Method LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 89 205 89 205 205 1 185 1 207 28 1 4 226 1 1 1 208 226 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1

deuterium deuterium tritium

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Atomic Number

Atom

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 91 118 121

Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ac Pr ekaradon ekaactinium

Electron affinity in eV not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.9708 3.059037 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 -0.020 0.34 »0 0.322 0.815 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable 0.2 0.364 0.946 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.46 0.35 0.962 0.056 0.57

Uncertainty in eV 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.0003 0.000010 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.01 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 0.2 0.008 0.010 0.3 0.2 0.024 0.01 -

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Method

Ref.

e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPES calc calc calc calc calc LPES calc calc

1 1 28 108 1 92 1 1 195 184 196 223 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 82 207 225 140 207

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) TABLE 2. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR DIATOMIC MOLECULES Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. Ag2 1.023 0.007 LPES 37 AgO 1.654 0.002 LPES 233 Al2 1.10 0.15 LPES 68 AlO 2.60 0.02 LPES 143 AlP 2.043 0.020 LPES 218 AlS 2.60 0.03 LPES 129 0.739 0.008 LPES 200 As2 AsH 1.0 0.1 PT 2 AsO 1.286 0.008 LPES 198 Au2 1.938 0.007 LPES 37 AuPd 1.88 LPES 220 BN 3.160 0.005 LPES 189 BO 2.508 0.008 LPES 6 BeH 0.7 0.1 PT 2 1.271 0.008 LPES 119 Bi2 2.55 0.10 CT 2 Br2 BrO 2.353 0.006 LPES 88 C2 3.269 0.006 LPES 87 CH 1.238 0.008 LPES 2 CN 3.862 0.004 LPES 111 CRh 1.46 0.02 LPES 206 CS 0.205 0.021 LPES 2 CaH 0.93 0.05 PT 2 2.38 0.10 CT 2 Cl2 ClO 2.275 0.006 LPES 88 Co2 1.110 0.008 LPES 27 CoD 0.680 0.010 LPES 29 CoH 0.671 0.010 LPES 29 Cr2 0.505 0.005 LPES 114 CrD 0.568 0.010 LPES 29 CrH 0.563 0.010 LPES 29 CrO 1.221 0.006 LPES 5 Cs2 0.469 0.015 LPES 104 CsCl 0.455 0.010 LPES 30 CsO 0.273 0.012 LPES 133 0.836 0.006 LPES 37 Cu2 CuO 1.777 0.006 LPES 118 F2 3.08 0.10 CT 2 FO 2.272 0.006 LPES 88 Fe2 0.902 0.008 LPES 27 FeD 0.932 0.015 LPES 9 FeH 0.934 0.011 LPES 9 FeO 1.493 0.005 LPES 45 GaAs 1.949 0.020 LPES 218 GaP 1.988 0.020 LPES 218 Ge2 2.035 0.001 LPES 123 I2 2.55 0.05 CT 2 IBr 2.55 0.10 CT 2 IO 2.378 0.006 LPES 88 InP 1.845 0.020 LPES 218 K2 0.497 0.012 LPES 104 KBr 0.642 0.010 LPES 30

Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. KCl 0.582 0.010 LPES 30 KCs 0.471 0.020 LPES 104 KI 0.728 0.010 LPES 30 KRb 0.486 0.020 LPES 104 LiCl 0.593 0.010 LPES 30 LiD 0.337 0.012 LPES 102 LiH 0.342 0.012 LPES 102 MgCl 1.589 0.011 LPES 31 MgH 1.05 0.06 PT 2 MgI 1.899 0.018 LPES 31 MgO 1.630 0.025 LPES 178 MnD 0.866 0.010 LPES 9 MnH 0.869 0.010 LPES 9 MnO 1.375 0.010 LPES 158 MoO 1.290 0.006 LPES 127 NH 0.370 0.004 LPT 32 NO 0.026 0.005 LPES 73 NRh 1.51 0.02 LPES 206 NS 1.194 0.011 LPES 2 0.430 0.015 LPES 104 Na2 NaBr 0.788 0.010 LPES 30 NaCl 0.727 0.010 LPES 30 NaF 0.520 0.010 LPES 30 NaI 0.865 0.010 LPES 30 NaK 0.465 0.030 LPES 104 NbO 1.29 0.02 LPES 174 Ni2 0.926 0.010 LPES 112 NiCu 0.889 0.010 LPES 128 NiAg 0.979 0.010 LPES 128 NiD 0.477 0.007 LPES 29 NiH 0.481 0.007 LPES 29 NiO 1.470 0.003 LPES 146 O2 0.450 0.002 LPES 222 OD 1.825533 0.000037 LPT 142 OH 1.8276534 0.0000037 LPT 142 ORh 1.58 0.02 LPES 206 P2 0.589 0.025 LPES 42 PH 1.028 0.010 LPES 2 PO 1.092 0.010 LPES 2 Pb2 1.366 0.010 LPES 117 PbO 0.722 0.006 LPES 105 PbS 1.049 0.010 LPES 228 Pd2 1.685 0.008 LPES 112 PdCO 0.604 0.010 LPES 160 Pt2 1.898 0.008 LPES 112 PtN 1.240 0.010 LPES 46 Rb2 0.498 0.015 LPES 104 RbCl 0.544 0.010 LPES 30 RbCs 0.478 0.020 LPES 104 Re2 1.571 0.008 LPES 33 S2 1.670 0.015 LPES 53 SD 2.315 0.002 LPES 10

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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. SF 2.285 0.006 LPES 93 SH 2.314343 0.000004 LPT 47 SO 1.125 0.005 LPES 84 Sb2 1.282 0.008 LPES 108 ScO 1.35 0.02 LPES 171 Se2 1.94 0.07 LPES 38 SeH 2.212519 0.000025 LPT 48 SeO 1.456 0.020 LPES 41 Si2 2.201 0.010 LPES 100 SiH 1.277 0.009 LPES 2 Sn2 1.962 0.010 LPES 117 SnO 0.598 0.006 LPES 168

Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. SnPb 1.569 0.008 LPES 117 Te2 1.92 0.07 LPES 38 TeH 2.102 0.015 LPES 39 TeO 1.697 0.022 LPES 40 TiO 1.30 0.03 LPES 172 VO 1.229 0.008 LPES 170 YO 1.35 0.02 LPES 171 ZnF 1.974 0.008 LPES 179 ZnH <0.95 PT 2 ZnO 2.087 0.008 LPES 179 ZrO 1.3 0.3 LPES 173

TABLE 3. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR TRIATOMIC MOLECULES Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. Ag3 2.32 0.05 LPES 37 AgCN 1.588 0.010 LPES 163 Al3 1.4 0.15 LPES 68 AlO2 4.23 0.02 LPES 143 AlP2 1.933 0.007 LPES 217 2.513 0.020 LPES 217 Al2P Al2S 0.80 0.12 LPES 129 As3 1.45 0.03 LPES 200 AsH2 1.27 0.03 PT 2 3.7 0.3 LPES 37 Au3 Au2Pd 3.80 LPES 220 BO2 4.3 0.2 CT 98 B2N 3.098 0.005 LPES 193 2.82 0.02 LPES 221 B3 Bi3 1.60 0.03 LPES 119 C3 1.981 0.020 LPES 11 CBr2 1.88 0.07 LPES 235 1.59 0.07 LPES 235 CCl2 CD2 0.645 0.006 LPES 12 CDF 0.535 0.005 LPES 95 CF2 0.180 0.020 LPES 235 0.652 0.006 LPES 12 CH2 CHBr 1.454 0.005 LPES 95 CHCl 1.210 0.005 LPES 95 CHF 0.542 0.005 LPES 95 CHI 1.42 0.17 LPES 95 CI2 2.09 0.07 LPES 235 C2H 2.969 0.006 LPES 87 C2Nb 1.380 0.025 LPES 243 C2O 2.289 0.018 LPES 180 COS 0.46 0.20 CD 2 CS2 <0.800 LPES 236 C2Ti 1.542 0.020 LPES 147 CoD2 1.465 0.013 LPES 34 CoH2 1.450 0.014 LPES 34 CrH2 >2.5 LPES 34

Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. Cr2D 1.464 0.005 LPES 107 1.474 0.005 LPES 107 Cr2H CrO2 2.413 0.008 LPES 144 Cs3 0.864 0.030 LPES 18 Cu3 2.11 0.05 LPES 37 CuCN 1.466 0.010 LPES 163 CuCl2 4.35 0.05 LPES 177 CuBr2 4.35 0.05 LPES 177 DCO 0.301 0.005 LPES 35 DNO 0.330 0.015 LPES 14 DO2 1.077 0.005 LPES 15 DS2 1.912 0.015 LPES 53 Fe3 1.43 0.06 LPES 149 1.9782 0.0006 LPES 254 FeC2 FeCO 1.157 0.005 LPES 103 FeD2 1.038 0.013 LPES 34 FeH2 1.049 0.014 LPES 34 2.358 0.030 LPES 130 FeO2 Fe2H 0.564 0.019 LPES 254 Fe2O 1.60 0.02 LPES 152 GaAs2 1.894 0.033 LPES 192 1.666 0.041 LPES 192 GaP2 Ga2As 2.428 0.020 LPES 192 Ga2P 2.481 0.015 LPES 192 Ge3 2.23 0.01 LPES 123 GeH2 1.097 0.015 LPES 28 HCO 0.313 0.005 LPES 35 HCl2 4.896 0.005 LPES 69 HNO 0.338 0.015 LPES 14 HO2 1.078 0.006 LPES 15 HS2 1.907 0.015 LPES 53 I3 4.226 0.013 LPES 162 InP2 1.61 0.05 LPES 137 In2P 2.36 0.05 LPES 137 K3 0.956 0.050 LPES 18 MnD2 0.465 0.014 LPES 34

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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. MnH2 0.444 0.016 LPES 34 MnO2 2.06 0.03 LPES 158 N3 2.70 0.12 PT 2 NCN 2.484 0.006 LPES 154 NCO 3.609 0.005 LPES 111 NCS 3.537 0.005 LPES 111 0.771 0.005 LPES 58 NH2 N 2O -0.03 0.10 calc 59 NO2 2.273 0.005 LPES 63 (NO)R R=Ar,Kr,Xe LPES 90 Na3 1.019 0.060 LPES 18 Nb3 1.032 0.010 LPES 175 1.41 0.05 LPES 55 Ni3 NiCO 0.804 0.012 LPES 2 NiD2 1.926 0.007 LPES 34 NiH2 1.934 0.008 LPES 34 3.05 0.01 LPES 214 ONiO NiO2 0.82 0.03 LPES 214 Ni(O2) NiO2 O3 2.1028 0.0025 LPT 2 O2Ar 0.52 0.02 LPES 75 OClO 2.140 0.008 LPES 88

Electron Uncertainty Molecule affinity in eV in eV Method Ref. OIO 2.577 0.008 LPES 88 PH2 1.271 0.010 LPES 2 PO2 3.42 0.01 LPES 124 Pt3 1.87 0.02 LPES 55 Pd3 <1.5 0.1 LPES 55 0.920 0.030 LPES 18 Rb3 ReO2 2.5 0.1 LPES 216 S3 2.093 0.025 LPES 16 SO2 1.107 0.008 LPES 16 S 2O 1.877 0.008 LPES 16 Sb3 1.85 0.03 LPES 108 SeO2 1.823 0.050 LPES 38 1.124 0.020 LPES 2 SiH2 Si2H 2.31 0.01 LPES 182 Si3 2.29 0.02 LPES 110 Ta3 1.36 0.03 LPES 169 1.59 0.03 LPES 172 TiO2 1.107 0.010 LPES 176 V3 VO2 2.3 0.2 CT 101 WO2 1.958 0.050 LPES 233

TABLE 4. ELECTRON AFFINITIES FOR LARGER POLYATOMIC MOLECULES

Molecule Agn Aln Al5 Al2C2 Al3C Al3C2 Al3Ge2 Al3Si2 Al3O AlnOm AlnPm AlnSm Ar(H2O)n ArnBr ArnI As4 As5 As5 Aun AuF6 Au3Pd Au4Pd B5 BD3 BH3 B 3N Bin

Electron Affinity in eV n=1-60 n=3-32 2.23 0.64 2.56 2.19 2.43 2.36 1.00 n=1,2 n=1-4 n=1-5 n=2,6,7 n=2-9 n=2-19 <0.8 ≈1.7 ≈3.5 n=1-233 7.5 2.51 2.69 2.33 0.027 0.038 2.098 n=2-9

Uncertainty in eV 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.15 m=1-5 m=1-4 m=1-3 estimate 0.02 0.014 0.015 0.035 -

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES ZEKE ZEKE LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

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Ref. 37 68 238 239 161 244 244 244 68 143 217 129 77 212 212 200 200 253 37 98 220 220 245 62 62 193 213

Name

acetylide

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule Bi4 Bi5 Br(CO2) Br(H2O)n Cn (CO2) n (CS) n (CS2) n CAl3Ge CAl3Si CCoNO3 CDO2 CF3 CF3Br CF3I CFO2 CHO2 CH2O4 CH2S CD3NO2 CD3O CD3O2 CD3S CD3S2 CH3 CH3I CH3NO2 CH3O CH3O2 CH3S CH3S2 CH3Si CH3Si CH4N CH5Si CO3 C 2F 2 C2DN C2DN C2DO C2HF C2HN C2HN C2HO C 2D 2 C2HD C2HFe C2HNi C 2H 2 C2H2FO C2D2N C2D2N C2H2Fe

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

1.05 2.87 3.582 n=1-4 n=2-84 n=1,2 n=2 n=1,2 2.70 2.77 1.73 3.510 1.82 0.91 1.57 4.277 3.498 2.1 0.465 0.24 1.559 1.154 1.856 1.748 0.08 0.2 0.26 1.572 1.161 1.867 1.757 0.852 2.010 0.432 1.19 2.69 2.255 2.009 1.877 2.350 1.718 2.003 1.883 2.338 0.492 0.489 1.4512 1.063 0.490 2.22 1.538 1.070 1.328

0.010 0.02 0.017 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.015 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.030 0.015 0.2 0.023 0.08 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.022 0.03 0.1 0.08 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.022 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.04 0.14 0.006 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.006 0.014 0.013 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.0025 0.019 0.006 0.09 0.012 0.024 0.019

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD CD LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES

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Ref. 119 253 131 250 70 75 75 75 224 224 199 109 187 2 2 131 109 2 53 211 194 188 2 53 2 2 211 194 188 166 53 97 97 215 65 2 106 219 219 13 106 219 219 190 83 83 254 254 83 2 21 21 254

Name

Co(CO2)NO

CO3(H2O)

d3-methyl peroxyl radical

methyl peroxyl radical

CH3-Si CH2=SiH CH3SiH2 difluorovinylidene DCCN DCNC monofluorovinylidene HCCN HCNC vinylidene-d2 vinylidene-d1

vinylidene acetyl fluoride enolate cyanomethyl-d2 radical isocyanomethyl-d2 Radical

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule C2H2N C2H2N C 2H 3 C2H3Fe C2H3Ni C2D3O C2H3O C2D5O C2H5N C2H5O C2H5O2 C2H5S C2H5S C2H7O2 C3Fe C 3H C3HFe C 3H 2 C3H2F3O C 3H 3 C3H2D C3D2H C3H3N C 3D 5 C 3H 5 C 3H 5 C3H4D C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O2 C3H7O C3H7O C3H7S C3H7S C 3O C 3O 2 C3Ti C 4F 4O 3 C4Fe C4HFe C4H2Fe C4H2O3 C4H3Fe C4H3Ni C 4D 4 C 4H 4 C4H4N C4H5O C 4H 6 C4H6O2 C4H6D C 4H 7 C4H7O

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

1.543 1.059 0.667 1.587 1.103 1.81897 1.82476 1.699 0.56 1.712 1.186 1.953 0.868 2.26 1.69 1.858 1.58 1.794 2.625 0.893 0.88 0.907 1.247 0.464 0.481 0.397 0.373 1.758 1.621 1.80 1.789 1.847 2.00 2.02 1.34 0.85 1.561 0.5 <2.2 1.67 1.633 1.44 1.182 0.824 0.909 0.914 2.39 1.801 0.431 0.69 0.493 0.505 1.67

0.014 0.024 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.00012 0.00012 0.004 0.01 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.051 0.08 0.08 0.023 0.06 0.008 0.010 0.025 0.15 0.023 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.069 0.019 0.019 0.006 0.06 0.033 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.015 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.019 0.10 0.019 0.019 0.015 0.015 0.13 0.008 0.006 0.10 0.008 0.006 0.05

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES kinetic LPES LPT LPT PT LPES LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPT LPES CT LPES LPES PT

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Ref. 21 21 90 254 254 22 22 194 2 194 188 2 53 50 132 11 132 153 113 24 24 24 21 138 138 155 25 113 113 2 23 194 2 2 11 11 147 2 132 132 254 61 254 254 125 125 2 113 135 61 138 138 2

Name cyanomethyl radical isocyanomethyl radical vinyl

acetaldehyde-d3 enolate acetaldehyde enolate ethoxide-d3 ethyl nitrine ethoxide ethyl peroxyl radical ethyl sulfide CH3SCH2 MeOHOMe

1,1,1-trifluoroacetone enolate propargyl radical propargyl-d1 radical propargyl-d2 radical CH3CH-CN allyl-d5 allyl cyclopropyl allyl-d1 acetone enolate propionaldehyde enolate methyl acetate enolate n-propyl oxide isopropyl oxide n-propyl sulfide isopropyl sulfide

tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride

maleic anhydride

vinylvinylidene-d4 vinylvinylidene pyrrolate cyclobutanone enolate trimethylenemethane 2,3-butanedione 2-methylallyl-d7 2-methylallyl butyraldehyde enolate

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule C4H5DO C4H5D2O C4H9O C4H9S C4H9S C 4O C 4O 2 C4Ti C5 C 5F 5N C 5F 6O 3 C 5D 5 C 5H 5 C 5H 7 C5H7O C5H9O C5H11O C5H11S C 5O 2 C5Ti C6 C6Br4O2 C6Cl4O2 C 6F 4O 2 C6F5Br C6F5Cl C 6F 5I C6F5NO2 C 6F 6 C6F10 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H3F2NO2 C 6D 4 C 6H 4 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClO C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C 6D 5 C6D5N C 6H 5 C6H2O2 C6H3O2

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

1.67 1.75 1.909 2.03 2.07 2.05 2.0 1.494 2.853 0.68 1.5 1.790 1.804 0.91 1.598 1.69 1.93 2.09 1.2 1.748 4.180 2.44 2.78 2.70 1.15 0.82 1.41 1.52 0.52 >1.4 2.48 1.17 0.551 0.560 1.16 1.32 1.29 1.14 1.28 1.26 <2.58 1.07 1.23 1.12 1.65 1.65 2.00 1.91 1.092 1.44 1.096 1.859 <2.18

0.05 0.06 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.2 0.020 0.001 0.11 0.2 0.008 0.007 0.03 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.2 0.050 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.3 0.10 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.020 0.02 0.006 0.005 -

Method PT PT LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPT CT CD LPES LPES PT LPT PT LPT PT LPES LPES LPT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

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TeamLRN

Ref. 2 2 194 2 2 11 11 147 99 67 2 11 11 2 113 2 2 2 11 147 8 2 61 61 67 67 67 67 51 2 61 61 36 36 61 61 61 61 61 61 2 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 26 96 26 232 232

Name 2-butanone-3-d1 enolate 2-butanone-3,3-d2 enolate t-butoxyl n-butyl sulfide t-butyl sulfide

pentafluoropyridine hexafluoroglutaric anhydride cyclopentadienyl-d5 cyclopentadienyl pentadienyl cyclopentanone enolate 3-penanone enolate neopentoxyl n-pentyl sulfide

tetrabromo-BQ tetrachloro-BQ tetrafluoro-BQ pentafluorobromo-benzene pentafluorochlorobenzene pentafluoroiodobenzene pentafluoro-NB hexafluorobenzene perfluorocyclohexane 2,6-dichloro-BQ 2,4-difluoro-NB o-benzyne-d4 o-benzyne o-bromo-NB m-bromo-NB p-bromo-NB o-chloro-NB m-chloro-NB p-chloro-NB o-chloroperoxide o-fluoro-NB m-fluoro-NB p-fluoro-NB o-diNB m-diNB p-diNB 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) phenyl-d5 phenylnitrene-d5 phenyl dehydrobenzoquinone benzoquinonide

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule C6H5N C6H5NO2 C6H5O C6H5S C6H5NH C 6H 7 C 6H 8 C6H8Si C 6H 9 C6H9O C6H10 C6H11O C6H11O C 6N 4 C 7F 5N C 7F 8 C7F14 C7HF5O C7H3N3O4 C7H4F3NO2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H6Br C7H6Br C7H6Br C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6F C7H6F C7H6F C7H6FO C7H6FO C7H6FeO3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C 7H 7 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7O C7H7O

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

1.429 1.00 2.253 <2.47 1.70 <1.67 0.855 1.435 0.654 1.526 0.645 1.755 1.82 2.3 1.11 0.86 1.08 1.10 2.16 1.41 1.61 1.56 1.72 1.308 1.307 1.229 1.257 1.272 1.174 1.091 1.173 0.937 2.218 2.176 0.990 1.77 1.77 1.60 1.55 0.912 0.868 0.962 1.286 0.39 3.046 >1.140 0.92 0.99 0.95 1.04 0.91 <2.36 2.14

0.011 0.01 0.006 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.010 0.004 0.010 0.010 0.015 +0.05/-0.005 0.06 0.3 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.04 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.02

Method LPT LPES LPES PT PT PT LPES LPT LPES LPT LPES LPT PT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT CT PT PT PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT PT PT

10-156

Ref. 115 164 26 2 2 2 203 65 203 113 126 113 2 2 67 67 61 67 61 61 61 61 61 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 2 2 120 60 60 60 60 26 136 136 136 136 136 136 61 61 61 61 61 2 50

Name phenylnitrene nitrobenzene (NB) phenoxyl thiophenoxide anilide methylchylopentadienyl (CH2)2C-C(CH2)2 C6H5SiH3 CH2=C(CH3)-C(CH2)2 cyclohexanone enolate t-butyl vinylidene pinacolone enolate 3,3-dimethylbutananl enolate TCNE pentafluorobenzonitrile octafluorotoluene perfluoromethyl-cyclohexane pentafluorobenzaldehyde 3,5-(NO2)2-benzonitrile m-trifluoromethyl-NB o-cyano-NB m-cyno-NB p-cyano-NB o-bromobenzyl m-bromobenzyl p-bromobenzyl o-chlorobenzyl m-chlorobenzyl p-chlorobenzyl o-fluorobenzyl m-fluorobenzyl p-fluorobenzyl m-fluoroacetophenone enolate p-fluoroacetophenone enolate h4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 3,4-dintrotoluene 2,3-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene benzyl 1-quadricyclanide 2-quadricyclanide norbornadienide cycloheptatrienide 1-(1,6-heptadiynide) 3-(1,6-heptadiynide) o-methyl-NB m-methyl-NB p-methyl-NB m-OCH3-NB p-OCH3-NB o-methyl phenoxide benzyloxide

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule C7H7O2 C7H8FO C 7H 9 C7H9O C7H9Si C7H11O C7H11O C7H13O C7H13O C8F14N2 C8H3F5O C8H3F6NO2 C8H4O3 C 8H 6 C 8H 7 C8H7O C8H7O C 8H 8 C 8H 8 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H13O C9H8FeO3 C9H9O C9H9SiN C9H11NO2 C9H15O C10H4Cl2O2 C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H6O2 C10H7 C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8CrO3 C10H8FeO3 C10H17O C11H8FeO3 C12F10 C12H4N4 C12H9 C12H15O C12H21O C13F10O C13H9F C13H10O C14H9NO2 C14H10 (C14H10) n C18H12 C20H12

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

1.85 <3.05 1.27 1.61 1.33 1.598 1.49 1.72 1.46 1.89 0.88 1.79 1.21 1.044 1.091 2.057 2.10 0.55 0.919 1.21 2.61 0.86 1.63 0.76 2.030 1.43 0.70 1.69 2.19 1.78 1.77 1.81 1.403 1.23 1.18 0.790 0.93 0.98 1.83 1.29 0.82 2.8 1.07 2.032 1.90 1.52 0.64 0.62 1.43 0.530 n=1-16 1.04 0.79

0.10 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.007 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.08 0.02 0.008 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.015 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.3 0.10 0.010 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.10 0.10

Method CT PT PT PT LPT LPT PT PT PT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES PT LPT CT LPES PT PT CT PT CT LPT PT CT PT CT CT CT CT LPES CT CT LPES CT CT PT CT CT CD PT LPT PT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES CT CT

10-157

TeamLRN

Ref. 61 50 2 2 65 113 2 2 2 51 67 61 61 148 134 2 2 134 139 60 60 61 2 120 2 2 61 2 61 61 61 61 197 61 61 230 120 120 2 120 67 2 2 2 2 67 61 61 61 230 231 66 66

Name o-CH3-BQ PhCH2OHF heptatrienyl 2-norbornanone enolate C6H5(CH3)SiH cycloheptanone enolate 2,5-dimethyl-cyclopentanone enolate 4-heptanone enolate di-isopropyl ketone enolate 1,4-(CN)2C6F4 pentafluoroacetophenone 3,5-(CF3)2-NB phthalic anhydride

acetophenone enolate phenylacetaldehyde enolate cycooctatetraene m-xylylene 3,5-dimethyl-NB 2,6-dimethyl-NB 2,3-dimethyl-NB cyclooctanone enolate h4-1,3-cyclohexadiene-Fe(CO)3 m-methylacetophenone enolate trimethylsilylnitrene 2,4,6-trimethyl-NB cyclononanone enolate 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 1,3-dinitronaphthalene 1,5-dinitronaphthalene 1,4-naphthoquinone 1-naphthyl radical 1-nitronaphthalene 2-nitronaphthalene azulene h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene Cr(CO)3 h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-Fe(CO)3 cyclodecanone enolate h4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 decafluorobiphenyl TCNQ perinaphthenyl t-butylacetophenoneenolate cyclododecanone enolate decafluorobenzophenone 4-fluorobenzophenone benzophenone 9-nitroanthracene anthracene anthracene clusters tetracene benz[a]pyrene

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

C20H12 C22H14 C44Cl28FeN4 C44Cl8F20FeN4 C44Cl9F20FeN4 C44H8F20FeN4 C44H8ClF20FeN4 C44H8Cl21FeN4 C44H12Cl17FeN4 C44H20Cl8FeN4 C44H20Cl9FeN4 C44H28FeN4 C44H28NiN4 C44H28ClFeN4 C44H30N4 C45H29NiN4O C52H39FeN7O C60 C60F2 C64H64FeN8O4 C70F2 (benzene) n (toluene) n CnNb CeF4 Cl(CO2) Cl(H2O) Con CoBr3 CoCl3 CoF4 Cr(CO)3 CrO3 CrO4 CrO5 CsO4 Cun CuBr2 Cun (CN) m CuCl2 F(H2O) n F(H2O) n Fen Fe(CO)2 Fe(CO)3 Fe(CO)4 FeBr3 FeBr4 FeCl3 FeCl4 FeF3 FeF4 Fe2H2

0.973 1.35 2.59 3.21 3.35 2.15 3.14 2.93 3.14 1.86 2.10 1.87 1.51 2.15 1.69 1.74 1.97 2.65 2.74 2.07 2.80 n=53-124 n=33-139 n=2-7 3.8 3.907 n=1-4 n=1-108 4.6 4.7 6.4 1.349 3.66 4.98 4.4 2.5 n=1-411 4.35 n=1-6 4.35 n=1-4 n=1-4 n=3-34 1.22 1.8 2.4 4.26 5.50 4.22 6.00 3.6 6.0 0.942

0.005 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.4 0.010 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.006 0.02 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.05 m=1-6 0.05 0.02 0.2 0.3 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.1 estimate 0.019

Method LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPT Knud CT Knud LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES

10-158

Ref. 236 66 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 201 202 186 202 248 248 243 98 131 250 251 249 249 98 94 241 241 241 252 37 237 159 237 242 250 149 2 2 2 249 249 249 249 98 98 254

Name perylene pentacene FeTPPCl28 FeTPPβCl8 FeTPPF20βCl8Cl FeTPPF20 FeTPPF20Cl FeTPPoCl20Cl FeTPPoCl8βCl8Cl FeTPPoCl8 FeTPPoCl8Cl iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) FeTPPCl H2 tetraphenylporphyrin NiTPPCHO FeTPP-val

FeTPP-piv

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule FenOm Ga2As3 GaxAsy Ga2P3 Gen GexAsy GeH3 H(NH3)n HNO3 (H2O) n I(CO2) I(H2O)n InxPy IrF4 IrF6 Kn KO4 LiO4 MnBr3 MnCl3 MnF4 MnO3 Mo(CO)3 MoF5 MoF6 MoO3 N2CD N2CH (NH3)n NH2(NH3)n NO(H2O)n NO3 NO3(H2O)n NO(N2O)n (NO)2 (N2O)n Nan (NaF)n Na(NaF)n NaO4 NaO5 NaSO3 Nbn Nb8 Nb3O Nin NiBr3 NiCl3 Ni(CO)2 Ni(CO)3 NiO2 NiO2 OH(H2O)

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

n=1-4 2.783 n=2-50 2.991 n=3-15 n=5-30 <1.74 n=1,2 0.57 n=2-19 3.225 n=1-4 n=2-8 4.7 6.5 n=2-7 2.8 3.3 5.03 5.07 5.5 3.335 1.337 3.5 3.8 2.9 2.622 2.622 n=41-1100 n=1,2 n=1,2 3.937 n=0-6 n=1,2 >2.1 n=1,2 n=2-5 n=1-7,12 n=5,7-12 3.1 3.2 2.3 n=6-17 1.513 1.393 n=1-100 4.94 5.20 0.643 1.077 3.05 0.82 <2.95

m=1-6 0.024 n=x+y 0.026 n=x+y 0.04 0.15 0.001 n=x+y 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.06 0.2 0.010 0.006 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.005 0.005 0.014 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.008 0.006 0.08 0.08 0.014 0.013 0.01 0.03 0.15

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT

10-159

TeamLRN

Ref. 152 192 229 192 71 72 2 76 2 77 131 250 137 98 98 18 252 252 249 249 98 158 94 98 98 98 154 154 77 78 75 85 240 79 75 81 18 64 64 252 252 252 181 157 169 247 249 249 2 2 145 145 2

Name

NCND NCNH

ONiO Ni(O2)

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule OH(NH3) OH(N2O) OH(N2O)n OsF4 OsF6 P5 PBr3 PBr2Cl PCl2Br PCl3 PF5 PO3 POCl2 POCl3 PtF4 PtF6 ReF6 ReO3 RhF4 RuF4 RuF5 RuF6 SF4 SF5 SF6 SO3 (SO2)2 Sbn Sb5 ScBr4 ScCl4 SeF6 Si4 Si5 Si7 Sin SiD3 SiF3 SiH3 Si3H Si4H SinNam Ta3O TeF6 Tin TiO3 UF5 UF6 UO3 Vn VF4 V2On V3O

Electron Affinity in eV

Uncertainty in eV

2.35 2.14 n=1-5 3.9 6.0 3.88 1.59 1.63 1.52 0.82 0.75 4.95 3.83 1.41 5.5 7.0 4.7 3.6 5.4 4.8 5.2 7.5 1.5 4.23 1.05 1.97 0.6 n=2-9 3.46 6.13 6.89 2.9 2.13 2.59 1.85 n=3-20 1.386 <2.95 1.406 2.53 2.68 n=4-11 1.583 3.34 n=1-130 4.2 3.7 5.1 <2.1 n=3-65 3.5 n=3-7 1.218

0.07 0.02 0.3 0.3 0.03 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.03 0.25 0.20 0.3 0.4 estimate 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.2 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.2 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.022 0.10 0.014 0.01 0.01 m=1-3 0.010 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.008

Method LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES CD CD CD CD CT CT CD CD CT CT CT LPES CT CT CT CT CT e-scat CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES CT LPES LPES

10-160

Ref. 234 209 209 98 98 253 2 2 2 2 121 156 2 2 98 98 98 216 98 98 98 98 91 204 56 165 80 213 253 249 249 2 110 110 110 71 43 17 43 182 182 210 169 2 151 172 98 98 98 150 98 246 169

Name

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued)

Molecule V4O10 W(CO)3 WF5 WF6 WO3 WO3

Electron Affinity in eV 4.2 1.859 1.25 >3.5 3.33 3.9

Uncertainty in eV 0.6 0.006 0.3 +0.04/-0.15 0.2

Method CT LPES CD CT LPT CT

Ref. 101 94 18 19 86 98

Name

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22.

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, p. 167. Schulz, P. A., Mead, R. D., Jones, P. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1153, 1982. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Anderson, T., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A, 32, 1890, 1985. EA(O) = 11,784.645 ± 0.008 cm -1. Wenthold, P. G., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 258, 101, 1996. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., Jonas, K. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 4472, 1997. Klein, R., McGinnis, R. P., and Leone, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 100, 475, 1983. Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Kitsopoulos, T. N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 8753, 1991; linear Cn. Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 5420, 1983. Breyer, F., Frey, P., and Hotop, H., Z. Phys., A 300, 7, 1981. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., Tetrahedron, 42, 6263, 1986. Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4849, 1985. Oakes, J. M., Jones, M.E., Bierbaum, V. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4810, 1983. Ellis, H. B., Jr. and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6541, 1983. Ramond, T. M., Blanksby, S. J., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V. M., Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 9641, 2002. Nimlos, M. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 2574, 1986. Richardson, L. M., Stephenson, L. M., and Brauman, J. I., Chem. Phys. Lett., 30, 17, 1975. McHugh, K. M., Eaton, J. G., Lee, G. H., Sarkas, H. W., Kidder, L. H., Snodgrass, J. T., Manaa, M. R., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3792, 1989. See also Ref. 104. Viggiano, A. A., Paulson, J. F., Dale, F., Henchman, M., Adams, N. G., and Smith, D., J. Phys. Chem., 89, 2264, 1985. The upper limit given in this paper (≤3.4 eV) was later found to be incorrect when rapid charge transfer from HCO2- to WF6 was observed (unpublished). Burnett, S. M., Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 100, 124, 1983. Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5996, 1987; Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., Paulson, S. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 6004, 1987; see also Lykke, K. R., Neumark, D. M., Andersen, T., Trapa, V. J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 6842, 1987. Mead, R. D., Lykke, K. R., Lineberger, W. C., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Chem. Phys., 81, 4883, 1984; Lykke, K. R., Mead, R. D., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 2221, 1984. The EAs are 14,717.7 ± 1.0 cm -1 for acetaldehyde enolate and 14,671.0 ± 1.0 cm -1 for acetaldehyde-d3 enolate. Ellison, G. B., Engelking, P. C., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 4873, 1982. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105, 2969, 1983. Ellison, G. B., and Oakes, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 7734, 1984. EA(allyl) and EA(allyl-d5) are 0.119 and 0.083 eV too low, respectively, in this work, according to Ref. 138. Therefore, EA(allyl-d1) is likely too low by a similar amount. Gunion, R. F., Gilles, M. K., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 117, 601, 1992; see also Ref. 136. Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 51, 1986. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Brodie, C. A., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A, 58, 2844, 1998. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 1549, 1987. Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys.,85, 2368, 1986. Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 146, 364, 1988. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Andersen, T., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4364, 1985. Leopold, D. G., Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 178, 1986. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 4127, 1986. Murray, K. K., Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 2520, 1986. Leopold, D. G., Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 1379, 1986.

10-161

TeamLRN

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 37. Li, J., Li, X., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.-S., Science 299, 864, 2003; Hakkinen, H., Yoon, B., Landman, U., Li, X., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.S., J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 6168, 2003; Taylor, K. J., Pettiette-Hall, C. L., Cheshnovsky, O., and Smalley, R. E., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3319, 1992; Handschuh, H., Cha, C.-Y., Bechthold, P. S., Ganteför, G., and Eberhardt, W., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 6406, 1995; Cha, C.-Y., Ganteför, G., and Eberhardt, W., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 6308, 1993; Ho, J., Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 6987, 1990; Leopold, D. G., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 1715, 1987; Pettiette, C. L., Yang, S. H., Craycraft, M. J., Conceicao, J., Laaksonen, R. T., Cheshnovsky, O., and Smalley, R. E., J. Chem. Phys., 88, 5377, 1988. 38. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., McHugh, K. M., Friedhoff, C. B., and Bowen, K. H., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 1249, 1989. 39. Friedhoff, C. B., Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys.,84, 1051, 1986. 40. Friedhoff, C. B., Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 124, 268, 1986. 41. Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 619, 1986. 42. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 122, 352, 1985. 43. Nimlos, M. R., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 6522, 1986. 44. Petrunin, V., Andersen, H., Balling, P., and Andersen, T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 744, 1996. 45. Andersen, T., Lykke, K. R., Neumark, D. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 1858, 1987. 46. Murray, K. K., Lykke, K. R., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A, 36, 699, 1987. 47. Mansour, N. B., and Larson, D. J., Abstracts of the XV Int. Conf. on the Phys. of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, p. 70, 1987. EA(SH) = 18666.44 ± 0.03 cm-1. 48. Stonemann, R. C., and Larson, D. J., Phys. Rev. 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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.

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TeamLRN

ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 136. Gunion, R. F., Karney, W., Wenthold, P. G., Borden, W. T., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 5074, 1996. The numbers in the abstract for 1,6-heptadiyne were misprinted. EA(cycloheptatrienide) quoted here derives from the LPES data combined with other thermochemical data in Ref. 136. 137. Xu, C., de Beer, E., Arnold, D. W., Arnold, C. C., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 101, 5406, 1996. 138. Wenthold, P. G., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 6920, 1996. 139. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 1354, 1997. 140. Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Ishikawa, Y., and Pyykko, P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 5350, 1996. 141. Davies, B. J., Ingram, C. W., Larson, D. J., and Ljungblad, U., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 5783, 1997. EA(Ir) = 12,613 ± 4 cm -1. 142. Smith, J. R., Kim, J. B., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A., 55, 2036, 1997. EA(OH) = 14,741.02 ± 0.03 cm -1. Schulz, P. A., Mead, R. 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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243.

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H., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 9263, 1998. Turner, N. J., Martel, A. A., and Waller, I. M., J. Phys. Chem. 98, 474, 1994. Lippa, T. P., Xu, S.-J., Lyapustina, S. A., Nilles, J. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10727, 1998. Wang, L.-S., Concericao, J., Changming, C., and Smalley, R. E., Chem. Phys. Lett. 182, 5, 1991. Boltalina, O. V., Sidorov, L. N., Sukhanova, E. V., and Sorokin, I. D., Chem. Phys. Lett. 230, 567, 1994. Clifford, E. P., Wenthold, P. G., Lineberger, W. C., Ellison, G. B., Wang, C. X., Grabowski, J. J., Vila, F., and Jordan, K. D., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1015, 1998. P. Spanel, S. Matejcik, and D. Smith, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 28 2941 (1995). See Miller, A. E. S., Miller, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Morris, R. A., Van Doren, J. M., Arnold, S. T., and Paulson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 8865, 1995 for interpretation in terms of EA(SF5). Kinghom, D. B., and Adamowicz, L., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 4589, 1997. EA(H) = 6083.0994 cm-1, EA(D) = 6086.7137 cm-1, and EA(T) = 6087.9168 cm-1. Xi, L., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5264, 1998. Ephraim, E., Shmulyian, S., Kaldor, U., and Isikawa, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 3954, 1998. Also EA(La) = 0.35 eV. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2562, 1998. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Thogersen, J., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A 57, R1493, 1998. Kim, J. B., Wenthold, P. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 830, 1998. Kishi, R., Kawamata, H., Negishi, Y., Iwata, S., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 10029, 1997. Compton, R. N., Carman, Jr., H. S., Desfrançois, C., Abdoul-Carmine, J., Schermann, J. P., Hendricks, J. H., Lyapustina, S. A., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3472, 1996. Yourshaw, I., Zhao, Y., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 351, 1996. Gausa, M., Kaschner, R., Seifert, G., Faehrmann, J. H., Lutz, H. O., and Meiwes-Broer, K., J. Chem. Phys. 104, 9719, 1996. Wu, H., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 16, 1997; Moravec, V. D., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 1804, 1998. Radisic, D., Xu, S., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett. 354, 9, 2002. Pramann, A., and Rademann, K., Chem. Phys. Lett. 343, 99, 2001. Gómez, H., Taylor, T. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6886, 2001. Gómez, H., Taylor, T. R., Zhao, Y., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 8644, 2002. Nimlos, M. R., Davico, G., Geise, C. M., Wenthold, P. G., Lineberger, W. C., Blansksby, S. J., Hadad, C. M., Petersson, G. A., Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 4323, 2002. Koyasu, K., Mitsui, M., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., Chem. Phys. Lett. 358, 224, 2002. Zhai, H.-J., Wang, L.-S., Alexandrova, A. N., Boldyrev, A. I., and Zakrzewski, V. G., J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 9319, 2003. Schiedt, J., and Weinkauf, R., Z. Naturforsch. A 50, 1041, 1995. See also Ervin, K. M., Anusiewicz, I., Skurski, P., Simons, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 8521, 2003 [EA(O2) = 0.448 ± 0.006 eV]. Davis, V. T., and Thompson, J. S., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, L433, 2001. Li, X., Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 357, 415, 2002. Davis, V. T., and Thompson, J. S., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, L11, 2002. Blondel, C., Dlesart, C., and Goldfarb, F., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, L281, 2001. Fancher, C. A., de Clercq, H. L., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett. 366, 197, 2002. Jin, C., Taylor, K. J., Conceicao, J., and Smalley, R. E., Chem. Phys. Lett. 175, 17, 1990. Schiedt, J., Knott, W. J., Le Barbu, K., Schlag, E. W., and Weinkauf, R., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 9470, 2000. Song, J. K., Lee, N. K., Kim, J. H., Han, S. Y., and Kim, S. K., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3071, 2003. Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., Ramond, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 121, 6047, 1999. Andrews, D. H., Gianola, A. J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 4074, 2002. Schwartz, R. L., Davico, G. E., Kim, J. B., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4966, 2000. Schwartz, R. L., Davico, G. E., Ramond, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 8213, 1999. Schiedt, J., and Weinkauf, R., Chem. Phys. Lett. 274, 18, 1997. Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S., Brown, R., Schwerdtfeger, P., Schröder, D., and Schwartz, H., J. Chem. Phys. 114, 7388, 2003. Geske, G. D., Boldyrev, A. I., Li, X., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5130, 2000. Cannon, N. A., Boldyrev, A. I., Li, X., and Wang, L.–S., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2671, 2000. Wang, X.-B., Yang, X., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 561, 2002. Gutsev, G. L., Jena, P., Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 7935, 2001. Yang, X., Wang, X.-B., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 2889, 2001. Zhai, H.-J., Liu, S.-R., Li, X., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5170, 2001.

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ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254.

Li, X., Wang, L.-S., Cannon, N. A., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 1330, 2002. Zhai, H.-J., Wang, L.-S., Alexandrova, A. N., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 7917, 2002. Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 7882, 2002. Liu, S.-R., Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9758, 2002. Mitsui, M., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9740, 2002. Yang, X., Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S., Niu, S., and Ichiye, T., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 8311, 2003. Kim, J., Lee, H. M., Suh, S. B., Majumdar, D., and Kim, K. S., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5259, 2000. Liu, S. R., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.-S., Phys. Rev. B 64, 153402, 2001. Zhai, H. J., Yang, X., Wang, X. B., Wang, L.-S., Elliott, B., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 6742, 2002. Zhai, H. J., Wang, L.-S., Kuznetsov, A. E., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 5600, 2002. Drechsler, G., and Boesl, U., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 228, 1067, 2003.

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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES Thomas M. Miller The polarizability of an atom or molecule describes the response of the electron cloud to an external field. The atomic or molecular energy shift ∆W due to an external electric field E is proportional to E2 for external fields which are weak compared to the internal electric fields between the nucleus and electron cloud. The electric dipole polarizability α is the constant of proportionality defined by ∆W = -αE2/2. The induced electric dipole moment is αE. Hyperpolarizabilities, coefficients of higher powers of E, are less often required. Technically, the polarizability is a tensor quantity but for spherically symmetric charge distributions reduces to a single number. In any case, an average polarizability is usually adequate in calculations. Frequency-dependent or dynamic polarizabilities are needed for electric fields which vary in time, except for frequencies which are much lower than electron orbital frequencies, where static polarizabilities suffice. Polarizabilities for atoms and molecules in excited states are found to be larger than for ground states and may be positive or negative. Molecular polarizabilities are very slightly temperature dependent since the size of the molecule depends on its rovibrational state. Only in the case of dihydrogen has this effect been studied enough to warrant consideration in Table 3. Polarizabilities are normally expressed in cgs units of cm3. Ground state polarizabilities are in the range of 10-24 cm3 = 1 Å3 and hence are often given in Å3 units. Theorists tend to use atomic units of ao3 where ao is the Bohr radius. The conversion is α(cm3) = 0.148184 × 10-24 × α(ao3). Polarizabilities are only recently encountered in SI units, C⋅m2/V = J/(V/m)2. The conversion from cgs units to SI units is α(C⋅m2/V) = 4πεo × 10-6 × α(cm3), where εo is the permittivity of free space in SI units and the factor 10-6 simply converts cm3 into m3. Thus, α(C⋅m2/V) = 1.11265 × 10-16 × α(cm3). Persons measuring excited state polarizabilities by optical methods tend to use units of MHz/(V/cm) 2, where the energy shift, ∆W, is expressed in frequency units with a factor of h understood. The polarizability is -2 ∆W/E2. The conversion into cgs units is α(cm3) = 5.95531 × 10-16 × α[MHz/(V/cm)2]. The polarizability appears in many formulas for low-energy processes involving the valence electrons of atoms or molecules. These formulas are given below in cgs units: the polarizability α is in cm3; masses m or µ are in grams; energies are in ergs; and electric charges are in esu, where e = 4.8032 × 10-10 esu. The symbol α(ν) denotes a frequency (ν) dependent polarizability, where α(ν) reduces to the static polarizability α for ν = 0. For further information and references, see Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 13, 1, 1977. Details on polarizability-related interactions, especially in regard to hyperpolarizabilities and nonlinear optical phenomena, are given by Bogaard, M. P., and Orr, B. J., in Physical Chemistry, Series Two, Vol. 2, Molecular Structure and Properties, Buckingham, A. D., Ed., Butterworths, London, 1975, pp. 149-194. A tabulation of tensor and hyperpolarizabilities is included. The gas number density, n, in Table 1 is usually taken to be that of 1 atm at 0°C in reporting experimental data.

Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability Description Lorentz-Lorenz relation

Refraction by polar molecules

Dielectric constant (dimensionless) Index of refraction (dimensionless) Diamagnetic susceptibility

Formula α( ν) =

For a gas of atoms or nonpolar molecules; the index of refraction is η(ν)

2 3  η ( ν) − 1   2  4 πn  η ( ν) + 2 

The dipole moment is d, in esu.cm (= 10-18 D)

2 d2 3  η ( ν) − 1  =  2  3kT 4 πn  η ( ν) + 2 

α( ν) +

From the Lorentz-Lorenz relation for the usual case of κ(ν) ≈ 1

κ( ν) = 1 + 4 πn α( ν)

From η3(ν) = κ(ν)

η( ν) = 1 + 2 πn α( ν)

χ m = e 2 (ao Nα )

1/ 2

Long-range electron- or ionmolecule interaction energy Ion mobility in a gas

Remarks

From the approximation that the static polarizability is given by the variational formula α = (4/9ao)Σ(Niri2)2; N is the number of electrons, me is the electron mass; a crude approximation is χm=(Ei/ 4mec2)α, where Ei is the ionization energy The target molecule polarizability is α

/ 4me c 2

V (r ) = − e 2 α / 2 r 4 κ = −13.87 / (αµ )

1/ 2

This one formula is not in cgs units. Enter α in Å3 or 10-24 cm3 units and the reduced mass µ of the ion-molecule pair in amu. Classical limit; pure polarization potential The relative velocity of approach for an ion-molecule pair is νo; the target molecular polarizability is α and the reduced mass of the ion-molecule pair is µ Collisional rate coefficient for an ion-molecule reaction

cm 2 / V ⋅ s

Langevin capture cross section σ( ν o ) = (2 πe / ν o )(α / µ )

1/ 2

Langevin reaction rate coefficient Rate coefficient for polar molecules

k = 2 πe(α / µ )

1/ 2

[

k d = 2 πe (α / µ )

1/ 2

+ cd (2 / µπkT )

1/ 2

]

The dipole moment of the neutral is d in esu⋅cm; the number c is a “locking factor” that depends on α and d, and is between 0 and 1

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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Description

Formula

Remarks Here, k is the electron momentum divided by h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant; A is called the “scattering length”; the reduced mass is µ

σ(k ) = 4 πA 2

Modified effective range cross section for electron-neutral scattering

+32 π 4 µe 2 αAk / 3h 2 +K

van der Waals constant between two systems A, B Dipole-quadrupole constant between two systems A, B

3  α Aα B E A E B  C6 =   2  EA + EB  C8 =

+

A B A B 15  α q α Eq E    A 4  Eq + E B 

van der Waals constant between an atom and a surface Relationship between α(ν) and oscillator strengths

A B A B 15  α α q E Eq    4  E A + Eq B 

αgE A E S

C3 = α( v) =

(

8 EA + ES

)

fk e2h2 Σ 4 π 2 me Ek2 − (hv) 2

Dynamic polarizability α( v) = Rayleigh scattering cross section

For the interaction potential term V6(r)= -C6r6; EA,B represents average dipole transition energiesand αA,B the respective polarizabilities of A, B For the interaction potential term V8(r) = -C8r8;EqA,B represents average quadrupole transition energies and αqA,B are the respective quadrupole polarizabilities of A, B

α( v) =

αE r 2

E r − (hν) 2

2

8π (2 πν) 4 9c 4

[

]

× 3α 2 ( ν) + 2 γ 2 ( ν) / 3 Verdet constant V ( ν) =

For an interaction potential V3(r) = -C3r3; EA,S are characteristic energies of the atom and surface; g = 1 for a free-electron metal and g = (ε∞ - 1)/(ε∞ + 1) for an ionic crystal Here, fk is the oscillator strength from the ground state to an excited state k, with excitation energy Ek. This formula is often used to estimate static polarizabilities (ν = 0) Approximate variation of the frequency-dependent polarizability α(ν) from ν = 0 up to the first dipole-allowed electronic transition, of energy Er; the static dipole polarizability is α(0); infrared contributions ignored The photon frequency is ν; the polarizability anisotropy (the difference between polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis) is γ(ν) Defined from θ = V(ν)B, where θ is the angle of rotation of linearly polarized light through a medium of number density n, per unit length, for a longitudinal magnetic field strength B (Faraday effect)

νn  dα( ν)    2 m e c 2  dν 

Table 2: Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Atomic number Atom Polarizability 1 H 0.666793 2 He 0.204956 0.2050 3 Li 24.3 4 Be 5.60 5 B 3.03 6 C 1.76 7 N 1.10 8 O 0.802 9 F 0.557 10 Ne 0.3956 11 Na 24.11 12 Mg 10.6 11.1 10.6 13 Al 6.8 14 Si 5.38 15 P 3.63

Estimated Accuracy (%) “exact” “exact” 0.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.1 0.12 2 5 5 4.4 2 2

10-168

Method calc calc index/diel beam calc calc calc calc/index calc/index calc diel interferom calc calc calc beam calc calc

Ref. MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 ESCHP94 MB77 S71 BM02 MMD90 MB77 MB77

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Atomic number Atom Polarizability 16 17 18 19 20

S Cl Ar K Ca

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

30

Zn

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

49

In

50 51 52 53

Sn Sb Te I

54 55 56 57 58

Xe Cs Ba La Ce

2.90 2.18 1.6411 43.4 22.8 29.4 25.0 17.8 14.6 12.4 11.6 9.4 8.4 7.5 6.8 6.2 6.1 5.75 6.1 5.6 8.12 6.07 4.31 3.77 3.05 2.4844 47.3 27.6 23.5 22.7 17.9 15.7 12.8 11.4 9.6 8.6 4.8 7.2 7.36 7.4 7.2 10.2 9.1 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.35 4.7 4.044 59.42 39.7 31.1 29.6

Estimated Accuracy (%) 2 2 0.05 2 2 6 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 6 25 2 6 25 2 2 2 2 2 0.05 2 8 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 3 6 25 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 0.5 0.13 8 25 25

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Method calc calc index/diel beam calc calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc calc calc calc calc calc calc diel beam beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc calc beam calc calc calc calc index calc diel beam beam calc calc

Ref. MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 BM02 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 BM02 D84 GHM96 BM02 D84 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 MB77 MB77 BM02 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 GH95 BM02 D84 GMBSJ84 D84 D84 D84 D84 A56 D84 MB77 AG03 MB77 D84 D84

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Atomic number Atom Polarizability

a

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

81

Tl

82 83 84 85 86 87

Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

28.2 31.4 30.1 28.8 27.7 23.5 25.5 24.5 23.6 22.7 21.8 21.0 21.9 16.2 13.1 11.1 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.5 5.8 5.02 5.7 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 47.1 48.7 38.3 32.1 32.1 25.4 24.9 24.8 24.5 23.3 23.0 22.7 20.5 19.7 23.8 18.2 17.5

Estimated Accuracy (%) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Method calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc

Ref. D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 GH96 D84 NYU84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 DJSB99 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 KB94 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84

Methods: calc = calculated value; beam = atomic beam deflection technique; interferom = atomic beam interference; index = determination based on the measured index of refraction; diel = determination based on the measured dielectric constant.

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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES A56. Atoji, M., J. Chem. Phys., 25, 174, 1956. Semiempirical method based on molecular polarizabilities and atomic radii. AG03. Amini, J. M., and Gould, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 153001, 2003. BM02. Bromley, M. W. J., and Mitroy, J., Phys. Rev. A 65, 062505, 2002; 062506, 2002. D84. Doolen, G. D., Los Alamos National Laboratory, unpublished. A relativistic linear response method was used. The method is that described by Zangwill, A., and Soven, P., Phys. Rev. A, 21, 1561, 1980. Adjustments of less than 10% across the periodic table have been made to these results to bring them into agreement with accurate experimental values where available, for the purpose of presenting “recommended” polarizabilities in Table 2. DJSB99. Derevianko, A., Johnson, W. R., Safronova, M. S., and Babb, J. F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3589, 1999. ESCHP94. Ekstrom, C. R., Schmiedmayer, J., Chapman, M. S., Hammond, T. D., and Pritchard, D. E., Phys. Rev. A 51, 3883, 1995. GH95. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., Phys. Rev. A 52, 3691, 1995. GH96. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 7710, 1996. GHM96. Goebel, D., Holm, U., and Maroulis, G., Phys. Rev. A 54, 1973, 1996. GMBSJ84. Guella, T. P., Miller, T. M., Bederson, B., Stockdale, J. A. D., and Jaduszliwer, B., Phys. Rev. A, 29, 2977, 1984. KB94. Kadar-Kallen, M. A., and Bonin, K. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 828, 1994. MB77. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. For simplicity, any value in Table 2 which has not changed since this 1977 review is referenced as MB77. Persons interested in original references and further details should consult MB77. MMD90. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. NB65. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. D., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. NYU84. Preliminary value from the New York University group. See GMBSJ84. OC67. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967; see also the later references from this group, given following the tables. S71. Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 54, 4517, 1971.

Table 3: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Diatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule Al2 BH Br2 CO Cl2 Cs2 CsK D2 (v=0,J=0) D2 (293 K) DCl F2 H2 (v=0,J=0) H2 (293 K) H2 (293 K) H2 (322 K) HBr HCl HD (v=0,J=0) HF HI

Polarizability 19 3.32* 7.02 1.95 4.61 104 89 0.7921* 0.7954 2.84 1.38* 0.8023* 0.8045* 0.8042 0.8059 3.61 2.63 2.77 0.7976* 0.80 5.44

Molecule

Ref. 23 1 2 3 3 22 22 5 6 2 7 5 5 6 8 3 3 2 5 27 3

HgCl ICl K2 Li2 LiCl LiF LiH

N2 NO Na2 NaK NaLi O2 Rb2

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Polarizability 5.35 7.4* 12.3 77 72 32.8 34 3.46* 10.8* 3.84* 3.68* 3.88* 1.7403 1.70 40 38 51 40 1.5812 79

Ref. 2 9 2 22 21 29 22 10 11 12 13 14 6,8 2 22 21 22 4 6 22

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 4: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Triatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule BeH2 CO2 CS2 D2O H2O H2S HCN HgBr2 HgCl2

Polarizability 4.34* 2.911 8.74 8.86 1.26 1.45 3.782 3.95 2.59 2.46 14.5 11.6

Molecule

Ref. 14 8 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2

HgI2 Li3 LiNa2 Li2Na N2O NO2 Na3 O3 OCS SO2

Polarizability 19.1 34.5 61.2 35.4 3.03 3.02 70 3.21 5.71 5.2 3.72 4.28

Ref. 2 29 30 30 8 2† 21 2 2 15 3 2

Table 5: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Inorganic Polyatomic Molecules (Larger than Triatomic) (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule AsCl3 AsN3 BCl3 BF3 (BN3)2 (BH2N)3 ClF3 (CsBr)2 (CsCl)2 (CsF)2 (CsI)2 GanAsm GeCl4 GeH3Cl (HgCl)2 Kn (KBr)2 (KCl)2 (KF)2 (KI)2 Lin (LiBr)2 (LiCl)2 (LiF)2 (LiI)2 LiNa3 Li2Na2 Li3Na ND3 NF3 NH3

Polarizability 14.9 5.75 9.38 3.31 5.73 8.0 6.32 54.5 42.4 28.4 51.8 n+m=4-30 15.1 6.7 14.7 n=2,5,7-9,11,20 42.0 32.1 21.0 36.3 n=2-22 18.9 13.1 6.9 23.4 75.6 60.0 54.8 1.70 3.62 2.81 2.10 2.26

Molecule (NO2)2 Nan (NaBr)2 (NaCl)2 (NaF)2 (NaI)2 OsO4 PCl3 PF5 PH3 (RbBr)2 (RbCl)2 (RbF)2 (RbI)2 SF6 (SF5)2 SO3 SO2Cl2 SeF6 SiF4 SiH4 (SiH3)2 SiHCl3 SiH2Cl2 SiH3Cl SnBr4 SnCl4

Ref. 2 2 20 2 2 2† 2 16 16 16 16 28 2 2† 9 21 16 16 16 16 29 16 16 16 16 30 30 30 2 2 20 2 3

SnI4 TeF6 TiCl4 UF6

10-172

Polarizability 6.69 n=1-40 26.8 23.4 20.7 26.9 8.17 12.8 6.10 4.84 48.2 43.2 40.7 46.3 6.54 13.2 4.84 10.5 7.33 5.45 5.44 11.1 10.7 8.92 7.02 22.0 18.0 13.8 32.3 9.00 16.4 12.5

Ref. 2 21 16 16 16 16 2 2 2 2 16 16 16 16 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 2 2 2

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 6: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Hydrocarbon Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule CH4 C 2H 2

methane acetylene

C 2H 4 C 2H 6

ethylene ethane

C 3H 4 C 3H 6

propyne propene cyclopropane propane

C 3H 8 C 4H 6 C 4H 8

C4H10 C 5H 6 C 5H 8

C5H10

C5H12 C 6H 6

C6H10

Name

1-butyne 1,3-butadiene 1-butene trans-2-butene 2-methylpropene butane isobutane 1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-pentyne trans-1,3-pentadiene isoprene cyclopentane 1-pentene 2-pentene pentane neopentane benzene

C6H12

1-hexyne 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene cyclohexene cyclohexane

C6H14 C 7H 8

1-hexene hexane toluene

C7H12 C7H14 C7H16 C 8H 8

1-heptyne methylcyclohexane 1-heptene heptane styrene

C8H10

ethylbenzene

10-173

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Polarizability 2.593 3.33 3.93 4.252 4.47 4.43 6.18 6.26 5.66 6.29 6.37 7.41 8.64 7.97 8.52 8.49 8.29 8.20 8.14 8.64 9.12 10.0 9.99 9.15 9.65 9.84 9.99 10.20 10.0 10.32 10.74 10.9 11.8 11.8 12.1 11.8 10.7 11.0 10.87 11.65 11.9 11.8 12.26 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.51 13.61 15.0 14.41 14.2

Ref. 8 3 2 8 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2† 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 2 2 2 2 18 27 27 2 18 25 3 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 15 27 2 25 15 2 2† 2 27 2 2 27 2

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule

Name o-xylene p-xylene

C8H16 C8H18

C9H10 C9H12

m-xylene ethylcyclohexane n-octane 3-methylheptane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane α-methylstyrene isopropylbenzene 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

C9H18 C9H20 C10H8

isopropylcyclohexane nonane naphthalene

C10H14

durene tert-butylbenzene

C10H20 C10H22 C11H10

tert-butylcyclohexane decane α-methylnaphthalene β-methylnaphthalene α,β,β-trimethylstyrene pentamethylbenzene undecane acenaphthene α-ethylnaphthalene β-ethylnaphthalene hexamethylbenzene dodecane fluorene anthracene

C11H14 C11H16 C11H24 C12H10 C12H12 C12H18 C12H26 C13H10 C14H10

phenanthrene C14H22 C16H10 C17H12 C18H12

C18H30 C24H12

p-di-tert-butylbenzene pyrene 2,3-benzfluorene naphthacene 1,2-benzanthracene chrysene triphenylene 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene coronene

10-174

Polarizability

Ref.

14.9 14.1 13.7 14.2 14.9 14.2 15.9 15.9 15.44 15.44 16.05 16.0 15.5 16.14 17.2 17.36 16.5 17.48 17.3 17.2 17.8 19.8 19.10 19.35 19.52 19.64 19.1 21.03 20.61 21.19 21.36 20.9 22.75 21.68 25.4 25.93 36.8* 24.70 24.5 28.22 30.21 32.27 32.86 33.06 31.07 31.8 42.50

2 15 25 15 2 15 2 2 27 27 27 2† 25 27 2 27 17 27 25 25 2† 2 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 17 27 17 27 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 27

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7: Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule CBr2F2 CClF3

dibromodifluoromethane chlorotrifluoromethane

CCl2F2

dichlorodifluoromethane

CCl2O CCl2S CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4

phosgene thiophosgene trichlorofluoromethane trichloronitromethane carbon tetrachloride

CF4 CF2O CHBr3 CHBrF2 CHClF2

carbon tetrafluoride carbonylfluoride bromoform bromodifluoromethane chlorodifluoromethane

CHCl2F CHCl3

dichlorofluoromethane chloroform

CHF3

fluoroform

CHFO CHI3 CH2Br2

fluoroformaldehyde iodoform dibromomethane

CH2ClNO2 CH2Cl2

chloronitromethane dichloromethane

CH2I2 CH3Br

diiodomethane bromomethane

CH3Cl

chloromethane

CH3F CH3I C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3N C 2F 6 C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2

fluoromethane iodomethane chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane trichloroacetonitrile hexafluoroethane bromoacetylene chloroacetylene trichloroethlyene pentachloroethane 1,1-dichloroethylene trans-dichloroethylene cis-dichloroethylene 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane chloroacetyl chloride 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane

C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl3F

Name

10-175

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Polarizability 9.0 5.72 5.59 7.93 7.81 7.29 10.2 9.47 10.8 11.2 10.5 3.838 1.88* 11.8 5.7 6.38 5.91 6.82 9.5 8.23 3.52 3.57 1.76* 18.0 9.32 8.68 6.9 6.48 7.93 12.90 5.87 6.03 5.55 5.35 4.72 2.97 7.97 6.3 8.5 10.42 6.82 7.39 6.07 10.03 14.0 7.83 8.15 8.03 8.4 8.92 10.2

Ref. 2† 20 2 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 3 8 17 27 2† 20 2 2 8 27 20 8 17 27 2 27 2† 3 2 27 20 2 15 20 8 8 2 2† 2† 18 2 2 2 27 2 27 27 27 2† 2 2†

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule C2H2Cl4 C2H2ClN C 2 H 2F 2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C 2 H 3F 3 C 2 H 3I C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2

Name

C2H5Br

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane chloroacetonitrile 1,1-difluoroethylene bromoethylene chloroethylene 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane acetyl chloride methyl chloroformate 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoroethane iodoethylene 1-bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-dibromoethane 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane bromoethane

C2H5Cl

chloroethane

C2H5ClO

2-chloroethanol

C 2 H 5F C 2 H 5I C3H4Cl2 C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Br

chloromethyl methyl ether fluoroethane iodoethane dichloropropene chloropropene chloroacetone ethyl chloroformate 1-chloro-1-nitropropane dichloropropane 1-bromopropane

C3H7Cl C3H7ClO

C 3 H 7I C4H5Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2

2-bromopropane chloropropane β-chloroethyl methyl ether 2-chloro-1-propanol 3-chloro-1-propanol 1-iodopropane 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-chloro-2-methylpropene 2-chlorobutyric acid 3-chlorobutyric acid 4-chlorobutyric acid

C4H8Cl2 C4H9Br

1,4-dichlorobutane bromobutane

C4H9Cl

1-chlorobutane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chlorobutane

10-176

Polarizability

Ref.

12.1 6.10 5.01 7.59 6.41 8.05 6.62 7.1 10.7 4.4 9.3 9.5 10.7 6.5 10.9 8.64 8.0 8.05 7.28 7.27 8.29 6.4 7.1 6.88 7.1 4.96 10.0 10.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 10.4 10.9 9.4 9.07 9.6 10.0 8.71 8.89 8.84 11.5 10.0 10.8 10.87 10.80 10.69

2† 18 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2 2 2† 2 27 20 2 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 2 27 27 27

12.0 13.9 10.86 11.3 11.1 12.5 12.4

2† 2 27 2 2 2† 2

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule C4H9ClO

C 4 H 9I C5H9ClO2

Name β-chloroethyl ethyl ether 2-chloro-1-butanol 3-chloro-1-butanol 1-iodobutane

C6H5Br

methyl 2-chlorobutanoate methyl 3-chlorobutanoate methyl 4-chlorobutanoate 2-chloropentanoic acid 3-chloropentanoic acid 4-chloropentanoic acid 1-bromopentane 1-chloropentane fluoropentane hexafluorobenzene pentafluorobenzene 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene p-bromofluorobenzene chloronitrobenzene o-dichlorobenzene m-dichlorobenzene p-dichlorobenzene p-fluoroiodobenzene p-fluoronitrobenzene o-difluorobenzene m-difluorobenzene p-difluorobenzene bromobenzene

C6H5Cl

chlorobenzene

C6H5ClO C 6 H 5F C 6 H 5I C6H11ClO2

C6H13Br C6H13F C7H7Br C7H7Cl C 7 H 7F C 7 H 7I C7H15Br

chlorophenol fluorobenzene iodobenzene ethyl 2-chlorobutanoate ethyl 3-chlorobutanoate ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate bromohexane fluorohexane p-bromotoluene p-chlorotoluene p-fluorotoluene p-iodotoluene 1-bromoheptane

C7H15F C8H17Br C8H17F C9H19Br C9H19F C10F8

fluoroheptane bromooctane fluorooctane bromononane fluorononane octafluoronaphthalene

C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11F C 6F 6 C6HF5 C6H2Cl2O2 C 6 H 2F 4 C 6 H 3F 3 C6H4BrF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2

C6H4FI C6H4FNO2 C 6 H 4F 2

10-177

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Polarizability

Ref.

10.56 10.70 10.38 13.3 12.65 12.33 12.31 12.27 12.69 12.57 12.53 13.1 12.0 9.95 9.58 9.63 18.4 9.69 9.69 9.74 13.4 14.6 14.17 14.23 14.20 15.5 12.8 9.80 10.3 9.80 14.7 13.62 14.1 12.3 13.0 10.3 15.5 14.16 14.13 14.11 14.44 11.80 14.80 13.70 11.70 17.10 16.8 16.23 13.66 18.02 15.46 19.81 17.34 17.64

27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 2† 27 2 27 2 15 2† 2 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H21Br C10H21F C11H23F C12H25Br C12H25F C12H8Br2O C12H9BrO C13H11BrO C14H9Br C14H9Cl C14H9F C14H29F C16H33Br C18H37Br

Name α-bromonaphthalene α-chloronaphthalene β-chloronaphthalene α-iodonaphthalene β-iodonaphthalene bromodecane fluorodecane fluoroundecane bromododecane fluorododecane 4,4’-dibromodiphenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether p-bromophenyl-p-tolyl ether 9-bromoanthracene 9-chloroanthracene fluoranthracene fluorotetradecane bromohexadecane bromooctadecane

Polarizability

Ref.

20.34 19.30 19.58 22.41 22.95 21.60 19.18 21.00 25.18 22.83 27.8 24.2 26.6 28.32 27.35 28.34 26.57 32.34 35.92

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27

Table 8: Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule CN4O8 CH2O

tetranitromethane formaldehyde

CH2O2 CH3NO

formic acid formamide

CH3NO2 CH4O

nitromethane methanol

CH5N

methyl amine

C 2N 2 C 2 H 2O C 2 H 3N

cyanogen ketene acetonitrile

C 2 H 4O

acetaldehyde

C 2 H 4O 2 C 2 H 4O 4 C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C 2 H 6O

Name

ethylene oxide acetic acid methyl formate formic acid dimer acetamide N-methyl formamide nitroethane ethyl nitrite ethanol methyl ether

10-178

Polarizability 15.3 2.8 2.45 3.4 4.2 4.08 7.37 3.29 3.23 3.32 4.7 4.01 7.99 4.4 4.40 4.48 4.6 4.59 4.43 5.1 5.05 12.7 5.67 5.91 9.63 7.0 5.41 5.11 5.29 5.84

Ref. 2 2† 18 2† 2† 18 2 2 15 18 2 19 2 2† 2† 18 2† 18 18 2† 27 2 18 18 2 15 2 18 20 2

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule

Name

C 2 H 6O 2

ethylene glycol

C 2 H 6O 2 S C 2 H 6S C 2 H 7N C 2 H 8N 2 C 3 H 2N 2 C 3 H 3N C 3 H 4N 2 C 3 H 4O C 3 H 5N

dimethyl sulfone ethanethiol ethyl amine dimethyl amine ethylene diamine malononitrile acrylonitrile pyrazole propenal propionitrile

C 3 H 6O

acetone

C 3 H 6O 2

allyl alcohol propionaldehyde propionic acid ethyl formate methyl acetate

C 3 H 6O 3 C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C 3 H 8O

C 3 H 8O 2 C 3 H 9N

C 4 H 2N 2 C 4 H 4N 2

C 4 H 4O 2 C 4 H 4S C 4 H 5N C 4 H 6N 2 C 4 H 6O C 4 H 6O 2 C 4 H 6O 3 C 4 H 6S C 4 H 7N

dimethyl carbonate N-methyl acetamide N,N-dimethyl formamide nitropropane 2-propanol 1-propanol ethyl methyl ether dimethoxymethane ethylene glycol monomethyl ether propylamine isopropylamine trimethylamine fumaronitrile succinonitrile pyrimidine pyridazine diketene thiophene methacrylonitrile trans-crotononitrile N-methylpyrazole crotonaldehyde methacrylaldehyde biacetyl acetic anhydride divinyl sulfide butyronitrile isobutyronitrile

10-179

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Polarizability 5.16 5.7 5.61 7.3 7.41 7.10 6.37 7.2 5.79 8.05 7.23 6.38 6.70 6.24 6.33 6.4 6.39 7.65 6.50 6.9 8.01 6.88 6.94 6.81 7.7 7.82 7.81 8.5 7.61 6.97 6.74 7.93 7.7 7.44 7.70 9.20 7.77 8.15 11.8 8.1 8.53* 9.27* 8.0 9.67 8.0 8.2 8.99 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.9 10.9 8.4 8.05

Ref. 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2 2† 18 2 27 2† 2 18 15 2† 18 2 2 2† 2 27 2 27 2† 18 18 2† 2 18 2 2 2† 27 27 2 27 2 2 2† 17 17 2† 2 2† 2† 27 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule C 4 H 8O

C 4 H 8O 2

C4H9NO2 C4H10O

C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N

C 5 H 5N

Name butanal methyl ethyl ketone trans-2,3-epoxy butane ethyl acetate 1,4-dioxane p-dioxane 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane butyric acid methyl propionate 1-nitrobutane 2-methyl-2-nitropropane ethyl ether 1-butanol 2-methylpropanol methyl propyl ether ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ethyl sulfide butylamine diethylamine pyridine

C5H10O3 C5H12O C5H12O4 C 6 H 4N 2 O 4 C 6 H 4O 2 C6H5NO2

4-cyano-1,3-butadiene 1,5-dimethylpyrazole acetyl acetone valeronitrile 22-DMPN diethyl ketone methyl propyl ketone ethyl propionate methyl butanoate diethyl carbonate ethyl propyl ether tetramethyl orthocarbonate p-dinitrobenzene p-benzoquinone nitrobenzene

C 6 H 6O

phenol

C 6 H 7N C 6 H 8N 2 C6H10N2 C6H10O3 C6H12N2 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14O

aniline phenylenediamine phenylhydrazine 1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazole ethyl acetoacetate dimethylketazine cyclohexanol amyl formate paraldehyde propyl ether

C6H14O2

1,1-diethoxyethane

C 5 H 8N 2 C 5 H 8O 2 C 5 H 9N C5H10O C5H10O2

10-180

Polarizability 8.2 8.13 8.22* 9.7 8.62 10.0 8.60 9.44 8.58 8.97 10.4 10.3 10.2 8.73 8.88 8.92 8.86 9.28 10.8 13.5 10.2 9.61 9.5 9.18 10.5 10.72 10.5 10.4 9.59 9.93 9.93 10.41 10.41 11.3 10.68 13.0 18.4 14.5 14.7 12.92 11.1 9.94* 12.1 13.8 12.91 12.50 12.9 15.6 11.56 14.2 17.9 12.8 12.5 13.2

Ref. 2† 15 17 2 27 2 18 15 27 27 2† 2† 2 15 2 2 27 27 2 2 2 27 15 27 2† 27 2† 2 18 15 15 27 27 2 27 2† 2 2 2 15 2† 17 2† 2† 27 27 2† 2 18 2 2 2 15 2†

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Molecule C6H15N

C 7 H 4N 2 O 2 C 7 H 5N C7H7NO3 C 7 H 8O C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H14O C7H14O2 C 8 H 4N 2 C 8 H 6N 2 C 8 H 8O C 8 H 8O 2 C8H10O C8H11N C8H12N2 C8H12O2 C8H14O4 C8H18O C 9 H 7N C9H10O2 C9H21N C10H9N

C10H10Fe C10H10N2 C10H14BeO4 C11H8O C12H8N2 C12H9NO3 C14H8O2 C14H14O C15H21AlO6 C15H21CrO6 C15H21FeO6 C20H28O8Th C60

Name 1,2-diethoxyethane triethylamine dipropylamine p-cyanonitrobenzene benzonitrile nitroanisole anisole o-anisidine 1,1-methylphenylhydrazine cyclohexyl methyl ether 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone pentyl acetate p-dicyanobenzene quinoxaline acetophenone 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone phenetole N-dimethylaniline 1,1-ethylphenylhydrazine ethyl sorbate tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione diethyl succinate butyl ether quinoline isoquinoline ethyl benzoate tripropylamine α-naphthylamine β-naphthylamine 2-methylquinoline 1-methylisoquinoline ferrocene 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline beryllium acetylacetonate 1-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde phenazine 4-nitrodiphenyl ether anthraquinone di-p-tolyl ether aluminum acetylacetonate chromium acetylacetonate ferric acetylacetonate thorium acetylacetonate buckminsterfullerene

Polarizability 11.3 13.1 13.38 13.29 19.0 12.5 15.7 13.1 14.2 14.81 13.4 13.5 14.9 19.2 15.13 15.0 18.8 14.9 16.2 16.62 17.2 18.6 16.8 17.2 15.70 16.43 16.9 18.87 19.50 19.73 18.65 18.28 17.1 18.70 34.1 19.75 20.06 23.43 24.7 24.46 24.9 51.9 53.7 58.1 79.0 76.5 79

Ref. 2† 2 27 27 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 15 2 2 27 2 2 2 2† 27 2† 2 2† 2 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 26 27 2 27 27 27 2† 27 2† 2 2 2 2 24 31

Note: All polarizabilities in the tables are experimental values except those values marked by an asterisk (*), which indicates a calculated result. The experimental polarizabilities are mostly determined by measurements of a dielectric constant or refractive index which are quite accurate (0.5% or better). However, one should treat many of the results with several percent of caution because of the age of the data and because some of the results refer to optical frequencies rather than static. Comments given with the references are intended to allow one to judge the degree of caution required. Interested persons should consult these references. In many cases, the reference given is to a theoretical paper in which the experimental results are quoted. These papers, noted in the References, contain valuable information on polarizability calculations and experimental data which often includes the tensor components of the polarizability.

10-181

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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Kagawa, H., Ichimura, A., Kamka, N. A., and Mori, K., J. Mol. Structure (Theochem) 546, 127, 2001. Parameters were developed for rapid estimation of molecular polarizabilities; this paper contains references for the measured polarizabilities of 371 molecules. McCullough, E. A., Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 5050, 1975. This calculation is for the parallel component, not the average polarizability. Maryott, A. A., and Buckley, F., U. S. National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 537, 1953. A tabulation of dipole moments, dielectric constants, and molar refractions measured between 1910 and 1952, and used here to determine polarizabilities if no more recent result exists. The polarizability is 3/(4πNo) times the molar polarization or molar refraction, where No is Avogadro’s number. The value 3/(4πNo) = 0.3964308 x 10-24 cm3 was used for this conversion. A dagger (†) following the reference number in the tables indicates that the polarizability was derived from the molar refraction and hence may not include some low-frequency contributions to the static polarizability; these “static” polarizabilities are therefore low by 1 to 30%. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1954, p. 950. Fundamental information on molecular polarizabilities. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. Review emphasizing atomic polarizabilities and measurement techniques. The data quoted in Table 3 are accurate to 8 to 12%. Kolos, W., and Wolniewicz, L., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1426, 1967. Highly accurate molecular hydrogen calculations. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. C., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Highly accurate refractive index measurements at 47.7 GHz (essentially static). Jao, T. C., Beebe, N. H. F., Person, W. B., and Sabin, J. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 26, 474, 1974. Tensor polarizabilities, derivatives, and other results are reported. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2); Sutter, H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 132, 1970 (CF3H, CFH3, CClF3, CClH3); Bose, T. K., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 140, 1970 (CO2), and 54, 3829, 1971 (C2H4); Nelson, R. D., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 4033, 1971 (SF6, CClF3); Bose, T. K., Sochanski, J. S., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 3592, 1972 (CH4, CF4); Kirouac, S., and Bose, T. K., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 3043, 1973 (N2O), and 64, 1580, 1976 (He). Highly accurate dielectric constant measurements. These modern data give the most accurate polarizabilities available. A criticism of the interpretation of these data in the case of polar molecules is given in Ref. 20, p. 2905. Huestis, D. L., Technical Report #MP 78-25, SRI International (project PYU 6158), Menlo Park, CA 94025. Molar refractions for mercurychlorine compounds are analyzed. Bounds, D. G., Clarke, J. H. R., and Hinchliffe, A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 367, 1977. Theoretical tensor polarizability for LiCl. Kolker, H. J., and Karplus, M., J. Chem. Phys., 39, 2011, 1963. Theoretical. Cutschick, V. P., and McKoy, V., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 2397, 1973. Theoretical tensor polarizabilities. Gready, J. E., Bacskay, G. B., and Hush, N. S., Chem. Phys., 22, 141, 1977, and 23, 9, 1977. Theoretical. Amos, A. T., and Yoffe, J. A., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 4723, 1975. Theoretical. Stuart, H. A., Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen, Vol. 1, Part 3, Eucken, A., and Hellwege, K. H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1951, p. 511. Tabulation of molecular polarizabilities. Two misprints in the chemical symbols have been corrected. Guella, T., Miller, T. M., Stockdale, J. A. D., Bederson, B., and Vuskovic, L., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6857, 1991. Beam measurements with accuracies between 12-24%. Marchese, F. T., and Jaff‚ H. H., Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berlin), 45, 241, 1977. Theoretical and experimental tensor polarizabilities are tabulated in this paper. Applequist, J., Carl, J. R., and Fung, K.-K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 2952, 1972. Excellent reference on the calculation of molecular polarizabilities, including extensive tables of tensor polarizabilities, both theoretical and experimental, at 589.3 nm wavelength. Bridge, N. J., and Buckingham, A. D., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A295, 334, 1966. Measured tensor polarizabilities at 633 nm wavelength. Barnes, A. N. M., Turner, D. J., and Sutton, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 2902, 1971. Dielectric constants yielding polarizabilities accurate from 0.3-8%. Knight, W. D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W. A., and Saunders, W. A., Phys. Rev. B, 31, 2539, 1985. These data probably correspond to a very low internal temperature. Tarnovsky, V., Bunimovicz, M., Vuskovic, L., Stumpf, B., and Bederson, B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 3894, 1993. These data correspond to internal temperatures 480-948 K. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Beam measurements accurate to 11%. Antoine, R., Dugourd, P., Rayane, D., Benichou, E., Broyer, M., Chandezon, F., and Guet, C., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 9771, 1999. Aroney, M. J., and Pratten, S. J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 80, 1201, 1984. Uncertainties in the range 1-3%. Le Fevre, R. J. W., Murthy, D. S. N., and Saxby, J. D., Aust. J. Chem., 24, 1057, 1971. Kerr effect. No, K. T., Cho, K. H., Jhon, M. S., and Scheraga, H. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 2005, 1993. Theoretical; these results are quoted in numerous valuable papers on calculated polarizabilities, e.g., Miller, K. J., and Savchik, J. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7206, 1979. Schlecht, S., Schäfer, R., Woenckhaus, J., Becker, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett. 246, 315, 1995. Benichou, E., Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Vezin, B., Dalby, F. W., Dugourd, P., Ristori, C., Chandezon, F., Huber, B. A., Rocco, J. C., Blundell, S. A., and Guet, C., Phys. Rev. A 59, R1, 1999. Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Allouche, A. R., Aubert-Frécon, M., Benichou, E., Dalby, F. W., Dugourd, P., Broyer, M., and Guet, C., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 5568, 1999. Ballard, A., Bonin, K., and Louderback, J., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5732, 2000.

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IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS The ionization potentials of neutral and partially ionized atoms are listed in this table. Data were obtained from the compilations cited below, supplemented by results from the recent research literature. All values have been corrected to the currently recommended value of the conversion factor from wave number to energy, namely 1 eV = 8065.541 cm–1 (Reference 5). Values are given in eV. Following the traditional spectroscopic notation, columns are headed I, II, III, etc. up to XXX, where I indicates the neutral atom, II the singly ionized atom, III the doubly ionized atom, etc. The first section of the table includes spectra I to VIII of all the elements; subsequent sections cover higher spectra (ionization stages) for those elements for which data are available. REFERENCES 1. Moore, C. E., Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) No. 34, 1970. 2. Martin, W. C., Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., Atomic Energy Levels — The Rare Earth Elements, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), No. 60, 1978. 3. Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements: Potassium through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol.14, Suppl. 2, 1985. 4. References to papers in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in the period 1973—91 covering other elements may be found in the cumulative index to that journal. 5. Cohen, E. R. and Taylor, B. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 1795, 1988. 6. Martin, W.C., and Wiese, W.L., in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook, Drake, G.W.F., Ed., AIP Press, New York, 1996. 7. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, (Web Version 1.2.2), , National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002. Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr

I 13.59844 24.58741 5.39172 9.3227 8.29803 11.26030 14.53414 13.61806 17.42282 21.5646 5.13908 7.64624 5.98577 8.15169 10.48669 10.36001 12.96764 15.75962 4.34066 6.11316 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.43402 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.72638 9.3942 5.99930 7.8994 9.7886 9.75238 11.81381 13.99961 4.17713 5.6949 6.2171 6.63390

II

III

IV

54.41778 75.64018 18.21116 25.15484 24.38332 29.6013 35.11730 34.97082 40.96328 47.2864 15.03528 18.82856 16.34585 19.7694 23.3379 23.814 27.62967 31.63 11.87172 12.79967 13.5755 14.66 16.4857 15.63999 16.1878 17.083 18.16884 20.29240 17.96440 20.5142 15.93462 18.633 21.19 21.8 24.35985 27.285 11.03013 12.24 13.13

122.45429 153.89661 37.93064 47.8878 47.44924 54.9355 62.7084 63.45 71.6200 80.1437 28.44765 33.49302 30.2027 34.79 39.61 40.74 45.806 50.9131 24.75666 27.4917 29.311 30.96 33.668 30.652 33.50 35.19 36.841 39.723 30.71 34.2241 28.351 30.8204 36 36.950 40 42.89 20.52 22.99

217.71865 259.37521 64.4939 77.4735 77.41353 87.1398 97.12 98.91 109.2655 119.992 45.14181 51.4439 47.222 53.4652 59.81 60.91 67.27 73.4894 43.2672 46.709 49.16 51.2 54.8 51.3 54.9 57.38 59.4 64 45.7131 50.13 42.9450 47.3 52.5 52.6 57 60.597 34.34

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V

VI

VII

340.22580 392.087 97.8902 113.8990 114.2428 126.21 138.40 141.27 153.825 166.767 65.0251 72.5945 67.8 75.02 82.66 84.50 91.65 99.30 65.2817 69.46 72.4 75.0 79.5 76.06 79.8 82.6

489.99334 552.0718 138.1197 157.1651 157.93 172.18 186.76 190.49 205.27 220.421 88.0530 97.03 91.009 99.4 108.78 110.68 119.53 128.13 90.6349 95.6 99.1 102.0 108 103 108

667.046 739.29 185.186 207.2759 208.50 225.02 241.76 246.5 263.57 280.948 114.1958 124.323 117.56 127.2 138.0 140.8 150.6 160.18 119.203 124.98 128.9 133 139 134

871.4101 953.9112 239.0989 264.25 265.96 284.66 303.54 309.60 328.75 348.28 143.460 154.88 147.24 158.1 170.4 173.4 184.7 194.5 151.06 157.8 162 166 174

127.6 81.7 88.6 78.5 84.4 90.8 93.0

155.4 103.0 111.0 99.2 106 116

192.8 125.802 136 122.3 129

93.5 62.63 68.3 59.7 64.7 71.0 71.6 77.0 80.348

VIII

IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) Z 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

Element Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

I 6.75885 7.09243 7.28 7.36050 7.45890 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.78636 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.45126 12.1298 3.89390 5.21170 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6436 5.6704 6.1501 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.18431 6.25416 5.4259 6.82507 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9587 9.2255 10.43750 6.1082 7.41666 7.2856 8.417 10.74850 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.19405 6.2657 6.0262 5.9738 5.9915 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9 6.0

II

III

IV

V

14.32 16.16 15.26 16.76 18.08 19.43 21.49 16.90832 18.8698 14.63225 16.53051 18.6 19.1313 21.20979 23.15745 10.00390 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9 14.9

25.04 27.13 29.54 28.47 31.06 32.93 34.83 37.48 28.03 30.50260 25.3 27.96 33 32.1230

19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594 23.3

49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25 33.33

61.6 65.55 57.53

18.563 20.5 18.756 20.428 15.0322 16.69

34.2 29.83 31.9373 25.56

42.32 45.3

68.8 56.0

10.14716 12.1 11.5

20.0

28.8

VI

VII

VIII

143.6

38.3 46.4

50.55 54.49

102.057 68.8276

125 125.664

54 40.73502 44.2 37.41

72.28 56 58.75

108 70.7

137

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77.6

66.8

88.3

IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) +8 Ions to +15 Ions Z 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 37 38 39 42

Element F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Rb Sr Y Mo

IX 1103.1176 1195.8286 299.864 328.06 330.13 351.12 372.13 379.55 400.06 422.45 175.8174 188.54 180.03 192.1 205.8 209.3 221.8 233.6 186.13 193 199 203 230.85 150 162 146.2 164.12

X

1362.1995 1465.121 367.50 398.75 401.37 424.4 447.5 455.63 478.69 503.8 211.275 225.18 215.92 230.5 244.4 248.3 262.1 275.4 224.6 232 238 268.2 277.1 177 191 186.4

XI

XII

1648.702 1761.805 442.00 476.36 479.46 504.8 529.28 538.96 564.7 591.9 249.798 265.07 255.7 270.8 286.0 290.2 305 321.0 265.3 274 308

1962.6650 2085.98 523.42 560.8 564.44 591.99 618.26 629.4 657.2 687.36 291.500 308.1 298.0 314.4 330.8 336 352 369 310.8 350

324.1 206 209.3

374.0 230.28

XIII

2304.1410 2437.63 611.74 652.2 656.71 686.10 714.6 726.6 756.7 787.84 336.277 354.8 343.6 361.0 379 384 401 419.7 391

279.1

XIV

XV

2673.182 2816.91 707.01 749.76 755.74 786.6 817.6 830.8 863.1 896.0 384.168 403.0 392.2 411 430 435 454 447

3069.842 3223.78 809.40 854.77 861.1 894.5 927.5 941.9 976 1010.6 435.163 457 444 464 484 490 492

302.60

544.0

XVI

3494.1892 3658.521 918.03 968 974 1009 1044 1060 1097 1134.7 489.256 511.96 499 520 542 541

570

+16 Ions to +23 Ions Z 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 42

Element

XVII

XVIII

XIX

Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Mo

3946.2960 4120.8857 1033.4 1087 1094 1131 1168 1185 1224 1266 546.58 571.08 557 579 592 636

4426.2296 4610.8 1157.8 1213 1221 1260 1299 1317 1358 1397.2 607.06 633 619 641 702

4934.046 5128.8 1287.97 1346 1355 1396 1437 1456 1504.6 1541 670.588 698 786 767

XX

5469.864 5674.8 1425.4 1486 1496 1539 1582 1603 1648 1697 738 833 833

XXI

6033.712 6249.0 1569.6 1634 1644 1689 1735 1756 1804 1856 884 902

XXII

XXIII

6625.82 6851.3 1721.4 1788 1799 1846 1894 1916 937 968

XXIV

7246.12 7481.7 1879.9 1950 1962 2011 2060

7894.81 8140.6 2023 2119 2131 2182

998 1020

1051 1082

+24 Ions to +29 Ions Z 25 26 27 28 29 36 42

Element Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Kr Mo

XXV

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XXX

8571.94 8828 2219.0 2295 2308 1151 1263

9277.69 9544.1 2399.2 2478 1205.3 1323

10012.12 10288.8 2587.5 2928 1387

10775.40 11062.38 3070 1449

11567.617 3227 1535

3381 1601

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IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES Sharon G. Lias This table presents values for the first ionization energies (IP) of approximately 1000 molecules and atoms. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see introduction). Values enclosed in parentheses are considered not to be well established. Data appearing in the 1988 reference, were updated in 1996 for inclusion in the database of ionization energies available at the Internet site of the Standard Reference Data program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://webbook.nist.gov). The list appearing here includes these updates. The list also includes values for enthalpies of formation of the ions at 298 K, ∆fHion, given according to the ion convention used by mass spectrometrists; to convert these values to the electron convention used by thermodynamicists, add 6 kJ/mol. Details on the calculation of ∆fHion as well as data for a much larger number of molecules, may be found in the reference and on the Internet site. REFERENCE Lias, S.G., Bartmess, J.E., Liebman, J.F., Holmes, J.L., Levin, R.D., and Mallard, W.G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988.

Mol. Form.

Name

IP/eV

∆f Hion kJ/mol

Substances not containing carbon Ac Ag AgCl AgF Al AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlI AlI3 Am Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF BF3 BH BH3 BI3 BO2 B2H6 B2O3 B4H10 B5H9 B6H10 Ba BaO Be BeO Bi BiCl3 Bk

Actinium Silver Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Aluminum Aluminum monobromide Aluminum tribromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum triiodide Americium Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Fluoroborane Difluoroborane Boron trifluoride Boron monohydride Borane Boron triiodide Boron dioxide Diborane Boron oxide Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium Barium oxide Beryllium Beryllium oxide Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Berkelium

5.17 7.57624 (≤ 10.08) (11.0 ± 0.3) 5.98577 (9.3) (10.4) 9.4 (12.01) 9.73 ± 0.01 ≤ 15.45 9.3 ± 0.3 (9.1) 5.9738 ± 0.0002 15.75962 9.8152 (10.55 ± 0.025) (12.84 ± 0.05) (9.89) 9.22567 8.29803 (10.51) 11.60 ± 0.02 11.12 ± 0.01 (9.4) 15.7 ± 0.3 (9.77) 12.026 ± 0.024 (9.25 ± 0.03) (13.5 ± 0.3) 11.38 ± 0.05 13.5 ± 0.15 10.76 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.04 (9.0) 5.21170 6.91 ± 0.06 9.32263 (10.1 ± 0.4) 7.2855 (10.4) 6.23

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905 1016 ≤ 1065 1071 905 913 593 855 573 673 ≤ 282 965 673 860 1521 1250 754 452 1021 1254 1363 809 718 957 317 365 1385 1261 964 1001 1134 460 1105 1028 965 683 543 1224 1111 908 736 911

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Br BrCl BrF BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Hg Br2Sn Br3Ga Br3P Br4Hf Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Ca CaCl CaO Cd Ce Cf Cl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF2 ClF3 ClF5S ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2CrO2 Cl2Ge Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S

Name

IP/eV

Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Calcium Calcium monochloride Calcium oxide Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromyl chloride Germanium(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine oxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride

11.81381 11.01 11.86 13.172 ± 0.002 11.66 ± 0.03 10.6 9.790 ± 0.004 7.85 ± 0.1 (8.7) 10.17 ± 0.03 8.31 ± 0.1 10.46 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.03 9.14 ± 0.02 10.516 ± 0.005 10.560 ± 0.003 9.0 10.40 9.7 (10.9) 10.6 10.3 (10.7) 6.11316 5.86 ± 0.07 6.66 ± 0.18 8.99367 5.5387 6.30 12.96764 (7.84 ± 0.05) 12.66 ± 0.01 (12.945 ± 0.005) (12.77 ± 0.05) (12.65 ± 0.05) (12.335 ± 0.005) 12.749 ± 0.009 (11.12 ± 0.01) 11.4 10.088 ± 0.01 (9.51) (8.0 ± 0.4) 9.57 10.87 ± 0.01 (11.84) 8.92 ± 0.06 10.95 10.33 ± 0.02 (8.50 ± 0.03) 9.70 ± 0.03 11.480 ± 0.005 11.6 (10.20 ± 0.05) 11.4 11.380 ± 0.003 10.94 10.96 12.05 (10.2) 9.45 ± 0.03

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∆f Hion kJ/mol 1252 1079 1086 840 1087 943 986 578 685 1065 660 1135 583 844 1046 935 839 711 798 366 709 375 388 768 462 668 980 957 805 1373 510 1171 1224 1128 1057 144 1137 993 899 991 842 557 727 1099 1155 681 1159 1093 590 869 1108 580 813 765 952 1135 844 807 791 895

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Cl2Si Cl2Sn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cm Co Cr Cs CsF CsNa Cu CuF Dy Er Es Eu F FGa FH FHO FH3Si FI FIn FNO FNO2 FNS FO FO2 FS FTl F2 F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2S F2Pb F2S

Name

IP/eV

Dichlorosilylene Tin(II) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper Copper(I) fluoride Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride Indium monofluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine monoxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Sulfur fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Sulfur difluoride

10-183

(10.93 ± 0.10) (10.0) 11.52 (11.7) (10.12 ± 0.1) 11.36 ± 0.02 (11.6) 9.91 9.71 ± 0.03 (≤ 10.7) 11.68 ± 0.05 (11.7) 11.79 ± 0.01 11.7 ± 0.2 (11.5) (9.2) (11.2) (8.7) (10.97) (10.2) (11.08) (9.5) 6.02 7.8810 6.76664 3.89390 (8.80 ± 0.10) (4.05 ± 0.04) 7.72638 10.15 ± 0.02 5.9389 6.1078 6.42 5.6704 17.42282 (9.6 ± 0.5) 16.044 ± 0.003 12.71 ± 0.01 11.7 10.54 ± 0.01 (9.6 ± 0.5) 12.63 ± 0.03 (13.09) 11.51 ± 0.04 12.78 ± 0.03 (12.6 ± 0.2) 10.09 10.52 15.697 ± 0.003 (≤ 11.65) (11.53 ± 0.08) (12.2) (13.6 ± 0.3) 11.628 ± 0.01 (12.8) 13.11 ± 0.01 12.25 13.04 ± 0.01 (11.5) (10.08)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 887 760 664 648 1244 540 425 668 573 s719 629 246 527 656 349 361 210 392 356 608 303 348 966 1187 1050 452 489 535 1084 984 862 907 753 723 1761 700 1276 1130 752 922 740 1152 1154 1090 1342 1228 986 835 1515 551 1046 386 588 1155 1315 1290 688 501 679 676

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. F2Si F2Sn F2Xe F3HSi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F3Si F4Ge F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5I F5P F5S F6Mo F6S F6U Fe Fm Ga GaI3 Gd Ge GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeS H HI HLi HN HNO HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HO2 HS H2 H2N H2O H2O2 H2S H2Se H2Si H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hf

Name

IP/eV

Difluorosilylene Tin(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Trifluorosilyl Germanium(IV) fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Sulfur pentafluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Iron Fermium Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Germanium Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Hydroperoxy Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Silylene Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Hafnium

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10.78 ± 0.05 (11.1) 12.35 ± 0.01 (14.0) 13.00 ± 0.02 13.31 ± 0.06 12.76 ± 0.01 11.60 ± 0.05 ≤ 11.05 ± 0.035 (9.99) (15.5) 11.94 ± 0.03 12.0 ± 0.3 15.24 ± 0.14 12.65 ± 0.1 12.943 ± 0.005 (15.1) 9.60 ± 0.05 (14.5 ± 0.1) 15.32 ± 0.02 14.00 ± 0.10 7.9024 6.50 5.99930 9.40 6.1500 7.900 ≤ 10.53 (9.42) 11.25 ± 0.01 (9.98) 13.59844 10.386 ± 0.001 7.7 ≤ 13.49 ± 0.01 (10.1) ≤ 11.3 11.95 ± 0.01 10.72 ± 0.025 13.0170 ± 0.0002 11.35 ± 0.01 10.4219 ± 0.0004 15.42593 ± 0.00005 11.14 ± 0.01 12.6206 ± 0.0020 10.58 ± 0.04 10.457 ± 0.012 9.892 ± 0.005 8.244 ± 0.025 10.070 ± 0.020 (10.00) 9.869 ± 0.002 9.54 ± 0.03 8.1 ± 0.15 11.00 ± 0.02 (10.75) 9.74 ± 0.02 (9.2) 24.58741 6.82507 ± 0.00004

∆f Hion kJ/mol 450 586 1083 150 1125 1121 -24 161 ≤ 58 - 32 307 1119 399 -144 1016 408 -137 10 -159 258 -796 1177 627 851 765 991 1139 ≤ 1108 850 1044 1055 1530 1028 882 1678 1075 ≤ 1011 1019 1328 1294 1106 1145 1488 1264 976 885 989 984 1084 925 923 958 1067 877 1095 1200 1019 1009 2372 1278

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Hg HgI2 Ho I IK ILi INa ITl I2 I4Ti I4Zr In Ir K KLi KNa K2 Kr La Li LiNa LiO LiRb Li2 Lu Md Mg MgO Mn Mo N NO NO2 NP NS N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na NaRb Na2 Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr O2 O2S O2Th O2Ti O2U

Name

IP/eV

Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Iodine (atomic) Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Dipotassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Dilithium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Molybdenum Nitrogen (atomic) Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Rubidium sodium Disodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen (atomic) Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide

10.43750 9.5088 ± 0.0022 6.0216 10.45126 (7.21 ± 0.3) (7.5) 7.64 ± 0.02 8.47 ± 0.02 9.3074 ± 0.0002 (9.1) (9.3) 5.78636 9.1 4.34066 4.57 ± 0.04 4.41636 ± 0.00017 4.0637 ± 0.0002 13.99961 5.5770 5.39172 5.05 ± 0.04 (8.44) 4.3 ± 0.1 5.1127 ± 0.0003 5.42585 6.58 7.64624 (8.76 ± 0.22) 7.43402 7.09243 14.53414 9.26438 ± 0.00005 9.586 ± 0.002 11.84 ± 0.04 8.87 ± 0.01 15.5808 12.886 (10.8) (11.9) 5.13908 4.32 ± 0.04 4.894 ± 0.003 6.75885 5.5250 21.56454 7.6398 6.65 6.2657 ± 0.0003 13.61806 9.08 ± 0.10 10.294 ± 0.004 10.584 ± 0.005 11.49 ± 0.20 9.60 ± 0.02 6.6 ± 0.2 12.0697 ± 0.0002 12.349 ± 0.001 (8.7 ± 0.15) (9.54 ± 0.1) (5.4 ± 0.1)

10-185

∆f Hion kJ/mol 1069 900 882 1115 570 633 659 826 960 602 500 802 1543 508 512 561 519 1351 969 680 571 894 486 709 950 635 885 901 998 1343 1875 985 958 1247 1119 1503 1325 1050 1161 603 480 614 1384 859 2081 1167 642 1069 1563 939 998 971 1008 944 623 1165 894 342 623 57

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. O3 O3S O3U O4Os O4Ru O7Re2 Os P P2 Pa Pb PbS Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S SSn S2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Name

IP/eV

Ozone Sulfur trioxide Uranium(VI) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus Diphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Promethium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur Tin(II) sulfide Disulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

∆f Hion kJ/mol

12.43 12.82 ± 0.03 (10.5 ± 0.5) (12.32) 12.15 ± 0.03 (12.7 ± 0.2) 8.7 10.48669 10.53 5.89 7.41666 (8.5 ± 0.5) 8.3367 5.55 5.464 9.0 6.025 5.27892 4.17713 7.88 7.45890 10.74850 7.36050 10.36001 (8.8) 9.356 ± 0.002 8.64 6.56144 9.75238 8.15169 5.6437 7.34381 5.69484 7.89 5.8639 7.28 9.0096 6.308 ± 0.003 6.8282 6.10829 6.18431 6.19405 6.746 ± 0.002 7.98 12.12987 6.217 6.25416 9.39405 6.63390

1342 841 214 850 988 125 1630 1328 1160 1133 911 954 1181 536 883 1433 926 668 484 1530 1276 1037 1355 1277 966 1031 1096 1010 1168 1238 751 1011 713 1544 955 1380 1066 1207 1127 771 827 1129 1166 1621 1170 1022 754 1037 1251

11.26030 (11.21) (10.6) (11.40) 11.03 ± 0.04 (10.31 ± 0.02) (8.9 ± 0.2) 12.6 ± 0.2

1803 642 980 451 683 1079 1244 505

Substances containing carbon C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr4 CCl CClF3

Carbon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chloromethylidyne Chlorotrifluoromethane

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IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

CClN CCl2 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3 CF3I CH CHBrCl2 CHBr2Cl CHBr3 CHCl CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH3O CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CH6Si CN CNO CO

Cyanogen chloride Dichloromethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Tribromomethane Chloromethylene Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Fluoromethylene Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid Fulminic acid Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methoxy Methane Urea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Cyanide Cyanate Carbon monoxide

IP/eV 12.34 ± 0.01 (9.27) 12.05 ± 0.24 (11.5) 11.77 ± 0.02 11.47 ± 0.01 9.11 ± 0.01 13.34 ± 0.02 11.44 ± 0.03 13.035 ± 0.030 8.7 ± 0.2 10.23 10.64 ± 0.01 10.6 10.59 ± 0.01 10.48 ± 0.02 9.84 (12.2) (11.5) 11.37 ± 0.02 10.06 ± 0.05 (13.86) 9.25 ± 0.02 13.60 ± 0.01 (12.5 ± 0.1) 11.595 ± 0.005 (10.83) (8.55) 10.396 ± 0.003 10.77 ± 0.01 (10.50 ± 0.02) 11.71 ± 0.01 11.32 ± .01 12.71 9.46 ± 0.02 8.999 ± 0.001 (10.4) 10.88 ± 0.01 11.33 ± 0.01 9.843 ± 0.002 11.14 ± 0.02 10.541 ± 0.003 11.22 ± 0.01 (11.36 ± 0.03) 12.47 ± 0.02 9.538 10.16 ± 0.06 11.08 ± 0.07 9.81 ± 0.02 (10.72) 12.61 ± 0.01 9.7 10.85 ± 0.01 9.44 ± 0.005 (8.80) 7.7 ± 0.15 (10.7) 13.5984 11.76 ± 0.01 14.014 ± 0.0003

10-187

∆f Hion kJ/mol 1329 1058 685 888 868 1010 1134 1325 899 617 379 397 1622 973 1030 1035 1247 693 829 992 1121 643 1010 1447 1407 1016 1263 826 1392 1085 1013 870 996 774 1030 1098 1137 941 715 1095 962 979 1001 548 956 936 796 994 1227 1050 1143 690 845 888 826 835 1003 1748 1290 1242

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. COS COSe CO2 CS CS2 C2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2H C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2S2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

Name

IP/eV

Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon sulfide Carbon disulfide Dicarbon 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane Dichloroacetylene 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoroethane Ethynyl Bromoacetylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethylene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene Ketene Glyoxal Thiirene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane

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11.18 ± 0.01 10.36 ± 0.01 13.773 ± 0.002 11.33 ± 0.01 10.0685 ± 0.0020 (11.4 ± 0.3) (11.1) 9.81 ± 0.03 (12.6) 9.9 12.2 11.5 11.99 ± 0.02 9.326 ± 0.001 (11.3) (11.0) (11.1) 13.93 ± 0.07 10.12 ± 0.02 (13.6) (11.61 ± 0.07) 10.31 ± 0.02 (11.0) 10.58 ± 0.02 9.80 ± 0.04 9.46 ± 0.02 (10.9) (11.0) 11.26 10.14 11.46 11.400 ± 0.002 9.81 ± 0.04 9.66 ± 0.01 9.64 ± 0.02 (≤ 10.3) (11.1) (≤ 11.62) 10.29 ± 0.01 10.23 ± 0.02 9.617 ± 0.003 10.2 8.61 9.83 ± 0.02 9.99 ± 0.02 (11.98) 10.82 ± 0.04 (10.48) (10.7) (11.0) (11.0) 10.36 ± 0.01 (11.5) 13.3 ± 0.5 12.20 ± 0.01 (10.67) 10.5138 ± 0.0006 10.35 ± 0.04 11.04 ± 0.02 11.04 ± 0.02

∆f Hion kJ/mol 936 929 935 1361 1089 2000 280 373 99 1165 252 386 429 887 563 827 920 845 315 -30 1685 1242 363 1276 628 894 809 919 1195 489 75 1328 949 936 934 815 920 ≤ 971 650 690 880 773 892 1028 985 626 801 815 597 917 911 861 667 536 1253 900 1067 961 935 931

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2O C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2

Name

IP/eV

1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2-Propenenitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Cyclopropanone Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 3-Fluoropropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane

(11.87) 10.229 ± 0.0007 10.56 ± 0.01 10.65 ± 0.02 10.835 ± 0.005 10.29 ± 0.01 10.98 ± 0.02 (10.5) (11.78) 9.3492 ± 0.0006 (9.5 ± 0.3) 9.65 ± 0.03 9.83 ± 0.04 10.88 ± 0.05 11.56 ± 0.02 (10.7) 10.43 ± 0.05 10.025 ± 0.025 9.10 ± 0.03 10.16 9.31 ± 0.03 8.69 ± 0.02 (7.4 ± 0.3) 8.86 ± 0.02 8.24 ± 0.08 8.96 (8.6) 7.29 ± 0.05 13.37 ± 0.01 10.60 ± 0.03 (11.57 ± 0.13) (13.38) 11.64 ± 0.01 (10.7 ± 0.1) (10.9) 10.91 ± 0.01 (9.9) (9.93) 9.692 ± 0.004 10.37 ± 0.01 9.67 ± 0.01 (8.81) 10.49 ± 0.02 10.103 ± 0.006 (9.1 ± 0.1) 10.60 (9.70 ± 0.01) (9.96) 10.04 ± 0.01 (10.64) (10.3) (10.11) 11.84 ± 0.02 (9.5) 9.73 ± 0.02 9.86 (10.1) (≤ 10.2) 10.8 ± 0.1 10.89 ± 0.04

10-189

∆f Hion kJ/mol 643 821 966 595 690 931 947 756 873 893 1044 693 760 948 1031 576 772 783 727 593 851 801 690 808 777 664 812 787 1597 -103 -282 -491 1475 1145 437 1237 940 1038 1126 1187 1209 997 1060 900 895 701 653 1008 965 919 575 821 1194 720 959 1005 903 ≤ 919 886 892

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O

Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether Dimethoxymethane 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal

IP/eV 9.67 ± 0.05 8.95 ± 0.01 9.96 ± 0.01 9.703 ± 0.006 (10.22) 9.65 ± 0.01 10.525 ± 0.003 10.61 ± 0.01 10.25 ± 0.02 (9.9) (10.3) 10.18 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.03 10.81 ± 0.01 10.79 ± 0.02 (11.3) (11.08) 9.25 ± 0.01 9.19 ± 0.02 (8.76) (8.8) (9.0) (9.12) (10.81) (10.71) 10.95 ± 0.05 10.18 ± 0.06 10.17 ± 0.02 9.72 ± 0.07 9.7 9.20 ± 0.01 9.145 ± 0.005 (8.55) (10.0) (10.15) (8.78) (8.72) 7.82 ± 0.06 (9.0) (10.8) 9.58 ± 0.02 (12.1 ± 0.25) 9.23 8.67 ± 0.03 8.883 ± 0.003 (9.6 ± 0.02) (10.6) (10.7) 8.86 ± 0.02 10.34 8.207 ± 0.005 (10.25) (9.03) 9.082 ± 0.004 10.19 ± 0.02 9.59 ± 0.03 9.43 ± 0.02 (8.7) 9.73 ± 0.01 (9.92)

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∆f Hion kJ/mol 808 763 772 719 892 851 568 639 579 658 528 898 877 911 896 806 776 860 845 891 926 960 688 919 894 952 727 709 722 588 819 806 765 65 624 777 758 731 651 645 1230 1377 1087 1112 822 736 500 355 970 1127 900 1173 1034 986 1148 1071 1067 827 835 834

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2

Name

IP/eV

Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Acetic anhydride Dimethyl oxalate 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dibromobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

10-191

(9.35 (10.08) (9.9) (10.15) 9.19 ± 0.05 (9.9) (10.0) (10.0) (8.4) (11.2) (11.3) (9.2) 9.55 ± 0.06 9.11 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.239 ± 0.003 (9.82 ± 0.05) (9.46) (10.15) (8.98) (≤ 10.15) 9.84 ± 0.02 9.71 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.05 10.17 ± 0.05 10.33 ± 0.03 10.52 ± 0.02 10.01 ± 0.05 10.15 ± 0.03 9.8 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.8) 8.38 (10.12) 10.01 ± 0.02 10.09 ± 0.02 9.92 ± 0.03 10.67 ± 0.03 10.53 10.73 ± 0.07 (10.61) 9.23 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.02 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.02) (8.0) 8.81 ± 0.03 (8.2) 10.53 ± 0.10 (10.57) 9.99 ± 0.05 9.88 ± 0.03 10.02 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.02 9.51 ± 0.03 9.41 ± 0.07 9.45 ± 0.04 (9.6) (9.3)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 815 625 604 611 572 641 398 287 898 1110 1115 674 921 871 866 875 976 936 879 709 862 742 721 678 721 509 516 555 522 548 607 571 577 774 869 845 861 823 875 857 877 842 840 815 824 798 769 616 841 890 886 689 658 683 642 666 670 661 529 558

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4NiO4 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6S C5H6S C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

Name

IP/eV 9.14 ± 0.01 (9.10) (9.12) (9.03) (8.43) (8.8) (8.7) (8.27) 8.7 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.50 ± 0.1 7.85 ± 0.1 9.80 ± 0.04 8.89 ± 0.05 8.27 ± 0.04 9.22 ± 0.01 9.25 9.00 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.04 9.05 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.02 8.55 ± 0.02 8.38 ± 0.02 (8.64) (8.14) (8.40) 8.63 ± 0.03 8.59 ± 0.02 9.60 ± 0.02 8.84 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.01 (9.26) (≤ 9.46) 9.26 ± 0.01 8.35 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.3) (9.7) 8.85 ± 0.01 (≤ 9.17) 9.51 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.03 9.04 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.01 8.69 ± 0.01 (10.33 ± 0.15) 9.51 ± 0.01 (9.72) 9.74 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.01 9.31 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.53) (≤ 10.51) 10.52 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.92) 9.99 ± 0.03

1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Nickel carbonyl Furfural Pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate

10-192

TeamLRN

∆f Hion kJ/mol 794 781 783 762 730 767 749 724 748 711 695 721 684 713 837 200 739 1031 1119 1137 1128 1152 955 729 763 867 893 914 905 1032 928 1119 905 1078 796 701 681 617 589 469 ≤ 676 896 843 841 844 891 796 918 675 695 709 646 640 635 670 ≤ 527 ≤ 499 584 501 482

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F12 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2

Name

IP/eV

Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline

(10.00) (10.07) (8.2) 10.10 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 8.03 ± 0.11 ≤ 8.41 ± 0.02 10.28 ± 0.10 10.32 ± 0.05 (≤ 10.2) (10.00) (9.78) 9.78 (9.86) (9.8) (9.88 ± 0.13) (9.4 ± 0.1) (9.24) (9.45) (8.38) (8.50) (8.35) (9.67) (9.72) (8.98) 9.89 ± 0.04 (13.2) (9.63) (9.20) (9.53) (9.53) (9.35) (9.04) 9.32 ± 0.02 (9.92 ± 0.1) (9.96 ± 0.1) 9.06 ± 0.02 9.10 ± 0.02 8.92 ± 0.02 (9.90) 9.29 ± 0.01 9.33 ± 0.01 9.1589 ± 0.0003 10.01 ± 0.06 9.00 ± 0.02 9.07 ± 0.02 8.655 ± 0.001 (≤ 8.69) 9.20 ± 0.01 8.685 9.86 ± 0.02 (9.1) (9.0) (9.1) 9.24378 ± 0.00007 (8.36) (8.50) (8.09) (≤ 8.18) (8.27)

10-193

∆f Hion kJ/mol 500 520 728 846 817 726 ≤ 809 845 843 ≤ 818 668 630 628 649 615 637 648 608 640 687 716 689 222 126 822 8 -1095 122 -71 284 263 254 880 899 995 999 907 906 885 826 602 591 577 844 971 930 680 ≤ 692 772 1003 1019 782 755 761 975 1031 883 835 ≤ 844 861

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2

Name

IP/eV

m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane

10-194

TeamLRN

(8.31) (8.34) 8.49 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.01 (8.32) 7.720 ± 0.002 (9.02) (9.04) (9.04) (7.2) (7.14) (6.87 ± 0.05) 9.27 ± 0.05 10.03 ± 0.05 9.90 ± 0.04 8.945 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 (9.8) (9.07 ± 0.02) 9.44 ± 0.04 (8.97 ± 0.01) (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.08 ± 0.01) 9.45 ± 0.01 (8.58) 8.98 ± 0.01 (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.06 ± 0.02) (9.07 ± 0.01) 8.27 ± 0.01 9.86 ± 0.03 (9.85) 9.72 ± 0.05 9.3 ± 0.1 9.12 ± 0.02 9.21 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.02 (9.75) ≤ 10.12 (9.92 ± .05) 9.90 (9.90 ± 0.04) 9.179 (8.86) 10.13 (10.12) (10.08) (10.06) (10.02) (9.89) (9.80 ± 0.03) (9.63 ± 0.03) (9.27) 9.20 ± 0.05 (9.36) (≤ 9.67) (9.2)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 865 859 723 503 915 832 970 979 976 787 777 759 978 1089 1060 859 656 694 205 629 869 818 814 817 862 761 809 804 818 812 729 828 845 691 626 600 600 609 592 589 651 ≤ 463 471 453 466 794 750 810 802 801 787 791 639 611 599 602 569 610 ≤ 657 434

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14O3 C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H16 C7H16O

Name

IP/eV

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Hexylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone 1-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol Heptane 1-Heptanol

10-195

≤ 9.8 8.30 ± 0.02 (8.2 ± 0.2) (8.63 ± 0.05) (7.84 ± 0.02) (7.73 ± 0.03) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.9) (9.4) (9.53) (≤ 9.60) 9.685 ± 0.005 9.70 ± 0.01 9.49 ± 0.02 (9.3) 8.67 ± 0.02 (8.7 ± 0.1) (8.83) (8.69) 9.10 ± 0.02 8.91 ± 0.01 8.91 ± 0.01 8.79 ± 0.01 (9.25) 9.24 9.45 ± 0.1 9.46 ± 0.05 8.8276 ± 0.0006 (8.24) 8.29 ± 0.07 (8.3) (8.3) 8.22 ± 0.03 (8.64) (7.44 ± 0.02) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.24 ± 0.02) 7.34 ± 0.04 (8.85 ± 0.02) (8.85 ± 0.03) (≤ 8.80 ± 0.05) 8.86 ± 0.03 (≤ 9.15) (≤ 9.25) (9.1) 9.34 ± 0.10 (8.92) 9.97 9.64 (9.92 ± 0.05) 9.7 ± 0.2 (9.65) 9.28 ± 0.10 9.18 ± 0.08 9.10 ± 0.06 (9.28) 8.95 ± 0.01 (9.8 ± 0.2) 9.93 ± 0.10 (9.84)

∆f Hion kJ/mol ≤ 448 676 649 699 641 602 631 206 64 815 ≤ 914 335 1154 878 604 908 856 869 855 897 709 709 701 792 946 941 942 901 670 668 675 701 725 917 772 778 753 792 922 918 ≤ 916 913 ≤ 953 ≤ 965 1041 839 790 844 775 828 799 668 594 589 577 586 552 586 771 614

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N

Name

IP/eV

2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Ethyl pentyl ether Phthalic anhydride Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid 2-Methylbenzonitrile 3-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Indole Styrene p-Tolualdehyde Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol Phenetole 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octane 2-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine

10-196

TeamLRN

(9.70) (9.68) (9.61) (≤ 9.49) (10.1) (9.98) (9.86) (≤ 9.38) (≤ 9.34) 9.32 ± 0.02 7.7602 ± 0.0006 8.464 ± 0.001 (9.33) 9.29 ± 0.03 (9.1) (9.43) (9.23) (8.26) 9.32 ± 0.03 8.77 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.44 ± 0.01 (7.84) (8.26) (8.0) (8.05) (8.09) (8.13) (≤ 8.9) (≤ 7.67) 7.12 ± 0.02 (9.95 ± 0.02) 9.31 ± 0.01 9.22 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 9.43 ± 0.01 9.75 ± 0.05 (9.54) (9.42) (<9.78) 9.41 (<9.98) 9.53 (<9.93) (9.56) (9.34) (8.80) 9.80 ± 0.10 (9.84) (9.86) 9.8 (9.28) (9.11) 8.88 ± 0.07 (8.2) (8.0) (8.34) (7.69) (7.8)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 580 578 572 ≤ 602 603 268 232 1085 1085 1083 908 964 825 810 558 579 560 479 611 876 844 843 832 613 640 609 615 624 683 ≤ 880 ≤ 794 787 1040 961 952 946 829 816 748 728 772 728 778 743 782 738 753 511 737 734 713 720 s 560 511 493 624 583 625 586 574

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H13N C9H14O C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H24 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O

Name

IP/eV

Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isophorone Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane Perfluoronaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol α-Pinene Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene p-tert-Butyltoluene Undecane 2-Methyldecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene

(8.9) 8.62 ± 0.01 8.53 ± 0.03 8.14 ± 0.01 (8.20) (8.15) (8.1) (8.35) (8.3) (8.9) 8.713 ± 0.010 8.73 ± 0.01 8.42 ± 0.02 8.27 ± 0.01 8.41 ± 0.01 7.40 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.07) (9.95) (9.46) (9.33) (9.16) (9.07) 9.01 ± 0.06 9.71 ± 0.10 8.85 8.08 ± 0.03 (8.13) 8.1442 ± 0.0009 7.38 ± 0.05 7.76 ± 0.03 7.87 ± 0.06 (9.64 ± 0.07) 8.46 ± 0.02 8.69 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.05 8.69 ± 0.02 (8.29) (≤ 8.51) (8.49) (8.40) 8.04 ± 0.02 (7.8) (8.07) (8.76) 9.36 ± 0.04 9.34 ± 0.04 9.42 ± 0.05 (9.41) (9.65) 7.97 ± 0.03 7.91 ± 0.08 (8.12) (9.56) (9.7) (8.22) (7.57) 7.75 ± 0.07 8.23 ± 0.10 (8.1)

10-197

∆f Hion kJ/mol 595 1041 1032 949 908 899 895 956 864 537 848 847 803 784 796 814 ≤ 670 793 720 704 545 530 512 709 -368 955 906 936 1001 719 729 277 841 826 820 816 817 771 ≤ 804 798 790 730 552 808 577 734 720 786 695 682 882 877 730 650 658 1053 961 903 977 1123

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H11N C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H27N C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C16H10 C16H10 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C20H12 C24H12

Name

IP/eV

Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine 5,7-Dodecadiyne Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Tributylamine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Perylene Coronene

(8.09) 7.16 ± 0.04 (8.67) 7.85 ± 0.01 (9.41) (7.4) 7.91 ± 0.02 9.08 ± 0.05 (8.55) 7.439 ± 0.006 7.8914 ± 0.0006 7.94 ± 0.03 (7.80) 7.656 ± 0.001 8.9 ± 0.1 7.9 ± 0.1 7.4256 ± 0.0006 7.60 ± 0.01 (7.99) (8.01) 7.80 ± 0.03 6.960 ± 0.001 7.29 ± 0.01

10-198

TeamLRN

∆f Hion kJ/mol 766 908 1079 670 690 492 952 926 963 948 966 1168 1005 973 1002 1052 935 1017 1056 1057 1037 981 1026

X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS The energy levels in this tables are the values recommended by Bearden and Burr on the basis of a thorough review of the literature on x-ray wavelengths and related data. All values are in electron volts (eV). Values in parentheses are interpolated, and an asterisk * indicates a level which is not resolved from the level above it. See Reference 1 for uncertainties in the levels and a complete description of how the recommended values were obtained. REFERENCES 1. Bearden, J. A., and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967; also published as X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 14, 1967. 2. Gray, D. E., Editor, American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, pp. 7-158 to 7-167, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII,III MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII

1H

2He

13.59811

24.58678

3Li

54.75

9F

10Ne

11Na

685.4 (31) 8.6

866.9 (45) 18.3

1072.1 63.3 31.1

18Ar

19K

3202.9 320 247.3 245.2 25.3 12.4

3607.4 377.1 296.3 293.6 33.9 17.8

26Fe

27Co

17Cl

2822.4 270.2 201.6 200.0 17.5 6.8

25Mn

6539.0 769.0 651.4 640.3 83.9 48.6 48.6* 3.3 33As

7112.0 846.1 721.1 708.1 92.9 54.0 54.0* 3.6

7708.9 925.6 793.6 778.6 100.7 59.5 59.5* 2.9

4Be

111.0

12Mg

1305.0 89.4 51.4 20Ca

4038.1 437.8 350.0 346.4 43.7 25.4

28Ni

8332.8 1008.1 871.9 854.7 111.8 68.1 68.1* 3.6

34Se

35Br

36Kr

11866.7 1526.5 1358.6 1323.1 203.5 146.4 140.5 41.2 41.2*

12657.8 1653.9 1476.2 1435.8 231.5 168.2 161.9 56.7 56.7*

14325.6 1921.0 1727.2 1674.9

2.5 2.5*

5.6 5.6*

13473.7 1782.0 1596.0 1549.9 256.5 189.3 181.5 70.1 69.0 27.3 5.2 4.6

222.7 213.8 88.9 88.9* 24.0 10.6 10.6*

10-196

5B

6C

7N

188.0

283.8

401.6

4.7

6.4

9.2

13Al

1559.6 117.7 73.1 21Sc

4492.8 500.4 406.7 402.2 53.8 32.3 6.6 29Cu

8978.9 1096.1 951.0 931.1 119.8 73.6 73.6* 1.6 37Rb

15199.7 2065.1 1863.9 1804.4 322.1 247.4 238.5 111.8 110.3 29.3 14.8 14.0

14Si

1838.9 148.7 99.2 22Ti

4966.4 563.7 461.5 455.5 60.3 34.6 3.7 30Zn

9658.6 1193.6 1042.8 1019.7 135.9 86.6 86.6* 8.1 38Sr

16104.6 2216.3 2006.8 1939.6 357.5 279.8 269.1 135.0 133.1 37.7 19.9 19.9*

8O

532.0 23.7 7.1

15P

16S

2145.5 189.3 132.2

2472.0 229.2 164.8

23V

24Cr

5465.1 628.2 520.5 512.9 66.5 37.8 2.2

5989.2 694.6 583.7 574.5 74.1 42.5 2.3

31Ga

32Ge

10367.1 1297.7 1142.3 1115.4 158.1 106.8 102.9 17.4

11103.1 1414.3 1247.8 1216.7 180.0 127.9 120.8 28.7

39Y

40Zr

17038.4 2372.5 2155.5 2080.0 393.6 312.4 300.3 159.6 157.4 45.4 25.6 25.6*

17997.6 2531.6 2306.7 2222.3 430.3 344.2 330.5 182.4 180.0 51.3 28.7 28.7*

X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V NVI,VII OI OII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI

41Nb

18985.6 2697.7 2464.7 2370.5 468.4 378.4 363.0 207.4 204.6 58.1 33.9 33.9* 3.2 49In

27939.9 4237.5 3938.0 3730.1 825.6 702.2 664.3 450.8 443.1 121.9 77.4 77.4* 16.2 16.2* 0.1 0.8 0.8* 57La

38924.6 6266.3 5890.6 5482.7 1361.3 1204.4 1123.4 848.5 831.7 270.4 205.8 191.4 98.9 32.3 14.4 65Tb

51995.7 8708.0 8251.6 7514.0 1967.5

42Mo

43Tc

19999.5 2865.5 2625.1 2520.2 504.6 409.7 392.3 230.3 227.0 61.8 34.8 34.8* 1.8

21044.0 3042.5 2793.2 2676.9

50Sn

51Sb

29200.1 4464.7 4156.1 3928.8 883.8 756.4 714.4 493.3 484.8 136.5 88.6 88.6* 23.9 23.9* 0.9 1.1 1.1*

30491.2 4698.3 4380.4 4132.2 943.7 811.9 765.6 536.9 527.5 152.0 98.4 98.4* 31.4 31.4* 6.7 2.1 2.1*

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

41990.6 6834.8 6440.4 5964.3 1511.0 1337.4 1242.2 951.1 931.0 304.5 236.3 217.6 113.2 2.0 37.4 22.3

43568.9 7126.0 6721.5 6207.9 1575.3 1402.8 1297.4 999.9 977.7 315.2 243.3 224.6 117.5 1.5 37.5 21.1

67Ho

68Er

55617.7 9394.2 8917.8 8071.1 2128.3

57485.5 9751.3 9264.3 8357.9 2206.5

40443.0 6548.8 6164.2 5723.4 1434.6 1272.8 1185.4 901.3 883.3 289.6 223.3 207.2 110.0 0.1 37.8 19.8 66Dy

53788.5 9045.8 8580.6 7790.1 2046.8

444.9 425.0 256.4 252.9 38.9 38.9*

44Ru

22117.2 3224.0 2966.9 2837.9 585.0 482.8 460.6 283.6 279.4 74.9 43.1 43.1* 2.0 52Te

31813.8 4939.2 4612.0 4341.4 1006.0 869.7 818.7 582.5 572.1 168.3 110.2 110.2* 39.8 39.8* 11.6 2.3 2.3*

10-197

TeamLRN

45Rh

23219.9 3411.9 3146.1 3003.8 627.1 521.0 496.2 311.7 307.0 81.0 47.9 47.9* 2.5

46Pd

24350.3 3604.3 3330.3 3173.3 669.9 559.1 531.5 340.0 334.7 86.4 51.1 51.1* 1.5

53I

54Xe

33169.4 5188.1 4852.1 4557.1 1072.1 930.5 874.6 631.3 619.4 186.4 122.7 122.7* 49.6 49.6* 13.6 3.3 3.3*

34561.4 5452.8 5103.7 4782.2

61Pm

62Sm

45184.0 7427.9 7012.8 6459.3 1471.4 1356.9 1051.5 1026.9 242 242* 120.4

69Tm

59389.6 10115.7 9616.9 8648.0 2306.8

999.0 937.0 672.3 146.7 146.7*

46834.2 7736.8 7311.8 6716.2 1722.8 1540.7 1419.8 1106.0 1080.2 345.7 265.6 247.4 129.0 5.5 37.4 21.3 70Yb

61332.3 10486.4 9978.2 8943.6 2398.1

47Ag

25514.0 3805.8 3523.7 3351.1 717.5 602.4 571.4 372.8 366.7 95.2 62.6 55.9 3.3 55Cs

35984.6 5714.3 5359.4 5011.9 1217.1 1065.0 997.6 739.5 725.5 230.8 172.3 161.6 78.8 76.5 22.7 13.1 11.4 63Eu

48519.0 8052.0 7617.1 6976.9 1800.0 1613.9 1480.6 1160.6 1130.9 360.2 283.9 256.6 133.2 0.0 31.8 22.0 71Lu

63313.8 10870.4 10348.6 9244.1 2491.2

48Cd

26711.2 4018.0 3727.0 3537.5 770.2 650.7 616.5 410.5 403.7 107.6 66.9 66.9* 9.3 56Ba

37440.6 5988.8 5623.6 5247.0 1292.8 1136.7 1062.2 796.1 780.7 253.0 191.8 179.7 92.5 89.9 39.1 16.6 14.6 64Gd

50239.1 8375.6 7930.3 7242.8 1880.8 1688.3 1544.0 1217.2 1185.2 375.8 288.5 270.9 140.5 0.1 36.1 20.3 72Hf

65350.8 11270.7 10739.4 9560.7 2600.9

X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI,VII OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII

65Tb

1767.7 1611.3 1275.0 1241.2 397.9 310.2 385.0 147.0 147.0* 2.6 39.0 25.4 25.4* 73Ta

67416.4 11681.5 11136.1 9881.1 2708.0 2468.7 2194.0 1793.2 1735.1 565.5 464.8 404.5 241.3 229.3 25.0 25.0* 71.1 44.9 36.4 5.7 81Tl

85530.4 15346.7 14697.9 12657.5 3704.1 3415.7 2956.6 2485.1 2389.3 845.5 721.3 609.0 406.6 386.2 122.8 118.5 136.3 99.6 75.4

66Dy

1841.8 1675.6 1332.5 1294.9 416.3 331.8 292.9 154.2 154.2* 4.2 62.9 26.3 26.3* 74W

69525.0 12099.8 11544.0 10206.8 2819.6 2574.9 2281.0 1871.6 1809.2 595.0 491.6 425.3 258.8 245.4 36.5 33.6 77.1 46.8 35.6 6.1 82Pb

88004.5 15860.8 15200.0 13035.2 3850.7 3554.2 3066.4 2585.6 2484.0 893.6 763.9 644.5 435.2 412.9 142.9 138.1 147.3 104.8 86.0

67Ho

1922.8 1741.2 1391.5 1351.4 435.7 343.5 306.6 161.0 161.0* 3.7 51.2 20.3 20.3* 75Re

71676.4 12526.7 11958.7 10535.3 2931.7 2681.6 2367.3 1948.9 1882.9 625.0 517.9 444.4 273.7 260.2 40.6 40.6* 82.8 45.6 34.6 3.5

68Er

2005.8 1811.8 1453.3 1409.3 449.1 366.2 320.0 176.7 167.6 4.3 59.8 29.4 29.4* 76Os

73870.8 12968.0 12385.0 10870.9 3048.5 2792.2 2457.2 2030.8 1960.1 654.3 546.5 468.2 289.4 272.8 46.3 46.3* 83.7 58.0 45.4

83Bi

84Po

90525.9 16387.5 15711.1 13418.6 3999.1 3696.3 3176.9 2687.6 2579.6 938.2 805.3 678.9 463.6 440.0 161.9 157.4 159.3 116.8 92.8

93105.0 16939.3 16244.3 13813.8 4149.4 3854.1 3301.9 2798.0 2683.0 995.3 851 705 500.2 473.4

10-198

69Tm

2089.8 1884.5 1514.6 1467.7 471.7 385.9 336.6 179.6 179.6* 5.3 53.2 32.3 32.3* 77Ir

76111.0 13418.5 12824.1 11215.2 3173.7 2908.7 2550.7 2116.1 2040.4 690.1 577.1 494.3 311.4 294.9 63.4 60.5 95.2 63.0 50.5 3.8 85At

95729.9 17493 16784.7 14213.5 (4317) 4008 3426 2908.7 2786.7 (1042) 886 740 533.2

70Yb

2173.0 1949.8 1576.3 1527.8 487.2 396.7 343.5 198.1 184.9 6.3 54.1 23.4 23.4* 78Pt

78394.8 13879.9 13272.6 11563.7 3296.0 3026.5 2645.4 2201.9 2121.6 722.0 609.2 519.0 330.8 313.3 74.3 71.1 101.7 65.3 51.7 2.2 86Rn

98404 18049 17337.1 14619.4 (4482) 4159 3538 3021.5 2892.4 (1097) 929 768 566.6

71Lu

72Hf

2263.5 2023.6 1639.4 1588.5 506.2 410.1 359.3 204.8 195.0 6.9 56.8 28.0 28.0*

2365.4 2107.6 1716.4 1661.7 538.1 437.0 380.4 223.8 213.7 17.1 64.9 38.1 30.6

79Au

80Hg

80724.9 14352.8 13733.6 11918.7 3424.9 3147.8 2743.0 2291.1 2205.7 758.8 643.7 545.4 352.0 333.9 86.4 82.8 107.8 71.7 53.7 2.5 87Fr

101137 18639 17906.5 15031.2 (4652) 4327 3663 3136.2 2999.9 (1153) 980 810 603.3 577

83102.3 14839.3 14208.7 12283.9 3561.6 3278.5 2847.1 2384.9 2294.9 800.3 676.9 571.0 378.3 359.8 102.2 98.5 120.3 80.5 57.6 6.4 88Ra

103921.9 19236.7 18484.3 15444.4 4822.0 4489.5 3791.8 3248.4 3104.9 1208.4 1057.6 879.1 635.9 602.7 298.9 298.9* 254.4 200.4 152.8

X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level OIV OV PI PII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV OV PI PII PIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII OI

81Tl

15.3 13.1

89Ac

106755.3 19840 19083.2 15871.0 (5002) 4656 3909 3370.2 3219.0 (1269) 1080 890 674.9

97Bk

131590 25275 24385 19452 6556 6147 4977 4366 4132 1755 1554 1235 398

82Pb

21.8 19.2 3.1 0.7 90Th

109650.9 20472.1 19693.2 16300.3 5182.3 4830.4 4046.1 3490.8 3332.0 1329.5 1168.2 967.3 714.1 676.4 344.4 335.2 290.2 229.4 181.8 94.3 87.9 59.5 49.0 43.0 98Cf

135960 26110 25250 19930 6754 6359 5109 4497 4253 1799 1616 1279 419

83Bi

26.5 24.4

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

31.4 31.4*

67.2 67.2* 43.5 18.8

2.7 91Pa

112601.4 21104.6 20313.7 16733.1 5366.9 5000.9 4173.8 3611.2 3441.8 1387.1 1224.3 1006.7 743.4 708.2 371.2 359.5 309.6 222.9 222.9* 94.1 94.1*

99Es

139490 26900 26020 20410 6977 6574 5252 4630 4374 1868 1680 1321 435

92U

115606.1 21757.4 20947.6 17166.3 5548.0 5182.2 4303.4 3727.6 3551.7 1440.8 1272.6 1044.9 780.4 737.7 391.3 380.9 323.7 259.3 195.1 105.0 96.3 70.7 42.3 32.3 100Fm

143090 27700 26810 20900 7205 6793 5397 4766 4498 1937 1747 1366 454

10-199

TeamLRN

88Ra

93Np

118678 22426.8 21600.5 17610.0 5723.2 5366.2 4434.7 3850.3 3665.8 1500.7 1327.7 1086.8 815.9 770.3 415.0 404.4 283.4 206.1 109.3 101.3

101Md

146780 28530 27610 21390 7441 7019 5546 4903 4622 2010 1814 1410 472

94Pu

121818 23097.2 22266.2 18056.8 5932.9 5541.2 4556.6 3972.6 3778.1 1558.6 1372.1 1114.8 848.9 801.4 445.8 432.4 351.9 274.1 206.5 116.0 105.4

102No

150540 29380 28440 21880 7675 7245 5688 5037 4741 2078 1876 1448 484

95Am

125027 23772.9 22944.0 18504.1 6120.5 5710.2 4667.0 4092.1 3886.9 1617.1 1411.8 (1135.7) 878.7 827.6

96Cm

128220 24460 23779 18930 6288 5895 4797 4227 3971 1643 1440 1154

385

115.8 103.3

103Lr

154380 30240 29280 22360 7900 7460 5710 5150 4860 2140 1930 1480 490

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS Gwyn P. Williams This table gives the binding energies in electron volts (eV) for selected electronic levels of the elements. For metallic elements the binding energy is referred to the Fermi level; for semiconductors, to the valence band maximum; and for gases and insulators, to the vacuum level. The atomic number is listed after the element name. REFERENCES 1. Fluggle and Martensson, J. Elect. Spect., 21, 275, 1980. 2. Cardona, M. and Ley, L., Photoemission from Solids, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1978. 3. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967.

Actinium (89) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

Argon (18) 106755 19840 19083 15871 5002 4656 3909 3370 3219 1269a 1080a 890a 675a 639a 319a 319a 272a 215a 167a 80a 80a — — —

Aluminum (13) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

1559.0 117.8a 72.9a 72.5a

Antimony (51) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

30419 4698 4380 4132 946b 812.7b 766.4b 537.5b 528.2b 153.2b 95.6b,c 95.6b 33.3b 32.1b

K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

3205.9a 326.3a 250.6a 248.4a 29.3a 15.9a 15.7a

Arsenic (33) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

11867 1527.0a,d 1359.1a,d 1323.6a,d 204.7a 146.2a 141.2a 41.7a 41.7a

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

95730 17493 16785 14214 4317 4008 3426 2909 2787 1042a 886a 740a 533a 507a 210a 210a 195a 148a 115a 40a 40a

1s 2s 2p1/2

5247 1293a,d 1137a,d 1063a,d 795.7a 780.5a 253.5b 192 178.6b 92.6b 89.9b — — 30.3b 17.0b 14.8b

Beryllium (4) K

1s

111.5a

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

90526 16388 15711 13419 3999 3696 3177 2688 2580 939b 805.2b 678.8b 464.0b 440.1b 162.3b 157.0b 159.3a,d 119.0b 92.6b 26.9b 23.8b

Boron (5)

Barium (56) K LI L II

2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

Bismuth (83)

Astatine (85) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

37441 5989 5624

K

1s

188a

Bromine (35) K

10-200

1s

13474

LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

1782a 1596a 1550a 257a 189a 182a 70a 69a

Cadmium (48) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

26711 4018 3727 3538 772.0b 652.6b 618.4b 411.9b 405.2b 109.8b 63.9b,c 63.9b,c 11.7b 10.7b

Calcium (20) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

4038.5a 438.4b 349.7b 346.2b 44.3b 25.4b 25.4b

Carbon (6) K

1s

284.2a

Cerium (58) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

40443 6548 6164 5723 1436 a,d 1274 a,d 1187 a,d 902.4a 883.8a

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

291.0a 223.3 206.5a 109 a — 0.1 0.1 37.8 19.8a 17.0a

Cesium (55) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

35985 5714 5359 5012 1211a,d 1071a 1003 a 740.5a 726.6a 232.3a 172.4a 161.3a 79.8a 77.5a — — 22.7 14.2a 12.1a

Chlorine (17) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

2822.0 270 a 202 a 200 a

Chromium(24) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

5989 696.0b 583.8b 574.1b 74.1b 42.2b 42.2b

L II L III MI M II M III

952.3b 932.5b 122.5b 77.3b 75.1b

2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

Dysprosium (66) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

53789 9046 8581 7790 2047 1842 1676 1333 1292 a 414.2a 333.5a 293.2a 153.6a 153.6a 8.0a 4.3a 49.9a 26.3 26.3

Erbium (68) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

57486 9751 9264 8358 2206 2006 1812 1453 1409 449.8a 366.2 320.2a 167.6a 167.6a — 4.7a 50.6a 31.4a 24.7a

Cobalt (27) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

7709 925.1b 793.2b 778.1b 101.0b 58.9b 58.9b

Copper (29) K LI

1s 2s

8979 1096.7b

Europium (63) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s

48519 8052 7617 6977 1800 1614 1481 1158.6a 1127.5a 360

N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

284 257 133 1227a 0 0 32 22 22

Gallium (31) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

Fluorine (9) K

696.7a

1s

Francium (87) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

101137 18639 17907 15031 4652 4327 3663 3136 3000 1153a 980a 810a 603a 577a 268a 268a 234a 182a 140a 58a 58a 34 15 15

Gadolinium (64) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

10-201

TeamLRN

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

50239 8376 7930 7243 1881 1688 1544 1221.9a 1189.6a 378.6a 286 271 — 142.6a 8.6a 8.6a 36 20 20

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

10367 1299.0a,d 1143.2b 1116.4b 159.5b 103.5b 100.0b 18.7b 18.7b

Germanium (32) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

11103 1414.6a,d 1248.1a,d 1217.0a,d 180.1a 124.9a 120.8a 29.8a 29.2a

Gold (79) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

80725 14353 13734 11919 3425 3148 2743 2291 2206 762.1b 642.7b 546.3b 353.2b 335.1b 87.6b 83.9b 107.2a,d 74.2b 57.2b

Hafnium (72) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2

65351 11271 10739 9561 2601 2365 2107 1176 1662 538a 438.2b 380.7b 220.0b 211.5b 15.9b

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N VII OI O II O III

4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

14.2b 64.2b 38a 29.9b

N III N IV NV

4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

123a 50a 50a

Iridium (77) Helium (2) K

1s

24.6a

Holmium (67) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

55618 9394 8918 8071 2128 1923 1741 1392 1351 432.4a 343.5 308.2a 160a 160a 8.6a 5.2a 49.3a 30.8a 24.1a

Hydrogen (1) K

1s

13.6

Indium (49) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

27940 4238 3938 3730 827.2b 703.2b 665.3b 451.4b 443.9b 122.9b 73.5b,c 73.5b,c 17.7b 16.9b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 52 5p1/2 5p3/2

76111 13419 12824 11215 3174 2909 2551 2116 2040 691.1b 577.8b 495.8b 311.9b 296.3b 63.8b 60.8b 95.2a,d 63.0a,d 48.0b

Iron (26) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

7112 844.6b 719.9b 706.8b 91.3b 52.7b 52.7b

Krypton (36) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

33169 5188 4852 4557 1072a 931a 875a 631a 620a 186a 123a

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2

4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

196.0a 105.3a 102.5a — — 34.3a 19.3a 16.8a

Lead (82) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

1s

38925 6266 5891 5483 1362a,d 1209a,d 1128a,d 853a 836a 247.7a 205.8

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

63314 10870 10349 9244 2491 2264 2024 1639 1589 506.8a 412.4a 359.2a 206.1a 196.3a 8.9a 7.5a 57.3a 33.6a 26.7a

Magnesium (12) K LI L II L III

10-202

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

6539 769.1b 649.9b 638.7b 82.3b 47.2b 47.2b

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p3/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

83102 14839 14209 12284 3562 3279 2847 2385 2295 802.2b 680.2b 576.6b 378.2b 358.8b 104.0b 99.9b 127b 83.1b 64.5b 9.6b 7.8b

Molybdenum (42) 54.7a

Lutetium 14326 1921 1730.9a 1678.4a 292.8a 222.2a 214.4a 95.0a 93.8a 27.5a 14.1a 14.1a

Manganese (25)

Mercury (80) 88005 15861 15200 13055 3851 3554 3066 2586 2484 891.8b 761.9b 643.5b 434.3b 412.2b 141.7b 136.9b 147a,d 106.4b 83.3b 20.7b 18.1b

Lithium (3) K

Lanthanum (57)

Iodine (53) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1303.0b 88.6a 49.6b 49.2a

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

20000 2866 2625 2520 506.3b 411.6b 394.0b 231.1b 227.9b 63.2b 37.6b 35.5b

Neodymium (60) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2

43569 7126 6722 6208 1575 1403 1297 1003.3a 980.4a 319.2a 243.3 224.6 120.5a

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

120.5a 1.5 1.5 37.5 21.1 21.1

Neon (10) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

5p3/2

44.5b

Oxygen (8) K LI

1s 2s

543.1a 41.6a

Palladium (46) 870.2a 48.5a 21.7a 21.6a

Nickel (28) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

O III

8333 1008.6b 870.0b 852.7b 110.8b 68.0b 66.2b

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

24350 3604 3330 3173 671.6b 559.9b 532.3b 340.5b 335.2b 87.1a,d 55.7b,c 50.9b,c

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

18986 2698 2465 2371 466.6b 376.1b 360.6b 205.0b 202.3b 56.4b 32.6b 30.8b

Nitrogen (7) K LI

1s 2s

409.9a 37.3a

Osmium (76) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2

73871 12968 12385 10871 3049 2792 2457 2031 1960 658.2b 549.1b 470.7b 293.1b 278.5b 53.4b 50.7b 84a 58a

K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

2145.5 189a 136a 135a

Platinum (78) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

78395 13880 13273 11564 3296 3027 2645 2202 2122 725.4b 609.1b 519.4b 331.6b 314.6b 74.5b 71.2b 101.7a,d 65.3a,b 51.7b

Polonium (84) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s

851a 705a 500a 473a 184a 184a 177a 132a 104a 31a 31a

4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

Potassium (19) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

3608.4a 378.6a 297.3a 294.6a 34.8a 18.3a 18.3a

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

Praseodymium (59)

Phosphorus (15) Niobium (41)

N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

93105 16939 16244 13814 4149 3854 3302 2798 2683 995a

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

41991 6835 6440 5964 1511 1337 1242 948.3a 928.8a 304.5 236.3 217.6 115.1a 115.1a 2.0 2.0 37.4 22.3 22.3

Promethium (61) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

45184 7428 7013 6459 — 1471.4 1357 1052 1027 — 242 242 120 120

Protactinium (91) K

10-203

TeamLRN

1s

112601

LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

21105 20314 16733 5367 5001 4174 3611 3442 1387a 1224a 1007a 743a 708a 371a 360a 310a 232a 232a 94a 94a — — —

Radium (88) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

103922 19237 18484 15444 4822 4490 3792 3248 3105 1208a 1058 879a 636a 603a 299a 299a 254a 200a 153a 68a 68a 44 19 19

Radon (86) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

98404 18049 17337 14619 4482 4159 3538 3022 2892

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI

4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s

1097a 929a 768a 567a 541a 238a 238a 214a 164a 127a 48a 48a 26

Rhenium (75) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

71676 12527 11959 10535 2932 2682 2367 1949 1883 625.4b 518.7b 446.8b 273.9b 260.5b 42.9a 40.5a 83b 45.6b 34.6a,d

Rhodium (45) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

23220 3412 3146 3004 628.1b 521.3b 496.5b 311.9b 307.2b 81.4a,d 50.5b 47.3b

Rubidium (37) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

NI N II N III

4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

30.5a 16.3a 15.3a

Silicon (14) K LI L II L III

Ruthenium (44) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

22117 3224 2967 2838 586.2b 483.3b 461.5b 284.2b 280.0b 75.0b 46.5b 43.2b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

46834 7737 7312 6716 1723 1541 1419.8 1110.9a 1083.4a 347.2a 265.6 247.4 129.0 129.0 5.2 5.2 37.4 21.3 21.3

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

K LI L II L III

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

25514 3806 3524 3351 719.0b 603.8b 573.0b 374.0b 368.0b 97.0b 63.7b 58.3b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

1070.8b 63.5b 30.4b 30.5a

Strontium (38) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

4492 498.0a 403.6a 389.7a 51.1a 28.3a 28.3a

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

16105 2216 2007 1940 358.7b 280.3b 270.0b 136.0b 134.2b 38.9b 21.6b 20.1b

Sulfur (16) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

2472 230.9a,d 163.6a 162.5a

Tantalum (73)

Selenium (34) 15200 2065 1864 1804 326.7a 248.7a 239.1a 113.0a 112a

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

Sodium (11)

Scandium (21) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1839 149.7a,d 99.8a 99.2a

Silver (47)

Samarium (62) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

12658 1652.0a,d 1474.3a,d 1433.9a,d 229.6a 166.5a 160.7a 55.5a 54.6a

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II

10-204

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2

67416 11682 11136 9881 2708 2469 2194 1793 1735 563.4b 463.4b

N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

400.9b 237.9b 226.4b 23.5b 21.6b 69.7b 42.2a 32.7b

4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

Technetium (43) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

21044 3043 2793 2677 586.1a 447.6a 417.7a 257.6a 253.9a 69.5a 42.3a 39.9a

Tellurium (52) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

31814 4939 4612 4341 1006b 870.8b 820.0b 583.4b 573.0b 169.4b 103.3b,c 103.3b,c 41.9b 40.4b

Terbium (65) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

51996 8708 8252 7514 1968 1768 1611 1267.9a 1241.1a 396.0a 322.4a 284.1a 150.5a 150.5a 7.7a 2.4a 45.6a 28.7a 22.6a

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Thallium (81) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

85530 15347 14698 12658 3704 3416 2957 2485 2389 846.2b 720.5b 609.5b 405.7b 385.0b 122.2b 117.8b 136a,d 94.6b 73.5b 14.7b 12.5b

Thorium (90) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

109651 20472 19693 16300 5182 4830 4046 3491 3332 1330a 1168a 966.4b 712.1b 675.2b 342.4b 333.1b 290a,c 229a,c 182a,c 92.5b 85.4b 41.4b 24.5b 16.6b

Thulium (69) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV a b c d

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2

59390 10116 9617 8648 2307 2090 1885 1515

MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

Uranium (92)

3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

1468 470.9a 385.9a 332.6a 175.5a 175.5a — 4.6 54.7a 31.8a 25.0a

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

29200 4465 4156 3929 884.7b 756.5b 714.6b 493.2b 484.9b 137.1b 83.6b,c 83.6b,c 24.9b 23.9b

Tin (50) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

Titanium (22) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

4966 560.9b 460.2b 453.8b 58.7b 32.6b 32.6b

Tungsten (74) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

69525 12100 11544 10207 2820 2575 2281 1949 1809 594.1b 490.4b 423.6b 255.9b 243.5b 33.6a 31.4b 75.6b 453a,d 36.8b

K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

115606 21757 20948 17166 5548 5182 4303 3728 3552 1439a,d 1271a,d 1043b 778.3b 736.2b 388.2a 377.4b 321a,c,d 257a,c,d 192a,c,d 102.8b 94.2b 43.9b 26.8b 16.8b

Vanadium (23) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

5465 626.7b 519.8b 521.1b 66.3b 37.2b 37.2b

Xenon (54) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

34561 5453 5107 4786 1148.7a 1002.1a 940.6a 689.0a 676.4a 213.2a 146.7 145.5a 69.5a 67.5a — — 23.3a 13.4a 12.1a

Ytterbium (70) K

Reference 1. Reference 2 (remaining values from Reference 3). One-particle approximation not valid. Derived using energy differences from Reference 3.

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1s

61332

LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

10486 9978 8944 2398 2173 1950 1576 1528 480.5a 388.7a 339.7a 191.2a 182.4a 2.5a 1.3a 52.0a 30.3a 24.1a

Yttrium (39) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

17038 2373 2156 2080 392.0a,d 310.6a 298.8a 157.7b 155.8b 43.8a 24.4a 23.1a

Zinc (30) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

9659 1196.2a 1044.9a 1021.8a 139.8a 91.4a 88.6a 10.2a 10.1a

Zirconium (40) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

17998 2532 2307 2223 430.3b 343.5b 329.8b 181.1b 178.8b 50.6b 28.5b 27.1b

NATURAL WIDTH OF X-RAY LINES Natural widths of K X-ray lines in eV: Element

Kα1

Kα2

Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ge Se Kr Sr Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd Sn Te Xe Ba

1.00 1.45 2.05 2.45 3.00 3.40 3.75 4.10 4.23 5.17 5.70 6.82 7.41 8.80 9.80 11.20 12.80 14.20 16.10

0.98 2.13 2.64 3.20 3.70 3.96 4.18 4.43 4.62 4.97 5.25 6.80 7.96 9.20 10.40 12.40 14.20 15.10 16.80

Kβ1

Kβ3

11.80 13.30 15.30 18.15

Element

Kα1

Kα2

Kβ1

Kβ3

Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U

18.60 21.50 26.00 29.50 33.90 35.00 38.80 42.70 46.80 49.00 54.10 64.75 67.10 73.20 80.00 87.00 94.70 103.00

19.50 21.50 24.70 28.00 32.20 35.50 40.60 44.30 48.00 49.40 54.30 68.20 72.30 75.10 81.50 88.20 95.00 104.30

20.60 23.25 25.65 29.37 32.73 36.20 41.43 46.00 51.83 55.90 59.98 65.75 72.20 78.60 85.50 94.20 99.70 105.00

18.60 21.33 24.65 28.00 32.00 35.70 41.15 46.10 51.50 55.95 62.13 68.95 73.80 80.10 86.50 95.50 101.00 107.30

11.00 13.10 14.50 16.70

From Salem, S. I. and Lee, P. L., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 233, 1976. Natural widths of L X-ray lines in eV: Element

Lα1

Lα2

Lβ1

Lβ2

Lβ3

Lβ4

Lγ1

Zr Mo Ru Pd Gd Sn Tc Xe Ba Ce Nd Sm Cd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U Pu Cm

1.68 1.86 2.03 2.21 2.43 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.39 3.70 3.93 4.13 4.46 4.81 5.17 5.40 5.83 6.50 7.04 7.60 8.10 8.82 9.50 10.03 11.00 11.90 12.40 13.20 14.80

1.52 1.80 1.98 2.16 2.40 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.45 3.78 4.08 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.73 6.22 6.70 7.20 7.70 8.28 8.80 9.35 9.95 10.50 11.20 11.80 12.40 13.00 13.60

1.87 2.03 2.18 2.36 2.54 2.75 2.96 3.20 3.45 3.73 4.00 4.33 4.63 5.03 5.45 5.90 6.36 6.90 7.42 8.00 8.70 9.35 10.10 10.65 11.60 12.40 13.50 14.10 15.70

5.13 5.30 5.45 5.63 5.82 6.10 6.25 6.43 6.70 6.86 7.18 7.42 7.70 7.90 8.28 8.58 8.92 9.06 9.60 9.95 10.40 10.75 11.25 11.65 12.20 12.80 13.30 13.90 14.60

5.50 5.90 6.35 6.80 7.23 7.70 8.22 8.70 9.20 9.70 10.30 10.80 11.20 11.50 11.85 12.20 12.40 13.10 14.60 16.10 17.40 18.65 19.90 21.00 22.00 22.85 23.70 24.10 25.00

5.60 5.78 5.96 6.18 6.28 6.60 6.82 7.15 7.42 7.82 8.15 8.60 9.08 9.60 10.03 11.00 12.80 14.60 16.50 18.00 19.70 21.30 22.70 24.00 25.20 26.35 27.50 28.30 29.40

3.34 3.76 4.15 4.50 4.83 5.23 5.60 5.95 6.35 6.75 7.16 7.50 7.83 8.30 8.75 9.20 9.63 10.20 10.65 11.20 11.80 12.30 13.05 13.55 14.30 15.00 15.70 16.40 17.10

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PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS Martin J. Berger and John H. Hubbell This table gives mass attenuation coefficients for photons for all elements at energies between 1 keV (soft x-rays) and 1 GeV (hard gamma rays). The mass attenuation coefficient µ describes the attenuation of radiation as it passes through matter by the relation I(x)/Io = e–µρx where Io is the initial intensity, I(x) the intensity after path length x, and ρ is the mass density of the element in question. To a high approximation the mass attenuation coefficient is additive for the elements present, independent of the way in which they are bound in chemical compounds. The power of ten is indicated beside each number in the table; i.e., 7.41 + 03 means 7.41 × 103. A vertical line between two columns indicates that an absorption edge lies between those energy values. The various edges are labeled at the bottom of the table. The attenuation coefficients were calculated with the computer program XCOM (Reference 1), which uses a cross-section database compiled at the Photon and Charged Particle Data Center at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Their accuracy has been confirmed at all energies by extensive comparisons with experimental attenuation coefficients. Such comparisons for X-ray energies up to 100 keV can be found in Reference 2. REFERENCES 1. Berger, M. J. and Hubbell, J. H., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR-87-3597, 1987. 2. Saloman, E. B., Hubbell, J. H., and Scofield, J. H., Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 38, 1, 1988.

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PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

0.001

0.002

7.21 + 00 6.08 + 01 2.34 + 02 6.04 + 02 1.23 + 03 2.21 + 03 3.31 + 03 4.59 + 03 5.65 + 03 7.41 + 03 6.54 + 02 9.22 + 02 1.19 + 03 1.57 + 03 1.91 + 03 2.43 + 03 2.83 + 03 3.18 + 03 4.06 + 03 4.87 + 03 5.24 + 03 5.87 + 03 6.50 + 03 7.40 + 03 8.09 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.80 + 03 9.86 + 03 1.06 + 04 1.55 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.89 + 03 2.12 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.85 + 03 3.17 + 03 3.49 + 03 3.86 + 03 4.21 + 03 4.60 + 03 4.94 + 03 5.36 + 03 5.72 + 03 6.17 + 03 6.54 + 03 7.04 + 03 7.35 + 03 7.81 + 03 8.16 + 03

1.06 + 00 6.86 + 00 2.71 + 01 7.47 + 01 1.60 + 02 3.03 + 02 4.77 + 02 6.95 + 02 9.05 + 02 1.24 + 03 1.52 + 03 1.93 + 03 2.26 + 03 2.78 + 03 3.02 + 02 3.85 + 02 4.52 + 02 5.12 + 02 6.59 + 02 8.00 + 02 8.70 + 02 9.86 + 02 1.11 + 03 1.28 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.63 + 03 1.78 + 03 2.05 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.37 + 03 2.52 + 03 2.71 + 03 2.93 + 03 3.10 + 03 3.41 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.41 + 03 2.59 + 03 7.42 + 02 8.12 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.60 + 02 1.04 + 03 1.12 + 03 1.21 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.40 + 03 1.47 + 03 1.58 + 03 1.66 + 03

0.005 4.19-01 5.77-01 1.62 + 00 4.37 + 00 9.68 + 00 1.91 + 01 3.14 + 01 4.79 + 01 6.51 + 01 9.34 + 01 1.19 + 02 1.58 + 02 1.93 + 02 2.45 + 02 2.86 + 02 3.49 + 02 3.90 + 02 4.23 + 02 5.19 + 02 6.03 + 02 6.31 + 02 6.84 + 02 9.29 + 01 1.08 + 02 1.21 + 02 1.40 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.90 + 02 2.12 + 02 2.27 + 02 2.47 + 02 2.71 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.21 + 02 3.43 + 02 3.74 + 02 4.06 + 02 4.42 + 02 4.76 + 02 5.13 + 02 5.45 + 02 5.84 + 02 6.17 + 02 6.59 + 02 6.91 + 02 7.39 + 02 7.69 + 02 8.13 + 02 8.47 + 02 L3

0.01

0.02

3.85-01 2.48-01 3.40-01 6.47-01 1.25 + 00 2.37 + 00 3.88 + 00 5.95 + 00 8.21 + 00 1.20 + 01 1.56 + 01 2.11 + 01 2.62 + 01 3.39 + 01 4.04 + 01 5.01 + 01 5.73 + 01 6.32 + 01 7.91 + 01 9.34 + 01 9.95 + 01 1.11 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.39 + 02 1.51 + 02 1.71 + 02 1.84 + 02 2.09 + 02 2.16 + 02 2.33 + 02 3.42 + 01 3.74 + 01 4.12 + 01 4.41 + 01 4.91 + 01 5.26 + 01 5.77 + 01 6.27 + 01 6.87 + 01 7.42 + 01 8.04 + 01 8.58 + 01 9.23 + 01 9.80 + 01 1.05 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.19 + 02 1.24 + 02 1.32 + 02 1.38 + 02

L1

3.69-01 1.96-01 1.86-01 2.25-01 3.01-01 4.42-01 6.18-01 8.65-01 1.13 + 00 1.61 + 00 2.06 + 00 2.76 + 00 3.44 + 00 4.46 + 00 5.35 + 00 6.71 + 00 7.74 + 00 8.63 + 00 1.09 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.59 + 01 1.77 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.25 + 01 2.57 + 01 2.80 + 01 3.22 + 01 3.38 + 01 3.72 + 01 3.93 + 01 4.22 + 01 4.56 + 01 4.82 + 01 5.27 + 01 5.55 + 01 5.98 + 01 6.39 + 01 6.86 + 01 7.24 + 01 7.71 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.50 + 01 1.61 + 01 1.70 + 01 1.84 + 01 1.92 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.15 + 01

0.05 3.36-01 1.70-01 1.49-01 1.55-01 1.66-01 1.87-01 1.98-01 2.13-01 2.21-01 2.58-01 2.80-01 3.29-01 3.68-01 4.38-01 4.92-01 5.85-01 6.48-01 7.01-01 8.68-01 1.02 + 00 1.09 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.55 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.96 + 00 2.14 + 00 2.47 + 00 2.61 + 00 2.89 + 00 3.08 + 00 3.34 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.86 + 00 4.26 + 00 4.52 + 00 4.92 + 00 5.31 + 00 5.76 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.64 + 00 7.04 + 00 7.52 + 00 7.92 + 00 8.45 + 00 8.85 + 00 9.45 + 00 9.78 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.07 + 01 K EDGE

L2

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0.1 2.94-01 1.49-01 1.29-01 1.33-01 1.39-01 1.51-01 1.53-01 1.55-01 1.50-01 1.60-01 1.59-01 1.69-01 1.70-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 2.02-01 2.05-01 2.04-01 2.34-01 2.57-01 2.58-01 2.72-01 2.88-01 3.17-01 3.37-01 3.72-01 3.95-01 4.44-01 4.58-01 4.97-01 5.20-01 5.55-01 5.97-01 6.28-01 6.86-01 7.22-01 7.80-01 8.37-01 9.05-01 9.66-01 1.04 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.31 + 00 1.38 + 00 1.47 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.61 + 00 1.68 + 00

0.2

0.5

2.43-01 1.22-01 1.06-01 1.09-01 1.14-01 1.23-01 1.23-01 1.24-01 1.18-01 1.24-01 1.20-01 1.24-01 1.22-01 1.28-01 1.25-01 1.30-01 1.27-01 1.20-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.31-01 1.31-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.39-01 1.46-01 1.48-01 1.58-01 1.56-01 1.62-01 1.62-01 1.66-01 1.72-01 1.74-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 1.96-01 2.04-01 2.15-01 2.24-01 2.34-01 2.42-01 2.53-01 2.62-01 2.74-01 2.83-01 2.97-01 3.04-01 3.17-01 3.26-01

1.73-01 8.71-02 7.53-02 7.74-02 8.07-02 8.72-02 8.72-02 8.73-02 8.27-02 8.66-02 8.37-02 8.65-02 8.44-02 8.75-02 8.51-02 8.78-02 8.45-02 7.96-02 8.60-02 8.85-02 8.31-02 8.19-02 8.07-02 8.28-02 8.19-02 8.41-02 8.32-02 8.70-02 8.36-02 8.45-02 8.24-02 8.21-02 8.26-02 8.13-02 8.33-02 8.23-02 8.36-02 8.44-02 8.61-02 8.69-02 8.83-02 8.85-02 8.97-02 8.99-02 9.13-02 9.13-02 9.32-02 9.25-02 9.37-02 9.37-02

PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn

Atomic no.

1.0

2.0

5.0

10.0

20.0

50.0

100.0

500.0

1000.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

1.26-01 6.36-02 5.50-02 5.65-02 5.89-02 6.36-02 6.36-02 6.37-02 6.04-02 6.32-02 6.10-02 6.30-02 6.15-02 6.36-02 6.18-02 6.37-02 6.13-02 5.76-02 6.22-02 6.39-02 5.98-02 5.89-02 5.79-02 5.93-02 5.85-02 5.99-02 5.91-02 6.16-02 5.90-02 5.94-02 5.77-02 5.73-02 5.73-02 5.62-02 5.73-02 5.63-02 5.69-02 5.71-02 5.80-02 5.81-02 5.87-02 5.84-02 5.88-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.85-02 5.92-02 5.83-02 5.85-02 5.80-02

8.77-02 4.42-02 3.83-02 3.94-02 4.11-02 4.44-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.23-02 4.43-02 4.28-02 4.43-02 4.32-02 4.48-02 4.36-02 4.50-02 4.33-02 4.07-02 4.40-02 4.52-02 4.24-02 4.18-02 4.11-02 4.21-02 4.16-02 4.26-02 4.20-02 4.39-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.11-02 4.09-02 4.09-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.02-02 4.06-02 4.08-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.18-02 4.16-02 4.19-02 4.16-02 4.20-02 4.16-02 4.21-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.11-02

5.05-02 2.58-02 2.26-02 2.35-02 2.48-02 2.71-02 2.74-02 2.78-02 2.66-02 2.82-02 2.75-02 2.87-02 2.84-02 2.97-02 2.91-02 3.04-02 2.95-02 2.80-02 3.05-02 3.17-02 3.00-02 2.98-02 2.96-02 3.06-02 3.04-02 3.15-02 3.13-02 3.29-02 3.18-02 3.22-02 3.16-02 3.16-02 3.19-02 3.14-02 3.23-02 3.20-02 3.25-02 3.29-02 3.35-02 3.38-02 3.44-02 3.44-02 3.48-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.52-02 3.58-02 3.54-02 3.56-02 3.55-02

3.25-02 1.70-02 1.53-02 1.63-02 1.76-02 1.96-02 2.02-02 2.09-02 2.04-02 2.20-02 2.18-02 2.31-02 2.32-02 2.46-02 2.45-02 2.59-02 2.55-02 2.45-02 2.70-02 2.84-02 2.72-02 2.73-02 2.74-02 2.86-02 2.87-02 2.99-02 3.00-02 3.18-02 3.10-02 3.18-02 3.13-02 3.16-02 3.21-02 3.19-02 3.29-02 3.28-02 3.36-02 3.41-02 3.50-02 3.55-02 3.63-02 3.65-02 3.71-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.80-02 3.88-02 3.85-02 3.90-02 3.90-02

2.15-02 1.18-02 1.11-02 1.23-02 1.37-02 1.58-02 1.67-02 1.77-02 1.77-02 1.95-02 1.97-02 2.13-02 2.17-02 2.34-02 2.36-02 2.53-02 2.52-02 2.45-02 2.74-02 2.90-02 2.80-02 2.84-02 2.88-02 3.03-02 3.07-02 3.22-02 3.26-02 3.48-02 3.41-02 3.51-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.60-02 3.60-02 3.74-02 3.74-02 3.85-02 3.93-02 4.05-02 4.12-02 4.22-02 4.26-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.48-02 4.50-02 4.61-02 4.59-02 4.65-02 4.66-02

1.42-02 8.61-03 8.68-03 1.02-02 1.19-02 1.43-02 1.57-02 1.71-02 1.75-02 1.96-02 2.03-02 2.23-02 2.31-02 2.52-02 2.58-02 2.79-02 2.81-02 2.76-02 3.11-02 3.32-02 3.23-02 3.30-02 3.36-02 3.56-02 3.63-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 4.17-02 4.10-02 4.24-02 4.22-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.41-02 4.60-02 4.61-02 4.75-02 4.87-02 5.03-02 5.13-02 5.27-02 5.33-02 5.45-02 5.50-02 5.63-02 5.66-02 5.81-02 5.79-02 5.88-02 5.90-02

1.19-02 7.78-03 8.21-03 9.94-03 1.19-02 1.46-02 1.63-02 1.79-02 1.86-02 2.11-02 2.19-02 2.42-02 2.52-02 2.76-02 2.84-02 3.08-02 3.11-02 3.07-02 3.46-02 3.71-02 3.62-02 3.71-02 3.78-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.33-02 4.40-02 4.73-02 4.66-02 4.82-02 4.80-02 4.89-02 5.01-02 5.03-02 5.24-02 5.26-02 5.43-02 5.56-02 5.75-02 5.87-02 6.03-02 6.10-02 6.24-02 6.30-02 6.45-02 6.49-02 6.67-02 6.64-02 6.75-02 6.78-02

1.14-02 7.79-03 8.61-03 1.08-02 1.32-02 1.64-02 1.85-02 2.06-02 2.14-02 2.43-02 2.53-02 2.81-02 2.93-02 3.23-02 3.33-02 3.62-02 3.67-02 3.62-02 4.09-02 4.40-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.49-02 4.76-02 4.86-02 5.15-02 5.23-02 5.61-02 5.53-02 5.72-02 5.70-02 5.80-02 5.95-02 5.97-02 6.22-02 6.25-02 6.45-02 6.61-02 6.83-02 6.98-02 7.17-02 7.26-02 7.43-02 7.51-02 7.69-02 7.73-02 7.93-02 7.91-02 8.04-02 8.07-02

1.16-02 7.95-03 8.87-03 1.12-02 1.37-02 1.70-02 1.92-02 2.13-02 2.21-02 2.51-02 2.62-02 2.90-02 3.03-02 3.34-02 3.45-02 3.75-02 3.80-02 3.75-02 4.24-02 4.56-02 4.45-02 4.56-02 4.65-02 4.93-02 5.04-02 5.33-02 5.41-02 5.81-02 5.72-02 5.91-02 5.89-02 6.00-02 6.15-02 6.17-02 6.43-02 6.46-02 6.67-02 6.83-02 7.06-02 7.22-02 7.42-02 7.51-02 7.68-02 7.77-02 7.94-02 8.00-02 8.20-02 8.18-02 8.32-02 8.35-02

10-209

TeamLRN

PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

0.001

0.002

8.58 + 03 8.43 + 03 9.10 + 03 9.41 + 03 9.37 + 03 8.54 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.71 + 03 1.06 + 04 6.63 + 03 2.06 + 03 2.11 + 03 2.22 + 03 2.29 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.49 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.75 + 03 2.90 + 03 3.02 + 03 3.19 + 03 3.34 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.68 + 03 3.87 + 03 4.03 + 03 4.24 + 03 4.43 + 03 4.65 + 03 4.83 + 03 5.01 + 03 5.21 + 03 5.44 + 03 5.72 + 03 5.87 + 03 5.83 + 03 6.08 + 03 6.20 + 03 6.47 + 03 6.61 + 03 6.53 + 03 6.63 + 03 6.95 + 03 7.19 + 03 7.37 + 03 7.54 + 03 7.84 + 03 7.89 + 03 7.79 + 03 7.13 + 03 N5

0.005

1.77 + 03 1.83 + 03 2.00 + 03 2.09 + 03 2.23 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.46 + 03 2.61 + 03 2.77 + 03 2.88 + 03 3.05 + 03 3.12 + 03 3.28 + 03 3.36 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.47 + 03 3.59 + 03 3.52 + 03 3.69 + 03 3.80 + 03 3.45 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.77 + 03 3.92 + 03 3.77 + 03 2.22 + 03 1.03 + 03 1.08 + 03 1.14 + 03 1.18 + 03 1.23 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.35 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.56 + 03 1.62 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.74 + 03 1.83 + 03 1.86 + 03 1.96 + 03 2.04 + 03 2.10 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.25 + 03 2.31 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.46 + 03 M5 M4

N4

8.85 + 02 9.01 + 02 8.43 + 02 6.39 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.41 + 02 2.58 + 02 2.74 + 02 2.92 + 02 3.06 + 02 3.26 + 02 3.36 + 02 3.54 + 02 3.65 + 02 3.84 + 02 3.99 + 02 4.17 + 02 4.36 + 02 4.57 + 02 4.72 + 02 4.94 + 02 5.11 + 02 5.33 + 02 5.53 + 02 5.76 + 02 5.93 + 02 6.18 + 02 6.40 + 02 6.66 + 02 6.87 + 02 7.07 + 02 7.30 + 02 7.58 + 02 7.93 + 02 8.25 + 02 8.16 + 02 8.49 + 02 8.74 + 02 8.69 + 02 8.88 + 02 8.76 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.32 + 02 9.65 + 02 9.90 + 02 1.02 + 03 1.06 + 03 9.27 + 02 9.59 + 02 9.77 + 02 M3 M2

0.01 1.46 + 02 1.50 + 02 1.63 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.86 + 02 1.97 + 02 2.08 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.44 + 02 2.50 + 02 2.63 + 02 2.69 + 02 2.82 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.01 + 02 3.13 + 02 2.83 + 02 2.94 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.38 + 02 9.69 + 01 1.01 + 02 1.04 + 02 1.09 + 02 1.13 + 02 1.18 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.26 + 02 1.31 + 02 1.36 + 02 1.43 + 02 1.49 + 02 1.48 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.59 + 02 1.65 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.77 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.87 + 02 1.94 + 02 1.98 + 02 2.03 + 02 2.10 + 02 2.15 + 02 2.22 + 02 2.26 + 02

0.02 2.27 + 01 2.34 + 01 2.54 + 01 2.65 + 01 2.82 + 01 2.94 + 01 3.12 + 01 3.31 + 01 3.53 + 01 3.68 + 01 3.92 + 01 4.03 + 01 4.24 + 01 4.36 + 01 4.59 + 01 4.76 + 01 4.98 + 01 5.20 + 01 5.45 + 01 5.63 + 01 5.88 + 01 6.09 + 01 6.33 + 01 6.57 + 01 6.84 + 01 7.04 + 01 7.32 + 01 7.57 + 01 7.88 + 01 8.12 + 01 8.36 + 01 8.64 + 01 8.95 + 01 9.35 + 01 9.70 + 01 9.56 + 01 9.93 + 01 1.02 + 02 1.06 + 02 9.37 + 01 7.03 + 01 7.11 + 01 7.45 + 01 7.71 + 01 7.93 + 01 8.14 + 01 8.39 + 01 8.58 + 01 4.01 + 01 4.09 + 01 L3

0.05

0.1

1.12 + 01 1.14 + 01 1.23 + 01 1.27 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.38 + 01 1.45 + 01 1.52 + 01 1.60 + 01 1.65 + 01 1.73 + 01 1.77 + 01 1.85 + 01 3.86 + 00 4.06 + 00 4.23 + 00 4.43 + 00 4.63 + 00 4.87 + 00 5.04 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.48 + 00 5.72 + 00 5.95 + 00 6.21 + 00 6.41 + 00 6.69 + 00 6.95 + 00 7.26 + 00 7.50 + 00 7.75 + 00 8.04 + 00 8.38 + 00 8.80 + 00 9.19 + 00 9.12 + 00 9.52 + 00 9.85 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.05 + 01 1.10 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.18 + 01 1.22 + 01 1.25 + 01 1.28 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.37 + 01 1.42 + 01 1.45 + 01

1.76 + 00 1.80 + 00 1.94 + 00 2.01 + 00 2.12 + 00 2.20 + 00 2.32 + 00 2.45 + 00 2.59 + 00 2.69 + 00 2.84 + 00 2.90 + 00 3.04 + 00 3.11 + 00 3.25 + 00 3.36 + 00 3.49 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.78 + 00 3.88 + 00 4.03 + 00 4.15 + 00 4.30 + 00 4.44 + 00 4.59 + 00 4.70 + 00 4.86 + 00 4.99 + 00 5.16 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.40 + 00 5.55 + 00 5.74 + 00 5.99 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.09 + 00 1.66 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.79 + 00 1.83 + 00 1.92 + 00 1.95 + 00 2.05 + 00 2.13 + 00 2.19 + 00 2.25 + 00 2.35 + 00 2.41 + 00 2.51 + 00 2.57 + 00

L1

N3 N2 N1

10-210

3.38-01 3.43-01 3.66-01 3.76-01 3.94-01 4.05-01 4.24-01 4.45-01 4.69-01 4.84-01 5.10-01 5.19-01 5.43-01 5.54-01 5.77-01 5.95-01 6.18-01 6.41-01 6.68-01 6.86-01 7.13-01 7.34-01 7.60-01 7.84-01 8.12-01 8.33-01 8.63-01 8.90-01 9.22-01 9.46-01 9.69-01 9.99-01 1.03 + 00 1.08 + 00 1.12 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.14 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.29 + 00 1.30 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.39 + 00 1.42 + 00 1.44 + 00 1.50 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.57 + 00 1.59 + 00 K EDGE

L2

M1

0.2

0.5 9.45-02 9.33-02 9.70-02 9.70-02 9.91-02 9.92-02 1.01-01 1.04-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.12-01 1.11-01 1.14-01 1.14-01 1.17-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.26-01 1.27-01 1.30-01 1.32-01 1.35-01 1.38-01 1.41-01 1.43-01 1.46-01 1.49-01 1.53-01 1.56-01 1.58-01 1.61-01 1.66-01 1.71-01 1.77-01 1.73-01 1.78-01 1.82-01 1.87-01 1.90-01 1.97-01 1.98-01 2.05-01 2.10-01 2.14-01 2.18-01 2.25-01 2.29-01 2.36-01 2.39-01

PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon Energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

1.0 5.80-02 5.67-02 5.84-02 5.78-02 5.85-02 5.80-02 5.88-02 5.96-02 6.07-02 6.07-02 6.19-02 6.11-02 6.19-02 6.12-02 6.20-02 6.20-02 6.26-02 6.32-02 6.40-02 6.40-02 6.48-02 6.50-02 6.57-02 6.62-02 6.69-02 6.71-02 6.79-02 6.86-02 6.95-02 6.99-02 7.03-02 7.10-02 7.21-02 7.39-02 7.54-02 7.30-02 7.45-02 7.53-02 7.69-02 7.71-02 7.94-02 7.90-02 8.13-02 8.26-02 8.33-02 8.41-02 8.62-02 8.70-02 8.89-02 8.94-02

2.0 4.10-02 4.01-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.18-02 4.24-02 4.24-02 4.31-02 4.24-02 4.28-02 4.23-02 4.27-02 4.26-02 4.29-02 4.32-02 4.36-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.39-02 4.41-02 4.43-02 4.46-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.52-02 4.57-02 4.57-02 4.58-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.65-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.81-02 4.93-02 4.88-02 4.99-02 5.05-02 5.06-02 5.08-02 5.18-02 5.20-02 5.28-02 5.28-02

5.0

10.0

20.0

50.0

100.0

500.0

1000.0

3.56-02 3.49-02 3.61-02 3.58-02 3.64-02 3.61-02 3.66-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.81-02 3.88-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 3.84-02 3.89-02 3.90-02 3.93-02 3.96-02 4.01-02 4.00-02 4.05-02 4.05-02 4.08-02 4.10-02 4.14-02 4.13-02 4.17-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.25-02 4.25-02 4.27-02 4.32-02 4.40-02 4.46-02 4.30-02 4.36-02 4.38-02 4.44-02 4.42-02 4.52-02 4.46-02 4.56-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.68-02 4.68-02 4.74-02 4.72-02

3.92-02 3.86-02 4.00-02 3.99-02 4.06-02 4.04-02 4.11-02 4.19-02 4.29-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.35-02 4.42-02 4.38-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.55-02 4.61-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.68-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.79-02 4.79-02 4.84-02 4.87-02 4.93-02 4.94-02 4.94-02 4.97-02 5.03-02 5.12-02 5.20-02 5.01-02 5.08-02 5.10-02 5.17-02 5.15-02 5.26-02 5.19-02 5.30-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.42-02 5.48-02 5.45-02

4.70-02 4.64-02 4.82-02 4.82-02 4.91-02 4.90-02 5.00-02 5.10-02 5.23-02 5.26-02 5.38-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.38-02 5.47-02 5.49-02 5.55-02 5.61-02 5.70-02 5.70-02 5.77-02 5.80-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.95-02 5.96-02 6.02-02 6.06-02 6.14-02 6.15-02 6.16-02 6.21-02 6.28-02 6.40-02 6.49-02 6.26-02 6.35-02 6.38-02 6.47-02 6.45-02 6.59-02 6.51-02 6.65-02 6.71-02 6.70-02 6.70-02 6.81-02 6.81-02 6.89-02 6.86-02

5.96-02 5.89-02 6.13-02 6.12-02 6.25-02 6.25-02 6.37-02 6.52-02 6.68-02 6.72-02 6.89-02 6.84-02 6.96-02 6.91-02 7.03-02 7.06-02 7.14-02 7.23-02 7.35-02 7.35-02 7.45-02 7.48-02 7.56-02 7.62-02 7.70-02 7.71-02 7.80-02 7.86-02 7.95-02 7.98-02 8.00-02 8.06-02 8.15-02 8.32-02 8.44-02 8.14-02 8.26-02 8.31-02 8.43-02 8.40-02 8.60-02 8.49-02 8.68-02 8.76-02 8.77-02 8.77-02 8.92-02 8.92-02 9.04-02 9.00-02

6.85-02 6.77-02 7.04-02 7.04-02 7.19-02 7.19-02 7.34-02 7.50-02 7.69-02 7.74-02 7.94-02 7.88-02 8.02-02 7.97-02 8.11-02 8.15-02 8.24-02 8.34-02 8.48-02 8.49-02 8.60-02 8.64-02 8.73-02 8.80-02 8.89-02 8.90-02 9.01-02 9.08-02 9.19-02 9.22-02 9.24-02 9.31-02 9.42-02 9.61-02 9.76-02 9.42-02 9.56-02 9.61-02 9.75-02 9.72-02 9.95-02 9.83-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.05-01

8.16-02 8.07-02 8.40-02 8.40-02 8.58-02 8.58-02 8.76-02 8.96-02 9.19-02 9.25-02 9.48-02 9.41-02 9.57-02 9.51-02 9.67-02 9.72-02 9.83-02 9.95-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.12-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.16-01 1.19-01 1.17-01 1.20-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01

8.44-02 8.35-02 8.69-02 8.69-02 8.88-02 8.88-02 9.06-02 9.27-02 9.50-02 9.56-02 9.81-02 9.73-02 9.90-02 9.83-02 1.00-01 1.00-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.04-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.13-01 1.13-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.19-01 1.20-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01 1.26-01 1.28-01 1.28-01 1.29-01 1.29-01

10-211

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

SENSITIVITY OF THE HUMAN EYE TO LIGHT OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS The human eye responds to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 360 nm (violet) to 820 nm (red), with a peak sensitivity near 555 nm. While the detailed shape of this response curve depends on the individual person, studies on representative samples of human subjects have led to adoption of a standard function relating the perceived brightness (luminous flux) to the actual power of the spectral radiation. This function is referred to as V(λ), the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function, and it plays an important role in photometry. The function V(λ), as adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is tabulated and plotted below.

REFERENCES 1. The Basis for Physical Photometry, CIE Publication #18.2, 1983. 2. CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers, ISO/CIE #10527, 1991. 3. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Sixteenth Edition, Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex, 1995. λ/nm 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510

V(λ) 0.000004 0.000012 0.000039 0.000120 0.000396 0.001210 0.004000 0.011600 0.023000 0.038000 0.060000 0.090980 0.139020 0.208020 0.323000 0.503000

λ/nm 520 530 540 550 555 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

V(λ) 0.710000 0.862000 0.954000 0.994950 1.000000 0.995000 0.952000 0.870000 0.757000 0.631000 0.503000 0.381000 0.265000 0.175000 0.107000 0.061000

10-217

λ/nm

V(λ)

670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820

0.032000 0.017000 0.008210 0.004102 0.002091 0.001047 0.000520 0.000249 0.000120 0.000060 0.000030 0.000015 0.000007 0.000004 0.000002 0.000001

BLACK BODY RADIATION The total power radiated from an ideal black body and the wavelength corresponding to maximum power are given here as a function of absolute temperature. Constants used in the calculation are taken from the table “Fundamental Physical Constants” in Section 1. The radiated power in a band ∆λ at λmax may be calculated from: Pmax = 0.657548 (∆λ/λmax) Ptot T/K 50 100 150 200 250 273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730

Ptot 0.354 W/m2 5.671 28.707 90.728 221.504 314.973 348.541 401.064 459.311 523.684 594.596 672.478 757.771 850.931 952.428 1.063 kW/m2 1.182 1.312 1.452 1.602 1.764 1.939 2.125 2.325 2.539 2.767 3.010 3.269 3.544 3.836 4.146 4.474 4.822 5.189 5.577 5.986 6.417 6.871 7.349 7.851 8.379 8.933 9.514 10.122 10.760 11.427 12.124 12.853 13.615 14.410 15.239 16.103

λmax/µm

T/K

57.955 28.978 19.318 14.489 11.591 10.614 10.349 9.992 9.659 9.348 9.055 8.781 8.523 8.279 8.049 7.832 7.626 7.430 7.244 7.068 6.899 6.739 6.586 6.439 6.299 6.165 6.037 5.914 5.796 5.682 5.573 5.467 5.366 5.269 5.175 5.084 4.996 4.911 4.830 4.750 4.674 4.600 4.528 4.458 4.391 4.325 4.261 4.200 4.140 4.081 4.025 3.970

740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500

Ptot 17.004 17.942 18.918 19.934 20.989 22.087 23.226 24.410 25.638 26.911 28.232 29.600 31.018 32.486 34.006 35.578 37.204 38.886 40.623 42.418 44.272 46.187 48.162 50.201 52.303 54.471 56.705 61.379 66.337 71.589 77.147 83.022 89.227 95.773 102.672 109.939 117.584 125.621 134.063 142.924 152.217 161.955 172.154 182.827 193.989 205.655 217.838 230.556 243.822 257.652 272.063 287.070

10-214

TeamLRN

λmax/µm

T/K

Ptot

λmax/µm

3.916 3.864 3.813 3.763 3.715 3.668 3.622 3.577 3.534 3.491 3.450 3.409 3.369 3.331 3.293 3.256 3.220 3.184 3.150 3.116 3.083 3.050 3.018 2.987 2.957 2.927 2.898 2.841 2.786 2.734 2.683 2.634 2.587 2.542 2.498 2.456 2.415 2.375 2.337 2.300 2.264 2.229 2.195 2.163 2.131 2.100 2.070 2.041 2.012 1.985 1.958 1.932

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 2500 2550 2600

302.689 318.937 335.831 353.387 371.623 390.555 410.202 430.581 451.710 473.607 496.290 519.779 544.093 569.249 595.267 622.168 649.970 678.694 708.359 738.987 770.597 803.210 836.848 871.531 907.282 944.121 982.071 1.021 MW/m2 1.061 1.103 1.145 1.189 1.234 1.281 1.328 1.377 1.428 1.479 1.532 1.587 1.643 1.700 1.759 1.819 1.881 1.945 2.010 2.077 2.145 2.215 2.398 2.591

1.906 1.882 1.858 1.834 1.811 1.789 1.767 1.746 1.725 1.705 1.685 1.665 1.646 1.628 1.610 1.592 1.575 1.558 1.541 1.525 1.509 1.494 1.478 1.464 1.449 1.435 1.420 1.407 1.393 1.380 1.367 1.354 1.342 1.329 1.317 1.305 1.294 1.282 1.271 1.260 1.249 1.238 1.228 1.218 1.207 1.197 1.188 1.178 1.168 1.159 1.136 1.115

BLACK BODY RADIATION (continued) T/K 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550

Ptot 2.796 3.014 3.243 3.485 3.741 4.011 4.294 4.593 4.907 5.237 5.583 5.946 6.326 6.725 7.142 7.578 8.033 8.509 9.006

λmax/µm

T/K

1.093 1.073 1.054 1.035 1.017 0.999 0.982 0.966 0.950 0.935 0.920 0.906 0.892 0.878 0.865 0.852 0.840 0.828 0.816

3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000

Ptot

λmax/µm

T/K

0.805 0.794 0.783 0.773 0.763 0.753 0.743 0.734 0.724 0.707 0.690 0.674 0.659 0.644 0.630 0.617 0.604 0.591 0.580

5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

9.524 10.065 10.627 11.214 11.824 12.458 13.118 13.804 14.517 16.024 17.645 19.386 21.254 23.253 25.389 27.670 30.101 32.689 35.441

Ptot 38.362 41.461 44.743 48.217 51.889 55.767 59.858 64.170 68.712 73.490 101.222 136.149 179.418 232.264 296.004 372.042 461.867 567.051

λmax/µm 0.568 0.557 0.547 0.537 0.527 0.517 0.508 0.500 0.491 0.483 0.446 0.414 0.386 0.362 0.341 0.322 0.305 0.290

The curves below show, for various temperatures, the fraction of radiant power as a function of wavelength. The function plotted is Pλ/∆λ Ptot, where Pλ is the power at wavelength λ in a small interval ∆λ (in µm), and Ptot is the total power.

0.25

Fraction of Radiant Power

0.20

1000 K

0.15

500 K

0.10

300 K

0.05 200 K 100 K

0

0

5

10

15 20 25 Wavelength in µm

10-215

30

35

40

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED DETECTORS This graph summarizes the wavelength response of some semiconductors used as detectors for infrared radiation. The quantity D*(λ) is the signal to noise ratio for an incident radiant power density of 1 W/cm2 and a bandwidth of 1 Hz (60° field of view). The Ge, InAs, and InSb detectors are photovoltaics, while the HgCdTe series are photoconductive devices. The cutoff wavelength of the latter can be varied by adjusting the relative amounts of Hg, Cd, and Te (three examples are shown at 77 K). The graph also shows the theoretical background limited sensitivity for ideal detectors which introduce no intrinsic noise. REFERENCE Infrared Detectors 1995, EG&G Judson, Montgomeryville, PA. 1014 Ge 77 K

1013 Ideal Photovoltaic (BLIP Limit) Ge -30°C

1012

Ideal Photoconductor (BLIP Limit)

D*(λ)

InAs 77 K InSb 77 K

Ge 22°C

1011

HgCdTe -55°C HgCdTe 77 K

1010

HgCdTe 77 K

InAs -30°C

HgCdTe 77 K

Doped Ge 4 K

109 InAs 22°C

108

HgCdTe -75°C

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 10 Wavelength (µm)

10-216

TeamLRN

12

20

30

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS This table lists the index of refraction of selected crystalline inorganic compounds. When, available, values are give as a function of wavelength in the range from the ultraviolet to the far infrared region. For each compound a value at 589 nm, the wavelength of the principal sodium line, is given. The data have been taken from the references indicated; in many cases, data from a reference have been refitted to generate the index of refraction at the wavelengths used in this table. All values refer to ambient temperature. Entries marked by * are based on extrapolation beyond the range of available experimental data. Compounds belonging to the cubic crystal system have only a single refractive index value, but other systems are anisotropic, so that the crystal is characterized by two or three unique indexes. Hexagonal, rhombohedral, and tetragonal crystals have two unique indexes which are traditionally labeled no and ne for “ordinary ray” and “extraordinary ray”. Orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic crystals are characterized by three indexes which are here called nx, ny, and nz. The table indicates the crystal system for each entry in order to identify the material uniquely. The refractive index and other optical properties for metals, semiconductors, and certain other compounds can be found in the tables “Optical Properties of Selected Elements” and “Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids” in Section 12 of this Handbook.

REFERENCES 1. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkali Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329, 1976. 2. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkaline Earth Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 161, 1980. 3. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 103, 1984. 4. Shannon, R. D., Shannon, R. C., Medenbach, O., and Fischer, R. X., “Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 931, 2002. 5. Gray, D. E., ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Sec. 6b, p. 6-12, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, III/11, Elastic, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, Piezooptic, Electrooptic Constants, and Nonlinear Dielectric Susceptibilities of Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 7. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, III/30A, High Frequency Properties of Dielectric Crystals. Piezooptic and Electrooptic Constants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996. 8. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV. Optical Materials. Part 2: Properties, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

Compound AgCl AlPO4 Al2O3 As2O3a BaF2 BaO BaSO4

BaTiO3 BaWO4 BeO BeSO4⋅4H2O CaCO3b CaF2 CaO CaSO4

CaSO4⋅2H2O

Crystal System cub rhomb rhomb hex hex cub cub cub orth orth orth tetr tetr tetr tetr hex hex tetr tetr hex hex cub cub orth orth orth monocl

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Ray n no ne no ne n n n nx ny nz no ne no ne no ne no ne no ne n n nx ny nz nx

300 nm

1.5010

1.7216 1.5145 1.4540

589 nm 2.0668 1.5247 1.5338 1.7673 1.7598 1.7537 1.4744 1.9841 1.6362 1.6374 1.6480 2.4405 2.3831 1.8426 1.8405 1.7184 1.7342 1.4713 1.4328 1.6584 1.4864 1.4338 1.8396 1.5698 1.5755 1.6137 1.5207

750 nm 1
m 2.0401 2.0224 1.5203 1.5161 1.5290 1.5245

2
m 2.0062 1.5034 1.5116

5
m 1.9975

10
m 1.9803

1.4712

1.4686

1.4647

1.4511

1.4014

1.6503 1.4828 1.4311

1.6436 1.4801 1.4289

1.6249 1.4753 1.4239

1.3990

1.299

10-226

20
m 1.9069

Ref. 5 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued)

Compound

CaWO4 CdS CdSe CdTe CeF3 CsBr CsCl CsClO4

CsF CsI Cs2SO4

CuBr CuCl CuSO4⋅5H2O

Dy2O3 FeF2 Gd2O3 HgS KBr KCl KClO4

KF KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3

KIO4 KNbO3

K2SO4

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength

Crystal System

Ray

monocl monocl tetr tetr hex hex hex hex cub hex hex cub cub orth orth orth cub cub orth orth orth cub cub tricl tricl tricl cub tetr tetr cub rhomb rhomb cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub tricl tricl tricl tetr tetr orth orth orth orth orth

ny nz no ne no ne no ne n no ne n n nx ny nz n n nx ny nz n n nx ny nz n no ne n no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne no ne n nx ny nz no ne nx ny nx nx ny

300 nm

589 nm 1.5227 1.5304 1.9195 1.9355 2.507 2.525

1.8047 1.712

1.506 1.9790

1.6482 1.5455

1.380

1.5450 1.4977 1.834*

1.6183 1.6113 1.6974 1.640 1.4752 1.4788 1.4804 1.477 1.7873 1.5598 1.5644 1.5662 2.117 1.9727 1.5140 1.5367 1.5436 1.9757 1.514 1.524 1.96 2.9413 3.3072 1.5598 1.4902 1.4730 1.4736 1.4768 1.362 1.5674 1.5179 1.5093 1.4682 1.665 1.6959 1.8317 1.8343 1.6205 1.6476 2.2480 2.3464 2.1803 1.4934 1.4947

750 nm

2.390 2.409 2.68* 2.69*

1
m

2.334 2.352 2.5502 2.5696

2
m

2.4682 2.4873

5
m

2.4483 2.4676

10
m

20
m

2.4331 2.4514 2.6724

2.6302

1.6861 1.631

1.6784 1.626

1.6711 1.620

1.6678 1.616

1.6630 1.606

1.6439 1.563

1.474 1.7694

1.472 1.7576

1.469* 1.7465

1.461* 1.7428

1.436* 1.7396

1.32* 1.7280

1.9391

1.9245

2.7770 3.0896 1.5498 1.4840

2.7120 3.0050 1.5444 1.4798

2.6305 2.8776 1.5383 1.4753

1.360

1.358

1.5030 1.4641 1.650

1.4957 1.4606 1.640

2.3395 2.2959 2.1457

2.2612 2.2622 2.1288

10-227

TeamLRN

1.5345 1.4704

2.6018 2.8522 1.5264 1.4564

1.4924 1.3946

1.355

1.344

1.304*

1.09*

1.631

1.627

1.620

1.593

Ref. 4 4 4 4 5 5 7 7 7 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 1 1 4 4 4 1 7 7 5 5 1 7 7 7 4 4 7 7 7 4 4

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued)

Compound LaF3 LiBr LiCl LiClO4⋅3H2O LiF LiI LiIO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 Li2SO4⋅H2O

Lu2O3 MgF2 MgO MgSO4⋅7H2O

MnF2 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NaBr NaBrO3 NaCl NaClO3 NaF NaH2PO4⋅2H2O

NaI NaNO2

NaNO3 Na2HPO4⋅7H2O

Na2SO4

NdF3

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength

Crystal System

Ray

orth hex hex cub cub hex hex cub cub hex hex rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb monocl monocl monocl cub tetr tetr cub orth orth orth tetr tetr tetr tetr tetr tetr cub cub cub cub cub orth orth orth cub orth orth orth rhomb rhomb monocl monocl monocl orth orth orth hex hex

nz no ne n n no ne n n no ne no ne no ne nx ny nz n no ne n nx ny nz no ne no ne no ne n n n n n nx ny nz n nx ny nz no ne nx ny nz nx ny nz no ne

300 nm

1.810 1.677

1.4087 1.979

1.3930 1.4055

1.6401 1.5754 1.5668 1.5137 1.748 1.6066 1.3424

1.93*

589 nm 1.4973 1.605 1.599 1.783 1.662 1.4832 1.4384 1.3921 1.955 1.8875 1.7400 2.3007 2.2116 2.1864 2.1908 1.4615 1.4765 1.4863 1.9349 1.3776 1.3894 1.7355 1.4326 1.4555 1.4607 1.472 1.501 1.5777 1.5232 1.5247 1.4797 1.642 1.6168 1.5441 1.5151 1.3252 1.4400 1.4628 1.4814 1.774 1.6547 1.3455 1.4125 1.5840 1.3340 1.4411 1.4423 1.4525 1.4669 1.4730 1.4809 1.6191 1.6132

750 nm

1
m

2
m

5
m

10
m

20
m

1.781 1.660

1.778 1.658

1.774* 1.654*

1.756* 1.62*

1.68* 1.53*

1.3895 1.952 1.8713 1.7268 2.2632 2.1804 2.1590 2.1634

1.3871 1.950 1.8589 1.7179 2.2370 2.1567 2.1391 2.1432

1.3786 1.948* 1.8410 1.7062

1.3266 1.940*

1.1005 1.91*

1.375 1.387 1.7283

1.373 1.385 1.7228

1.368 1.379 1.7084

1.34 1.34 1.6361

1.21 1.21

1.5704 1.5179 1.5187 1.4754 1.631

1.5583 1.5101 1.5084 1.4694 1.623

1.616

1.609

1.593*

1.520*

1.5369

1.5320

1.5265

1.5188

1.4947

1.382*

1.3231

1.3214

1.3179

1.3017

1.2400

1.758

1.74

1.73*

1.73*

1.71*

10-228

1.33*

1.77*

2.1066 2.1115

1.66*

Ref. 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 6 6 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 1 4 1 7 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued)

Compound Nd2O3 NiF2 NiSO4⋅6H2O PbF2 PbSO4

PrF3 RbBr RbCl RbClO4

RbF RbH2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbI Rb2SO4

Sb2O3c Sc2O3 SiO2d SnO2 SrF2 SrO SrSO4

SrTiO3 SrWO4 TbF3 TeO2 ThO2 TiO2e

TlBr TlCl TlClO4

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength

Crystal System

Ray

cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub orth orth orth hex hex cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub orth orth orth cub cub hex hex tetr tetr cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr hex hex tetr tetr cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub cub orth orth orth

n no ne no ne n nx ny nz no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne no ne n nx ny nz n n no ne no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne no ne no ne n no ne no ne n n nx ny nz

300 nm

1.94*

1.639 1.549

1.428* 1.6183 1.5718 1.5434 1.5106 1.808

1.5733 1.5882

1.459

589 nm 1.92 1.526 1.561 1.5107 1.4870 1.767 1.8780 1.8834 1.8945 1.6207 1.6146 1.553 1.493 1.4691 1.4701 1.4732 1.397 1.5603 1.5232 1.5078 1.4791 1.647 1.5131 1.5133 1.5144 2.8017 1.9943 1.5442 1.5534 1.993 2.088 1.4380 1.8710 1.6214 1.6231 1.6303 2.4082 1.8618 1.8719 1.6034 1.5603 2.2738 2.4295 2.1113 2.612 2.910 2.562 2.489 2.418 2.247 1.6427 1.6446 1.6542

750 nm

1
m

2
m

5
m

10
m

20
m

1.754

1.745

1.73

1.70

1.66

1.32

1.544 1.487

1.538 1.483

1.532 1.479

1.530 1.475

1.525 1.465

1.505* 1.424*

1.394 1.5538 1.5184 1.5021 1.4754 1.633

1.391 1.5432 1.5121 1.4941 1.4704 1.623

1.388

1.379

1.346

1.19*

1.615

1.612

1.608

1.595

1.5394 1.5484

1.5350 1.5438

1.5209 1.5291

1.435

1.433

1.429

1.412

1.35

2.3525

2.3160

2.2676

2.1205

2.2080 2.3520 2.533 2.805

2.485 2.748

2.399

2.220

2.350 2.198

2.289 2.145

2.103 1.986

1.984 1.891

10-229

TeamLRN

2.339 2.193

2.322

Ref. 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 7 7 7 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 7 7 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS (continued)

Compound Tl2SO4

Y2O3 Yb2O3 ZnF2 ZnO ZnSf ZnSg ZnSe ZnTe ZrSiO4h * a b c d e f g h

Crystal System orth orth orth cub cub tetr tetr hex hex cub hex hex cub cub tetr tetr

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Ray nx ny nz n n no ne no ne n no ne n n no ne

300 nm

589 nm 1.8604 1.8676 1.8857 1.930 1.9468 1.495 1.525 2.0036 2.0199 2.3691 2.372 2.368 2.6222 3.060 1.9255 1.9843

750 nm

1.9662 1.9821 2.3232 2.331 2.327 2.5384 2.880

1
m

2
m

1.9435 1.9589 2.2932 2.303 2.301 2.4888 2.789

1.9197 1.9330 2.2633 2.26

2.25

2.20

2.4462 2.719

2.4296 2.698

2.4065 2.684

Provisional value based on extrapolation beyond the range of experimental data. Arsenolite Calcite Senarmontite α-Quartz Rutile Sphalerite Wurtzite Zircon

10-230

5
m

10
m

20
m

Ref. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 3,5 5 3 3 4 4

REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TRANSMITTANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES Typical values of the index of refraction and internal transmittance (fraction of light transmitted through a one centimeter thickness) are tabulated here for selected types of glasses, as well as for synthetic fused (vitreous) silica. Nominal compositions are given in the first part of the table. The second part gives the index of refraction, relative to air, and the internal transmittance for representative samples of each glass at wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions. It should be emphasized that wide variation of these parameters may be found among subtypes of each glass. More detailed data may be found in Reference 3. Assuming that the Lambert-Beer Law is followed, the transmittance of a glass plate of thickness d (in centimeters) can be obtained by raising the transmittance value in the table to the power d. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Weber, M.J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL ,1988. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Schott Optical Glass, Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.

Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2

Name Phosphate crown Dense phosphate crown Borosilicate crown Crown Zinc crown Barium crown Dense crown Crown flint Barium light flint Extra dense crown Extra light flint Barium flint Light flint Flint Dense barium flint Dense flint Short flint Fused silica

Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LaK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2 a b

SiO2

70 74 71 60 39 67 51 35 63 46 53 47 43 33

B2O3

Al2O3

3 3 10

10 5

Composition in percent by mass Na2O K2O CaO BaO 12 8 9 17 3

3 15

5 2

10

16 6

8 11

5 4 1 6

5 2 1

PbO

12 5

10

19 41

5

20 42

3 14 8

16

8

11

5

8 8 8 7 7 5

P2O5 70 60

28 3

5 5

ZnO

12 4 24 22 34 44 33 62

100

1.060 µm

Index of refraction 546.1 nm 365.0 nm

1.51519 1.54154 1.50669 1.50091 1.52220 1.55695 1.59490 1.50586 1.57579 1.60402 1.69710 1.52775 1.56873 1.56594 1.58636 1.60889 1.71350 1.59680 1.44968

1.52736 1.55440 1.51872 1.51314 1.53534 1.57124 1.60994 1.51978 1.59166 1.61993 1.71616 1.54344 1.58565 1.58482 1.60718 1.62987 1.74620 1.61639 1.46008

1.54503 1.57342 1.53627 1.53189 1.55588 1.59407 1.63398 1.54251 1.61804 1.64595 1.74573 1.57038 1.61524 1.61926 1.64606 1.66926 1.8145 1.64849 1.47435a

312.6 nm 1.5574 1.5868 1.5486 1.5454 1.5708 1.6108 1.5600

1.6739 1.53430b

At 366.3 nm. At 213.9 nm.

10-217

TeamLRN

1.060 µm 0.997 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.997 0.999 0.998

Transmittance of 1 cm plate 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998

0.987 0.984 0.987 0.988 0.976 0.986 0.959 0.989 0.933 0.915 0.882 0.990 0.992 0.981 0.959 0.857 0.650 0.672

310 nm 0.46 0.46 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.49 0.010 0.010 0.17 0.32 0.004 0.008

0.012

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF WATER This table gives the index of refraction of liquid water at atmospheric pressure, relative to a vacuum, at several temperatures and wavelengths. It is generated from the formulation in Reference 1, which covers a wide range of temperature, pressure, and wavelength.The wavelengths listed here correspond to prominent lines of cadmium (226.50 and 361.05 nm), potassium (404.41 nm), sodium (589.00 nm), Ne (632.80 nm, from a helium neon laser), and mercury (1.01398 µm). REFERENCES 1. Schiebener, P., Straub, J., Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., and Gallagher, J.S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 677 (1990); 19, 1617, 1990. 2. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. T/°C

226.50 nm

361.05 nm

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1.39450 1.39422 1.39336 1.39208 1.39046 1.38854 1.38636 1.38395 1.38132 1.37849 1.37547

1.34896 1.34870 1.34795 1.34682 1.34540 1.34373 1.34184 1.33974 1.33746 1.33501 1.33239

404.41 nm

589.00 nm

1.34415 1.34389 1.34315 1.34205 1.34065 1.33901 1.33714 1.33508 1.33284 1.33042 1.32784

1.33432 1.33408 1.33336 1.33230 1.33095 1.32937 1.32757 1.32559 1.32342 1.32109 1.31861

10-218

632.80 nm 1.33306 1.33282 1.33211 1.33105 1.32972 1.32814 1.32636 1.32438 1.32223 1.31991 1.31744

1.01398 µm 1.32612 1.32591 1.32524 1.32424 1.32296 1.32145 1.31974 1.31784 1.31576 1.31353 1.31114

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF LIQUIDS FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES This table gives the index of refraction of six liquids which are available in highly pure form and whose index of refraction has been accurately measured as a function of wavelength and temperature. They are therefore useful for calibration of refractometers. The estimated uncertainty in the values is: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hexadecane trans-Bicyclo[4.0.0]decane 1-Methylnaphthalene Toluene Methylcyclohexane

±0.00003 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00003 ±0.00003

Full details are given in the references. This table is reprinted from Reference 1 by permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Tilton, L. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 32, 71, 1941.

λ nm

20°C

667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

1.38916 1.38945 1.39145 1.39316 1.39544 1.39639 1.40029

λ nm

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 25°C 30°C 1.38670 1.38698 1.38898 1.39068 1.39294 1.39389 1.39776

1.38424 1.38452 1.38650 1.38820 1.39044 1.39138 1.39523

trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane 20°C 25°C 30°C

20°C

Hexadecane 25°C

30°C

1.43204 1.43235 1.43453 1.43640 1.43888 1.43993 1.44419

1.43001 1.43032 1.43250 1.43436 1.43684 1.43788 1.44213

1.42798 1.42829 1.43047 1.43232 1.43480 1.43583 1.44007

20°C

1-Methylnaphthalene 25°C 30°C

667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

1.46654 1.46688 1.46932 1.47141 1.47420 1.47535 1.48011

1.46438 1.46472 1.46715 1.46923 1.47200 1.47315 1.47789

1.46222 1.46256 1.46498 1.46705 1.46980 1.47095 1.47567

1.60828 1.60940 1.61755 1.62488 1.63513 1.63958

λ nm

20°C

Toluene 25°C

30°C

20°C

667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

1.49180 1.49243 1.49693 1.50086 1.50620 1.50847 1.51800

1.48903 1.48966 1.49413 1.49803 1.50334 1.50559 1.51506

1.48619 1.48682 1.49126 1.49514 1.50041 1.50265 1.51206

1.42064 1.42094 1.42312 1.42497 1.42744 1.42847 1.43269

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1.60592 1.60703 1.61512 1.62240 1.63259 1.63701 1.65627

1.60360 1.60471 1.61278 1.62005 1.63022 1.63463 1.65386

Methylcyclohexane 25°C 30°C 1.41812 1.41842 1.42058 1.42243 1.42488 1.42590 1.43010

1.41560 1.41591 1.41806 1.41989 1.42233 1.42334 1.42752

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR This is a table of the index of refraction n of dry air at 15°C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and containing 0.045% by volume of carbon dioxide (“standard air”). The index of refraction is defined by n = λvac/λair where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. The index is calculated from the expression (n-1) × 108 = 8342.54 + 2406147(130 - σ2)-1 + 15998(38.9 - σ2)-1 where σ = 1/λvac and λvac has units of µm. The equation is valid for λvac from 200 nm to 2 µm. The table also gives the correction (n-1)λair which must be added to the wavelength in air to obtain λvac. If the air is at a temperature t in °C (ITS-90) and a pressure p in pascals, a value of (n-1) from this table should be multiplied by p[1 + p(60.1 – 0.972t) × 10-10]/96095.43(1 + 0.003661t)

REFERENCES 1. Birch, K. P., and Downs, M. J., Metrologia, 31, 315, 1994. 2. Edlen, B., Metrologia 2, 71, 1966. λvac 200 nm 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530

(n-1) × 108 32409 31748 31226 30801 30447 30148 29892 29670 29477 29307 29157 29023 28904 28796 28700 28612 28532 28460 28393 28332 28276 28224 28177 28132 28091 28053 28018 27985 27954 27925 27897 27872 27848 27825

λvac – λair

λvac

(n-1) × 108

λvac – λair

λvac

(n-1) × 108

λvac – λair

0.06480 nm 0.06665 0.06868 0.07082 0.07305 0.07535 0.07769 0.08009 0.08251 0.08497 0.08745 0.08995 0.09247 0.09500 0.09755 0.10011 0.10269 0.10527 0.10786 0.11046 0.11307 0.11569 0.11831 0.12094 0.12357 0.12620 0.12885 0.13149 0.13414 0.13679 0.13945 0.14211 0.14477 0.14743

540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870

27804 27784 27765 27747 27730 27714 27698 27684 27670 27657 27644 27632 27621 27610 27600 27590 27581 27572 27563 27555 27547 27539 27532 27525 27518 27511 27505 27499 27493 27488 27482 27477 27472 27467

0.15010 0.15277 0.15544 0.15811 0.16079 0.16347 0.16614 0.16882 0.17151 0.17419 0.17688 0.17956 0.18225 0.18494 0.18763 0.19032 0.19301 0.19570 0.19840 0.20109 0.20379 0.20649 0.20918 0.21188 0.21458 0.21728 0.21998 0.22268 0.22538 0.22808 0.23079 0.23349 0.23619 0.23890

880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990

27462 27458 27454 27449 27445 27441 27437 27434 27430 27427 27423 27420

0.24160 0.24431 0.24701 0.24972 0.25243 0.25513 0.25784 0.26055 0.26326 0.26597 0.26868 0.27138

1.00 µm 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00

27417 27402 27390 27379 27370 27361 27354 27347 27341 27336 27331 27327 27323 27319 27316 27313 27310 27307 27305 27303 27301

0.0002741 µm 0.0002876 0.0003012 0.0003148 0.0003283 0.0003419 0.0003555 0.0003691 0.0003827 0.0003963 0.0004099 0.0004234 0.0004370 0.0004506 0.0004642 0.0004778 0.0004914 0.0005050 0.0005187 0.0005323 0.0005459

10-224

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES William F. Krupke Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation was first demonstrated by Maiman in 1960, the result of a population inversion produced between energy levels of chromium ions in a ruby crystal when irradiated with a xenon flashlamp. Since then population inversions and coherent emission have been generated in literally thousands of substances (neutral and ionized gases, liquids, and solids) using a variety of incoherent excitation techniques (optical pumping, electrical discharges, gas-dynamic flow, electron-beams, chemical reactions, nuclear decay). The extrema of laser output parameters which have been demonstrated to date and the laser media used are summarized in Table 1. Note that the extreme power and energy parameters listed in this table were attained with laser systems rather than with simple laser oscillators. Laser sources are commonly classified in terms of the state-of-matter of the active medium: gas, liquid, and solid. Each of these classes is further subdivided into one or more types as shown in Table 2. A well-known representative example of each type of laser is also given in Table 2 together with its nominal operation wavelength and the methods by which it is pumped. The various lasers together cover a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. The particular wavelength of emission (usually a narrow line) is presented for some six dozen lasers in Figures 1A and 1B. By suitably designing the excitation source and/or by controlling the laser resonator structure, laser systems can provide continuous or pulsed radiation as shown in Table 3. Besides the method of excitation and the temporal behavior of a laser, there are many other parameters that characterize its operation and efficiency, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Although many lasers only emit in one or more narrow spectral “lines”, an increasing number of lasers can be tuned by changing the composition or the pressure of the medium, or by varying the wavelength of the pump bands. The spectral regions in which these tunable lasers operate are presented in Figure 2. REFERENCE Krupke, W. F., in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. I, Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

TABLE 1 Extrema of Output Parameters of Laser Devices or Systems Parameter

Value

Peak power Peak power density Pulse energy Average power Pulse duration

1 × 1014 W (collimated) 1018 W/cm2 (focused) >105 J 105 W 3 × 10–15 s continuous wave (cw)

Wavelength Efficiency (nonlaser pumped) Beam quality Spectral linewidth Spatial coherence

60 nm ↔ 385 µm 70% Diffraction limited 20 Hz (for 10–1 s) 10 m

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10-221

Laser medium Nd:glass Nd:glass CO2, Nd:glass CO2 Rh6G dye; various gases, liquids, solids Many required CO Various gases, liquids, solids Neon-helium Ruby

TABLE 2 Classes, Types, and Representative Examples of Laser Sources

Class Gas

Solid

Nominal operating wavelength (nm)

10-222

Atom, neutral (electronic transition) Atom, ionic (electronic transition) Molecule, neutral (electronic transition)

Neon-Helium (Ne-He) Argon (Ar+) Krypton fluoride (KrF)

633 488 248

Molecule, neutral (vibrational transition)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

10600

Molecule, neutral (rotational transition) Molecule, ionic (electronic transition) Organic solvent (dye-chromophore)

Methyl fluoride (CH3F) Nitrogen ion (N2+) Rhodamine dye (Rh6G)

496000 420 580–610

Organic solvent (rare earth chelate) Inorganic solvent (trivalent rare earth ion) Insulator, crystal (impurity) Insulator, crystal (stoichiometric) Insulator, crystal (color center) Insulator, amorphous (impurity) Semiconductor (p-n junction) Semiconductor (electron-hole plasma)

Europium:TTF Neodymium:POCl4 Neodymium:YAG Neodymium:UP(NdP5O14) F2–:LiF Neodymium:glass GaAs GaAs

612 1060 1064 1052 1120 1061 820 890

Method(s) of excitation Glow discharge Arc discharge Glow discharge; ebeam Glow discharge; gasdynamic flow Laser pumping E-beam Flashlamp; laser pumping Flashlamp Flashlamp Flashlamp, arc lamp Flashlamp Laser pumping Flashlamp Injection current E-beam, laser pumping

Table 3 Temporal Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Systems

Form Continuous wave Pulsed Q-Switched Cavity dumped Mode locked

Technique Excitation is continuous; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is pulsed; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very low value to a moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very high value to a low value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; phase or loss of the resonator modes is modulated at a rate related to the resonator transit time

Pulse width range (s)

∞ 10–8–10–3 10–8–10–6 10–7–10–5

10–12–10–9

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)

Liquid

Representative example

Type (characteristic)

Table 4 Properties and Performance of Some Continuous Wave (CW) Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density

a b

Junction thickness:width:length. Pressure dependent.

Torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm W cm–2 s cm–3 cm–1 W cm–3 W cm–3 cm:cm A/V A cm–2 W W %

Neon helium

Argon ion

Carbon dioxide

DC discharge Neon:helium 0.1:1.0

DC discharge Argon 0.4

DC discharge CO2:N2:He 0.4:0.8:5.0

633 3(-13) ;1(-7) ;1(-7) 2(-3) Inhomogeneous

488 1.6(-12) 7.5(-9) ;5.0(-9) 5(-3) Inhomogeneous

;1(-8) ; 1(9) ;1(-3)

;4(-10) 2(10) ;3(-2)

10600 1.5(-16) 4(-3) ;4(-3) 1.6(-2) Homogeneous ; 20 ;5(-6) b 2(15) 1(-2)

Solid Nd:YAG

GaAs

Ar+ laser pump Rh 6G:H2O

Krypton arc lamp Nd:YAG

DC injection p:n:GaAs

2(18):2(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 Homogeneous 3(5) <1(-12) 2(16) 4

1.5(20):2(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 Homogeneous 2.3(3) <1(-7) 6(16) 5(-2)

2(19):3(18):3(22) 810 ;6(-15) ;1(-9) ;1(-9) 10 Homogeneous ; 2(4) <1(-12) 1(16) 40

3

900

0.15

1(6)

150

7(7)

2.6(-3) 0.5:100 3(-2):2(3) 0.15 60 0.06 0.1

;1 0.3:100 30:300 600 9(3) 10 0.1

2(-2) 5.0:600 0.1:1.5(4) 6(-3) 1.5(3) 240 13

3(5) 1(-3):0.3

95 0.6:10 90:125 140 1.1(4) 300 2.6

5(6) 5(-4):7(-3);2(-2)a 1.0/1.7 4.5(3) 1.7 0.12 7

4 0.3 7

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)

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10-223

Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Type, gain saturation Homogeneous saturation flux Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Pump power density Output power density Laser size (diameter:length) Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation power Output power Efficiency

Unit

Liquid Rhodamine 6G dye

Table 5 Properties and Performance of Some Pulsed Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density

a b

torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm J/cm2 s cm–3 cm–1 J/cm3 J/cm3 cm:cm:cm A/V A cm2 W J s W %

Carbon dixoxide

Krypton fluoride

TEA-discharge CO2:N2:He 100:50:600

E-beam/sust. CO2:N2:He 240:240:320

Glow discharge He:Kr:F2 1070:70:3

E-beam Ar:Kr:F2 1235:52:3

10600 2(-18) 4(-3) ;1(-4) 1 0.2 5(-8)a 3(17) 2(-2) 0.1 2(-2) 4.5:4.5:87 6(4)/3.3(3) 8.5 2(8) 35 1(-6) 3.5(7) 17

10600 2(-18) 4(-3) 5(-5) 1 0.2 1(-8)a 6(17) 4(-2) 0.36 1.8(-2) 10:10:100 2.4(4)/4(4) 22 9(8) 180 4(-6) 4(7) 5

249 2(-16) 7(-9) 2(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 4(14) 8–92) 0.15 1.5(-3) 1.5:4.5:100 2.5(4)/1.5(5) 170 4(9) 1 2.5(-8) 4(7) 1

249 2(-16) 7(-9) 3(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 2(14) 4(-2) 0.13 1.2(-2) 8.5:10:100 1.2(4)/2.5(5) 11.5 3(9) 102 6(-7) 2(8) 10b

Pressure dependent. Intrinsic efficiency ≡ energy output/energy deposited in gas.

Liquid Rhodamine 6G

Nd:YAG

Solid

Xenon flashlamp Rh6G:alcohol

Xenon flashlamp Nd:YAG

1(18):1.5(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 2(-3) <1(-12) 2(16) 4 2.8 0.85 1.2φ25 2(5)/2.5(4) 2.6(3) 5.4(9) 32 3.2(-6) 1(7) 0.2

1.5(20):1(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 0.6 <1(-7) 4(17) 0.3 0.15 5(-2) 0.6φ7.5

Xenon flashlamp Nd:Glass 3(20):2(22) 1061 2.8(-20) 4.1(-4) 3.7(-4) 26 ;5 <1(-8) 3(18) 8(-2) 0.6 2(-2) 0.6φ8.3

4(4) 0.1 2(-8) 5(6) 1.5

9(4) 1.0 1(-4) 1(4) 3.7

Nd:glass

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)

10-224

Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Homogeneous saturation fluence Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Medium excitation energy density Output energy density Laser dimensions Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation peak power Output pulse energy Output pulse length Output pulse power Efficiency

Unit

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES Arthur Maki The CO2 laser has been the subject of a number of very accurate frequency measurements. Most of the earlier measurements are given by Bradley et al.1 That analysis was based on a single absolute frequency measurement and many laser frequency differences. New measurements of the methane frequency2-4 have made it necessary to slightly revise that single absolute frequency measurement. In addition, there have been several other absolute frequency measurements5-7 that have been used here to improve the accuracy of the present tables. New frequency difference measurements have also been added to the database used for the present tables.8 REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bradley, L. C., Soohoo, K. L., and Freed, C., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 234-267, 1986. Clairon, A., Dahmani, B., Filimon, A., and Rutman, J., IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas., IM-34, 265-268, 1985. Weiss, C. O., Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Garcia, E., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 1970-1972, 1988. Bagayev, S. N., Baklanov, A. E., Chebotayev, V. P., and Dychkov, A. S., Appl. Phys., B-48, 31-35, 1989. Blaney, T. G., Bradley, C. C., Edwards, G. J., Jolliffe, B. W., Knight, D. J. E., Rowley, W. R. C., Shotten, K. C., and Woods, P. T., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A-355, 61-88, 1977. 6. Chardonnet, Ch., Van Lerberghe, A., and Bordé, Ch. J., Opt. Comm., 58, 333-337, 1986. 7. Clairon, A., Acef, O., Chardonnet, Ch., and Bordé, Ch. J., Frequency Standards and Metrology, De Marchi, A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989, p. 212. 8. Evenson, K., private communication. Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)

26721305.4647 26794232.6712 26866318.8073 26937571.7234 27007998.9216 27077607.5643 27146404.4834 27214396.1873 27281588.8696 27347988.4161 27413600.4119 27478430.1487 27542482.6310 27605762.5826 27668274.4525 27730022.4206 27791010.4036 27851242.0594 27910720.7927 27969449.7593 28027431.8708 28084669.7981 28141165.9762 28196922.6067 28251941.6622 28306224.8888 28359773.8090 28412589.7245 28464673.7184 28516026.6574 28566649.1935 28616541.7661 28665704.6027

0.1680 0.1217 0.0867 0.0606 0.0415 0.0279 0.0185 0.0121 0.0081 0.0057 0.0043 0.0036 0.0032 0.0030 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

10-228

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)

29789856.3783 29861850.7690 29933216.1760 30003944.2861 30074026.9127 30143456.0039 30212223.6504 30280322.0930 30347743.7306 30414481.1273 30480527.0196 30545874.3239 30610516.1429 30674445.7724 30737656.7080 30800142.6511 30861897.5150 30922915.4310 30983190.7534 31042718.0652 31101492.1833 31159508.1631 31216761.3029 31273247.1487 31328961.4978 31383900.4028 31438060.1749 31491437.3872 31544028.8776 31595831.7516 31646843.3843 31697061.4225 31746483.7868

0.0308 0.0192 0.0122 0.0086 0.0072 0.0066 0.0061 0.0055 0.0049 0.0044 0.0041 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

28714137.7205 28761840.9272 28832026.2198 28877902.4382 28923046.4303 28967457.0657 29011133.0054 29054072.7010 29096274.3935 29137736.1129 29178455.6759 29218430.6852 29257658.5269 29296136.3689 29333861.1583 29370829.6191 29407038.2491 29442483.3168 29477160.8582 29511066.6733 29544196.3221 29576545.1205 29608108.1360 29638880.1831 29668855.8183 29698029.3350 29726394.7582 29753945.8385 29780676.0464 29806578.5659 29831646.2878 29855871.8032 29879247.3960 29901765.0357 29923416.3695 29944192.7145 29964085.0488 29983084.0036

0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022 0.0024 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0058 0.0074 0.0113 0.0186 0.0302 0.0475 0.0720

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

31795108.6724 31842934.5511 31913172.5691 31958996.0621 32004017.3822 32048236.2498 32091652.6619 32134266.8917 32176079.4878 32217091.2721 32257303.3386 32296717.0510 32335334.0408 32373156.2044 32410185.7003 32446424.9459 32481876.6140 32516543.6293 32550429.1641 32583536.6340 32615869.6937 32647432.2320 32678228.3665 32708262.4386 32737539.0081 32766062.8469 32793838.9334 32820872.4463 32847168.7576 32872733.4269 32897572.1935 32921690.9701 32945095.8355 32967793.0268 32989788.9322 33011090.0831 33031703.1467 33051634.9172

0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0045 0.0055 0.0071 0.0099 0.0141 0.0202 0.0288 0.0407 0.0567 0.0780 0.1060 0.1423

Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)

25523832.1808 25590013.4703 25655543.6502 25720428.2487 25784672.4840 25848281.2771 25911259.2627 25973610.8005 26035339.9857 26096450.6582 26156946.4123

0.7836 0.5415 0.3629 0.2339 0.1430 0.0810 0.0405 0.0157 0.0045 0.0079 0.0101

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)

28512082.5283 28585121.9396 28657449.4180 28729056.6374 28799935.4147 28870077.7187 28939475.6771 29008121.5846 29076007.9109 29143127.3077 29209472.6164

1.2894 0.9194 0.6420 0.4375 0.2897 0.1853 0.1135 0.0659 0.0357 0.0180 0.0090

10-229

TeamLRN

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66)

26216830.6053 26276106.3655 26334776.6003 26392844.0030 26450311.0599 26507180.0565 26563453.0836 26619132.0428 26674218.6515 26728714.4479 26782620.7952 26835938.8858 26888669.7451 26940814.2347 26992373.0555 27043346.7508 27093735.7083 27143540.1624 27192760.1962 27241395.7431 27289446.5880 27336912.3682 27407012.8882 27453013.4589 27498426.5430 27543251.1200 27587486.0225 27631129.9356 27674181.3963 27716638.7917 27758500.3577 27799764.1770 27840428.1773 27880490.1283 27919947.6395 27958798.1567 27997038.9591 28034667.1551 28071679.6785 28108073.2842 28143844.5432 28178989.8377 28213505.3554 28247387.0838 28280630.8035 28313232.0818 28345186.2652 28376488.4720 28407133.5839 28437116.2372 28466430.8141 28495071.4324 28523031.9357 28550305.8819 28576886.5323 28602766.8393

0.0101 0.0090 0.0077 0.0068 0.0063 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0047 0.0046 0.0045 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0030 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0028 0.0033 0.0046 0.0083 0.0161 0.0301 0.0531 0.0887 0.1419 0.2188 0.3271 0.4763 0.6781 0.9467

10-230

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66)

29275036.8754 29339813.3270 29403795.4243 29466976.8383 29529351.4635 29590913.4252 29651657.0844 29711577.0447 29770668.1566 29828925.5239 29886344.5074 29942920.7308 29998650.0838 30053528.7271 30107553.0955 30160719.9016 30213026.1388 30264469.0839 30315046.2994 30364755.6359 30413595.2335 30461563.5231 30531879.5415 30577664.6138 30622575.1885 30666611.0128 30709772.1257 30752058.8571 30793471.8269 30834011.9425 30873680.3976 30912478.6694 30950408.5159 30987471.9732 31023671.3517 31059009.2327 31093488.4642 31127112.1569 31159883.6793 31191806.6529 31222884.9469 31253122.6730 31282524.1795 31311094.0452 31338837.0736 31365758.2858 31391862.9147 31417156.3972 31441644.3679 31465332.6516 31488227.2557 31510334.3631 31531660.3243 31552211.6497 31571995.0017 31591017.1868

0.0058 0.0050 0.0044 0.0037 0.0032 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0031 0.0035 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0057 0.0056 0.0054 0.0051 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 0.0045 0.0046 0.0048 0.0053 0.0061 0.0077 0.0108 0.0173 0.0295 0.0505 0.0845 0.1366 0.2138 0.3247 0.4800 0.6932 0.9805 1.3619

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38)

27045326.3119 27114914.0922 27183635.7945 27251496.4118 27318500.7361 27384653.3618 27449958.6881 27514420.9224 27578044.0828 27640832.0010 27702788.3248 27763916.5206 27824219.8762 27883701.5029 27942364.3379 28000211.1464 28057244.5242 28113466.8992 28168880.5335 28223487.5256 28277289.8118 28330289.1679 28382487.2111 28433885.4012 28484485.0420 28534287.2828 28583293.1193 28631503.3952 28678918.8025 28725539.8830 28771367.0288 28816400.4829 28860640.3403 28904086.5477 28946738.9048 29009228.1702 29049894.0586 29089764.2368 29128837.8426 29167113.8668 29204591.1529 29241268.3964 29277144.1444 29312216.7955 29346484.5984 29379945.6517 29412597.9024 29444439.1458 29475467.0236 29505679.0230 29535072.4755 29563644.5557 29591392.2794 29618312.5023 29644401.9182

0.4540 0.3324 0.2392 0.1688 0.1165 0.0783 0.0510 0.0319 0.0191 0.0108 0.0059 0.0035 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0028

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38)

30695237.5856 30755520.2231 30815311.4928 30874607.2084 30933403.2309 30991695.4724 31049479.9009 31106752.5446 31163509.4964 31219746.9183 31275461.0455 31330648.1908 31385304.7490 31439427.2006 31493012.1163 31546056.1605 31598556.0954 31650508.7847 31701911.1970 31752760.4093 31803053.6105 31852788.1043 31901961.3125 31950570.7773 31998614.1649 32046089.2669 32092994.0036 32139326.4254 32185084.7154 32230267.1907 32274872.3041 32318898.6455 32362344.9434 32405210.0652 32447493.0185 32509824.0580 32550648.1723 32590887.7542 32630542.4457 32669612.0295 32708096.4282 32745995.7040 32783310.0573 32820039.8258 32856185.4827 32891747.6358 32926727.0254 32961124.5220 32994941.1249 33028177.9594 33060836.2743 33092917.4394 33124422.9429 33155354.3878 33185713.4894

0.0858 0.0570 0.0364 0.0223 0.0131 0.0075 0.0049 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0046 0.0049

10-231

TeamLRN

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

29669657.0575 29694074.2853 29717649.7992 29740379.6276 29762259.6274 29783285.4820 29803452.6988 29822756.6072 29841192.3558 29858754.9100 29875439.0495 29891239.3658 29906150.2589 29920165.9352 29933280.4042 29945487.4756

0.0036 0.0053 0.0082 0.0128 0.0200 0.0307 0.0461 0.0681 0.0985 0.1401 0.1960 0.2702 0.3673 0.4930 0.6540 0.8581

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)

33215502.0716 33244722.0637 33273375.4969 33301464.5003 33328991.2976 33355958.2027 33382367.6161 33408222.0209 33433523.9780 33458276.1228 33482481.1601 33506141.8605 33529261.0556 33551841.6335 33573886.5352 33595398.7493

0.0056 0.0068 0.0092 0.0134 0.0199 0.0294 0.0427 0.0607 0.0848 0.1165 0.1576 0.2104 0.2775 0.3621 0.4679 0.5992

Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)

25967863.7652 26033448.2798 26098273.9159 26162346.4813 26225671.5466 26288254.4494 26350100.2984 26411213.9778 26471600.1504 26531263.2618 26590207.5442 26648437.0195 26705955.5026 26762766.6051 26818873.7378 26874280.1143 26928988.7531 26983002.4809 27036323.9351 27088955.5657 27140899.6384 27192158.2363 27242733.2620 27292626.4396 27341839.3165 27390373.2651 27438229.4843 27485409.0008 27531912.6704 27577741.1795 27622895.0455 27667374.6182 27711180.0803 27754311.4480

1.1146 0.8152 0.5860 0.4129 0.2844 0.1906 0.1237 0.0772 0.0459 0.0258 0.0138 0.0077 0.0057 0.0055 0.0055 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0055 0.0054 0.0051 0.0049 0.0047 0.0044 0.0042 0.0040 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0033 0.0034

10-232

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)

28960476.2278 29022326.9578 29083661.3546 29144473.5795 29204757.8761 29264508.5768 29323720.1086 29382386.9988 29440503.8809 29498065.4997 29555066.7172 29611502.5178 29667368.0132 29722658.4475 29777369.2022 29831495.8006 29885033.9125 29937979.3584 29990328.1139 30042076.3132 30093220.2534 30143756.3978 30193681.3793 30242992.0038 30291685.2529 30339758.2870 30387208.4477 30434033.2603 30480230.4356 30525797.8725 30570733.6593 30615036.0750 30658703.5912 30701734.8727

0.4069 0.2861 0.1961 0.1303 0.0833 0.0507 0.0290 0.0152 0.0073 0.0038 0.0032 0.0031 0.0031 0.0034 0.0039 0.0044 0.0049 0.0053 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0053 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0046 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

27796768.5718 27859189.3155 27899959.0889 27940052.7921 27979469.5315 28018208.2478 28056267.7161 28093646.5448 28130343.1757 28166355.8825 28201682.7706 28236321.7757 28270270.6628 28303527.0249 28336088.2817 28367951.6781 28399114.2823 28429572.9843 28459324.4940 28488365.3390 28516691.8625 28544300.2211 28571186.3823 28597346.1222 28622775.0223 28647468.4672 28671421.6417 28694629.5272 28717086.8993 28738788.3239 28759728.1540 28779900.5263 28799299.3572 28817918.3393 28835750.9374 28852790.3843 28869029.6768

0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0038 0.0071 0.0148 0.0286 0.0510 0.0852 0.1355 0.2075 0.3078 0.4447 0.6283 0.8707 1.1863

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)

30744128.7785 30806522.5414 30847319.2956 30887476.2168 30926993.0424 30965869.7046 31004106.3298 31041703.2379 31078660.9408 31114980.1420 31150661.7340 31185706.7976 31220116.5992 31253892.5891 31287036.3991 31319549.8396 31351434.8973 31382693.7318 31413328.6728 31443342.2165 31472737.0219 31501515.9074 31529681.8467 31557237.9646 31584187.5329 31610533.9656 31636280.8146 31661431.7650 31685990.6298 31709961.3449 31733347.9642 31756154.6537 31778385.6867 31800045.4375 31821138.3761 31841669.0622 31861642.1394

0.0045 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0040 0.0042 0.0046 0.0057 0.0088 0.0151 0.0261 0.0434 0.0693 0.1068 0.1594 0.2317 0.3291 0.4581 0.6268

Frequencies for the 011e1-(111e0,031e0)I and 011e1-(111e0,031e0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)

26125213.2723 26191576.6703 26257240.7898 26322208.2302 26386481.4313 26450062.6783 26512954.1076 26575157.7109 26636675.3402 26697508.7115 26757659.4084 26817128.8857 26875918.4726

1.6633 1.0880 0.6844 0.4094 0.2286 0.1155 0.0498 0.0191 0.0160 0.0182 0.0177 0.0160 0.0144

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)

30427055.2899 30494640.3229 30561557.5929 30627802.0344 30693368.7014 30758252.7710 30822449.5469 30885954.4624 30948763.0834 31010871.1119 31072274.3882 31132968.8940 31192950.7549

0.1962 0.1332 0.0865 0.0530 0.0306 0.0175 0.0123 0.0114 0.0109 0.0100 0.0091 0.0091 0.0102

10-233

TeamLRN

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) R(1) R(3) R(5) R(7) R(9) R(11) R(13) R(15) R(17) R(19) R(21) R(23) R(25) R(27) R(29) R(31) R(33) R(35) R(37) R(39) R(41) R(43) R(45) R(47) R(49) R(51) R(53)

26934029.3751 26991462.6787 27048219.3509 27104300.2431 27159706.0925 27214437.5237 27268495.0505 27321879.0769 27374589.8987 27426627.7040 27477992.5747 27528684.4867 27578703.3113 27628048.8151 27676720.6609 27724718.4080 27841759.7696 27887393.2105 27932349.2934 27976627.0108 28020225.2521 28063142.8031 28105378.3457 28146930.4576 28187797.6116 28227978.1750 28267470.4088 28306272.4666 28344382.3939 28381798.1267 28418517.4902 28454538.1976 28489857.8477 28524473.9240 28558383.7917 28591584.6963 28624073.7602 28655847.9806 28686904.2261 28717239.2334 28746849.6038 28775731.7988 28803882.1361

0.0131 0.0119 0.0106 0.0096 0.0093 0.0097 0.0104 0.0108 0.0108 0.0104 0.0098 0.0096 0.0101 0.0113 0.0127 0.0141 0.0152 0.0146 0.0135 0.0124 0.0115 0.0110 0.0109 0.0109 0.0107 0.0103 0.0099 0.0099 0.0107 0.0122 0.0141 0.0165 0.0213 0.0312 0.0486 0.0754 0.1131 0.1644 0.2328 0.3239 0.4465 0.6142 0.8465

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) P(1) P(3) P(5) P(7) P(9) P(11) P(13) P(15) P(17) P(19) P(21) P(23) P(25) P(27) P(29) P(31) P(33) P(35) P(37) P(39) P(41) P(43) P(45) P(47) P(49) P(51) P(53)

31252216.2430 31310761.7788 31368583.9339 31425679.4328 31482045.1550 31537678.1367 31592575.5725 31646734.8172 31700153.3868 31752828.9602 31804759.3803 31855942.6551 31906376.9582 31956060.6304 32004992.1796 32053170.2819 32170312.0391 32215845.0845 32260620.8121 32304638.8261 32347898.8990 32390400.9714 32432145.1513 32473131.7137 32513361.0997 32552833.9153 32591550.9309 32629513.0796 32666721.4564 32703177.3164 32738882.0732 32773837.2976 32808044.7156 32841506.2063 32874223.8000 32906199.6761 32937436.1606 32967935.7238 32997700.9775 33026734.6728 33055039.6965 33082619.0689 33109475.9403

0.0118 0.0134 0.0147 0.0155 0.0157 0.0154 0.0147 0.0137 0.0127 0.0119 0.0113 0.0113 0.0116 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0149 0.0151 0.0152 0.0152 0.0150 0.0148 0.0145 0.0142 0.0140 0.0140 0.0141 0.0143 0.0144 0.0142 0.0136 0.0136 0.0174 0.0279 0.0462 0.0735 0.1114 0.1624 0.2292 0.3151 0.4238 0.5595 0.7272

Frequencies for the 011f1-(111f0,031f0)I and 011f1-(111f0,031f0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)

26051570.0104 26120964.4932 26189552.8496 26257339.6006 26324329.0344 26390525.2136 26455931.9824

4.4521 3.0629 2.0516 1.3305 0.8289 0.4901 0.2698

10-234

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)

30355115.0204 30425283.5969 30494732.8293 30563455.6325 30631445.1076 30698694.5456 30765197.4310

0.2752 0.1926 0.1301 0.0840 0.0512 0.0292 0.0163

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)

Line

Band I Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50)

26520552.9722 26584391.6075 26647451.1105 26709734.5057 26771244.6242 26831984.1067 26891955.4069 26951160.7945 27009602.3576 27067282.0045 27124201.4662 27180362.2977 27235765.8792 27290413.4182 27344305.9494 27397444.3368 27449829.2733 27501461.2824 27552340.7179 27602467.7649 27651842.4399 27700464.5912 27748333.8988 27864709.8633 27909939.2762 27954412.3294 27998127.7801 28041084.2173 28083280.0620 28124713.5668 28165382.8151 28205285.7213 28244420.0302 28282783.3158 28320372.9812 28357186.2574 28393220.2023 28428471.6994 28462937.4565 28496614.0042 28529497.6934 28561584.6939 28592870.9914 28623352.3850 28653024.4839 28681882.7038 28709922.2632 28737138.1785

0.1334 0.0551 0.0181 0.0151 0.0174 0.0157 0.0126 0.0105 0.0096 0.0092 0.0090 0.0089 0.0090 0.0093 0.0096 0.0097 0.0096 0.0096 0.0101 0.0111 0.0125 0.0139 0.0148 0.0146 0.0135 0.0122 0.0112 0.0107 0.0108 0.0110 0.0112 0.0111 0.0110 0.0114 0.0129 0.0149 0.0168 0.0175 0.0165 0.0142 0.0163 0.0309 0.0593 0.1054 0.1779 0.2907 0.4635 0.7231

Line

Band II Frequency (MHz)

Uncertainty (MHz)

P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50)

30830947.4444 30895938.4662 30960164.5794 31023620.0723 31086299.4415 31148197.3941 31209308.8510 31269628.9481 31329153.0395 31387876.6994 31445795.7236 31502906.1318 31559204.1695 31614686.3091 31669349.2515 31723189.9280 31776205.5007 31828393.3642 31879751.1463 31930276.7092 31979968.1497 32028823.8002 32076842.2290 32193218.1935 32238298.4853 32282538.0393 32325936.7244 32368494.6458 32410212.1438 32451089.7941 32491128.4063 32530329.0234 32568692.9211 32606221.6061 32642916.8154 32678780.5147 32713814.8971 32748022.3813 32781405.6101 32813967.4482 32845710.9809 32876639.5111 32906756.5580 32936065.8540 32964571.3426 32992277.1760 33019187.7118 33045307.5105

0.0111 0.0104 0.0105 0.0105 0.0107 0.0114 0.0126 0.0138 0.0147 0.0151 0.0149 0.0141 0.0128 0.0113 0.0098 0.0086 0.0081 0.0085 0.0095 0.0107 0.0120 0.0131 0.0139 0.0150 0.0151 0.0153 0.0153 0.0154 0.0155 0.0155 0.0154 0.0152 0.0149 0.0147 0.0144 0.0140 0.0133 0.0120 0.0106 0.0122 0.0212 0.0385 0.0646 0.1015 0.1518 0.2184 0.3048 0.4152

10-235

TeamLRN

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS Arthur Maki Aside from the CO2 laser transitions, the absorption spectrum of CO has been more accurately and thoroughly measured than any other spectrum. A bibliography of earlier measurements on CO is given by Maki and Wells,1 and the present tables were calculated from the measurements referred to in that work. In addition, some new and very accurate frequency measurements2,3 have been made and were incorporated in the present tables. The frequencies of the rotational transitions of HF and HCl were calculated from constants obtained from fitting the measurements of Evenson et al.4,5 and Jennings and Wells.6 A new report on infrared wavenumber standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, may be found in Reference 7. REFERENCES 1. Maki, A. G. and Wells, J. S., Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurements, NIST Special Publication 821, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1991. 2. Evenson, K. and Stroh, F., private communication. 3. George, T., Urban, W., and co-workers, private communication. 4. Jennings, D. A., Evenson, K. M., Zink, L. R., Demuynck, C., Destombes, J. L., Lemoine, B., and Johns, J. W. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 122, 477480, 1987. 5. Nolt, I. G., Radostitz, J. V., DiLonardo, G., Evenson, K. M., Jennings, D. A., Leopold, K. R., Vanek, M. D., Zink, L. R., Hinz, A., and Chance, K. V., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 125, 274-287, 1987. 6. Jennings, D. A. and Wells, J. S., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 130, 267-268, 1988. 7. High Resolution Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared, Pure Appl. Chemistry, 68, 193, 1996. Wavenumbers for the v = 1-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1

2139.426071(01) 2135.546178(01) 2131.631574(01) 2127.682404(01) 2123.698816(01) 2119.680957(01) 2115.628973(01) 2111.543012(01) 2107.423221(01) 2103.269746(01) 2099.082734(01) 2094.862333(01) 2090.608688(01) 2086.321947(01) 2082.002256(01) 2077.649762(01) 2073.264612(01) 2068.846952(01) 2064.396929(01) 2059.914688(02) 2055.400377(02) 2050.854140(02) 2046.276126(03) 2041.666479(03) 2037.025345(03) 2032.352870(04) 2027.649200(04) 2022.914480(04) 2018.148857(05) 2013.352474(05) 2008.525477(06) 2003.668012(06) 1998.780224(07) 1993.862257(09)

Transition

Wavenumber (unc) cm–1

Transition

P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)

2147.081132(01) 2150.856006(01) 2154.595581(01) 2158.299710(01) 2161.968245(01) 2165.601041(01) 2169.197949(01) 2172.758824(01) 2176.283519(01) 2179.771887(01) 2183.223782(01) 2186.639057(01) 2190.017565(01) 2193.359161(01) 2196.663698(01) 2199.931030(01) 2203.161010(01) 2206.353492(01) 2209.508331(02) 2212.625379(02) 2215.704492(02) 2218.745522(02) 2221.748326(03) 2224.712755(03) 2227.638666(03) 2230.525912(04) 2233.374349(04) 2236.183829(04) 2238.954210(05) 2241.685344(05) 2244.377088(06) 2247.029296(07) 2249.641824(08) 2252.214527(10) 2254.747262(14)

R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34)

10-236

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1 1988.914257(11) 1983.936367(14) 1978.928733(18) 1973.891500(25) 1968.824811(34) 1963.728813(46) 1958.603648(61) 1953.449462(82)

Transition

Wavenumber (unc) cm–1

Transition

P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39) P(40) P(41) P(42)

2257.239883(18) 2259.692248(24) 2262.104213(33) 2264.475634(45) 2266.806368(61) 2269.096273(81) 2271.345206(106) 2273.553027(139)

R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39) R(40) R(41) R(42)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Wavenumbers for the v = 2-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1

4256.217140(02) 4252.302244(02) 4248.317633(02) 4244.263453(02) 4240.139852(02) 4235.946975(02) 4231.684972(02) 4227.353987(02) 4222.954169(02) 4218.485665(02) 4213.948620(02) 4209.343182(02) 4204.669499(02) 4199.927716(02) 4195.117980(02) 4190.240439(02) 4185.295239(02) 4180.282526(02) 4175.202447(02) 4170.055149(03) 4164.840777(03) 4159.559478(03) 4154.211398(03) 4148.796683(04) 4143.315479(04) 4137.767932(04) 4132.154187(05) 4126.474391(06) 4120.728689(07) 4114.917226(09) 4109.040148(12) 4103.097600(16) 4097.089728(21) 4091.016676(29) 4084.878591(40) 4078.675618(54) 4072.407901(73) 4066.075588(97) 4059.678822(127)

Transition

Wavenumber (unc) cm–1

Transition

P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39)

4263.837198(02) 4267.542066(02) 4271.176630(02) 4274.740746(02) 4278.234264(02) 4281.657039(02) 4285.008924(02) 4288.289772(02) 4291.499437(02) 4294.637773(02) 4297.704631(02) 4300.699868(02) 4303.623334(02) 4306.474886(02) 4309.254375(02) 4311.961657(02) 4314.596584(02) 4317.159011(02) 4319.648791(02) 4322.065779(03) 4324.409829(03) 4326.680794(03) 4328.878530(03) 4331.002889(04) 4333.053728(04) 4335.030899(05) 4336.934259(06) 4338.763661(07) 4340.518961(09) 4342.200014(11) 4343.806675(16) 4345.338799(21) 4346.796243(29) 4348.178862(40) 4349.486513(54) 4350.719052(73) 4351.876336(96) 4352.958224(127) 4353.964572(166) 4354.895240(214)

R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34) R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.

10-237

TeamLRN

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumbers for the v = 3-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1

6346.594000(13) 6342.644103(13) 6338.589491(13) 6334.430309(13) 6330.166705(13) 6325.798826(13) 6321.326819(13) 6316.750831(12) 6312.071008(12) 6307.287498(12) 6302.400447(12) 6297.410003(12) 6292.316311(13) 6287.119520(13) 6281.819775(13) 6276.417224(13) 6270.912012(13) 6265.304287(13) 6259.594194(13) 6253.781880(13) 6247.867492(14) 6241.851176(14) 6235.733077(14) 6229.513342(15) 6223.192117(15) 6216.769547(16) 6210.245778(17) 6203.620957(19) 6196.895229(23) 6190.068739(28) 6183.141633(37) 6176.114058(50) 6168.986159(67) 6161.758082(90)

Transition

P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)

Wavenumber (unc) cm–1

Transition

6354.179057(13) 6357.813923(13) 6361.343487(13) 6364.767599(13) 6368.086115(13) 6371.298887(13) 6374.405768(12) 6377.406611(12) 6380.301271(12) 6383.089600(12) 6385.771452(12) 6388.346680(13) 6390.815139(13) 6393.176681(13) 6395.431160(13) 6397.578430(13) 6399.618344(13) 6401.550757(13) 6403.375523(13) 6405.092495(14) 6406.701527(14) 6408.202474(14) 6409.595189(15) 6410.879527(15) 6412.055343(16) 6413.122491(17) 6414.080825(19) 6414.930201(23) 6415.670474(28) 6416.301500(37) 6416.823133(50) 6417.235231(67) 6417.537649(90)

R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency MHz 115271.2029 230538.0016 345795.9923 461040.7712 576267.9350 691473.0809 806651.8065 921799.7104 1036912.3919 1151985.4515 1267014.4906 1381995.1119 1496922.9195

Uncertainty* MHz 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0034 0.0038

J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

10-238

J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Wavenumber cm–1

Uncertainty* cm–1

3.84503345 7.68991999 11.53451273 15.37866477 19.22222923 23.06505926 26.90700800 30.74792863 34.58767438 38.42609848 42.26305422 46.09839491 49.93197392

0.00000001 0.00000003 0.00000004 0.00000005 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.00000008 0.00000009 0.00000010 0.00000010 0.00000011 0.00000013

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 1611793.5189 1726602.5173 1841345.5237 1956018.1486 2070616.0050 2185134.7075 2299569.8733 2413917.1217 2528172.0747 2642330.3567 2756387.5949 2870339.4194 2984181.4631 3097909.3621 3211518.7558 3325005.2869 3438364.6013 3551592.3489 3664684.1829 3777635.7608 3890442.7435 4003100.7965 4115605.5892 4227952.7954 4340138.0932 4452157.1657 4564005.7001

Uncertainty* MHz

J′

J″

Wavenumber cm–1

Uncertainty* cm–1

0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0057 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0074 0.0075 0.0077 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0107 0.0111 0.0118 0.0137 0.0179 0.0254 0.0370 0.0531 0.0746 0.1025

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

53.76364468 57.59326065 61.42067535 65.24574239 69.06831542 72.88824816 76.70539441 80.51960806 84.33074306 88.13865346 91.94319341 95.74421713 99.54157896 103.33513334 107.12473480 110.91023800 114.69149772 118.46836884 122.24070637 126.00836545 129.77120137 133.52906952 137.28182546 141.02932487 144.77142361 148.50797766 152.23884318

0.00000014 0.00000016 0.00000017 0.00000019 0.00000020 0.00000022 0.00000023 0.00000024 0.00000024 0.00000025 0.00000025 0.00000026 0.00000027 0.00000028 0.00000030 0.00000032 0.00000034 0.00000036 0.00000037 0.00000039 0.00000046 0.00000060 0.00000085 0.00000123 0.00000177 0.00000249 0.00000342

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of HF Frequency MHz

Uncertainty* MHz

1232476.21 2463428.09 3691334.81 4914682.58 6131968.11 7341702.00 8542412.1 9732646.8 10910978.2 12076004.8 13226355.2 14360689.8 15477704.4 16576131.8 17654744.4 18712356.5 19747825.6 20760054.3 21747991.7 22710634.7 23647028.7 24556268.8 25437499.9

0.12 0.19 0.25 0.51 1.10 2.00 3.21 4.72 6.51 8.55 10.81 13.25 15.86 18.61 21.48 24.44 27.43 30.32 32.91 34.94 36.08 35.93 34.12

J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

10-239

TeamLRN

Wavenumber cm–1

Uncertainty* cm–1

41.110981 82.171116 123.129676 163.936165 204.540439 244.892818 284.944197 324.646153 363.951056 402.81216 441.18372 479.02105 516.28065 552.92024 588.89888 624.17703 658.71656 692.4809 725.4349 757.5452 788.7800 819.1090 848.5037

0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.000017 0.000037 0.000067 0.000107 0.000157 0.000217 0.000285 0.000361 0.00044 0.00053 0.00062 0.00072 0.00082 0.00092 0.00101 0.00110 0.00117 0.00120 0.00120 0.00114

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 26289917.4 27112767.2 27905345.6 28666999.3 29397124.8 30095168.2 30760624.2 31393035.7

Uncertainty* MHz 30.32 24.41 16.88 10.80 14.65 24.62 33.36 36.17

J′ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

J″ 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Wavenumber cm–1 876.9373 904.38457 930.82214 956.22817 980.58253 1003.86676 1026.0640 1047.1590

Uncertainty* cm–1 0.00101 0.00081 0.00056 0.00036 0.00049 0.00082 0.00111 0.00121

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H35Cl Frequency MHz

Uncertainty* MHz

1876226.517 2499864.439 3121986.563 3742216.601 4360180.042 4975504.51 5587820.10 6196759.76 6801959.63 7403059.41 7999702.7 8591537.3 9178215.8

0.065 0.066 0.064 0.076 0.098 0.11 0.12 0.22 0.50 1.02 1.8 3.1 4.8

J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Wavemumber cm–1

Uncertainty* cm–1

62.584180 83.386502 104.138262 124.826909 145.439951 165.964966 186.389615 206.701656 226.888951 246.939481 266.841359 286.582837 306.152324

0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000004 0.000004 0.000007 0.000017 0.000034 0.000062 0.000103 0.000161

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H37Cl Frequency MHz

Uncertainty* MHz

1873410.72 2496115.33 3117308.69 3736615.64 4353662.84 4968079.04 5579495.53 6187546.42 6791869.04 7392104.3 7987896.9 8578896.1

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.45 0.9 1.6 2.7

J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.

10-240

Wavenumber cm–1

Uncertainty* cm–1

62.490255 83.261445 103.982225 124.640082 145.222561 165.717279 186.111938 206.394332 226.552365 246.574057 266.447561 286.161170

0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000006 0.000015 0.000030 0.000054 0.000089

Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics Summary Tables of Particle Properties Table of the Isotopes Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Cosmic Radiation

TeamLRN

1

SUMMARY TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES Extracted from the Particle Listings of the

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table Z

Review of Particle Physics

Published in Eur. Jour. Phys. C3, 1 (1998) Available at http://pdg.lbl.gov Particle Data Group Authors:

C. Caso, G. Conforto, A. Gurtu, M. Aguilar-Benitez, C. Amsler, R.M. Barnett, P.R. Burchat, C.D. Carone, O. Dahl, M. Doser, S. Eidelman, J.L. Feng, M. Goodman, C. Grab, D.E. Groom, K. Hagiwara, K.G. Hayes, J.J. Hernandez, K. Hikasa, K. Honscheid, F. James, M.L. Mangano, A.V. Manohar, K. Monig, H. Murayama, K. Nakamura, K.A. Olive, A. Piepke, M. Roos, R.H. Schindler, R.E. Shrock, M. Tanabashi, N.A. Tornqvist, T.G. Trippe, P. Vogel, C.G. Wohl, R.L. Workman, W.-M. Yao Technical Associates: B. Armstrong, J.L. Casas Serradilla, B.B. Filimonov, P.S. Gee, S.B. Lugovsky, S. Mankov, F. Nicholson

Other Authors who have made substantial contributions to reviews since the 1994 edition:

K.S. Babu, D. Besson, O. Biebel, R.N. Cahn, R.L. Crawford, R.H. Dalitz, T. Damour, K. Desler, R.J. Donahue, D.A. Edwards, J. Erler, V.V. Ezhela, A. Fasso, W. Fetscher, D. Froidevaux, T.K. Gaisser, L. Garren, S. Geer, H.-J. Gerber, F.J. Gilman, H.E. Haber, C. Hagmann, I. Hinchlie, C.J. Hogan, G. Hohler, J.D. Jackson, K.F. Johnson, D. Karlen, B. Kayser, K. Kleinknecht, I.G. Knowles, C. Kolda, P. Kreitz, P. Langacker, R. Landua, L. Littenberg, D.M. Manley, J. March-Russell, T. Nakada, H. Quinn, G. Raelt, B. Renk, M.T. Ronan, L.J. Rosenberg, M. Schmitt, D.N. Schramm, D. Scott, T. Sjostrand, G.F. Smoot, S. Spanier, M. Srednicki, T. Stanev, M. Suzuki, N.P. Tkachenko, G. Valencia, K. van Bibber, R. Voss, L. Wolfenstein, S. Youssef

c Regents of the University of California

(Approximate closing date for data: January 1, 1998)

J=1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91:187  0:007 GeV [c ] Full width , = 2:490  0:007 GeV ,
,,`+ `, =
83:83  0:27 MeV [b] ,,invisible
= 498:3  4:2 MeV [d ] ,,hadrons
=, 1740:
7  5:9 MeV ,,+ ,
/,, e + e ,
= 1:000  0:005 ,  +  , /, e + e , = 0:998  0:005 [e ] Average charged multiplicity

 Ncharged = 21:00  0:13 Couplings to leptons g `V = , 0:0377  0:0007 g `A = , 0:5008  0:0008 g e = 0:53  0:09 g  = 0:502  0:017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae = 0:1519  0:0034 A = 0:102  0:034 A = 0:143  0:008 Ac = 0:59  0:19 Ab = 0:89  0:11 Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole `) A(0 FB = 1:59  0:18 (0 AFBu ) = 4:0  7:3 s) A(0 FB = 9:9  3:1 (S = 1.2) (0 AFBc ) = 7:32  0:58 b) A(0 FB = 10:02  0:28

Z DECAY MODES

e+ e,

+ , +, `+ `,

GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS

Mass m < 2  10,16 eV Charge q < 5  10,30 e Mean life  = Stable

g

invisible hadrons (uu+cc )/2 (dd +ss +bb)/3 cc bb ggg

I(J PC ) = 0,1(1 , , )

0  !  0 (958)



 W   W  J = (1S)X

I(J P ) = 0(1, )

or gluon

Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet

W

J=1 Charge =  1 e Mass m = 80:41  0:10 GeV m Z , m W = 10:78  0:10 GeV m W + , m W , = , 0:2  0:6 GeV Full width , = 2:06  0:06 GeV

(2S)X

c 1 (1P)X c 2 (1P)X

W , modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. W + DECAY MODES

`+ 

e+ 

+  +

hadrons

+

p

Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) [b] (10:74  0:33) % { (10:9  0:4 ) % 40205 (10:2  0:5 ) % 40205 (11:3  0:8 ) % 40185 (67:8  1:0 ) % { < 2:2  10,4 95% 40205

(1S) X +(2S) X +(3S) X (1S)X (2S)X (3S)X (D 0 /D 0 ) X D X D  (2010) X B 0s X anomalous + hadrons e+ e, + , +, `+ `,

qq

p

Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) ( 3:366  0:008) % 45594 ( 3:367  0:013) % 45593 ( 3:360  0:015) % 45559 [b] ( 3:366  0:006) % { (20:01  0:16 ) % { (69:90  0:15 ) % { (10:1  1:1 ) % { (16:6  0:6 ) % { (12:4  0:6 ) % { (15:16  0:09 ) % { < 1:1 % 95% { < 5:2  10,5 95% 45593 < 5:1  10,5 95% 45592 < 6:5  10,4 95% 45590 < 4:2  10,5 95% 45588 < 5:2  10,5 95% 45594 < 1:0  10,5 95% 45594 [g ] < 7  10,5 95% 10139 [g ] < 8:3  10,5 95% 10114 ( 3:66  0:23 )  10,3 { ( 1:60  0:29 )  10,3 { ( 2:9  0:7 )  10,3 { < 3:2  10,3 90% { ( 1:0  0:5 )  10,4 { 5:5  10,5 1:39  10,4 9:4  10,5 (20:7  2:0 ) % (12:2  1:7 ) % [g ] (11:4  1:3 ) % seen [h] < 3:2  10,3 [h] < 5:2  10,4 [h] < 5:6  10,4 [h] < 7:3  10,4 [i ] < 6:8  10,6 [i ] < 5:5  10,6 < < <

95% 95% 95%

95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%

{ { { { { { { {

45594 45593 45559

{ {

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS I (J PC ) = 0,1(1 − − )

γ Mass m < 2 × 10−16 eV Charge q < 5 × 10−30 e Mean life τ = Stable

g

I (J P ) = 0(1− )

or gluon

Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet

W

J =1 Charge = ± 1 e Mass m = 80.41 ± 0.10 GeV m Z − m W = 10.78 ± 0.10 GeV m W + − m W − = − 0.2 ± 0.6 GeV Full width Γ = 2.06 ± 0.06 GeV W − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.

W + DECAY MODES

`+ ν e+ ν µ+ ν τ+ν hadrons π+ γ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) [b]

(10.74±0.33) % (10.9 ±0.4 ) % (10.2 ±0.5 ) % (11.3 ±0.8 ) % (67.8 ±1.0 ) % < 2.2 × 10−4

– 40205 40205 40185

– 95%

40205

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 1

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Z

J =1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91.187 ± 0.007 GeV [c] Full width
Γ = 2.490 ± 0.007 GeV + − Γ ` ` = 83.83 ± 0.27 MeV [b]
Γ invisible
= 498.3 ± 4.2 MeV [d ] Γ hadrons
= 1740.7
± 5.9 MeV + − + − Γ µ µ /Γ e e = 1.000 ± 0.005

+ − + − Γ τ τ /Γ e e = 0.998 ± 0.005 [e] Average charged multiplicity

 Ncharged = 21.00 ± 0.13 Couplings to leptons g `V = − 0.0377 ± 0.0007 g `A = − 0.5008 ± 0.0008 g νe = 0.53 ± 0.09 g νµ = 0.502 ± 0.017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae Aµ Aτ Ac Ab

= 0.1519 ± 0.0034 = 0.102 ± 0.034 = 0.143 ± 0.008 = 0.59 ± 0.19 = 0.89 ± 0.11

Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole (0`)

AFB = 1.59 ± 0.18 (0u)

AFB = 4.0 ± 7.3 (0s)

AFB = 9.9 ± 3.1 (0c) AFB (0b) AFB

(S = 1.2)

= 7.32 ± 0.58 = 10.02 ± 0.28

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 2

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Z DECAY MODES

e+ e− µ+ µ− τ+τ− `+ `− invisible hadrons (u u + cc )/2 (d d + ss + b b )/3 cc bb ggg π0 γ ηγ ωγ η 0(958) γ γγ γγγ π± W ∓ ρ± W ∓ J/ψ(1S )X ψ(2S )X χc1 (1P) X χc2 (1P) X Υ(1S ) X +Υ(2S ) X +Υ(3S ) X Υ(1S ) X Υ(2S ) X Υ(3S ) X (D 0 / D 0 ) X D± X D ∗ (2010)± X B 0s X anomalous γ + hadrons e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ τ+τ−γ `+ `− γ γ qqγγ ννγγ e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

[b]

( 3.366±0.008) ( 3.367±0.013) ( 3.360±0.015) ( 3.366±0.006) (20.01 ±0.16 ) (69.90 (10.1 (16.6 (12.4 (15.16 < < < < < <

±0.15 ±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.09

1.1 5.2 5.1 6.5 4.2 5.2

) ) ) ) )

Confidence level (MeV/c) p % 45594 % 45593 % 45559 – % % – % % % % % % × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5

× 10−5 × 10−5 [g] < 8.3 × 10−5 ( 3.66 ±0.23 ) × 10−3 ( 1.60 ±0.29 ) × 10−3 ( 2.9 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 < 3.2 × 10−3 < 1.0 [g] < 7

( 1.0

) × 10−4

±0.5

× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5

< 5.5

[g]

< 1.39 < 9.4 (20.7 ±2.0

)%

±1.7 ±1.3

)% )%

(12.2 (11.4

95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%

45593 45592 45590 45588 45594

95% 95%

45594 10139

95%

10114

90%

95% 95% 95%

seen

LF LF LF

[h] [h] [h] [h]

< < < <

3.2 5.2 5.6 7.3

[i] [i] [i] [g] [g] [g]

< < < < < <

6.8 5.5 3.1 1.7 9.8 1.2

× 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5

– – – – – –

95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%

– – – – – – – – – – – – – 45594 45593 45559

– – 45594 45593 45576 45576

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 3

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Higgs Bosons — H 0 and H ± , Searches for H 0 Mass m > 77.5 GeV, CL = 95% H 01 in Supersymmetric Models (m H 0 <m H 0 ) 1

2

Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% A0 Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric Models Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% tanβ >1

[j]

H ± Mass m > 54.5 GeV, CL = 95% See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of Higgs Bosons.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 4

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Heavy Bosons Other Than Higgs Bosons, Searches for Additional W Bosons WR — right-handed W Mass m > 549 GeV (assuming light right-handed neutrino) 0 W with standard couplings decaying to e ν, µν Mass m > 720 GeV, CL = 95% Additional Z Bosons 0 Z SM with standard couplings Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 779 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2)L ×SU(2)R ×U(1) (with gL = gR ) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 389 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) → SU(5)×U(1)χ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 595 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 321 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 590 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 160 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zη of E6 → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×U(1)η (coupling constantp derived from p G.U.T.); charges are Qη = 3/8Qχ − 5/8Qψ ) Mass m > 620 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 182 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Scalar Leptoquarks Mass m > 225 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.) Mass m > 237 GeV, CL = 95% (1st gener., single prod.) Mass m > 119 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., pair prod.) Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., single prod.) Mass m > 99 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd gener., pair prod.) (See the Particle Listings for assumptions on leptoquark quantum numbers and branching fractions.)

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 5

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Axions (A0 ) and Other Very Light Bosons, Searches for The standard Peccei-Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with reduced couplings or much smaller masses are constrained by various data. The Particle Listings in the full Review contain a Note discussing axion searches. The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%). NOTES [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] ` indicates each type of lepton (e, µ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] The Z -boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit-Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z -boson propagator. [d ] This partial width takes into account Z decays into ν ν and any other possible undetected modes. [e] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [f ] Here A ≡ 2gV gA /(g2V +g2A ). [g ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [h] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [i ] For m γ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [j] The limits assume no invisible decays.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 6

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

LEPTONS e

J =

1 2

Mass m = 0.51099907 ± 0.00000015 MeV [a] = (5.485799111 ± 0.000000012) × 10−4 u −8 , CL = 90% (m e + − m e − )/m < 4 × 10 q + + q − e < 4 × 10−8 e e Magnetic moment µ = 1.001159652193 ± 0.000000000010 µB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (− 0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% [b]

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 1

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

µ

J =

1 2

Mass m = 105.658389 ± 0.000034 MeV [c] = 0.113428913 ± 0.000000017 u Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004) × 10−6 s τ µ+ /τ µ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment µ = 1.0011659230 ± 0.0000000084 e¯h/2m µ (g µ+ − g µ− ) / g average = (− 2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm Decay parameters [d ] ρ = 0.7518 ± 0.0026 η = − 0.007 ± 0.013 δ = 0.749 ± 0.004 ξPµ = 1.003 ± 0.008 [e] ξPµ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90% ξ 0 = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ 00 = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 α0 /A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6) × 10−3 β 0 /A = (2 ± 6) × 10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08

[e]

µ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. µ− DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

e − ν e νµ e − ν e νµ γ e − ν e νµ e + e − e− ν

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

≈ 100%

53

[f ]

(1.4±0.4) %

53

[g]

(3.4±0.4) × 10−5

53

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes

e νµ − e γ e− e+ e− e − 2γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

LF

[h] < 1.2

LF LF LF

< 4.9 < 1.0 < 7.2

Page 2

%

90%

53

× 10−11 × 10−12 × 10−11

90% 90% 90%

53 53 53

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

τ

J =

1 2

0.29 Mass m = 1777.05 + − 0.26 MeV Mean life τ = (290.0 ± 1.2) × 10−15 s cτ = 86.93 µm Magnetic moment anomaly > − 0.052 and < 0.058, CL = 95% Electric dipole moment d > − 3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(d w τ ) < 0.56 × 10 −17 e cm, CL = 95% Im(d w τ ) < 1.5 × 10

Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment −3 Re(αw τ ) < 4.5 × 10 , CL = 90% −3 Im(αw τ ) < 9.9 × 10 , CL = 90% Decay parameters See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρτ (e or µ) = 0.748 ± 0.010 ρτ (e) = 0.745 ± 0.012 ρτ (µ) = 0.741 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e or µ) = 1.01 ± 0.04 ξ τ (e) = 0.98 ± 0.05 ξ τ (µ) = 1.07 ± 0.08 η τ (e or µ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 η τ (µ) = − 0.10 ± 0.18 (δξ)τ (e or µ) = 0.749 ± 0.026 (δξ)τ (e) = 0.733 ± 0.033 (δξ)τ (µ) = 0.78 ± 0.05 ξ τ (π) = 0.99 ± 0.05 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.996 ± 0.010 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.02 ± 0.04 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.997 ± 0.009 τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π± or K ± . “`” stands for e or µ. “Neutral” means neutral hadron whose decay products include γ’s and/or π0 ’s.

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 3

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

τ − DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Modes with one charged particle ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ (84.71± 0.13) % (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (85.30± 0.13) % − µ ν µ ντ [i] (17.37± 0.09) % − µ ν µ ντ γ [g] ( 3.0 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 − [i] (17.81± 0.07) % e ν e ντ − 0 h ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K L ντ (49.52± 0.16) % − 0 (12.32± 0.12) % h ≥ 0K L ντ − h ντ (11.79± 0.12) % π − ντ [i] (11.08± 0.13) % K − ντ [i] ( 7.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 1 neutralsντ (36.91± 0.17) % h − π 0 ντ (25.84± 0.14) % − 0 π π ντ [i] (25.32± 0.15) % π− π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ ( 3.0 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3 − 0 K π ντ [i] ( 5.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ (10.79± 0.16) % h− 2π0 ντ ( 9.39± 0.14) % − 0 0 h 2π ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.23± 0.14) % π− 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 9.15± 0.15) % K − 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 8.0 ± 2.7 ) × 10−4 h− ≥ 3π0 ντ ( 1.40± 0.11) % h− 3π0 ντ ( 1.23± 0.10) % − 0 0 π 3π ντ (ex.K ) [i] ( 1.11± 0.14) %

particle−

K − 3π0 ν

τ

(ex.K 0 )

h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) − 0 K ≥ 0π ≥ 0K 0 ντ K − ≥ 1 (π 0 or K 0 ) ντ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

[i]

[i]

−4 ( 4.3 +10.0 − 2.9 ) × 10 ( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.66± 0.10) % ( 9.5 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3

Page 4

S=1.2

–

S=1.2

– 885

– 889 S=1.2 S=1.5 S=1.5 S=1.4 S=1.2 S=1.1 S=1.1

– – – 883 820

– – 878 878 814

S=1.2 S=1.2

– – –

S=1.2

862

S=1.2

796 S=1.1 S=1.1

– – 836 766

– – – –

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 (particles)− ντ h− K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals h − K 0 ντ π− K 0 ν π− K 0

Modes with K 0 ’s ≥

0K 0L ντ

τ

(non- K ∗ (892)− )ντ − K K 0 ντ h − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 ντ K 0 ρ− ν τ K − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ K − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 K 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0S ντ π− K 0S K 0L ντ π− K 0S K 0S π 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0L π0 ντ K − K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals ντ 0 + K h h− h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K 0 h + h − h − ντ

( 1.66± 0.09) % ( 1.62± 0.09) % ( 9.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 [i] ( 8.3 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 [i]

( ( ( (

1.59± 5.5 ± 3.9 ± 1.9 ±

( ( < [i] ( (

1.51± 6 ± 3.9 1.21± 3.0 ±

[i] [i]

0.24) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.7 ) × 10−3 0.29) × 10−3 4 ) × 10−4 × 10−4 0.21) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−4

( 6.0 ± 1.0 ) × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 2.0 ) × 10−4

Modes with three charged particles ≥ 0neut. ντ (“3-prong”) (15.18± 0.13) % − − + h h h ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.13) % (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) π− π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.14) % − − + h h h ντ ( 9.96± 0.10) % − − + 0 h h h ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.62± 0.10) % h− h− h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) ( 9.57± 0.10) % − + − π π π ντ ( 9.56± 0.11) % π− π+ π− ντ (ex.K 0 ) ( 9.52± 0.11) % − + − 0 π π π ντ (ex.K ,ω) [i] ( 9.23± 0.11) % − − + h h h ≥ 1 neutrals ντ ( 5.18± 0.11) %

h− h− h+

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 5

S=1.4 S=1.4

– – –

S=1.5 S=1.4

812

CL=95%

812 737

– 794

– 685 CL=95% S=1.2 S=1.2 S=1.2 CL=95%

CL=95%

S=1.2 S=1.2

S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.2

– – 682

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

TeamLRN Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) h− h− h+ ≥ 1 neutrals ντ (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) h − h − h + π 0 ντ h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex. K 0 , ω) π − π + π − π 0 ντ π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) h− (ρ π )0 ντ (a1 (1260) h )− ντ h − ρ π 0 ντ h − ρ+ h − ν τ h − ρ− h + ν τ − h h− h+ 2π0 ντ h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω,η) h− h− h+ ≥ 3π0 ντ

[i]

S=1.2

–

( ( ( (

S=1.1 S=1.1

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

4.50± 4.31± 2.59± 4.35±

0.09) % 0.09) % 0.09) % 0.10) %

( 4.22± 0.10) % ( 2.49± 0.10) % ( 2.88± 0.35) % < 2.0 % ( ( ( ( (

[i] [i]

h− h− h+ 3π0 ντ − K h+ h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K − π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals

ντ − + − K π π ντ K − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π + π − π 0 ντ K − π + π − π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π+ K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ντ K − K + π − π 0 ντ − K K + K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + K − ντ π− K + π− ≥ 0 neut. ντ − e e − e + ν e ντ µ− e − e + ν µ ντ

( 4.98± 0.11) %

[i]

[i]

[i] [i]

0.20) % 2.2 ) × 10−3 0.23) % 0.4 ) × 10−3 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3

0.9 ) × 10−3 0.7 0.8 ) × 10−4 0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 + − ( 2.9 ± ( 5.4 ±

4.3 −4 ( 2.4 + − 1.6 ) × 10 < 9 × 10−4 ( ( ( < < < ( <

2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 1.61± 0.26) × 10−3 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−4 2.1 × 10−3 1.9 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−3 2.8 ± 1.5 ) × 10−5 3.6 × 10−5

Modes with five charged particles 3h− 2h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 9.7 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 0 − + (ex. K S → π π ) (“5-prong”) 3h− 2h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 7.5 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 3h− 2h+ π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−4 − + 0 3h 2h 2π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

CL=95%

1.35± 4.5 ± 1.17± 5.4 ± 5.3 ±

Page 6

S=1.5

S=1.1 S=1.1

– – – – – – – –

CL=95%

– – 685

CL=95% CL=90% CL=95%

– – – –

CL=90%

889 885

–

CL=90%

– – –

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Miscellaneous other allowed modes (5π )− ντ ( 7.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−3 4h− 3h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 2.4 × 10−6 (“7-prong”) ∗ K (892)− ≥ 0(h0 6= K 0S )ντ ( 1.94± 0.31) % ∗ − K (892) ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 1.33± 0.13) % ∗ − K (892) ντ ( 1.28± 0.08) % K ∗ (892)0 K − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.2 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 K − ντ ( 2.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.8 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ντ ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 (K ∗ (892)π )− ντ → ( 1.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 0 π K π ντ ( 4 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1270)− ντ − ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1400) ντ ∗ − K 2 (1430) ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − ντ < 1.4 × 10−4 − 0 η π π ντ [i] ( 1.74± 0.24) × 10−3 − 0 0 η π π π ντ ( 1.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η K − ντ ( 2.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−4 + − − η π π π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − π + π − ντ ( 3.4 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4 − − 0 η a1 (1260) ντ → η π ρ ντ < 3.9 × 10−4 − η η π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4 η η π − π 0 ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 0 − η (958) π ντ < 7.4 × 10−5 η 0(958) π− π 0 ντ < 8.0 × 10−5 − φ π ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 − φ K ντ < 6.7 × 10−5 f1 (1285)π− ντ ( 5.8 ± 2.3 ) × 10−4 − f1 (1285) π ντ → ( 1.9 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η π − π + π − ντ − h ω ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 2.36± 0.08) % − h ω ντ [i] ( 1.93± 0.06) % − 0 h ω π ντ [i] ( 4.3 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 h ω 2π ντ ( 1.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4

CL=90%

– – – – 665

– 539

– 653

– 433 335 CL=95%

317

CL=95%

798 778 746 720

CL=90%

– – –

CL=95% CL=95%

637 559

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

– –

CL=90%

CL=90%

585

– – – – – – –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 7

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), or Baryon number (B) violating modes (In the modes below, ` means a sum over e and µ modes) L means lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e + π− π− ). Following common usage, LF means lepton family violation and not lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e − π+ π− ). B means baryon number violation. LF < 2.7 × 10−6 CL=90% LF < 3.0 × 10−6 CL=90%

e− γ µ− γ e − π0 µ− π0 e− K 0 µ− K 0 e− η µ− η e − ρ0 µ− ρ0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e− φ µ− φ π− γ π− π0 e− e+ e− e − µ+ µ− e + µ− µ− µ− e + e − µ+ e − e − µ− µ+ µ− e − π+ π− e + π− π− µ− π+ π− µ+ π− π− e − π+ K − e − π− K + e + π− K − e− K + K − e+ K − K − µ− π+ K − µ− π− K + µ+ π− K −

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

LF LF LF

< 3.7 < 4.0 < 1.3

LF LF LF LF LF LF

< < < < < <

LF

< 7.5

LF LF

< 7.4 < 7.5

LF LF L

< 6.9 < 7.0 < 2.8

L LF LF LF

< < < <

3.7 2.9 1.8 1.5

LF LF LF LF L LF L LF LF L LF

< < < < < < < < < < <

1.7 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.9 8.2 3.4 6.4 3.8 2.1 6.0

L LF LF L

< < < <

3.8 7.5 7.4 7.0

1.0 8.2 9.6 2.0 6.3 5.1

Page 8

× 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6

888 885

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

883 880 819

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

815 804 800 722 718 663

CL=90%

657

CL=90% CL=90%

663 657

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

596 590 883

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

878 888 882 882

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

885 885 873 877 877 866 866 814 814 814 739

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

739 800 800 800

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) µ− K + K − µ+ K − K − e − π0 π0 µ− π0 π0 e− η η µ− η η e − π0 η µ− π0 η pγ p π0 pη e − light boson µ− light boson

× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5

LF L LF LF LF LF LF LF

< < < < < < < <

1.5 6.0 6.5 1.4 3.5 6.0 2.4 2.2

L,B L,B L,B LF LF

< < < < <

2.9 6.6 1.30 2.7 5

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

699 699 878 867 700 654 798 784

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=95%

641 632 476

– –

Heavy Charged Lepton Searches L± – charged lepton Mass m > 80.2 GeV, CL = 95%

mν ≈ 0

L± – stable charged heavy lepton Mass m > 84.2 GeV, CL = 95%

Neutrinos See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches.

νe

J =

1 2

Mass m: Unexplained effects have resulted in significantly negative m2 in the new, precise tritium beta decay experiments. It is felt that a real neutrino mass as large as 10–15 eV would cause observable spectral distortions even in the presence of the end-point count excesses. Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Magnetic moment µ < 1.8 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 9

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

νµ

J =

1 2

Mass m < 0.17 MeV, CL = 90% Mean life/mass, τ /m νµ > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90%

Magnetic moment µ < 7.4 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%

ντ

J =

1 2

Mass m < 18.2 MeV, CL = 95% Magnetic moment µ < 5.4 × 10−7 µB , CL = 90% Electric dipole moment d < 5.2 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95%

Number of Light Neutrino Types (including νe , νµ, and ντ ) Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 3.07 ± 0.12 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width)

Massive Neutrinos and Lepton Mixing, Searches for For excited leptons, see Compositeness Limits below. See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches. While no direct, uncontested evidence for massive neutrinos or lepton mixing has been obtained, suggestive evidence has come from solar neutrino observations, from anomalies in the relative fractions of νe and νµ observed in energetic cosmic-ray air showers, and possibly from a ν e appearance experiment at Los Alamos. Sample limits are: Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > 45.0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dirac) Mass m > 39.5 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana) Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > CL = 95% 69.0 2 GeV,−12 with U` j > 10 ) Mass m > 58.2 = 95% GeV, 2 CL −12 µ, τ with U` j > 10 ) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 10

(Dirac νL coupling to e, µ, τ (Majorana νL coupling to e,

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Solar Neutrinos

&

&

Detectors using gallium (Eν 0.2 MeV), chlorine (Eν 0.8 MeV), ˆ and Cerenkov effect in water (Eν 7 MeV) measure significantly lower neutrino rates than are predicted from solar models. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆m2 ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe .

&

Atmospheric Neutrinos Underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ/νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆m2 ≈ 10−3 to 10−2 eV2 . ν oscillation: ν e 6→ ν e (θ = mixing angle) ∆m2 < 9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 0.02, CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large) ν oscillation: νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) (any combination) ∆m2 < 0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large)

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 11

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The uncertainty in the electron mass in unified atomic mass units (u) is ten times smaller than that given by the 1986 CODATA adjustment, quoted in the Table of Physical Constants (Section 1). The conversion to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. Our value in MeV differs slightly from the 1986 CODATA result. [b] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [c] The muon mass is most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. [d ] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the µ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [e] Pµ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pµ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [f ] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e − ν e νµ and e − ν e νµ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [g ] See the µ Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [h] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [i ] Basis mode for the τ .

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 12

Created: 6/12/1998 14:32

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “currentquark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale µ ≈ 2 GeV. The c- and b-quark masses are estimated from charmonium, bottomonium, D, and B masses. They are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models. I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

u Mass m = 1.5 to 5 MeV m u /m d = 0.20 to 0.70

[a]

Charge =

2 3

e

Iz = + 12

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

d

Mass m = 3 to 9 MeV [a] Charge = − 13 e m s /m d = 17 to 25 m = (m u +m d )/2 = 2 to 6 MeV

Iz = − 12

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

s

[a] Mass m = 60 to 170 MeV Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1  (m s – (m u + m d )/2) (m d − m u ) = 34 to 51

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

c Mass m = 1.1 to 1.4 GeV

Charge =

2 3

e

Charm = +1

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

b Mass m = 4.1 to 4.4 GeV

Charge = − 13 e Bottom = −1

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 1

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

t

Charge =

2 3

e

Top = +1

Mass m = 173.8 ± 5.2 GeV (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 170 ± 7 (+ 14) GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit, assuming MH = MZ . Number in parentheses is shift from changing MH to 300 GeV.

b 0 (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95%

(p p, charged current decays) (e + e − , all decays)

Free Quark Searches All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES [a] The ratios m u /m d and m s /m d are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 2

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0)

√ For I = 1 (π, b, ρ, a): u d, (u u−d d)/ 2, d u; for I = 0 (η, η 0 , h, h0 , ω, φ, f , f 0 ): c1 (u u + d d ) + c2 (s s) I G (J P ) = 1− (0− )

π±

Mass m = 139.56995 ± 0.00035 MeV Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s cτ = 7.8045 m

(S = 1.2)

π ± → `± ν γ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 FA = 0.0116 ± 0.0016 (S = 1.3) 0.009 R = 0.059 + − 0.008 π− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. π+ DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

µ+ νµ µ+ νµ γ e + νe e + νe γ e + νe π 0 e + νe e + e − e + νe ν ν

[b]

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

(99.98770±0.00004) %

[c]

( 1.24

±0.25

[b]

( 1.230

±0.004

[c]

( 1.61 ( 1.025 ( 3.2

±0.23 ±0.034 ±0.5

< 5

) × 10−4 ) × 10−4

) × 10−7 ) × 10−8 ) × 10−9 × 10−6 90%

30 30 70 70 4 70 70

Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes µ+ ν e µ+ νe µ− e + e + ν

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

L LF LF

[d ] < 1.5 [d ] < 8.0 < 1.6

Page 1

× 10−3 90% × 10−3 90% × 10−6 90%

30 30 30

TeamLRN Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )

π0

Mass m = 134.9764 ± 0.0006 MeV m π± − m π0 = 4.5936 ± 0.0005 MeV Mean life τ = (8.4 ± 0.6) × 10−17 s (S = 3.0) cτ = 25.1 nm π0 DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

2γ e+ e− γ γ positronium + e e+ e− e− e+ e− 4γ νν νe ν e νµ ν µ ντ ν τ

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

(98.798±0.032) % ( 1.198±0.032) %

1.82 ±0.29 ) × 10−9 3.14 ±0.30 ) × 10−5 7.5 ±2.0 ) × 10−8 2 × 10−8 8.3 × 10−7 1.7 × 10−6 < 3.1 × 10−6 < 2.1 × 10−6

( ( ( < [e] < <

S=1.1 S=1.1

67 67

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

67 67 67 67 67 67

CL=90%

67

CL=90%

67

Charge conjugation (C ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes 3γ µ+ e − + e − µ+

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

C LF

< 3.1 < 1.72

Page 2

× 10−8 CL=90% × 10−8 CL=90%

67 26

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )

η

Mass m = 547.30 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 1.18 ± 0.11 keV

[f ]

(S = 1.8)

C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π− π 0 Left-right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (− 0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− γ Left-right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) Dalitz plot parameter α = − 0.039 ± 0.015 π0 π0 π0 η DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Neutral modes

(71.5 ±0.6 ) %

neutral modes 2γ 3π0 π0 2γ other neutral modes

[f ]

(39.21±0.34) % (32.2 ±0.4 ) % ( 7.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 < 2.8 %

S=1.4

–

S=1.4 S=1.3

274 178 257

CL=90%

–

S=1.4 S=1.4 S=1.3

–

Charged modes charged modes π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ e+ e− µ+ µ−

(28.5 ±0.6 ) % (23.1 ±0.5 ) % ( 4.77±0.13) % ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 < 7.7 × 10−5 ( 5.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−6

π+ π− e + e −

−3 ( 1.3 +1.2 −0.8 ) × 10 < 2.1 × 10−3 < 6 × 10−4 < 3 × 10−6

π+ π− 2γ π+ π− π0 γ π0 µ+ µ− γ

CL=90%

173 235 274 252 274 252 235

CL=90% CL=90%

235 173 210

CL=90% CL=95% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

235 274 257 210 263

Charge conjugation (C ), Parity (P), Charge conjugation × Parity (CP), or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes

π+ π− 3γ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− µ+ e − + µ− e +

P,CP C C C LF

< < [g] < [g] < <

9 5 4 5 6

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 3

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

f0 (400–1200) [h]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )

or σ

Mass m = (400–1200) MeV Full width Γ = (600–1000) MeV f0 (400–1200) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ππ γγ

dominant seen

p (MeV/c)

– –

I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )

ρ(770) [i]

Mass m = 770.0 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 150.7 ± 1.1 MeV Γee = 6.77 ± 0.32 keV ρ(770) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ππ

∼ 100

π± γ π± η π± π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ π0 γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

%

358

ρ(770)± decays ( < <

4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 6 × 10−3 2.0 × 10−3

S=2.2 CL=84% CL=84%

372 146 249

ρ(770)0 decays ( (

ηγ µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π+ π− π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

( [j] [j]

( ( < < <

Page 4

9.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 6.8 ±1.7 ) × 10−4 −4 2.4 +0.8 −0.9 ) × 10 4.60±0.28) × 10−5 4.49±0.22) × 10−5 1.2 × 10−4 2 × 10−4 4

× 10−5

358 372 S=1.6

189

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

369 384 319 246 252

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

ω(782)

Mass m = 781.94 ± 0.12 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width Γ = 8.41 ± 0.09 MeV Γee = 0.60 ± 0.02 keV ω(782) DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

π+ π− π0 π0 γ π+ π−

(88.8 ±0.7 ) % ( 8.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.21±0.30) % −3 ( 5.3 +8.7 −3.5 ) × 10 ( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 5.9 ±1.9 ) × 10−4 ( 9.6 ±2.3 ) × 10−5 ( 7.07±0.19) × 10−5

neutrals (excluding π 0 γ ) ηγ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0 γ µ+ µ− 3γ

< < < (

2 % 3.6 × 10−3 1 × 10−3 7.2 ±2.5 ) × 10−5 < 1.8 × 10−4 < 1.9 × 10−4

327 379 365

–

S=1.1 CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%

199 379 349 391 261 365 256 367

CL=90% CL=95%

376 391

CL=90% CL=90%

162 329

Charge conjugation (C ) violating modes η π0 3π0

C C

< 1 < 3

× 10−3 × 10−4

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 5

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )

η 0 (958)

Mass m = 957.78 ± 0.14 MeV Full width Γ = 0.203 ± 0.016 MeV η0 (958) DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

π+ π− η ρ0 γ (including nonresonantπ+ π − γ ) π0 π0 η ωγ γγ 3π0 µ+ µ− γ π+ π− π0 π 0 ρ0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π − neutrals π+ π+ π− π− π0 6π π+ π− e + e − π0 γ γ 4π0 e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0

(S = 1.3)

(43.8 ±1.5 ) % (30.2 ±1.3 ) %

S=1.1 S=1.1

232 169

(20.7 ±1.3 ) %

S=1.2

239

S=1.2

160 479 430

( 3.01±0.30) % ( 2.11±0.13) % ( 1.54±0.26) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.26) × 10−4

467 427 118

< 5 < 4

% %

CL=90% CL=90%

< 1 < 1

% %

CL=90% CL=95%

372

< < < <

% % × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−7

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

298 189 458 469

CL=90% CL=90%

379 479

1 1 6 8

< 5 < 2.1

–

Charge conjugation (C ) or Parity (P) violating modes

π0 e + e − η e+ e− 3γ µ+ µ− π0 µ+ µ− η

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

P,CP P,CP C C C C C

< 2 < 9 [g] < 1.3 [g] < 1.1 < 1.0 [g] < 6.0 [g] < 1.5

Page 6

% × 10−4

CL=90% CL=90%

458 459

% % × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

469 322 479 445 274

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

f0 (980) [k]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )

Mass m = 980 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 100 MeV p Confidence level (MeV/c)

f0 (980) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ππ KK γγ e+ e−

dominant seen (1.19±0.33) × 10−5 <3 × 10−7

a0 (980) [k]

470

– 490 90%

490

I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )

Mass m = 983.4 ± 0.9 MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 100 MeV a0 (980) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ηπ KK γγ

dominant seen seen

p (MeV/c) 321

– 492

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 7

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

φ(1020)

Mass m = 1019.413 ± 0.008 MeV Full width Γ = 4.43 ± 0.05 MeV φ(1020) DECAY MODES

K+K− K 0L K 0S ρ π + π+ π− π0 ηγ π0 γ e+ e− µ+ µ− η e+ e− π+ π−

(49.1 ±0.8 ) %

S=1.3

127

(34.1 ±0.6 ) %

S=1.2

110

(15.5 ±0.7 ) % ( 1.26±0.06) % ( 1.31±0.13) × 10−3 ( 2.99±0.08) × 10−4 ( 2.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 −4 ( 1.3 +0.8 −0.6 ) × 10

S=1.5 S=1.1

–

S=1.2

) × 10−5

S=1.5

490

CL=84%

210

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

219 490 39

CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%

492 410 341 501

CL=90% CL=90%

346 36

( 8

ωγ ργ π+ π− γ f0 (980)γ π0 π0 γ π+ π− π+ π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 e + e − π0 η γ a0 (980)γ η 0(958) γ

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

+5 −4

< 5 < 7 < 3 < 1 < < < <

1 8.7 1.5 1.2

< 2.5 < 5

% × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3

363

−4 ( 1.2 +0.7 −0.5 ) × 10 ( 2.3 ±1.0 ) × 10−5

µ+ µ− γ

h1 (1170)

363 501 510 499

– –

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 + − )

Mass m = 1170 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 360 ± 40 MeV h1 (1170) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ

seen

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 8

p (MeV/c) 310

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

b1 (1235)

I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 + − )

Mass m = 1229.5 ± 3.2 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width Γ = 142 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.2) b1 (1235) DECAY MODES

ωπ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) dominant

348

[D/S amplitude ratio = 0.29 ± 0.04]

π± γ ηρ π+ π+ π− π0 (K K )± π0 K 0S K 0L π± K 0S K 0S π± φπ

a1 (1260) [l]

( 1.6±0.4) × 10−3 seen < 50 % < 8 %

84% 90%

536 248

< 6

%

90%

238

< 2

%

90%

238

< 1.5

%

84%

146

608

–

I G (J PC ) = 1− (1 + + )

Mass m = 1230 ± 40 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 250 to 600 MeV a1 (1260) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ

dominant

356

seen possibly seen

607 575

p (MeV/c)

[D/S amplitude ratio = − 0.100 ± 0.028]

πγ π (ππ)S -wave

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 9

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

f2 (1270)

Mass m = 1275.0 ± 1.2 MeV 3.8 Full width Γ = 185.5 + − 2.7 MeV f2 (1270) DECAY MODES

(S = 1.5) Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (84.6 +2.5 −1.3 ) % ( 7.2 +1.5 −2.7 ) %

ππ π+ π− 2π0 KK 2π+ 2π− ηη 4π0

( ( ( (

γγ

(

ηππ K 0 K − π+ + c.c. e+ e−

< < <

±0.4 ) % ±0.4 ) % ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 −5 1.32 +0.17 −0.16 ) × 10 8 × 10−3 3.4 × 10−3 9 × 10−9 4.6 2.8 4.5 3.0

S=1.3

622

S=1.3

562

S=2.8 S=1.2 S=2.4

403 559 327 564 637

CL=95% CL=95% CL=90%

475 293 637

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )

f1 (1285)

Mass m = 1281.9 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.7) Full width Γ = 24.0 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.4) (4π = ρ (ππ)P wave ) f1 (1285) DECAY MODES

4π π0 π0 π+ π− 2π+ 2π− ρ0 π + π − 0 4π ηππ a0 (980)π [ignoring a0 (980) → K K] η π π [excluding a0 (980)π] KKπ K K ∗ (892) γ ρ0 φγ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (35 ± 4 ) % (23.5± 3.0) %

S=1.6 S=1.6

563 566

(11.7± 1.5) % (11.7± 1.5) % < 7 × 10−4 (50 ±18 ) % (34 ± 8 ) %

S=1.6 S=1.6 CL=90% S=1.2

563 340 568 479 234

(15 ± 7 ) % ( 9.6± 1.2) % not seen ( 5.4± 1.2) % ( 7.9± 3.0) × 10−4

S=1.1 S=1.5

308

Page 10

– –

S=2.3

410 236

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )

η(1295)

Mass m = 1297.0 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 53 ± 6 MeV η(1295) DECAY MODES

η π+ π− a0 (980)π η π0 π0 η (ππ)S -wave

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen seen

488 245

– –

seen

I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )

π(1300)

Mass m = 1300 ± 100 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 200 to 600 MeV π(1300) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ π (ππ)S -wave

seen

406

seen

–

a2 (1320)

p (MeV/c)

I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 + + )

Mass m = 1318.1 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 107 ± 5 MeV [m] (K ± K 0S and η π modes) a2 (1320) DECAY MODES

ρπ ηπ ωππ KK η 0(958) π π± γ γγ π+ π− π− e+ e−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

(70.1±2.7) % (14.5±1.2) %

S=1.2

419 535

(10.6±3.2) % ( 4.9±0.8) % ( 5.3±0.9) × 10−3 ( 2.8±0.6) × 10−3 ( 9.4±0.7) × 10−6

S=1.3

362 437 287

< 8 < 2.3

%

× 10−7

CL=90%

652 659 621

CL=90%

659

TeamLRN Page 11 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

f0 (1370) [k]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )

Mass m = 1200 to 1500 MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 500 MeV f0 (1370) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ππ 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− π+ π− 2π 0 2(ππ)S -wave ηη KK γγ e+ e−

seen seen seen

f1 (1420) [n]

p (MeV/c)

– – – – – – – – – –

seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )

Mass m = 1426.2 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 55.0 ± 3.0 MeV f1 (1420) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

KKπ K K ∗ (892) + c.c. ηππ

dominant dominant possibly seen

ω(1420) [o]

p (MeV/c) 439 155 571

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

Mass m = 1419 ± 31 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 60 MeV ω(1420) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ

dominant

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 12

p (MeV/c) 488

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

η(1440) [p]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )

Mass m = 1400 - 1470 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 50 - 80 MeV [m] η(1440) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

KKπ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηππ a0 (980)π η (ππ)S -wave 4π

seen seen seen

a0 (1450)

p (MeV/c)

– – – – – –

seen seen seen

I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )

Mass m = 1474 ± 19 MeV Full width Γ = 265 ± 13 MeV a0 (1450) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

πη π η 0 (958) KK

seen

613

seen seen

392 530

ρ(1450) [q]

p (MeV/c)

I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )

Mass m = 1465 ± 25 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 310 ± 60 MeV [m] ρ(1450) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ππ 4π ωπ e+ e− ηρ φπ KK

seen seen <2.0 %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

seen <4 % <1 % <1.6 × 10−3

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

95%

719 665 512

95%

732 317 358 541

TeamLRN Page 13 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

f0 (1500) [r]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )

Mass m = 1500 ± 10 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 112 ± 10 MeV f0 (1500) DECAY MODES η η 0(958)

ηη 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− 2π π+ π− 2π0 KK

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

–

seen seen seen seen seen seen

513

– 690 686

–

seen seen seen

f 02 (1525)

737 738 563

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

Mass m = 1525 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 76 ± 10 MeV [m] f 02 (1525) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(88.8 ±3.1 ) % (10.3 ±3.1 ) %

KK ηη ππ γγ

( 8.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.32±0.21) × 10−6

ω(1600) [s]

581 531 750 763

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

Mass m = 1649 ± 24 MeV (S = 2.3) Full width Γ = 220 ± 35 MeV (S = 1.6) ω(1600) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ ωππ e+ e−

seen seen seen

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 14

p (MeV/c) 637 601 824

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

ω3 (1670)

I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )

Mass m = 1667 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 168 ± 10 MeV

[m]

ω3 (1670) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρπ ωππ b1 (1235)π

seen seen possibly seen

π2 (1670)

p (MeV/c) 647 614 359

I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 − + )

Mass m = 1670 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 258 ± 18 MeV [m]

(S = 1.7)

π2 (1670) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

3π f2 (1270) π ρπ f0 (1370) π K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.

(95.8±1.4) % (56.2±3.2) %

806 325

(31 ±4 ) % ( 8.7±3.4) %

649

( 4.2±1.4) %

453

p (MeV/c)

–

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

φ(1680)

Mass m = 1680 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 150 ± 50 MeV [m] φ(1680) DECAY MODES

K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. K 0S K π KK e+ e− ωππ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

dominant seen

463 620

seen seen not seen

681 840 622

TeamLRN Page 15 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

ρ3 (1690)

I G (J PC ) = 1+ (3 − − )

J P from the 2π and K K modes. Mass m = 1691 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 160 ± 10 MeV

[m]

(S = 1.5)

ρ3 (1690) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

4π π± π+ π− π0 ωπ ππ KKπ KK η π+ π−

(71.1 (67 (16 (23.6 ( 3.8

ρ(1700) [q]

± 1.9 ±22 ± 6 ± 1.3 ± 1.2

p Scale factor (MeV/c)

)% )% )% )% )%

( 1.58± 0.26) % seen

788 788 656 834 628 1.2

686 728

I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )

Mass m = 1700 ± 20 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) Full width Γ = 240 ± 60 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) ρ(1700) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ρππ 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − ρ± π ∓ π 0 + π π− π− π0 K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηρ KK e+ e− π0 ω

dominant large large large

640 792 640 642

seen seen seen

838 839 479

seen seen seen seen

533 692 850 662

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 16

p (MeV/c)

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (even + + )

fJ (1710) [t]

Mass m = 1712 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 133 ± 14 MeV (S = 1.2) fJ (1710) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

KK ηη ππ

seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 690 648 837

I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )

π(1800)

Mass m = 1801 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.9) Full width Γ = 210 ± 15 MeV π(1800) DECAY MODES

π+ π− π− f0 (980) π − f0 (1370) π − ρ π− η η π− a0 (980)η f0 (1500) π − η η 0(958)π− K ∗0 (1430) K − K ∗ (892) K −

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

–

seen seen seen

623

–

not seen seen seen

728

seen seen

240

– 459

– –

seen not seen

560

I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )

φ3 (1850) Mass m = 1854 ± 7 MeV 28 Full width Γ = 87 + − 23 MeV

(S = 1.2)

φ3 (1850) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

KK K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.

seen seen

p (MeV/c) 785 602

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 17

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

f2 (2010)

Seen by one group only. 60 Mass m = 2011 + − 80 MeV Full width Γ = 202 ± 60 MeV f2 (2010) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

φφ

seen

a4 (2040)

p (MeV/c)

–

I G (J PC ) = 1− (4 + + )

Mass m = 2020 ± 16 MeV Full width Γ = 387 ± 70 MeV a4 (2040) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

KK π+ π− π0 η π0

seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 892

– 941

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (4 + + )

f4 (2050)

Mass m = 2044 ± 11 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 208 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.2) f4 (2050) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(26 ±6 ) %

ωω ππ

(17.0±1.5) % −3 ( 6.8 +3.4 −1.8 ) × 10 ( 2.1±0.8) × 10−3

KK ηη 4π0

< 1.2

%

658 1012 895 863 977

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

f2 (2300)

Mass m = 2297 ± 28 MeV Full width Γ = 149 ± 40 MeV f2 (2300) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

φφ

seen

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 18

p (MeV/c) 529

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

f2 (2340)

Mass m = 2339 ± 60 MeV 80 Full width Γ = 319 + − 70 MeV f2 (2340) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

φφ

seen

p (MeV/c) 573

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 19

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

STRANGE MESONS (S = ±1, C = B = 0) K + = u s, K 0 = d s, K 0 = d s, K − = u s,

similarly for K ∗ ’s

I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

K±

Mass m = 493.677 ± 0.016 MeV [u] (S = 2.8) Mean life τ = (1.2386 ± 0.0024) × 10−8 s (S = 2.0) cτ = 3.713 m Slope parameter g

[v ]

(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K + → π+ π+ π− = − 0.2154 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.4) K − → π− π− π+ = − 0.217 ± 0.007 (S = 2.5) K ± → π± π0 π0 = 0.594 ± 0.019 (S = 1.3) K ± decay form factors [a,w] K+ e3 λ+ = 0.0286 ± 0.0022 K+ µ3

λ+ = 0.032 ± 0.008

(S = 1.6)

K+ µ3

λ0 = 0.006 ± 0.007 (S = 1.6) fS /f+ = 0.084 ± 0.023 (S = 1.2) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.38 ± 0.11 (S = 1.1) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.02 ± 0.12 K+ µ3 K + → e + νe γ FA + FV = 0.148 ± 0.010 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA + FV < 0.23, CL = 90% K + → e + νe γ FA − FV < 0.49 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA − FV = − 2.2 to 0.3 K − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. K + DECAY MODES

µ+ νµ e + νe π+ π0 π+ π+ π− π+ π0 π0 π0 µ+ νµ Called K + µ3 . HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (63.51±0.18) %

( 1.55±0.07) × 10−5 (21.16±0.14) % ( 5.59±0.05) % ( 1.73±0.04) % ( 3.18±0.08) %

Page 20

S=1.3

236

S=1.1 S=1.8 S=1.2 S=1.5

247 205 125 133 215

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π 0 e + νe Called K + e3. 0 0 + π π e νe π + π − e + νe π+ π− µ+ νµ π 0 π 0 π 0 e + νe π+ γ γ π+ 3γ µ+ νµ ν ν e + νe ν ν µ+ νµ e + e −

( 4.82±0.06) %

S=1.3

( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.91±0.17) × 10−5 ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−5

< 3.5 × 10−6 [x ] ( 1.10±0.32) × 10−6 [x ] < 1.0 × 10−4 < 6.0 × 10−6 × 10−5 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−7

< 6

e + νe e + e −

−8 ( 3.0 +3.0 −1.5 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−7

µ+ νµ µ+ µ− µ+ νµ γ π+ π0 γ π+ π0 γ (DE) π+ π+ π− γ

[x,y ]

π+ π0 π0 γ

[x,y ]

π0 µ+ νµ γ π 0 e + νe γ π0 e + νe γ (SD) π 0 π 0 e + νe γ

[x,y ]

[x,y ] [x,z] [x,y ]

[x,y ] [aa]

206 203 151 CL=90%

135 227

CL=90% CL=90%

227 236

CL=90%

247 236 247

CL=90%

( 5.50±0.28) × 10−3 ( 2.75±0.15) × 10−4 ( 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−5

( 1.04±0.31) × 10−4 −6 ( 7.5 +5.5 −3.0 ) × 10 < 6.1 × 10−5 ( 2.62±0.20) × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−5 < 5

× 10−6

S1

µ− ν e + e + µ+ νe π+ µ+ e − π+ µ− e + π− µ+ e + π− e + e + π− µ+ µ+ µ+ ν e π0 e + ν e

LF LF LF LF L L L L L

−10 ( 4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 < 2.0 × 10−8 [d ] < 4 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−10 < 7 × 10−9 < < [d ] < [d ] < <

7 1.0 1.5 3.3 3

× 10−9 × 10−8 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3

185 236 205 205 125 133

CL=90%

215

CL=90%

228 228

CL=90%

206

Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), ∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + + π π e− νe SQ < 1.2 × 10−8 CL=90% + + − −6 π π µ νµ SQ < 3.0 × 10 CL=95% + + − −7 π e e S1 ( 2.74±0.23) × 10 S1 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−8 π+ µ+ µ− π+ ν ν

228

203 151 227 172 227

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

236 236 214 214 214 227 172 236 228

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 21

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

K0

50% KS , 50% KL Mass m = 497.672 ± 0.031 MeV m K 0 − m K ± = 3.995 ± 0.034 MeV m 0 − m 0 / m average < 10−18 K K

(S = 1.1) [bb]

I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

K 0S

Mean life τ = (0.8934 ± 0.0008) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.6762 cm CP-violation parameters [cc] Im(η +−0 ) = − 0.002 ± 0.009 Im(η 000 )2 < 0.1, CL = 90% K 0 DECAY MODES S

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ γγ

(68.61±0.28) % (31.39±0.28) %

[y,dd ]

π+ π− π0 3π0 π± e ∓ ν π± µ∓ ν µ+ µ−

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

[ee] [ee]

( 1.78±0.05) × 10−3 ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−6 −7 ( 3.2 +1.2 −1.0 ) × 10 < 3.7 × 10−5 ( 6.70±0.07) × 10−4 ( 4.69±0.06) × 10−4

S=1.2 S=1.2

206 209 206 249 133

CL=90% S=1.1 S=1.1

139 229 216

CL=90%

225

CL=90% CL=90%

249 231

∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes

e+ e− π0 e + e −

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

S1

< 3.2

S1 S1

< 1.4 < 1.1

Page 22

× 10−7 × 10−7 × 10−6

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

K 0L

m KL − m KS = (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯h s− 1 = (3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV Mean life τ = (5.17 ± 0.04) × 10−8 s (S = 1.1) cτ = 15.51 m Slope parameter g

[v ]

(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K 0L → π + π− π0 = 0.670 ± 0.014 (S = 1.6) KL decay form factors [w] K 0e3 λ+ = 0.0300 ± 0.0016

(S = 1.2)

K 0µ3

λ+ = 0.034 ± 0.005

K 0µ3

λ0 = 0.025 ± 0.006 (S = 2.3) fS /f+ < 0.04, CL = 68% fT /f+ < 0.23, CL = 68% fT /f+ = 0.12 ± 0.12

K 0e3 K 0e3 K 0µ3

KL → e + e − γ:

(S = 2.3)

αK ∗ = − 0.28 ± 0.08

CP-violation parameters

[cc]

δ = (0.327 ± 0.012)% η 00 = (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) η +− = (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 η 00 /η +− = 0.9956 ± 0.0023 [ff ] (S = 1.8) 0 / = (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3

[ff ]

(S = 1.8)

φ+− = (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ φ00 = (43.4 ± 1.0)◦ φ00 − φ+− = (− 0.1 ± 0.8)◦ j for K 0L → π + π − π0 = 0.0011 ± 0.0008 η +−γ = (2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3 φ+−γ = (44 ± 4)◦ 0  +−γ / < 0.3, CL = 90%

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 23

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = −∆Q in K 0`3 decay Re x = 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) Im x = − 0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2) CPT-violation parameters Re ∆ = 0.018 ± 0.020 Im ∆ = 0.02 ± 0.04 K0 L DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

3π0 π+ π− π0 π± µ∓ ν Called K 0µ3 . π ± e ∓ νe Called K 0e3. 2γ 3γ π0 2γ π0 π± e ∓ ν (π µatom)ν π ± e ∓ νe γ

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

[gg]

(21.12 ±0.27 ) % (12.56 ±0.20 ) % (27.17 ±0.25 ) %

S=1.1 S=1.7 S=1.1

139 133 216

[gg]

(38.78 ±0.27 ) %

S=1.1

229

( 5.92 ±0.15 ) × 10−4 < 2.4 × 10−7 CL=90% [hh] ( 1.70 ±0.28 ) × 10−6 [gg] ( 5.18 ±0.29 ) × 10−5 ( 1.06 ±0.11 ) × 10−7

249 231 207

−3 ( 3.62 +0.26 −0.21 ) × 10 [y,hh] ( 4.61 ±0.14 ) × 10−5 < 5.6 × 10−6

[y,gg,hh]

π+ π− γ π0 π0 γ

249

– 229 206 209

Charge conjugation × Parity (CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + − π π CPV ( 2.067±0.035) × 10−3 S=1.1 206 0 0 −4 π π CPV ( 9.36 ±0.20 ) × 10 209 S1 ( 7.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−9 S=1.4 225 µ+ µ− + − −7 µ µ γ S1 ( 3.25 ±0.28 ) × 10 225 e+ e− S1 < 4.1 × 10−11 CL=90% 249 e+ e− γ S1 ( 9.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−6 249 + − −7 e e γγ S1 [hh] ( 6.5 ±1.2 ) × 10 249 π+ π− e + e − S1 [hh] < 4.6 × 10−7 CL=90% 206 µ+ µ− e + e − e+ e− e+ e− π0 µ+ µ−

π0 e + e − π0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e ± e ± µ∓ µ∓

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

S1

( 2.9

S1 CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [jj] LF [gg] LF [gg]

( < < < < <

4.1 5.1 4.3 5.8 3.3 6.1

Page 24

+6.7 −2.4 ±0.8

) × 10−9 ) × 10−8 S=1.2 × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−5 CL=90% × 10−11 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90%

225 249 177 231 231 238

–

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )

K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0

mass m = 891.66 ± 0.26 MeV mass m = 896.10 ± 0.28 MeV (S = 1.4) full width Γ = 50.8 ± 0.9 MeV full width Γ = 50.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) p Confidence level (MeV/c)

K ∗ (892) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Kπ K0γ K±γ K ππ

∼ 100 % ( 2.30±0.20) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 < 7 × 10−4

K1 (1270)

95%

291 310 309 224

I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Mass m = 1273 ± 7 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 90 ± 20 MeV [m] K1 (1270) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Kρ K ∗0 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π Kω K f0 (1370)

(42 ±6 ) %

K1 (1400)

p (MeV/c) 76

(28 ±4 ) %

–

(16 ±5 ) %

301

(11.0±2.0) % ( 3.0±2.0) %

– –

I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Mass m = 1402 ± 7 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 13 MeV

(S = 1.6)

K1 (1400) DECAY MODES K ∗ (892) π

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (94 ±6 ) %

401

Kρ K f0 (1370) Kω K ∗0 (1430) π

( 3.0±3.0) % ( 2.0±2.0) %

298

( 1.0±1.0) % not seen

285

p (MeV/c)

– –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 25

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )

K ∗ (1410)

Mass m = 1414 ± 15 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 232 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗ (1410) DECAY MODES

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kρ

> 40

K ∗0 (1430) [kk]

%

95%

408

( 6.6±1.3) % < 7 %

95%

611 309

I (J P ) = 12 (0+ )

Mass m = 1429 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 287 ± 23 MeV K∗ 0 (1430) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Kπ

(93±10) %

K ∗2 (1430) K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0

p (MeV/c) 621

I (J P ) = 12 (2+ ) mass m = 1425.6 ± 1.5 MeV (S = 1.1) mass m = 1432.4 ± 1.3 MeV full width Γ = 98.5 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) full width Γ = 109 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.9)

K∗ 2 (1430) DECAY MODES

Kπ K ∗ (892) π K ∗ (892) π π Kρ Kω K+γ Kη K ωπ K0γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (49.9±1.2) % (24.7±1.5) %

622 423

(13.4±2.2) % ( 8.7±0.8) % ( 2.9±0.8) % ( 2.4±0.5) × 10−3 −3 ( 1.5 +3.4 −1.0 ) × 10 < 7.2 × 10−4 < 9 × 10−4

Page 26

375 S=1.2 S=1.1

331 319 627

S=1.3

492

CL=95% CL=90%

110 631

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

K ∗ (1680)

I (J P ) = 12 (1− )

Mass m = 1717 ± 27 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 322 ± 110 MeV (S = 4.2) K ∗ (1680) DECAY MODES

Kπ

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(38.7±2.5) % (31.4 +4.7 −2.1 ) %

Kρ K ∗ (892) π

779 571

(29.9 +2.2 −4.7 ) %

K2 (1770) [ll]

615

I (J P ) = 12 (2− )

Mass m = 1773 ± 8 MeV Full width Γ = 186 ± 14 MeV K2 (1770) DECAY MODES

K ππ K ∗2 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π K f2 (1270) Kφ Kω

K ∗3 (1780)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

– dominant

287

seen seen

653

seen seen

441 608

–

I (J P ) = 12 (3− )

Mass m = 1776 ± 7 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 159 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.3) K ∗ (1780) DECAY MODES 3

Kρ K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kη K ∗2 (1430) π

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (31 ± 9 ) % (20 ± 5 ) % (18.8± 1.0) %

612 651 810

(30 ±13 ) % < 16 %

715 284

95%

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 27

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

K2 (1820) [mm]

I (J P ) = 12 (2− )

Mass m = 1816 ± 13 MeV Full width Γ = 276 ± 35 MeV K2 (1820) DECAY MODES K ∗2 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

K f2 (1270) Kω

K ∗4 (2045)

p (MeV/c)

seen

325

seen

680

seen seen

186 638

I (J P ) = 12 (4+ )

Mass m = 2045 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 198 ± 30 MeV K∗ 4 (2045) DECAY MODES

Kπ K ∗ (892) π π K ∗ (892) π π π ρK π ωK π φK π φ K ∗ (892)

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(9.9±1.2) %

958

(9 ±5 ) %

800

(7 ±5 ) %

764

(5.7±3.2) % (5.0±3.0) % (2.8±1.4) %

742 736 591

(1.4±0.7) %

363

Page 28

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

CHARMED MESONS (C = ±1) D + = cd, D 0 = cu, D 0 = c u, D − = c d,

similarly for D ∗ ’s

I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

D±

Mass m = 1869.3 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (1.057 ± 0.015) × 10−12 s cτ = 317 µm CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − π± ) = − 0.017 ± 0.027 ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) = − 0.02 ± 0.05 ACP (φ π ± ) = − 0.014 ± 0.033 ACP (π + π − π ± ) = − 0.02 ± 0.04 D + → K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` form factors r2 = 0.72 ± 0.09 rv = 1.85 ± 0.12 ΓL /ΓT = 1.23 ± 0.13 Γ+ /Γ− = 0.16 ± 0.04 D − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D + DECAY MODES

e + anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything K + anything η anything

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Inclusive modes (17.2 (24.2 (59 ( 5.8 [nn] < 13

±1.9 ±2.8 ±7 ±1.4

)% )% )% )% %

S=1.4

CL=90%

– – – – –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 29

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ ν

µ 0 + K ` ν` K 0 e+ ν

< 7.2 [oo]

e 0 + K µ νµ

K − π + e + νe K ∗ (892)0 e + νe × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ e + νe nonresonant − K π+ µ+ νµ K ∗ (892)0 µ+ νµ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ µ+ νµ nonresonant (K ∗ (892)π )0 e + νe (K π π)0 e + νe non- K ∗ (892) K − π+ π0 µ+ νµ π 0 `+ ν `

× 10−4

868 868

( 7.0 +3.0 −2.0 ) % ( 4.1 +0.9 −0.7 ) % ( 3.2 ±0.33) %

865 863 720 CL=90% S=1.1

863 851

( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %

715

( 2.7 ±1.1 ) × 10−3

851

< 1.2 < 9 < 1.4

%

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90%

846 825

( 3.1 ±1.5 ) × 10−3

Page 30

714

CL=90%

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` [oo] ( 4.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 e + νe ∗ 0 + K (892) µ νµ ( 4.4 ±0.6 ) % S=1.1 0 + −3 ρ e νe ( 2.2 ±0.8 ) × 10 ρ0 µ+ νµ ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 φ e + νe < 2.09 % CL=90% + φ µ νµ < 3.72 % CL=90% + −3 η ` ν` < 5 × 10 CL=90% 0 + −3 η (958) µ νµ < 9 × 10 CL=90%

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

932

( 6.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 6.7 ±0.9 ) %

< 7 × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %

[pp]

CL=90%

930

720 720 715 776 772 657 651

– 684

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K 0 π+ ( 2.89±0.26) % − + + K π π [qq] ( 9.0 ±0.6 ) % K ∗ (892)0 π + ( 1.27±0.13) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) ∗ K 0 (1430)0 π + ( 2.3 ±0.3 ) % ∗ 0 − + × B(K 0 (1430) → K π ) ∗ K (1680)0 π + ( 3.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − + × B(K (1680) → K π ) − K π+ π+ nonresonant ( 8.5 ±0.8 ) % 0 K π+ π0 [qq] ( 9.7 ±3.0 ) % K 0 ρ+ ( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ∗ 0 + K (892) π ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π0 nonresonant ( 1.3 ±1.1 ) % − K π+ π+ π0 [qq] ( 6.4 ±1.1 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 − + 0 × B(K 1 (1400) → K π π ) K − ρ+ π+ total ( 3.1 ±1.1 ) % − + + K ρ π 3-body ( 1.1 ±0.4 ) % ∗ 0 + 0 K (892) π π total ( 4.5 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π 0 3-body ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗− − 0 × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π+ π0 nonresonant [rr] ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 + + − [qq] ( 7.0 ±0.9 ) % K π π π K 0 a1 (1260)+ ( 4.0 ±0.9 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K 1 (1400)0 → K 0 π+ π− ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K 0 ρ0 π+ total ( 4.2 ±0.9 ) % 0 0 + K ρ π 3-body ( 5 ±5 ) × 10−3 0 + + − K π π π nonresonant ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−3

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

S=1.1

862 845 712 368 65 845

S=1.1

845 680 712 845 816 423 390 616 616 687 687 688 816 814 328 390 688 614 614 814

TeamLRN Page 31 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ )

[qq]

K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π+ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π + π− no- ρ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) − K ρ0 π + π + K − π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant K − π+ π+ π0 π0

( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.4 ±2.3 ) × 10−3

772 642

−3 ( 1.9 +1.1 −1.0 ) × 10

242

( 2.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3

642

( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.3 × 10−3

529 772

CL=90%

( 2.2 +5.0 −0.9 ) % ( 5.4 +3.0 −1.4 ) %

K 0 π+ π+ π− π0 K 0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− K − π+ π+ π+ π− π0 K0K0K+

775 773

( 8 ±7 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±1.8 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ±0.8 ) %

714 718 545

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes.

K 0 ρ+ K 0 a1 (1260)+ K 0 a2 (1320)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave longitudinal K 1 (1270)0 π+ K 1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗ (1410)0 π+ K ∗0 (1430)0 π+ K ∗ (1680)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ π0 total K ∗ (892)0 π + π0 3-body K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body − K ρ+ π+ total K − ρ+ π+ 3-body 0 K ρ0 π+ total K 0 ρ0 π+ 3-body

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ( 8.0 ±1.7 ) %

× 10−3

< 3 [rr] [rr]

CL=90%

( 1.90±0.19) % ( 2.1 ±1.3 ) %

199 712 423

( 1.6 ±1.6 ) % < 1 × 10−3 (10 ±7 ) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3

CL=90%

423 423 423

CL=90%

423

× 10−3

CL=90%

487

( 4.9 ±1.2 ) % < 7 × 10−3

CL=90%

390 382

< 7

[rr]

680 328

( 3.7 ±0.4 ) %

368

( 1.43±0.30) % ( 6.7 ±1.4 ) %

65 687

( 4.2 ±1.4 ) %

687

( ( ( ( (

2.0 3.1 1.1 4.2 5

Page 32

±0.9 ±1.1 ±0.4 ±0.9 ±5

)% )% )% )% ) × 10−3

CL=90%

688 616 616 614 614

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 f0 (980) π + K ∗ (892)0 π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π + K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− no- ρ K − ρ0 π + π + π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π + π+ π+ π−

< 5 × 10−3 ( 8.1 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 −3 ( 2.9 +1.7 −1.5 ) × 10 ( 4.3 ±1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3

CL=90% S=1.7

461 642

S=1.8

242 642 529

Pionic modes

nonresonant

π+ π+ π− π0 η π+ × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ω π+ × B(ω → π + π− π0 ) π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0

( ( ( (

2.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 2.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3

( 1.9 +1.5 −1.2 ) % ( 1.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 6 × 10−3

( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3

925 908 769 908 882 848 CL=90%

−3 ( 2.9 +2.9 −2.0 ) × 10

799

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 7.5 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3 CL=90%

η π+ ρ0 π + ω π+ η ρ+ η 0(958) π+ η 0(958) ρ+

764 845

< 1.2 < 9

% × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90%

848 769 764 658 680

< 1.5

%

CL=90%

355

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 33

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair K+K0 K + K − π+ φ π+ × B(φ → K + K ∗ (892)0

K + K −)

× B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K + K − π + nonresonant 0 K K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K + K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 × B(φ → K + K − ) φ ρ+ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π0 non-φ K + K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗+ → K 0 π + ) 0 K K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π− × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π+ π− nonresonant

[qq]

( 7.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 8.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3

792 744 647 610

( 4.5 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 —

744 741

( 2.1 ±1.0 ) %

611

( < ( < (

— 1.1 ±0.5 ) % 7 × 10−3 1.5 +0.7 −0.6 ) % 2 % 1.0 ±0.6 ) %

CL=90%

682 CL=90%

( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

678 678 273

× 10−3

CL=90%

< 1

× 10−3

678 600

CL=90%

565

< 3

%

CL=90%

600

< 7.9 —

Fractions of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 6.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3

φ π+ φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π+ π− K + K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)+ K 0 K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0

682 619 268

( 2.3 ±1.0 ) % < 1.4 % < 2 × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±1.5 ) % ( 2.6 ±1.1 ) %

Page 34

CL=90% CL=90%

647 619 268 565 610 611 273

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes + DC ( 6.8 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 K π+ π− + 0 K ρ DC ( 2.5 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 K ∗ (892)0 π + DC ( 3.6 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 + + − K π π nonresonant DC ( 2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 + + − K K K DC < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% + −4 φK DC < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π+ e + e − C1 < 6.6 × 10−5 CL=90% + + − −5 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ρ+ µ+ µ− C1 < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% K + e+ e− [ss] < 2.0 × 10−4 CL=90% + + − K µ µ [ss] < 9.7 × 10−5 CL=90% π+ e + µ− LF < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 LF < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π e µ K + e + µ− LF < 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 K e µ LF < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% π− e + e + L < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% π− µ+ µ+ L < 8.7 × 10−5 CL=90% − + + −4 π e µ L < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% ρ− µ+ µ+ L < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e e L < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% K − µ+ µ+ L < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e µ L < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% ∗ − + + −4 K (892) µ µ L < 8.5 × 10 CL=90%

845 681 712 845 550 527 929 917 759 869 856 926 926 866 866 929 917 926 759 869 856 866 703

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 35

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

D0

Mass m = 1864.6 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D 0 = 4.76 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (0.415 ± 0.004) × 10−12 s µm cτ = 124.4 m 0 − m 0 < 24 × 1010 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 90% D1 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 < 0.20, CL = 90% [tt] D D D 1

[tt]

2

Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γ(K − `+ ν` ) < 0.005, CL = 90% Γ(K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (viaD 0 )) Γ(K − π+ or K − π+ π+ π− ) 90% [uu]

< 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL =

CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − ) = 0.026 ± 0.035 ACP (π + π − ) = − 0.05 ± 0.08 ACP (K 0S φ) = − 0.03 ± 0.09 ACP (K 0S π 0 ) = − 0.018 ± 0.030 D 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D 0 DECAY MODES

e + anything µ+ anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything

Inclusive modes ( 6.75±0.29) % ( 6.6 ±0.8 ) % (53 ±4 ) % (42 ±5 ) % ( 3.4 +0.6 −0.4 ) %

K + anything η anything K − `+ ν ` K − e + νe K − µ+ νµ K − π 0 e + νe K 0 π − e + νe K ∗ (892)− e + νe × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K ∗ (892)− `+ ν`

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

S=1.3

– – – – –

%

CL=90%

–

( 3.50±0.17) % ( 3.66±0.18) % ( 3.23±0.17) %

S=1.3

867 867 863

[nn] < 13

Semileptonic modes [oo]

( 1.6 +1.3 −0.5 ) % ( 2.8 +1.7 −0.9 ) % ( 1.35±0.22) % —

Page 36

861 860 719

–

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (892)0 π− e + νe K − π+ π− µ+ νµ (K ∗ (892)π )− µ+ νµ π − e + νe

— < 1.2 < 1.4

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90%

708 821

CL=90%

693

( 3.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3

927

A fraction of the following resonance mode has already appeared above as a submode of a charged-particle mode. ∗ ( 2.02±0.33) % K (892)− e + νe

Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K − π+ ( 3.85±0.09) % 0 0 K π ( 2.12±0.21) % K 0 π+ π− [qq] ( 5.4 ±0.4 ) % K 0 ρ0 ( 1.21±0.17) % K 0 f0 (980) ( 3.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(f0 → π + π− ) 0 K f2 (1270) ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f2 → π π ) 0 K f0 (1370) ( 4.3 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f0 → π π ) ∗ K (892)− π+ ( 3.4 ±0.3 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) K ∗0 (1430)− π+ ( 6.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 (1430)− → K 0 π− ) K 0 π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.47±0.24) % − + 0 [qq] (13.9 ±0.9 ) % K π π (10.8 ±1.0 ) % K − ρ+ ∗ − + K (892) π ( 1.7 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗− → K − π0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 2.1 ±0.3 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π0 nonresonant ( 6.9 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 — K 0 π0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 1.1 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K 0 π 0 ) K 0 π0 π0 nonresonant ( 7.9 ±2.1 ) × 10−3

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

S=1.1 S=1.2

719

861 860 842 676 549 263

– 711 364

S=1.3

842 844 678 711 709 844 843 709 843

TeamLRN Page 37 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π− [qq] ( 7.6 ±0.4 ) % − + 0 K π ρ total ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ ρ0 3-body ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 ( 9.8 ±2.2 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) − K a1 (1260)+ ( 3.6 ±0.6 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− total ( 1.5 ±0.4 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π − 3-body ( 9.5 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 3.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 − − + × B(K1 (1270) → K π π− ) K − π+ π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.76±0.25) % 0 K π+ π− π0 [qq] (10.0 ±1.2 ) % K 0 η × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ( 1.6 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 K 0 ω × B(ω → π + π − π0 ) ( 1.9 ±0.4 ) % K ∗ (892)− ρ+ ( 4.1 ±1.6 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) ∗ 0 0 K (892) ρ ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 5.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−3 − 0 − × B(K1 (1270) → K π π 0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π− π 0 nonresonant ( 2.1 ±2.1 ) % − + 0 0 K π π π (15 ±5 ) % ( 4.1 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ π+ π− π0 ∗ 0 + − 0 K (892) π π π ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 η ( 2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) K − π+ ω × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) ( 2.7 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ω ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) 0 + K π π+ π− π− ( 5.8 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 K 0 π+ π− π0 π0 (π 0 ) K0K+K− K 0 φ × B(φ → K + K − ) K 0 K + K − non-φ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

(10.6 +7.3 −3.0 ) %

( 9.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 4.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.8 ) × 10−3

Page 38

S=1.1

812 612 612 418 327 683 683 483 812 812 772 670 422 418 483 683 812 815 771 641 580

605 406

768 771 544 520 544

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0S K 0S K 0S K + K − K − π+

( 8.4 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4

K + K − K 0 π0

−3 ( 7.2 +4.8 −3.5 ) × 10

538 434 435

Fractions of many of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (Modes for which there are only upper limits and K ∗ (892) ρ submodes only appear below.) ( 7.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3

K0η K 0 ρ0 K − ρ+ K0ω K 0 η 0 (958) K 0 f0 (980) K0φ K − a1 (1260)+ K 0 a1 (1260)0 K 0 f2 (1270) K − a2 (1320)+ K 0 f0 (1370) K ∗ (892)− π + K ∗ (892)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− total K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body K − π+ ρ0 total K − π+ ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 transverse K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave long. K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 D-wave K ∗ (892)− ρ+ K ∗ (892)− ρ+ longitudinal K ∗ (892)− ρ+ transverse K ∗ (892)− ρ+ P-wave − K π+ f0 (980) K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1270)− π+ K1 (1400)− π+ K 1 (1400)0 π0

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 1.21±0.17) % (10.8 ±1.0 ) % ( 2.1 ±0.4 ) % ( 1.72±0.26) %

S=1.2

( 5.7 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 ( 8.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3

( 7.3 ±1.1 ) % < 1.9 %

( 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 < 2 × 10−3 ( 7.0 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.4 ) %

772 676 678 670 565 549 520

CL=90%

327 322

CL=90%

263 197

– S=1.2

711

( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %

709

( 2.3 ±0.5 ) % ( 1.43±0.32) %

683 683

( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3

612 612

( 1.47±0.33) % ( 1.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %

418 418 418

< 3

× 10−3 × 10−3

< 3 ( 1.9 ±0.6 ) % ( 6.1 ±2.4 ) %

CL=90%

418

CL=90%

418 418 422

( 2.9 ±1.2 ) % ( 3.2 ±1.8 ) % < 1.5 < 1.1

% %

< 7 × 10−3 [rr] ( 1.06±0.29) % < 1.2 % < 3.7

%

422 422 CL=90% CL=90%

422 459

CL=90%

–

CL=90%

483 386

CL=90%

387

TeamLRN Page 39 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (1410)− π+ K ∗0 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− π0 K ∗ (892)0 η K − π+ ω K ∗ (892)0 ω K − π+ η 0(958) K ∗ (892)0 η 0(958) π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− π−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

< 1.2 % ( 1.04±0.26) % × 10−3 × 10−3

< 8 < 4

CL=90%

378 364

CL=90%

367

CL=90%

363

( 1.8 ±0.9 ) % ( ( ( (

1.9 3.0 1.1 7.0

±0.5 ±0.6 ±0.5 ±1.8

< 1.1

)% )% )% ) × 10−3 × 10−3

641 580 605 406 479 CL=90%

99

Pionic modes

( 1.53±0.09) × 10−3 ( 8.5 ±2.2 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (

1.6 7.4 1.9 4.0

Page 40

±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.4 ±3.0

)% ) × 10−3 )% ) × 10−4

922 922 S=2.7

907 879 844 795

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K− K0K0 K 0 K − π+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 →

Hadronic modes with a K K pair

( 4.27±0.16) × 10−3 ( 6.5 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3

K − π+ )

K ∗ (892)+ K − × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K 0 K − π+ nonresonant 0 K K + π− K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)− K + × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− )

K + K −)

→ 0 φ ρ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π + +c.c. × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗0 → K + π − ) K + K − π + π− non- φ K + K − π + π− nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ π− K + K − π+ π− π0

791 788 739

CL=90%

605

( 2.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3

610

( 2.3 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 5 × 10−4

739 739 605

CL=90%

( 1.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3

K 0 K + π− nonresonant K + K − π0 K 0S K 0S π0 K + K − π+ π− φ π+ π− × B(φ

S=1.2 S=1.1

610

−3 ( 3.9 +2.3 −1.9 ) × 10 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 5.9 × 10−4 [vv ]

739 742 739

( 2.52±0.24) × 10−3 ( 5.3 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.0 ±1.6 ) × 10−4

676 614 260

( 9.1 ±2.3 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 5 × 10−4 ( 6

±2

309 528

) × 10−4

— < 8 × 10−4 ( 6.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±2.0 ) × 10−3

257

CL=90%

600

Fractions of most of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 K 0 < 1.6 × 10−3 CL=90%

K ∗ (892)+ K − K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K ∗ (892)− K + φ π0 φη φω φ π+ π− φ ρ0 φ π+ π− 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π+ + c.c. K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 3.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 < 8 × 10−4 (

1.8 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3 2.8 × 10−3 2.1 × 10−3 1.08±0.29) × 10−3

< < < ( ( 6

) × 10−4 ( 7 ±5 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 8 × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−3

676 676 673

605 610

CL=90%

605 610

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

644 489 239 614 260

±3

614 CL=90%

– 257

TeamLRN Page 41 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 2 forbidden via mixing (C2M) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes + − 0 K ` ν ` (via D ) C2M < 1.7 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −3 K π or C2M < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) K + π− DC ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 + − 0 K π (via D ) < 1.9 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + − K π π π DC ( 1.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% − 0 µ anything (via D ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −5 e e C1 < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% + − −6 µ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10 CL=90% π0 e + e − C1 < 4.5 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 + − −4 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% η e+ e− C1 < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 ηµ µ C1 < 5.3 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 C1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% ρ e e ρ0 µ+ µ− C1 < 2.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ωe e C1 < 8.3 × 10−4 CL=90% ω µ+ µ− C1 < 5.2 × 10−5 CL=90% φ e+ e− + − φµ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K e e [ss] < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K µ µ [ss] < 2.6 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e + e − [ss] < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% ∗ 0 + − −3 K (892) µ µ [ss] < 1.18 × 10 CL=90% π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− C1 < 8.1 × 10−4 CL=90% µ± e ∓ LF [gg] < 1.9 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 π e µ LF [gg] < 8.6 × 10 CL=90% η e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 ρ e µ LF [gg] < 4.9 × 10 CL=90% ω e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% φ e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 3.4 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −4 K e µ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90%

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 42

– – 861 861 812 812

– 932 926 927 915 852 838 773 756 768 751 654 631 866 852 717 698 863 929 924 848 769 764 648 862 712

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

D ∗ (2007)0

I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation.

Mass m = 2006.7 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗0 − m D 0 = 142.12 ± 0.07 MeV Full width Γ < 2.1 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗ (2007) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2007) 0 DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

D 0 π0 D0 γ

(61.9±2.9) % (38.1±2.9) %

p (MeV/c) 43 137

I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation. Mass m = 2010.0 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D + = 140.64 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D 0 = 145.397 ± 0.030 MeV Full width Γ < 0.131 MeV, CL = 90%

D ∗ (2010)±

D ∗ (2010) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗ (2010) ± DECAY MODES

D 0 π+ D + π0

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(68.3±1.4) % (30.6±2.5) % ( 1.1 +2.1 −0.7 ) %

D+ γ

D1 (2420)0

39 38 136

I (J P ) = 12 (1+ ) I, J, P need confirmation.

Mass m = 2422.2 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.2) 4.6 Full width Γ = 18.9 + − 3.5 MeV D 1 (2420) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D1 (2420) 0 DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ π−

D + π−

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

355

not seen

474

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 43

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

D ∗2 (2460)0

I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )

J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2458.9 ± 2.0 MeV Full width Γ = 23 ± 5 MeV

(S = 1.2)

0 D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2460) 0 DECAY MODES 2

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

D + π− D ∗ (2010)+ π−

seen seen

D ∗2 (2460)±

p (MeV/c) 503 387

I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )

J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2459 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.7) m D ∗ (2460)± − m D ∗ (2460)0 = 0.9 ± 3.3 MeV (S = 1.1) 2

2

8 Full width Γ = 25 + − 7 MeV − D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. ± D∗ 2 (2460) DECAY MODES

D 0 π+ D ∗0 π+

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

508

seen

390

Page 44

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS (C = S = ±1) − D+ s = cs, D s = c s,

D± s

similarly for D ∗s ’s

I (J P ) = 0(0− )

was F ±

Mass m = 1968.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D ± = 99.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) s

Mean life τ = (0.467 ± 0.017) × 10−12 s cτ = 140 µm D+ s form factors r2 = 1.6 ± 0.4 rv = 1.5 ± 0.5 ΓL /ΓT = 0.72 ± 0.18 Branching fractions for modes with a resonance in the final state include all the decay modes of the resonance. D − s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D+ s DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Inclusive modes

K − anything K 0 anything

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

+

K 0 anything

(13

+14 −12

)%

–

(39

±28 +18 −14 ±17

)%

–

)%

–

)%

–

)%

–

)%

–

K + anything

(20

non- K K anything

(64

e + anything

( 8

+ 6 − 5

φ anything

(18

+15 −10

Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ νµ τ + ντ φ `+ ν ` η `+ ν` + η 0(958) `+ ν` η `+ ν ` η 0 (958)`+ ν` HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

2.2 ) × 10−3 2.0 4 )% 0.5 ) %

[xx ]

( 4.0 + − ( 7 ± ( 2.0 ±

[xx ]

( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) % ( 2.5 ± 0.7 ) % ( 8.8 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3

S=1.4

981 182

– – – –

TeamLRN Page 45 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair (including from a φ) K+K0

( 3.6 ± 1.1 ) %

K + K − π+ φ π+ K + K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) π + K + K ∗0 (1430)0 fJ (1710) π+ → K + K − π+ K + K − π + nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 + K K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π0 3-body K + K − π + π0 non-φ + K K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π−

[qq] [yy ] [yy ]

( 4.4 ± 1.2 ) % ( 3.6 ± 0.9 ) % ( 3.3 ± 0.9 ) %

S=1.1

805 712 682

[yy ] [yy ]

( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 7 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3

S=1.3

732 186

[zz]

[yy ] [yy ] [yy ] [yy ]

[yy ]

[yy ]

204

) × 10−3

± 4 — ( 4.3 ± 1.4 ) % — ( 9 ± 5 )% ( 6.7 ± 2.3 ) % < 2.6 % < 9 % < 2.8 % ( 9

K + K − π + π+ π− non- φ π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +

850

( 4.3 ± 1.5 ) % ( 5.8 ± 2.5 ) % < 2.9 % ( 8.3 ± ( 1.18± ( 3.0 + −

3.3 ) × 10−3 0.35) % 3.0 ) × 10−3 2.0

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

805 802 683 748 687 407 687 748 744

CL=90%

744 412 744 673 640 673

Hadronic modes without K ’s

f0 (980) π + f2 (1270) π + f0 (1500) π + → π + π− π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant + π π+ π− π0 η π+ ω π+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π0 π0 η ρ+ η π+ π0 3-body + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 η 0 (958)π + + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 η 0 (958)ρ+ η 0 (958)π + π 0 3-body

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % < 8 × 10−4 [yy ] ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % [yy ] ( 2.3 ± 1.3 ) × 10−3 [aaa] ( 2.8 ± 1.6 ) × 10−3

< 2.8 × 10−3 < 12 % [yy ] ( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % [yy ] ( 3.1 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 ( 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 — [yy ] (10.3 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] < 3.0 % ( 4.9 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] ( 4.9 ± 1.8 ) % [yy ]

(12

[yy ] < 3.1

Page 46

— ± 4

S=1.2 CL=90% S=1.7

559 391 CL=90% CL=90%

959 935 902 822 899 902 727

CL=90%

886 856 743 803 470

)% %

959 827 732

CL=90%

720

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Modes with one or three K ’s

8 × 10−3 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % 2.9 × 10−3 6.5 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3 6 × 10−4 [yy ] < 5 × 10−4

K 0 π+ K + π+ π− K + ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 π + K+K+K− φK+

< ( < [yy ] ( <

CL=90%

CL=90%

916 900 747 773 628

CL=90%

607

CL=90%

∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes

π+ µ+ µ− K + µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− π− µ+ µ+ K − µ+ µ+ K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+

C1 C1

D ∗± s

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4

[ss] < 4.3 < 5.9 < 1.4

L L

< 4.3 < 5.9

L

< 1.4

× 10−3

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

968 909 765

CL=90% CL=90%

968 909

CL=90%

765

I (J P ) = 0(?? ) J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1− . Mass m = 2112.4 ± 0.7 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗± − m D ± = 143.8 ± 0.4 MeV s

s

Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗− s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗+ s DECAY MODES

D+ s γ 0 D+ s π

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(94.2±2.5) %

139

( 5.8±2.5) %

48

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 47

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ds1 (2536)±

I (J P ) = 0(1+ ) J, P need confirmation.

Mass m = 2535.35 ± 0.34 ± 0.5 MeV Full width Γ < 2.3 MeV, CL = 90% Ds1 (2536)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds1 (2536)+ DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ K 0

D ∗ (2007)0 K + D+ K 0 D0 K + D ∗+ s γ

DsJ (2573)±

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

150

seen not seen not seen

169 382 392

possibly seen

389

I (J P ) = 0(?? )

J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 2+ . Mass m = 2573.5 ± 1.7 MeV 5 Full width Γ = 15 + − 4 MeV DsJ (2573)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. DsJ (2573)+ DECAY MODES D0 K +

D ∗ (2007)0 K +

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

436

not seen

245

Page 48

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

BOTTOM MESONS (B = ±1) B + = u b, B 0 = d b, B 0 = d b, B − = u b,

similarly for B ∗ ’s

B-particle organization Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B ± section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections: “B ± /B 0 Admixture” for Υ(4S ) results and “B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixture” for results at higher energies. Most inclusive decay branching fractions are found in the Admixture sections. B 0 -B 0 mixing data are found in the B 0 section, while B 0s -B 0s mixing data and B-B mixing data for a B 0 /B 0s admixture are found in the B 0s section. CP-violation data are found in the B 0 section. b-baryons are found near the end of the Baryon section.

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 49

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

The organization of the B sections is now as follows, where bullets indicate particle sections and brackets indicate reviews. [Production and Decay of b-flavored Hadrons] • B± mass, mean life branching fractions 0 •B mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0 decay B 0 -B 0 mixing [CP Violation in B Decay] CP violation ± • B B 0 Admixtures branching fractions ± • B /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixtures mean life production fractions branching fractions • B∗ mass 0 • Bs mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0s decay B 0s -B 0s mixing B-B mixing (admixture of B 0 , B 0s ) At end of Baryon Listings: • Λb mass, mean life branching fractions • b-baryon Admixture mean life branching fractions

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 50

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

B±

I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ± = 5278.9 ± 1.8 MeV Mean life τ B ± = (1.65 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 495 µm B − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B + DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Semileptonic and leptonic modes `+ ν

` anything D 0 `+ ν ` D ∗ (2007)0 `+ ν` π 0 e + νe ω `+ ν ` ρ0 `+ ν ` e + νe µ+ νµ τ + ντ e + νe γ µ+ νµ γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

[pp]

(10.3 ±0.9 ) %

( 1.86±0.33) % ( 5.3 ±0.8 ) % < 2.2 × 10−3 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.5 × 10−5

– – –

[pp] [pp]

< 2.1 < 5.7 < 2.0 < 5.2

× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5

CL=90%

2638

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

– –

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2639 2638 2340

– –

TeamLRN Page 51 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 π+ D 0 ρ+ D 0 π+ π+ π− D 0 π+ π+ π− nonresonant D 0 π + ρ0 D 0 a1 (1260)+ ∗ D (2010)− π+ π + D − π+ π+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + D ∗ (2010)+ π0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + π + π − D ∗ (2007)0 a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π0 D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π+ π− D ∗1 (2420)0 π + D ∗1 (2420)0 ρ+ D ∗2 (2460)0 π + D ∗2 (2460)0 ρ+ D0 D+ s D 0 D ∗+ s D ∗ (2007)0 D + s D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗+ s 0 D+ π s 0 D ∗+ s π D+ s η D ∗+ s η 0 D+ s ρ 0 D ∗+ s ρ D+ s ω D ∗+ s ω 0 D+ s a1 (1260) 0 D ∗+ s a1 (1260) D+ s φ D ∗+ s φ 0 D+ s K 0 D ∗+ s K ∗ 0 D+ s K (892)

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

D, D ∗ , or Ds modes

( 5.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3

2308

( ( ( ( ( (

2238 2289 2289 2209 2123 2247

1.34±0.18) % 1.1 ±0.4 ) % 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 4.2 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 2.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3 ( 4.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−4

CL=90%

2299 2256

CL=90%

2254 2183

( 1.55±0.31) %

( 9.4 ±2.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±0.5 ) %

2236 2062

( 1.5 ±0.7 ) % < 1 % ( 1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3

CL=90% S=1.3

2235 2217 2081

CL=90%

1997

< 1.3

CL=90%

2064

CL=90%

1979

× 10−3 × 10−3

< 4.7

( 1.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 9

±4

1815

) × 10−3

1734

( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %

1737

( 2.7 ±1.0 ) %

1650

< 2.0 < 3.3 < 5 < 8 < 4 < 5 < 5 < 7 < 2.2 < 1.6 < 3.2 < 4

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4

CL=90%

2270

CL=90%

2214

CL=90%

2235

CL=90%

2177

CL=90%

2198

CL=90%

2139

CL=90%

2195

CL=90%

2136

CL=90%

2079

CL=90%

2014

CL=90%

2141

CL=90%

2079

CL=90%

2241

< 1.1

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90%

2184

< 5

× 10−4

CL=90%

2171

< 1.1

Page 52

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∗ 0 D ∗+ s K (892) + + D− s π K + + D ∗− s π K + ∗ + D− s π K (892) + ∗ + D ∗− s π K (892)

J/ψ(1S )K + J/ψ(1S )K + π+ π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)+ J/ψ(1S )π+ J/ψ(1S )ρ+ J/ψ(1S )a1 (1260)+ ψ(2S )K + ψ(2S )K ∗ (892)+ ψ(2S )K + π+ π− χc1 (1P) K + χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)+ K 0 π+ K + π0 η0 K + η 0 K ∗ (892)+ ηK+ η K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ π 0 K + π− π+ nonresonant K − π+ π+ nonresonant K1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π+ K + ρ0 K 0 ρ+ K ∗ (892)+ π + π− K ∗ (892)+ ρ0 K1 (1400)+ ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)+ ρ0

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

< 4 < 8

× 10−4 × 10−4

< 6

× 10−3 × 10−3

< 8

× 10−3

< 1.2

CL=90%

2110

CL=90%

2222

CL=90%

2164

CL=90%

2137

CL=90%

2075

Charmonium modes

( 9.9 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) × 10−3

( 1.47±0.27) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 < 7.7 × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 ( 6.9 ±3.1 ) × 10−4 < 3.0 × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 1.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3

1683 1612

CL=90%

1571 1727 1613

CL=90% S=1.3 CL=90%

1414 1284 1115 909

CL=90%

1411 1265

K or K ∗ modes

( 2.3 ±1.1 ) × 10−5 < 1.6 × 10−5 ( 6.5 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−4 < 1.4 < 3.0 < 4.1 < 9.9 < 2.8 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 6.8 < 1.9 < 4.8 < 1.1 < 9.0 < 7.8 < 1.5

× 10−5 × 10−5

× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3

× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3

2614 CL=90% CL=90%

2615 2528 2472

CL=90% CL=90%

2587 2534

CL=90% CL=90%

2561 2562

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2609 2451

CL=90%

2443

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2559 2559 2556

CL=90% CL=90%

2505 2389

CL=90%

2382

–

TeamLRN Page 53 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K0 K + K − π+ nonresonant K+K−K+ K+φ K + K − K + nonresonant K ∗ (892)+ K + K − K ∗ (892)+ φ K1 (1400)+ φ K ∗2 (1430)+ φ K + f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ γ K1 (1270)+ γ K1 (1400)+ γ K ∗2 (1430)+ γ K ∗ (1680)+ γ K ∗3 (1780)+ γ K ∗4 (2045)+ γ

< < < < <

2.1 7.5 2.0 1.2 3.8

< 1.6 < 7.0 < 1.1 < 3.4 < ( < < <

× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3

8 × 10−5 5.7 ±3.3 ) × 10−5 7.3 × 10−3 2.2 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3

< 1.9 < 5.5 < 9.9

× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2592

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2466 2460 2339

CL=90%

2332

CL=90%

2524

CL=90%

2564 2486

CL=90% CL=90%

2453 2447

CL=90%

2361

CL=90%

2343

CL=90%

2243

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2636 2630 2582

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2547 2483

CL=90% CL=90%

2631 2582

CL=90% CL=90%

2621 2525

CL=90% CL=90%

2494 2494

CL=90% CL=90%

2580 2609

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2550 2493 2554 2608 2434

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2411 2592 2335

– 2522 2516 2516

Light unflavored meson modes π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +

< 2.0 < 1.3 < 4.3

π+ f0 (980) π+ f2 (1270) π+ π− π+ nonresonant π+ π0 π0 ρ+ π 0 π+ π− π+ π0 ρ+ ρ0 a1 (1260)+ π0 a1 (1260)0 π + ω π+ η π+ η 0 π+ η 0 ρ+ η ρ+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− ρ0 a1 (1260)+ ρ0 a2 (1320)+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)0

< 1.4 < 2.4 < 4.1

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

< 8.9 < 7.7 < 4.0 < 1.0 < 1.7 < 9.0 < 4.0 < 1.5 < < < < <

3.1 4.7 3.2 8.6 6.2

< 7.2 < 6.3 < 1.3

Page 54

× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 %

–

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Baryon modes p p π+ p p π+ nonresonant p p π+ π+ π− p p K + nonresonant pΛ p Λπ+ π− ∆0 p ∆++ p + Λ− c pπ − Λc p π+ π0 + + − Λ− c pπ π π − Λc p π+ π+ π− π 0

< 1.6 < 5.3 < 5.2 < < < < <

8.9 6 2.0 3.8 1.5

× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

( 6.2 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 < 3.12 × 10−3

CL=90%

< 1.46

× 10−3

CL=90%

< 1.34

%

CL=90%

2439

– 2369

– 2430 2367 2402 2402

– – – –

Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes + + − π e e B1 < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 + + − −3 B1 < 9.1 × 10 CL=90% 2633 π µ µ B1 < 6 × 10−5 CL=90% 2616 K + e+ e− + + − −5 B1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% 2612 K µ µ ∗ + + − −4 K (892) e e B1 < 6.9 × 10 CL=90% 2564 B1 < 1.2 × 10−3 CL=90% 2560 K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− + + − −3 LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2637 π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 π+ e − µ+ + + − −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 + − + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 π− e + e + L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 π− µ+ µ+ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2633 − + + π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 K − e+ e+ L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2616 − + + K µ µ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2612 − + + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 55

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )

B0

I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5279.2 ± 1.8 MeV m B 0 − m B ± = 0.35 ± 0.29 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ B 0 = (1.56 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 468 µm τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.02 ± 0.04 (average of direct and inferred) τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.04 ± 0.04 (direct measurements) 0.15 τ B + /τ B 0 = 0.95 + (inferred from branching fractions) − 0.12 B 0 -B 0 mixing parameters χd = 0.172 ± 0.010 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 − m B 0 = (0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯h s− 1 H

L

xd = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 = 0.723 ± 0.032 CP violation parameters Re( 0 ) = 0.002 ± 0.008 B B 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B 0 DECAY MODES

`+ ν` anything D − `+ ν ` D ∗ (2010)− `+ ν` ρ− `+ ν ` π − `+ ν ` K + anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) [pp] [pp] [pp] [pp]

(10.5 ± ( 2.00± ( 4.60± ( 2.5 + − ( 1.8 ±

0.8 ) % 0.25) % 0.27) % 0.8 ) × 10−4 1.0 0.6 ) × 10−4

– – – – –

Inclusive modes (78

Page 56

±80

)%

–

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D, D ∗ , or Ds modes

D − π+ D − ρ+ D 0 π+ π− D ∗ (2010)− π+ − D π+ π+ π− (D − π+ π+ π− ) nonresonant D − π + ρ0 D − a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π 0 D ∗ (2010)− ρ+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− (D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− ) nonresonant D ∗ (2010)− π+ ρ0 D ∗ (2010)− a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− π0 D ∗2 (2460)− π+ D ∗2 (2460)− ρ+ D− D+ s D ∗ (2010)− D + s D − D ∗+ s D ∗ (2010)− D ∗+ s − D+ π s − D ∗+ s π − D+ s ρ − D ∗+ s ρ − D+ s a1 (1260) − D ∗+ s a1 (1260) + D− s K + D ∗− s K ∗ + D− s K (892) ∗ + D ∗− s K (892) + 0 D− s π K + 0 D ∗− s π K + ∗ 0 D− s π K (892) + ∗ 0 D ∗− s π K (892) D 0 π0 D 0 ρ0 D0 η

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 3.0 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.9 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.6 × 10−3 ( 2.76± 0.21) × 10−3

2306 CL=90%

( 8.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.9 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 0.5 ) % ( 6.7 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 7.6 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 0.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3

2236 2301 2254 2287 2287 2207 2121

S=1.3

2247 2181 2235 2235

( 5.7 ± 3.1 ) × 10−3

2151

( 1.30± 0.27) %

2061

( 3.4 ± 1.8 ) %

2218

< 2.2 < 4.9

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90%

2064

CL=90%

1979

( 8.0 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.6 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3

1812 1735

( 1.0 ± 0.5 ) %

1731

( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) %

1649

< 2.8 < 5 < 7 < 8 < 2.6 < 2.2 < 2.4 < 1.7 < 9.9 < 1.1 < 5 < 3.1 < 4 < 2.0 < 1.2 < 3.9 < 1.3

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

CL=90%

2270

CL=90%

2214

CL=90%

2198

CL=90%

2139

CL=90%

2079

CL=90%

2014

CL=90%

2242

CL=90%

2185

CL=90%

2172

CL=90%

2112

CL=90%

2221

CL=90%

2164

CL=90%

2136

CL=90%

2074

CL=90% CL=90%

2308 2238

CL=90%

2274

TeamLRN Page 57 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 η0 D0 ω D ∗ (2007)0 π 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ0 D ∗ (2007)0 η D ∗ (2007)0 η 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ω D ∗ (2010)+ D ∗ (2010)− D ∗ (2010)+ D − D + D ∗ (2010)− J/ψ(1S )K 0

J/ψ(1S )K + π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)0 J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )ρ0 J/ψ(1S )ω ψ(2S )K 0 ψ(2S )K + π− ψ(2S ) K ∗ (892)0 χc1 (1P) K 0 χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)0

< 9.4 < 5.1 < 4.4 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 1.4 < 7.4 < 2.2 < 1.8 < 1.2

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2198 2235 2256

CL=90% CL=90%

2183 2220

CL=90% CL=90%

2141 2180

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

1711 1790 1790

Charmonium modes

( 8.9 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.35± 0.18) × 10−3

< 5.8 < 1.2 < 2.5 < 2.7

× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4

< 8 × 10−4 < 1 × 10−3 ( 1.4 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.7 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3

1683 1652 1570 CL=90% CL=90%

1728 1672

CL=90%

1614

CL=90%

1609

CL=90% CL=90%

1283 1238 1113

CL=90% CL=90%

1411 1263

K or K ∗ modes K + π− K 0 π0 η0 K 0 η 0 K ∗ (892)0 η K ∗ (892)0 ηK0 K+K− K0K0 K + ρ− K 0 ρ0 K 0 f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π 0 K ∗2 (1430)+ π−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

0.5 −5 ( 1.5 + − 0.4 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−5 2.8 −5 ( 4.7 + − 2.2 ) × 10 < 3.9 × 10−5 < 3.0 × 10−5 < 3.3 × 10−5 < 4.3 < < < <

1.7 3.5 3.9 3.6

< 7.2 < 2.8 < 2.6

Page 58

× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3

2615 CL=90%

2614 2528

CL=90% CL=90%

2472 2534

CL=90% CL=90%

2593 2593

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2592 2559 2559 2523

CL=90%

2562

CL=90% CL=90%

2562 2445

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0K+K− K0φ K − π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1400)+ π − K − a1 (1260)+ K ∗ (892)0 K + K − K ∗ (892)0 φ K1 (1400)0 ρ0 K1 (1400)0 φ K ∗2 (1430)0 ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)0 φ K ∗ (892)0 γ K1 (1270)0 γ K1 (1400)0 γ K ∗2 (1430)0 γ K ∗ (1680)0 γ K ∗3 (1780)0 γ K ∗4 (2045)0 γ φφ π+ π−

< < [bbb] < < <

1.3 8.8 2.3 1.4 4.6

< 1.7 < 1.1 [bbb] < 2.3 < 6.1 < 4.3 < 3.0 < 5.0 < 1.1 < 1.4

× 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4

× 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4

× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

( 4.0 ± 1.9 ) × 10−5 < 7.0 × 10−3 < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−3 < 1.0 < 4.3 < 3.9

% × 10−3 × 10−5

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2522 2516 2600 2556 2504

CL=90%

2467

CL=90% CL=90%

2451 2471

CL=90% CL=90%

2466 2459

CL=90% CL=90%

2389 2339

CL=90%

2380

CL=90%

2330 2564

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2486 2453 2445

CL=90% CL=90%

2361 2343

CL=90%

2244

CL=90%

2435

CL=90%

2636

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2636 2609 2582

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2551 2460 2522 2493 2554 2631 2582 2582 2621

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2525 2494 2473

Light unflavored meson modes

π0 π0 η π0 ηη η 0 π0 η0 η0 η0 η η 0 ρ0 η ρ0 π+ π− π0 ρ0 π 0 ρ∓ π ± π+ π− π+ π− ρ0 ρ0 a1 (1260)∓ π± a2 (1320)∓ π±

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

< 1.5 < 9.3 < 8 < 1.8 < < < < < < < [gg] < <

1.1 4.7 2.7 2.3 1.3 7.2 2.4 8.8 2.3

< 2.8 [gg] < 4.9 [gg] < 3.0

× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

TeamLRN Page 59 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π+ π− π0 π0 ρ+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 π 0 ω π0 + π π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 ρ0 + π π+ π+ π− π− π− a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)− + π π+ π+ π− π− π− π0

< 3.1 < 2.2 < 1.1 < < < <

4.6 9.0 3.4 2.4

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2622 2525 2494

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2580 2609 2434 2434

< 3.0 < 2.8

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90% CL=90%

2592 2336

< 1.1

%

CL=90%

2572

CL=90%

2467

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2406 2401 2334 2334

CL=90%

1839

Baryon modes pp p p π+ π− p Λπ− ∆0 ∆0 ∆++ ∆−− ++ Σ −− c ∆ + − Λ− c pπ π Λ− c p 0 Λ− c pπ + − 0 Λ− c pπ π π + − + − Λ− c pπ π π π

× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

< 1.8 < < < <

2.5 1.8 1.5 1.1

× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4

× 10−3 ( 1.3 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.07 × 10−3 < 1.0

< 2.74

× 10−3

– CL=90%

2021

CL=90%

– – –

CL=90% CL=90%

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes γγ e+ e− µ+ µ− K 0 e+ e− K 0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 e + e − K ∗ (892)0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

B1 B1

< 3.9 < 5.9

B1 B1 B1

< 6.8 < 3.0 < 3.6

B1 B1 B1 LF

< < < [gg] <

2.9 2.3 1.0 5.9

LF LF

[gg] < 5.3 [gg] < 8.3

Page 60

× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−7 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4

CL=90% CL=90%

2640 2640

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2637 2616 2612

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

2564 2559 2244 2639

CL=90% CL=90%

2341 2339

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons at the Υ(4S ). The values quoted assume that B(Υ(4S ) → B B) = 100%. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. B modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. B DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Semileptonic and leptonic modes

B → [ccc] e anything + B → p e νe anything B → µ+ νµ anything [ccc] + B → ` ν` anything [pp,ccc] − + [pp] B → D ` ν` anything B → D 0 `+ ν` anything [pp] ∗∗ + B → D ` ν` [pp,ddd] + B → D 1 (2420) ` ν` anything B → D π `+ ν` anything + D ∗ π `+ ν` anything B → D ∗2 (2460) `+ ν` anything B → D ∗− π+ `+ ν` anything e+ ν

( (

2.7 ±0.7 ) % 7.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3

– – – – – – – –

(

2.3 ±0.4 ) %

–

( 10.41±0.29) %

< 1.6 × 10−3 ( 10.3 ±0.5 ) %

S=1.2 CL=90%

( 10.45±0.21) % ( 2.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.0 ±1.4 ) %

<

× 10−3

6.5

(

1.00±0.34) %

CL=95%

– –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 61

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) + B → D− s ` ν` anything + + B → D− s ` ν` K anything + 0 B → D− s ` ν` K anything B → K + `+ ν` anything B → K − `+ ν` anything B → K 0 / K 0 `+ ν` anything

6

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90%

9

× 10−3

CL=90%

[pp] <

9

[pp] < [pp] < [pp] [pp] [pp]

CL=90%

( 6.0 ±0.5 ) % ( 10 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.4 ±0.5 ) %

– – – – – –

D, D ∗ , or Ds modes

B → D ± anything B → D 0 / D 0 anything B → D ∗ (2010)± anything B → D ∗ (2007)0 anything B → D± s anything b → ccs B → Ds D , D ∗s D , Ds D ∗ , or D ∗s D ∗ B → D ∗ (2010) γ ∗+ − − B → D+ s π , Ds π , ∗+ − + 0 − D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds π , + ∗+ 0 D ∗+ s π , Ds η , Ds η , ∗+ 0 + 0 D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds ω , D ∗+ s ω B → Ds1 (2536)+ anything

( 24.1 ±1.9 ) % ( 63.1 ±2.9 ) % ( 22.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 26.0 ±2.7 ) % [gg]

( 10.0 ±2.5 ) %

[gg]

( 22 ±4 ) % ( 4.9 ±1.3 ) % <

5

× 10−3 × 10−4

CL=90%

– –

9.5

× 10−3

CL=90%

–

1.1

[gg] <

<

Charmonium modes B → J/ψ(1S )anything ( 1.13±0.06) % B → J/ψ(1S )(direct) any( 8.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 thing B → ψ(2S )anything ( 3.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P)anything ( 4.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P) (direct) any( 3.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 thing B → χc2 (1P)anything < 3.8 × 10−3 < 9 × 10−3 B → ηc (1S )anything K ± anything

CL=90%

– – – – – CL=90% CL=90%

– –

K or K ∗ modes

B → B → K + anything B → K − anything B → K 0 /K 0 anything B → K ∗ (892)± anything B → K ∗ (892)0 /K ∗ (892)0 anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

S=1.1

– – – – – – –

[gg]

78.9 66 13 64

±2.5 ±5 ±4 ±4

[gg]

( ( ( (

[gg]

( 18 ±6 ) % ( 14.6 ±2.6 ) %

Page 62

)% )% )% )%

– – – – – –

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

→ → → → → → →

K1 (1400) γ K ∗2 (1430) γ K2 (1770) γ K ∗3 (1780) γ K ∗4 (2045) γ b → sγ b → s gluon

→ → → → →

π±

anything η anything ρ0 anything ω anything φ anything

→ → → → → → → → → ×

Λ± c anything + Λ− c e anything Λ− c p anything + Λ− c p e νe Σ −− c anything Σ− c anything Σ 0c anything Σ 0c N (N = p or n) Ξ 0c anything B(Ξ 0c → Ξ − π+ ) Ξ+ c anything − + + B(Ξ + c → Ξ π π )

B → × B → B → B → B → B → B → B → B →

4.1 8.3

<

1.2

<

3.0

<

1.0

( <

2.3 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 6.8 %

× 10−3 × 10−3

CL=90%

– – – – – – –

CL=90% S=1.8

– – – – –

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

Light unflavored meson modes [gg,eee]

p / p anything p / p (direct) anything Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − /Ξ + anything baryons anything p p anything Λp / Λp anything ΛΛ anything

B → e+ e− s B → µ+ µ− s B → e ± µ∓ s

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3

< <

(359 ( 17.6 ( 21 < 81 ( 3.5

±7 ) % ±1.6 ) % ±5 ) % % ±0.7 ) %

Baryon modes ( < ( < ( < ( < (

6.4 ±1.1 ) % × 10−3

3.2

CL=90%

3.6 ±0.7 ) % × 10−3 4.2 ±2.4 ) × 10−3 9.6 × 10−3 4.6 ±2.4 ) × 10−3

1.5

× 10−3 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

– – – – – – – – –

(

−4 4.5 +1.3 −1.2 ) × 10

–

[gg]

(

8.0 ±0.4 ) %

[gg] [gg]

( (

5.5 ±0.5 ) % 4.0 ±0.5 ) %

[gg]

(

2.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3

[gg]

( ( (

6.8 ±0.6 ) % 2.47±0.23) % 2.5 ±0.4 ) %

– – – – – – – –

<

× 10−3

5

CL=90%

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes B1 B1 LF

< < <

× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5

5.7 5.8 2.2

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

– – –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 63

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE These measurements are for an admixture of bottom particles at high energy (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS). Mean life τ = (1.564 ± 0.014) × 10−12 s Mean life τ = (1.72 ± 0.10) × 10−12 s Charged b-hadron admixture Mean life τ = (1.58 ± 0.14) × 10−12 s Neutral b-hadron admixture τ charged b−hadron /τ neutral b−hadron = 1.09 ± 0.13 The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons and baryons at energies above the Υ(4S ). Only the highest energy results (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS) are used in the branching fraction averages. The production fractions give our best current estimate of the admixture at LEP. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. The modes below are listed for a b initial state. b modes are their charge conjugates. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 64

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

b DECAY MODES

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

PRODUCTION FRACTIONS The production fractions for weakly decaying b-hadrons at the Z have been calculated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parameters, and branching fractions in this edition by the LEP B Oscillation Working Group as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons” in the B ± Particle Listings. Values assume B(b → B + ) = B(b → B 0 ) B(b → B + ) + B(b → B 0 ) +B(b → B 0 s ) + B(b → Λb ) = 100 %. The notation for production fractions varies in the literature (f 0 , f (b → B B 0 ), Br(b → B 0 )). We use our own branching fraction notation here, B(b → B 0 ).

B+

1.8 ( 39.7 + − 2.2 ) %

–

B0

( 39.7 + − ( 10.5 + − ( 10.1 + −

–

B 0s Λb

1.8 ) % 2.2 1.8 ) % 1.7 3.9 ) % 3.1

– –

DECAY MODES Semileptonic and leptonic modes ν anything `+ ν` anything [pp,ccc] + e νe anything [ccc] µ+ νµ anything [ccc] − + D ` ν` anything [pp] 0 + D ` ν` anything [pp] D ∗− `+ ν` anything [pp] 0 + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] − + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] D ∗2 (2460)0 `+ ν` anything D ∗2 (2460)− `+ ν` anything + τ ντ anything c → `− ν ` anything [pp]

( 23.1 ± 1.5 ) % ( 10.99± 0.23) % ( 10.9 ± 0.5 ) % ( 10.8 ± 0.5 ) % ( ( (

2.02± 0.29) % 6.5 ± 0.6 ) % 2.76± 0.29) %

seen seen seen seen 2.6 ± 0.4 ) % 7.8 ± 0.6 ) %

( (

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 65

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Charmed meson and baryon modes D 0 anything D − anything

( 60.1 ± 3.2 ) % ( 23.7 ± 2.3 ) %

D s anything Λc anything c / c anything

( 18 ± 5 ) % ( 9.7 ± 2.9 ) % (117 ± 4 ) %

[eee]

– – – – –

Charmonium modes J/ψ(1S )anything ψ(2S )anything χc1 (1P) anything

( (

1.16± 0.10) % 4.8 ± 2.4 ) × 10−3

(

1.8 ± 0.5 ) %

– – –

K or K ∗ modes

< 5.4 × 10−4 ( 88 ±19 ) % ( 29.0 ± 2.9 ) %

sγ K ± anything K 0S anything

90%

– – –

Pion modes

π0 anything

[eee]

(278

±60

)%

–

± 6

)%

–

± 7

)%

–

Baryon modes p /p anything

( 14

Other modes charged anything

[eee]

(497

hadron+ hadron−

(

charmless

(

1.0 −5 1.7 + − 0.7 ) × 10 7 ±21 ) × 10−3

– –

Baryon modes Λ/ Λ anything µ+ µ− anything

(

5.9 ± 0.6 ) %

–

∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes

B∗

B1

<

3.2

× 10−4

90%

–

I (J P ) = 12 (1− )

I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ∗ = 5324.9 ± 1.8 MeV m B ∗ − m B = 45.78 ± 0.35 MeV B ∗ DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Bγ

dominant

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 66

p (MeV/c) 46

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS (B = ±1, S = ∓1) B 0s = sb, B 0s = s b,

similarly for B ∗s ’s I (J P ) = 0(0− )

B 0s

I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5369.3 ± 2.0 MeV s

Mean life τ = (1.54 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s cτ = 462 µm B 0s -B 0s mixing parameters χB at high energy = fd χd +fs χs = 0.118 ± 0.006 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 – m B 0 > 9.1 × 1012 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 95% s

sH

sL

xs = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 > 14.0, CL = 95% s s χs > 0.4975, CL = 95% 0 These branching fractions all scale with B(b → B 0 s ), the LEP B s production fraction. The first four were evaluated using B(b → B 0 ) = s 0 ) = 12%. (10.5 +1.8 )% and the rest assume B(b → B −1.7 s − + The branching fraction B(B 0 s → D s ` ν` anything) is not a pure measurement since the measured product branching fraction B(b → B 0 s) × − 0 0 + B(B s → D s ` ν` anything) was used to determine B(b → B s ), as described in the note on “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 67

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

B0 s DECAY MODES D− s anything + D− s ` ν` anything + D− s π

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (92 [ggg]

±33 ) %

– –

( 8.1 ± 2.5) % < 13

%

( 9.3 ± 3.3) × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 < 3.8 × 10−3 seen < 1.7 × 10−4 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.0 × 10−3 < 1.5 × 10−3

J/ψ(1S )φ J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η ψ(2S )φ π+ π− π0 π0 η π0 ηη π+ K − K+K− pp γγ φγ

µ+ µ− e+ e− e ± µ∓ φν ν

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

< 2.1 < 5.9 < 5.9 < 1.48 < 7

× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4

2321 1590 90% 90%

1788 1735 1122

90% 90% 90% 90%

1122 2861 2655 2628

90% 90%

2660 2639

90% 90% 90%

2515 2685 2588

90% 90% 90%

2682 2864 2864

90%

–

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

B1 B1 LF

< 2.0 < 5.4 [gg] < 4.1

B1

< 5.4

Page 68

× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

cc MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )

ηc (1S )

Mass m = 2979.8 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 2.1) 3.8 Full width Γ = 13.2 + − 3.2 MeV ηc (1S ) DECAY MODES

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Decays involving hadronic resonances η 0(958) π π (4.1 ±1.7) % ρρ (2.6 ±0.9) % ∗ 0 − + K (892) K π + c.c. (2.0 ±0.7) % K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892) (8.5 ±3.1) × 10−3 φφ (7.1 ±2.8) × 10−3 a0 (980)π <2 % a2 (1320)π <2 % ∗ K (892) K + c.c. < 1.28 % f2 (1270)η < 1.1 % ωω < 3.1 × 10−3

1319 1275 1273 1193 90%

1086 1323

90% 90% 90%

1193 1307 1142

90%

1268

Decays into stable hadrons KKπ ηππ π+ π− K + K − 2(K + K − ) 2(π+ π− ) pp KKη π+ π− p p ΛΛ

(5.5 ±1.7) % (4.9 ±1.8) % (2.0 +0.7 −0.6 ) %

1378 1425 1342

(2.1 ±1.2) % (1.2 ±0.4) %

(1.2 ±0.4) × 10−3 < 3.1 % < 1.2 % <2 × 10−3

1053 1457 90% 90% 90%

1157 1262 1023 987

Radiative decays γγ

(3.0 ±1.2) × 10−4

1489

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

J/ψ(1S )

Mass m = 3096.88 ± 0.04 MeV Full width Γ = 87 ± 5 keV Γe e = 5.26 ± 0.37 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) J/ψ(1S ) DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−

(87.7 ±0.5 ) % (17.0 ±2.0 ) %

– –

( 6.02±0.19) % ( 6.01±0.19) %

1548 1545

Decays involving hadronic resonances ρπ ρ0 π 0 a2 (1320)ρ ω π+ π+ π− π− ω π+ π− ω f2 (1270) K ∗ (892)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 + c.c. ω K ∗ (892)K + c.c. K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c. K 0 K ∗ (892)0 + c.c. ω π0 π0 b1 (1235)± π ∓ ω K ± K 0S π∓ b1 (1235)0 π0 φ K ∗ (892)K + c.c. ωK K ω fJ (1710) → ω K K φ 2(π+ π− ) ∆(1232)++ p π − ωη φK K φ fJ (1710) → φ K K ppω ∆(1232)++ ∆(1232)−− Σ (1385)− Σ (1385)+ (or c.c.) p p η 0 (958) φ f 02 (1525) φ π+ π−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 1.27±0.09) % ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.09±0.22) % ( 8.5 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3

1449 1449 1125 1392 1435

( 4.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 6.7 ±2.6 ) × 10−3

[gg] [gg]

1143 1005

( 5.3 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3

1098 1373 1371 1436 1299

( 3.0 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.04±0.28) × 10−3

1210 1299 969

( 1.9 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−4 ( 1.60±0.32) × 10−3 ( 1.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−3

1.58±0.16) × 10−3 1.48±0.22) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 1.30±0.25) × 10−3 ( 1.10±0.29) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.13) × 10−3 ( 9 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (

[gg]

( 8.0 ±1.2 ) × 10−4

Page 70

1268 878

S=1.3

1318 1030 1394 1179 875 769

S=1.7

938 692 596

S=2.7

871 1365

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) φ K ± K 0S π∓ ω f1 (1420) φη Ξ (1530)− Ξ + p K − Σ (1385)0 ω π0 φ η 0(958) φ f0 (980) Ξ (1530)0 Ξ 0 Σ (1385)− Σ + (or c.c.) φ f1 (1285) ρη ω η 0(958) ω f0 (980) ρ η 0(958) ppφ a2 (1320)± π∓ K K ∗2 (1430)+ c.c. K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 φ f2 (1270) ppρ φ η(1440) → φ η π π ω f 02 (1525) Σ (1385)0 Λ ∆(1232)+ p Σ0 Λ φ π0 2(π+ π− )π0

[gg]

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

1114 1062 1320

( 5.9 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 5.1 ±3.2 ) × 10−4

[gg]

( 4.2 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 3.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4

2.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.93±0.23) × 10−4 1.67±0.25) × 10−4 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.05±0.18) × 10−4 ( 4.5 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 [gg] < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (

< 2.9 < 5 < 3.7 < 3.1 < 2.5 < 2.2 < 2 < 1 < 9 < 6.8

× 10−3 × 10−4

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5

× 10−6

597 645 S=1.4

1447 1192

S=1.9

1182 608 857

S=1.1

1032 1398 1279 1271 1283

CL=90%

527 1263

CL=90%

1159

CL=90%

588

CL=90%

1263

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

1036 779 946

CL=90%

1003

CL=90%

911

CL=90% CL=90%

1100 1032

CL=90%

1377

Decays into stable hadrons ( 3.37±0.26) %

3(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π− π0 K + K −

4(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K − KKπ p p π+ π− 2(π+ π− ) 3(π+ π− ) n n π+ π− Σ0 Σ0 2(π+ π− )K + K − p p π+ π− π0

( 7.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 6.8 ±2.4 ) × 10−4 ( 6.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−4

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

[hhh]

( ( ( (

2.9 ±0.6 ) % 1.50±0.20) % 1.20±0.30) % 9.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 7.2 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 6.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 4 ±4 ) × 10−3 1.27±0.17) × 10−3 3.1 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 2.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−3

1496 1433 1533 1368 1345 1407 1440 S=1.3

S=1.9

1107 1517 1466 1106 992 1320 1033

TeamLRN Page 71 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pp ppη p n π− nn ΞΞ ΛΛ p p π0 ΛΣ − π+ (or c.c.) pK−Λ 2(K + K − ) pK−Σ0 K+K− ΛΛ π0 π+ π− K 0S K 0L ΛΣ + c.c. K 0S K 0S

[gg]

2.14±0.10) × 10−3 2.09±0.18) × 10−3 2.00±0.10) × 10−3 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.35±0.14) × 10−3 1.09±0.09) × 10−3 1.06±0.12) × 10−3 ( 8.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 ( 7.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (

S=1.8 S=1.2

876 1131

2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 2.37±0.31) × 10−4 2.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 1.47±0.23) × 10−4 1.08±0.14) × 10−4

< 1.5 < 5.2

× 10−4 × 10−6

1232 948 1174 1231 818 1074 1176 945

820 1468 998 1542 1466 CL=90% CL=90%

1032 1466

Radiative decays γ ηc (1S ) γ π+ π− 2π0 γηππ γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ ρρ γ η 0(958) γ 2π+ 2π− γ f4 (2050) γωω γ η(1440) → γ f2 (1270)

( 1.3 ±0.4 ) %

γKK π γ γ ρ0 γ η π+ π−

γ ρ0 ρ0

[p]

( 4.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 4.31±0.30) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 1.59±0.33) × 10−3 ( 1.7 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 (

1.38±0.14) × 10−3 −4 8.5 +1.2 −0.9 ) × 10 8.6 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 8.3 ±1.5 ) × 10−4

γ fJ (1710) → γ K K

(

γη γ f1 (1420) → γ K K π γ f1 (1285)

( (

γ f 02 (1525)

( 4.7 +0.7 −0.5 ( 4.0 ±1.2 ( 3.8 ±1.0 ( 2.9 ±0.6

γ φφ γpp γ η(2225)

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

116

( 8.3 ±3.1 ) × 10−3 ( 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.1 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.4 ±0.7 ) × 10−4

1518 1487 1223 1223

– 1343 S=1.9

S=1.3

1400 1517 874 1337 1223 1286

S=1.2

1075 1500 1220

( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4

1283

) × 10−4

1173

Page 72

) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4

S=2.1

1166 1232 834

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ η(1760) → γ ρ0 ρ0 γ π0 γ p p π+ π− γγ γ ΛΛ 3γ γ fJ (2220) γ f0 (1500) γ e+ e−

1.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 3.9 ±1.3 ) × 10−5 7.9 × 10−4 CL=90% −4 5 × 10 CL=90% 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% −5 5.5 × 10 CL=90% −3 > 2.50 × 10 CL=99.9% ( 5.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 ( 8.8 ±1.4 ) × 10−3

( ( < < < <

1048 1546 1107 1548 1074 1548

– 1184

–

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )

χc0 (1P)

Mass m = 3417.3 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 14 ± 5 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c0

2(π+ π− )

π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − 3(π+ π− ) K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− K+K− π+ π− p p pp

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Hadronic decays (3.7±0.7) %

1679

(3.0±0.7) % (1.6±0.5) % (1.5±0.5) %

1580 1608 1633

(1.2±0.4) % (7.5±2.1) × 10−3 (7.1±2.4) × 10−3 (5.0±2.0) × 10−3 < 9.0 × 10−4

1522 1702

90%

1635 1320 1427

Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ

(6.6±1.8) × 10−3 <5 × 10−4

303 95%

1708

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )

χc1 (1P)

Mass m = 3510.53 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 0.88 ± 0.14 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c1

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

Hadronic decays

3(π+ π− ) 2(π+ π− )

π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p pp π+ π− + K + K −

( 2.2±0.8) % ( 1.6±0.5) %

1683 1727

9 ±4 ) × 10−3 3.9±3.5) × 10−3 3.2±2.1) × 10−3 1.4±0.9) × 10−3 8.6±1.2) × 10−5 < 2.1 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (

1632 1659 1576 1381 1483

–

Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S )

(27.3±1.6) %

389

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )

χc2 (1P)

Mass m = 3556.17 ± 0.13 MeV Full width Γ = 2.00 ± 0.18 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c2

2(π+ π− ) π+ π− K + K − 3(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p π+ π− K+K− pp J/ψ(1S )π+ π− π0

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Hadronic decays ( 2.2±0.5) % ( 1.9±0.5) %

1751 1656

( 1.2±0.8) % ( 7 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8±2.8) × 10−3 ( 3.3±1.3) × 10−3 ( 1.9±1.0) × 10−3

1707 1683 1601 1410 1773 1708

( 1.5±1.1) × 10−3 (10.0±1.0) × 10−5 < 1.5

%

90%

1510 185

Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

(13.5±1.1) % ( 1.6±0.5) × 10−4

Page 74

430 1778

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

ψ(2S )

Mass m = 3686.00 ± 0.09 MeV Full width Γ = 277 ± 31 keV (S = 1.1) Γe e = 2.14 ± 0.21 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) ψ(2S ) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

– –

(98.10±0.30) % ( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %

( 8.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 7.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−3

1843 1840

Decays into J/ψ(1S )and anything J/ψ(1S )anything J/ψ(1S )neutrals J/ψ(1S )π + π− J/ψ(1S )π0 π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )µ+ µ− 3(π+ π− )π0

2(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K −

π+ π− p p K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − pp 3(π+ π− ) p p π0 K+K− π+ π− π0 ρπ + π π− ΛΛ Ξ− Ξ+ K + K − π0 K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

(54.2 ±3.0 ) % (22.8 ±1.7 ) % (30.2 ±1.9 ) %

– – 477

(17.9 ±1.8 ) % ( 2.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 9.7 ±2.1 ) × 10−4 (10.0 ±3.3 ) × 10−3

481 S=1.7

200 527

–

Hadronic decays ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( < ( < < <

) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−4 6.7 ±2.5 ) × 10−4 4.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4

3.5 3.0 1.6 8.0

±1.6 ±0.8 ±0.4 ±2.0

1.4 ±0.5 1.0 ±0.7 9 ±5 8.3 8 ±5 4 2 2.96

< 5.4

) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−5 × 10−5 ) × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5

1746 1799 1726 1491 1673 1817 1751 1586 1774

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

1543 1776 1830 1760 1838 1467 1285 1754

CL=90%

1698

CL=90%

TeamLRN Page 75 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Radiative decays γ χc0 (1P) γ χc1 (1P) γ χc2 (1P) γ ηc (1S ) γ η 0(958) γγ γ η(1440) → γ K K π

( 9.3 ±0.9 ) %

261

( 8.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3

CL=90%

1719

< 1.6 < 1.2

CL=90% CL=90%

1843 1569

× 10−4 × 10−4

171 127 639

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

ψ(3770)

Mass m = 3769.9 ± 2.5 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 23.6 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) Γee = 0.26 ± 0.04 keV (S = 1.2) p Scale factor (MeV/c)

ψ(3770) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

DD e+ e−

dominant (1.12±0.17) × 10−5

ψ(4040) [iii]

1.2

242 1885

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 4040 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 52 ± 10 MeV Γee = 0.75 ± 0.15 keV ψ(4040) DECAY MODES

e+ e− D0 D0 D ∗ (2007)0 D 0 + c.c. D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗ (2007)0

ψ(4160) [iii]

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.4±0.4) × 10−5

p (MeV/c) 2020

seen

777

seen seen

578 232

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 4159 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 78 ± 20 MeV Γee = 0.77 ± 0.23 keV ψ(4160) DECAY MODES

e+ e−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (10±4) × 10−6

Page 76

p (MeV/c) 2079

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

ψ(4415) [iii]

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 4415 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 43 ± 15 MeV Γee = 0.47 ± 0.10 keV ψ(4415) DECAY MODES

hadrons e+ e−

(S = 1.8)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

dominant

(1.1±0.4) × 10−5

– 2207

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Page 77

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

bb MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

Υ(1S )

Mass m = 9460.37 ± 0.21 MeV Full width Γ = 52.5 ± 1.8 keV Γee = 1.32 ± 0.05 keV Υ(1S ) DECAY MODES

τ+τ− e+ e− µ+ µ−

(S = 2.7)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.67 +0.14 −0.16 ) % (2.52±0.17) % (2.48±0.07) %

4384

S=1.1

4730 4729

(1.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 <2 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

4698 4728 4704

<5

CL=90%

4636

Hadronic decays J/ψ(1S )anything ρπ π+ π− K+K− pp

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 78

× 10−4

4223

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ 2h+ 2h− γ 3h+ 3h− γ 4h+ 4h− γ π+ π− K + K − γ 2π+ 2π− γ 3π+ 3π−

Radiative decays

) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 (2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 (1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 (4 ±6 ) × 10−5 (2.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−3 < 3.5 × 10−4 < 1.4 × 10−4 (7.0 (5.4 (7.4 (2.9 (2.5 (2.5

γ 2π+ 2π− K + K − γ π+ π− p p γ 2π+ 2π− p p γ 2K + 2K − γ η 0(958) γη γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270) < 1.3 γ η(1440) < 8.2 γ fJ (1710) → γ K K < 2.6 + − γ f0 (2200) → γ K K <2 γ fJ (2220) → γ K + K − < 1.5 γ η(2225) → γ φ φ <3 γX <3 X = pseudoscalar with m< 7.2 GeV) γX X <1 X X = vectors with m< 3.1 GeV)

χb0 (1P) [jjj]

±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.5 ±0.9 ±0.9 ±1.2

4720 4703 4679 4686 4720 4703

CL=90% CL=90%

4658 4604 4563 4601 4682 4714

CL=90%

4607

CL=90%

4644

CL=90%

4624

CL=90% CL=90%

4576 4475

× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5

CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%

4469 4469

× 10−3

CL=90%

–

× 10−4 × 10−5

× 10−4 × 10−4

–

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 9859.8 ± 1.3 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b0

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(1S )

<6 %

χb1 (1P) [jjj]

p Confidence level (MeV/c) 90%

391

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 9891.9 ± 0.7 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b1

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(1S )

(35±8) %

p (MeV/c) 422

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

χb2 (1P) [jjj]

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 9913.2 ± 0.6 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b2

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(1S )

(22±4) %

p (MeV/c) 443

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

Υ(2S )

Mass m = 10.02330 ± 0.00031 GeV Full width Γ = 44 ± 7 keV Γee = 0.520 ± 0.032 keV Υ(2S ) DECAY MODES

Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 τ+τ− µ+ µ− e+ e− Υ(1S )π0 Υ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )anything

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (18.5 ±0.8 ) % ( 8.8 ±1.1 ) %

475 480

( 1.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 1.31±0.21) % ( 1.18±0.20) %

4686 5011 5012

< 8 < 2 < 6

× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3

90% 90% 90%

531 127 4533

Radiative decays γ χb1 (1P) γ χb2 (1P) γ χb0 (1P) γ fJ (1710) γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270)

( 6.7 ±0.9 ) % ( 6.6 ±0.9 ) %

χb0 (2P) [jjj]

131 110

( 4.3 ±1.0 ) % < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−4

90%

162 4866

90%

4896

< 2.41

90%

4931

× 10−4

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 10.2321 ± 0.0006 GeV χ (2P) DECAY MODES b0

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )

(4.6±2.1) %

210

(9 ±6 ) × 10−3

746

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 80

p (MeV/c)

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2552 ± 0.0005 GeV m χb1 (2P) − m χb0 (2P) = 23.5 ± 1.0 MeV

χb1 (2P) [jjj]

p Scale factor (MeV/c)

χ (2P) DECAY MODES b1

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )

(21 ±4 ) %

1.5

229

( 8.5±1.3) %

1.3

764

I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2685 ± 0.0004 GeV m χb2 (2P) − m χb1 (2P) = 13.5 ± 0.6 MeV

χb2 (2P) [jjj]

χ (2P) DECAY MODES b2

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )

(16.2±2.4) % ( 7.1±1.0) %

p (MeV/c) 242 776

I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )

Υ(3S )

Mass m = 10.3553 ± 0.0005 GeV Full width Γ = 26.3 ± 3.5 keV Υ(3S ) DECAY MODES

Υ(2S )anything Υ(2S ) π+ π − Υ(2S ) π0 π 0 Υ(2S ) γ γ Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 Υ(1S )η µ+ µ− e+ e−

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

(10.6 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %

S=2.2

296 177

( 2.00±0.32) % ( 5.0 ±0.7 ) %

190 327

( 4.48±0.21) % ( 2.06±0.28) %

814 816

< 2.2 × 10−3 ( 1.81±0.17) %

CL=90%

– 5177

seen

5177

Radiative decays γ χb2 (2P) γ χb1 (2P) γ χb0 (2P)

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

(11.4 ±0.8 ) % (11.3 ±0.6 ) %

S=1.3

87 100

( 5.4 ±0.6 ) %

S=1.1

123

TeamLRN Page 81 Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Υ(4S ) or Υ(10580)

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 10.5800 ± 0.0035 GeV Full width Γ = 10 ± 4 MeV Γee = 0.248 ± 0.031 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(4S ) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

BB non- B B e+ e− J/ψ(3097)anything D ∗+ anything + c.c. φ anything Υ(1S ) anything

> 96 < 4

Υ(10860)

( ( < < <

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

% %

2.8±0.7) × 10−5 2.2±0.7) × 10−3 7.4 % 2.3 × 10−3 4 × 10−3

95% 95%

– – 5290

– 90% 90% 90%

5099 5240 1053

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 10.865 ± 0.008 GeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 110 ± 13 MeV Γee = 0.31 ± 0.07 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(10860) DECAY MODES

e+ e−

Υ(11020)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.8±0.7) × 10−6

p (MeV/c) 5432

I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )

Mass m = 11.019 ± 0.008 GeV Full width Γ = 79 ± 16 MeV Γee = 0.130 ± 0.030 keV Υ(11020) DECAY MODES

e+ e−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.6±0.5) × 10−6

Page 82

p (MeV/c) 5509

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] See the “Note on π± → `± ν γ and K ± → `± ν γ Form Factors” in the π± Particle Listings for definitions and details. [b] Measurements of Γ(e + νe )/Γ(µ+ νµ ) always include decays with γ’s, and measurements of Γ(e + νe γ) and Γ(µ+ νµ γ) never include low-energy γ’s. Therefore, since no clean separation is possible, we consider the modes with γ’s to be subreactions of the modes without them, and let [Γ(e + νe ) + Γ(µ+ νµ )]/Γtotal = 100%. [c] See the π± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement; low-energy γ’s are not included. [d ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [e] Astrophysical and cosmological arguments give limits of order 10−13 ; see the π 0 Particle Listings. [f ] See the “Note on the Decay Width Γ(η → γ γ)” in our 1994 edition, D50, 1 August 1994, Part I, p. 1451. Phys. Rev. D50 [g ] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [h] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . The interpretation of this entry as a particle is controversial. [i ] See the “Note on ρ(770)” in the ρ(770) Particle Listings . [j] The e + e − branching fraction is from e + e − → π + π − experiments only. The ω ρ interference is then due to ω ρ mixing only, and is expected to be small. If e µ universality holds, Γ(ρ0 → µ+ µ− ) = Γ(ρ0 → e + e − ) × 0.99785. [k] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . [l ] See the “Note on a1 (1260)” in the a1 (1260) Particle Listings . [m] This is only an educated guess; the error given is larger than the error on the average of the published values. See the Particle Listings for details. [n] See the “Note on the f1 (1420)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [o] See also the ω(1600) Particle Listings. [p] See the “Note on the η(1440)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [q] See the “Note on the ρ(1450) and the ρ(1700)” in the ρ(1700) Particle Listings. [r] See the “Note on non-q q mesons” in the Particle Listings (see the index for the page number). [s] See also the ω(1420) Particle Listings. [t] See the “Note on fJ (1710)” in the fJ (1710) Particle Listings . [u] See the note in the K ± Particle Listings. TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 83

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [v] The definition of the slope parameter g of the K → 3π Dalitz plot is as follows (see also “Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K → 3π Decays” in the K ± Particle Listings): 2 M = 1 + g(s3 − s0 )/m2 + · · · . + π

[w] For more details and definitions of parameters see the Particle Listings. [x] See the K ± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [y] Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum γ part, is also included in the parent mode listed without γ’s. [z] Direct-emission branching fraction. [aa] Structure-dependent part. [bb] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L

S

τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S

[cc] The CP-violation parameters are defined as follows (see also “Note on CP Violation in KS → 3π” and “Note on CP Violation in K 0L Decay” in the Particle Listings): A(K 0L → π + π − ) iφ =  + 0 η +− = η +− e +− = 0 + − A(K S → π π ) η 00

δ=

A(K 0L → π 0 π 0 ) iφ 00 = η 00 e = =  − 20 0 0 0 A(K S → π π ) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) − Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) + Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν)

Im(η +−0

Im(η 000

)2

)2

=

=

Γ(K 0S → π+ π − π 0 )CP Γ(K 0L → π+ π − π 0 ) Γ(K 0S → π 0 π 0 π 0 ) Γ(K 0L → π0 π 0 π 0 )

,

viol.

,

.

where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re(η +−0 ) ' 0 and Re(η 000 ) ' 0. [dd ] See the K 0S Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ee] Calculated from K 0L semileptonic rates and the K 0S lifetime assuming ∆S = ∆Q. [ff ] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 84

Created: 7/30/1998 10:47

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [gg ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [hh] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ii ] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [jj] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [kk] See the “Note on f0 (1370)” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings and in the 1994 edition. [ll ] See the note in the L(1770) Particle Listings in Reviews of Modern Physics 56 No. 2 Pt. II (1984), p. S200. See also the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [mm] See the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [nn] This is a weighted average of D ± (44%) and D 0 (56%) branching fractions. See “D + and D 0 → (η anything) / (total D + and D 0 )” under “D + Branching Ratios” in the Particle Listings. [oo] This value averages the e + and µ+ branching fractions, after making a small phase-space adjustment to the µ+ fraction to be able to use it as an e + fraction; hence our `+ here is really an e + . [pp] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [qq] The branching fraction for this mode may differ from the sum of the submodes that contribute to it, due to interference effects. See the relevant papers in the Particle Listings. [rr] The two experiments measuring this fraction are in serious disagreement. See the Particle Listings. [ss] This mode is not a useful test for a ∆C=1 weak neutral current because both quarks must change flavor in this decay. [tt] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [uu] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [vv] The experiments on the division of this charge mode amongst its submodes disagree, and the submode branching fractions here add up to considerably more than the charged-mode fraction. [ww] However, these upper limits are in serious disagreement with values obtained in another experiment. TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 85

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [xx] For now, we average together measurements of the X e + νe and X µ+ νµ branching fractions. This is the average, not the sum. [yy] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [zz] This value includes only K + K − decays of the fJ (1710), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [aaa] This value includes only π+ π − decays of the f0 (1500), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [bbb] B 0 and B 0s contributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of the two decay rates. [ccc] These values are model dependent. See ‘Note on Semileptonic Decays’ in the B + Particle Listings. [ddd ] D ∗∗ stands for the sum of the D(1 1P1 ), D(1 3P0 ), D(1 3P1 ), D(1 3P2 ), D(2 1S0 ), and D(2 1S1 ) resonances. [eee] Inclusive branching fractions have a multiplicity definition and can be greater than 100%. [fff ] Dj represents an unresolved mixture of pseudoscalar and tensor D ∗∗ (Pwave) states. [ggg] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B 0s Decay Modes. [hhh] Includes p p π+ π− γ and excludes p p η, p p ω, p p η 0 . [iii ] J PC known by production in e + e − via single photon annihilation. I G is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonance is unclear because of the expectation of substantial threshold effects in this energy region. [jjj] Spectroscopic labeling for these states is theoretical, pending experimental information.

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N BARYONS (S = 0, I = 1/2) p, N + = u u d;

n, N 0 = u d d I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

p

Mass m = 938.27231 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] 1.007276470 ± 0.000000012 u q p q= /( p ) = 1.0000000015 ± 0.0000000011 mp mp qp + qp /e < 2 × 10−5 qp + qe /e < 1.0 × 10−21 [b]

Magnetic moment µ = 2.79284739 ± 0.00000006 µN Electric dipole moment d = (− 4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm Electric polarizability α = (12.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Magnetic polarizability β = (2.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Mean life τ > 1.6 × 1025 years (independent of mode) > 1031 to 5 × 1032 years [c] (mode dependent)

Below, for N decays, p and n distinguish proton and neutron partial lifetimes. See also the “Note on Nucleon Decay” in our 1994 edition (Phys. D50, 1673) for a short review. Rev. D50 The “partial mean life” limits tabulated here are the limits on τ /Bi , where τ is the total mean life and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question.

p DECAY MODES

N → N → N → p→ p→ n→ N → N → N → p→

Partial mean life (1030 years)

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Antilepton + meson e+ π µ+ π νπ e+ η µ+ η νη e+ ρ µ+ ρ νρ e+ ω

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

> 130 (n), > 550 (p)

90%

459

> 100 (n), > 270 (p) > 100 (n), > 25 (p) > 140 > 69 > 54

90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

453 459 309 296 310

> 58 (n), > 75 (p) > 23 (n), > 110 (p) > 19 (n), > 27 (p)

90% 90% 90%

153 119 153

> 45

90%

142

Page 1

TeamLRN Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p → µ+ ω n → νω N → e+ K p → e + K 0S p → e + K 0L N → µ+ K p → µ+ K 0S p → µ+ K 0L N → νK p → e + K ∗ (892)0 N → ν K ∗ (892) p p n p p n n

→ → → → → → →

e + π+ π− e + π0 π0

e + π− π0 µ+ π+ π− µ+ π0 π 0 µ+ π− π0 e + K 0 π−

→ → → → → →

e − π+ µ− π+

p n p n p p

→ → → → → →

e − π+ π+

p p n p

→ → → νγ → e+ γ γ

n n n n n n

e − ρ+ µ− ρ+ e− K + µ− K +

e − π+ π0 µ− π+ π+ µ− π+ π0

e − π+ K + µ− π+ K +

> 57 > 43 > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p)

90% 90% 90%

104 144 337

> 76

90%

337

> 44

90%

337

> 1.1 (n), > 120 (p)

90%

326

> 64

90%

326

> 44

90%

326

> 86 (n), > 100 (p)

90%

339

> 52

90%

45

> 22 (n), > 20 (p)

90%

45

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

448 449 449 425 427 427 319

> 65 > 49

90% 90%

459 453

> 62 >7

90% 90%

154 120

> 32 > 57

90% 90%

340 330

> 30

90%

448

> 29 > 17 > 34 > 20 >5

90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

449 425 427 320 279

> 460

90%

469

> 380 > 24 > 100

90% 90% 90%

463 470 469

Antilepton + mesons > 21 > 38 > 32 > 17 > 33 > 33 > 18

Lepton + meson

Lepton + mesons

Antilepton + photon(s) e+ γ µ+ γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 2

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

p p p n n n p p p p n

→ → → → → → → → → → →

e+ e+ e−

e + µ+ µ− e+ ν ν e+ e− ν µ+ e − ν µ+ µ− ν µ+ e + e − µ+ µ+ µ− µ+ ν ν e − µ+ µ+ 3ν

N → e + anything N → µ+ anything N → e + π 0 anything

Three (or more) leptons > 510

90%

469

> 81 > 11 > 74 > 47 > 42

90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

457 469 470 464 458

> 91 > 190 > 21

90% 90% 90%

464 439 463

>6 > 0.0005

90% 90%

457 470

90% 90% 90%

– – –

90% 90% 90%

– – – – – – – – – – –

Inclusive modes > 0.6 (n, p) > 12 (n, p) > 0.6 (n, p)

∆B = 2 dinucleon modes pp pn nn nn pp pp pp pn pn nn nn

→ → → → → → → → → → →

The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. π+ π+ > 0.7 + 0 π π >2 > 0.7 π+ π− 0 0 π π > 3.4 e+ e+ > 5.8 e + µ+ > 3.6

µ+ µ+ e+ ν µ+ ν νe ν e νµ ν µ

90% 90% 90%

> 1.7 > 2.8 > 1.6

90% 90% 90%

> 0.000012 > 0.000006

90% 90%

p DECAY MODES p DECAY MODES

p p p p p

→ → → → →

e− γ e − π0 e− η e − K 0S e − K 0L

Partial mean life (years)

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

> 1848 > 554 > 171 > 29

95% 95% 95% 95%

469 459 309 337

>9

95%

337

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 3

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

n

Mass m = 939.56563 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] = 1.008664904 ± 0.000000014 u m n − m p = 1.293318 ± 0.000009 MeV = 0.001388434 ± 0.000000009 u Mean life τ = 886.7 ± 1.9 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 2.658 × 108 km Magnetic moment µ = − 1.9130428 ± 0.0000005 µN Electric dipole moment d < 0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% 0.19 −3 fm3 (S = 1.1) Electric polarizability α = (0.98 + − 0.23 ) × 10 Charge q = (− 0.4 ± 1.1) × 10−21 e Mean n n-oscillation time > 1.2×108 s, CL = 90% [d ] (bound n) > 0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90% (free n) Decay parameters [e] p e− νe g A /g V = − 1.2670 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.9) " A = − 0.1162 ± 0.0013 (S = 1.8) " B = 0.990 ± 0.008 " a = − 0.102 ± 0.005 " φAV = (180.07 ± 0.18)◦ [f ] " D = (− 0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 n DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p e− νe

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

100 %

1.19

Charge conservation (Q) violating mode p νe ν e

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Q

<

8 × 10−27

Page 4

68%

1.29

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1440) P11

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1430 to 1470 (≈ 1440) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 31.0 mb pbeam = 0.61 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1345 to 1385 (≈ 1365) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 160 to 260 (≈ 210) MeV N(1440) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2

60–70 % 30–40 % 20–30 %

N(1520) D13

p (MeV/c) 397 342 143 †

<8 % 5–10 %

–

0.035–0.048 %

414

0.035–0.048 % 0.009–0.032 % 0.009–0.032 %

414 413 413

I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1515 to 1530 (≈ 1520) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 110 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 23.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 (≈ 1510) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 120 (≈ 115) MeV N(1520) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2

50–60 % 40–50 % 15–25 % 15–25 % <8 %

456 410 228 †

0.46–0.56 %

470

0.001–0.034 % 0.44–0.53 % 0.30–0.53 % 0.04–0.10 % 0.25–0.45 %

470 470 470 470 470

p (MeV/c)

–

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 5

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1535) S11

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1520 to 1555 (≈ 1535) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 22.5 mb pbeam = 0.76 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1495 to 1515 (≈ 1505) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 90 to 250 (≈ 170) MeV N(1535) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ Nη N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2

35–55 % 30–55 % 1–10 %

467 182 422

<1 % <4 % <3 %

242 †

<7 % 0.15–0.35 % 0.15–0.35 %

† 481 481

0.004–0.29 % 0.004–0.29 %

480 480

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 6

p (MeV/c)

–

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1650) S11

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1650) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 145 to 190 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.4 mb pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 170 (≈ 160) MeV N(1650) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ Nη ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2

55–90 % 3–10 % 3–11 %

547 346 161

10–20 % 1–7 % 4–12 % <4 %

511 344 †

<5 % 0.04–0.18 %

147 558

0.04–0.18 % 0.003–0.17 %

558 557

0.003–0.17 %

557

p (MeV/c)

–

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 7

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1675) D15

I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1685 (≈ 1675) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 140 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.4 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1655 to 1665 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 125 to 155 (≈ 140) MeV N(1675) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,

40–50 % <1 % 50–60 %

563 209 529

50–60 % < 1–3 % 0.004–0.023 % 0.0–0.015 %

364 † 575 575

0.0–0.011 % 0.02–0.12 %

575 574

0.006–0.046 % 0.01–0.08 %

574 574

helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 8

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1680) F15

I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1675 to 1690 (≈ 1680) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 140 (≈ 130) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.2 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1665 to 1675 (≈ 1670) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV N(1680) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2

60–70 % 30–40 % 5–15 %

N(1700) D13

p (MeV/c) 567 532 369 †

3–15 % 5–20 %

–

0.21–0.32 %

578

0.001–0.011 % 0.20–0.32 % 0.021–0.046 %

578 578 577

0.004–0.029 %

577

0.01–0.024 %

577

I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1630 to 1730 (≈ 1680) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV N(1700) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,

helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2

5–15 % <3 % 85–95 % <35 % 0.01–0.05 % 0.0–0.024 % 0.002–0.026 %

580 250 547 † 591 591 591

helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2

0.01–0.13 % 0.0–0.09 % 0.01–0.05 %

590 590 590

p (MeV/c)

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 9

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(1710) P11

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1680 to 1740 (≈ 1710) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 250 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.2 mb pbeam = 1.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1720) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 80 to 380 (≈ 230) MeV N(1710) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2

10–20 % 5–25 % 40–90 %

587 264 554

15–40 % 5–25 % 10–40 %

393 48

0.002–0.05% 0.002–0.05% 0.0–0.02%

598 598 597

0.0–0.02%

597

N(1720) P13

p (MeV/c)

–

I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1720) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 200 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.09 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.9 mb Re(pole position) = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 390 (≈ 250) MeV N(1720) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,

10–20 % 1–15 % >70 % 70–85 % 0.003–0.10 % 0.003–0.08 % 0.001–0.03 % 0.002–0.39 %

594 278 561 104 604 604 604 603

0.0–0.002 % 0.001–0.39 %

603 603

helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 10

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(2190) G17

I (J P ) = 12 ( 72 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 2100 to 2200 (≈ 2190) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.21 mb pbeam = 2.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1950 to 2150 (≈ 2050) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV N(2190) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

10–20 %

N(2220) H19

p (MeV/c) 888

I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 2180 to 2310 (≈ 2220) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 320 to 550 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.14 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.97 mb Re(pole position) = 2100 to 2240 (≈ 2170) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 370 to 570 (≈ 470) MeV N(2220) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

10–20 %

N(2250) G19

p (MeV/c) 905

I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 2170 to 2310 (≈ 2250) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 470 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.74 mb Re(pole position) = 2080 to 2200 (≈ 2140) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 280 to 680 (≈ 480) MeV N(2250) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

5–15 %

p (MeV/c) 923

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 11

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

N(2600) I1,11

− I (J P ) = 12 ( 11 2 )

Breit-Wigner mass = 2550 to 2750 (≈ 2600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 500 to 800 (≈ 650) MeV pbeam = 3.12 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 3.86 mb N(2600) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

5–10 %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 12

p (MeV/c) 1126

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

∆ BARYONS (S = 0, I = 3/2) ∆++ = u u u, ∆+ = u u d, ∆0 = u d d, ∆− = d d d

∆(1232) P33

I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )

Breit-Wigner mass (mixed charges) = 1230 to 1234 (≈ 1232) MeV Breit-Wigner full width (mixed charges) = 115 to 125 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.30 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 94.8 mb Re(pole position) = 1209 to 1211 (≈ 1210) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 98 to 102 (≈ 100) MeV ∆(1232) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

>99 % 0.52–0.60 % 0.11–0.13 %

227 259 259

0.41–0.47 %

259

∆(1600) P33

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1550 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV pbeam = 0.87 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 18.6 mb Re(pole position) = 1500 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1600) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N(1440) π Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

10–25 %

512

75–90 % 40–70 % <25 % 10–35 % 0.001–0.02 %

473 301 † 74 525

0.0–0.02 % 0.001–0.005 %

525 525

p (MeV/c)

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Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

∆(1620) S31

I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1615 to 1675 (≈ 1620) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1580 to 1620 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 100 to 130 (≈ 115) MeV ∆(1620) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2

20–30 % 70–80 % 30–60 %

526 488 318

7–25 % 0.004–0.044 % 0.004–0.044 %

† 538 538

∆(1700) D33

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1620 to 1700 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV ∆(1700) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

10–20 % 80–90 % 30–60 % 30–55 % 0.12–0.26 %

580 547 385 † 591

0.08–0.16 % 0.025–0.12 %

591 591

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 14

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

∆(1905) F35

I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1905) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 280 to 440 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.62 mb pbeam = 1.45 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1800 to 1860 (≈ 1830) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 230 to 330 (≈ 280) MeV ∆(1905) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

5–15 % 85–95 % <25 %

713 687 542

>60 % 0.01–0.03 % 0.0–0.1 % 0.004–0.03 %

421 721 721 721

∆(1910) P31

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1910) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 190 to 270 (≈ 250) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.54 mb pbeam = 1.46 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1830 to 1880 (≈ 1855) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 500 (≈ 350) MeV ∆(1910) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2

15–30 % 0.0–0.2 % 0.0–0.2 %

∆(1920) P33

p (MeV/c) 716 725 725

I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1900 to 1970 (≈ 1920) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 150 to 300 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.48 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.37 mb Re(pole position) = 1850 to 1950 (≈ 1900) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1920) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

5–20 %

p (MeV/c) 722

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Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

∆(1930) D35

I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 − )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1920 to 1970 (≈ 1930) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.21 mb pbeam = 1.50 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1840 to 1940 (≈ 1890) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 300 (≈ 250) MeV ∆(1930) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

10–20 %

729

0.0–0.02 % 0.0–0.01 %

737 737

0.0–0.01 %

737

∆(1950) F37

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 32 ( 72 + )

Breit-Wigner mass = 1940 to 1960 (≈ 1950) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 350 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.54 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.91 mb Re(pole position) = 1880 to 1890 (≈ 1885) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 210 to 270 (≈ 240) MeV ∆(1950) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2

35–40 %

∆(2420) H3,11

p (MeV/c)

20–30 % <10 % 0.08–0.13 % 0.03–0.055 %

741 716 574 469 749 749

0.05–0.075 %

749

+ I (J P ) = 32 ( 11 2 )

Breit-Wigner mass = 2300 to 2500 (≈ 2420) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 300 to 500 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.64 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 4.68 mb Re(pole position) = 2260 to 2400 (≈ 2330) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 750 (≈ 550) MeV ∆(2420) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Nπ

5–15 %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 16

p (MeV/c) 1023

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Λ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 0) Λ0 = u d s I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

Λ

Mass m = 1115.683 ± 0.006 MeV Mean life τ = (2.632 ± 0.020) × 10−10 s (S = 1.6) cτ = 7.89 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.613 ± 0.004 µN Electric dipole moment d < 1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Decay parameters p π− α− = 0.642 ± 0.013 " φ− = (− 6.5 ± 3.5)◦ " γ− = 0.76 [g] " ∆− = (8 ± 4)◦ [g] n π0 α0 = + 0.65 ± 0.05 − p e νe g A /g V = − 0.718 ± 0.015 Λ DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p π− n π0 nγ p π− γ p e− νe p µ− ν µ

(63.9 ±0.5 ) % (35.8 ±0.5 ) %

[e]

( 1.75±0.15) × 10−3 [h] ( 8.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 8.32±0.14) × 10−4 ( 1.57±0.35) × 10−4

Λ(1405) S01

p (MeV/c) 101 104 162 101 163 131

I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )

Mass m = 1407 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 50.0 ± 2.0 MeV Below K N threshold Λ(1405) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Σπ

100 %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

p (MeV/c) 152

TeamLRN Page 17 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Λ(1520) D03

I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )

Mass m = 1519.5 ± 1.0 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 15.6 ± 1.0 MeV [i] pbeam = 0.39 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 82.8 mb Λ(1520) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ Λγ

45 ± 1% 42 ± 1% 10 ± 1%

244 267 252

0.9 ± 0.1% 0.8 ± 0.2%

152 351

Λ(1600) P01

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

Mass m = 1560 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 0.58 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 41.6 mb Λ(1600) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ

15–30 % 10–60 %

Λ(1670) S01

p (MeV/c) 343 336

I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )

Mass m = 1660 to 1680 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 25 to 50 (≈ 35) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Λ(1670) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Λη

15–25 % 20–60 %

414 393

15–35 %

64

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 18

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Λ(1690) D03

I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )

Mass m = 1685 to 1695 (≈ 1690) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 70 (≈ 60) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 26.1 mb pbeam = 0.78 GeV/c Λ(1690) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ

20–30 % 20–40 % ∼ 25 % ∼ 20 %

Λ(1800) S01

p (MeV/c) 433 409 415 350

I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )

Mass m = 1720 to 1850 (≈ 1800) MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.5 mb Λ(1800) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)

25–40 % seen

528 493

seen

345

seen

†

Λ(1810) P01

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

Mass m = 1750 to 1850 (≈ 1810) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.04 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.0 mb Λ(1810) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)

20–50 % 10–40 %

537 501

seen 30–60 %

356 †

p (MeV/c)

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 19

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Λ(1820) F05

I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )

Mass m = 1815 to 1825 (≈ 1820) MeV Full width Γ = 70 to 90 (≈ 80) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.5 mb pbeam = 1.06 GeV/c Λ(1820) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Σ (1385)π

55–65 % 8–14 % 5–10 %

Λ(1830) D05

p (MeV/c) 545 508 362

I (J P ) = 0( 52 − )

Mass m = 1810 to 1830 (≈ 1830) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 110 (≈ 95) MeV pbeam = 1.08 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.0 mb Λ(1830) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Σ (1385)π

3–10 %

553

35–75 % >15 %

515 371

Λ(1890) P03

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 0( 32 + )

Mass m = 1850 to 1910 (≈ 1890) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.6 mb Λ(1890) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)

20–35 % 3–10 % seen

599 559 420

seen

233

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 20

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Λ(2100) G07

I (J P ) = 0( 72 − )

Mass m = 2090 to 2110 (≈ 2100) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.68 mb pbeam = 1.68 GeV/c Λ(2100) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Λη ΞK Λω N K ∗ (892)

25–35 % ∼5% <3 % <3 % <8 % 10–20 %

Λ(2110) F05

p (MeV/c) 751 704 617 483 443 514

I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )

Mass m = 2090 to 2140 (≈ 2110) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.70 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.53 mb Λ(2110) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ Λω Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)

5–25 % 10–40 % seen seen 10–60 %

Λ(2350) H09

p (MeV/c) 757 711 455 589 524

I (J P ) = 0( 92 + )

Mass m = 2340 to 2370 (≈ 2350) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 2.29 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.85 mb Λ(2350) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Σπ

∼ 12 % ∼ 10 %

p (MeV/c) 915 867

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Page 21

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Σ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 1) Σ + = u u s, Σ 0 = u d s, Σ − = d d s I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )

Σ+

Mass m = 1189.37 ± 0.07 MeV (S = 2.2) Mean life τ = (0.799 ± 0.004) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.396 cm Magnetic moment
µ = 2.458 ± 0.010
µN (S = 2.1) Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν < 0.043 Decay parameters 0.017 α0 = − 0.980 + p π0 − 0.015 " φ0 = (36 ± 34)◦ " γ0 = 0.16 [g] " ∆0 = (187 ± 6)◦ [g] n π+ α+ = 0.068 ± 0.013 " φ+ = (167 ± 20)◦ (S = 1.1) " γ+ = − 0.97 [g] 133 ◦ [g] " ∆+ = (− 73 + − 10 ) pγ αγ = − 0.76 ± 0.08 Σ + DECAY MODES

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p π0 n π+ pγ n π+ γ Λe + νe

[h]

(51.57±0.30) %

189

(48.31±0.30) % ( 1.23±0.05) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−5

185 225 185 71

∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes n e + νe n µ+ νµ p e+ e−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

SQ

< 5

SQ

< 3.0

S1

< 7

Page 22

× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−6

90%

224

90%

202 225

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )

Σ0

Mass m = 1192.642 ± 0.024 MeV m Σ − − m Σ 0 = 4.807 ± 0.035 MeV (S = 1.1) m Σ 0 − m Λ = 76.959 ± 0.023 MeV Mean life τ = (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10−20 s cτ = 2.22 × 10−11 m Transition magnetic moment µ Σ Λ = 1.61 ± 0.08 µN Σ 0 DECAY MODES

Λγ Λγ γ Λe + e −

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) 100 % < 3% [j] 5 × 10−3

Σ−

90%

74 74 74

I (J P ) = 1( 12 + ) Mass m = 1197.449 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) m Σ − − m Σ + = 8.08 ± 0.08 MeV (S = 1.9) m Σ − − m Λ = 81.766 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (1.479 ± 0.011) × 10−10 s (S = 1.3) cτ = 4.434 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.160 ± 0.025 µN (S = 1.7) Decay parameters n π− α− = − 0.068 ± 0.008 " φ− = (10 ± 15)◦ " γ− = 0.98 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆− = (249 + − 120 ) n e− νe g A /gV = 0.340 ± 0.017 [e] " f2 (0) f1 (0) = 0.97 ± 0.14 " D = 0.11 ± 0.10 − Λe ν e g V /g A = 0.01 ± 0.10 [e] (S = 1.5) " g WM /g A = 2.4 ± 1.7 [e]

Σ − DECAY MODES

n π− n π− γ n e− νe n µ− ν µ Λe − ν e

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

(99.848±0.005) %

[h] ( 4.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 1.017±0.034) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 5.73 ±0.27 ) × 10−5

193 193 230 210 79

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 23

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Σ (1385) P13

I (J P ) = 1( 32 + )

Σ (1385)+ mass m = 1382.8 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 2.0) Σ (1385)0 mass m = 1383.7 ± 1.0 MeV (S = 1.4) Σ (1385)− mass m = 1387.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 2.2) Σ (1385)+ full width Γ = 35.8 ± 0.8 MeV Σ (1385)0 full width Γ = 36 ± 5 MeV Σ (1385)− full width Γ = 39.4 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.7) Below K N threshold Σ (1385) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Λπ Σπ

88±2 %

208

12±2 %

127

Σ (1660) P11

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )

Mass m = 1630 to 1690 (≈ 1660) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 0.72 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 29.9 mb Σ (1660) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ

10–30 %

405

seen seen

439 385

Σ (1670) D13

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )

Mass m = 1665 to 1685 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 80 (≈ 60) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Σ (1670) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ

7–13 % 5–15 % 30–60 %

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 24

p (MeV/c) 414 447 393

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Σ (1750) S11

I (J P ) = 1( 12 − )

Mass m = 1730 to 1800 (≈ 1750) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 160 (≈ 90) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 20.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Σ (1750) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ Ση

10–40 % seen <8 % 15–55 %

Σ (1775) D15

p (MeV/c) 486 507 455 81

I (J P ) = 1( 52 − )

Mass m = 1770 to 1780 (≈ 1775) MeV Full width Γ = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 19.0 mb Σ (1775) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π

37–43% 14–20%

508 525

2–5% 8–12%

474 324

17–23%

198

Σ (1915) F15

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 1( 52 + )

Mass m = 1900 to 1935 (≈ 1915) MeV Full width Γ = 80 to 160 (≈ 120) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.8 mb pbeam = 1.26 GeV/c Σ (1915) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π

5–15 %

618

seen seen <5 %

622 577 440

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

p (MeV/c)

TeamLRN Page 25 Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Σ (1940) D13

I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )

Mass m = 1900 to 1950 (≈ 1940) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 300 (≈ 220) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.1 mb pbeam = 1.32 GeV/c Σ (1940) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)

<20 % seen seen seen

637 639 594 460

seen seen seen

354 410 320

Σ (2030) F17

p (MeV/c)

I (J P ) = 1( 72 + )

Mass m = 2025 to 2040 (≈ 2030) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 200 (≈ 180) MeV pbeam = 1.52 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.93 mb Σ (2030) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ ΞK Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)

17–23 %

702

17–23 % 5–10 % <2 %

700 657 412

5–15 % 10–20 %

529 430

10–20 % <5 %

498 438

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 26

p (MeV/c)

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Σ (2250)

I (J P ) = 1(?? )

Mass m = 2210 to 2280 (≈ 2250) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.76 mb pbeam = 2.04 GeV/c Σ (2250) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

NK Λπ Σπ

<10 % seen seen

p (MeV/c) 851 842 803

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 27

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ξ BARYONS (S = −2, I = 1/2) Ξ 0 = u ss,

Ξ − = d ss I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

Ξ0

P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1314.9 ± 0.6 MeV m Ξ − − m Ξ 0 = 6.4 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (2.90 ± 0.09) × 10−10 s cτ = 8.71 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.250 ± 0.014 µN Decay parameters Λπ 0 α = − 0.411 ± 0.022 (S = 2.1) " φ = (21 ± 12)◦ " γ = 0.85 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆ = (218 + − 19 ) Λγ α = 0.4 ± 0.4 0 α = 0.20 ± 0.32 Σ γ Ξ 0 DECAY MODES

Λπ0 Λγ Σ0 γ Σ + e− νe Σ + µ− ν µ

Σ − e + νe Σ − µ+ νµ p π− p e− νe p µ− ν µ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ) (99.54±0.05) %

( 1.06±0.16) × 10−3 ( 3.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3

135

90%

184 117 120

90%

64

90% 90%

112 49

90%

299 323 309

∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

SQ SQ

< 9 < 9

S2 S2 S2

< 4 < 1.3 < 1.3

Page 28

× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ξ−

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1321.32 ± 0.13 MeV Mean life τ = (1.639 ± 0.015) × 10−10 s cτ = 4.91 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.6507 ± 0.0025 µN Decay parameters Λπ − α = − 0.456 ± 0.014 (S = 1.8) " φ = (4 ± 4)◦ " γ = 0.89 [g] " ∆ = (188 ± 8)◦ [g] − Λe ν e g A /g V = − 0.25 ± 0.05 [e]

Ξ − DECAY MODES

Λπ− Σ−γ Λe − ν e Λµ− ν

(99.887±0.035) %

139

(

118

( (

µ

Σ 0 e− νe Σ 0 µ− ν µ Ξ 0 e− νe n π− n e− νe n µ− ν µ p π− π− p π− e − ν e p π− µ− ν µ p µ− µ−

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

( <

1.27 ±0.23 ) × 10−4 5.63 ±0.31 ) × 10−4 −4 3.5 +3.5 −2.2 ) × 10 8.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 8 × 10−4 × 10−3

< 2.3

190 163

90%

122 70

90%

6

90% 90% 90%

303 327 314

90% 90%

223 304

90%

250

90%

272

∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes S2 S2 S2

< 1.9 < 3.2 < 1.5

S2 S2

< 4 < 4

S2

< 4

L

< 4

× 10−5 × 10−3 % × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 29

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )

Ξ (1530) P13

Ξ (1530)0 mass m = 1531.80 ± 0.32 MeV Ξ (1530)− mass m = 1535.0 ± 0.6 MeV Ξ (1530)0 full width Γ = 9.1 ± 0.5 MeV 1.7 Ξ (1530)− full width Γ = 9.9 + − 1.9 MeV Ξ (1530) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Ξπ Ξγ

100 %

(S = 1.3)

p Confidence level (MeV/c) 152

<4 %

200

I (J P ) = 12 (?? )

Ξ (1690) Mass m = 1690 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ < 50 MeV

[i]

Ξ (1690) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK ΣK Ξ − π+ π−

seen seen possibly seen

Ξ (1820) D13

90%

p (MeV/c) 240 51 214

I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )

Mass m = 1823 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 24 + − 10 MeV Ξ (1820) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π

large small small

400 320 413

small

234

Page 30

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

p (MeV/c)

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ξ (1950)

I (J P ) = 12 (?? )

Mass m = 1950 ± 15 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 60 ± 20 MeV [i] Ξ (1950) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK ΣK Ξπ

seen possibly seen seen

Ξ (2030)

p (MeV/c) 522 460 518

I (J P ) = 12 ( ≥ 52 ? )

Mass m = 2025 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 20 + − 5 MeV Ξ (2030) DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π ΛK π ΣKπ

∼ 20 % ∼ 80 %

589 533

small small

573 421

small small

501 430

p (MeV/c)

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 31

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ω BARYONS (S = −3, I = 0) Ω − = sss

Ω−

I (J P ) = 0( 32 + ) J P is not yet measured; 32 + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1672.45 ± 0.29 MeV Mean life τ = (0.822 ± 0.012) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.46 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 2.02 ± 0.05 µN Decay parameters ΛK − α = − 0.026 ± 0.026 0 − Ξ π α = 0.09 ± 0.14 − 0 α = 0.05 ± 0.21 Ξ π

Ω − DECAY MODES

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK − Ξ 0 π− Ξ − π0

(67.8±0.7) % (23.6±0.7) % ( 8.6±0.4) % −4 ( 4.3 +3.4 −1.3 ) × 10 −4 ( 6.4 +5.1 −2.0 ) × 10 ( 5.6±2.8) × 10−3 < 4.6 × 10−4

Ξ − π+ π− Ξ (1530)0 π − Ξ 0 e− νe Ξ− γ

211 294 290 190 17

90%

319 314

90%

449

∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes

Λπ −

S2

Ω(2250)−

< 1.9

× 10−4

I (J P ) = 0(?? )

Mass m = 2252 ± 9 MeV Full width Γ = 55 ± 18 MeV Ω(2250)− DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Ξ − π+ K − Ξ (1530)0 K −

seen seen

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 32

p (MeV/c) 531 437

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

CHARMED BARYONS (C = +1) ++ 0 Λ+ = u u c, Σ + c = u d c, Σ c c = u d c, Σ c = d d c, 0 0 Ξ+ c = u s c, Ξ c = d s c, Ω c = s s c

Λ+ c

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + ) J not confirmed;

1 2

is the quark model prediction.

Mass m = 2284.9 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (0.206 ± 0.012) × 10−12 s cτ = 61.8 µm Decay asymmetry parameters Λπ + α = − 0.98 ± 0.19 + 0 α = − 0.45 ± 0.32 Σ π 0.11 + Λ` ν` α = − 0.82 + − 0.07 Nearly all branching fractions of the Λ+ c are measured relative to the p K − π+ mode, but there are no model-independent measurements of this branching fraction. We explain how we arrive at our value of B(Λ+ c → − + p K π ) in a Note at the beginning of the branching-ratio measurements, in the Listings. When this branching fraction is eventually well determined, all the other branching fractions will slide up or down proportionally as the true value differs from the value we use here. Λ+ c DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Hadronic modes with a p and one K p K0

p K − π+ p K ∗ (892)0 ∆(1232)++ K − Λ(1520) π + p K − π+ nonresonant p K0 η

[k] [l]

[l]

( ( ( (

2.5 5.0 1.8 8

± ± ± ±

( 4.5 + − ( 2.8 ± ( 1.3 ±

0.7 1.3 0.6 5

)% )% )% ) × 10−3

2.5 ) × 10−3 2.1 0.9 ) % 0.4 ) %

872 822 681 709 626 822 567

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 33

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p K 0 π+ π− p K − π+ π0 p K ∗ (892)− π + p (K − π+ )nonresonant π0 ∆(1232)K ∗ (892) p K − π+ π+ π− p K − π+ π0 π0 p K − π+ π0 π0 π0 p π+ π−

[l]

( 2.4 ± 1.1 ) % seen ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) %

753 758 579

( 3.6 ± 1.2 ) % seen

758 416

( 1.1 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3

670 676 573

Hadronic modes with a p and zero or two K ’s

p f0 (980) p π+ π+ π− π− pK+K− pφ

[l]

[l]

( 3.5 ± 2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3

926 621 851 615 589

Hadronic modes with a hyperon ( 9.0 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3

Λπ + Λπ+ π0 Λρ+ Λπ+ π+ π− Λπ+ η Σ (1385)+ η ΛK + K 0 Σ 0 π+ Σ + π0 Σ+η Σ + π+ π− Σ + ρ0 Σ − π+ π+ Σ 0 π+ π0 Σ 0 π+ π+ π− Σ + π+ π− π0 Σ+ ω

( 3.6 ± 1.3 ) % < 5 % ( 3.3 ± 1.0 ) % [l]

[l]

[l]

Ξ0 K+ Ξ − K + π+

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) % ( 8.5 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3

< 1.4 % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) %

Σ + K + π−

Ξ (1530)0 K +

CL=95%

[l]

( 1.1 ± 0.4 — ( 2.7 ± 1.0 4.1 ( 3.0 + − 2.1 ( 3.5 ± 1.2

)%

441 824 826 712 803 CL=95%

578 798 802

)%

762 766 568

) × 10−3

707

) × 10−3 1.7 ) × 10−3 6 −3 4 ) × 10 1.4 ) × 10−3

( 3.5 ± ( 7 + − ( 3.9 ± ( 4.9 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.6 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3

Page 34

843 638 806 690 569

( 1.00± 0.34) % ( 5.5 ± 2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) %

Σ + π+ π+ π− π− Σ+K+K− Σ+ φ

863

346 292 668 652 564 471

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Semileptonic modes Λ`+ ν` Λe + νe Λµ+ νµ e + anything p e + anything Λe + anything

[m]

( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % ( 2.1 ± 0.6 ) %

– – – – – – – –

( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) % ( 4.5 ± 1.7 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.9 ) % — — —

Λµ+ anything Λ`+ ν` anything

Inclusive modes p anything p anything (no Λ) p hadrons n anything n anything (no Λ) Λ anything Σ ± anything

p µ+ µ− Σ − µ+ µ+

[n]

(50 (12

±16 ±19

)% )%

(50 (29 (35

— ±16 ±17 ±11

)% )% )%

(10

± 5

)%

S=1.4

– – – – – – –

∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes C1 L

× 10−4 × 10−4

< 3.4 < 7.0

CL=90% CL=90%

936 811

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 35

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )

Λc (2593)+

The spin-parity follows from the fact that Σc (2455)π decays, with little available phase space, are dominant. Mass m = 2593.9 ± 0.8 MeV m − m Λ+ = 308.9 ± 0.6 MeV

(S = 1.1)

c

2.0 Full width Γ = 3.6 + − 1.3 MeV Λ+ c π π and its submode Σc (2455) π — the latter just barely — are the only strong decays allowed to an excited Λ+ having this mass; and the c + Λ+ π+ π− mode seems to be largely via Σ ++ π− or Σ 0 cπ . c c Λc (2593) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π Λ+ c γ

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

[o] ≈ 67 %

124

24 ± 7 %

17

24 ± 7 %

23

18 ± 10 %

124

not seen

261

not seen

290

I (J P ) = 0(?? )

Λc (2625)+ J P is expected to be 3/2−.

Mass m = 2626.6 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.2) m − m Λ+ = 341.7 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.6) c

Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% Λ+ π π and its submode Σ (2455) π are the only strong decays allowed to c an excited Λ+ c having this mass. Λc (2625) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π + Λc γ

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

184

small small

100 101

large

184

not seen

293

not seen

319

Page 36

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )

Σc (2455)

J P not confirmed; 12 + is the quark model prediction. Σc (2455)++mass m = 2452.8 ± 0.6 MeV Σc (2455)+ mass m = 2453.6 ± 0.9 MeV Σc (2455)0 mass m = 2452.2 ± 0.6 MeV m Σ ++ − m Λ+ = 167.87 ± 0.19 MeV c

c

m Σ + − m Λ+ = 168.7 ± 0.6 MeV c

c

c

c

m Σ 0 − m Λ+ = 167.30 ± 0.20 MeV m Σ ++ − m Σ 0 = 0.57 ± 0.23 MeV c

c

m Σ + − m Σ 0 = 1.4 ± 0.6 MeV c

c

Λ+ c π is the only strong decay allowed to a Σc having this mass. Σc (2455) DECAY MODES Λ+ c π

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

≈ 100 %

90

I (J P ) = 1(?? )

Σc (2520)

Σc (2520)++mass m = 2519.4 ± 1.5 MeV Σc (2520)0 mass m = 2517.5 ± 1.4 MeV m Σ (2520)++ − m Λ+ = 234.5 ± 1.4 MeV c

mΣ

0 c (2520)

c

− m Λ+ = 232.6 ± 1.3 MeV c

++ − m Σ (2520)0 c (2520) c (2520)++full width Γ =

mΣ

= 1.9 ± 1.9 MeV

Σc 18 ± 5 MeV 0 Σc (2520) full width Γ = 13 ± 5 MeV

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 37

Created: 6/10/1998 16:02

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

Ξ+ c

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2465.6 ± 1.4 MeV 0.07 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.35 + − 0.04 ) × 10 cτ = 106 µm

Ξ+ c DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK − π+ π+ ΛK ∗ (892)0 π+ Σ (1385)+ K − π+ Σ + K − π+ Σ + K ∗ (892)0 Σ 0 K − π+ π+ Ξ 0 π+ Ξ − π+ π+ Ξ (1530)0 π + 0 Ξ π+ π0 Ξ 0 π+ π+ π− Ξ 0 e + νe

p (MeV/c)

seen not seen not seen

784 601 676

seen seen

808 653

seen seen

733 875

seen not seen

850 748

seen seen

854 817

seen

882

I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )

Ξ 0c

I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2470.3 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.3) m Ξ 0 − m Ξ + = 4.7 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.2) c

c

0.023 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.098 + − 0.015 ) × 10 cτ = 29 µm Ξ0 c DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

ΛK 0 Ξ − π+ Ξ − π+ π+ π− p K − K ∗ (892)0 Ω− K + Ξ − e + νe Ξ − `+ anything

seen seen seen seen seen seen seen

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p (MeV/c) 864 875 816 406 522 882

–

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = ?(?? )

Ξc (2645)

Ξc (2645)+ mass m = 2644.6 ± 2.1 MeV Ξc (2645)0 mass m = 2643.8 ± 1.8 MeV m Ξ (2645)+ − m Ξ 0 = 174.3 ± 1.1 MeV c

mΞ

0 c (2645) (2645)+

(S = 1.2)

c

− m Ξ + = 178.2 ± 1.1 MeV c

Ξc full width Γ < 3.1 MeV, CL = 90% 0 Ξc (2645) full width Γ < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90% Ξc π is the only strong decay allowed to a Ξc resonance having this mass. Ξc (2645) DECAY MODES Ξ 0c π+ − Ξ+ c π

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

seen

101

seen

107

I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

Ω 0c

I (J P ) not confirmed; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2704 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (0.064 ± 0.020) × 10−12 s cτ = 19 µm Ω0 c DECAY MODES

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

Σ + K − K − π+ Ξ − K − π+ π+ Ω − π+ Ω − π− π+ π+

seen seen seen

697 838 827

seen

759

p (MeV/c)

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BOTTOM BARYONS (B = −1) Λ0b = u d b, Ξ 0b = u s b, Ξ − b = dsb I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )

Λ0b

I (J P ) not yet measured; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 5624 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (1.24 ± 0.08) × 10−12 s cτ = 372 µm These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + Λ `− ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”

Λ0 b DECAY MODES

(4.7±2.8) × 10−4

J/ψ(1S )Λ − Λ+ c π − Λ+ c a1 (1260) − Λ+ c ` ν ` anything

p π− pK−

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

[p]

1744

seen

2345

seen

2156

(9.0 +3.1 −3.8 ) % < 5.0 < 5.0

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–

× 10−5 × 10−5

90% 90%

2732 2711

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b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb , Ξb , Σb , Ωb ) Mean life τ = (1.20 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + − Λ ` ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”

b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb ,Ξb ,Σb ,Ωb )

p µ− ν anything Λ`− ν

` anything

Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − `− ν ` anything

Fraction (Γi /Γ)

p (MeV/c)

( 4.9± 2.4) % 1.0 ( 3.1 + − 1.2 ) % (35 +12 −14 ) % 2.0 −3 ( 5.5 + − 2.4 ) × 10

– – – –

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The masses of the p and n are most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV, 1 u = 931.49432 ± 0.00028 MeV, is less well known than are the masses in u. [b] The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn = qp + qe . See also the charge of the neutron. [c] The first limit is geochemical and independent of decay mode. The second entry, a range of limits, assumes the dominant decay modes are among those investigated. For antiprotons the best limit, inferred from the observation of cosmic ray p’s is τ p > 107 yr, the cosmic-ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of assumptions. The best direct observation of stored antiprotons gives τ p /B(p → e − γ) > 1848 yr. [d ] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [e] The parameters g A , g V , and g WM for semileptonic modes are defined by B f [γλ (g V + g A γ5 ) + i (g WM /m Bi ) σλν qν ]Bi , and φAV is defined by g A /g V = g A /g V eiφAV . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [f ] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [g] The decay parameters γ and ∆ are calculated from α and φ using p p 1 γ = 1−α2 cosφ , tan∆ = − α 1−α2 sinφ . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [h] See the Particle Listings for the pion momentum range used in this measurement. [i ] The error given here is only an educated guess. It is larger than the error on the weighted average of the published values. [j] A theoretical value using QED. [k] See the “Note on Λ+ c Branching Fractions” in the Branching Fractions + of the Λc Particle Listings. [l ] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [m] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [n] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. 0 0 [o] Assuming isospin conservation, so that the other third is Λ+ c π π . [p] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of Λ0b Decay Modes. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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SEARCHES FOR MONOPOLES, SUPERSYMMETRY, COMPOSITENESS, etc. Magnetic Monopole Searches Isolated supermassive monopole candidate events have not been confirmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results. Best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit: < 1.0 × 10−15 cm− 2 sr− 1 s− 1 for 1.1 × 10−4 < β < 0.1

Supersymmetric Particle Searches Limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. e0 (or e Assumptions include: 1) χ γ ) is lightest supersymmetric particle; 1 2) R-parity is conserved; 3) All scalar quarks (except etL and etR ) are degenerate in mass, and m qeR = m qeL . 4) Limits for selectrons and smuons refer to the e`R states. See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of supersymmetry. e 0 , and H e 0) χ e0 — neutralinos (mixtures of e γ, Z i i Mass m χ e 0 > 10.9 GeV, CL = 95% 1

Mass m χ e 0 > 45.3 GeV, CL = 95% 2 Mass m χ e 0 > 75.8 GeV, CL = 95%

[tanβ >1]

Mass m χ e 0 > 127 GeV, CL = 95%

[tanβ >3]

[tanβ >1]

3 4

f ± and H e ±) χ e± — charginos (mixtures of W i i Mass m χ > 65.7 GeV, CL = 95% [m χ e± e ± –m χ e 0 ≥ 2 GeV] 1

1

Mass m χ e ± > 99 GeV, CL = 95%

1

[GUT relations assumed]

2

νe — scalar neutrino (sneutrino) Mass m > 37.1 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 43.1 GeV, CL = 95%

[one flavor] [three degenerate flavors]

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) e e — scalar electron (selectron) Mass m > 58 GeV, CL = 95%

[m eeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1

µ e — scalar muon (smuon) Mass m > 55.6 GeV, CL = 95%

[m µeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1

τe — scalar tau (stau) Mass m > 45 GeV, CL = 95%

[if m χ e 0 < 38 GeV] 1

e q — scalar quark (squark) These limits include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1

Mass m > 176 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 224 GeV, CL = 95%

[any m ge <300 GeV, µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≤ m qe , µ = − 400 GeV, tanβ = 4]

ge — gluino

.

There is some controversy on whether gluinos in a low-mass window (1 m ge 5 GeV) are excluded or not. See the Supersymmetry Listings for details.

.

&

The limits summarised here refere to the high-mass region (m ge 5 GeV), and include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1

Mass m > 173 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 212 GeV, CL = 95%

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[any m qe , µ = − 200 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≥ m qe , µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2]

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Quark and Lepton Compositeness, Searches for Scale Limits Λ for Contact Interactions (the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions) If the Lagrangian has the form ±

g2 2Λ2

ψL γµ ψL ψ L γ µ ψL

(with g 2 /4π set equal to 1), then we define Λ ≡ Λ± LL . For the full definitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on Searches for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review and the original literature. Λ+ LL (e e e e)

> 2.4 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (e e e e)

> 3.6 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (e e µµ)

> 2.6 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (e e µµ)

> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (e e τ τ )

> 1.9 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (e e τ τ )

> 3.0 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (` ` ` `)

> 3.5 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (` ` ` `)

> 3.8 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (e e q q)

> 2.5 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (e e q q)

> 3.7 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (e e b b)

> 3.1 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (e e b b)

> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ+ LL (µµq q)

> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ− LL (µµq q)

> 4.2 TeV, CL = 95%

Λ± LR (νµ νe µe) > 3.1 TeV, CL = 90% Λ± LL (q q q q)

> 1.6 TeV, CL = 95%

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Excited Leptons The limits from `∗+ `∗− do not depend on λ (where λ is the ` `∗ transition coupling). The λ-dependent limits assume chiral coupling, except for the third limit for e ∗ which √ is for nonchiral coupling. For chiral coupling, this limit corresponds to λγ = 2. e ∗± — excited electron Mass m > 85.0 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 194 GeV, CL = 95%

(from e ∗+ e ∗− ) (if λZ > 1) (if λγ = 1)

µ∗± — excited muon Mass m > 85.3 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95%

(from µ∗+ µ∗− ) (if λZ > 1)

τ ∗± — excited tau Mass m > 84.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 90 GeV, CL = 95%

(from τ ∗+ τ ∗− ) (if λZ > 0.18)

ν ∗ — excited neutrino Mass m > 84.9 GeV, CL = 95% (from ν ∗ ν ∗ ) Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% (if λZ > 1) Mass m = none 40–96 GeV, CL = 95% (from e p → ν ∗ X) q ∗ — excited quark Mass m > 45.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 88 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 570 GeV, CL = 95%

(from q ∗ q ∗ ) (if λZ > 1) (p p → q ∗ X)

Color Sextet and Octet Particles Color Sextet Quarks (q6 ) Mass m > 84 GeV, CL = 95%

(Stable q6 )

Color Octet Charged Leptons (`8 ) Mass m > 86 GeV, CL = 95%

(Stable `8 )

Color Octet Neutrinos (ν8 ) Mass m > 110 GeV, CL = 90%

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TESTS OF CONSERVATION LAWS Revised by L. Wolfenstein and T.G. Trippe, May 1998. In keeping with the current interest in tests of conservation laws, we collect together a Table of experimental limits on all weak and electromagnetic decays, mass differences, and moments, and on a few reactions, whose observation would violate conservation laws. The Table is given only in the full Review of Particle Physics, not in the Particle Physics Booklet. For the benefit of Booklet readers, we include the best limits from the Table in the following text. Limits in this text are for CL=90% unless otherwise specified. The Table is in two parts: “Discrete Space-Time Symmetries,” i.e., C, P , T , CP , and CP T ; and “Number Conservation Laws,” i.e., lepton, baryon, hadronic flavor, and charge conservation. The references for these data can be found in the the Particle Listings in the Review. A discussion of these tests follows. CP T INVARIANCE General principles of relativistic field theory require invariance under the combined transformation CP T . The simplest tests of CP T invariance are the equality of the masses and lifetimes of a particle and its antiparticle. The 0 best test comes from the limit on the mass difference between K 0 and K . Any such difference contributes to the CP -violating parameter . Assuming CP T invariance, φ , the phase of  should be very close to 44◦ . (See the “Note on CP Violation in KL0 Decay” in the Particle Listings.) In contrast, 0 if the entire source of CP violation in K 0 decays were a K 0 − K mass difference, φ would be 44◦ + 90◦ . Assuming that there is no other source of CP T violation than this mass difference, it is possible to deduce that [1] m

K

0

− mK 0 ≈

2(mK 0 − mK 0 ) |η| ( 32 φ+− + 31 φ00 − φ0 ) L

S

sin φ0

,

where φ0 = 43.5◦ with an uncertainty of less than 0.1◦ . Using our best values of the CP -violation parameters, we get |(m 0 −mK 0 )/mK 0 | ≤ 10−18 . Limits K can also be placed on specific CP T -violating decay amplitudes. Given the small value of (1 − |η00 /η+− |), the value of φ00 − φ+− provides a measure of TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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CP T violation in KL0 → 2π decay. Results from CERN [1] and Fermilab [2] indicate no CP T -violating effect. CP AND T INVARIANCE Given CP T invariance, CP violation and T violation are equivalent. So far the only evidence for CP or T violation comes from the measurements of η+− , η00 , and the semileptonic decay charge asymmetry for KL, e.g., |η+−| = |A(KL0 → π+ π− )/A(KS0 → π+ π− )| = (2.285±0.019)×10−3 and [Γ(KL0 → π − e+ ν) − Γ(KL0 → π+ e− ν)]/[sum] = (0.333 ± 0.014)%. Other searches for CP or T violation divide into (a) those that involve weak interactions or parity violation, and (b) those that involve processes otherwise allowed by the strong or electromagnetic interactions. In class (a) the most sensitive are probably the searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron, measured to be < 1.0 × 10−25 e cm, and the electron (−0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm. A nonzero value requires both P and T violation. Class (b) includes the search for C violation in η decay, believed to be an electromagnetic process, e.g., as measured by Γ(η → µ+ µ− π 0 )/Γ(η → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and searches for T violation in a number of nuclear and electromagnetic reactions. CONSERVATION OF LEPTON NUMBERS Present experimental evidence and the standard electroweak theory are consistent with the absolute conservation of three separate lepton numbers: electron number Le, muon number Lµ, and tau number Lτ . Searches for violations are of the following types: a) ∆L = 2 for one type of lepton. The best limit comes from the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (Z, A) → (Z + 2, A) + e− + e− . The best laboratory limit is t1/2 > 1.1 × 1025 yr (CL=90%) for 76 Ge. b) Conversion of one lepton type to another. For purely leptonic processes, the best limits are on µ → eγ and µ → 3e, measured as Γ(µ → eγ)/Γ(µ →all) < 5 × 10−11 and Γ(µ → 3e)/Γ(µ → all) < 1.0 × 10−12 . For semileptonic processes, the best limit comes from the coherent conversion process in a muonic atom, µ− + (Z, A) → e− + (Z, A), measured as Γ(µ− Ti → e− Ti)/Γ(µ− Ti → all) < 4 × 10−12 . Of special interest is the case in which the hadronic flavor also changes, as in KL → eµ and K + → π + e− µ+ , measured as Γ(KL → eµ)/Γ(KL → all) < 3.3 × 10−11 and Γ(K + → π+ e− µ+ )/Γ(K + → all) < 2.1 × 10−10 . Limits on the conversion of τ into e or µ are found in τ decay and are much less stringent than HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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those for µ → e conversion, e.g., Γ(τ → µγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 3.0 × 10−6 and Γ(τ → eγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 2.7 × 10−6 . c) Conversion of one type of lepton into another type of antilepton. The case most studied is µ− + (Z, A) → e+ + (Z − 2, A), the strongest limit being Γ(µ−Ti → e+ Ca)/Γ(µ−Ti → all) < 9 × 10−11 . d) Relation to neutrino mass. If neutrinos have mass, then it is expected even in the standard electroweak theory that the lepton numbers are not separately conserved, as a consequence of lepton mixing analogous to Cabibbo quark mixing. However, in this case lepton-number-violating processes such as µ → eγ are expected to have extremely small probability. For small neutrino masses, the lepton-number violation would be observed first in neutrino oscillations, which have been the subject of extensive experimental searches. For example, searches for ν e disappearance, which we label as ν e 6→ ν e , give measured limits ∆(m2 ) < 9 × 10−4 eV2 for sin2 (2θ) = 1, and sin2 (2θ) < 0.02 for large ∆(m2 ), where θ is the neutrino mixing angle. Possible evidence for mixing has come from two sources. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆(m2 ) ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe . In addition underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ /νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆(m2 ) of the order 10−2 –10−3 eV2 . CONSERVATION OF HADRONIC FLAVORS In strong and electromagnetic interactions, hadronic flavor is conserved, i.e. the conversion of a quark of one flavor (d, u, s, c, b, t) into a quark of another flavor is forbidden. In the Standard Model, the weak interactions violate these conservation laws in a manner described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing (see the section “Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Matrix”). The way in which these conservation laws are violated is tested as follows: a) ∆S = ∆Q rule. In the semileptonic decay of strange particles, the strangeness change equals the change in charge of the hadrons. Tests come from limits on decay rates such as Γ(Σ+ → ne+ ν)/Γ(Σ+ → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and from a detailed analysis of KL → πeν, which yields the parameter x, TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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measured to be (Re x, Im x) = (0.006±0.018, −0.003±0.026). Corresponding rules are ∆C = ∆Q and ∆B = ∆Q. b) Change of flavor by two units. In the Standard Model this occurs only in second-order weak interactions. The classic example is ∆S = 2 via 0 K 0 − K mixing, which is directly measured by m(KS ) − m(KL ) = (3.489 ± 0 0.009)×10−12 MeV. There is now evidence for B 0 −B mixing (∆B = 2), with the corresponding mass difference between the eigenstates (mB 0 − mB 0 ) = (3.05 ± 0.12) × 10−10

0 Bs0 –B s

H

L

MeV, and for mixing, with (0.723 ± 0.032)ΓB 0 = −9 (mB 0 –mB 0 ) > 14ΓBs0 or > 6 × 10 MeV (CL=95%). No evidence exists sH

sL

0

for − D mixing, which is expected to be much smaller in the Standard Model. c) Flavor-changing neutral currents. In the Standard Model the neutral-current interactions do not change flavor. The low rate Γ(KL → µ+ µ− )/Γ(KL → all) = (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 puts limits on such interactions; the nonzero value for this rate is attributed to a combination of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The best test should come from K + → π+ νν, which occurs in the Standard Model only as a second-order weak process with a branching fraction of (1 to 8)×10−10 . Observation of one event has been reported [4], yielding Γ(K + → π+ νν)/Γ(K + → all) −10 . Limits for charm-changing or bottom-changing neutral = (4.2+9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 currents are much less stringent: Γ(D0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(D0 → all) < 4 × 10−6 and Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(B 0 → all) < 7 × 10−7 . One cannot isolate flavorchanging neutral current (FCNC) effects in non leptonic decays. For example, the FCNC transition s → d + (u + u) is equivalent to the charged-current transition s → u + (u + d). Tests for FCNC are therefore limited to hadron decays into lepton pairs. Such decays are expected only in second-order in the electroweak coupling in the Standard Model. D0

References 1. R. Carosi et al., Phys. Lett. B237, 303 (1990). 2. M. Karlsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2976 (1990); L.K. Gibbons et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1199 (1993). 3. B. Schwingenheuer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4376 (1995). 4. S. Adler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2204 (1997). HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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TESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES

CHARGE CONJUGATION (C ) INVARIANCE <3.1 × 10−8 , CL = 90%

Γ(π0 → 3γ)/Γtotal η C-nonconserving decay parameters π+ π− π0 left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 sextant asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 quadrant asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ parameter β (D-wave)

(0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) <5 × 10−4 , CL = 95%

Γ(η → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → η π0 )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → 3π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− η)/Γtotal

[a] <4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

[a] <1.3 × 10−2 , CL = 90% [a] <1.1 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [a] <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90%

PARITY (P) INVARIANCE (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90%

e electric dipole moment µ electric dipole moment τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal

<9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (−4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm <0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95%

p electric dipole moment n electric dipole moment Λ electric dipole moment

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TIME REVERSAL (T ) INVARIANCE Limits on e, µ, τ , p, n, and Λ electric dipole moments under Parity Invariance above are also tests of Time Reversal Invariance. µ decay parameters transverse e + polarization normal to plane of µ spin, e + momentum α0 /A β 0 /A τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Im(ξ) in K ± µ3 decay (from transverse µ pol.) Im(ξ) in K 0 decay (from transverse µ pol.) µ3 n → p e − ν decay parameters

(0 ± 4) × 10−3 (2 ± 6) × 10−3 > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% −0.017 ± 0.025 −0.007 ± 0.026 [b] (180.07 ± 0.18)◦

φAV , phase of g A relative to g V triple correlation coefficient D triple correlation coefficient D for Σ − → n e − ν e

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0.007 ± 0.023

(−0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 0.11 ± 0.10

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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP INVARIANCE Re(d w τ ) w Im(d ) τ Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal K ± → π± π+ π− rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 π0 rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 γ rate difference/average (g + − g − ) / (g + + g − ) for K ± → π± π+ π− τ τ τ τ CP-violation parameters in K 0 S decay 0 Im(η+−0 ) = Im(A(K → π+ π− π0 , CPS + − 0 violating) / A(K 0 L → π π π )) Im(η000 )2 = Γ(K 0 → 3π0 ) / S 0) Γ(K 0 → 3π L + − 0 charge asymmetry j for K 0 L → π π π 0 0 + −  +−γ / for K L → π π γ 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π µ µ )/Γtotal 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π e e )/Γtotal 0 Γ(K 0 L → π ν ν)/Γtotal ACP (K + K − π± ) in D ± → K + K − π± ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) in D + → K + K ∗0 and D − → K − K ∗0 ACP (φπ± ) in D ± → φπ± ACP (π+ π− π± ) in D ± → π+ π− π± ACP (K + K − ) in D 0 , D 0 → K + K − ACP (π+ π− ) in D 0 , D 0 → π+ π− 0 0 0 ACP (K 0 S φ) in D , D → K S φ ACP (K 0 π0 ) in D 0 , D 0 → K 0 π0 S S Re( 0 ) B     α− (Λ) + α+ (Λ) / α− (Λ) − α+ (Λ)

<0.56 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <1.5 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (0.07 ± 0.12)% (0.0 ± 0.6)% (0.9 ± 3.3)% (−0.7 ± 0.5)% −0.002 ± 0.008 <0.1, CL = 90% 0.0011 ± 0.0008 <0.3, CL = 90% [c] <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [c] <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [d ] <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% −0.017 ± 0.027 −0.02 ± 0.05 −0.014 ± 0.033 −0.02 ± 0.04 0.026 ± 0.035 −0.05 ± 0.08 −0.03 ± 0.09 −0.018 ± 0.030 0.002 ± 0.008 −0.03 ± 0.06

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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP VIOLATION OBSERVED K0 L branching ratios charge asymmetry in K 0 `3 decays − + δ(µ) = [Γ(π µ νµ ) − Γ(π+ µ− ν µ )]/sum δ(e) = [Γ(π− e + νe ) − Γ(π+ e − ν e )]/sum parameters for K 0 → 2π decay L η = A(K 0 → 2π0 ) / 00 L A(K 0 → 2π0 ) S 0 → π+ π− ) / A(K 0 → η +− = A(K S L π+ π− ) 0 / ≈ Re(0 /) = (1− η00 /η+− )/3 φ+− , phase of η+−

(0.304 ± 0.025)% (0.333 ± 0.014)% (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 [e] (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3 (S = 1.8) (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ (43.4 ± 1.0)◦

φ00 , phase of η00 parameters for K 0 → π+ π− γ decay L 0 + − η +−γ = A(K L → π π γ , CP + − violating)/A(K 0 S → π π γ)

(2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3

φ+−γ = phase of η+−γ + − Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal 0 0 Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal

(2.067 ± 0.035) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (9.36 ± 0.20) × 10−4

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(44 ± 4)◦

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPT INVARIANCE − m − ) / m average W+ W (m + − m − ) / m average e  e q e + q e+ e− (g + − g − ) / gaverage e e (τ + − τ − ) / τ average µ µ (g + − g − ) / g average µ µ (m + − m − ) / m average π π (τ + − τ − ) / τ average π π (m + − m − ) / m average K K (τ + − τ − ) / τ average K K K ± → µ± νµ rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 rate difference/average m 0 − m 0 / m average K K phase difference φ00 − φ+−

−0.002 ± 0.007 <4 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−8

(m

(−0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 (2 ± 8) × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 (2 ± 5) × 10−4 (6 ± 7) × 10−4 (−0.6 ± 1.8) × 10−4 (0.11 ± 0.09)% (S = 1.2) (−0.5 ± 0.4)% [f ] (0.8 ± 1.2)% [g] <10−18 (−0.1 ± 0.8)◦

CPT-violation parameters in K 0 decay real part of ∆

0.018 ± 0.020 0.02 ± 0.04 (1.5 ± 1.1) × 10−9

imaginary part of ∆ qp qp q ( m – m )/ m average p p  q + q e p p  (µ p + µ p ) µ average

<2 × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 2.9) × 10−3 (9 ± 5) × 10−5

(m n − m n ) / m average  (m Λ − m ) m Λ Λ (τ Λ − τ ) / τ average Λ  (µ + + µ − ) µ average Σ Σ (m − − m + ) / m average Ξ Ξ (τ − − τ + ) / τ average Ξ Ξ (m − − m + ) / m average Ω Ω

(−1.0 ± 0.9) × 10−5 0.04 ± 0.09 0.014 ± 0.015 (1.1 ± 2.7) × 10−4 0.02 ± 0.18 (0 ± 5) × 10−4

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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)

TESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWS

LEPTON FAMILY NUMBER Lepton family number conservation means separate conservation of each of Le , Lµ , Lτ . Γ(Z → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → e ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal limit on µ− → e − conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e − 32 S) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− Ti → e − Ti) / σ(µ− Ti → capture) σ(µ− Pb → e − Pb) / σ(µ− Pb → capture) limit on muonium → antimuonium conversion Rg = GC / GF − Γ(µ → e − νe ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − 2γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − µ+ µ− )/Γtotal

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[h] <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <9.8 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <1.2 × 10−5 , CL = 95% <7 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <4.6 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <0.018, CL = 90% [i] <1.2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <7.2 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <2.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

<3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

<1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <9.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

<6.3 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(τ − → e + µ− µ− )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− e + e − )/Γtotal <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ+ e − e − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− µ+ µ− )/Γtotal <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ π− )/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − + − Γ(τ → µ π π )/Γtotal <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ K − )/Γtotal <6.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π− K + )/Γtotal <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − K + K − )/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π+ K − )/Γtotal <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − − + Γ(τ → µ π K )/Γtotal <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− K + K − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π0 π0 )/Γtotal <6.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 π0 )/Γtotal <1.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − η η)/Γtotal <3.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− η η)/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% − − 0 Γ(τ → e π η)/Γtotal <2.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 η)/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − light boson)/Γtotal <2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Γ(τ − → µ− light boson)/Γtotal <5 × 10−3 , CL = 95% ν oscillations. (For other lepton mixing effects in particle decays, see the Particle Listings.) ν e 6→ ν e ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 <9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) <0.02, CL = 90% νe → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )

<9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.25, CL = 90%

νe → ν τ sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )

<0.7, CL = 90% <0.09 eV2 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )

<0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 95% <0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

νµ → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → ντ

<0.9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 90%

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → ντ (ν τ ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1

<2.2 eV2 , CL = 90% <4.4 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.5 eV2 , CL = 90% <8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νe 6→ νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )

<0.17 eV2 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−2 , CL = 90%

νµ 6→ νµ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for ∆(m 2 ) = 100eV2

<0.23 or >1500 eV2 [j] <0.02, CL = 90%

ν µ 6→ ν µ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for 190 eV2 < ∆(m 2 ) < 320 eV2 Γ(π+ → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(π+ → µ− e + e + ν)/Γtotal Γ(π0 → µ+ e − + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(η → µ+ e − + µ− e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ− ν e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ− e + )/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e µ )/Γtotal ± ± ∓ ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e e µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ± e ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal

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<7 or >1200 eV2 [k] <0.02, CL = 90% [l] <8.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

<1.72 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

<2.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−10 , CL = 90%

<7 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [h] <3.3 × 10−11 , CL = 90% [h] <6.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

[h] <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <8.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <4.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90%

[h] <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <3.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

<6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(B 0 → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e ± τ ∓)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B → e ± µ∓ s)/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(B 0 s → e µ )/Γtotal

[h] <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% [h] <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90%

[h] <4.1 × 10−5 , CL = 90%

TOTAL LEPTON NUMBER Violation of total lepton number conservation also implies violation of lepton family number conservation. limit on µ− → e + conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e + 32 Si∗ ) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− 127 I → e + 127 Sb∗ ) / σ(µ− 127 I → anything) − σ(µ Ti → e + Ca) / σ(µ− Ti → capture)

<9 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <8.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90%

Γ(τ − → π− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → π− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal νe → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) Γ(π+ → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π0 e + ν e )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal

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<2.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%

<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.032, CL = 90%

<0.16 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.001, CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−9 , CL = 90%

<1.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [l] <3.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(B + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p µ− µ− )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → Σ − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal c

<8.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

BARYON NUMBER Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal <2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% p mean life >1.6 × 1025 years A few examples of proton or bound neutron decay follow. For limits on many other nucleon decay channels, see the Baryon Summary Table. τ (N → e + π) > 130 (n), > 550 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% + τ (N → µ π) > 100 (n), > 270 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → e + K ) > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → µ+ K ) > 1.1 (n), > 120 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% [m] >1.2 × 108 s, CL = 90% limit on n n oscillations (bound n) limit on n n oscillations (free n) >0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90%

ELECTRIC CHARGE (Q) [n] >4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% <8 × 10−27 , CL = 68%

e mean life / branching fraction Γ(n → p νe ν e )/Γtotal

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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = ∆Q RULE Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ π+ e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ π+ µ− ν µ )/Γtotal

<1.2 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 95%

x = A(K 0 → π− `+ ν)/A(K 0 → π− `+ ν) = A(∆S=−∆Q)/A(∆S=∆Q) real part of x 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) imaginary part of x −0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2)

<0.043 Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν Γ(Σ + → n e + νe )/Γtotal <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(Σ + → n µ+ νµ )/Γtotal <3.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(Ξ 0 → Σ − e + νe )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% 0 − + Γ(Ξ → Σ µ νµ )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

∆S = 2 FORBIDDEN Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(Ξ 0 → p π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ω − → Λ π− )/Γtotal

<4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3

<1.3 × 10−3 <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

∆S = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯ h s−1

m 0 −m 0 KL KS

(3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV

m 0 −m 0 KL KS

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

TeamLRN Page 15

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆C = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. m − m 0 D 01 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 mean life difference/average D D1 D2

+ − Γ K ` ν ` (via D 0 ) /Γ K − `+ ν`
Γ K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ) /Γ K − π+ or
K − π+ π+ π− Γ(D 0 → K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ))/Γtotal

[o] <24 × 1010 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 90% [o] <0.20, CL = 90% <0.005, CL = 90% [p] < 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL = 90% <1.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

∆B = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. 0.172 ± 0.010

χ d ∆m 0 = m 0 − m 0 B BH BL xd = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 B B χ at high energy B

(0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯ h s−1 0.723 ± 0.032 0.118 ± 0.006 >9.1 × 1012 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 95%

∆m 0 = m 0 – m 0 Bs Bs H Bs L xs = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 Bs Bs χ s

>14.0, CL = 95% >0.4975, CL = 95%

∆S = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ ν ν)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 S → µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal S 0 + − Γ(K 0 S → π e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal L + − Γ(K 0 L → µ µ γ)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 L → e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − γ)/Γtotal L

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

(2.74 ± 0.23) × 10−7 (5.0 ± 1.0) × 10−8 −10 (4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 <3.2 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 (S = 1.4) (3.25 ± 0.28) × 10−7 <4.1 × 10−11 , CL = 90% (9.1 ± 0.5) × 10−6

Page 16

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(Σ + →

e + e − γ γ)/Γtotal π+ π− e + e − )/Γtotal µ+ µ− e + e − )/Γtotal e + e − e + e − )/Γtotal π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal π0 e + e − )/Γtotal π0 ν ν)/Γtotal p e + e − )/Γtotal

[q] (6.5 ± 1.2) × 10−7 [q] <4.6 × 10−7 , CL = 90% −9 (2.9 +6.7 −2.4 ) × 10 (4.1 ± 0.8) × 10−8 (S = 1.2) <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−6

∆C = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(D + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φµ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal + + − Γ(D + s → K µ µ )/Γtotal ∗ + + − Γ(D + s → K (892) µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → p µ+ µ− )/Γtotal c

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

<6.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90%

<4.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <4.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

TeamLRN Page 17

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆B = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(B + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → γ γ)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 ν ν)/Γtotal Γ(B → e + e − s)/Γtotal Γ(B → µ+ µ− s)/Γtotal Γ(b → µ+ µ− anything)/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → µ µ )/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → e e )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 s → φν ν)/Γtotal

HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

<3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.8 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90%

<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <5.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%

Page 18

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [b] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [c] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [d ] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [e] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases. [f ] Neglecting photon channels. See, e.g., A. Pais and S.B. Treiman, Phys. D12, 2744 (1975). Rev. D12 [g] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L

S

τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S

[h] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [i ] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [j] ∆(m2 ) = 100 eV2 . [k] 190 eV2 < ∆(m2 ) < 320 eV2 . [l ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [m] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [n] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [o] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [p] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [q] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement.

TeamLRN HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV

Page 19

Created: 6/12/1998 14:35

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES (Revised 2002) Norman E. Holden Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 [email protected] This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities which characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width, Γ, of the resonance is given. To estimate the approximate half-life, the Heisenbergy relationship may be used, the half-life = 4.56 E-22 seconds / Γ(MeV). The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2002.

Table Layout Column No. 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Column Title

Description

Isotope or Element

For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. Isotopic Abundance in atom percent. Atomic Mass or Atomic Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight is given on the same scale. Weight Half-life/Resonance Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width at half maximum of the energy resonance is given Width Decay Mode/Energy Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β¯ = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; SF = spontaneous fission; ββ = double beta decay. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. Particle Energy/ End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha par ticles in MeV and their intensities in percent. Intensity Spin and Parity Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2 π; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic Dipole Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. Moment Electric Quadrupole Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (10¯24 cm2). Moment Gamma Ray Energy/ Gamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the Intensity annihilation of positrons in matter.

General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journals and reports: 1. G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A624, 1 (1997). 2. International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1999, Pure & Applied Chemistry 75, 667 (2001). 3. J.R. Parrington, H.D. Knox, S. Breneman, E.M. Baum, F. Feiner, Chart of the Nuclides, 15th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (1996) 4. N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). 5. N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). 6. N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). 7. P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42, 189 (1989). 8. E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). 9. J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (January 2000). 10. N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72 1525 (2000). 11. N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments, private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec 2000) *This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.

11-50

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

n

1.008664924

H

1.00794(7)

o

1

1

H H 3H 4H 5H 6H 2

99.9885(70) 0.0115(70)

He

He He 5He 6He

614. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− /0.78235 β −, γ

12.33 y Γ≈3 Γ = 1.9(4) Γ = 1.6(4)

β−/0.01859 n/ n/ n/

1.34 × 10−4 ≈100.

Γ = 0.60(2) 0.807 s

7.02803 8.03392

Γ = 0.15(2) 0.119 s

He He

9.0438 10.0524

Γ = 0.10(6) Γ = 0.3(2)

n, α β−/3.508 β, d n β−/10.65 n/ β, t n 2n

Li

6.941(2) Γ = 6.0 Γ = 1.2

p/ p/α

7

He He

8

9

10

3

4

Li Li 6Li 5

7

Li Li

7.59(4) 92.41(4)

8

9

Li

10

Li Li

11

12

Li

Be

5 6

12

Be Be 14Be 13

0.01860/100. /100 /100

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2+

−1.913043

1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2− (1/2+) (2−)

+2.79285 +0.85744 +2.97896

1/2+ 0+ 3/2− 0+

−2.12762

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+2.86 mb

4.0272 5.01254 6.0151223 7.0160041 8.022486

0.84 s

9.026789

0.178 s

10.03590 11.04380

Γ = 0.11(5) 8.8 ms

12.054

<0.01 µs

3.510/100. /0.00076 /84. /16. /0.82 /100 /100

/100

β−/16.004 α/ β−/13.606 β −/ n β−/20.6 β −, n β−, 2n β−, 3n β −, d β −, t

12.5/100. α(1.6) 13.5/75. 11/25. /7. /8.3 /85.7 /4.1 /1.9 />0.01 /0.02

(3/2)− 0+

0.9807/84. 0.4776/5.

(1/2−) 0+

2− 3/2− 1+

+0.82205

−0.8 mb

3/2− 2+

+3.25644 +1.6536

−0.041 +0.032

3/2− 1+ 3/2(−)

3.439

3.668

−0.027

−0.031

3.368/33. 0.320/7.8 2.590/6. 2.811/2.8 0.219/0.78

9.012182(3)

4

Be Be 7Be 8Be 9Be 10Be 11Be

0.782/100. /< 0.069

> 2.8 × 1023 y

3.016029309 4.002603250 5.01222 6.018888

4

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.002602(2)

2

3

1.007825032 2.014101778 3.016049268 4.0278 5.040 6.0449

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100.

5.041 6.01973 7.0169293 8.00530509 9.0121822 10.0135338 11.02166 12.02692 13.0361 14.0428

Γ = 0.092(6) 53.28 d Γ = 6.8(17)eV

p, 3He 2p,α EC/0.8618 2α/0.046

1.52 × 106 y 13.8 s

β−/0.5559 β−, β−α/11.51

0.555/100. 11.48/61.

(1/2+) 0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 1/2+

22.0 ms Γ ≈ 1. 4.6 ms

β−, (n)/11.71

n//0.5

0+

β−/16.2 β −, n

0.288/94.

0+

11-51

TeamLRN

0.4776/10.4 −1.1776

+0.0529 2.125/35.5 (0.478 − 7.97) (0.95 − 4.4) 3.5346/0.9 3.6845/7.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

B

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β−, 2n β −, α β −, t

/6. /<0.012 /<0.04

p, α β+, 2α/17.979 p, 2α/

13.7(β+)/93.

Spin π) (h/2π

7

Γ = 1.4(2) 0.770 s Γ = 0.5(2) keV

1.0355

0.068

+1.8006 +2.6886 +1.0027

+0.085 +0.0406 0.0132

3/2−

+3.17778

0.037

2− (3/2−)

1.185 2.66

0.0298 0.038

2.54

0.039

0.0202 s

13

13.017780

0.0174 s

14

14.02540 15.03110 16.0398 17.0469 18.056 19.0637

14. ms 10.4 ms Γ < 0.1 5.1 ms <0.026 µs 3.3 ms

β−/20.64 β−, (n)/19.09 n β−, (n)/22.7

8.03768 9.031040 10.0168532

Γ = 0.25(4) 127. ms 19.3 s

p β+, p, 2α/16.498 β+/3.648 1.865

0+ (3/2−) 0+

11.011433 12.000000000 13.003354838 14.003241991

20.3 m

β+, EC/1.982

0.9608/99.

5715. y

β−/0.15648

0.1565/100.

3/2− 0+ 1/2− 0+

15

15.010599

2.45 s

β−/9.772

16

16.014701

≈0.750 s

17

17.02258

0.19 s

β−/8.012 β, n β−/13.17 β −, n

4.51/68. 9.82/32. β/3.3, 4.3/84, 16 n/0.8, 1.7/84, 16

19.9(7) 80.1(7)

B

B B 16B 17B 18B 19B 15

C

8

C C 10C 9

11

98.93(8) 1.07(8)

C C C

18

C

β−/13.369 β− α/1.6/ β− /13.437 β− n/0.25/

13.4 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16

β−, (n)/26.5

n//125.

18.02676

0.092 s

1/2+

−1.391

−0.964

0.0333

4.438/1.3 3.215/0.00065 3.68/7.6

6.094/90.

1.32

5.298/68. (7.30–9.05)

0+ 3/2+

1.375 1.849 1.906

n/1.6–3.7/11.

β−/11.81 β −, n n

0+ n/0.88–4.59/21.

0.05 s

20

20.0403 21.0493 22.056

0.01 s <0.03 µs 9 ms

β −, n

n//99.

0+

10.0426 11.0268 12.018613

Γ = 2.3(16) Γ = 0.52(9) 11.00 ms

β+, β+α/17.338

16.38/95.

1/2+ 1+

+0.457

+10. mb

13.0057386 14.003074007 15.00010897

9.97 m

β+ /2.2204

1.190/100.

1/2− 1+ 1/2−

0.3222 +0.40376 −0.28319

+0.0200

C C 22C 21

N

ann.rad. ann.rad. 0.71829/100. ann.rad.

+0.70241

19.0353

C

1/2+ 0+

14.0067(2)

7

10

N N 12N 11

13

N N 15N

ann.rad.

0− (3/2−)

19

14

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

12.0107(8)

6

C C 13C 14C

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(3/2−) 2+ 3/2− 3+ 3/2− 1+

7.0299 8.024607 9.013329 10.0129371 11.0093055 12.014352

8

12

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

10.811(7)

5

B B 9B 10B 11B 12B

Atomic Mass or Weight

99.636(20) 0.364(20)

11-52

ann.rad. 4.438/2.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

16

N

Atomic Mass or Weight 16.006100

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 7.13 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− /10.419 β −, α β−, β− n/8.68 0.4–1.7n/95. β− α/ β− /13.90 β −, α

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.27/68. 10.44/26. 1.85/.0012 3.7/100.

17

17.00845

4.17 s

18

18.01408

0.62 s

19

19.01703 20.02337 21.0271 22.0344 23.0405

0.32 s 0.14 s 0.08 s 0.02 s 15 ms

β−/12.53 β− /17.97

β −, n

n//80.

12.03440 13.02481

Γ = 0.51(16) 8.9 ms

2p β+, p/17.77

14.0085953

70.60 s

15.0030655 15.994914622 16.9991315 17.999160 19.003579

122.2 s

26.9 s

β− /4.820

O O 22O 23O 24O

20.004076 21.00866 22.00997 23.0157 24.0204

13.5 s 3.4 s 2.2 s 0.08 s ≈65 ms

β− /3.814 β− /8.11 β− /6.5

25

25.029 26.038

<0.05 µs <0.04 µs

N

N

N N 21N 22N 23N 20

O

12

O O

13

14

O

15

O O 17O 18O 19O

99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)

20 21

O O

26

F

14 15

18 mb

6.129/68.8 7.115/4.7 (0.99–8.87) 0.871/3. 2.1842/0.3

1−

0.328

0.012

0.822/61. 1.65/60.5 1.982/98. (0.535–7.13) (0.096–3.14)

1.56 (p)/

0+ (3/2−)

1.389

0.011

β+ /5.1430

1.81/99.

0+

β+ /2.754

1.723/100.

1/2− 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

ann.rad. 4.438/0.56 ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 ann.rad.

8.0, 8.2 9.4/100. /12.

3.25/60. 4.60/40.

0.7195 −1.8938

−0.026

1.5320

3.7 mb

0+ 0+

β −, n

n//18.

0+

0.197/95.9 1.3569/50.4 (0.11–4.18) 1.057/100. (0.28–4.6) (0.64–1.86) 1.83/28. 0.52/14. 1.31/12.

0+

100.

14.036 15.0180 16.01147 17.0020952 18.000938 18.9984032 19.9999813

Γ = 0.9(3) Γ = 0.037(14) 64.5 s 1.830 h

p p β+ /2.761 β+, EC/1.656

1.75/ 0.635/97.

11.00 s

β− /7.0245

5.398/100. 3.7/8. 5.0/63. 5.4/29. 3.48/15. 4.67/7. 5.50/62.

4.16 s

β− /5.684

22

22.00300

4.23 s

β− /10.82

23

23.00357

2.2 s

β− /8.5

F

1.986 0.352

20.999949

F

2−

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

1/2−

21

F

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

18.9984032(5)

9

F F 16F 17F 18F 19F 20F

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

15.9994(3)

8

16

Spin π) (h/2π

(1/2+) 0− 5/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2+

+4.721

0.058

+2.62887 +2.0934

0.072 0.042

5/2+

3.9

4+

5/2+

11-53

TeamLRN

ann.rad. ann.rad. 1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 0.3507/90. 1.395/15. (1.746–4.684) 1.2746/100. 2.0826/82. (0.82–4.37) 1.701/48. 2.129/34. (0.493–3.83)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

24.0081 25.0121

0.3 s ≈50 ms

β− /13.5 β−, (n)

n//14.

26

26.0196

10 ms

β−, (n)

n//11.

27

27.0269 29.043

5.0 ms 2.5 ms

β−, (n) β−, (n)

n//90. n//100.

16.02575 17.01770

Γ = 0.12(4) 109. ms

18

18.005697

1.67 s

2p β+, p/14.53 β +, α β+ /4.446

1.4–10.6/6.9 /0.014 3.416/92.

19

19.001880

17.22 s

β+ /3.238

2.24/99.

24

F F

25

F

F F 31F 29

Ne

16

Ne Ne

17

Ne

Ne

Ne Ne 22Ne 23Ne

19.992440176 20.99384674 21.9913855 22.9944673

37.2 s

β− /4.376

24

23.99362

3.38 m

β− /2.47

25

24.99779

0.61 s

β− /7.30

26

Ne Ne 28Ne

26.00046 27.0076 28.0121

197 ms 31. ms 19. ms

β−, n/7.3 β−, n/12.7 β−, n/12.3

3.95/32. 4.39/67. 1.10/8. 1.98/92. 6.3/ 7.3/ n//0.13 n//2. n//11.

29

29.0194

15. ms

30

30.024 31.033 32.040

7. ms >0.26 µs >0.20 µs

β−, (n)/15.4 β−, 2n β−, (n)

n//17. /<2.2 n//9.

21

90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3)

Ne Ne

27

Ne

Ne Ne 32Ne 34Ne 31

Na

18

Na Na 20Na

18.0272 19.01388 20.00735

19

0.03 s 0.446 s

β+, p/11.18 β+ /13.89 α β+ /3.547

20.997655

22.48 s

22

21.9944366

2.605 y

β+ /90/2.842 EC/10/

23.9909633

20.2 ms 14.96 h

I.T., β− β− /5.5158

25

24.989954

59.3 s

β− /3.835

26

25.99259

1.07 s

β− /9.31

Na Na 100.

Na

1.9816/ 1.70/39. (0.57–2.19) 2.02/67. 1.67/19. 2.02/18.

0+ 1/2−

ann.rad./ 0.495 ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658–1.70) ann.rad./ (0.11–1.55)

0+

1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 5/2+

−1.885

−0.66180

+0.103 −0.19

−1.08

0.440/33. (1.64–2.98) 0.4723/100. 0.874/7.9 0.0895/96. (0.98–3.69) 0.233/

0+ 1/2+ 0+ (3/2+) 0+

2.06/19. 0.86/3. 2.92/55. (0.22–1.18) 0.151/9.

(3/2+) 0+

2+

+0.3694

2.15/ 2.50/95.

3/2+

+2.3863

≈ +0.05

0.545/90.

3+

+1.746

+0.19

+2.21752

+0.106

1.389/>99.

3/2+ 1+ 4+

+1.690

5/2+

+3.683

≈ −0.06

3+

+2.851

−5.3 mb

22.9897697

24m

Na

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

21

Na Na 24Na

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

22.989770(2)

11

23

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

20.1797(6)

10

20

Spin π) (h/2π

2.6/7. 3.15/25. 4.0/65.

11-54

ann.rad./ 1.634/79. ann.rad./ 0.351/5. ann.rad./ 1.2745/99.9 0.4723/100. 1.3686/100. 2.754/100. (0.997–4.238) 0.3897/12.7 0.5850/13. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836–2.80) 1.809/98.9

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

44. ms

β− /9.01 β−, n/ β− /14.0 β−, n/ β−, n/13.3

30.0092 31.0136

50. ms 17.2 ms

β−, n/17.5 β−, n/15.9

32.0197 33.027

13.5 ms 8.0 ms

34.035 35.044

5. ms 1.5 ms

β− /19.1 β− /20. β −, n β−, 2n β− /24. β− /24

27

26.99401

0.290 s

28

27.9989

31. ms

29

29.0028

30

Na Na Na Na Na

31

32

Na Na

33

34

Na Na 37Na 35

Mg

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5/2+

+3.90

−7.2 mb

12.3/

1+

+2.42

+0.04

11.5/

3/2+

+2.46

+86. mb

n//30. n//37.

2 3/2−

+2.07 +2.30

/≈ 38 0.8,1.02/47(6) /13(3)

/70 /30

122. ms 3.86 s

22.994125 23.9850419 24.9858370 25.9825930 26.9843407

11.32 s

β+ /4.057

3.09/92.

9.45 m

β− /2.6103

28

27.983877

20.9 h

β− /1.832

1.59/41. 1.75/58. 2.65/0.3 0.459/95.

29

28.98855

1.3 s

β−/7.55

5.4/

30

29.9905 30.9966

0.32 s 0.24 s

Mg 33Mg

31.9992 33.0056

0.12 s 91. ms

34

34.0091 35.0175 36.022 37.031

0.02 s 0.07 s >0.2 µs >0.26 µs

β− /7.0 β− /11.7 β −, n β− /10.3 β− /13.7 β −, n β− /11.3

20.01886

96. ms

21

21.01171 21.999574

Mg Mg Mg

22

23

Mg

Mg

Mg Mg

31

32

Mg Mg 36Mg 37Mg 38Mg 35

Al

13

21

Al Al

22

78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3)

21.028 22.0195

<0.035 µs 59. ms ≈0.35 s

Al

Al

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9847/87.4 1.698/11.9 1.473/37. 2.389/18.6 2.560/36. (1.04–3.99) 1.483/46. 1.483/14. (0.05–3.54) 0.240–3.935 0.886/16 0.546/6.4 0.050–2.55

3.05/

0+ 5/2+ 0+

3/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+

0+

3/2+

0+ (3/2+)

0.536

1.25

−0.85545

+0.200

0.332/51. 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100. (1.28–1.93) 0.440/8.2

0.17068/0.9 0.84376/72. 1.01443/28. 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36. 0.9418/36. 1.342/54. 0.960/15. 1.398/16. 2.224/36. 0.224/85. 1.61/26.

/≈6. 0+ /83. /17.

2.765/25. 1.848/

0+ (7/2−) 0+ (7/2−) 0+

26.981538(2)

23m

23

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

7.95/

β+ /10.73 β +, p β+, p/13.10 β+ /4.786

20

Mg Mg 25Mg 26Mg 27Mg

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

24.3050(6)

12

24

Spin π) (h/2π

23.00727

0.47 s

β+ /18.6 β+, p, 2p, α/ β+, p/0.17

p/1.3/18. α/3.3/0.3

4+

ann.rad./ 0.554 0.839 ann.rad./

β+ /12.24 β+, p/

11-55

TeamLRN

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

24m

Al

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.129 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

24

23.999941

2.07 s

I.T./0.4259 β+ β+ /13.878,p

25

24.990429

7.17 s

25.9868917

28

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

13.3 3.40/48. 4.42/41. 6.80/3. 8.74/8.

1+ 4+

β+ /4.277

3.27/

5/2+

3.646

6.345 s 7.1 × 105 y

β+ / β+ /82/4.0042 EC/18

3.2/ 1.16/

0+ 5+

+2.804

+0.17

26.9815384 27.9819102 28.980445

2.25 m 6.5 m

β− /4.6422 β− /3.680

2.865/100. 1.4/30. 2.5/70.

+3.64151 3.24

+0.140 0.18

30

29.98296

3.68 s

β− /8.56

5.05/

3+

31

30.98395

0.64 s

β− /8.00

6.25/

5/2+

32

31.9881 32.9909

33. ms 41.7 ms

34

33.9969

56. ms

35

34.9999

39. ms

36

36.0064

0.09 s

37

37.010 38.0169 39.022

>1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.26 µs

β− /13.0 β− /12.0 β −, n β− /17.1 β −, n β−/14.3 β −, n β−/18.3 β −, n β−/16.

Al

Al

26m

Al Al

26

27

Al Al 29Al

100.

Al Al

Al Al

33

Al Al Al

Al 38Al 39Al 40Al 41Al Si

Si Si 24Si

22.0345 23.0255 24.01155

29. ms 40.7 ms 0.14 s

β +, p β+, p/5.9 β+, p/10.81

25

25.00411 25.992330

221 ms 2.23 s

β+, p/12.74 β+ /5.066

26.9867048

4.14 s

β+ /4.8118

22 23

Si Si

26

27

Si

Si Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 33Si 29

34

Si

1.3686/5.3 1.078(2)/16. 1.368(2)/96. 2.753(2)/43. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20. 7.0662(2)/41. ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100. 0.975(2)/5. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.8087/99.8 1.7778(6)/100. 1.2732(8)/89. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.31664(4)/73.

1+ /91.5 /8.5 4.255/44 /26. 0.974/48 /≈ 41.

1.940/2.5 (1.01–4.34) 0.929/57 (0.12–4.26) 0.064/45. (0.12–5.63)

4 5/2+

/<31.

28.0855(3)

14

28

5/2+ 3+ 5/2+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11)

1.99/20 1.32,(0.6–11.6) 1.44,3.92,1.09 (1.66–4.47)

0+ 0+

ann.rad./

3.282/

5/2+ 0+

3.85/100.

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2

27.97692653 28.97649472 29.97377022 30.9753633 31.974148 32.97800

2.62 h 1.6 × 102 y 6.1 s

β− /1.4920 β− /0.224 β− /5.85

1.471/99.9 0.213/100. 3.92

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ (3/2+)

33.97858

2.8 s

β− /4.60

3.09/

0+

11-56

−0.8554

−0.5553 1.2662(5)/0.05 1.21

1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100. 2.538(2)/10. 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.60756(5)/36.

35

Si 36Si

34.98458 35.9867

0.9 s 0.5 s

37

36.9930

≈0.09 s

38

37.9960

>1 µs

39

39.0023 40.0058 41.013 42.016

>1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs

Si Si

Si Si 41Si 42Si 43Si 40

P

β− /10.50 β− /7.9 β −, n β− /12.5 β −, n β− /10.7 β −, n β− /14.8

0+ /≈12. /≈17. 0+

0+ 0+

30.973761(2)

15

24

P P 26P 27P 28P

24.0344 25.0203 26.0118 26.99919 27.992312

<0.03 µs ≈20. ms 0.3 s 270. ms

β+, p/18.1 β+, p/11.63 β+ /14.332

29

28.981801

4.14 s

β+ /4.9431

3.945/98.

1/2+

30

29.9783138

2.50 m

β+ /4.2323

3.245/99.9

1+

30.9737615 31.9739071 32.971725 33.973636

14.28 d 25.3 d 12.4 s

β− /1.7106 β− /0.249 β− /5.374

34.973314 35.97826

47. s 5.7 s

β− /3.989 β− /10.41

1.710/100. 0.249/100. 3.2/15. 5.1/85. 2.34/100.

37

36.97961

2.3 s

β− /7.90

38

37.9845

0.6 s

39

38.9864

≈0.16 s

40

39.9911

≈0.26 s

41

40.9948

0.12 s

42

42.0001

0.11 s

43

43.0033

33. ms

β− /12.4 β −, n β− /10.5 β −, n β− /14.5 β−,n β−/≈13.8 β −, n β−/17. β −, n β−/16. β −, n

44

44.010 45.015 46.024

>0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs

25

P

P

31

P P 33P 34P 32

35

P P

36

P P P P P P P

P 45P 46P S

16

26

S

100.

p/0.73, 0.61/0.07 3.94/13. 5.25/13. 6.96/16. 8.8/7. 11.49/52.

3+ 1/2+ 3+

1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 1+ 1/2+

/≈12. /26 /≈30. /≈30. /≈50. /100.

32.065(5) 26.0278

≈ 10 ms

0+

11-57

TeamLRN

1.2349

ann.rad./ 1.779(2)/98. 2.839(2)/2.8 3.040(2)/3.2 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. ann.rad./ 1.273/1.32 2.426/0.39 ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07

+1.13160 −0.2524 1.78–4.1/ 2.127(5)/15. 1.572(1)/100. 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 0.6462/ 1.5829/ 1.2923/ 2.224/

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

27

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, 2p/18.3

S S 29S

27.0188 28.99661

16. ms 0.13 s 0.188 s

30

29.984903

1.18 s

β+ /13.79 β+, p/ β+ /6.138

31

30.979555

2.56 s

β+ /5.396

28

S S

32

S S 34S 35S 36S 37S 33

94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28) 0.02(1)

31.9720707 32.9714585 33.9678668 34.9690321 35.9670809 36.9711257

5.05 m

β− /4.8653

1.64/94. 4.75/5.6 1.00/

β− /2.94

39

38.97514

11.5 s

β− /6.64

40

39.9755 40.9800

9. s ≈2.6 s

41.9815

≈0.56 s

β− /4.7 β− /8.7 β −, n β− /7.8 β −, n β−/12. β −, n β−/9. β −, n β−/14. β −, n

S S S

41

42

S

43

42.987

0.22 s

44

43.9883

0.12 s

S S

45

44.9948

0.08 s

46

45.9996 47.008 48.013 49.022

>0.2 >0.2 >0.2 <0.2

S

S 47S 48S 49S Cl

4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.

0.1674/100.

2.84 h

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 5/2+

β− /0.1672

37.97116

Spin π) (h/2π

ann.rad./

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2−

ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2

0.48793

+0.64382

−0.068

+1.00

+0.047 0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44.

0+

0+

0+ /<4. /≈40 0+ /18. /54.

µs µs µs µs

0+ 0+

35.453(2)

17

28

Cl Cl 30Cl 31Cl 32Cl

28.0285 29.0141 30.0048 30.99242 31.98569

<0.02 µs <0.03 µs 0.15 s 297. ms

33

32.977452

29

Cl

34m

Cl

0.986, 1.52/0.7 9.47/50. /0.05 /0.026 4.51/98.

3/2+ 1+

1.11

2.511 s

β+, p/11.98 β+ /12.69 β +, α β +, p β+ /5.583

3/2+

+0.752

32.2 m

β +/

1.35/24. 2.47/28.

3+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.2305/92 (1.55–4.77) ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./

I.T./

34

Cl Cl 36Cl

75.78(4)

37

24.22(4)

35

Cl 38mCl

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

p/2.26, 7.80

87.2 d

38

S

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

33.9737620 34.96885271 35.9683069

1.528 s 3.01 × 105 y

0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42.

β+ /5.4922

4.50/100.

β− /0.7086 β+, EC/1.1421

0.7093/98. 0.115/0.002

36.96590260 0.715 s

0+ 3/2+ 0+

11-58

−0.0825 −0.018

+0.68412

−0.0649

ann.rad./ 3/2+ 5−

I.T./

ann.rad./ +0.82187 +1.28547

0.6714/100

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

38

37.9680106

37.2 m

β− /4.9168

39

38.968008

55.6 m

β− /3.442

40

39.97042

1.38 m

β− /7.48

41

Cl Cl 43Cl 44Cl

40.9707 41.9732 42.9742 43.9785

34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ≈0.43 s

45

44.980

0.40 s

46

45.984

0.22 s

47

46.988

>0.2 µs

β− /5.7 β− /9.4 β− /8.0 β−/12.3 β −, n β−/11. β −, n β−/14.9 β −, n β−/15. β −, n

48

47.995 48.9999 50.008 51.014

>0.2 µs >0.17 s

Cl

Cl

Cl

42

Cl Cl Cl

Cl 49Cl 50Cl 51Cl Ar

<0.02 µs ≈14.1 ms

32

31.99766

98. ms

33

32.98993

174. ms

34

33.980270

35

34.975257

Ar Ar

31

Ar Ar Ar

Ar

0.3365(30)

37

42

Ar Ar

43

44

Ar Ar

45

2−

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.05

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.64216(1)/31. 2.16760(2)/42.

3/2+

0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986–1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167–1.359)

2−

3.8/

/<8. /24. /≈60 /<3.

>0.2 µs

30.0216 31.0121

30

Ar Ar 38Ar 39Ar 40Ar 41Ar

1.11/31. 2.77/11. 4.91/58. 1.91/85. 2.18/8. 3.45/7.

Spin π) (h/2π

39.948(1)

18

36

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.0632(5) 99.6003(30)

0+ 5/2

0.844 s

β+ /18.4 β +, p β+, 2p β+, 3p β+ /11.2 β +, p β+ /11.62 β+, p/ β+/6.061

p/2.08/100. /55. /2.5 /0.11 p/3.35, 0.6–5.55 /43. 3.17,2.10 (1.32–5.72) 5.0/95.

0+

1.77 s

β+/5.965

4.94/93.

3/2+

35.0 d

EC/.813

268. y

β−/0.565

0.565/100.

1.82 h

β−/2.492

1.198/

0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2−

41.96305 42.9657

33. y 5.4 m

β−/0.60 β−/4.6

0.60/100.

0+

43.96537 44.96809

11.87 m 21.5 s

β−/3.55 β−/6.9

35.9675463 36.9667759 37.9627322 38.964313 39.962383123 40.964501

0+ 1/2+

0+ 7/2−

11-59

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ −0.72

+0.633

−0.08

+1.15

+0.076

−1.59

−0.12

ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2

1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182–1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

46

Ar Ar 48Ar 49Ar 50Ar 51Ar 52Ar 53Ar

Atomic Mass or Weight 45.96809 46.9722 47.9751 48.9822 49.986 50.993 51.998 52.994

47

K

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

8.4 s ≈0.7 s

β−/5.70 β−

>0.17 µs >0.17 µs >0.2 µs 10 ms

β− β− β− β− β−

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

1.944/

3/2+

ann.rad./ 1.751/14. 2.5698/26. 2.9827/51. ann.rad./ 1.97044(5)/82. 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2. 3.602(2)/0.05 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.8 3.9356(5)/0.2

39.0983(1)

19

32

K K 34K 35K

32.0219 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801

33

36

K

35.98129

<0.025 µs <0.04 µs 0.19 s

0.342 s

β+ /11.88 β+, p/

/0.37

β+ /12.81

2+

+0.548

β +, p

5.3/42. 9.9/44. /0.048

36.9733769

1.23 s

β+ /6.149

5.13/

3/2+

+0.2032

37.969080

0.924 s 7.63 m

β+ /6.742 β+ /5.913

5.02/100. 2.60/99.8

0+ 3+

+1.37

93.2581(44) 0.0117(1)

38.9637069 39.9639987

1.26 × 109 y

β− /1.3111 β+, EC/1.505

1.312/89. 1.50/10.7

3/2+ 4−

+0.39146 −1.29810

+0.049 −0.061

6.7302(44)

40.9618260 41.9624031

β− /3.525

+0.21487 −1.1425

43

42.96072

22.3 h

β− /1.82

3/2+

+0.163

44

43.96156

22.1 m

β− /5.66

1.97/19. 3.523/81. 0.465/8. 0.825/87. 1.24/3.5 1.814/1.3 5.66/34.

3/2+ 2−

+0.060

12.36 h

2−

−0.856

45

44.96070

17.8 m

β− /4.20

1.1/23. 2.1/69. 4.0/8.

3/2+

+0.173

46

45.96198

1.8 m

β− /7.72

6.3/

2−

−1.05

47

46.96168

17.5 s

β− /6.64

4.1/99. 6.0/1.

1/2+

+1.93

48

47.96551

6.8 s

β− /12.09

5.0/

(2−)

49

48.9675

1.26 s

β− /11.0

50

49.9728 50.9764

0.472 s 0.365 s

β− /14.2 β− /

37

K

38m

K K

38

39

K K

40

41

K K

42

K

K

K

K K

K

K K K

51

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

11-60

ann.rad./ 1.4608/10.5 0.31260(2)/0.3 1.5246(3)/18.1 0.2211(2)/4. 0.3729(2)/88. 0.3971(2)/11. 0.6178(2)/81. 0.36821/2.2 1.15700(1)/58. 2.15079(2)/22. 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.105 s 30. ms 10. ms

β− β− β−

34.0141 35.0048

<0.035 µs 25.7 ms

β+, p/15.6

36

35.99309

0.10 s

37

36.98587

0.18 s

38

37.976319

0.44 s

β+, (p)/10.99 β+, n/ β+ /11.64 β+, n/ β+ /6.74

38.970718 39.9625912 40.9622783 41.9586183 42.9587668 43.955481 44.956186 45.953693 46.954546

0.861 s

β+ /6.531

1.02 × 105 y

EC/0.4214

162.7 d >0.4 × 1016 y 4.536 d

β− /0.257 β −β − β−/1.992

47.952533

β −β − β− β− /5.262

52

K K 54K

51.983 52.987 53.994

53

Ca

34

Ca Ca

35

Ca Ca Ca

39

Ca Ca 41Ca 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 47Ca

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)

49

48.955673

50

49.95752

14. s

β− /4.97

51

50.9615 51.9651 52.9701 53.975 54.981 55.986

10. s 4.6 s 0.09 s

β− /7.3 β− /8.0 β− /10.9

<0.3 µs <0.3 µs 0.182 s

p β+ /14.320

Ca Ca Ca

Ca Ca 53Ca 54Ca 55Ca 56Ca 52

Sc

21

36

0.187(21)

3.103

5.49/100.

0.257/100. 0.684/84. 1.98/16.

0.89/7. 1.95/92. 3.12/

0.596 s 61.6 s

β+ /6.4953 β+ /

41.9655168 42.961151

0.682 s 3.89 h

β+ /6.4259 β+, EC/2.221

58.2 h

I.T./0.27 EC/3.926

44m

Sc

3/2+ 0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2−

1.02168 −1.5948

−0.090

−1.3173

−0.055

−1.327

+0.05

−1.38

+0.02

1.297/75 (0.041–1.88)

3/2−

3.0844(1)/92. 4.0719(1)/7. 0.2569/98. (0.0715–1.59)

0+ (3/2−)

40.9692513

Sc Sc

ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./

44.955910(8)

42m

43

3/2+

0+

41

42

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

0+

36.0149 37.0030 37.9947 38.98479 39.977964

Sc Sc

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

p/1.43/49 1.9–8.8 2.52

Sc Sc 38Sc 39Sc 40Sc 37

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

3/2+

4.3 × 1019 y >7.1 × 1019 y 8.72 m

48

Spin π) (h/2π

40.078(4)

20

40

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/

5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.

11-61

TeamLRN

4−

+5.431

−0.156

0+ 7/2−

+4.62

−0.26

6+

+3.88

7/2− 7+

ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12–3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00–1.16)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.93 h

β+, EC/3.653

45.955170

18.7 s 83.81 d

I.T./0.14253 β− /2.367

47

46.952408

3.349 d

β− /0.600

48

47.95224

43.7 h

β− /3.99

49

48.950024 49.95219

57.3 m 1.71 m

51

50.95360

52

Sc Sc 54mSc 54Sc

51.9566 52.9592

55

54.967 55.973 56.977 57.983

44

Sc

45

Sc Sc 46Sc

43.959403 100.

Sc

Sc Sc

50

Sc

53

53.9630

Sc Sc 57Sc 58Sc 56

Ti

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.47/

2+

+2.56

+0.10

+4.75649

−0.220

0.357/100.

7/2− 1− 4+

+3.03

+0.12

0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/

7/2−

+5.34

−0.22

β− /2.006 β− /6.89

2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.

7/2− (5+)

12.4 s

β− /6.51

4.4/ 5.0/

7/2−

8.2 s >3. ms ≈7 µs 0.23 s

β− /9.0 β− /8.1

0.12 s

β− /13

44.955910

46m

Sc

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

6+

(3+) (5+)

0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40

3/2+

ann.rad./

β− /11.6

38.0098 39.0013 39.9905

<0.12 µs 29. ms 53. ms

41

40.98313

80. ms

β+, p/12.93

42

41.97303

0.20 s

β+ /7.000

43

42.96852 43.959690

0.50 s 60. y

β+ /6.87 EC/0.268

5.80/

7/2− 0+

0.85

44.958124

3.078 h

β+/86/2.062 EC/14/

1.04

7/2−

0.095

0.015

−0.78848

+0.30

−1.10417

+0.24

39

Ti

Ti Ti Ti

44

45

Ti

Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 51Ti

p/2.16/29 3.73/23 1.70/22 0.242–5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744–6.73 6.0/

5.76 m

β− /2.471

52

51.94690

1.7 m

β− /1.97

1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.

53

52.9497

33. s

β− /5.0

(2.2–3)/

Ti

8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)

β+ /15.4 β+ /11.7 β +, p

45.952630 46.951764 47.947947 48.947871 49.944792 50.946616

Ti

0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718–2.144

Ti Ti 40Ti

38

47

ann.rad./ 1.157/100

47.867(1)

22

46

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

11-62

0+ 5/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2−

ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36–1.66)

0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094–0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72–2.8)/

54

Ti Ti 56Ti 57Ti 58Ti 59Ti 60Ti 61Ti

53.9509 54.9551 55.9580 56.963 57.966 58.972 59.976 60.982

55

V

1.5 s 0.32 s 0.19 s 0.06 s ≈47 ms 0.06 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− β− β− β−

/4.3 /7.4 /7.0 /11.

50.9415(1)

23

40

V V 42V 43V 44V 45V 46V 47V

40.0111 40.9997 41.9912 42.9807 43.9744 44.96578 45.960200 46.954907

<0.055 µs >0.8 s 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m

β+ /11.3 β+, α/13.7 β+ /7.13 β+ /7.051 β+, EC/2.928

6.03/100. 1.90/99.+

7/2− 0+ 3/2−

48

47.952254

15.98 d

β+ /4.012

0.698/50.

4+

2.01

48.948517 49.947163

337. d 1.4 × 1017 y

EC/0.602 EC β−

/82.7 /17.3

7/2− 6+

4.47 +3.34569

+0.21

50.943964 51.944780 52.944342

−0.04

β− /3.976 β− /3.436

2.47/ 2.52/

7/2− 3+ 7/2−

+5.148706

3.76 m 1.56 m

54

53.94644

0.9 µs 49.8 s

β− /7.04

55

54.9472

6.5 s

β− /6.0

1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/

56

55.9504

0.23 s

β− /9.1

57

56.9524

0.33 s

β− /8.1

58

57.9567 58.9593 59.965 60.967 61.973 62.977

0.20 s 0.13 s 0.20 s 0.04 s ≈65 ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /11.6 β− /9.9 β− /14.

13. ms

β +, p

41

V

49

V V

50

0.250(4)

51

99.750(4)

V V 53V 52

54m

V V

V V

V

V V 60V 61V 62V 63V 64V 59

Cr

24

42

Cr

ann.rad./

(7/2−)

1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56–3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224–1.21) 0.70/50. 0.34/40. 1.00/30. 0.30/60. 0.60/30. 0.80/30. 0.90/80. 0.102–0.208 0.646

51.9961(6) 42.0064

(5+) 3+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2–2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3–2.4)

p/1.90/29 p/1.50–3.7

11-63

TeamLRN

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

43

42.9977

21. ms

β +, p

44

Cr Cr 46Cr 47Cr 48Cr

43.9855 44.9792 45.96836 46.96291 47.95404

53. ms 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h

β+, (p)/10.3 β+, p/12.5 β+ /7.60 β+ /7.45 EC/1.66

49

48.951341

42.3 m

β+, EC/2.631

49.946050 50.944772 51.940512 52.940653 53.938885 54.940844

>1.8 × 1017 y 27.70 d

β+EC EC/0.7527

3.497 m

β− /2.603

2.5/

0+ 7/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2−

56

55.94065

5.9 m

β− /1.62

1.50/100.

0+

57

56.9438

21. s

β− /5.1

3.3/ 3.5/

3/2−

58

57.9443

7.0 s 0.10 ms

β− /4.0

1.0 s 0.6 s 0.26 s 0.19 s 0.11 s 0.04 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− β− β− β−

Cr

45

Cr

50

Cr Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr 55Cr

4.345(13)

51

Cr Cr Cr Cr

83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)

59m

59

Cr Cr 61Cr 62Cr 63Cr 64Cr 65Cr 66Cr 67Cr 60

Mn

25

58.9487 59.9497 60.9541 61.9558 62.962 63.964 64.970

47

Mn 48Mn

46.9761 47.9689

≈0.1 s 0.15 s

β+ /17.1 β +, p β+ /12.3 β+ /13.5

49

48.95962

0.38 s

50m

Mn

50

Mn Mn

51

7/2−

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95. 0.305(10)/100. ann.rad./ 0.09064(1)/51. 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062−1.6)

3/2−

1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/

5/2−

0.476

−0.934 −0.47454

0.3201/10.2 −0.15 1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13–2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083−2.62) (0.131–0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236

0.0834

0.354–1.860 0.285

54.938049(9) <0.105 µs <0.07 µs 34. ms

Mn

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

p/3.83/18 p/4.29/15 p/1.01–4.59 p/0.95–3.1

/7.7 /6.0 /8.8 /7.3

44.0069 44.9945 45.9867

45

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(9/2+)

Mn Mn 46Mn

44

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

49.954244 50.948215

//≈58 4+

β+ /7.72

5.79/58. 4.43/10. 6.69/

5/2−

ann.rad./

1.74 m

β+ /7.887

3.54/

5+

0.283 s 46.2 m

β+ /7.6330 β+, EC/3.208

6.61/ 2.2/

0+ 5/2−

ann.rad./ 1.0980/94. 0.783/91. (0.66–3.11) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26 (1.148–1.164)

11-64

3.568

0.4

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

52m

Mn

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+ /98/5.09 I.T./2/0.378

2.631/

2+

0.0076

0.575/

6+

+3.063

+0.5

7/2− 3+

5.024 +3.282

+0.33

5/2− 3+

+3.4687 +3.2266

51.945570

5.591 d

β+ /4.712 EC/

53

52.941294 53.940363

3.7 × 106 y 312.1 d 6.7 × 108 y

EC/0.5970 EC/1.377 β+

54.938049 55.938909

2.579 h

β− /3.6954

56.938287 57.93999

1.45 m 65 s

β− /2.691 β− /6.25

58.94045

4.6 s

β− /5.19

4.5/

5/2−

1.77 s 50. s 0.67 s 0.67 s

β− β− β− β−

5.7/

59.9433 60.9446 61.9480

3+ 0+ (5/2)− (3+)

0.28 s >0.1 ms 87 ms 0.09 s 66 ms 42 ms 28 ms 14 ms

β− /8.8

Mn Mn

54

55

Mn Mn

100.

56

57

Mn Mn

58

59

Mn

60m

Mn Mn 61Mn 62Mn 60

63

Mn Mn 64Mn 65Mn 66Mn 67Mn 68Mn 69Mn

62.9498

64m

63.9537 64.9561 65.961 66.964

Fe

/IT /8.6 /7.4 /10.4

45

ann.rad./ 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98. (0.7–4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 0.8340/100

//1.3 × 10−7 0.718/18. 1.028/34.

3.8/ 5.1/

5/2− 3+

β− /11.8 β− /10.

Fe Fe 47Fe 48Fe 49Fe 50Fe 51Fe 52mFe

45.0146 46.0008 46.9929 47.9806 48.9763 49.9630 50.95683

4. ms 12. ms 22. ms ≈ 44. ms 70. ms 0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s

2p β+ /13.1 β+ /15.6 β+ /11.2 β+ /13.0 β+ /8.2 β+ /8.02 β+ /4.4

p//≈80. p//≈36. p//87.

52

51.94812

8.28 h

0.804/

2.6 m

β+ /57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407

52.945312

8.51 m

β+ /3.743

2.40/42. 2.80/57.

53.939615 54.938298 55.934942

>3.1 × 1022 y 2.73 y

EC-EC EC/0.2314

46

Fe

53m

Fe

53

Fe

Fe Fe 56Fe

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.32 0.84675/99 1.81072(4)/27. 2.113/14.5 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.726/ 0.473/ 0.287–2.35 0.824/ 1.969/ 0.877/ 0.942–1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471

55.845(2)

26

54

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

21.1 m

52

Mn

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5.845(35)

55

91.754(36)

(7/2−) (5/2−) (12+) 0+

19/2−

7/2−

0+ 3/2− 0+

11-65

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2) Mn x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 57

Fe Fe 59Fe 58

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

Atomic Mass or Weight 56.935398 57.933280 58.934880

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

44.51 d

β−/1.565

0.273/48. 0.475/51.

59.934077

1.5 × 106 y 0.25 µs

β− /0.237

0.184/100.

61

60.93675

6.0 m

β− /3.98

62

61.93677 62.9404

68. s 6. s

β− /2.53 β− /6.3

2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.

63.9411

2.0 s 0.4 µs 1.3 s 0.44 s ≈0.04 ms 0.48 s 0.15 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /4.9

60

Fe Fe

61m

Fe

Fe Fe

63

64

Fe Fe 65Fe 66Fe 67mFe 67Fe 68Fe 69Fe 70Fe 71Fe 72Fe 65m

64.9449 65.9460 66.9500 67.953 68.958

Co

48

Co Co 50Co 51Co 52Co 53mCo 53Co 54mCo

48.0018 48.990 49.9812 50.9705 51.9632

54

53.948464 54.942003

56

57

49

Co Co

Co

Co Co Co

58

−0.336

1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12–3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365–1.427)

0+ (9/2+)

0+ 5/2−

(5/2−)

0.364/IT

(5/2−)

0.471–1.425 0.367/IT 0.189

β− /7.9 β− /5.7 β− /8.8 β− /≈7.6

100.

<0.035 µs 44. ms >0.2 µs 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.24 s 1.46 m

0.1932 s 17.53 h

β+ /8.2430 β+ /3.4513 EC/

7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/

0+ 7/2−

+4.822

55.939844

77.3 d

β+/4.566 EC/

1.459/18.

4+

3.85

+0.25

56.936296

271.8 d

EC/0.8361

7/2−

+4.72

+0.5

57.935757

9.1 h 70.88 d

I.T./ β+ /2.307 EC/

5+ 2+

+4.04

+0.22

10.47 m

7/2− 2+

+4.63 +4.40

+0.41 +0.3

0.315/99.7

5+

+3.799

+0.44

1.22/95.

7/2−

4.25/100.

58.933200

60m

60

59.933822

5.271 y

I.T./99.8/0.059 β− /0.2/1.56 β− /2.824

61

60.932479

1.650 h

β− /1.322

Co

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0.16

2.03–2.79

58m

Co

+0.0906

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

β+ /17.0 β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+, p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44

52.95423

55

Co Co

1/2− 0+ 3/2−

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

58.933200(9)

27

59

Spin π) (h/2π

11-66

19/2− 7/2− 7+

0.849–1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 0.0586/2.0 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

62m

Co

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− /

0.88/25. 2.88/75.

5+

1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/

2+

7.0/

1+ (7/2)− (8−)

61.93405

1.50 m

β− /5.32

63

62.93362

27.5 s

β− /3.67

64

63.93581 64.93648

0.30 s 1.14 s >0.1 ms

β− /7.31 β− /5.96

Co

Co Co 66m2Co 65

66m1

Co Co 67Co 68Co 69Co 70Co 71Co 72Co 73Co 74Co 75Co 66

65.9398 66.9406 67.9444 68.9452 69.950 70.952 71.956

Ni

49.9959 50.9877 51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95134 55.94214

≈ 0.5 µs 12. ms 9. ms >0.2 µs 38. ms 0.05 s 0.11 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

56.939800

57.935348 58.934351 9.930790 60.931060 61.928348 62.929673 63.927969 64.930088

48

Ni Ni 50Ni 51Ni 52Ni 53Ni 54Ni 55Ni 56Ni 49

57

Ni

Ni Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 63Ni 64Ni 65Ni

68.0769(89)

59

66

Ni Ni

26.2231(77)5 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

65.92912

67m

67

Ni

1.2 µs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.09 s 0.21 s 0.09 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

7/2−

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

(5+) β− β− β− β− β− β β

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

/10.0 /8.4 /11.7 /9.3 13.

58.6934(2)

28

58

Spin π) (h/2π

13.9 m

62

Co

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

66.93157

β +, p β+ /16.0 β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ /<10−6

//≈75.

7.66/

7/2− 0+

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

3/2−

>4 × 1019 y ≈7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

7/2−

100. y

β− /0.066945

0.065/

2.517 h

β− /2.137

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

54.6 h 13.3 µs

β− /0.23

21. s

β− /3.56

0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 1/2− 0+ 5/2−

−0.798

−0.75002

0.69

0+ 9/2+ 3.8/

11-67

TeamLRN

1/2−

ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

+0.601

+0.16

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.34 µs 0.86 ms

68m2

Ni Ni

68m1

68

Ni Ni

67.93185

69m2

69m1

Ni Ni

69

68.9352

29. s 0.44 µs

3.5 s 11. s

Ni

70

Ni Ni 72Ni 73Ni 74Ni 75Ni 76Ni 77Ni 78Ni

69.9361 70.9400 71.9413 72.946 73.948 74.953 75.955 76.961 77.964

71

Cu

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 1.1 s ≈0.47 s ≈0.24 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ (5−)

0.511 0.814/IT 2.033

(17/2)

0.148/IT 0.593 1.959

β− /5.4

0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

(8+)

β− β− β− β− β−

/3.5 /6.9 /5.2 /9. /7.

63.546(3)

29

52

Cu Cu 54Cu 55Cu 56Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9655 55.9586

<0.3 µs <0.075 µs >0.2 µs 93. ms

57

56.94922 57.944541

196. ms 3.21 s

β+ /8.77 β+ /8.563 EC/

59

58.939504

1.36 m

β+ /4.800

1.9/ 3.75/

3/2−

60

59.937368

23.7 m

β+ /6.127 EC/

2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.

2+

+1.219

61

60.933462

3.35 h

β+ /2.237

3/2−

+2.14

62

61.932587

9.67 m

β+ /98/3.948 EC/

0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.

1+

−0.380

62.929601 63.929768

β− /38/0.579 β+ /19/1.6751 EC/41/

3/2− 1+

+2.2233 −0.217

−0.211

12.701 h

3/2−

+2.3817

−0.195

53

Cu Cu

58

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

63

Cu Cu

69.15(15)

64

65

Cu

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

β− /2.06

0.21 µs

70m

Spin π) (h/2π

30.85(15)

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

4.5/15. 7.439/83.

0.578/ 0.65/

64.927794

11-68

0.511/233 2.700/100 0.9507–3.287 0.77–3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4–2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12–5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067–2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87–3.37)

3/2− 1+

ann.rad./ 1.3459(3)/0.6

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

66

65.928873

5.09 m

β− /2.642

67

66.92775

2.580 d

β− /0.58

3.79 m

I.T./86/ β− /14/1.8

31. s

β− /4.46

Cu Cu

68m

Cu

68

Cu

67.92964

Cu

Cu

68.92943

70m

Cu

70

Cu

69.93241

Cu

2.52/10.

5−

+1.9

5. s

β− /6.60

5.42/54. 6.09/46.

1+

+1.5

(19/2)

1.6 s 1.2 s 0.64 s 0.47 s 0.34 s 0.19 s >0.15 µs

β− β− β− β− β− β−

Zn

65.39(2)

3/2− (4−)

(1+) 5.8/43 6.25/42

53.9929 54.9840 55.9724 56.9649 57.9546 58.94927

0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

60

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

61

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

Zn

Zn

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64–1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39–3.06) 0.8848(2)/54. 0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

/9.9 /7.9 /11. /≈10. /12. /11.

Zn Zn 56Zn 57Zn 58Zn 59Zn 55

+2.48

β− /

73.9401 74.9414 75.9455 76.947 77.952 78.954 79.962

54

1+

47. s

Cu Cu 76Cu 77Cu 78Cu 79Cu 80Cu 30

+1.24

+2.84

β− /8.2 β− /6.3

75

6−

3/2−

6.6 s 4.2 s

74

3/2−

2.48/80.

71.9357 72.9365

Cu Cu

73

−0.282

β− /2.68

β− /4.56

72

1+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

2.8 m

20. s 1.76 µs

72m

Spin π) (h/2π

(13/2+)

70.93262

Cu Cu

3.5/40. 4.6/31.

0.28 µs

71m

71

1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.

0.36 µs

69m

69

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

8.1/

(7/2−)

ann.rad./

3/2−

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52)

0+

4.38/68.

11-69

TeamLRN

3/2−

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

62

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

63

62.933215

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

3/2−

−0.28164

+0.29

63.929146 64.929245

>2.3 × 1018 y 243.8 d

EC-EC β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

0+ 5/2−

+0.7690

−0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

Zn

Zn

64

Zn Zn

48.27(32)

65

66

Zn Zn 68Zn 69mZn 69Zn 70Zn 71mZn 67

27.977(77) 4.102(21) 19.02(12)

65.926036 66.927131 67.924847

0.631(9)

68.926553 69.925325

13.76 h 56. m

I.T./99+/0.439 β− /0.906

0.905/99.9

3.97 h

β− /

1.45/

71

70.92773

2.4 m

β− /2.81

72

71.92686

46.5 h

β− /0.46

73

72.92978

6. s 24. s

74

73.92946

75

Zn Zn 77mZn 77Zn 78mZn 78Zn 79Zn 80Zn

74.9329 75.9334

81

80.9505 81.9548

Zn

Zn

73m

Zn Zn Zn

76

Zn Zn 83Zn 82

Ga

31

56

Ga Ga 58Ga 59Ga 60Ga 57

61

Ga Ga

62

76.9371 77.9386 78.9421 79.9444

0.325/

0+ 5/2− 0+ 9/2+ 1/2− 0+ 9/2+

1/2−

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β− /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2−)

1.60 m

β− /2.3

2.1/

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s >0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

β− β− β− β−

0.29 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /11.9

0.07 s

β+ β +, p β +, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/

/6.0 /4.2 / /7.3

3.6/ (1/2−) 4.8/

β− /6.4 β− /8.6 β− /7.3

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1) ann.rad./ 1.116/50.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9742 58.9634 59.9571

60.9492 61.94418

0.17 s 0.116 s

//≈1.6 //≈0.02 8.3/

11-70

3/2− 0+

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+ /5.5 EC/

4.5/

β+ /7.165

2.79/ 6.05/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2−

65.931592

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

67

66.928205

3.260 d

EC/1.001

68

67.927983

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/

68.925581 69.926027

21.1 m

63

Ga

62.9391

32. s

64

63.936838

0.022 ms 2.63 m

65

64.9394

66

64m

Ga Ga

Ga

Ga

Ga

Ga

69

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

70

1.83/

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

3/2− 1+

+2.01659

+0.17

3/2− 3−

+2.56227 −0.13224

>2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

72.92517

74.87 h

β− /1.59

74

73.92694

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β− /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3−

75

74.92650

2.10 m

β− /3.39

3.3/

3/2−

76

75.9289

29. s

β− /7.0

77

76.9293

13.0 s

β− /5.3

78

77.9317

5.09 s

β− /8.2

79

78.9329 79.9366 80.9377 81.9432 82.9469 83.952

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ≈0.085 s >0.15 µs

β− β− β− β− β− β−

73

Ga

39.892(9)

74m

Ga Ga

Ga

Ga

Ga Ga

Ga Ga 81Ga 82Ga 83Ga 84Ga 85Ga 80

3/2−

3−

5.2/ 3+

/7.0 /10.4 /8.3 /12.6 /≈ 11.5 /14

4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

11-71

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11.

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13.

+1.8507

70.924707 71.926372

Ga Ga

72

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2−

EC/0.2/0.655 β− /99.8/1.656 β− β− /4.001

71

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+0.11 +0.5

0.834 2.202 0.630 (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Ga Ge

58

Ge Ge 60Ge 61Ge 62Ge 63Ge 64Ge

57.9910 58.9817 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.9416

0.04 0.13 0.15 1.06

65

64.9394

31. s

66

65.93385

2.26 h

67

66.932738

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

68

67.92810 68.927973

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

59

Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge Ge

69

Ge Ge 71Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 75mGe 75Ge

20.370(89)

76

7.835(81)

27.380(60) 7.759(78) 36.656(80)

s s s m

70.924954 71.922076 72.923460 73.921178 74.922860 75.921403

77m

β− /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β +, p

3.0/

β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011

β +, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

20.4 ms 11.2 d

EC/0.229

>1.8 × 1023 y

β−

48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β− /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β −β − I.T./20/ β− /80/2.861

0+

0+

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

I.T./0.0234

1.19/

1/2−

0+ 5/2−

0+ 9/2+ 1/2− 0+ 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 1/2− 0+ 1/2−

2.9/

77

76.923549

11.25 h

β− /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

78

77.922853

1.45 h

β− /0.95

0.70/

0+

79

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β− /IT β− /4.2

80

79.92545

29.5 s

β− /2.67

2.4/

0+

≈7.6 s

β− /

3.75/

1/2+

≈7.6 s

β− /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

Ge

79m

Ge Ge

Ge

81m

Ge

81

Ge

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /13.6

69.924250

71m

Ge

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

72.64(1)

32

Ge Ge

Spin π) (h/2π

>0.15 µs

86

70

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

80.9288

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

11-72

7/2+ 1/2−

0.735

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

+0.547 −0.879467

+0.510

−0.17 0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2 1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4. 0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

82

Ge Ge 84Ge 85Ge 86Ge 87Ge 88Ge 89Ge

Atomic Mass or Weight 81.9296 82.9345 83.9373 84.943 85.946

83

As

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− β− β− β−

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

/4.7 /8.9 /7.7 /10.

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

1.093/

5/2−

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

74.92160(2)

33

60

As As 62As 63As 64As 65As 66m2As 66m1As 66As 67As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9495

65.94410 66.9392

0.02 s 0.13 s 1.9 µs 0.018 ms 95.8 ms 42. s

68

67.9368

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

69

68.93228

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2−

1.6

70

69.93093

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

71

70.927114

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013 EC/68/

5/2−

+1.6735

−0.02

72

71.926753

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

2−

−2.1566

−0.08

73

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

74

73.923829

17.78 d

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β− /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

61

As

As

As

As

As

As

As

75m

As As 76As 75

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

3+

26.3 h

β− /2.962

77

76.920648

38.8 h

β− /0.683

78

77.92183

1.512 h

β− /4.21

As

3/2−

2−

−1.597

3/2− 2−

+1.43947 −0.903

3/2−

+1.295

0.017 s 74.921597 75.922394

As

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

100.

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

11-73

TeamLRN

2−

+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10.

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.21 µs

79m

As

Spin π) (h/2π 9/2+

79

78.92095

9.0 m

β− /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2−

80

79.92258

16. s

β− /5.64

3.38/

1+

81

80.92213

33. s

β− /3.856

13.7 s

β− /

3.6/

5−

81.9246 82.9250

19. s 13.4 s

β− /7.4 β− /5.5

7.2/80.

1+

84

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

β− β−, n/7.2

1−

85

84.9318

2.03 s

β−, n/8.9

3/2−

86

As As 88As 89As 90As 91As 92As

85.9362 86.9396 87.945 88.949

0.95 s 0.49 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β−, n/11.4 β−, n/10.

Se

78.96(3) β+ /60/14. β +, p

As As As

82m

As

82

As As

83

84m

As As

As

87

34

64.965

0.011 s

66

Se 67Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

68

67.9419

36. s

69

68.93956

27.4 s

70

69.9335

41.1 m

71

70.9319

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

72

71.92711

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

Se Se

Se

Se

Se Se

73m

73

Se

74

Se

72.92678

0.89(4)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27. 1.7313(2)/27. 1.8954(2)/38. 0.6544(1)/15. 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28.

3/2−

65

Se

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

3.55/

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β +, p β+ /2.4

5.006/ //≈0.045 0+

3.4/36.

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

73.922477

5/2−

0+ 3/2−

9/2+

0+

11-74

0.86

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

75

Se

76

Se Se 77Se 78Se 79mSe 79Se 80Se 81mSe

Atomic Mass or Weight 74.922524

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919915 77.917310

49.61(41)

78.918500 79.916522

Se

82

Se Se

8.73(22)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 7/2+ 1/2− 0+

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β− /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β− /1.585

81.916700

≈1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β −β − β− /3.96

83m

Spin π) (h/2π 5/2+

75.919214

77m

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

β− /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

84

83.91847 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β− /1.83 β− /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

86

85.92428

15. s

β− /5.10

87

86.92853

5.4 s

88

Se Se 90Se 91Se 92Se 93Se 94Se

87.93143 88.9360 89.9394 90.945 91.949

1.5 s 0.41 s >0.15 µs 0.27 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /7.28 n/ β−, n/6.85 β−, n/9.0

Br

79.904(1)

Se

Se

89

35

67

Br Br 69Br 70mBr 70Br 71Br 72Br 73Br 68

66.9648 67.958 68.9502 69.9446 70.9392 71.9365 72.9318

74m

Br

74

Br

73.92989

<1.2 µs <0.024 µs 2.2 s 79. ms 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

−1.018

+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32

0+ 1/2−

22.3 m

Se Se

1.0

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.53506

1/2−

82.919119

85

0.67

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.09573(3)/9.5 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

83

Se

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

5/2+

β−, n/8.

β+ /9.6 9+ β+ β+ β+ β+

/10.0 /6.9 /8.7 /4.7

46. m

β+ /

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

/0.75 3 3/2−

≈0.55

3.7/ 4.5/

4−

1.82

11-75

TeamLRN

0.4547–1.3167 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.62

β+ /76/3.03

3/2−

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

77

76.921380

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

78

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

17.66 m

β− /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

6.1 m

75

Br

74.92578

76m

Br

76

Br

77m

Br Br

Br

79m

Br Br 80mBr 79

50.69(7)

80

Br

81

Br Br

82

81.916805

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β− /2 /3.139 β− /3.093

83

82.915181

2.40 h

β− /0.972

6.0 m

β− /4.97

Br

Br

84m

Br

0.270

9/2+ 3/2−

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/2− 5−

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.331 +0.75

1+

0.5140

0.196

3/2− 2−

+2.270562

+0.276

0.444/

5−

+1.6270

0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100

3/2−

2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2−

1.2/ 2.5/

1.38 β−/7.6 1.99 β−/82 0.85 β+ /2.8

(6−)

84

83.91651

31.8 m

β− /4.65

85

84.91561

2.87 m

β− /2.87

86

85.91880

55.5 s

β− /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2−)

87

86.92072

55.6 s

β− /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2−

88

87.92407

5.1 µs 16.3 s

89

88.92640

4.35 s

Br

Br

Br

Br

88m

Br Br

Br

+0.75

0.54821

80.916291

82m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1−

78.918338

79.918530

49.31(7)

1.9/ 3.68/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

3/2−

β− /8.96 n/

1−

β− /8.16 n/

3/2−

11-76

2.

0.751

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2–6.1) 0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

90

89.9306

1.91 s

β− /10.4 n/

91

90.9339

0.54 s

92

91.9392

0.31 s

93

92.9431

0.10 s

β− β− β− β− β− β− β−

Br

Br Br Br

94

Br Br 96Br 97Br

93.9487

Kr

83.80(1)

95

36

69

0.07 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

8.3/ 9.8/

/90 /9.80 n/10 / /12.20 n/ /11 n n/

β+, (p)

Kr Kr 71Kr 72Kr

68.9653 69.9560 70.9505 71.9419

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17. s

73

72.9389

28. s

74

73.9333

11.5 m

75

74.93104

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

76

75.92595

14.8 h

EC/1.31

77

76.92467

1.24 h

β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

70

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

78

Kr Kr 79Kr

0.355(3)

80

Kr Kr 81Kr

2.286(10)

82

11.593(3)

77.92039

79m

78.920083

80.916593

83

Kr Kr

84

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2−

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740 0.117 (0.237–3.606)

4.07/

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

0+

5/2− /0.25 0+

3.2/

−0.531

+1.1

5/2+

−0.583

+0.9

0+ 7/2+ 1/2−

−0.786 +0.536

+0.40

5/2+

0+

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

>2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ 1/2− 7/2+

+0.586 −0.908

1.86 h

I.T./0.0416

0+ 1/2−

+0.591

81.913485

83m

Spin π) (h/2π

//11

79.916379

81m

Kr Kr

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

82.914137 83.911508

9/2+ 0+

11-77

TeamLRN

−0.970699

+0.63

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3100/29 0.4150/36 (0.12–0.58) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3) Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

+0.259

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

84.912530 85.910615 86.913359

10.73 y

β− /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β− /0.687

1.27 h

β− /3.887

88

87.91445

2.84 h

β− /2.91

89

88.91764

3.15 m

β− /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

90

89.91953

32.3 s

β− /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

91

90.9234

8.6 s

β− /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

−0.583

92

91.92611

1.84 s

93

92.9312

1.29 s

β− /5.99 n/ β− /8.6 n/

7.1/

1/2+

−0.413

94

93.9343

0.21 s

β− /7.3

95

94.9397 95.9431 96.9486

0.78 s >50 ms <0.1 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /9.7

85m

Kr

4.48 h

85

Kr Kr 87Kr 86

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr Kr

Kr

17.279(41)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.83/79

1/2−

+ 0.633

0.15/0.4

1.005

+0.43

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

−1.023

−0.30

−0.330

+0.16

+0.30

0+

−0.410 Kr 96Kr 97Kr 98Kr 99Kr 100Kr Rb

37

71

<1.2 µs <0.03 µs 64.8 ms 19. s

β+ /10.4 β+ /7.02

2.31/

76

75.93508

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1−

−0.372623

+0.4

77

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2−

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4−

+2.549

+0.81

Rb

78m

Rb

78

Rb

0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591 72.9504 73.9445 74.93857

Rb

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399

β−

Rb Rb 73Rb 74Rb 75Rb 72

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

77.92814

17.7 m

3.4 0+

11-78

ann. rad. 0.179 ann. rad. 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann. rad. 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann. rad. 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann. rad. 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

79

78.92400

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

80

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

Rb

Rb

81m

Rb

81

Rb

80.91900

82m

Rb

4.57 h

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5/2+

+0.3358

−0.10

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

−0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

−0.74

1.05/

3/2−

+2.060

+0.40

6.47 h

β+/26/ EC/74/

0.80/

5−

+1.5100

+1.0

3.3/

1+

+0.554508

+0.19

82

81.91821

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

83

82.91511

86.2 d

EC/0.91

5/2−

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6−

+0.2129

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β−/3/0.894

2−

−1.32412

−0.015

85.911170 86.909186 87.911323

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 y 17.7 m

I.T./0.5560 β−/1.775 β−/0.283 β−/5.316

5/2− 6− 2− 3/2− 2−

+1.353 +1.815 −1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

88.91229

15.4 m

β−/4.50

3/2−

+2.304

+0.14

4.3 m

β−/4.50

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/

4−

+1.616

+0.20

+2.182

+0.15

Rb

Rb

84m

Rb

84

Rb

85

Rb Rb 86Rb 87Rb 88Rb

83.914387

72.17(2)

84.911792

86m

89

Rb

27.83(2)

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

90m

Rb

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

90

89.91481

2.6 m

β−/6.59

6.6

1−

91

90.91649

58.0 s

β−/5.861

5.9

3/2−

92

91.91968

4.48 s

β−/8.11

8.1/94

1−

93

92.92195

5.85 s

β−/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2

+1.410

+0.18

94

93.92643

2.71 s

β−/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

+1.498

+0.16

95

94.92929

0.377 s

β−/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2

+1.334

+0.21

Rb Rb Rb Rb

Rb

Rb

96m

Rb

1.7 µs

11-79

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14. 1.8360/21. (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

+0.25

10.0

3/2

+1.841

+0.58

0.144/

59. ms 53. ms

β−/12.34 n/13 β−/11.3 β− /13.5

0.03 s 0.09 s

β− /11.8 β−

96.93733

0.169 s

98

97.94174

0.107 s

99

Rb 100Rb

98.9453 99.9499

101

100.9532 101.9592

Rb Rb

Sr

0.129 (0.058–4.483)

72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.9416 76.9378

>25 ms >1.2 µs ≈0.08 s 8.9 s 9.0 s

78

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β +, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

80

79.92453

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

81

80.92322

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

82

81.91840

25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d

EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

74

Sr Sr

79

Sr

Sr

Sr Sr 83Sr 83m

82.91756

0.56(1)

85

Sr Sr 87mSr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 91Sr

92

Sr

9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

5.6 //0.08 4.1

84.912936 85.909265 86.908882 87.905617 88.907455 89.907738 90.91020

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β−/1.497 β−/0.546 β−/2.70

91.91098

2.71 h

β−/1.91

3/2−

−0.35

+1.4

−0.474

+0.74

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

83.913426

85m

86

0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68)

Sr Sr 75Sr 76Sr 77Sr

73

Sr Sr

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

87.62(1)

38

84

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+1.466

97

102

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

2+

0.199 s

Rb

Spin π) (h/2π

10.8/

95.93427

Rb

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β−/11.76 n/13/ β−/10.42 n/27/

96

Rb

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3

11-80

1/2−

+0.544

1/2− 7/2+

+0.582 −0.898

0+ 1/2−

+0.601

9/2+ 0+ 1/2− 9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

0+

+0.79

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) 0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

−1.001

+0.30

+0.63 −1.093

+0.34

−1.149

−0.3

0.9092

−0.887

+0.044

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1)

0.3884(IT)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

93

92.91394

7.4 m

β−/4.08

2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

5/2+

94

93.91537

1.25 m

β−/3.511

2.1/ 3.3/

0+

95

94.91931

25.1 s

β−/6.08

Sr

Sr

Sr

1/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) −0.794

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) +0.26

−0.5379

6.1/50

96

95.92165

1.06 s

β−/5.37

4.2/

0+

97

96.92615

0.42 s

β−/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

97.92845

0.65 s

β−/5.83

5.1

99

98.9333 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β−/8.0 β−/7.1 β−/9.5 β−/8.8

Sr

Sr

Sr

Sr Sr 101Sr 102Sr 103Sr 104Sr 105Sr 100

Y

39

Y Y 78mY 78Y

−0.26

76.9496 77.9435

> 0.2 µs ≈ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

β+/7.1

79.9320

β+/7.0

5.5 5.0/

81

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

82

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2−

Y Y 80Y

78.9374

80m

Y

Y

83m

Y

0.8

(5+) β+/10.5

15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

88.90585(2)

76 77

−0.500

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

11-81

TeamLRN

(4)

0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152–1.106) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756–1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./ 0.5736 0.6017 0.7375 ann.rad./ 0.2591

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

83

Y

Atomic Mass or Weight

82.92235

84m

Y

84

Y

83.9203

85m

Y

85

Y

84.91643

86m

Y

86

Y

85.91489

87m

Y

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

4.6 s

β +/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

40. m

3.3

1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β +/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4−

<0.6

13. h

I.T./98/ β+/0.7/ EC/ EC/99+/1.862

9/2+

6.1

1.54/

87.909506

106.6 d

EC/99+/3.623 β+/0.2/

15.7 s

I.T./0.909

3.24 h

Y Y 90mY

90

Y Y 91Y 92Y

100.

89.907152 90.907301 91.90893

2.67 49.7 58.5 3.54

d m d h

6.2

1/2−

1.15/0.7 0.78/

1/2−

0.76/

4−

I.T./99+/ β−/0.002/

0.68204

9/2+ 1/2− 7+

β−/2.282 I.T./0.555 β−/1.544 β−/3.63

2.28/

88.905849

91m

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4218 0.4945 ann.rad./ 0.0355 0.4899 0.8821 (0.03–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.7930 ann.rad./ 0.4628 0.6606 0.7931 0.9744 1.0398 (0.2–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5356 2.1238 (0.1–3.1) 0.7673 ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5045 0.9140 (0.07–1.4) ann.rad./ 0.0102(IT) 0.2080 (0.09–1.1) ann.rad./ 0.3070 0.6277 1.0766 1.1531 1.9207 (0.1–3.8) 0.3807

5−

9/2+

88

89

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

9/2+

β+/70/ EC/30/

3.35 d

89m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

4.9 h

86.910880

Y

Spin π) (h/2π

1+

87

Y

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.3880 0.4870 ann.rad./ 0.89802 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT) −0.13742 5.1

0.2025 0.4794 0.6820

1.545/ 3.64/

11-82

2− 9/2+ 1/2− 2−

−1.630 5.96 0.1641

−0.155 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

93m

Y

93

Y

92.90956

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

0.82 s

I.T./0.759

9/2+

10.2 h

β−/2.87

2.88/90

1/2−

4.92/

2−

1.4 µs

94m

Y

94

93.91160

18.7 m

β−/4.919

95

94.91279

10.3 m

β−/4.42

1/2−

9.6 s

β −/

(3+)

95.91588

6.2 s 1.21 s

β− /7.09 β− /7.4

7.12/ 4.8/ 6.0/

0− 9/2+

96.91813

3.76 s

β− /6.69

6.7

1/2−

2.1 s

β− /9.8

5.5/

(4−)

97.92224

0.59 s

β− /8.83

8.7/

1+

98.92463

0.011 ms 1.47 s

β− /7.57 n

/2.5/

β −, β −, β −, β −, β −,

n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/

Y

Y

96m

Y

96

Y Y

97m

97

Y

98m

Y

98

Y

99m

Y Y

99

100m

Y Y 101Y 102Y 103Y 104Y 105Y 106Y 107Y 108Y 100

Zr

40

78

Zr

99.9278 100.9303 101.9336 102.9369 103.9414 104.9451 105.950

0.94 s 0.73 s 0.43 s 0.36 s 0.23 s 0.18 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

1/2−

n/ n/9.3 n/8.6 n/9.9 n

91.224(2) > 0.2 µs

11-83

TeamLRN

3+ 1+ (5/2)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4054 (0.4–3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3–4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

79

Zr Zr

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

78.949 79.9406

0.06 s ≈ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83mZr 83Zr

80.9368 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

84

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

1/2−

80

81 82

Zr

85m

Zr

6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2−)

β+ /4.7 EC/

86

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

1/2−

Zr

3.1

87

86.91482

1.73 h

β+ /3.67 EC/

88

87.91023

83.4 d 4.18 m

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/ β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ I.T./

Zr

Zr Zr

89m

89

Zr

88.908889

90m

Zr

90

0.809 s

Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 95Zr

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8)

96

2.80(9)

91

3.27 d

17.38(28)

89.904702 90.905643 91.905039 92.906474 93.906314 94.908041

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β− /0.091 β −β − β− /1.125 β −β − β− β− /2.658 β− /2.26 β− /4.56

Zr Zr 99Zr

96.910950 97.91276 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.8 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

100

99.91776

7.1 s

β− /3.34

101

100.92114

2.1 s

β− /5.49

Zr

97

98

Zr Zr

95.908275

2.26

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507 ann.rad./ 0.9092 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT)

(7/2+) (1/2−)

7.9 m

87m

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.290 0.538

84.9215

Zr

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

β+ /8.0

85

Zr

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

7/2+

9/2+

0+ 1/2−

0.9/

0.366/55 0.400/44

9/2+

−1.07

5−

6.3

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

−1.30362

−0.21 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0.7242 0.7567

0+ 1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

1/2− 0+ 1/2+

0+ 6.2/

11-84

3/2−

0.7434 0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 102

Zr Zr 104Zr 105Zr 106Zr 107Zr 108Zr 109Zr 110Zr 103

Nb

41

81

Nb Nb 83Nb 84Nb 85Nb 86mNb 86Nb 82

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.941 107.944

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336 84.9279 85.9250

Nb

Nb

86.92036

88m

Nb

88

Nb

87.9183

89m

Nb

89

Nb

88.91349

90m

Nb

90

Nb

89.911263

91m

Nb

91

Nb Nb

92m

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ≈1. s >0.24 >0.24 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− β− β− β−

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

/4.61 /7.0 /5.9 /8.5

µs µs µs µs µs

92.90638(2)

87m

87

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

90.906989

<0.08 µs 50 ms 4.1 s 12. s 2.3 m 56. s 1.46 m

β+ /11. β+ /7.5 β+, EC/9.6 β+ /6.0 β+ β+ /8.0

(3+)

3.7 m

β+ / EC/

1/2−

2.6 m

β+ 5.2/ EC/

(9/2+)

7.7 m

β+ / EC/

4−

14.3 m

β+ /7.6 EC/

3.2/

8+

2.0 h

β+ / EC/ β+ /74/4.29 EC/26 /

3.3/

9/2+

2.8/

1/2−

1.10 h

18.8 s

I.T./0.1246

14.6 h

β53 /6.111 EC/47 /

62. d

I.T./97 / EC/3 / EC/1.253 EC/99+/

7 × 102 y 10.13 d

+6.216

4− 0.86/5 1.5/92

8+

4.961

1/2− 9/2+ 2+

11-85

TeamLRN

6.114

ann.rad./ 0.751 1.003 ann.rad./ 0.1352 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.2010 0.4706 0.6165 1.0665 1.8842 ann. rad./ 0.2625 0.3996 1.0569 1.0825 ann. rad./ 1.0570 1.0828 (0.07–2.5) 0.5880/10(D) (0.17–4.0) ann.rad./ 0.5074 0.5880 0.7696 1.2775 0.002 0.1225 ann. rad./ 0.1412 1.1292 2.1862 2.3189 (0.1–3.3) 0.1045(IT) 1.2050 Mo k x-ray 0.9126 0.9345 1.8475

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

92

Nb

Atomic Mass or Weight 91.907192

93m

Nb

93

Nb Nb

100.

Nb

93.907282

95m

Nb

95

Nb Nb

96

Nb Nb

16.1 y

I.T./0.0304

1/2−

6.26 m

I.T./99+ β− /0.5/

/2.086

9/2+ 3+

2.4 × 104 y

β− /2.045

0.47/

6+

3.61 d

0.2357

1/2−

0.160/ 0.5/10 0.75/90 0.734/98 1.27/98

9/2+ 6+

6.141 4.976

1/2− 9/2+

6.15

I.T./0.7434 β− /1.934

51. m

β− /4.67

2.9 s

β− /4.59

4.6/

1+

2.6 m

β− /

3.2/

1/2−

15.0 s

β− /3.64

3.5/100

9/2+

Nb

Nb

7+

58.1 s 1.23 h

99m

99

EC/2.006

96.908096

97.91033

98.91162

0.013 ms

100m1

3.0 s

β− /6.74

5.8

6.2/ 5.3/ 4.3/

Nb

100

99.91418

1.5 s

β− /6.25

101

100.91525

7.1 s 4.3 s 1.3 s 1.5 s 0.9 s 4.8 s 3.0 s 1.0 s 0.30 s 0.19 s 0.19 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /4.57 β− / β− /7.21 β− /5.53 β−, n/ β−, n/8.1 β−, n/6.5 β−, n/9.3 β−, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

Nb

Nb Nb 102Nb 103Nb 104mNb 104Nb 105Nb 106Nb 107Nb 108Nb 109Nb 110Nb 111Nb 112Nb 113Nb 102m

Mo

42

83

Mo Mo 85Mo 86Mo 87Mo 88Mo 84

101.91804 102.91914 103.9225 104.9239 105.9282 106.9303 107.9350 108.9376 109.943

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5611 0.9345 Nb x−ray 0.0304

+6.1705

5+

100m2

Nb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

3.7 × 107 y

34.97 d 23.4 h

Nb

Nb

Spin π) (h/2π

94.906834 95.908099

98m

98

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

I.T./97.5/ β− /2.5 / β− /0.926 β− /3.187

97m 97

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

92.906376

94m

94

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

−0.32 Nb k x-ray 0.0409 0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578 0.7782 0.2191–1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726–1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1

Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001–1.566 0.1105–0.810 0.2960–2.184 5/2+

(0.193–0.590)

95.94(1) 82.949 83.9401 84.9366 85.9302 86.9273 87.92195

≈ 6. ms ≈ 3.7 s 3.2 s 20. s 14. s 8.0 m

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

1/2+

0+

11-86

+0.5

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

89m

Mo

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./0.118

1/2− 9/2+

88.91948

2.2 m

β+ /5.58 EC/

90

89.91394

5.7 h

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

1.08 m

I.T./50/0.653 β+, EC/50 /

Mo

91m

Mo

Spin π) (h/2π

0.19 s

89

Mo

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.085/

1/2−

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

91.906810

>3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

92.906811 93.905087 94.905841 95.904678 96.906020 97.905407 98.907711

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

2.7476 d

β− /1.357

99.90748 100.91035

≈1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β −β − β− /2.82

102

101.91030

11.3 m

β− /1.01

103

102.91320

1.13 m

β− /3.8

3/2+

104

103.91376

1.00 m

β− /2.16

0+

105

104.9170

36. s

β− /4.95

3/2+

106

105.91814

8.4 s

β− /3.52

0+

107

106.9217 107.9236 108.9278

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s

β− /6.2 β− /5.1 β− /7.2

92

Mo Mo

14.77(31)

93m

93

Mo Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 99Mo

9.226(99) 15.900(85) 16.674(12) 9.560(50) 24.20(25)

100

9.67(20)

94

Mo Mo

101

Mo

Mo

Mo Mo

Mo

Mo Mo 109Mo 108

3.44/94

9/2−

21/2+

0+ +9.21

0.45/14 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

1.2/

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+

0+ 1/2+

0+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/

15.5 m

Mo

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

90.91175

91

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304 −0.9142

−0.02

−0.9335

+0.26

0.375

0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12. (0.028–0.636)

11-87

TeamLRN

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β− /5.7

110

109.9297

0.30 s

111

110.9345 111.937 112.942

>0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15

Tc Tc 87Tc 88Tc 89mTc 89Tc 90mTc

84.949 85.9430 86.9365 87.9328

<0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

β+ /7.5 β+

90

89.9235

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

43. m

I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

61. d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

Mo

Mo Mo 113Mo 114Mo 115Mo 116Mo 117Mo 112

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

µs µs µs µs µs µs µs

Tc

43

85 86

Tc

88.9275

91m

Tc

91

Tc Tc

92

90.9184 91.91526

93m

Tc

93

Tc

92.910248

94m

Tc

94

Tc

95m

Tc

93.909655

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+ 1/2+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

1/2−

0.81

9/2+

1/2− 0.5/ 0.7/

11-88

6.26

5.08

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

95

Tc

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

94.90766

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

91. d 4.2 × 106 y ≈6.6 × 106 y

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β− /1.80

6.01 h

I.T./100/0.142

98.906254 99.907657

2.13 × 105 y 15.8 s

β− /0.294 β− /3.202 EC /1.8(10)−3/

100.90731

14.2 m

β− /1.61

4.4 m

I.T./2/4.8 β− /98/

1.8/

3.4/ 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 2.2/

1+

95.90787

Tc

Tc Tc

98

96.906364 97.907215

99m

Tc

99

Tc Tc

100

101

Tc

Spin π) (h/2π

9/2+

97m

97

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC/100/1.691

Tc

Tc

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

20.0 h

96m

96

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

102m

Tc

0.40/100

9/2+ 1+ 2.9/ 9/2+

β− /4.53

103

102.90918

54. s

β− /2.66

104

103.91144

0.005 ms 18.2 m

β− /5.60

5.3/

(3+)

105

104.91166

7.6 m

β− /3.6

3.4/

5/2+

106

105.91436

36. s

β− /6.55

Tc Tc

Tc

Tc

+5.04

9/2+ 6+

5.3 s

104m

5.89

1/2−

0.293/100 2.2/ 0.17 3.3 1.32/

5/2+

2+

11-89

TeamLRN

+5.6847

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261

1/2−

101.90921

Tc

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

/3.9

102

Tc

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

−0.129 0.5396 0.5908 (0.3 79–2.30) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073–0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0) 0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

107

106.9151

21.2 s

β− /4.8

108

107.9185

5.1 s

β− /7.72

109

Tc Tc 111Tc

108.9200 109.9234 110.9250

1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s

β− /6.3 β− /8.8 β− .n/7.0

p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85

112

111.9292 112.931

0.26 s 0.15 s

β, n β−, n/8.

n/2.6 /2.1

113.936 114.938

0.15 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β −, n

/1.3

Tc

Tc

110

Tc Tc

113

114

Tc Tc 116Tc 117Tc 118Tc 115

Ru

Spin π) (h/2π

Ru Ru 89Ru 90Ru

86.949 87.9404 88.936 89.9298

>1.5 µs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

91

90.9264 91.9201

9. s 3.7 m

β+, EC/7.4 β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

10.8 s

I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/

87 88

Ru Ru

92

93m

Ru

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435 0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

0+ β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

0+ 9/2+ 0+

1/25.3/

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

94

93.91137

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

95

94.91042

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

95.90760 96.90756

>3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

β +β + EC/1.12

Ru

Ru

Ru

5.54(14)

97

98

Ru

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

(3)

93

Ru Ru

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

101.07(2)

44

96

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.87(3)

1.20/ 0.91/

97.90529

5/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

−0.78

0+

11-90

ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424 Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 99

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ru Ru 101Ru 102Ru 103Ru

12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

104

18.62(27)

100

Ru

Atomic Mass or Weight 98.905939 99.904219 100.905582 101.904349 102.906323

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

39.27 d

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β− /0.763

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.223

103.905430

Spin π) (h/2π 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

104.907750

4.44 h

β− /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

3/2+

106

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β− /0.0394 β− /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

107.9102

4.5 m

β− /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

108.91320

34.5 s

β− /4.2

110

109.9140

15. s

β− /2.81

111

Ru Ru 113mRu 113Ru

110.9176 111.9188

β− /5.5 β− /4.5

112.9225

1.5 s 4.5 s 0.6 s 0.80 s

114

113.9239

0.57 s

β− /6.1

115

114.928 115.930 116.935 117.937

≈0.74 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15

Ru Ru

107

Ru

Ru Ru

112

Ru

Ru Ru 117Ru 118Ru 119Ru 120Ru 116

Rh

45

89

Rh Rh 90Rh 91Rh 92Rh 93Rh

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

−0.6413

+0.079

−0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6)

0+

105

Ru

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β− /7.

s µs µs µs µs µs

-0.3

0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180)

β− /8.

102.90550(2) 88.9494

90m

89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

>0.15 µs ≈12. ms 1.0 s 1.9 s 5.6 s 14. s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1

(0.138–1.493)

11-91

TeamLRN

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

94m

Rh

94

Rh

93.9217

95m

Rh

95

Rh

94.9159

96m

Rh

96

Rh

95.91452

97m

Rh

97

Rh

96.91134

98m

Rh

98

Rh

97.91072

99m

Rh

99

Rh

98.90820

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

25.8 s

β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

8+

6.4/

3+

1/2+

9/2+

2+

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2−

31.0 m

β+ /3.52

2.1/

9/2+

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2−

5+

11-92

5.67

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612 ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

100m

Rh

100

Rh

99.90812

101m

Rh

101

Rh

100.90616

102m

Rh

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Rh

101.906842

103m

Rh Rh 104mRh 103

104

Rh

100.

103.906655

Rh

Rh

104.905692

106m

Rh

106

Rh

105.90729

Spin π) (h/2π

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2−

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1−

+5.51

4.04

/<0.00025

207. d

EC/62 β− /19/ β+ /14/

0.5

56.12 m

IT

4.36 m

I.T./99+ / β−

1.3/

42.3 s

β−/99+/2.441 EC/0.4/1.141

1.88/2 2.44/98

43. s

I.T./1.296

35.4 h

β− /0.567

0.247/30 0.567/70

7/2+

2.18 h

β− /

0.92/

6+

29.9 s

β− /3.54

2.4/2 3.0/12 3.54/79

1+

7/2+ 1/2− 5+

102.905504

105m

105

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.7 m

>1.2 × 106 y

102

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5277 (0.1–2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4–1.6)

4.54 −0.0884

1+

1/2−

11-93

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+4.45

+2.58

Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35–1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/ 0.61612 0.62187 (0.05–3.04)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 107

Rh

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 106.90675

108m

Rh

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

21.7 m

β− /1.51

1.20/65 1.5/17

6.0 m

β− /

1.57/

108

107.9087

17. s

β− /4.5

109

108.90874

1.34 m

β− /2.59

2.25/

29. s

β− /

[.6/

5.5/

Rh

Rh

110m

Rh

110

109.9110

3.1 s

β− /5.4

111

Rh Rh 112Rh 113Rh 114mRh 114Rh 115Rh 116mRh 116Rh

110.9117

115.9228

11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.8 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s

β− β− β− β− β− β− β− β− β−

117

116.925

0.44 s

β− /7.

118

117.929

≈ 0.30 ms

119

118.931 119.936 120.938

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Rh

112m

Rh Rh

Rh Rh 121Rh 122Rh 120

Pd

46

111.9140 112.9154 113.9173 114.9201

/3.7 / /6.2 /4.9 / /6.5 /6.0 / /8.0

1+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1–1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967 0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275 0.3489 0.1285

0.3405 0.340 0.398–1.665 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

106.42(1)

β +, p

94

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /≈ 6.6

95m

94.92684

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

Pd Pd

1+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

>1.5 µs 1.0 s 1.2 s

Pd

7/2+

1+

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

92

7/2+

1+

Pd Pd 93Pd

91

Spin π) (h/2π

9/2

21/2+

95

11-94

0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

96

95.9182

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

97

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

98

97.91273

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

99

98.91181

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

101.905607 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

6.5 × 106 y

β− /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β− /1.116

5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β− /27/

Pd Pd

Pd

Pd

Pd

Pd

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

103

104

Pd Pd 106Pd 107mPd 105

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

107

Pd Pd 109mPd 108

26.46(9)

109

Pd

110

Pd Pd

108.905954 11.72(9)

2.18/

0.776/

5/2+

5/2+

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

0.35 0.77

111

110.90764

23.4 m

β− /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

112

111.90731

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

β− /0.29 β− / β− /3.34

0.28/

0+ 5/2+

Pd

Pd Pd 113Pd 113m

112.91015

11-95

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

109.905153

111m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

103.904034 104.905083 105.903484

106.90513 107.903895

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

−0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 −0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT)

0.0880 (0.08–1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

114

113.91037

2.48 m

β− /1.45

115

114.9137

47. s

β− /4.58

116

115.9142

12.7 s

β− /2.61

117

116.9178

4.4 s

β− /5.7

118

117.9189

2.4 s

β− /4.1

119

118.9227

0.9 s

β− /6.5

120

119.9240

0.5 s

β− /5.0

121

120.9282 121.9298 122.934

>0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs

Pd

Pd

Pd

Pd Pd Pd Pd

Pd Pd 123Pd 124Pd 122

Ag

47

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π 0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

107.8682(2)

93

Ag Ag 94Ag 95Ag 96mAg 94m

96

Ag

93.9428 94.9355

95.9307

0.03 s 0.38 s 2.0 s 4.4 s 7. s

β+, p/ β+, p/ β+ β +, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β +, p

97

96.9240

19. s

β+ /7.0 EC/

98

97.9218

47.6 s

β+ /8.4 EC/ β +, p

Ag

Ag

99m

Ag

99

Ag

98.9176

100m

Ag

100

Ag

99.9161

(0.539–2.025) 8+ /8. 2+ /21.

5+ /36. /0.11

11. s

I.T./100/

1/2−

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

4.7/

11-96

5+

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

101m

Ag

101

Ag

100.9128

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1/2−

2.7/

9/2+

5.7

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

102m

Ag

102

Ag

101.91197

103m

Ag

103

Ag

102.90897

104m

Ag

104

Ag

103.90863

105m

Ag

105

Ag

104.90653

106m

Ag

106

Ag

105.90667

107m

Ag

107

Ag Ag

108m

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

3.4

2+

+4.14

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

2.26/

5+

4.6

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2 /

7/2+

+4.41

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2−

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/2− 6+

−0.11357 3.580

+1.3

44.2 s 51.839(8)

1/2−

/1.96

106.905093 418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

11-97

TeamLRN

+1.1

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

108

Ag

Atomic Mass or Weight

107.905954

109m

Ag

109

Ag Ag

48.161(8)

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2.39 m

β− /97/1.65 EC/2/ β− /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β− /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β− /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β− /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

108.904756

110m

110

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

109.906111

111m

Ag

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/2− 6+

−0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

7/2+

111

110.905295

7.47 d

β− /1.037

1.035/

1/2−

−0.146

112

111.90701

3.13 h

β− /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2−

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β− /20 /

1.5

Ag Ag

113m

Ag

7/2+

113

112.90657

5.3 h

β− /2.02

2.01/

1/2−

114

113.90881

4.6 s

β− /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β− /

7/2+

20. m

β− /3.10

1/2−

10.5 s

I.T./2 / β− /98 /

3.2/ 2.9

5+

2.68 m

β− /6.16

5.3

2−

5.3 s

β− /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β− /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β− /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

Ag Ag

115m

Ag

115

Ag

114.90876

116m

Ag

116

Ag

115.91137

117m

Ag

117

Ag

118m

Ag

116.91171

11-98

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.159

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13–2.49) 0.5134 0.7055 0.255–2.838 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1571 0.1354 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

118

117.9145

4.0 s

β− /7.1

119

118.9157

2.1 s

β− /5.35

0.32 s

β− / I.T./

Ag

Ag

120m

Ag

119.9188

1.23 s

β− /8.2

121

120.9198

0.78 s

β− /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.05 s

β− / β− /9.2 β− /7.4 β− /10.1 β− β− β− β− β −, n

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9

Ag

122m

Ag Ag 123Ag 124Ag 125Ag 126Ag 127Ag 128Ag 129Ag 122

Cd

48

96

121.9233 122.9249 123.9285 124.9305 125.9345 126.9369

Spin π) (h/2π

95.9398 96.9349 97.9276

3. s 9.2 s

99

Cd 100Cd

98.9250 99.9203

16. s 1.1 m

101

100.9187

1.2 m

β+ /83/5.5 EC/17/

102

101.91474

5.8 m

β+ /27/2.59 EC/73

0+

103

102.91342

7.5 m

β+ /33/4.14 EC/67/

5/2+

Cd

Cd

Cd

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7709 1.0586 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 0.9258 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 1.3231 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11–2.5)

112.411(8)

Cd Cd 98Cd 97

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

7/2+

120

Ag

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

/0.025

4.5

11-99

TeamLRN

5/2+

−0.81

−0.8

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

104

103.90985

58. m

EC/1.14

105

104.90947

55.5 m

β+ /26/2.739 EC/74/

105.90646 106.90661

>2.6 × 1017 y 6.52 h

107.90418 108.904985

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

Cd

Cd

106

Cd Cd

1.25(6)

107

108

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

109

110

Cd

12.49(18)

Cd

Cd Cd 113mCd 113Cd 114Cd 115mCd 112

116

Cd Cd

5/2+

−0.7393

+0.43

β+, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

−0.615055

+0.68

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

−0.827846

+0.69

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

1.69/

14.1 y 7.7 × 1015 y

β− /99.9/0.59 β−

0.59/99.9

−1.087 −0.622301

−0.71

0.2637

44.6 d

β− /1.629

0.68/1.6 1.62/97

−1.042

−0.54

114.905431

2.228 d

β− /1.446

0.593/42 1.11/58

1/2+

−0.648426

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β −β − β− /2.66

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904401 113.903359

117

116.907219

2.49 h

β− /2.52

118

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β− /0.52 β− /

Cd Cd

119m

0.72/

0.67/51 2.2/10

0+ 11/2−

1/2+

0+ 11/2−

119

118.90992

2.69 m

β− /3.8

≈ 3.5/

1/2+

120

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β− /1.76 β− /

1.5/

0+ 11/2−

13.5 s

β− /4.9

Cd

Cd Cd

121m

121

Cd

Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

1/2+ 0+ 11/2− 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

117m

Cd

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

11/2−

110.904182 111.902758

7.49(18)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

I.T./

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

Cd

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 48.5 m

115

Spin π) (h/2π 0+

109.903006

111m

111

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

120.9131

(3/2+)

11-100

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454 −0.594886

0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 122

Cd Cd 123Cd 124Cd

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

122.91770 123.9177

124.92129 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9323 129.9340

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.27 s 0.162 s

β− / β− /7.16 β− /5.49 β− /8.5 β− /7.1 β− /5.9 β− / β −, n

/≈ 3.5

68 ms 0.10 s

β−, n/

/60

97.9422 98.9346 99.9316 100.9266 101.9243

≈0.03 s 1. s ≈3.8 s 6. s 15. s 22. s

β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

103.9183

131

Cd Cd

132

In

49

In In 99In 100In 101In 102In

103m

In In

103

104m

In In

104

105m

In

105

In

104.91467

106m

In

106

In

105.91346

107m

In

107

In

/3.0 / /6.12 /4.17

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/+ 0+ 3/+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

114.818(3)

98m 98

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β− β− β− β−

125m

Cd Cd 126Cd 127Cd 128Cd 129Cd 130Cd

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

121.9135

123m

125

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

106.91029

(5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

16. s 1.84 m

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

43. s

I.T.

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

+4.44

+0.7

+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

+5.59

+0.81

1/2−

1/2− 2.20/

11-101

TeamLRN

9/2+

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

108m

In

108

In

107.90971

109m

In

109

In

108.90715

110m

In

110

In

109.90717

111m

In

111

In

110.90511

112m

In

112

In

111.90553

113m

In

113

In In

4.29(5)

In

115m

In

95.71(5)

114.903879

116m2

In

116m1

In

116

In

117m

In

115.905261

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.2 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

4.9 h

EC/

7+

+4.72

+1.00

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

2+

+4.37

+0.35

7.7 m

I.T./0.537

1/2−

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β− /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

1/2−

−0.210

9/2+ 5+

+5.529 +4.65

1+

+2.82

1/2− 0.79/

2.22/

112.904062

113.904918

In

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /53/ EC/47/

49.51 d

114

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

57. m

1.658 h

114m

115

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β− /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453

1.984/

+0.80 +0.74

4.486 h

I.T./95/0.336 β− /5 /0.83

1/2−

−0.255

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

9/2+ 8−

+5.541 +3.22

+0.81 +0.31

54.1 m

β− /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β− /

/0.023 1.0

5+

+4.43

+0.80

14.1 s

β− /3.274

3.3/99

1+

2.788

0.11

1.94 h

β− /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

1/2−

−0.2517

11-102

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917 In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

44. m

β− /1.455

118m2

8.5 s

118m1

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β− /2/ β− /

5.0 s

17.9 m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

9/2+

+5.52

+0.83

(8−)

+3.32

+0.44

1.3 2.0

5+

+4.23

+0.80

β− /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

1/2−

−0.32

2.3 m

β− /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β− /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

+5.52

+0.85

120m2

47 s

β− /6.1

8−

+3.692

+0.53

120m1

46. s

β− /5.8

2.2/

5+

+4.30

+0.81

3.1 s

β− /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β− /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2−

−0.36

23. s

β− /3.36

2.5

9/2+

+5.50

+0.81

10. s

β− /

4.4/

8−

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β− /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β− /

4.6/

(1/2−)

−0.40

6.0 s

β− /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β−

8−

+3.89

+0.66

3.18 s

β− /7.36

3+

+4.04

+0.61

117

In

116.90452

In In

118

In

117.90636

119m

In

119

In

118.90585

In In

120

In

119.90796

121m

In

121

In

120.90785

122m

In

122

In

121.91028

123m

In

123

In

122.91044

124m

In

124

In

123.91318

0.74/

5/

11-103

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.31531 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

125m

In In

125

124.91360

126m

In

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

12.2 s 2.33 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β− / β− /5.42

1.53 s

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1/2− 9/2+

−0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.06

β− /8.21

4.2/

8−

3.73 s

β− /

6.4/

(1/2−)

1.14 s

β− /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β− /

5.4/

(8−)

0.80 s

β− /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β− /98/ n/2/

≈7.5/

1/2−

0.63 s

β− /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

130m2

0.53 s

β− /

8.8/

5+

130m1

0.51 s

β− /

6.1/

10−

β− β− β− β−

10.0/

130.9268

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

1− (21/2+) (1/2−) (9/2+)

132

131.9323

≈0.206 s

β− /13.6

133

132.9383 133.9447

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β−, (n)

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s

β+ β+ β+ β+

In

125.91646

127m

In

127

In

126.91734

128m

In

128

In

127.92017

129m

In

129

In

128.9217

In

In

130

In

129.92486

131m2

In 131m1In 131In In

In In 135In 134

Sn

50

100

Sn Sn 102Sn 103Sn 101

/10.25 / / /9.18

6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/

(7−)

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406 (0.354–2.005)

118.710(7) 99.9394 100.9361 101.9243 102.9281

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.5/ 4.1/

1.63 s

126

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

/7.3 /9. /5.8 /7.7

3.4/

11-104

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

103.9232 104.9214

21. s 28. s

β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

106

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

106.9157

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

107.91196

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

108.91129

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

109.90785

4.1 h

EC/0.64

111

110.90774

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

1/2+

I.T./0.3146

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−1.0010

I.T./0.0896

1/2+ 0+ 11/2− 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−1.0473

104

Sn Sn

105

Sn

Sn

Sn

Sn

Sn Sn

112

Sn Sn

0.97(1)

113

Sn

114

112.905174

Sn Sn 116Sn 117mSn

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

117

Sn Sn 119mSn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

119

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

115

118

Sn Sn 121mSn 120

Sn Sn 123mSn 122

4.63(3)

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

118.903311 119.902199 44. y

5.79(5)

1.128 d

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β− /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905723

129.2 d

β− /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2−

123.905275

>2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

β −β − β− /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

9.63 d

β− /2.364

2.35/82

11/2−

125m

125

Sn

7/2+

I.T./78/0.006 β− /22/ β− /0.388

120.904239 121.903441

124.907785

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 7/2+

116.902955 117.901608 293. d

121

1.5/

113.902783 114.903347 115.901745 14.0 d

−1.08

0+

111.904822

113m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11-105

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

−0.879

−0.9188 −1.396

−0.4

Sn k x-ray 0.15856

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

−1.388

−0.14

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

0.698

−0.02

−1.370

−1.4

−1.35

+0.03

+0.1

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 126

Sn

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Sn Sn

Spin π) (h/2π

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β− /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

126.91035

2.12 h

β− /3.20

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2−

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β− /1.27

128m 128

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β− /0.38

Sn

Sn

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.34 × 105 y

125.90765

127m

127

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.48/ 0.63/

(7−) 0+

129

Sn Sn 130mSn

128.9134

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β− / β− /4.0 β− /

130

129.91386

3.7 m

β− /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β− /

3.4/

11/2−

130.9169 131.91775

39. s 40. s

β− /4.69 β− /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+

Sn Sn 135Sn

132.9236 133.9278 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

β− /7.8 β− /6.8 β −, n

7.5/

7/2−

/21.

136

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β −, n β −, n

/30. /≈ 58

β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9

129m

Sn

131m

Sn

131

Sn Sn

132

133 134

Sn Sn

137

Sb

51

102.9401 103.9363 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

>1.5 µs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

108

107.9222 108.91814

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

109.9175

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

104

Sb Sb

109

110

Sb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985

0.282 0.733–1.855

121.760(1)

Sb Sb 105Sb 106Sb 107Sb

103

11/2− 3/2+ (7−)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

4.42/ 4.67/ 4.33/ 6.8/

11-106

5/2+

3+

1.280 0.1515 0.6666 0.553–2.046 (0.151–1.280) 0.925 1.062 0.261–2.127 ann.rad./ 0.6365 0.9847 1.2117 1.2433

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

111

110.91254

1.25 m

β+ /87/4.47 EC/13 /

3.3/

5/2+

112

111.91240

51.4 s

β+ /90/7.06 EC/10/

4.75/

3+

113

112.90937

6.7 m

β+ /65/3.91

2.42/

5/2+

Sb

Sb

Sb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

EC/35/

114

113.9091

3.49 m

β+ /78/5.9 EC/22/

3.4/

3+

1.7

115

114.90660

32.1 m

β+ /67/3.03 EC/33/

1.51/

5/2+

+3.46

1.00 h

β+ /78/ EC/22/

1.16/

8−

2.6

Sb

Sb

116m

Sb

116

115.90680

16. m

β+ /50/4.707 EC/50/

1.3/ 2.3/

3+

2.72

117

116.90484

2.80 h

β+ /2/1.76 EC/98/ EC/99/

0.57/

5/2+

+3.4

8−

2.3

2.65/

1+

2.5

Sb

Sb

118m

Sb

5.00 h

118

117.905533

3.6 m

β+ /74/3.657 EC/26/

119

118.90395

38.1 h

EC/0.59

5/2+

+3.45

5.76 d

EC/

8−

2.34

15.89 m

β+ /41/2.68 EC/59/

1+

+2.3

I.T./0.162

5/2+ 8−

+3.363

4.19 m

2.72 d

β− /98/1.979 β+ /2/1.620

2−

−1.90

Sb

Sb

120m

Sb

120

Sb

121

Sb Sb

119.90508

57.21(5)

120.903822

122m

122

Sb

1.72/

121.90518

1.414/65 1.980/26

11-107

TeamLRN

−0.4

−0.4

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1002 0.1545 0.4891 1.0326 ann.rad./ 0.6700 0.9909 1.2571 ann.rad./ (0.3–3.6) Sn k x-ray 0.3324 0.4980 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.8876 1.2999 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4073 0.5429 0.9725 1.2935 (0.0998–1.501) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.93180 1.29354 (0.138–3.903) Sn k x-ray 0.1586 Sn k x-ray 0.25368 1.05069 1.22964 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 Sn k x-ray 0.0898 0.19730 1.02301 1.17121 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.7038 1.17121

−0.4

+0.9

Sb x-ray 0.0614 0.0761 0.56409 0.69277

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.14050 1.2569

123

Sb Sb 124m1Sb

42.79(5)

122.904216

124m2

20.3 m 1.6 m

I.T./0.035 I.T./80/ β− /20/

1.2/ 1.7/

7/2+ 8− 5+

+2.550

124

123.905938

60.20 d

β− /2.905

0.61/52 2.301/23

3−

1.2

125

124.905247

2.758 y

β− /0.767

0.13/30 0.302/45 0.62/13

7/2+

+2.63

126m2

11. s

I.T./

126m1

19.0 m

β− /86 / I.T./14 /

1.9

5+

Sb

Sb

Sb Sb

3−

126

125.90725

12.4 d

β− /3.67

1.9

8−

1.3

127

126.906914

3.84 d

β− /1.581

0.89/ 1.10/ 1.50/

7/2+

2.70

10.1 m

β− /96/ I.T./4/

2.6/

5+

9.1 h

β− /4.38

2.3/

8−

1.3

17.7 m

β− /

4.40 h

β− /2.38

0.65/

7/2−

2.82

6.5 m

β− /2.6

2.12/

Sb

Sb

128m

Sb

128

Sb

127.90917

129m

Sb

129

Sb

130m

Sb

128.90915

11-108

−0.5

+1.9

0.4984 0.6027 0.6458 1.1010 0.60271/97.8 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.5 1.69094/48.2 (0.0274–2.808) 0.0355 0.17632 0.38044 0.42786 0.46336 0.60060 0.63595 L x-ray 0.0227 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.2786 0.4148/83.3 0.6663/99.7 0.6950/99 0.7205 0.2524 0.2908 0.4121 0.4370 0.6857 0.7837 0.3140 0.5941 0.7432 0.7539 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

130

129.91155

38.4 m

β− /4.96

2.9/

8−

131

130.9120

23.0 m

β− /3.20

1.31/ 3.0/

7/2+

2.8 m

β− /

3.9/

4+

Sb

Sb

132m

Sb

132

131.91420

4.2 m

β− /5.49

133

132.9152

2.5 m

β− /4.00

1.20/

7/2+

134

133.9206

10.4 s 0.8 s

β− / β− /8.4

6.1 8.4

7− 0−

135

134.9252

1.71 s

β− /8.12

136

Sb Sb 138Sb 139Sb

135.9301 136.9353 137.9410 138.946

0.82 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /9.3

Te

127.60(3) 105.9377 106.9350

0.06 ms 3.1 ms

108

107.9295

2.1 s

109

108.9275

4.6 s

Sb

Sb

134m

Sb Sb

Sb

137

52

8−

7/2+

110

109.9224

19. s

α/4.32 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 / β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

111

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

111.9171

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

112.9154

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

106

Te Te

107

Te Te Te

Te

Te

Te

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

3.00

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

/100 3.86(1)/ 3.314(4)/

0+

3.107(4)/ 0+

4.5/

11-109

TeamLRN

(7/2+)

0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

114

Te

Atomic Mass or Weight 113.9125

115m

Te

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

115

114.9116

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

115.9084

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

116.90864

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

≈ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC(11%) EC/1.04

1/2+

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

0+ 11/2−

>5.3 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

58. d

I.T./0.145

Te

Te Te

Te Te

119m

119

Te

120

Te Te

118.90641

0.09(1)

Te

122

Te Te

120.90494

2.55(12)

123

Te Te 125mTe

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

125

7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124

Te Te 127mTe 126

Te Te 129mTe 128

31.74(8)

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m

122.904271 123.902819

34.08(62)

0.627/

124.904424 125.903305 109. d

127

1.78/

121.903056

123m

126.905217 127.904462

9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β− /2/0.77 β− /0.698 β −β − I.T./63/0.105 β− /37/

128.906596

1.16 h

β− /1.498

129.906223

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β −β − β− /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.696/

7/2+

1/2+

0+ 11/2−

0.89

1/2+

0.25

0+ 11/2−

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

−0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−0.73695

1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−0.8885

3/2+ 0+ 11/2−

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2−

−1.04

−0.99

−0.06

−1.04

0.42/

11-110

Te k x-ray 0.0355

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

−1.09

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+

119.90403

121m

121

2.7/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

131

130.908522

25.0 m

β− /2.233

132

131.90852

3.26 d

β− /0.51

55.4 m

Te

Te

133m

Te

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

3/2+

β− /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2−

0+

133

132.9109

12.4 m

β− /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

133.9116

42. m

β− /1.51

0+

135

134.9165

19.0 s

β− /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

135.92010

17.5 s

β− /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2−

138

137.9292 138.9347 139.9387 140.9444 141.949

1.4 s >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15

β− /98 /6.9 n/2 / β− /6.4

3.95

Te

Te Te

Te Te

Te Te 140Te 141Te 142Te 139

I

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.70

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

µs µs µs µs

126.90447(3)

53

108

I I

109

107.9436 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

109.9346

0.65 s

111

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/≈3.6 p/11/ β+, E../8.5

112

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

112.9237

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

114.9188

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

110

I

I

I

I

I

I

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./ 3.457(10)/

5/2+

11-111

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

116

115.9167

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

116.9136

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7−

4.2

2−

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

I

I

118m

I

118

117.9134

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

118.9102

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

I

I

120m

I

4.2

120

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2−

1.23

121

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

121.90760

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

122.905605

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

123.906211

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2−

1.44

125

124.904624

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

5/2+

2.82

126

125.905619

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β− /1.258/47

2−

1.44

I

I

I

I I

I I

127

I I

100.

128

129

I

130m

I

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

−0.89

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

126.904468 127.905805

β− /2.118 EC/1.251

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

25.00 m

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β− /0.194

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

9.0 m

I.T./83/0.048 β− /17/

11-112

2+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.43–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622

−0.79

−0.55

Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

130

129.906674

12.36 h

β− /2.949

1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

131

130.906125

8.021 d

β− /0.971

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

−0.40

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β− /14/3.58 I.T./86/

8− 4+

3.09

0.09

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β− /1.77

+2.86

−0.27

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β− /2/

I

I

132m

I

132

I

133m

I

133

I

132.90781

134m

I

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2−

1.24/85

7/2+

8−

134

133.9099

52.6 m

β− /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

134.91005

6.57 h

β− /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β− /

4.7/ 5.2/

6−

I

I

136m

I

136

135.91466

1.39 m

β− /6.93

4.3/ 5.6/

2−

137

136.91787

24.5 s

β− /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

137.9224

6.5 s

β− /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2−

139

138.92609

2.30 s

β− /6.81 n/

I

I

I

I

11-113

TeamLRN

2.94

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

140

139.9310

0.86 s

β− /8.8 n/

141

140.9351 141.9402 142.9441 143.9496

0.45 s ≈0.2 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /7.8 β−

109.9445

0.2 s

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

Xe 113Xe 114Xe

111.9357 112.9334 113.9281

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/ EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

115

114.9270 115.9214

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

116.9206

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

117.917

≈ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

2.7/

0+

119

118.9156

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

3.5/

7/2+

120

119.91216

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

120.91138

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

I

I I 143I 144I 142

Xe

54

110

Xe

112

Xe Xe

116

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

(3)

131.293(6)

111m

Xe 111Xe

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

/≈ 64

3.58(1)/ α/0.8/ 0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

−0.594

+1.16

−0.654

+1.31

−0.701

+1.33

0+

2.8/

11-114

5/2+

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

122

121.9086

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

123.905895

>1017 y 57. s

β −β − I.T./0.252

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

Xe Xe

124

Xe Xe

0.0953(27)

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

124.906398

0.0890(14)

Xe

128

Xe Xe

126.905179

1.910(22)

129

Xe Xe 131mXe

26.40(18) 4.071(53)

131

21.233(62) 26.9087(680)

130

Xe Xe 133mXe 132

128.904780 129.903509 11.9 d

−0.150

(9/2−)

−0.745

1/2+

−0.269

I.T./0.297

0+ (9/2−)

−0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

1/2+

−0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2−

−0.891

0.47/

I.T./0.164

11/2−

130.905083 131.904155 2.19 d

I.T./0.233

132.905906

5.243 d

β− /0.427

0.346/99

133.905395

>1.1 × 1016 Y 15.3 m

β− β− I.T./

0+

134.90721

9.10 h

β−/1.15

0.91/

135.90722 136.91156

>0.8 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β −β − β− /4.17

138

137.91399

14.1 m

β− /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

138.91879

39.7 s

β− /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

139.9216

13.6 s

β− /4.1

2.6

133

Xe

134

Xe Xe

10.436(29)

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

Xe

Xe

Xe

8.858(33)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2+

1.51/

127.903531

129m

Spin π) (h/2π

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

125.90427

127m

127

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.1/ 3.6/

11-115

TeamLRN

1/2+ 0+ −0.9940

I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1) +0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

−0.7780 +0.73

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

3/2+ 0+ 11/2−

+0.69186

−0.12

−1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

11/2−

1.103

+0.62

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

0+ 7/2−

−0.970

−0.49

−0.304

+0.40

0+

0+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

141

140.9267

1.72 s

β− /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

142

141.9297

1.22 s

β− /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

142.9352 143.9385 144.9437 145.9473 146.9530

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− β− /7.3 β− /6.1 β−, (n)

Xe

Xe

143m

Xe Xe 144Xe 145Xe 146Xe 147Xe 143

Cs

55

112

111.9503 112.9445 113.9408

0.5 ms 17. µs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

115

114.9359

≈ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

115.9330

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

117.92654

6.5 s ≈ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β +, β +, β +, β +,

118.92234

29. s 43. s

119.92066

Cs Cs

116m

116

Cs

117m

Cs Cs 118mCs 118Cs 117

116.9286

119m

Cs Cs

119

120m

Cs Cs

120

121m

Cs

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.010

−0.58

−0.460

+0.93

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

132.90545(2)

Cs Cs 114Cs 113

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.81 0.96 1+

EC/ EC/7.5 EC/ EC/9.

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223 ann.rad./

2

5. +3.88

+1.4

β+, EC/6.3

3/2 9/2+

+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

4.4

11-116

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

1.6 s

I.T./

122.91299

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

124

123.91225

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

124.90972

45. m

126

125.90945

127

121

Cs

120.91718

122m2

Cs Cs

122m1

122

Cs

121.91614

123m

Cs

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.38/

5.8/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

8−

+4.77

+3.3

(1+)

−0.133

−0.19

11/2− 3.0/

1/2+

+1.38

≈5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90741

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

128

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

129

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

130

129.90671

3.5 m 29.21 m

5− 1+

+0.629 +1.46

+1.45 −0.06

131

130.90546 131.906430

9.69 d 6.48 d

IT, β+, EC β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β− /1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β− / /1.280

5/2+ 2−

+3.54 +2.22

−0.58 +0.51

7/2+ 8−

+2.582 +1.098

−0.0037 +1.0

4+

+2.994

+0.39

123

Cs

124m

Cs Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

130m

Cs Cs

Cs 132Cs

133

Cs Cs

100.

Cs

133.906714

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β− /2.059

−0.68

−0.57

0.44/1.6

132.905447

134m

134

1.98/

−0.74

0.089/27 0.658/70

EC/1.22

11-117

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

135m

Cs

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

19/2−

+2.18

+0.9

0.341/

7/2+ 8 5+

+2.732 +1.32 +3.71

+0.05 +0.7 +0.2

53. m

I.T./1.627 β− /0.269 I.T./ β− /2.548

0.205/100

Cs Cs 136Cs

134.905972 135.907307

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

137

136.907085

30.2 y

β− /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

+2.84

+0.05

2.9 m

I.T./75 β− /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6−

+1.71

−0.40

135

136m

Cs

138m

Cs

138

137.91101

32.2 m

β− /5.37

2.9/

3−

+0.700

+0.12

139

138.913359

9.3 m

β− /4.213

4.21

7/2+

+2.70

−0.07

140

139.91727

1.06 m

β− /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1−

+0.13390

−0.11

141

140.92005

24.9 s

β− /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

+2.44

−0.4

142

141.92430

1.8 s

β− /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

142.92732

1.78 s

β− /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

+0.87

+0.47

144

143.93203

1.01 s

β− /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

−0.546

+0.30

145

144.93541

0.59 s

β− /7.89

7.4/ 7.9/

3/2+

+0.784

+0.6

146

Cs Cs 148Cs 149Cs 150Cs 151Cs

145.94024 146.9439 147.9490 148.9527 149.9580 150.9620

0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s >50 ms >50 ms >50 ms

β−, (n)/9.38 β−, (n)/9.3 β−, (n)/10.5

≈ 9.0

2−

−0.515

+0.22

Ba

137.327(7) β+, (p) a β+, (p)

p/20 /0.9 p/<15

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

147

56

114

113.9509

0.43 s

115

114.948

0.45 s

Ba Ba

11-118

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7869 0.8402

0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Ba Ba 118Ba 119Ba 120Ba

115.9417 116.9377 117.9466 118.931 119.9260

1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s

β +, β +, β +, β +, β +,

121

Ba Ba 123Ba

120.9245 121.9203 122.9189

30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m

β+, EC/6.8 β+, EC/3.8 β+, EC/5.5

124

123.91509

12. m

β+, EC/2.65

125

124.9146

8. m 3.5 m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.6

126

125.91124

1.65 h

β+ /2/1.67 EC/98 /

0+

127

126.9111

1.9 s 12.9 m

IT β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

7/2− 1/2+

128

127.90831

2.43 d

EC/0.52

0+

2.17 h

EC/98/ β+ /2/

128.90868

2.2 h

β+ /20/2.43 EC/80/

129.90631

9.5 ms 2.2 × 1021 y 14.6 m

I.T./2.475 β +β + I.T./0.187

130.90693

11.7 d

131.905056

116 117

122

Ba

125m

Ba Ba

Ba

127m

Ba Ba

Ba

129m

Ba

129

Ba

130m

Ba Ba 131mBa 130

0.106(1)

131

Ba

132

Ba Ba

0.101(1)

133m

133

Ba

132.906003

(p) (p), EC/8.4

p/3 p/13

EC/8. EC/5.0

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

(3/2−)

(0.0457–0.364) (0.040–0.156)

0+

ann.rad./ 0.140 (0.075–0.146) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0306 0.0927 0.1161 0.1235 ann.rad./ 0.1695 0.1888 1.2160

5/2 0+

4.5 3.4

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2+

+0.660

+1.8

−0.68

+1.5

0.174 +0.18

ann.rad./ 0.0550 0.0776 0.0854 0.1409 Cs k x-ray 0.2179 0.2336 0.2576

−0.723 +0.083

1.6

7/2+

+0.93

+1.6

1.42/

1/2+

−0.40

/100.

8− 0+ 9/2−

−0.04

+2.8

−0.87

+1.5

EC/1.37

1/2+

0.7081

Ba k x-ray 0.1085 Cs k x-ray 0.12381/28.4 0.21608/21.3 0.49636/42.9 (0.0549–1.171)

1.3 × 1021 y 1.621 d

EC EC I.T./0.288

0+ 11/2−

−0.91

+0.9

10.53 y

EC/0.517

1/2+

0.7717

Ba k x-ray 0.2761 Cs k x-ray 0.08099

11-119

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1148 0.1808 (0.07–2.5) Cs k x-ray 0.27344 Cs k x-ray 0.1769 0.1823 0.2023 1.4593 ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1291 0.2143 0.2208 0.080–0.802

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.35600

134

Ba 135mBa

2.417(18)

135

6.592(12)

Ba Ba

133.904504

Ba Ba

7.854(24)

Ba Ba 139Ba

I.T./2.0305

3/2+ 7−

2.552 m

I.T./0.6617

0+ 11/2− 3/2+ 0+ 7/2−

136.905822 137.905242 138.908836

1.396 h

β− /2.317

2.14/27 2.27/72

140

139.91060

12.75 d

β− /1.05

0+

141

140.91441

18.3 m

β− /3.22

0.48 1.0/ 1.02/ 2.59/ 2.73/

142

141.91645

10.7 m

β− /2.212

1.0/ 1.10/

0+

143

142.92061

14.3 s

β− /4.24

4.2/

5/2+

144

143.92294

11.4 s

β− /3.1

2.4/ 2.9/

0+

145

144.9269

4.0 s

β− /4.9

4.9/

(5/2−)

146

145.9302

2.20 s

β− /4.12

3.9/

0+

147

146.9340 147.9377 148.9421 149.9456 150.9507 151.9542 151.9596

0.892 s 0.64 s 0.36 s 0.3 s >0.15 µs

β− /5.75 β−, n/5.11 β−, (n)/7.3

5.5/

23 ms

p

0.806/

2.8 s 5.3 s

EC, β+ /11.

138

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba Ba 149Ba 150Ba 151Ba 152Ba 153Ba 148

La

57

117

La La 119La 120La 121La 118

11.232(24) 71.698(42)

0.308 s

135.904571

137m

137

I.T./0.2682

134.905684

136m

136

1.20 d

0+ 11/2−

3/2−

138.9055(2) 116.950 117.946 118.941 119.938 120.9330

11-120

3/2+

−1.00

+1.0

+0.838

+0.16

Ba k x-ray 0.2682 Ba k x-ray 0.8185 1.0481

−0.99

+0.8

+0.9374

+0.245

−0.97

−0.57

−0.34

+0.45

+0.44

−0.88

−0.28

+1.22

Ba k x-ray 0.66164

0.16585 1.2544 1.42033 0.16268 0.30485 0.53727 0.1903 0.2770 0.3042 (0.1–2.5) 0.23152 0.25512 0.3090 1.2040 0.1786 0.21148 0.7988 (0.17–2.4) La k x-ray 0.10386 0.1566 0.1728 0.3882 0.43048 La k x-ray 0.0918 0.09709 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

122

La La 124La 125mLa 125La

Atomic Mass or Weight 121.9307 122.9262 123.9245

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

EC, β+/≈ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ≈ 8.8

(7+)

β+, EC/5.6

11/2−

124.9207

9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

126

125.9194

<50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

126.9162

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

127.9155

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5−)

129

128.91267

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

129.9123

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

130.9101

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

24. m

I.T./76/ β+, EC/24/

123

126m

La La

La

La

129m

La La

La

La

132m

La

2.42/

1.42/ 1.94/

6−

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2−

133

132.9084

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

134

133.90849

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

2.67/

1+

135

134.90697

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

135.9077

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

6 × 104 y 1.06 × 1011 y

EC/0.60

La

La La

137 138

La La

0.090(1)

136.90647 137.907107

139

99.910(1)

138.906349

La

ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212)

3/2+

4.8 h

5/2+ 1.8/

11-121

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676

3+

131.91011

La

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(11/2−) 3/2+

132

La

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.7136

+0.2 +0.4

7/2+

+2.7830

+0.20

ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

140

139.909473

1.678 d

β− /3.762

141

140.910958 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β− /2.502 β− /4.505

La La 145La 146mLa 146La 147La 148La 149La

142.91606 143.9196 144.9217 145.9258 146.9278 147.9322 148.9342

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β− β− β− β− β− β− β− β−

150

149.9386

0.51 s

151

150.9416 151.946 152.949 153.954 154.958

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

La

La La

142

143 144

La

La La 153La 154La 155La 152

Ce

58

119

118.953 119.947 120.944 121.938 122.936 123.931 124.929

126

1.1 s

β +, p

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/≈8.6 EC/≈5.6 β+, EC/7.

125.9241 126.9228

50. s 32. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

128

127.9189

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

129

128.9187

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

129.9147

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

Ce Ce

127

Ce Ce Ce

131m

Ce

131

Ce

130.9144

132m

Ce

132

Ce

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

Spin π) (h/2π 3−

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.73

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.09

7/2+ 2−

7/2− 3/2+ (6) (2−) 2− 0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121Ce 122Ce 123Ce 124Ce 125Ce 120

/3.43 /5.5 /4.1 /6.7 /6.6 /5.0 /7.26 /5.5

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

131.9115

ann.rad./ 7/2−

0+

2.8/

0+

11-122

ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.148) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

133m

Ce

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.6 h

β+, EC/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2+

132.9116

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

133.9090

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2−

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90714

>0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2−

1.0

136.90778

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

137.90599

>0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2−

138.90665 139.905435 140.908272

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β−/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2−

1.1

141.909241 142.912382

>1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β− β− β−/1.462

0+ 3/2-

0.43

144

143.913643

284.6 d

β−/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

144.91723

3.00 m

β−/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2−

146

145.9187

13.5 m

β−/1.04

0.7/90

0+

147

146.9225 147.9244

56. s 56. s

β−/3.29 β−/2.1

3.3/ 1.66/

0+

148.9283

5.2 s

β−/4.2

Ce

135m

Ce

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

0.185(2)

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

0.251(2)

139m

139

Ce Ce 141Ce

88.450(51)

142

11.114(51)

140

Ce Ce

143

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce Ce

148

149

Ce

1.3/

0.8/

0.436/69 0.581/31

1.404/ 1.110/47

11-123

TeamLRN

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068

133

Ce

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

9/2−

1/2+

1.06

Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472 Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0

Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES

Elem. or Isot. 150

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Ce Ce 152Ce

149.9302 150.9340 151.9366

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

153

152.9406 153.943 154.947 155.951 156.956

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

151

Ce Ce 155Ce 156Ce 157Ce 154

Pr

59

121

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

126

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/≈10.4

127

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /≈7.5

128

127.9288

3.0 s

β+, EC/≈9.3

129

128.9249

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

130

Pr Pr 131Pr

129.9234

β+, EC/8.1

130.9201

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

132

131.9191

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

≈ 11. m

β+, EC/

Pr

131m

Pr

133m

Pr

133

Pr

132.9162

134m

Pr

0.6 s

β+, EC/5.3

≈5.5

5/2+

134

133.9157

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

134.9131

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

135.91265

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

Pr

Pr

Pr

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray

β+, EC/12. β+

Pr

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

140.90765(2)

1.2 s ≈ 3.3 s

Pr

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

120.955 121.952 122.946 123.943 124.9378

Pr

Spin (h/2π)

β−/3.0 β−/5.3 β−/4.4

Pr Pr 123Pr 124Pr 125Pr 122

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2+

11-124

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

137

Pr

Atomic Mass or Weight

136.91068

138m

Pr

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7−

138

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

138.90893

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

139.90907

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β− /2.162 EC/0.744 β− /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β− /

c.e./ 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

0−

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2−

Pr

Pr

Pr

141

Pr Pr 142Pr

100.

140.907648

142m

143

Pr Pr

141.910041

−0.08

7/2+ 3−

+2.70

+0.8

144

143.913301

17.28 m

β− /2.998

145

144.91451

5.98 h

β− /1.81

146

145.9176

24.2 m

β− /4.2

147

146.91898

13.4 m

β− /2.69

2.0 m

β− /

4.0/ 3.8/

(4)

4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

1−

Pr

Pr

Pr

148m

Pr

148

147.9222

2.27 m

β− /4.9

149

148.92379

2.3 m

β− /3.40

150

149.9270

6.2 s

β− /5.7

Pr Pr

Pr

Pr

150.9283

22.4 s

3/2+

(5/2+)

1− ≈5.5

151

7/2+

β− /4.2

11-125

TeamLRN

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

13.57 d 7.2 m

Pr

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5/2+ 5− 2−

142.910813

144m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+0.030

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

152

151.9319

3.2 s

β− /6.7

153

Pr Pr 155Pr 156Pr 157Pr

152.9339 153.9381 154.9400 155.944 156.947

4.3 s 2.3 s

β− /5.5 β− /7.9

158

157.952 158.955

Pr

154

Pr Pr

159

Nd

60

0.6 s

β +, p

125.943 126.941 127.935 128.933

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

129.929 130.9271

28. s 0.5 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

132

131.9231

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

133

132.9222

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

133.9187

≈ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

135

134.9182

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

136

135.9150

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

Nd Nd 127Nd 128Nd 129Nd 130

Nd Nd

131

Nd Nd Nd

135m

Nd Nd

Nd

Spin π) (h/2π

137m

Nd

(5/2)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(−)

0+

9/2−

1.04/

138

137.9119

5.1 h

EC/1.1

5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2−

1.77/

3/2+

Nd

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

−0.63

0+

139

138.91192

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

139.90931

3.37 d

EC /0.22

Nd

+2.0

11/2−

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

139m

−0.78

0+

38. m

Nd

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0726 0.164 0.285

136.9146

Nd

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

4+

137

Nd

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

144.24(3)

125 126

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

11-126

0.91

+0.3

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

141m

Nd

141

Nd

142

140.909605

Nd Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 147Nd

27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3)

148

5.7(1)

143

141.907719 142.909810 143.910083 144.912569 145.913113 146.916096

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.04 m

IT/99+/0.756

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

2.1 × 1015 y

α

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2− 0.802/

1.83

3/2+

1.01

+0.3

−1.07

−0.60

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 5/2−

−0.66

−0.31

0.58

0.9

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0+ 5/2−

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.06–1.6)

10.98 d

β− /0.896

0.805/

147.916889 148.920145

1.73 h

β− /1.691

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

149.920887 150.923825

≈1 × 1019 y 12.4 m

β −β − β− /2.442

152

151.92468

11.4 m

β− /1.1

153

152.9280 153.9296

28.9 s 25.9 s

β− /3.6 β− /2.8

154.9334 155.9355 156.9393 157.942 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s

β− /5.0 β− /4.1

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

Pm Pm 130Pm

127.948 128.943 129.940

1.0 s

β +, p

Ann.rad.

2.5 s

β+, EC/11.

131

130.936

≈ 6.3 s

β+

132

Pm Pm 134Pm

131.934 132.930 133.9282

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/≈ 7.0 β+, EC/≈ 8.9

135

134.9247 135.9235

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2− (3+)

136.9206

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2−)

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775

Nd Nd

149

150

Nd Nd

151

Nd

Nd Nd

154

155

Nd Nd 157Nd 158Nd 159Nd 160Nd 161Nd 156

5.6(2)

1.2/

0+ (3/2+)

0+

Pm

61

128 129

Pm

133

Pm Pm

136

137

Pm

11-127

TeamLRN

(5+)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

138m

Pm

138

Pm Pm 139Pm

137.9193

139m

138.91678

140m

Pm

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

3.2 m

β+ /50 /≈7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2−) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2−

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3.

140

139.91585

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

140.91359

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

142

141.91295

40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

142.910928

265. d

5/2+

3.8

144

143.912586

360. d

EC/1.041 β+ /<6 × 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10-6/

5−

1.7

145

144.912745

17.7 y

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

146

145.914693

5.53 y

EC/63 /1.472 β− /37 /1.542

0.795/

2.623 y

β− /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.7

41.3 d

β− /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6−

1.8

1−

+2.0

3.3

Pm

Pm

Pm

Pm Pm

Pm Pm

147

Pm

146.915134

148m

Pm

3−

148

147.91747

5.37 d

β− /2.47

149

148.918330

2.212 d

β− /1.071

0.78/9 1.072/90

7/2+

150

149.92098

2.68 h

β− /3.45

1.6/ 2.3/ 1.8/

(1−)

151

150.92120

1.183 d

β− /1.187

0.84/

5/2+

15. m 7.5 m

β−, I.T./ β− /

Pm

Pm

Pm

Pm

152m2

Pm Pm

152m1

(>6) (4−)

11-128

+1.8

+0.2

1.9

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

152

151.9235

4.1 m

β− /3.5

153

152.92414

5.4 m

β− /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β− /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm Pm

154m

Pm

154

153.9266

1.7 m

β− /4.1

155

Pm Pm 157Pm 158Pm 159Pm 160Pm 161Pm 162Pm 163Pm

154.9280 155.93106 156.9332 157.9367 158.939 159.943 160.946 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β− β− β− β−

Sm

150.36(3)

Pm

156

62

Sm Sm 131Sm 132Sm 133Sm

134

Sm Sm 136Sm 137Sm 138Sm 135

≈ 0.55 s

β +, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/≈8.4

133.934 134.932 135.9283 136.9271 137.9235

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β +, β +, β +, β +, β +,

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

139m

Sm

ann.rad./ 5/2+

EC/5. EC/7. EC/4.5 EC/6.1 EC/3.9

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

(11/2−)

1.1

−0.53

4.7

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

4.1/

1/2+

140

139.9195

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2−

141m

Sm

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(5/2−)

138.9226

Sm

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1+

139

Sm

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(5/2−)

129.949 130.946 131.941 132.939

129 130

/3.2 /5.16 /4.6 /6.3

Spin π) (h/2π

11-129

TeamLRN

−0.83

+1.6

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

141

140.91847

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

1/2+

142

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

Sm

143m

Sm

1.10 m 8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911996 144.913407

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β− /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β− /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922206 154.924636

22.2 m

β− /1.627

1.52

156

155.92553

9.4 h

β− /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

156.9283

8.0 m

β− /2.7

2.4/

3/2−

158

157.9299

5.5 m

β− /2.0

0+

159

158.9332 159.9353 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ≈4.8 s

β− /3.8 β− /3.6

0+

0.9 ms ≈26. ms

p β +, p

0.5 s 1.5 s ≈ 3.2 s ≈ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s

EC, β+ EC, β+ /≈8.7

Sm

144

Sm Sm

3.07{7)

145

146

Sm Sm 148Sm 149Sm 150Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm 147

154

Sm Sm

155

Sm

Sm

Sm

Sm Sm 161Sm 162Sm 163Sm 164Sm 165Sm 160

Eu

63

14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16)

22.75(29)

145.913038 146.914894 147.914818 148.917180 149.917272 150.919929 151.919729 152.922094

−0.74

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2−

−1.12

−0.60

−0.815

−0.26

−0.672

+0.075

−0.363

+0.7

0.02154

−0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264

0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 5/2− 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2−

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

151.964(1)

130

Eu Eu 132Eu 133Eu 134Eu 135Eu 136mEu 136Eu 137Eu 138Eu 139Eu 140mEu

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2−

142.914624

143

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

131

131.954 132.949 133.946 134.942 135.940 136.935 137.9335 138.9298

1.027/ p/0.95

EC, β+ /10. EC/≈7.5 EC, β+ /≈9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+

11-130

7+ 1+ 11/2− 7+

5 6

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

140

Eu Eu

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.9285

1.51 s 3.0 s

140.9244

40. s

141m

141

Eu

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

142m

Eu

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1− 11/2−

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8−

+2.98

+1.4

β− /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

141.9231

2.4 s

143

142.92017

2.62 m

144

143.91879

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

144.916263

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

145.91720

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4−

+1.42

−0.18

147

146.916742

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

147.91815

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5−

+2.34

+0.35

149

148.91792

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5−

+2.71

+1.13

12.8 h

β− /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

+3.472

+0.90

152m2

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

152m1

9.30 h

β− /72 / EC/28 /

Eu Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

150m

Eu

151

Eu Eu Eu

47.81(6)

0.92

1.013/ 1.24/

150.919846

0−

5/2+ 8− 1.85/ 0.89/

11-131

TeamLRN

0−

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113 0.19725 0.6776 Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770 0.3275 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

Atomic Mass or Weight 151.921741

52.19(6)

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β− /28 /1.818

46.1 m

I.T./≈ 0.16

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3−

−1.941

+2.71

5/2+ 8−

+1.533

+2.41

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

3−

−2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

0.69/ 1.47/

152.921227

154m

Spin π) (h/2π

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

154

153.922976

8.59 y

β− /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

154.922890

4.76 y

β− /0.252

156

155.92475

15.2 d

β− /2.451

157

156.92542

15.13 h

β− /1.36

158

157.9278

45.9 m

β− /3.5

2.5/

(1−)

+1.44

+0.7

159

158.92909

18.1 m

β− /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

160

159.9315

38. s

β− /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0−)

161

Eu Eu 163Eu 164Eu 165Eu 166Eu 167Eu

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

27. s 11. s

β− /3.7 β− /5.6

Gd

157.25(3) 1.1 s

β+

(0.163–0.360)

7. s ≈4.7 s ≈4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m

EC, β+ /≈8.8 EC, β+

ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

162

64

135

Gd Gd 137Gd 138Gd 139mGd 139Gd 140Gd 141mGd 141Gd 142Gd 136

135.947 136.945 137.9400 138.9381 139.934 140.9322 141.9276

EC, β+ /≈7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2

11-132

0+ 11/2− 0+ 1/2+

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

143m

Gd

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

11/2−

1/2+

142.9266

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

143.9234

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

Gd

145m

Gd

Spin π) (h/2π

1.84 m

143

Gd

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.3/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+

11/2−

145

144.92169

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

145.91831

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

146.919090

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2−

1.0

148

147.918111 148.919339

75. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2−

0.9

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

149.91866 150.920345

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2−

0.8

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

151.919789 152.921747

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2−

0.4

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2−

Gd

Gd

Gd

Gd Gd

149

150

Gd Gd

151

152

Gd Gd

0.20(1)

153

154

Gd Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 159Gd

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7)

160

21.86(19)

155

Gd Gd

161

153.920862 154.922619 155.922120 156.923957 157.924101 158.926385

18.6 h

β− 0.971

159.927051 160.929666

>1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β− β− β− /1.956

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12 1.56/85

11-133

TeamLRN

0+ 5/2−

−0.259

+1.30

−0.340

+1.36

−0.44

Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

162

161.930981

8.4 m

β− /1.39

163

162.9340

1.13 m

β− /3.1

164

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s

β− /2.3 β−

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 166Gd 167Gd 168Gd 169Gd 165

Tb

65

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

158.92534(2)

138

Tb Tb

139

138.948

1.6 s

140

139.946

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

141

Tb Tb 142Tb 143Tb 144mTb 144Tb 145mTb

140.941

3.5 s 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β +, β +, β +, β +, IT β +, β +,

145

144.9287 23. s

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

1/2+ (5−)

≈ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2−

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

1.00 h

β+, EC/5.69

2−

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2−

Tb

142m

Tb Tb

141.939 142.9346 143.9324

146m

146

Tb Tb

145.9270

147m

147

Tb

146.92404

148m

Tb

148

Tb

149m

Tb

147.92422

0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

EC/≈ 8.3 EC/ EC/10. EC/7.4 EC/8.4 EC/≈ 6.6

11-134

4− 0+ 11/2− 5− 1+ 11/2−

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

−1.75

−0.3

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 149

Tb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 148.923243

150m

Tb

150

Tb

149.92366

151m

Tb

151

Tb

150.923099

152m

Tb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

β+, EC/4.66

2−

−0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2−

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

152.923433

2.34 d

154m2

154m1

Tb

1.8/ 3.97/

0.70/

17.5 h

Tb

1/2+

−0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7−)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3−)

1.7

+3.

+2.01

+1.41

≈1.7

+2.

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

155

154.92350

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

156m2

1.02 d

I.T./

(7−)

156m1

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3−

Tb Tb

156

Tb

155.924744

+0.92

2−

2.5/ 2.8/

153.92469

Tb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(8+)

154

Tb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +1.35

151.92407

Tb

Spin π) (h/2π 1/2+

152

Tb

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.86/ 2.45

11-135

TeamLRN

0−

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0−

157.925410

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β− /20 /0.937

158.925343 159.927164

72.3 d

β− /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

161

160.927566

6.91 d

β− /0.593

162

161.92948

7.6 m

163

162.930644

164

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+2.01

+1.4

3−

+1.76

+2.7

3/2+ 3−

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

2.2

+1.2

β− /2.51

1.4

(1/2−)

19.5 m

β− /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

163.9334

3.0 m

β− /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

164.9349

2.1 m

β− /3.0

166

165.9380 166.9401

≈ 21 s 19 s

β −/

Tb Tb 170Tb 171Tb

167.9436 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

Dy

162.50(3)

157

Tb

156.924021

158m

Tb

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb Tb

167

168 169

66

100.

139

Dy Dy 141Dy 142Dy 143Dy 144Dy 145mDy 146mDy 146Dy 147mDy 140

139.954 140.951 141.946 142.9440 143.9391 144.9365 145.9325

3/2+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

0.6 s

β +, p

0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /≈ 8.8 EC, β+ /≈ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

11-136

11/2− 10+ (11/2−)

−0.66

+0.7

Dy k x-ray 0.072

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

147

146.9309

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

147.92710

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

148.92734

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

(7/2−)

150

149.92558

7.18 m

0+

151

150.926181

17. m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / 4.233/ β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 / 4.067/

152

151.92472

2.37 h

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /

0+

Dy

Dy

Dy

Dy Dy

Dy

153

Dy

152.925763

154

Dy Dy

155

156

Dy Dy

0.056(3)

157

158

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

159

160

Dy Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy 161

2.39(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

6.3 h

1/2+

1.2/

3.63/ 0.89/

0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

−0.62

−0.95

−0.30

(7/2−)

−0.78

≈−0.15

0+ 3/2−

−0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

7/2−

3.46/

153.92442 154.92575

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

155.92428 156.92546

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2−

−0.301

+1.30

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

157.924405 158.925736

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2−

−0.354

+1.37

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

−0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

2.87/ 0.845/

159.925194 160.926930 161.926795 162.928728 163.929171 1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β− /2 /

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2− 0+ 1/2−

2.33 h

β− /1.286

1.29/

7/2+

166

165.932803

3.400 d

β− /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

166.9357

6.2 m

β− /≈2.35

1.78

(1/2−)

Dy

−0.92

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.12

164.931700

Dy

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

165

Dy

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

11-137

TeamLRN

−0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

168

167.9372

8.5 m

β− /1.6

169

168.9403 169.9427 170.9465 171.949 172.953

≈ 39. s

β− /3.2

6 ms 8 µs 4.2 ms 0.4 s

p/ p/ β +, p EC/β+, p

0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

β +, β+ β +, β +, β +, β +,

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2−

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

1/2+ (9+)

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

4.387/

Dy

Dy Dy 171Dy 172Dy 173Dy 170

Ho

67

141m

141.960 142.955 143.952 144.947 145.9440 146.9396 147.9372

149m

Ho

149

Ho Ho

148.93379

150m

150

Ho

149.9326

151m

Ho

151

Ho

150.93169

152m

Ho

152

Ho

153m

Ho

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

164.93032(2)

140

Ho Ho 141Ho 142Ho 143Ho 144Ho 145Ho 146Ho 147Ho 148mHo 148Ho

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

35.2 s

50. s

151.93166

2.4 m

9.3 m

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71 0.307

EC/12 EC/10.7 EC/8.2 EC/ EC/9.4

(10+) 11/2− 4− 1+

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/ 4.01/

11-138

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

(9+)

+5.9

−1.

(3+)

−1.02

+0.1

5/2

+1.19

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

153

Ho

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

152.93020

154m

Ho

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/ 3.91/

11/2−

+6.8

−1.1

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

−1.0

154

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1−

−0.64

+0.2

155

154.92908

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2−

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

+4.28

+3.2

Ho

Ho

156m

Ho

1.8/ 2.9/

156

155.9290

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

156.92819

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

158m2

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2−

158m1

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

8.3 s

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2−

Ho

Ho

Ho

Ho

158

Ho

157.92895

159m

Ho

159

Ho

158.927708

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

11-139

TeamLRN

5+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2)

160m2

Ho Ho

3. s 5.0 h

160m

160

Ho

7/2−

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6−

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+)

162.928730

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2− (6−)

+4.23

+3.6

163.930231

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β− /42 /0.963

1+

1.2 × 103 y

β− /

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 −3.

161.929092

163m

Ho

164m

164

Ho

165

Ho Ho

100.

+4.0

EC/0.859

Ho

Ho Ho

+3.71

2.48 h

162m

163

5+

IT/0.211

160.927852

Ho

+1.8

6.8 s

Ho

162

+2.52

β+, EC/3.29

161m

Ho

1+ 2−

25.6 m

159.92873

161

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

0.57/

164.930319

166m

7/2− 7−

166

165.932281

1.117 d

β− /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0−

167

166.933127

3.1 h

β− /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15

(7/2−)

167.93550

2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β− /2.91

2.0/

3+

Ho

Ho

168m

Ho Ho

168

11-140

0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34)

169

Ho

168.93687

170m

Ho

4.7 m

β− /2.12

1.2/ 2.0/

43. s

β− /

1+

6+

170

169.93962

2.8 m

β− /3.87

171

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β− / β− /

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /≈ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

Ho

Ho Ho

172

173

Ho Ho 175Ho 174

Er

68

144

148.9425 149.9370

0.9 s ≈ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

151

150.9373 151.93500

23. s 10.2 s

153

152.93509

37.1 s

154

153.93278

3.7 m

Er Er Er Er

Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

167.259(3) 143.961 144.957 145.952 146.9494 147.9444

152

11/2− 1/2+ 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/

−0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

−0.669

−0.27

−0.412

+0.92

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320

0+

5.3 m

156

155.9308

20. m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

157

156.9319

25. m

β+, EC/3.5

3/2−

Er

−0.934

4.166/

154.93321

Er

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/2− 0+

155

Er

0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387

172.947 173.951 174.954

Er Er 146Er 147Er 148Er 149mEr 149Er 150Er 145

(7/2−)

11-141

TeamLRN

(7/2−)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

158

157.93087

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

159

158.930681

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2−

160

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

161

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

161.928775 162.93003

1.25 h

EC/1.210

10.36 h

EC/0.376

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/2− 0+ 1/2− 7/2+ 0+ 1/2−

+0.485

0+ 5/2−

0.66

Er

Er

Er Er

162

Er Er

0.139(5)

163

164

Er Er 166Er 167mEr

1.601(3)

167

Er Er 169Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

170

14.910(36)

165

33.503(36)

163.929197 164.930723 165.930290

166.932046 167.932368 168.934588

9.40 d

β− /0.351

169.935461 170.938026

7.52 h

β− /1.491

172

171.939352

2.05 d

β−/0.891

173

172.9424

1.4 m

β− /2.6

174

173.9441

3.1 m

β− /1.8

175

174.9479 175.9503 176.954

1.2 m

β−

≈3.5 µs

p

0.21 s

β +, p

168

Er Er

171

Er

Er

Er

Er Er 177Er 176

Tm

69

145

Tm

146m

Tm

0.74/

0.35/≈ 100

0+

11-142

1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74)

+1.17

3/2−

−0.37

+1.36

0+ 5/2−

+0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

(7/2−)

1.73/91 1.4/9 p/1.118 1.01/ 0.89/

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.304

0.28/48 0.36/46

168.93421(2)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Er k x-ray 0.2078 −0.5639

+3.57 Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 146

Tm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 145.967

147m

Tm Tm

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.06 s

147

146.961

0.4 ms 0.56 s

148m

147.9573

0.7 s

148.9524 149.9494 150.9454

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

Tm Tm 149Tm 150Tm 151Tm 152mTm 152Tm 153Tm

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+/14. p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.119/ 0.94/ p/1.115 ≈ 10.7 1.052/

β +, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

ann.rad./

148

151.9443 152.94203

154m

Tm

3.3 s

154

153.9407

8.1 s

155

154.93919

30. s

Tm Tm

156m

Tm Tm

156

155.9389

19. s 1.40 m

β+, EC/≈9.2 β+, EC/≈11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

11/2− 6−

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./

9+ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.23/

2.6 3.97/

4.46/ 2−

+0.40

1/2

+0.48

−0.5

157

156.9367

3.6 m

β+, EC/4.5 α/

158

157.9379

4.0 m

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2−)

+0.04

+0.7

159

158.9348

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

160

159.9354

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1−

+0.16

+0.58

161

160.9334

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

+2.40

+2.9

Tm

Tm

Tm

160m

Tm Tm

Tm

11-143

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

162m

Tm

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

162

161.93394

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1−

+0.07

163

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

1/2+

−0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6−

Tm

Tm

164m

Tm

164

163.93345

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

165

164.932433

1.253 d

166

165.93355

167

168

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.69

1+

+2.38

EC/1.593

1/2+

−0.139

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

166.932849

9.24 d

EC/0.748

1/2+

−0.197

167.934171

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

168.934211 169.935798

128.6 d

1/2+ 1−

−0.232 +0.247

−1.2 +0.74

171

170.936426

1.92 y

β− /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β− /0.096

1/2+

−0.230

172

171.93840

2.65 d

β− /1.88

173

172.93960

8.2 h

β− /1.298

0.80/21 0.86/71

1/2+

174

173.94216

5.4 m

β− /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4−)

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

169

Tm Tm

170

Tm Tm

Tm

Tm

100

2.94/

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

11-144

2−

+0.71

+2.14

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75)m Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

175

174.94383

15.2 m

β− /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

175.9471

1.9 m

β−/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

177

Tm Tm 179Tm

176.9490 177.9526 178.9553

1.4 m

β−

Yb

173.04(3)

0.7 s

β +, p

1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

Tm

Tm

178

70

148

Yb Yb 150Yb 151Yb 152Yb 153Yb 154Yb 149

155

Yb

156

Yb

157

Yb

147.967 148.963 149.958 150.9545 151.9502 152.9492 153.9455 154.9456 155.94277 156.9427

1.7 s 26. s 39. s

ann.rad./ −0.8 0+

ann.rad./ −0.64

4.69/

158.9402

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

160

159.9376

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

161

160.9375

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2−

162

161.9358

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

163

162.9363

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

Yb

ann.rad./

4.69/

159

Yb

−1.

5.19/

β+, EC/1.9

Yb

0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

5.32/

1.5 m

Yb

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.647

157.93986

Yb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

p/2.5–6.4/

158

Yb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

1.4/

11-145

TeamLRN

3/2−

−0.37

−.022

−0.33

+1.03

−0.37

+1.24

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

164

163.9345

1.26 h

EC/1.0

165

164.93540

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

166

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

167

166.934947

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2−

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β− /0.470

0+ 1/2− 0+ 5/2− 0+ 7/2−

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

(8−)

1026 y 6.41 s

β −β − I.T./0.3315

0+ 1/2−

Yb

Yb

Yb

Yb

168

Yb Yb

0.13(1)

169

Yb

170

Yb Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 175Yb 171

168.935187

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934759 170.936323 171.936378 172.938207 173.938858 174.941273

176m

Yb

176

Yb Yb

12.76(41)

175.942569

177m

1.58/

(5/2−)

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2−

176.945257

1.9 h

β− /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

177.94664

1.23 h

β− /0.65

0.25/

0+

179

178.9499 179.9523 180.9561

8. m 2. m

β− /2.4 β−

≈0.03 ms 49. ms 16 µs

p/1.295 p p/1.31

Yb

Yb Yb 181Yb 180

Lu

71

Lu Lu 151mLu 150

149.973

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

−0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 −0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

174.967(1)

150m

+0.48

0+

177

Yb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

167.933895

169m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

11-146

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 151

Lu Lu 153Lu 154Lu 155mLu 155Lu 152

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 150.967 151.963 152.959 153.9571

p/1.231

154.9542

1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9529

0.20 s ≈ 0.5 s

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/

157m

Lu Lu

157

158

Lu

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.08 s 0.7 s

156m

Lu 156Lu

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

156.95010 157.94984

≈9.6 s 4.8 s 10.4 s

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

ann.rad./

ann.rad./ 5.00/ ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562

4.67/

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

160

159.94654

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

161

160.9432

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

162

161.9432

≈ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

163

162.9412

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

164

163.9412

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

165

164.9396

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

166m2

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

(0−)

166m1

1.4 m

β+, EC/58 / I.T./42 /0.0344

(3−)

Lu

162m

Lu Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.45/ 4.925/

158.9467

Lu

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.66/90 5.57/

159

Lu

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

4− 1−

11-147

TeamLRN

1/2+

ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

166

165.9398

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

167

166.9383

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/<0.8

5.5 m

β+ /6 /4.5 EC/94 /

2.7 m

I.T./0.0290

1.419 d

EC/2.293

0.7 s

I.T./0.0929

2.01 d

EC/3.46

1.31 m

I.T./0.0711

8.24 d

EC/1.479

3.7 m

I.T./0.0419

1−

Lu

Lu

168m

Lu

168

Lu

167.9387

169m

Lu

169

Lu

168.93765

170m

Lu

170

Lu

169.93847

171m

Lu

171

Lu

170.937910

172m

Lu

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(6−)

2.1/

7/2+

3+

1.2/

(6−)

1/2− 1.271/

7/2+

2.30

3.5

2.30

3.42

4−

2.44/

0+

1/2− 0.362/

7/2+

172

171.939082

6.64 d

EC/2.519

4−

2.90

3.80

173

172.938927

1.37 y

EC/0.671

7/2+

2.28

3.63

142. d

IT/99.3/ EC/0.7 / EC/1.374

6−

1.50

1−

1.9

Lu

Lu

174m

Lu

174

Lu

173.940334

3.3 y

0.17086

11-148

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1024 0.2281 0.3375 0.3679 Yb k x-ray 0.0297 0.2392 (0.03–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1988/190 0.8960/100 0.9792/128 0.018–2.65 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1114 0.1124 0.2286 0.3483 1.4836 Lu L x-ray 0.0290 Yb k x-ray 0.19121 0.9606 (0.08–2.1) Lu L x-ray 0.04449 0.0484 Yb k x-ray 0.58711 0.5908 1.28029 (0.1–3.38) Lu k x-ray 0.07119 Yb k x-ray 0.01939 0.66744 (0.02–1.3) Lu L x-rays 0.04186 Yb k x-ray 0.18156 1.09367 (0.07–2.2) Yb k x-ray 0.07860 0.27198 Lu k x-ray 0.067055 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 175

Lu Lu

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 97.41(2)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Lu

2.59(2)

175.942683

177m2

Lu Lu

177m

177

Lu

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

176.943755

178m

Lu

Spin π) (h/2π

+3.49 −1.47

β− /1.192

7−

+3.169

+4.92

6. m 160.7 d

β− IT/22/0.9702 β− /78

39/2− 23/2−

2.33

5.4

6.65 d

β− /0.498

7/2+

+2.239

+3.39

23.1 m

β− /

β− /1.315

3.73 × 1010 y

1.229/ 1.317/

0.497/

(9−)

177.945952

28.5 m

β−/2.099

2.03/

1+

179

178.94732

4.6 h

β− /1.405

1.35/

7/2+

180

179.9499

5.7 m

β− /3.1

1.49/

181

180.9518

3.5 m

β− /2.5

182

181.9552

2.0 m

β− /≈ 4.1

183

182.9576 183.9612

58. s 20 s

β− / β−

2. s 0.9 s 25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s

Lu Lu Lu

Lu

Lu Lu

184

Hf

72

(7/2+)

159.95063

≈ 12. s

161

160.9503 161.94720

17. s 38. s

163

162.9471

40. s

β+, EC/5.5

164

163.9536 164.9445

2.8 m 1.32 m

EC, β+/3.0 EC/4.6

159

Hf Hf Hf Hf

162

Hf

Hf Hf

165

Hf k x-ray 0.088372 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09–1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182

178.49(2)

160

Hf Hf 156Hf 157Hf 158Hf 155

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7/2+

EC, β+/≈ 6.7 EC, β+/8. α/ α/ EC/54 /5.1 α/46 / β+, EC/88 /6.9 α/12 / β+, EC/97 /4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+, EC/3.7

154

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+2.2327 +0.318

3.66 h

178

Lu

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

7/2+ 1−

174.940768

176m

176

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

153.964 154.963 155.9593 156.9581 157.9539 158.9538

5.6 s

0+ 5.27/ ann.rad./ 5.09/ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710 0.6882

4.60/

11/2−

11-149

TeamLRN

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

166

165.9423

6.8 m

EC/93 /2.3 β+ /7 /

167

166.9426

2.0 m

β+ /40 /4.0 EC/60 /

(5/2−)

168

167.9406

25.9 m

β+, EC/1.8

0+

169

168.9412

3.25 m

EC/85 /3.3 β+ /15 /

(5/2−)

170

169.9397

16.0 h

EC/1.1

0+

171

170.9405

30. s 12.2 h

EC, β+ /2.4

(1/2−) 7/2+

172

171.93946

1.87 y

EC/0.35

0+

173

172.9407

23.6 h

EC/1.6

1/2−

173.940042 174.941504

2.0 × 1015 y 71. d

EC/0.686

0+ 5/2−

177m2

51.4 m

I.T./2.740

0+ 37/2−

177m1

1.1 s

I.T./

23/2+

178m2

31. y

I.T./

7/2− 16+

178m1

4.0 s

I.T./

8−

Hf

Hf

Hf Hf

Hf

171m

Hf Hf

Hf

Hf

174

Hf Hf

0.16(1)

175

176

Hf Hf

5.26(7)

175.941403

Hf

177

Hf Hf

18.60(9)

176.943220

Hf

178

Hf

27.28(7)

177.943698

0+

11-150

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207

+0.53 −0.67

+3.46

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818–0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1–2.1)

−0.60

+2.7

Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340 Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851

+0.7935 +8.16

+0.337 +6.00

Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

179m2

25.1 d

I.T./1.1057

25/2−

179m1

18.7 s

I.T./0.375

1/2−

5.52 h

I.T./1.1416

9/2+ 8−

1.5 ms 42.4 d

/1.738 β− /1.027

0.408/

0+ 25/2− 1/2−

62. m

β− /54 /1.60 IT/46 /1.173

0.49/43 0.95/10

Hf

Hf

179

Hf Hf

13.62(2)

178.945815

180m

180

Hf Hf 181Hf

35.08(16)

179.946549

181m

180.949099

182m

Hf

8−

182

181.95055

9. × 106 y

β− /0.37

183

182.95353

1.07 h

β− /2.01

1.18/68 1.54/25

3/2−

184

183.95545

4.1 h

β− /1.34

0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46

0+

185

184.9588 185.9609

≈3.5 m ≈2.6 m

β− /

p/1.77 β+ /≈11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/

Hf Hf

Hf

Hf Hf

186

Ta

73

156

155.972

12 µs 0.11 s

157

156.968

10 ms

158

157.9664

37. ms

159

158.9629

0.6 s

160

159.9615

1.4 s

Ta Ta Ta Ta

161

Ta

162

Ta Ta 164Ta 163

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

7.4

−0.641 +9.

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

+3.79 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/54 0.48200/100 0.3459/20 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704 Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

180.9479(1)

155

Ta Ta

0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

160.9584 161.9564 162.9544 163.9536

2.9 s 4. s 10.6 s 14.2 s

β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6 EC/6.8 β+ /8.5 α/

1.02/≈100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

5.41/ ann.rad./ 5.15

3+ 4.62/

11-151

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

164.9508 165.9505

31. s 34. s

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

166.9486 167.9478

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

169

168.9459

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

170

169.9461

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

171

170.9445

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2−)

172

171.9447

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3−)

173

172.9446

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2−)

174

173.9442

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

175

174.9437

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

176

175.9447

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1−

177

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7−)

177.9458

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

+2.74

+0.65

178.94593

1.8 y >1.2 × 1015 y

EC/0.110

7/2+ (9−)

2.29 4.82

3.37

165

Ta Ta

166

167

Ta Ta

168

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

178m

Ta

178

Ta

179

Ta Ta

180m

0.012(2)

3+

11-152

1.70

−1.9

2.27

+3.7

2.25

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 –3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 –2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

180

Ta

181

Ta Ta

Atomic Mass or Weight 179.947466

99.988(2)

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 8.15 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/87 /0.854 β− /13 /0.708

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

7/2+ 10−

+2.370

181.950152

114.43 d

β− /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3−

+3.02

183

182.951373

5.1 d

β− /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

184

183.95401

8.7 h

β− /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5−)

185

184.95556

49. m

β− /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

185.9586

10.5 m

β− /3.9

2.2/

(3−)

187

186.9604 187.9637

157.974 158.972 159.9684 160.9671

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

161.9626

1.39 s

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 α/82 / β+, EC/54 α/46 / β+, EC/59 α/41 / β+, EC/97 α/3 / β+, EC/99 α/1 / β+, EC/99 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10−5/

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta Ta

188

W

74

W W 159W 160W 161W 162

W

163

162.9624

2.8 s

164

163.95890

6. s

W W

165

W

166

W

167

W W

168

169

W

+3.3

+2.6

Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5)

183.84(1)

158m 158

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340

182

Ta

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.61/3 0.71/10

180.947996

182m

Spin π) (h/2π

164.9583 165.95502 166.9547 167.9519

168.9518

5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s

1.3 m

5.92/

0+

/8.1 5.78/ /5.8

0+ 5.54/

/7.5 5.38/ /5.0

0+

ann.rad./

5.15/ /7.0

ann.rad./ 4.91/

/4.2

0+

ann.rad./

4.74/

4.40(1)

EC/5.4

11-153

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

170

169.9485

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

170.9494

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

171.9474

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

172.9489

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

173.9462

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

174.9468 175.9456

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

1/2− 0+

177

176.9466

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2−)

178

177.9459

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2−)

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

179.946706 180.94820

7.4 × 1016 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

181.948205

8.3 × 1018 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

1.9 × 1018 y 4.0 × 1018 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

1/2− 0+ 11/2+

74.8 d 6.5 × 1018 y 23.9 h

β− /0.433 α/ β− /1.311

W

W

W

W

W

W W

176

W

W W

179m

179

W

180

W W

0.12(1)

181

182

W W

26.50(16)

183m

183

W W 185mW 184

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

185

W W 187W 186

28.43(19)

182.950224 183.950932

184.953420 185.954362 186.957158

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081–1.18

11-154

3/2− 0+ 3/2−

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307

(7/2−)

0.433/99.9

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605 +0.1177848 W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536 0.62

Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

188

187.958487

69.78 d

β− /0.349

0.349/99

0+

189

188.9619

10.6 m

β− /2.5

1.4/ 2.5/

(3/2−)

189.9632

0.3 ms 30. m

β− /1.3

0.95/

0+

p/ α/ α/ p α/

1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66

W

W

190m

W W

190

Re

75

159.981

0.7 ms

161

160.978

14 ms

162

161.9757

0.10 s

163

162.9721

0.26 s

164

163.9704

0.9 s

165

164.9671

2. s

166

165.9651

2.5 s

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

167.9616

4.4 s

Re Re Re Re Re Re

8.1 s

β +, α/ β +, α/ β +, α/ β +, α/ α, β +, α/ β +, α/ α

168.9588 169.9582

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

170.9555

15.2 s 55. s

EC/≈ 5.7 β+, EC/

167m

Re 167Re 168

Re

169m

Re

169

Re Re

170

171

Re Re

172m

EC/9.0

5.51/ EC/9.4 5.50/ EC/ EC/7.4 5.015/ EC/9.1 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

β+, EC/7.3

173

172.9531 173.9521

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/≈3.9 β+, EC/5.6

174.9514 175.9516

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

177

176.9503

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

178

177.9509

13.2 m

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

175

Re Re

176

Re

Re

Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

5.78/

15. s

Re Re

0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 (0.1262–1.466)

EC/87 /8.1

171.9553

174

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC/10.7

172

Re

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

186.207(1)

160

Re

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.1117

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2−)

3.3/

11-155

TeamLRN

(3)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

179

178.9500

19.7 m

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

180

179.95079

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1−

1.6

181

180.95006

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

Re

Re

Re

182m

Re

0.55/ 1.74/

182

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

183

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3−

+2.53

+2.8

+2.18

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

2.0 × 105 y 185.954986

3.718 d

β− /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1−

+1.739

+0.62

186.955751

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β− /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6−)

+3.2197

+2.07

+1.788

Re

Re

184m

Re

184

Re

185

Re Re

183.95252

37.40(2)

184.952955

186m

186

Re

187

Re Re

62.60(2)

188m

188

187.958112

17.00 h

β− /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1−

189

188.959228

24. h

β− /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

3.0 h

β− /51 / I.T./49 /

Re

Re

190m

Re

(6−)

11-156

+0.57

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4) Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

190

189.9618

3.0 m

β− /3.2

1.8/

191

190.96312 191.9660

9.7 m 16. s

β− /2.05 β− /4.2

1.8/ ≈ 2.5/

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 α/72 / β+, EC/76 α/24 / β+, EC/51 α/49 / β+, EC/89 α/13 /

6.60 6.51

Re

Re Re

192

Os

76

162

161.984 162.982 163.9779 164.9765 165.9718

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

167

166.9714

0.7 s

Os

168

167.96775

2.2 s

169

168.9671

3.3 s

170

169.96357

7.1 s

Os Os

Os

171

170.9630

8.4 s

172

171.9601

19. s

Os Os

173

172.9598

16. s

174

173.9563

44. s

Os Os

(2−)

/6.3

6.27/ 5.98/

0+

/8.2 /5.7 /7.7

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

0+ 5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/

176

175.9550

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

177

176.9551

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2−)

178

177.9534

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

179

178.9539

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

180

179.9524

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

Os

Os

ann. rad./

0+

11-157

TeamLRN

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

β+, EC/5.3

Os

0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051

ann.rad./

1.4 m

Os

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.84/

174.9570

Os

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(0.2–0.75)

175

Os

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

190.23(3)

Os Os 164Os 165Os 166Os 163

Spin π) (h/2π

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

181m

Os

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2−)

181

180.9532

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2−)

182

181.95219

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

1/2−

182.9531

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

183.952491 184.954043

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ 1/2−

2. × 1015 y

α/

Os

Os

183m

Os

183

Os

184

Os Os

0.02(1)

185

186

Os Os 188Os 189mOs

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

189

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

16.15(5)

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10−

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2−

15.4 d

β− /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961479 192.964148

30.5 h

β− /1.141

1.04/20

194

193.965179

6.0 y

β− /0.097

195

194.9681 195.96962

6.5 m 34.9 m

β− /2.0 β− /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

0.06 ms 0.3 ms

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.56 1.32

Os Os

185.953838 186.955748 187.955836

≈ 2.75/

0+ 1/2− 0+ 9/2−

187

188.958145

190m

190

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958445

191m

191

Os

190.960928

192m

Os

192

Os Os

193

Os Os Os

196

Ir

40.78(19)

0.140/100

164

Ir Ir

165

166m

Ir

164.9876

15 ms

−0.79

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+3.1

11-158

0+

0+

ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

+0.0646519 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.65993 −0.6

+0.86 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161

+2.5

9/2−

0+ 3/2−

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805

(10−)

192.217(3)

77

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+0.730

+0.47

Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

167

166.9817

35. ms

168

Ir Ir 169Ir 170Ir 171Ir 172Ir

167.9799 168.9764 169.9743 170.9718 171.9706

0.16 s 0.3 s 0.6 s 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

173

172.9677

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

174

173.9668

4. s

α/

5.478/

175

174.9641 175.9635

≈ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

177

176.9612

30. s

178

177.9601

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

166

Ir

165.9855

167m

Ir

Ir

30 ms

169m

Ir Ir Ir Ir

176

Ir Ir

≈ 11 ms

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

179

178.9592

4. m

EC/4.9

180

179.9593

1.5 m

EC/6.4

181

180.9576

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

182

181.9582

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

183

182.9568

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

184

183.9574

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

185

184.9566

14. h

Ir Ir Ir

Ir

Ir

Ir

Ir

186m

Ir

6.56 1.15 6.41/80 1.24/0.4 6.35/48 1.04/32

Spin π) (h/2π

5.118/ 5.011/

(7/2+)

5−

0.70

+2.41

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

(5/2−)

2.60

−2.1

1.7 h

EC /

(2−)

0.64

+1.46

3.9

−2.55

2.3/ 2.9/

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

187

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

11-159

TeamLRN

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

185.95795

Ir

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

6.11/84 6.00/50 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

186

Ir

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+0.94

0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

188

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

189

188.95872

13.2 d 3.09 h

Ir

Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

Ir

189.9606

191m

Ir

191

Ir

37.3(2)

Ir 192m1Ir

Ir

191.962602

193m

Ir

193

Ir Ir

62.7(2)

194

Ir

193.965075

195m

Ir

195

Ir

194.965976

196m

Ir

196

Ir

197m

Ir

195.96838

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.30

+0.48

EC/0.53

3/2+

0.13

+0.88

(11−)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

7+ (4+)

0.04

+2.8

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2−

+0.603

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

241. y 1.44 m

73.83 d

β− /1.460

(4−)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2− +0.75

β− /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

170. d

19.3 h

β−/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1−

+0.39

3.9 h

β− /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2−)

2.8 h

β− /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β −/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

52. s

β− /3.21

2.1/15 3.2/80

0−

8.9 m

β− / I.T./

192.962923

194m

Spin π) (h/2π

(2−)

1.13/ 1.64/

190.960591

192m2

192

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

(11/2−)

11-160

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294

+0.82

+0.34

Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 See Ir[197]

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

197

196.96964

5.8 m

β− /2.16

198

197.9723

8. s

β− /4.1

199

Ir

198.97378

Pt

195.078(2)

167.9880

0.3 ms 0.7 ms 2.0 ms

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.99/ 6.83

168.9864 169.9816

3. ms 14 ms

α α

6.55

172

Pt Pt 173Pt

170.9811 171.97730 172.9765

0.05 s 0.10 s 0.36 s

174

173.97281

0.89 s

α α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Ir

Ir

78

166

Pt Pt 168Pt 167

169

Pt Pt

170

171

Pt

175

Pt

176

Pt

174.9723

175.9690

2.5 s

6.3 s

1.5/ 2.0/

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

177

176.9685

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

178

177.9649

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

Pt

179

178.9653

33. s

180

179.9632

52. s

181

180.9632 181.9613

51. s 2.7 m

Pt Pt Pt Pt

182

183m

Pt

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

184

183.9599

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

Pt

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(3/2+)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62 0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0+

0+ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128

5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277

5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6

0.0908

0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 +0.43

+0.48 0+

(7/2−)

182.9617

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

6.040/

β+, EC/5.7 α/ 5.16/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0+ α/0.3 / 5.140/ β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

183

Pt

6.45 6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Spin π) (h/2π

+0.78

+0.50

11-161

TeamLRN

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1919 0.5484

185

184.9607

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

1/2− (9/2+)

186

185.95943

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

187

186.9607

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2

188

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

189

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

189.95993 190.961684

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

185m

Pt Pt

Pt

Pt

Pt

Pt

190

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

191

192

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

Pt Pt 195mPt 194

195

Pt Pt 197mPt 196

32.967(99)

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

197

Pt

198

Pt Pt

192.962984 193.962663

−0.41

−1.1

3/2−

−0.43

−1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2−)

−0.50

−0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

−0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

(1/2−) 0+ 13/2+

194.964774 195.964934

196.967323

7.163(55)

+3.7

191.961035

193m

193

+0.5 −0.75

+0.6095

0.51

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β− /3 /

19.9 h

β− /0.719

1/2−

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

197.967875

199m

1/2− 0+ 13/2+

199

198.970576

30.8 m

β− /1.70

200

199.97142

12.5 h

β− /≈0.66

0+

201

200.9745

2.5 m

β− /2.66

(5/2−)

Pt

Pt

Pt

0.90/18 1.14/14

11-162

(5/2−)

Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+0.60 −0.61

ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47)

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/4.9 0.49375/5.7 0.5430/14.8 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

202

Pt

Au

79

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

201.9757

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.62 ms

170

0.30 ms

Au

171

170.9918

1.0 ms

172

171.9901

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

173m

172.9864 173.9842 174.9817 175.9803

p/58 α/42 p/85 α/15 p/46 α/54 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

1.2 s

α/

178

Au Au 180Au

177.9760 178.9732 179.9724

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

181

180.9700

11.4 s

182

181.9686

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

183

182.9676

42. s

183.9675

48 s 21. s

Au Au

Au

184m

Au Au

184

185m

Au

185

Au

6.8 m

5.482/

+1.97

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0 α/8(10)−4/

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2−)

+2.17

−1.1

3−

−1.26

+3.1

4.3 m

185.9659

< 2. m 10.7 m

187

186.9646

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/2− 1/2+

+0.54

188

187.9651

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1−)

−0.07

186m

Au Au

187m

Au Au

Au

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

184.9657

186

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.47/ 7.01/ 1.44/100 7.00 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

176.9772

179

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.222 1.760 0.440

177

Au

Spin π) (h/2π

196.96655(2)

Au

Au Au 173Au 174Au 175Au 176Au

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.8 d

170m

Au

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

11-163

TeamLRN

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

ann.rad./ 0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

189

188.9642

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/2− 1/2+

+6.19 +0.49

190

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1−

−0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2−)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1−

−0.011

−0.23

189m

Au Au

Au

191m

Au

191

190.96365

3.2 h

EC/1.83

192

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2−

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1−

+0.076

−0.24

Au

Au

193m

Au

2.19/ 2.49/

193

192.96413

17.6 h

EC/1.07

194

193.96534

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2−

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12−

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β− /8 /0.686

8+ 2− 11/2−

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

+0.55

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12−)

+0.14575

2.30 d

2−

+0.5934

+0.64

3/2+

+0.2715

+0.51

12−

5.9

Au

Au

195m

Au

195

Au Au

194.965017

196m2

196m1

Au Au 197mAu 196

197

Au Au

195.966551

100.

196.966551

198m

198

197.968225

2.695 d

β− /1.372

199

198.968748

3.14 d

β− /0.453

18.7 h

β− /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

48.4 m

β− /2.24

Au Au

200m

Au

200

Au

1.49/

199.97072

0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

0.7/15 2.2/77

11-164

1−

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Au Au 203Au 204Au

200.97165 201.9738 202.97515 203.9783

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β− β− β− β−

205

Au

204.9796

31. s

β− /

Hg

200.59(2) ≈0.25 ms 0.9 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 0.13 s 0.26 s

α α α α α α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

201 202

80

172

Hg Hg 174Hg 175Hg 176Hg 177Hg 178Hg 173

174.9912 175.98733 176.9863 177.98248

179

178.9818

1.05 s

180

179.9783

2.6 s

Hg Hg

/1.28 /3.0 /2.14 /4.5

1.27/82 ≈ 1.9/

0+ 6.12/33 5.69/.03

181.9739

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

184

Hg

183.9719

Hg Hg

184.9720 185.9695

51. S 1.4 m

186.9698

1.7 m 2.4 m

β +, β +, α β +, β +,

187.9676

3.2 m

187m

Hg 187Hg

188

Hg

189m

Hg

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

β+, EC, IT, α/

Hg

186

30.9 s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

21.s

185m

185

9. S

8.6 m

(0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

6.29/

182

182.9744

3/2+ (1−) 3/2+ (2−)

(1/2−)

+0.507

0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 1/2−

+0.524

5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

EC/95/5.8 EC/3.3

13/2+

−1.02

+0.2

1/2− 0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2−

−1.04 −0.594

+0.5 −0.8

−1.06

+0.7

5.09/0.02 EC/ EC/4.9

β+, EC/2.3 α

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

β+ EC/74 /≈7.3 α/26 /

Hg

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

6.43/

3.6 s

183

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

6.74/94 6.58

180.9778

Hg

Spin π) (h/2π

7.35 7.21 7.07

181

Hg

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 4.61

EC/

13/2+

11-165

TeamLRN

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.0915 0.1265 0.1560 0.2362 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

189

188.9687

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2−

190

189.9663

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

Hg

Hg

191m

Hg

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

−0.6086

−0.8

13/2+

−1.07

+0.6

−0.62

−0.8

191

190.9671

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2−)

192

191.9653

5.0 h

EC/≈0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

−1.05843

+0.92

Hg

Hg

193m

Hg

193

192.96664

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2−

−0.6276

−0.7

194

193.96538

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

−1.04465

+1.1

194.96664

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2−

+0.541475

195.965814

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

−1.02768

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2−

+0.527374

42.7 m

I.T./0.532

0+ 13/2+

−1.014703

Hg

Hg Hg

195m

195

Hg

196

Hg Hg

0.15(1)

197m

197

Hg

198

Hg Hg

196.967195 9.97(20)

197.966752

199m

199

Hg Hg 201Hg 202Hg 203Hg

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

204

6.87(15)

200

Hg Hg

205

198.968262 199.968309 200.970285 201.970625 202.972857

46.61 d

β− /0.492

0.213/100

1/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 5/2−

203.973475 204.976056

5.2 m

β− /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2−

11-166

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798

+1.2

Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

+1.2

Hg k x-ray 0.15841

+0.505885 −0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

206

205.97750

8.2 m

β− /1.31

207

206.9825 207.9859

2.9 m 0.7 h

β− /4.8 β−

0.23 ms

p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

Hg

Hg Hg

208

Tl

81

Tl

177

176.9969

0.017 s

178

177.9952

0.25 s

Tl

Tl Tl

Tl Tl 182Tl

180.9869 181.9856

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α β+, EC/10.9

182.9826 183.9818

0.06 s 5. s 11. s

α β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

183m

Tl Tl 184Tl 183

185m

Tl

185

Tl Tl 186Tl

1.8 s 184.9791

186m

185.9776

187m

Tl Tl 188mTl

186.9762

188

187.9759

187

Tl

189m

Tl

189

Tl

190m

Tl

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

0.3 s 1.5 s

1.7 ms

181m 181

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.474

178.9917 179.9912

Tl

180

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(9/2+)

α α α α

179m

179

0.935/34 1.3/63

Spin (h/2π)

204.3833(2)

177m

Tl

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

188.9743

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 9/2− 1/2+

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.16/ (9/2−)

20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./≈0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

(9/2+) 1/2+ (7+)

+3.8 1.6

1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2−)

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2−)

+3.878

−2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

+0.495

+0.29

6.01

4.2/

11-167

TeamLRN

(7+)

−2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 See Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 190

Tl

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Tl

Tl Tl

+3.903

−2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

191.972

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2−)

+0.20

−0.33

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2−) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

−2.2

192.9706

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/≈0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

34. m

β+, EC/5.3

2−

0.140

−0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2−

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

+0.76

1.84 h

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

2−

+0.072

−0.18

0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2−

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

193.9711

195m

Tl

195

Tl

194.9697

196m

Tl

196

Tl

195.9705

197m

Tl

197

Tl

5.7/

190.9723

Tl

Tl

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(9/2+)

194m

194

5.2 m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β+, EC/(98)/

193m 193

β+, EC/7.0

Spin π) (h/2π

−0.33

192m

192

2.6 m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.25

Tl

Tl Tl

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

(2−)

189.9738

191m

191

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

196.96954

11-168

+1.58

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.3955 0.4282 0.6363 Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

198m

Tl

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

198

197.9405

5.3 h

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

199

198.9698

7.4 h

EC/1.4

200

199.97095

1.087 d

EC/2.46

201

200.97080

3.042 d

202

201.97209 202.972329 203.973848

Tl

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π 7+

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.64

2−

1/2−

+1.60

2−

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2−

0.06

3.78 y

β− /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2−

+1.622258 0.09

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12−

+1.638215

3.76 m

4.20 m

β− /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

206.97741 207.982004

4.77 m 3.053 m

β− /1.423 β− /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

209

208.98535

2.16 m

β−/3.98

1.8

(1/2+)

210

209.99006

1.30 m

β− /5.48

1.3/25 1.9/56

≈0.2 ms 5 ms 0.05 s 55 ms

α/ α/ α

7.25 7.07 6.90

Tl

Tl

Tl

Tl

203

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

204

205

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

Tl

205.976095

207m

Tl

207

Tl Tl

208

Tl

Tl

Pb

82

1.53/99.9

180

180.9967 181.99268

0− 11/2−

/100

207.2(1)

178

Pb Pb 181Pb 182Pb

0.763/97

204.974412

206m

206

1.07/ 1.44/

11-169

TeamLRN

(5+)

+1.88 +0.29

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12–1.33) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

183m

Pb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.42 s

α

6.70/82.7 6.86/1.9 6.57/4.3 6.78/11.0 6.63/ 6.41/ 6.29/56 6.49/44 6.48/

183

182.9919

0.54 s

α/

184

Pb Pb 185Pb

183.9882 184.9876

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/94 α α/

186

185.9835

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

Pb

185m

Pb

187m

Pb

187

Pb

188

Pb

186.9839

187.9811

15.2 s

β+, EC/ α/12

18.3 s

EC/7.2 α/7

6.08/

23. s

188.9809

51. s

190

189.9782

1.2 m

Pb

191m

Pb

EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/ EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/

2.2 m

β+, EC/

191

190.9782

1.3 m

β+, EC/5.5

192

191.9758

3.5 m

β+, EC/≈3.4 α/.006/

Pb Pb

193m

Pb

193

Pb Pb

194

192.9761 193.9740

195m

Pb

195

Pb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

(3/2−) 0+ 13/2+ 3/2−

−1.2 −1.1

0.205 0.269

(1/2−)

0.0674 0.2080 0.2755 0.2995 0.4487 0.7477 0.1930 0.3314 0.3435 0.3934 0.1850 0.7582

13/2+

0+ 5.98/<10 5.61/<0.1 5.58/ 0+ 5.58/

13/2+

−1.17

+0.085

−1.15

+0.19

0+ 5.11

β+, EC/

13/2+

≈ 2. m 11. m

EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.7 α β+ /(8)/ EC/(92)/

3/2 0+

≈ 15. m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

13/2+

5.8 m

15. m

194.976

Spin π) (h/2π

0+ 6.32/ 6.34/<100 6.01/<0.2 5.99/ 6.19/

189

Pb

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.64 13/2+

β+, EC/5.8

11-170

−1.132

+0.30

ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.1415 0.1512 0.9422 ann.rad./ 0.3871 0.6135 0.7122 ann.rad./ 0.9368 ann.rad./ 0.1675 0.6082 1.1954 ann.rad./ 0.3650 0.3922 ann.rad./ 0.2036 ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.3836 0.3942 0.8784 ann.rad./ 0.3836 0.3937 0.7776

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

196

Pb

Atomic Mass or Weight 195.9727

197m

Pb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+, EC/2.1

0+

43. m

EC/79/ β+ /2/ IT/19/0.3193

13/2+

−1.104

+0.38

−1.075

−0.08

−1.074

+0.08

196.9734

≈8. m

EC/97/3.6 β+ /3/

(3/2−)

198

197.9720

2.4 h

EC/1.4

0+

12.2 m

IT/93/0.4248 β+, EC/(7)/ EC/(99)/2.9 β+ /(1)/

13/2+

Pb

199m

Pb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

37. m

197

Pb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

199

198.9729

1.5 h

200

199.97182

21.5 h

EC/0.81

0+

1.02 m

I.T./0.6291

13/2+

9.33 h

EC/1.90

5/2−

+0.675

−0.009

3.53 h

IT/90/2.170 β+ /10/

9−

−0.228

+0.58

201.97214

5.3 × 104 y 6.2 s

EC/0.05 I.T./0.8252

0+ 13/2+

202.97338

2.163 d

EC/0.98

5/2−

+0.686

+0.10

1.13 h

I.T./2.185

9−

1.51 × 107 y

EC/0.0512

+0.712

+0.23

0.80 s

I.T./1.632

0+ 5/2− 0+ 13/2+

206.975880 207.976636 208.981075 209.984174

>2 × 1019 y 3.25 h 22.6 y

SF β− /0.644 β− /0.0635

1/2− 0+ 9/2+ 0+

210.988732

36.1 m

α β− /1.37

Pb

Pb

201m

Pb

201

Pb

200.97285

202m

Pb

202

Pb Pb

203m

203

Pb

204m

Pb

204

Pb Pb 206Pb 207mPb

1.4(1)

207

22.1(1) 52.4(1)

205

Pb Pb 209Pb 210Pb 208

211

Pb

24.1(1)

203.973028 204.974467 205.974449

5/2−

0.645/100 0.017/81 0.061/19 3.72 0.57/5 1.36/92

11-171

TeamLRN

(9/2+)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Tl k x-ray 0.2531 0.5021 Tl k x-ray 0.3079 0.3877 0.7743 (0.2–2.2) Tl k x-ray 0.3755 0.3858 0.7611 Tl k x-ray 0.1734 0.2903 0.3654 Pb k x-ray 0.4255 Tl k x-ray 0.3534 0.7202 1.1350 (0.22–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.14763 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 Tl k x-ray 0.33120 0.36131 (0.11–1.8) Pb k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.42219 0.78700 0.96271 Tl L x-ray Pb k x-ray 0.8203 0.8252 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.91175 Tl L x-ray Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310

+0.59258 −1.474

−0.3

−1.404

+0.09

0.40486 0.42700

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

212

211.991887

10.64 h

β− /0.574

213

212.9966 213.999797

10.2 m 26.9 m

β− /2.1 β− /1.0

Pb Pb Pb

214

215

Pb

Bi

83

0.04 ms

186

185.9965

10 ms

p/86 α/14 α

187

186.9935

≈ 8. ms 32. ms

α/12 α/7

188

187.9922

187m

Bi Bi

Bi Bi 189Bi 190Bi 189m

188.9895 189.9875

7.0 ms 0.68 s 5. s

190.9861

0.12 ms 12. s

191.9854

40. s

191m

Bi 191Bi 192

Bi

193m

Bi

193

Bi

194

Bi

0.28/83 0.57/12

0+

0.67/48 0.73/42

0+

3.2 s 192.9837 193.9828

1.11 m 1.8 m

α α α β+, EC/(10)/8.7 α/(90)/ α β+, EC/(60)/7.3 α/(40)/ β+, EC/(80)/9.0 α/(20)/ β+, EC/ α/ β+, EC/40/7.1 α/(60)/ β+, EC/99.9/8.2 α/0.1/

6.45/ 6.87 6.32/ 6.06/ 1/2+ 6.48/ 9/2+ 5.91/ (10−)

197

196.9789 197.9790

5. m 7.7 s 11.8 m

β+, EC/5.2 I.T./0.2485 β+, EC/6.6

1/2+ (10−) (7+)

198.9776

24.7 m 27. m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.3

9/2−

1.45 m 194.9811

198m

199m

Bi Bi

199

Bi k x-ray 0.24192 0.29509 0.35187

7.30

5. m

Bi Bi 198Bi

0.83186 (0.09–1.27) Bi k x-ray 0.23858

7.00/88.3 7.61/8.0 7.37/3.7

195.9806

Bi

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7.16 7.26

196

Bi

Bi

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.59

β+, EC/(94)/ α/(6)/ β+, EC/99.8/5.8 α/(0.2) EC/≈7.4

195m

195

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

208.98038(2) 184.9977

Bi

Spin π) (h/2π

36 s

185

Bi

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2.9 m

0.1661 0.1740 0.2802 0.421 0.5754 0.9650

6.11/ 3/2− 5.45/

11-172

0.1376 0.3720 0.6880 1.0486

4.6

0.2485 0.0900 0.1976 0.5624 1.0635 ann.rad./ 0.7203 0.8374 0.8417 0.9460

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

200m

Bi

200

Bi

199.9781

201m

Bi

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(2+)

36. m

EC/(90)/5.9 β+ /(10)/

7+

59.1 m

I.T./0.846 β+, EC/ EC/3.84

(1/2+) 9/2−

4.8

5+

+4.26

−0.72

9/2−

+4.02

−0.69

1.8 h

202

201.97768

1.72 h

β+ /(3)/5.16 EC/(97)/

203

202.97687

11.8 h

EC/99.8/3.25 β+ /(0.2)/

Bi

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β+, EC/

200.97697

Bi

Spin π) (h/2π

31. m

201

Bi

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.35/

204

203.97779

11.2 h

EC/4.44

6+

+4.32

−0.43

205

204.97737

15.31 d

EC/2.71

9/2−

+4.07

−0.59

206

205.97848

6.243 d

EC/3.76

6+

+4.36

−0.39

207

206.978456

31.55 y

EC/2.399

9/2−

4.08

−0.6

208

207.979727

3.68 × 105 y

EC/2.880

5+

4.63

−0.64

3.0 × 106 y

α/

9/2− 9−

+4.111 +2.73

−0.37 −0.47

1−

−0.0445

+0.136

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

209

Bi Bi

100.

208.980384

210m

4.420(3)/0.29 4.569(3)/3.9 4.584(3)/1.4 4.908(4)/39 4.946(3)/55 1.16/99

210

209.984105

5.01 d

β− /1.163

211

210.98726

2.14 m

α/(99.7)/ β− /(0.3)/0.58 β− / α/(93)/ β− /(7)/

Bi Bi

212m2

Bi Bi

212m1

7. m 25.0 m

6.279/16 6.623/84 6.300/40 6.340/53

11-173

TeamLRN

9/2− (15−) (9−)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0528 1.3056 (0.12–3.2) 0.2453 0.4198 0.4624 1.0265 ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.4198 0.4623 1.0265 Bi k x-ray 0.8464 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 0.9357 1.0138 (0.13–2.4) ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.57860 0.92734 (0.08–3.5) Pb k x-ray 0.1865 0.8203 0.8969 1.8475 (0.1–2.9) Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.98409 Pb k x-ray 0.70347 1.76435 Pb k x-ray 0.51619 0.80313 0.88100 Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310 Pb k x-ray 2.61435 Tl k x-ray 0.2661 0.3052 0.6502 0.2661 0.3.52 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 0.120 0.233 0.275

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

212

Bi

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

211.991271

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.009 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β− /(64)/2.254 α/(36)/

213

212.99437

45.6 m

β− /(98)/1.43 α/(2)/

214

213.99870

19.7 m

β− /3.27

215

215.0018

7.7 m

β− /2.3

216

216.0062

2.3 m

β−/4.0

97 s

β/

188

0.30 ms

α

189

5 ms

α

189.9951

2.4 ms 93. ms

α/ α

191

190.9947

22 ms

α/

192

191.9915 192.9911 193.9883

34. ms 0.24 s 0.45 s 0.39 s

α/8.5 α/ α/ α/

194.9881 195.9855

1.9 s 4.6 s 5.8 s

α/ α/ α/(95)/ β+, EC/(5)/≈4.6 α/(84)/ β+, EC/(16)/ α/(44)/ β+, EC/(56)/6.2 α/(70)/ β+, EC/(30)/4.0 β+, EC/(51)/ α/(39)/

Bi

Bi

Bi Bi

217

Bi

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(1−)

+0.32

+0.1

9/2−

+3.72

−0.60

6.051/25 6.090/9.6

1.02/31 1.42/66 5.549/0.16 5.869/2.0

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.404 0.727 Tl k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2881 0.72725 0.78551 1.62066 Po k x-ray 0.4404 (0.15–1.328) 1.10006 0.60931 1.12027 1.76449 (0.19–3.2) 0.2937 (0.27–0.835) 0.5498 0.4192

Po

84

Po Po

190

Po Po

191m

Po

Po Po 193Po 194Po 193m

195m

Po Po 196Po 195

197m

Po

25.8 s

197

196.9856

53. s

198

197.9834

1.76 m

Po Po

199m

Po

199

Po

4.2 m

198.985

5.2 m

β+, EC/(88)/7. α/(12)/

7.91 7.35 7.54 7.25 7.32 7.53 7.376/50 6.888/46 7.334/77 6.97/8 7.17 7.00 6.95 6.84/93 6.19/0.22 6.70/ 6.61/ 6.52/94 5.77/0.02 6.385(3)/55

0+

0+ 13/2+

6.282(4)/76

(3/2−)

6.18/57 5.27/7.6 × 10−4

0+ 13/2+

6.059/24

(3/2−) 5.952/7.5

11-174

0.99

ann.rad./ 0.2745 0.4998 1.0020 Bi k x-ray 0.1877 0.3616 1.0214 1.0344

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 200

Po

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 199.9817

201m

Po

201

Po

202

Po

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 11.5 m

8.9 m

200.9822

201.9807

203m

Po

15.3 m

45. m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/85/3.4 α/(15)/

β+, EC/98/4.9 α/(2)/

5.683(3)/1.1

β+, EC/98/2.8 α/(2)/

5.588/1.9

3.53 h

EC/2.34 α

1.7 h

β+, EC/3.53

206

205.98047

8.8 d

EC/(95)/1.85 α/(5)/

5/2−

208

207.981231

2.898 y

α/5.213

209

208.982415

102. y

α/4.976

210

209.982857

138.4 d

α/5.407

Po Po

+0.76

+0.17

+0.79

+0.28

0+

19/2−

EC, β+/2.91

+0.74

5.223/5.5

I.T./1.383

5.80 h

Po

5/2−

2.8 s

206.98158

Po

0+

0+

204.98117

207

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.377/0.66

205

Po

0.94

5/2−

203.98031

207m

3/2−

13/2+

204

Po

1.00

IT/96/0.6414 β−EC/(4)/ β+, EC/4.2

Po

13/2+

1.2 m

35. m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

5.786/≈3.

202.9814

Po

Spin π) (h/2π

5.863/11.1

β+, EC/(57)/ IT/40/0.418 α/(3)/

203

Po

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.233/0.0002 5.1158/100 4.624/0.56 4.879/99.2 4.516/0.001 5.304/100

11-175

TeamLRN

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.14748 0.32792 0.6176 0.6709 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2726 0.4123 0.4179 0.9670 Bi k x-ray 0.2056 0.2250 0.8483 0.9048 0.0410 0.1656 0.3158 0.6884 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.6414 0.17516 0.21477 0.89350 0.90863 1.09095 Bi k x-ray 0.2702 0.8844 1.0162 (0.11–1.9) Bi k x-ray 0.83681 0.84983 0.87241 1.00124 (0.12–2.7) Bi k x-ray 0.28644 0.31156 0.51134 0.80737 1.03228 (0.11–1.5) Po k x-ray 0.2682 0.30074 0.81448 Bi k x-ray 0.74263 0.91176 0.99225

0+ 1/2− 0+

≈+0.77

0.26049 0.8964 0.80313

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

25.2 s

α/

7.273/91 7.994/1.7 8.316/0.25 8.875/7.0

25/2+

0.516 s

α/7.594

9/2+

45. s

α/

211.988852 212.992843

0.298 µs 3.7 µs

α/8.953 α/8.537

214

213.995186

163.7 µs

α/7.833

215

214.999415

1.780 ms

α/7.526

216

216.001905

0.145 s

α/6.906

217

217.0064 218.008965

< 10. s 3.04 m

α/6.662 α/6.114

6.570/0.54 6.892/0.55 7.450/98.9 8.514/2.0 9.086/1.0 11.650/97 8.784/100 7.614/0.003 8.375/100 6.904/0.01 7.686/99.99 6.950/0.02 6.957/0.03 7.386/100 5.895/0.002 6.778/99.99 6.539/ 5.181/1.00

192.9998 193.9990

40 ms 40 ms 0.39 s 140 ms 8 µs 0.39 s 4. s 0.35 s

α/ α/ α α/

6.96 7.11

211m

Po

211

Po

210.986637

212m

Po

212

Po Po

213

Po Po

Po Po Po

218

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Pb k x-ray 0.32808 0.56915 0.89723 1.06310 0.56915 0.89723

16+

0+ 9/2+ 0+

0.7995 0.298

(9/2+)

0+

0+

At

85

193

At At 195mAt 195At 196mAt 196At 197mAt 197At 194

194.9965 195.9957 196.9939

198m

At

198

At 199At

1.5 s 197.9928 198.9910

200m

At

200

At

201

At

4.3 s 199.990

200.9885

202m

At At

202

203

At

204

At

5. s 7.1 s

201.9885

202.9868

203.9873

43. s

1.48 s ≤ 1.5 s 3.02 m

7.4 m

9.1 m

0.158 α/ α β+, EC/7.8 α/ β+, EC/(75)/ α/(25)/ α/ β+, EC/8/5.6 α/(92)/ β+, EC/(80) α/(20)/ β+, EC/65/≈8.0 α/(35)/ β+, EC/29/5.9 α/(71)/6.474 I.T./0.391 β+, EC/88/7.2 α/(12)/

7.05/ (1/2+) (9/2−) 6.96/ 6.85/86 6.75/94 9/2− 6.64/ 10− 6.536/12 5+ 6.412/44 6.465/57 9/2− 6.344/ 5+ 6.135/7.7 6.225/4.3

β+, EC/69/5.1 α/(31)/6.210

6.088/

β+, EC/95/6.5 α/(5)/

5.951/

9/2−

(5+)

11-176

ann.rad./ 0.4413 0.5697 0.6753 0.1458 0.2459 0.6414 1.0020 1.0340 Po k x-ray 0.3271 0.4254

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

205

At

206

At

207

At

208

At

209

At

210

At

211

At

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

204.98604

205.98660

206.98578

207.98657

208.98616

209.98713

210.987481

212m

At

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

26. m

29.4 m

1.81 h

1.63 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+, EC/90/4.54 α/(10)/6.020

5.902/

β+, EC/99/5.72 α/(1)/5.881

5.703/

β+, EC/90/3.91 α/(10)/5.873

5.758/

β+, EC/99/4.97 α/(1)/5.752

β+, EC/96/3.49 α/(4)/5.757

5.4 h

8.1 h

EC/99.8/3.98 α/(0.2)/5.632

7.21 h

EC/(58)/0.787 α/(42)/5.980

0.119 s

α/

212

211.990735

0.314 s

α/7.828

213

At At 214At 215At

212.992922 213.996357 214.99864

0.11 0.76 0.56 0.10

µs µs µs ms

α/9.254 α/8.762 α/8.987 α/8.178

216

216.002408

0.30 ms

α/7.947

217

217.00471

32. ms

α/7.202

218

218.00868

1.6 s

α/6.883

219

219.0113

50. s

α/6.390

At

214m

At

At

At

At

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

(9/2−)

5+

9/2−

(6+) 5.626/0.01 5.641/0.53

(6+) 5.647/4.1

5+ 5.361/0.05 5.442/0.05

9/2− 5.211/0.004 5.868/42 7.837/65 7.897/33 7.058/0.4 7.088/0.6 7.618/15 7.681/84 9.080/ 8.819/100 7.626/0.045 8.023/99.9 7.595/0.2 7.697/2.1 7.800/97 6.812/0.06 7.067/99.9 6.654/6 6.695/90 6.748/4 6.275/

11-177

TeamLRN

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5156 0.6837 Po k x-ray 0.1543 0.6696 0.7194 Po k x-ray 0.20186 0.39561 0.47716 0.70071 Po k x-ray 0.16801 0.58842 0.81448 Po k x-ray 0.1770 0.2060 0.6601 0.6852 0.8450 1.0281 Po k x-ray 0.10422 0.54503 0.78189 0.79020 (0.1–2.6) Po k x-ray 0.24535 0.52758 1.18143 1.43678 1.48335 (0.04–2.4) Po k x-ray 0.66956 0.6870 0.74263

(9−) (1−)

9/2− (9−) (1−) (9/2−)

0.40486

(1−)

(9/2−)

0.2595 0.3345 0.5940

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 220

At At 222At 223At 221

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 220.0153 221.0181 222.0223 223.0253

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.71 m 2.3 m 0.9 m 50. s

β− /3.7 β β β

5 ms 6 ms 4. ms 0.02 s 0.07 s 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.62 s 1.06 s

α α α/ α α/ α α α/ α/(98)/ EC/(2)/5. EC/(10)/ α/(90)/ α/(80)/ EC/(20)/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.24–0.70)

Rn

86

195m

Rn Rn 196Rn 197mRn 197Rn 198Rn 199mRn 199Rn 200Rn 195

195.9977 196.9983 197.9988 198.9983 199.9957

201m

Rn

3.8 s

7.56 7.54 7.46 7.36 7.26

6.901/

200.9955

7.0 s

202

201.9932

9.9 s

203

202.9948

28. s 45. s

204

203.9914

1.24 m

205

204.9917

2.8 m

206

205.9902

5.7 m

α/(68)/6.384 EC/(32)/3.3

207

206.9907

9.3 m

β+, EC/77/4.6 α/(23)/6.252

Rn

203m

Rn Rn Rn Rn

Rn

Rn

208

207.98963

24.3 m

209

208.99038

29. m

210

209.98968

2.4 h

Rn Rn

Rn

0.4329 0.5043

13/2+

201

Rn

(13/2+) 3/2− 0+

α/(12)/ EC/(88)/ α/ α/(66)/6.629 EC/(34)/≈7.4 α/(68)/ EC/(32)/3.8 α/(23)/6.390 EC/(77)/5.2

6.773/ 6.725/ α/6.778

(3/2−)

6.641/

0+

6.551 6.499/

13/2+ 0

6.420/

0+

6.123(3)/0.02 6.262(3)/23

(5/2−)

6.258(3)/

0+

5/2−

0.5695 0.2876–0.6255 −0.96

+1.3

+0.80

+0.06

+0.82

+0.22

+0.8388

+0.31

5.995(4)/0.02 6.068(3)/0.15 6.126(3)/22.8

α/(60)/6.260 EC/(40)/2.85 β+ /(83)/3.93 α/(17)/

5.469(2)/0.003 6.140(2)/60 2.16/2.3 5.887(3)/0.04 5.898(3)/0.02 6.039(2)/16.9

0+

α/(96)/6.157 EC/(4)/2.37

5.351(2)/0.005 6.039(2)/96

0+

11-178

5/2−

0.2652 0.3553 0.4648 0.6205 0.6753 0.7300 0.06170 0.0968 0.3245 0.3862 0.4822 0.4973 0.7728 At k x-ray 0.32947 0.34455 0.36767 0.40267 0.74723 (0.18–1.4)

At k x-ray 0.27933 0.33753 0.40841 0.68942 0.74594 (0.18–3.2) At k x-ray 0.19625

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

211

Rn

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

210.99059

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

14.6 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+, EC/74/2.89 α/(26)/5.964

212

211.990689

24. m

α/6.385

213

212.99387

20 ms

α/8.243

214

Rn Rn 216Rn 217Rn

213.99535 214.99873 216.00026 217.003915

0.27 µs 2.3 µs 45. µs 0.6 ms

α/9.209 α/8.840 α α/7.885

218

218.005586

35. ms

α/7.267

219

219.009475

3.96 s

α/6.946(1)

220

220.011384

55.6 s

α/6.404

221

221.0156

25. m

α/(22)/6.148 β− /(78)/1.2

222

222.017570

3.823 d

α/5.590

223

223.0218 224.0241

23. m 1.8 h

β− / β− /

225.0284 226.0309 227.0354 228.0381

4.5 m 7.4 m 2. s 65. s

β− β− β− β−

200.0065 201.0046 202.0033 203.0014 204.001

12 s ≈ 20 ms 0.05 s 0.34 s 0.55 s 2.1 s

α α α/ α/7.590 α/7.280 α/

3.9 s 0.7 s 16.0 s

α/7.050 α/ α/7.416

Rn Rn

215

Rn Rn

Rn Rn

Rn Rn Rn

224

225

Rn Rn 227Rn 228Rn 226

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1/2−

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.45824 0.57104 0.64868 (0.14–1.7) At k x-ray 0.16877 0.25022 0.37049 0.67412 0.67839 1.36298 (0.11–2.7)

+0.60

5.619(1)/0.7 5.784(1)/16.4 5.851(1)/8.8

5.587(4)/0.05 6.260(4)/99.95 7.552(8)/1.0 8.087(8)/98.2 7.254/0.8 9.037(9)/ 8.674(8)/ 7.500/0.1 7.742(4)/100 6.534(1)/0.16 7.133(1)/99.8 6.3130(5)/0.05 6.425(3)/7.5 6.5309(4)/0.12 6.5531(3)/12.2 6.8193(3)/81 5.7486(5)/0.07 6.2883(1)/99.9 5.778(3)/1.8 5.788(3)/2.2 6.037(3)/18

4.987(1)/0.08 5.4897(3)/99.9

0+ 9/2+

0.540

0+ (9/2+) 9/2+ 0+ (5/2+)

−0.44

+0.93

−0.020

−0.38

−0.78

+0.80

0.6093 0.6653 Po k x-ray 0.13057 0.27113 0.40170 (0.1–1.05)

0+ 7/2+

0+

0+

/ / / /

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7/2

Fr L x-ray 0.07384 0.08323 0.0610 0.18639 0.510

0.1085 0.2601 0.2655 −0.70

+0.84

Fr

87

199

Fr Fr 201Fr 202Fr 203Fr 204Fr 200

205

Fr Fr 206Fr

204.9987

206m

205.9985

7.66 7.47 7.36/ 7.237(8)/100 7.132(5)/ 7.03/96 6.97/90 7.01/74 6.914(5)/ 6.93 6.792(5)/84

11-179

TeamLRN

(9/2−) (9/2−)

(9/2−) 0.531(IT)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

α/6.900 α/(77)/6.770 EC/(23)/6.99 α/(89)/5.1 EC/(11)/5.16 α/6.670 EC/6.26

6.766(5)/ 6.636(5)/

9/2− 7+

+3.9 −4.8

−0.16 +0.004

6.646(3)/

9/2−

+3.9

−0.24

6.543(5)/

6+

+4.4

+0.19

3.10 m

α/6.660 EC/4.61

6.534(5)/

9/2−

+4.0

−0.19

211.99618

20. m

EC/(57)/5.12 α/(43)/6.529

(5+)

+4.6

−0.10

212.99617

34.6 s 3.4 ms

α/6.905 α/

9/2− 9−

+4.0

−0.14

214

213.99895

5.1 ms

α/8.587

215

Fr Fr 217Fr 218mFr 218Fr

215.00033 216.00319 217.00462 218.00756

0.12 µs 0.70 µs 0.016 ms 22. ms 1. ms

α/9.537 α/9.175 α/8.471 α α/8.014

6.261(1)/16 6.335(1)/4 6.335(1)/4 6.343(1)/1.3 6.383(1)/10 6.406(1)/9.5 6.08–6.18 8.476(4)/51 8.547(4)/46 6.775–8.046 7.409(3)/0.3 7.605(8)/1.0 7.940(3)/1.0 8.355(3)/4.7 8.427(3)/93 9.360(8)/ 9.005(10)/95 8.315(8)/

(1−)

219

219.00924

21. ms

α/8.132

220

220.012313

27.4 s

α/6.800

221

221.01425

4.8 m

α/6.457

222

222.01754

14.3 m

223

223.019731

22.0 m

β− /2.03 α/5.850 β− /1.149 α//0.006

7.384(10)/0.5 7.542(15)/1.0 7.572(10)/5 7.732(10)/0.5 7.867(2)/93 6.802(2)/0.25 6.967(2)/0.6 7.146(2)/0.25 7.313(2)/99 6.582(1)/10 6.630(2)/6 6.641(1)/12 6.686(1)/61 6.39–6.58 5.9393(7)/0.17 5.9797(7)/0.49 6.0751(7)/0.15 6.1270(7)/ 6.2433(3)/1.3 6.3410(7)/83.4 1.78/

224

224.02323

3.0 m

207

Fr Fr

206.9969 207.99713

14.8 s 59.1 s

209

208.99592

50.0 s

210

209.99640

3.2 m

211

210.99553

212

213

208

Fr Fr

Fr

Fr

Fr Fr

214m

Fr

216

Fr

Fr

Fr

Fr Fr

Fr

α/5.291 5.314 5.403

β− /2.82

11-180

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.7978 (0.1103–1.384) 0.2030 0.6438 0.8175 0.9008 0.220 0.2799 0.5389 0.9169 Rn x-ray 0.08107 0.08378 0.2277 1.1856 1.2748 0.014–1.178

(1−)

(9/2−) (0.045–0.160) (9/2−)

(9/2−)

1+

−0.67

+0.47

(5/2−)

+1.58

−1.0

2−

+0.63

+0.51

(3/2+)

+1.17

+1.17

1−

+0.40

+0.517

0.0450 0.061 0.1060 0.1539 0.1617 At k x-ray 0.0995 0.21798 0.4091

0.1509 0.0589 0.1453 0.13150 0.21575

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8367 (0.1–2.21)

225

Fr Fr

226

227

Fr Fr 229Fr 230Fr 231Fr 232Fr 228

225.02561 226.0293

3.9 m 49. s

β− /1.87 β− /3.6

3/2 1

+1.07 +0.071

+1.3 −1.35

227.0318 228.0357 229.0384 230.0425 231.0454 232.0500

2.48 m 39. s 50. s 19. s 17. s 5. s

β− β− β− β− β− β−

1/2 2−

+1.50 −0.76

+2.4

≈ 3 ms 0.03 s ≈ 4 ms 0.06 s ≈ 0.17 s 0.22 s 0.4 s 1.3 s 1.4 s 4.6 s 3.7 s 13. s

α α α α

7.86 7.62 7.58 7.48

α α/7.416 α/7.270 α/7.273 α/7.150 α/7.610 α/7.046 EC/5.0 α/7.033 IT EC/(20)/3.88 α/(80)/6.860

7.34 7.272(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.008(5)/ 7.020(5)/ 6.912(5)/

+0.87

+0.40

+0.878

+0.48

/2.5 /≈3.5 / / / /

0.18606 0.25373

(3)

Ra

88

202

Ra Ra 203Ra 204Ra 205mRa 205Ra 206Ra 207Ra 208Ra 209Ra 210Ra 211Ra 203m

212

Ra Ra 213Ra

203.0092 204.0065 205.0062 206.0038 207.0037 208.0018 209.0019 210.0005 211.0009 211.99978

213m

213.00034

13.0 s 2.1 ms 2.7 m

214

214.00009

2.46 s

α/7.272

215

215.00270

1.7 ms

α/8.864

216

Ra Ra 218Ra 219Ra

216.00352 217.00631 218.00712 219.01006

0.18 µs 1.6 µs 26. µs 0.010 s

α/9.526 α/9.161 α/8.547 α/8.132

220

220.01101

18. ms

α/7.593

221

221.01391

29. s

α/6.879

222

222.015361

36.2 s

α/5.590

223

223.018497

11.43 d

α/5.979

Ra Ra

217

Ra Ra

Ra Ra

6.901(2)/

0+ 0+ 5/2 0+ (5/2−) 0+ (1/2−)

6.521(3)/4.8 6.622(3)/39 6.730(3)/36 7.14/99.8/ 6.51/0.2 7.883(6)/2.8 8.171(3)/1.4 8.700(3)/95.9 9.349(8)/ 8.992(8)/ 8.390(8)/ 7.680(10)/65 7.982(9)/35 7.39/5 7.45/95 6.254(10)/0.7 6.578(5)/3 6.585(3)/8 6.608(3)/35 6.669(3)/21 6.758(3)/31 6.237(2)/3.0 6.556(2)/97 5.287(1)/0.15 5.338(1)/0.13 5.365(1)/0.13 5.433(5)/2.3 5.502(1)/1.0 5.540(1)/9.2 5.607(3)/24

11-181

TeamLRN

+0.613

0.1024 0.11010 0.2125

0+

0.642

(9/2+)

0.773/100 0.852/74 0.055–1.048

0+ 9/2− 0+

0+ 5/2

0.465 −0.180

+1.9

0+ (3/2+)

+0.271

+1.25

0.324 0.1448–0.8402 Rn k x-ray 0.12231 0.14418 0.15418 0.15859 0.26939 0.32388

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

224

224.020202

3.66 d

α/5.789

225

225.023603

14.9 d

β− /0.36 α

226

226.025402

1599. y >4 × 1018 y

α/4.870 Sf/4 × 10−14

227

227.029170

42. m

β− /1.325

228

228.031063

5.76 y

β− /0.046

229

229.0348 230.03708

4.0 m 1.5 h

β− /1.76 β− /1.0

231.0412 232.0437 233.0480 234.051

1.7 m 4. m 30. s ≈ 30. s

β− β− β− β −/

208.0115 209.0096 210.0093 211.0076 212.0078 213.0066 214.0069

0.04 s ≈26 ms 27 ms ≈25. ms ≈0.1 s ≈0.10 s 0.34 s 0.20 s 0.9 s 0.73 s 8.2 s

α α α/ α/ α/ α/ α/7.610 α/7.620 α/7.520 α/7.500 α/(86)/7.350 EC/(14)/6.34

215.0065

0.17 s

α/7.750

0.44 ms

α/

216.00871

≈0.3 ms

α/9.241

217.00933

0.7 µs 0.07 µs

α/ α/9.832

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra Ra

230

231

Ra Ra 233Ra 234Ra 232

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.716(3)/52 5.747(1)/9 5.857(1)/0.32 5.872(1)/0.85 5.034(10)/0.003 5.047(1)/0.007 5.164(5)/0.007 5.449(2)/4.9 5.685(2)/95 0.32/100 5.01/2×−5 4.98 × 10−6 4.194(1)/0.001 4.343(1)/0.006 4.601(1)/6.16 4.784(1)/93.8 1.03/ 1.30/ 0.039/50 0.014/30 0.026/20 1.76/ 0.7/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.33328 0.44494 (0.10–0.7)

0+

(3/2+)

Rn k x-ray 0.2407 0.4093 0.6501 −0.734

Ac k x-ray 0.0434

0+

(3/2+)

−0.404

+1.5

+0.503

+3.1

0+

(3/2+) 0+

Rn k x-ray 0.1861/3.64 0.2624 0.053–2.448 Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.02739 0.0135 (0.006–0.0306) 0.0145–0.1715 0.0631 0.0720 0.2028 0.4698 0.4787

Ac

89

206m

Ac Ac 207Ac 208mAc 208Ac 209Ac 210Ac 211Ac 212Ac 213Ac 214Ac 206

215

Ac

207.0121

216m

Ac

216

Ac

217m

Ac Ac

217

7.79 7.75 7.69 7.72 7.62 7.58 7.462(8)/ 7.480(8)/ 7.379(8)/ 7.364(8)/ 7.007(8)/3 7.082(5)/38 7.214(5)/45 7.60/99.2 7.21/0.46 7.03/0.20 6.96/0.14 8.198(8)/1.7 8.283(8)/2.5 9.028(5)/49 9.106(5)/46 8.990(2)/10 9.070(8)/90 10.540/100 9.650(10)/100

11-182

(9/2−) (5+)

(9/2−)

(9−)

(1)

9/2−

0.399 0.582 0.654

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

219

Ac Ac 220Ac

218.01162 219.01241 220.0148

1.1 µs 0.012 ms 26. ms

α/9.380 α/8.830 α/8.350

221

221.01558

52. ms

α/7.790

63. s

α/(>89)/ EC/(1)/ I.T./(<10)/

218

Ac

222m

Ac

222

222.01782

5. s

α/7.141

223

223.01913

2.1 m

α/(99)/6.783 EC/(1)/0.59

224

224.021708

2.7 h

EC/(90)/1.403 α/(10)/6.323

225

225.02322

10.0 d

α/5.935

Ac Ac

Ac

Ac

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 9.205(15)/ 8.664(10)/ 7.610(20)/23 4.680(20)/21 7.790(10)/13 7.850(10)/24 7.985(10)/4 8.005(10)/5 8.060(10)/6 8.195(10)/3 7.170(10)/2 7.375(10)/10 7.440(15)/20 7.645(10)/70 6.710(20)/7 6.750(20)/13 6.810(20)/24 6.840(20)/9 6.890(20)/13 6.970(20)/7 7.000(20)/13 6.967(10)/6 7.013(2)/94 6.131(2)/0.12 6.177(2)/0.94 6.293(1)/0.47 6.326(1)/0.3 6.332(2)/0.14 6.360(1)/0.22 6.397(1)/0.13 6.448(1)/0.2 6.473(1)/3.1 6.523(2)/0.6 6.528(1)/3.1 6.563(1)/13.6 6.582(3)/0.3 6.646(1)/44 6.661(1)/31 5.841(1)/0.5 5.860(1)/0.75 5.875(1)/1.7 5.941(1)/4.4 6.000(1)/6.7 6.013(1)/1.4 6.056(1)/22 6.138(1)/26 6.154(1)/1.0 6.204(1)/12 6.210(1)/20 5.286(1)/0.2 5.444(3)/0.1 5.554(1)/0.1 5.608(1)/1.1 5.636(1)/4.5 5.681(1)/1.4 5.722(1)/2.9 5.731(1)/10 5.791(1)/9 5.793(1)/18

11-183

TeamLRN

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

(9/2−)

1− (5/2−)

0.0725 0.0839 0.0927 0.0990 0.1917 0.2158 0.3588 0.4768

0−

Ra L kx-ray Ra k x-ray 0.08426 0.13150 0.1571 0.21575 0.2619 (0.03–0.3)

3/2

Fr k x-ray 0.06296/0.48 0.09982/1.36 0.1084 0.1116 0.1451 0.150.02/0.691 0.15724 0.18795/0.54 0.0075–0.8085

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 226

Ac

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 226.026089

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.224 d

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/(17)/0.640 β− /(83)/1.116 α/(0.006)/5.51

227

227.027747

21.77 y

β− /98.6/0.045 α/(1.4)/5.043

228

228.031014

6.15 h

β− /2.127

229

229.03293

1.04 h

230

230.0360

231

232

Ac

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

5.399(5)/0.006

(3/2−)

β− /1.10

1.1/

(3/2+)

2.03 m

β− /2.7 β− sf

1.4/ /0.000119

1+

231.0386

7.5 m

β− /2.1

2.1/100

(1/2+)

232.0420 233.0446 234.0484

2.0 m 2.4 m 40. s

β− /3.7 β− / β− /

210.0150 211.0149 212.0129 213.0130 214.0115 215.0117

≈ 0.01 s ≈ 12 ms 0.04 s ≈ 30. ms 0.14 s 0.09 s 1.2 s

α α α α/ α/7.840 α/7.825 α/7.660

216

216.01105

0.14 ms 28. ms

α α/8.071

217

217.01306

0.25 ms

α/9.424

218

Th Th 220Th 221Th

218.01327 219.01552 220.01573 221.01817

0.11 µs 1.05 µs 10. µs 1.73 ms

α/9.847 α/9.510 α/8.953 α/8.628

222

222.01845

2.24 ms

α/8.129

223

223.02079

0.65 s

α/7.454

Ac

Ac

Ac

Ac Ac 234Ac 233

Th

90

Th Th 211Th 212Th 213Th 214Th 215Th

216m

Th Th Th

219

Th Th

(3+)

+1.1

+1.7

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Ra k x-ray Th k x-ray 0.07218 0.15816 0.23034 0.0838/23. 0.0811/14. 0.2696/13. (0.044–1.27) Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.12903 0.33842 0.91116 0.96897 (0.2–1.96) 0.09335/2.43 0.16451/2.61 0.56916/2.24 0.0111–0.898 Th k x-ray 0.45497 0.50820 (0.12–2.5) 0.14379 0.18574 0.22140 0.28250 0.3070

(2−) (1/2+) (1+)

232.0381(1)

209 210

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(1−)

0.045/54 4.869(1)/0.09 4.938(1)/0.52 4.951(1)/0.65 1.11/32 1.85/12 2.18/11

Ac

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

8.08 7.90 7.79 7.80/ 7.692(10)/ 7.677(10)/ 7.33(10)/8 7.395(8)/52 7.524(8)/40 9.93 7.92/99.46 7.30/0.54 9.27/94.6 8.46/3.8 8.73/1.6 9.665(10)/ 9.340(20)/ 8.790(20)/ 7.732/7 8.142/72 8.469/21 7.980/97.7 7.599/2.3 7.29(1)/41(5) 7.32(1)/29(5)

11-184

0+ 0+ (1/2−)

0+

0+ 0+

0+

0.134 0.192

0.628

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

224.02146

1.05 s

α/7.305

225

225.02394

8.72 m

EC/(10)/0.68 α/(90)/6.920

Th

226

226.024891

30.83 m

α/6.454

227

227.027699

18.72 d

α/6.146

228

228.028731

1.913 y

α/5.520

229

229.031754

7.9 × 103 y

α/5.168

230

230.033126

7.54 × 104 y

α/4.771

>2. × 1018 y

SF/<4 × 10−12

231.036296

1.063 d

β− /0.390

232.038050

1.40 × 1010 y 1.2 × 1021 y

α/4.081 SF/1.1 × 10−9

233

233.041576

22.3 m

β−/1.245

234

234.043596

24.10 d

β− /0.273

235

235.04751

7.2 m

β− /1.9

Th

Th

Th

Th

Th

231

Th

232

Th

Th

Th

Th

100.

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7.350(15)/20(5) 7.390(15)/10(4) 6.768(5)/1.2 6.997(5)/19 7.170(5)/7

224

Th

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

(3/2+) 6.441(2)/15 6.479(2)/43 6.501(3)/14 6.627(3)/3 6.650(5)/3 6.700(5)/2 6.743(3)/7 6.796(2)/9 6.026(1)/0.2 6.041(1)/0.19 6.098(1)/1.3 6.2283(4)/23 6.3375(4)/75

0+

Ra k x-ray 0.1112 0.2421 0.1310 0.1733–0.9295 Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray 0.05014 0.23597 0.25624 (0.02–1.0)

(3/2+)

5.1770(2)/0.18 5.2114(1)/0.4 5.3405(1)/26.7 5.4233(1)/73 4.814/9.3 4.845(5)/56 4.9008(5)/10.2 4.689–5.077 4.4383(6)/0.03 4.4798(6)/0.12 4.6211(6)/23.4 4.6876(6)/76.3 0.138/22 0.218/20 0.305/52

3.830(10)/0.2 3.952(5)/23 4.010(5)/77 1.245/

0.102/20 0.198/72

11-185

TeamLRN

0+

5/2+

0+

5/2+

0+

1/2+

0+

+0.46

+4.

0.1935/4.3 0.21089/277 0.13697/1.21 0.0111–0.6036 0.0677/0.46 0.1439/0.078

Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.084203/ (0.02–0.3) 0.0590 0.124 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02938 0.08653 0.45930 (0.02–1.2) Pa L x-ray 0.06329/4.1 0.09235/2.4 0.09278/2.4 0.4162 0.6594 0.7272 0.747 0.9318

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

236

236.0497

37.5 m

β− /≈ 1.0

237

237.0539

5.0 m 9.4 m

β−

≈ 5 ms 7 ms 17 ms 15. ms 0.19 s

α α α α α/

1.5 ms

α/

Th Th Th

238

Pa

91

Pa Pa 214Pa 215Pa 216Pa

213.0212 214.0207 215.0190 216.0190

217m

Pa

8.27 8.24 8.12 8.08/100 7.95/51 7.82/45 7.79/4 10.16/72 8.306/11 9.55/6 9.69/2 8.337/99 7.873/0.4 7.728/0.3 7.710/0.3 9.54/31 9.61/69

3.8 ms

α/8.490

218

218.0200

0.12 ms

α/

219

Pa Pa 221Pa 222Pa

219.0199 220.0219 221.0219 222.0237

0.05 µs 0.8 µs 6. µs ≈ 4.3 ms

α α α α/8.700

223

223.0240

≈ 6.5 ms

α/8.340

224

224.0256

0.84 s

α/7.630

225

225.0261

1.8 s

α/7.380

226

226.02792

1.8 m

α/(74)/6.987 EC/(26)/2.83

227

227.02879

38.3 m

α/(85)/6.582 EC/(15)/1.02

228

228.03100

22. h

EC/(98)/2.111 α/(2)

220

Pa Pa Pa Pa

Pa

Pa

229

Pa

230

Pa

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.0890

217.0183

Pa

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Pa k x-ray 0.1107

217

Pa

Spin π) (h/2π

231.03588(2)

212 213

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

229.03209

230.034532

1.5 d

17.4 d

EC/(99.8)/0.32 α/(0.2)/5.836

EC/(90)/1.310 β−/(10)/0.563

9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43

0.134

0.4504–0.8208

0.0466–0.634

0.092

0.1945 (0.028–0.412)

(5/2−)

(3+)

0.0649 0.0669 0.1100

+3.5

Th k x-ray 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 0.04244 (0.024–0.18)

2.0

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477

5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22 (5/2) 5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/

11-186

(2−)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

231

Pa

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

231.035878

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.25 × 104 y

α/5.148

>2 × 1017 y

SF/<1.6 × 10−15

232

232.03858

1.31 d

β− /1.34

233

233.040239

27.0 d

β−/0.571

1.17 m

β− /99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/

Pa

Pa

234m

Pa

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.6781(5)/1.5 4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5 5.0587(5)/11

Spin π) (h/2π

3/2−

0.15/40 0.256/60

3/2−

(0−)

234.043303

6.69 h

β− /2.197

0.51/

(4+)

235

235.04544 236.0487

24.4 m 9.1 m

β− /1.41 β− /2.9

1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50 3.1/10

(3/2−) (1−)

237

237.0511

8.7 m

β− /2.3

1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10

(1/2+)

238

238.0545

2.3 m

β− /3.5

1.2/ 1.7/

(3−)

239

239.0571

1.8 h

Pa Pa

236

Pa

Pa

Pa

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.01

−1.7

+4.0

−3.0

(2−)

234

Pa

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

11-187

TeamLRN

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053–1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029 0.28367 0.30007 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02–0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10–1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201 0.34059 U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.85 (0.06–1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02–1.99) 0.0308–0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 1.7630 (0.04–2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04–1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04–2.5)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

U

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

218.0235 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02759 225.02938

≈16 ms ≈0.002 s 0.04 ms ≈ 1.µs 0.02 s ≈ 1. ms 84. ms

α α α α α/ α/ α/

226

226.02933

0.26 s

α/7.560

227

227.03113 228.03137

1.1 m 9.1 m

α/7.200 α/6.803

229

229.03350

58. m

EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473

230

230.033927

20.8 d >4 × 1010 y

α/5.992 SF/<10−10

231

231.03626

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10−3)

217

U U 219U 222U 223U 224U 225U 218

U U U

228

U

U

U

70. y 2.6 × 1015 y

α/5.414 SF/2.7 × 10−12

233

233.039627

1.592 × 105 y >2.7 × 1017 y

α/4.909 SF/6 × 10−11

0.0054(5)

234.040945

2.455 × 105 y 1.5 × 1016 y

α/4.856 SF/1.6 × 10−9

0.7204(6)

235.043922

26. m 7.04 × 108 y 1.0 × 1019 y

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 SF/7 × 10−9

U

235m

U U

236

236.045561

2.342 × 107 y 2.5 × 1016 y

α/4.569 SF/9 × 10−8

237

237.048723

6.75 d

β− /0.519

U

U

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

0+

0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

(3/2+)

0+

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

(5/2−)

232.037146

U

235

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

8.005 8.63(3)/ 9.68(4)/

232

U

Spin π) (h/2π

238.02891(3)

92

234

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.46/1.6 × 10−3 5.47/1.4 × 10−3 5.40/1. × 10−3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/5.7 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/11 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/55 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/5.0 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74 0.24/ 0.25/

11-188

0+

5/2+

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

−0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray

0+

1/2+ 7/2−

0+

1/2+

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

238.050784

4.47 × 109 y 8.2 × 1015y

α SF/5 × 10−5

239

239.054289

23.5 m

β− /1.265

240

240.056585

14.1 h

β− /0.39

242

242.0629

16.8 m

β− /≈ 1.2

226

Np Np 227Np

225.0339 226.0351 227.0350

> 2 µs 0.03 s 0.51 s

α/ α/

228

228.0362

61. s

229

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

231.03823

48.8 m

238

U

U U

U

99.2742(10)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

5/2+ 0+

Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

5/2

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

Np

93

225

Np Np Np

230

231

Np

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, SF α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

232

232.0400

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4−)

233

233.0410

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

234

234.04289

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

235

235.044055

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β− /48 /

5/2+

(6−)

Np

Np

Np

Np

236m

Np

22.5 h

0.79/

236

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

EC/91 /0.94 β− /9 /0.49

237

237.048166

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 SF/2.1 × 10−10

238

238.050940

2.117 d

β− /1.292

Np

Np

Np

(0+)

(1−)

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

11-189

TeamLRN

5/2+

2+

+3.14

+3.89

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

239

Np

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

239.052931

240m

Np

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

2.355 d

β− /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β− /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

240

240.05617

1.032 h

β− /2.20

0.89/

5+

241

241.0583

13.9 m

β− /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β− /

β− /2.7

2.7/

α/ α/ α/

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

Np

Np

242m

Np

242

242.0616

5.5 m

243

243.0643 244.0678

1.9 m 2.3 m

229

Pu Pu 230Pu

228.0387 229.0362 230.03964

≈1.5 m 1.7 m

231

231.04126

8.6 m

232

232.04118

34. m

Np

Np Np

244

(1+)

6+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074 1.47340 (0.04–2.37)

Pu

94

228

Pu Pu

233

Pu

234

Pu

235

Pu

233.04299

234.04331

235.0453

20.9 m

8.8 h

25.3 m

236

236.046048

2.87 y 1.5 × 109 y

237

237.048403

45.7 d

Pu

Pu

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/<20/6.716 EC(99.9)/1.9 α/0.1 /6.416

EC/94 /0.39 α/6 /6.310

EC/99+ /1.2 α/0.003/5.957 α/5.867 SF/1.9 × 10−7 EC/99.9 /0.220 α/0.003 /5.747

6.72 0+ 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62 0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/

6.300(20)/0.1

0+ 6.035(3)/0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4. (5/2+) 5.850(20)/0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/69.3

0+

7/2− 5.334(4)/0.0015 5.356(4)/0.0006 5.650(4)/0.0007

11-190

0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17–0.97) Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.026344 0.03319

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

238

238.049553

87.7 y 4.75 × 1010 y

α/5.593 SF/1.8 × 10−7

239

239.052156

2.410 × 104 y 8. × 1015 y

α/5.244 SF/3 × 10−10

240

240.053807

6.56 × 103 y 1.14 × 1011 y

α/5.255 SF/5.7 × 10−6

241

241.056844

14.4 y

242

242.058736

<6. × 1016 y 3.75 × 105 y 6.77 × 1010 y

β−/99+/0.0208 α/0.002 /5.139 SF/>2.4 × 10−14 α/4.983 SF/5.5 × 10−4

243

243.061996

4.956 h

β− /0.582

244

244.064197

245

245.06774

8.00 × 107 y 6.6 × 1010 y 10.5 h

246

246.07020

10.85 d

247

247.0741

2.3 d

232.0466 233.0465 234.0478 235.0480 236.0456 237.0503

0.9 m ≈3.2 m 2.3 m ≈15 m 54. s 1.22 h

Pu

Pu

Pu

Pu

Pu

Pu

Pu Pu

Pu

Pu

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.3583(1)/0.10 5.465(1)/28.3 5.4992(1)/71.6 5.055/0.047 5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74 –5.03) 5.0212(1)/0.07 5.1237(1)/26.4 5.1681(1)/73.5

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

1/2+

+0.203

0+

4.853(7)/3 × 10−4 4.8966(7)/0.002

5/2+

4.7546(7)/0.098 4.8564(7)/22.4 4.9006(7)/78 0.49/21 0.58/60

0+

α/99.9/4.665 SF/0.12 β− /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

0+

β− /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

0+

7/2+

(9/2−)

−0.683

+6.

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.05954 (0.03–0.5) U k x-ray 0.04347 (0.04–1.1) U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369 U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600 U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

Am

95

232

Am Am 234Am 235Am 236Am 237Am 233

238

Am

239

Am

238.05198

239.053018

1.63 h

11.9 h

EC/≈ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC

6.78 Pu K x-ray

EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

(5/2−)

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

1+

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924 5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

11-191

TeamLRN

5/2−

Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 240

Am

241

Am

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 240.05529

241.056822

242m

Am

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 2.12 d

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/1.38 α/5.592

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(3−) 5.378(1)/16 × 10−4

432.7 y 1.2 × 1014 y

α/5.637 SF/3.6 × 10−10

141. y

IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 SF/<4.7 × 10−9

5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

>3. × 1012 y

Spin π) (h/2π

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20 5.5442(1)/0.34

5/2−

+1.58

+3.1

5−

+1.0

+6.5

242

242.059542

16.02 h

β− /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1−

+0.388

−2.4

243

243.061372

7.37 × 103 y 2. × 1014 y

α/5.438 SF/3.7 × 10−9

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

5/2−

+1.5

+2.9

Am

Am

244

244.064279

≈ 26. m 10.1 h

β− /1.498 β− /1.428

245

245.066444

2.05 h

β− /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β− /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2−

1.2/

(7−)

244m

Am Am

Am

246m

Am

246

246.06977

39. m

β− /2.38

247

247.0722

22. m

β− /1.7

≈51. s

α/ α

Am

Am

(1−)

Cm

96

233

Cm Cm 235Cm 236Cm 237Cm 234

233.0508 234.0502 235.0516 236.0514 237.0529

7.34/ 7.24/

EC/1.7 EC/2.5

11-192

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.03319/.00126 0.05954/0.359 (0.03–1.128)

Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 238

Cm

239

Cm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 238.05302 239.0548

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 2.4 h ≈ 3. h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/>90 /0.97 α/<10 /6.632 EC/1.7

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 6.520(50)/<10 0.0407 0.1466 0.1874

240

Cm

241

Cm

242

Cm

243

Cm

244

Cm

245

Cm

240.055519

241.057646

242.058828

243.061381

244.062745

245.065485

27. d

α/6.397

1.9 × 106 y

SF/3.9 × 10−6

32.8 d

EC/99 /0.768 α/1 /6.184

162.8 d

α/6.216

7.0 × 106 y

SF/6.4 × 10−6

29.1 y

α/6.167

5.5 × 1011 y

SF/5.3 × 10−9

18.1 y

α/5.902

1.32 × 107 y

SF/1.4 × 10−4

8.48 × 103 y

α/5.623

1.4 × 1012 y

SF/6.1 × 10−7

α/5.476 SF/0.026 α/5.352

246

246.067217

247

247.070346

4.76 × 103 y 1.8 × 107 y 1.56 × 107 y

248

248.072341

3.48 × 105 y

α/99.92 /5.162

249

249.075946

4.15 × 106 y 64.15 m

SF/8.38 β− /0.900

250

250.07835

≈ 9.7 × 103 y

251

251.08228

16.8 m

SF/85.8 α/5.27 β− /1.42

252

252.0849

<2d

Cm Cm

Cm

Cm

Cm Cm

Cm

5.989/0.014 6.147/0.05 6.2478(6) /28.8 6.2906(6) /70.6

0+

1/2+ 5.8842(4)/0.12 5.9291(4)/0.18 5.9389(4)/0.69

5.9694(1)/0.035 6.069(1)/25 6.1129(1)/74

0+

5.6815(5) /0.2 5.6856(5)/1.6 5.7420(5)/10.6 5.7859(5)/73.3 5.9922(5)/6.5 6.0103(5)/1.0 6.0589(5)/5 6.0666(5)/1.5

5/2+

5.6656/0.02 5.7528/23 5.8050/77 5.515/0.004 5.235(10)/0.3 5.3038(10)/5.0 5.3620(7)/93 5.4927(11)/0.8 5.5331(11)/0.6

0+

5.343(3)/21 5.386(3)/79 4.818(4)/4.7 4.8690(20)/71 4.941(4)/1.6 4.9820(20)/2.0 5.1436(20)/1.2 5.2104(20)/5.7 5.2659(20)/13.8 4.931(5)/0.07 5.0349(2)/16.5 5.0784(2)/(75)/1 0.9/

0+

7/2+

9/2− 9/2−

0.41

0.5

0.37

Am k x-ray 0.13241 0.16505 0.18028 0.43063 0.47181 Pu L x-ray 0.04408 0.10189 (0.04–1.2) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10612 0.20975 0.22819 0.27760 0.28546 0.33431 (0.04–0.7) Pu L x-ray 0.04282 0.09885 0.15262 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.04195 0.13299 0.13606 0.17494 Pu L x-ray 0.04453 Pu k x-ray 0.2792 0.2886 0.3471 0.4035

0+

1/2+

Bk k x-ray 0.56039 0.63431

0+ 0.90/16

11-193

TeamLRN

(1/2+)

0.3896 / 0.5299 0.5425

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Bk

97

238

Bk Bk 240Bk 242Bk 243Bk

238.0583 239.0584 240.0598 242.0621 243.063001

2.4 m

244

244.0652

4.4 h

239

Bk

245

Bk

245.066355

≈ 4.8 m 7.0 m 4.5 h

4.94 d

EC/5.0

EC/3.0 EC/99.8 /1.508 α/0.15 /6.871

EC/99.99 /2.26 α/0.01 /6.778

EC/99.9 /0.810 α/0.1 /6.453

246

246.0687

1.80 d

EC/1.35

247

247.07030

1.4 × 103 y

α/5.889

248

248.07311

23.7 h

β− /70 /0.87 EC/30 /0.72

249

249.074980

320. d

250

250.078309

1.8 × 109 y 3.217 h

β− /0.125 α/0.001 /5.525 SF/4.9 × 10−8 β− /1.780

251

251.08075

56. m

β− /1.09

252

252.0843

1.8 m

237.0621 238.0614 239.0626 240.0623

2.1 s 21 ms ≈ 0.7 m 1.1 m

Bk

Bk

Bk

Bk

Bk

Bk

Bk

6.542(4)/0.03 6.5738(2)/0.04 6.7180(22)/0.02 6.7581(20)/0.02

(3/2−)

(4−) 6.625(4)/0.003 6.667(4)/0.003

3/2− 5.8851(5)/0.03 6.1176(9)/0.01 6.1467(5)/0.02 6.3087(5)/0.014 6.3492(5)/0.018 (2−)

5.465(5)/1.5 5.501(5)/7 5.532(5)/45 5.6535(20)/5.5 5.678(2)/13 5.712(2)/17 5.753(2)/4.3 5.794(2)/5.5 0.86/

0.125/100 5.390(1)/0.0002 5.4174(6)/0.001 0.74/

(1−)

7/2+

2−

(3/2−)

Cf

Cf Cf 239Cf 240Cf 238

α, SF/10 SF/ α α/7.719 SF/ ≈2.1

7.590(10)/

11-194

Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.79881 1.08142 0.04175 0.0839 0.268

(3/2−)

98

237

0.1466 0.1874 0.755 0.840 0.946 0.1445 0.1876 0.2176 0.9815 0.9215/ Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 0.3809 0.3851

0+

2.0

Cm L x-ray Cf L x-ray Cm k x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.5507 0.327/10−5 0.308/10−6 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.98912 1.03184 (0.04–1.6) 0.02481 0.1528 0.1776

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

241

241.0637

4. m

242

242.06369

3.5 m

243

243.0654

11. m

244

244.065990

20. m

245

245.068038

44. m

α/36 /7.255 EC/64 /1.569

246

246.068798

1.49 d

α/6.869

1.8 × 103 y

SF/2.3 × 10−4

7.335(5)/ 7.351(6)/20 7.385(4)/80 7.060(6)/20 7.170/4 7.168(5)/25 7.210(5)/75 7.15/91.7 6.983/0.31 7.09/7 7.065/0.68 6.6156(10)/0.18 6.7086(7)/21.8 6.7501(7)/78.0

3.11 h

EC/99.96 /0.65 α/0.04 /6.55

6.301(5)/

Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf

Cf

247

Cf

247.07099

248

248.07218

249

249.074846

Cf Cf

EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 SF/≤0.014 EC/86 /2.2 α/14 /7.40 α/7.328

334. d 3.2 × 104 y 351. y

α/6.369 SF/0.0029 α/6.295

8. × 1010 y

SF/4.4 × 10−7

250

250.076399

13.1 y 1.7 × 104 y

α/6.129 SF/0.077

251

251.079579

9.0 × 102 y

α/6.172

252

252.081619

2.65 y 86. y

α/96.9 /6.217 SF/3.1/

253

253.08512

17.8 d

254

254.08732

60.5 d

β− /99.7 /0.29 α/0.3 /6.126 SF/99.7/ α/0.3/5.930

Cf

Cf

Cf

Cf Cf

255.0910 256.0934

1.4 h 12. m

β− /0.7 SF

242

Es Es 243Es

241.0687 242.0697 243.0696

≈8s 16 s 21. s

244

244.0709

37. s

α α α/>30 / EC/<70 /4.0 EC/76 /4.6 α/4 /

255

Cf Cf

256

6.220(5)/17 6.262(5)/83 5.758/3.7 5.812/85.7 5.8488(2)/1.0 5.9029(2)/2.8 5.9451(2)/4.0 6.1401(2)/1.1 6.1940(2)/2.2 5.8913(4)/0.3 5.9889(4)/15 6.0310(4)/84.5 5.56448(7)/1.5 5.632(1)/4.5 5.648(1)/3.5 5.6773(6)/35 5.762(3)/3.8 5.7937(7)/2.0 5.8124(8)/4.2 5.8514(6)/27 6.0140(7)/11.6 6.0744(7)/2.7 5.7977(1)/0.23 6.0756(4)/15.2 6.1184(4)/81.6 0.27/100 5.921(5)/0.02

Es

Es

8.11 7.92 7.89/>30

7.57/4

11-195

TeamLRN

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

(1/2+) 0+

0+

Cm K x-ray 0.5709 0.6014 0.6163 Cm L x-ray 0.04221 0.0945 0.147 Bk k x-ray 0.2941 0.4778

0+ 9/2−

Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299/2.5 0.33351/13.6 0.38832/63.6 (0.0376–1.103)

0+

Cm L x-ray 0.04285

1/2+

0+

(7/2+) 0+

5.792(5)/0.05 5.834(5)/0.26

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

7/2+

99

241

Spin π) (h/2π

Cm L x-ray 0.04339 0.1002

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

245

245.0713

1.3 m

246

246.0730

7.7 m

247

247.07365

4.8 m

248

248.0755

26. m

249

249.07640

1.70 h

Es Es Es Es Es

250m

Es

2.2 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/40 /7.858 EC/60 /3.1 EC/90 /3.9 α/10 / EC/93 /2.48 α/7 / EC/99.7 /3.1 α/0.3 / EC/99.4 /1.45 α/0.6 / EC/ β+

250

250.0787

8.6 h

EC/2.1

251

251.07998

1.38 d

EC/99.5 /0.38 α/0.5 /

Es

Es

252

252.08297

1.29 y

253

253.084818

20.47 d 6.3 × 105 y 1.64 d

Es Es

254m

Es

>10. y

α/76 / EC/24 /1.26 α/ SF/8.9 × 10−6 β− /99.6 / α/0.3 /6.67 SF/0.045

2.6 × 103 y 7.6 h

256.0936 257.0960

25. m 7.7 d

β−/1.7 β−

242.0734 243.0745

0.8 ms 0.2 s

244.0741 245.0754

3.3 ms 4. s

246.07528

1.2 s

247

247.0768

9. s 35. s

248

248.07718

34. s

249

249.0790

3. m

SF/>96 α/ <SF/0.4 SF/>97 α/ SF/<0.1 α/85/ SF/15/ α/ α/8.20 EC/2.9 α/99.9 /8.001 SF/0.1/ EC/2.4 α/ IT/ SF/<8 × 10−5

254.088017

255

255.09027

Es Es

256m

Es

256

Es Es

257

276. d >2.5 × 107 y 40. d

Spin π) (h/2π

Fm Fm

244

Fm Fm

245

246

Fm

247m

Fm Fm Fm Fm

250m

Fm

1.8 s

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7.35 7.32 6.87 (7/2+)

0.3795 0.8132 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.9891 1.0319 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.30339 0.34948 0.82883

6.77 (1−)

(3/2−) 6.462/0.05 6.492/0.4 6.632/61.0 6.562/10.3 6.633/89.8 6.5916/6.6 0.475 6.382

7/2+

+4.10

7.

2+ 2+

2.9

3.7

6.429

(7+)

(5−) 0.04180 0.3892 Fm L x-ray Fm k x-ray 0.6488 0.6938 0.064

(7/2+) 6.26 6.300 (8+)

(1+)

Fm

243

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

7.74

100

242

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(6+)

α/ SF/<3 × 10−6 β− /92 /0.29 α/8 / SF/0.0042 β− /

254

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

8.55 0+ 8.15/ 8.24/ 8.18/ 7.87/70 7.93/30 7.83/20 7.87/80

0+

0+ (7/2+)

7.53

11-196

0.218 0.232 0.862

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

257

257.09510

100.5 d

258

258.0971 259.1006

0.37 ms 1.5 s ≈ 4 ms

α/ EC/0.8 SF/0.007 EC/98 /1.47 α/2 / α/7.154 SF/0.0023 EC/88/0.333 α/12 / α/ SF/0.059 α/ SF/2.3 × 10−5 SF/91 α/19 α/99.79 SF/0.21 SF/ SF/ SF/

245.0810 246.0819

≈0.4 s 0.9 ms 1.0 s

α SF α

247

247.0818 248.0828

≈0.2 s 3. s 7. s

249

249.0830

24. s

250

250.0845

50. s

251

251.0849

4.0 m

252

252.0866

2. m

253

Md 254mMd 254Md 255Md

253.0873 254.0897 255.09108

≈6 m 30. m 10. m 27. m

SF/ α EC/80 /5.3 α/20 / SF/<0.05 EC>/<80 /3.7 α/>20 /8.46 EC/94 /4.6 α/6 /8.25 EC/>94 /3.1 α/<6 / EC/>50 /3.9 α/<50 / EC/2.0 EC/ EC/2.7 EC/92 /1.04 α/8 / SF/≤0.15

256

256.0941

1.30 h

EC/89 /2.13 α/11 / SF/<2.6

257

257.095535

5.5 h

EC/85 /0.41 α/15, SF/≤1 EC/ SF/≤30 α/7.40 SF/≤0.003

250

250.07951

30. m

251

251.08157

5.3 h

Fm

Fm

252

252.08246

1.058 d

253

253.085175

3.0 d

254

254.086847

3.240 h

255

255.089955

256

256.09177

20.1 h 1.0 × 104 y 2.63 h

Fm Fm Fm Fm Fm Fm

Fm Fm 260Fm 259

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 7.43/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

(9/2−) 6.833 6.998/15 7.039/85 6.676/ 6.943/ 7.150 7.192 6.9635(5)/5.0 7.0225(5)/93.4

0+ 1/2+

Es k x-ray 0.2719

0+ 7/2+ 0+

6.92/ 6.519

(9/2+)

0.1794 0.2410

α/7.33/93 7.27/5 7.75/1 7.71/1 7.21/71 7.14/22 7.68/2.5 7.25/2.5 7.64/2.1

(7/2−)

7.074 7.014

(7/2−)

0.121/100 0.115/65 0.136/35 0.141–0.453 Fm k x-ray 0.121/409 0.115/266 0.136/143 0.634/119 0.141–1.37 Fm k x-ray (0.181–0.389) Fm k x-ray

Md

101

245m

Md Md 246Md 245

247m

Md Md 248Md

Md Md Md Md

Md

Md

258m

Md

258

Md

57. m 258.098427

51.5 d

8.64, 8.68 8.74 8.50–8.56 8.43 8.32/15 8.36/5

8.030(20)/ 7.75/4 7.83/2 7.55/ 7.73/

(1−) 6.718(2)/ 6.763(4)/

11-197

TeamLRN

(8−)

0.3678 0.057–0.448

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

259

259.1005

1.64 h

260

260.104

≈ 27.8 d

250.0875 251.0889

≈ 0.036 ms 0.76 s

252

252.08897

2.44 s 7.6 s

253

253.0907

1.7 m

Md Md

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

SF/>98.7 α/<1.3 SF/73–100

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

7/2+

No

102

250

No No

251

No

No

254m

No

0.28 s

254

254.09095

49. s

255

255.09323

3.1 m

256

256.09428

2.9 s

257

257.09685

25. s

258

258.0983 259.1011

≈1.2 ms 58. m

260.103 262.108

0.11 s ≈ 8. ms

251.0944 252.0953

39 m ≈0.36 s

No

No

No No

No No

259

260

No No

262

SF/ α/91 SF/0.26 α/68/8.551 SF/32/ EC, β+/<1.6 α/ EC/3.2 I.T./ SF/≤.2 α/ EC/1.1 SF/0.17 α/62 / EC/38/2.01

0+ 8.62/96 8.58/4 8.42 8.37

α/ SF/0.5 α/ SF/<1.5 SF/ α/78 /7.794 EC/22/0.5 SF/<9.7 SF/ SF/

0+

8.010(20)

(9/2−)

8.09

0+

8.12/ 7.93 8.08 8.43

1/2+

8.22 8.27 8.32

(7/2+)

7.52 7.55

0+

0+ (9/2+)

Lr

103

251

Lr Lr

252

≈0.57 s

253m

Lr

253

253.0953

1.5 s

254

254.0965

13. s

255

255.0967

22. s

256

256.0988

28. s

257

257.0996

0.65 s

258

258.1019

3.9 s

Lr Lr

Lr

Lr

Lr

Lr

SF α SF/<1 α SF/1.3 α/ SF/8 α/ EC/5.2 SF/<0.1 α/ EC/3.2 SF/<0.1 α/99.7 /8.554 EC/4.2 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/2.5 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/3.4 SF/<5

9.02/73 8.97/27 8.79 8.72 8.45

8.37/60 8.43/40 8.43/ 8.39 8.80 8.80 8.60/46 8.62/25 8.56/20 8.65/9

11-198

7/2+

0.187

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

259

259.1030

6.1 s

260

260.1056 261.1069 262.1097

3. m 40. m 3.6 h

253

253.1007

≈ 48. µs

254

254.1002

23. µs

255

255.1015

1.6 s

256

256.10118

6.2 ms

257

257.1031

4.7 s

258

258.1036

12. ms

259

259.1056

3.4 s.

260

260.1064 261.1088 262.1099 263.1125

20. ms 1.1 m 2.1 s 22. m

255

255.1074

≈1.5 s

256

256.1081

1.6 s

Lr

Lr Lr 262Lr 261

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/80 SF/20 α/ SF EC/2. SF/<10

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

8.44(1) 8.03

Rf

104

Rf Rf Rf

Rf Rf

Rf Rf

Rf Rf 262Rf 263Rf 261

SF α/<10 SF/>98.5 α/<1.5 α SF/52

8.72/<0.05 8.77/94 8.67/<0.05 8.58/<0.05 8.92/<0.05

SF/99.68 α/0.32 α/9.22 EC/11 SF/<1.4

8.81 8.77 9.01 8.95 8.62

SF/87 α/13 α/9.09/93 SF/7 SF/ α/8.78, SF/<10 SF/>99.2 SF, α

8.77(2)/ 8.86/ 8.28/

Db

105

Db Db

257m

Db

0.8 s

257

257.1079

1.5 s

258

258.1094

4.2 s

259

259.1097

≈ 0.51 s

260

260.1114

1.5 s

261

261.1121

1.8 s

Db

Db

Db Db

Db

α, SF/≈20 α/64 EC/35 SF/0.05 α SF/<13 α/ SF/<6

α/ E.C/5.3 SF/<33 SF/ α/ α/ SF/<9.6 α/ SF/<18

9.02/67 8.89/11 9.08/11 9.12/11 9.16 8.97/33 9.07/38 9.12/5.5 8.94/9 9.02/9 8.89/5.5 9.30/ 9.17/ 9.08/ 9.47/ 9.05/ 9.08/ 9.13/ 8.93/

11-199

TeamLRN

0.203 0.142

0.117

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot. 262

Db

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 262.1141

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 34. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) SF/<33 α/

263.1151

≈ 0.45 m

SF/57 α/41 EC/3

258

258.1132

≈2.9 ms

259

259.1147

0.5 s

SF α/<20 α/ SF/<20

260

260.11444

4. ms

α/50 SF/50

261

261.1162

0.3 s 0.007 s

263

263.1183

0.8 s

265

265.1211

≈7.4 s

α, SF/<10 SF α/<22 α SF/<30 α/>65 SF/<35

266

266.1219

≈21. s

260.122 261.1218

12. ms

263

Db

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 8.45/ 8.53/ 8.67/ 8.36/ 8.41/

Sg

106

Sg Sg

Sg

Sg Sg

262

Sg Sg

Sg

α/ SF/<82

9.62 9.35 9.03 9.76 9.72 9.81 9.56

9.06 9.25 8.84/46 8.76/23 8.94/23 8.69/8 8.77/66 8.52/33

Bh

107

260

Bh Bh

261

262m

Bh

8. ms

α α/, SF<10

α/ SF/<12 α/ SF/<12

262

262.1230

0.10 s

264

264.1247

0.44 s

266

266.1270 267.1277

≈1 s ≈17 s

α/ SF/ 9.29 8.83

≈0.08 ms ≈0.75 ms

α/ α/, SF/≈50 α

Bh

Bh Bh Bh

267

10.40 10.10 10.03 10.37 10.24 10.06 9.91 9.74 9.48 9.62

Hs

108

263

Hs Hs 265mHs

263.1287 264.1284

265

265.1300

2.0 ms

α/ SF/<1

266

266.1300

≈2.3 ms

α

264

Hs

Hs

11.0 10.57/63 10.73 10.52 10.34 10.30/90 10.43 10.37 10.25 10.2

11-200

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

267

267.1371

33 ms

α/>88

269

269.1341

9.3 s

α

2–7 s ≈11 m

α SF

≈1.2 ms ≈0.7 ms 19 ms 0.07 s

α α α α/>68

≈ 3 µs 0.17 ms ≈1.1 ms

α/>32 α/>75 α

≈6 ms

α

0.1 ms ≈ 56 ms 0.076 ms 118 ms ≈7.5 s ≈1m

α α α α/ SF/ α

≈ 1.5 ms

α/>68

10.82

277

≈ 0.24 ms

α

11.45 11.65

283

≈ 3. m

284

≈9.8 s ≈11. m

sf/>0.7 α/<0.3 α α

9.17 8.67

≈5.5 s ≈1.9 s ≈ 20. s

α α α

10.3 9.84 9.71

≈ 0.03 s

α

10.6

Hs

Hs

270

Hs Hs

277

9.88 9.83 9.75 9.23 9.17 9.16

Mt

109

266m

Mt Mt 267Mt 268Mt 266

266.1379 267.138 268.1388

10.46–10.81 10.48–11.31 10.10, 10.24

110

110

267

110 110 271m110 269

267.1440 269.1451

270m

110

270

110 110 273m110 273110 280110 281110 271

270.1446 271.1461 273.1492

11.6 11.11 10.68 10.74 10.95 11.15 12.15 11.03 10.71 11.8 9.73 8.83

111

111

272

111

272.1535

112

112

112 112 112 112

285

114

114

287

114 114 289114 288

116

116

292

116

11-201

TeamLRN

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (Revised 2003) Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for experimental quantities that characterize the properties for scattering and absorption of neutrons. The neutron cross section is given for room temperature neutrons, 20.43°C, corresponding to a thermal neutron energy of 0.0253 electron volts (eV) or a neutron velocity of 2200 meters/second. The neutron resonance integral is defined over the energy range from 0.5 eV to 0.1x10 6 eV, or 0.1 MeV. Bound neutron scattering lengths and neutron cross sections averaged over a Maxwellian spectrum at 30 keV for astrophysical applications are also presented. A list of the major references used is given below. The literature cutoff date is January 2003. Uncertainties are given in parentheses. Parentheses with two or more numbers indicate values to the excited state(s) and to the ground state of the product nucleus.

Table Layout Column Number

Column Title

Description

1

Isotope/Element

For elements, atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2.

2

Isotopic Abundance

in atom percent

3

Half-life

Half-life in decimal notation. ms = microsecond; ms = millisecond; s = second; m = minute; h = hour; d = day; y = year.

4

Thermal Neutron Cross Sections

Cross sections for neutron capture reactions in units of barns (10 -24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by sp, sa, sf , respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.

5

Neutron Resonance Integrals

Resonance integrals for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 -24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by R.I. p, R.I.a, R.I.f, respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.

6

Neutron Scattering Lengths

Bound coherent scattering lengths for neutron scattering reactions in units of femtometers (fm), which is equal to fermis (10 -13 cm).

7

Maxwellian Averaged Cross Section

Astrophysical Cross Sections, averaged over a stellar neutron maxwellian spectrum characterized by a thermal energy of 30 keV, expressed in barns (10 -24 cm2), millibarns (mb) or microbarns ( mb).

General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented: 1. Mughabghab, S.F., Divadeenam, M., Holden, N.E.; Neutron Cross Sections, Vol. 1 Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part A, Z = 1-60. Academic Press Inc., New York, New York (1981); Mughabghab, S.F.; Part B, Z = 61-100. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida (1984). 2. Holden, N.E.; Fifty Years with Nuclear Fission Conference, Wash., D.C., Gaithersburg, Md. April 26-29, 1989, p. 946. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois (1989). 3. Tuli, J.K.; Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). 4. Holden, N.E.; Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). 5. Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.; Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). 6. Koester, L., Rauch, H., Seymann, E.; Neutron Scattering Lengths: A Survey of Experimental Data and Methods, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 49, 65 (1991). 7. Sears, V.F.; Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections, Neutron News 3, (3), 26 (1992). 8. Bao, Z.Y., Beer, H., Käppeler, F., Voss, F., Wisshak, K., Raucher,T.; Neutron Cross Sections for Nucleo-synthesis Studies, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 76, 70 (2000).

11-198

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)

Half-Life

H

1

1

H H 3H 2

99.9885(70) 0.0115(70)

>2.8x1023 y 12.33 y

He

3

0.000134(3)

4

99.999867(3)

He

6

7.59(4)

7

92.41(4)

8

Be

7

Be Be Be

53.28 d 100.

10

1.52x106 y

B

5

10

19.9(7)

11

80.1(7)

B

B

C

6

12

C C 14C 13

98.93(8) 1.07(8) 5715. y

N

7

14

99.636(20)

15

0.364(20)

N N

O

8

16

O O

17

18

O

99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)

F

9

19

F

-3.739(1)

0.332(2) 0.51(1)mb < 6. mb

0.149(1) 0.23(2) mb

- 3.741(1) 6.671(4) 4.79(3)

100.

Ne

10

20Ne 90.48(3) * Extrapolated value.

0.25(2) mb* 2.1(4) mb

3.26(3) RIp = 2.39(1)x103

5.74(7) 8.(1) mb*

71.(2)

32.(1)

- 1.90(2)

st = 9.4(1)x102 39.(5) mb 45.(5) mb

RIt = 422.(4) 17.(2) mb 20.(2) mb

2.0(1)

8.8(4) mb

3.9(2) mb

7.79(1)

sp = 3.9(1)x104 sa ª 0.1 8.8(4) mb <1. mb

RIp = 1.75(5)x104

- 2.22(2)

0.84 s

4

9

0.149(1)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

3.26(3)

Li

Li Li

0.332(2)

sp = 5.33(1)x103 0.05(1) mb

3

Li

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

< 0.05

2

He

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

st ª 1. 0.06(1) mb* 42.(3) mb < ª 5.5 mb

sp = 16(4)*

3.9(2) mb

7.79(1)

7.6(1)x102

3.4(1)x102

5.30(4)

sa = 38.4(1)x102 0.3(1) sp = 7.(1) mb st = 8.(2) mb 5.(3) mb

RIa = 17.3(1)x102 0.13(4)

- 0.1(3)

2.(1) mb

6.65(4)

3.5(1) mb

1.6(1) mb

6.646(1)

3.5(1) mb 1.4(1) mb <1.4 mb

1.6(1) mb 1.7(2) mb

6.651(2) 6.19(9)

2.00(6)

0.90(3)

9.36(2)

sp = 1.93(5) 0.080(1) 0.04(1) mb

RIp = 0.87(3) 0.034(1) 0.11(3) mb

9.37(2) 6.44(3)

0.29(1) mb

0.40(4) mb

5.805(4)

0.19(1) mb sa = 0.257(10) 0.54(7) mb 0.16(1) mb

0.36(4) mb 0.11(1) 0.39(5) mb 0.81(4) mb

5.805(5) 5.8(2)

34.(4) mb sa = 3.9(5) mb*

5.84(7)

9.(1) mb*

9.5(1) mb

21.(3) mb

5.65(1)

6.(1) mb

9.5(1) mb

21.(3) mb

5.65(1)

6.(1) mb

42.(5) mb

19.(3) mb

4.566(6)

39.(5) mb

18.(3) mb

4.631(6)

11-199

TeamLRN

16.(1) mb* 0.021(4) mb 3.(1) mb*

sp = 1.8(2) mb* 0.04(1) mb 6.(1) mb*

0.12(1) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 21

0.27(1)

22

9.25(3)

Ne Ne

Half-Life

Na

11

22

Na

23

Na

2.605 y 100.

Mg

12

24

Mg Mg 26Mg 27Mg 25

78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 9.45 m

Al

13

26

7.1x105 y

Al

27

Al

100.

Si

14

28

Si Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 29

92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 2.62 h 1.6x102 y

P

15

31

P

100.

S

16

32

94.93(31)

33

0.76(2)

34

4.29(28) 0.02(1)

S S

S S

36

Cl

17

35

Cl

75.78(4)

36

3.01x105 y

Cl

37

Cl

24.22(4)

Ar

18

36

Ar

0.3365(30)

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

0.7(1) sa = 0.18(9) mb 51.(5) mb

0.31(5)

6.7(2)

ª 1.5 mb

23.(3) mb

3.87(1)

58.(4) mb*

0.53(2)

0.32(2)

3.63(2)

2.1(2) mb

sp = 2.8(3)x104 sa = 2.6(4)x102 sm = 0.43(3)

RIp< 2.x105 RIa = 1.2(2) x 102 RIm = 0.30(6)

3.63(2)

2.1(2) mb

66.(6) mb

38.(5) mb

5.375(4)

0.053(6) 0.20(1) 0.038(1) 0.07(2)

32.(4) mb 98.(15) mb 25.(2) mb 0.03(1)

5.7(2) 3.6(2) 4.9(2)

0.230(2)

0.17(1)

3.45(1)

3.3(4) mb 6.4(4) mb 0.13(1) mb*

sp = 1.97(10) sa = 0.34(1) 0.230(2)

0.17(1)

3.45(1)

0.166(9)

0.12(2)

4.15(1)

0.17(1) 0.12(1) 0.107(3) 73.(6) mb < 0.5

0.11(2) 0.08(2) 0.62(6) 33.(3) mb

4.11(1) 4.7(1) 4.61(1)

0.17(1)

0.08(1)

5.13(1)

0.17(1)

0.08(1)

5.13(1)

0.54(2)

0.24(2)

2.847(1)

0.55(5) sa < 0.5 mb 0.46(3) sa = 0.12(1) sp = 2. mb 0.25(1) 0.24(2)

0.25(2)

2.804(2)

4.1(2) mb

0.21(2) RIa = 0.05(1)

4.7(2)

7.4(15) mb sa = 0.18(1)

0.13 0.26(3)

3.48(3)

0.23(1) mb 0.17(1) mb*

33.6(3)

15.(2)

9.58(1)

43.7(4) sp = 0.44(1) saª 0.08 mb sp = 46.(2) mb <10. sa = 0.59(7) mb (0.05 + 0.38)

20.(2) RIp = 0.2

11.7(1)

(0.04+0.26)

3.1(1)

0.66(3)

0.42(5)

1.91(1)

5.(1) sa = 5.4(3) mb sp < 1.5 mb

2.(1)

24.9(1)

0.14(2)

* Extrapolated value.

11-200

2.9(3) mb

2.9(3) mb 7.9(9) mb 3.2(3) mb*

1.7(1) mb

9.4(3) mb sp = 1.7(2) mb* sp = 91.(8) mb

RIp = 0.02

sa = 0.9(2) mb 2.0(2) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 37

Ar

38

Ar Ar

35.0 d 0.0632(5)

39

40

Ar Ar

Half-Life

268. y 99.6003(30)

41

1.82 h

K

19

39

93.2581(44)

40

0.0117(1)

41

6.7302(44)

K

K

K

1.26x109 y

Ca

20

40

Ca

96.941(156)

41

1.02x105 y

Ca

42

Ca Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 48Ca 43

0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21)

162.7 d >4x1015 y 4.3x1019 y

Sc

21

45

Sc Sc

100.

46

83.81 d

Ti

22

44

Ti

46

Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 47

60 y 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)

V

23

50

0.250(4)

51

99.750(4)

V V

1.4x1017 y

Cr

24

50

Cr 4.345(13) Cr 52Cr 83.789(18) 53Cr 9.501(17) 54Cr 2.365(7) * Extrapolated value. 51

>1.8x1017 y 27.70 d

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

sa = 1.08(8)x103 sp = 37.(4) 0.8(2) 6.(2)x102 sa <0.29 0.64(3) 0.5(1)

RIa = 900. RIp = 31. 0.4(1)

sa ª 1.3 sp ª 0.04

0.41(5) 0.2(1)

1.83(1)

2.1(1)

1.0(1)

3.67(2)

2.1(2) sa = 4.3(5) mb sp < 0.05 mb 30.(8) sp = 4.4(4) sa = 0.42(8) 1.46(3)

0.9(1)

3.74(2)

1.4(2)

2.69(8)

0.43(2)

0.23(2)

4.70(2)

0.41(3) sa = 0.13(4) mb ª 4. sa = 0.18(3) s p = 7.(2) mb 0.65(10) 6.(1) 0.8(2) ª 15. 0.70(3) 1.0(1)

0.22(4)

4.80(2)

6.7(7) mb

0.39(4) 3.9(2) 0.56(1)

3.4(1) - 1.56(9) 1.42(6)

16.(2) mb 51.(6) mb 9.(1) mb

0.9(1) 0.5(1)

3.6(2) 0.39(9)

5.3(5) mb* 0.8(1) mb*

27.2(2)

12.(1)

12.3(1)

(10.+17.) 8.(1)

(5.6+6.4) 3.6(5)

12.3(1)

6.1(1)

2.8(2)

- 3.438(2)

1.1(2) sp<0.2 0.6(2) 1.6(2) 7.9(9) 1.9(5) 0.179(3)

0.4(1) 1.6(2) 3.6(2) 1.2(2) 0.12(2)

4.93(6) 3.63(1) - 6.09(2) 1.04(5) 6.18(8)

5.0(2)

2.8(1)

- 0.382(1)

21.(4) sp = 0.7(4) mb 4.9(1)

50.(20)

7.6(6)

2.7(2)

- 0.402(2)

3.0(2)

1.7(1)

3.635(7)

15.(1) < 10. 0.8(1) 18.(2) 0.36(4)

8.(1)

- 4.5(1)

0.05(1)

0.6(2) 9.(1) 0.25(5)

4.91(2) - 4.2(1) 4.6(1)

8.8(4) mb 0.06(1) 7.(2) mb

3.5(35)

TeamLRN

11.8(4) mb

sp = 7.(1) mb sa = 40.(6) mb

13.(4) 2.0(2)

11-201

2.5(3) mb

22.(1) mb

69.(5) mb

27.(3) mb 64.(8) mb 32.(5) mb 22.(2) mb 3.6(4) mb

38.(4) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)

Half-Life

Mn

25

53

Mn Mn 55Mn

3.7x106 y 312.1 d

54

100.

Fe

26

54

Fe

5.845(35)

55

Fe

56

Fe Fe 58Fe 59Fe 57

2.73 y 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 44.51 d

Co

27

58m

Co Co 59Co 60mCo 60Co

9.1 h 70.88 d

58

100. 10.47 m 5.271 y

Ni

28

58

Ni

68.0769(89)

ª 7.6x104 y

59

Ni

60

Ni Ni

61

62

Ni Ni 64Ni 65Ni

>4x1019 y

26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17)

63

100. y 0.9256(9) 2.517 h

Cu

29

63

Cu Cu 65Cu 66Cu

69.15(15)

64

12.701 h 30.85(15) 5.09 m

Zn

30

64

Zn

48.27(32)

65

Zn

243.8 d

66

27.977(77)

67

4.102(21)

Zn Zn

>2.3x1018 y

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

13.3(1)

14.0(3)

- 3.75(2)

70.(10) < 10. 13.3(1)

32.(5) 14.0(3)

- 3.75(2)

2.7(1)

1.4(2)

9.45(2)

2.3(2) sa = 10. mb 13.(2) sa = 0.01 2.8(3) 1.4(2) 1.3(1) 13.(3)

1.3(2) RIa = 1.1(1) mb 6.(1)

4.2(1)

29.(2) mb

1.4(2) 0.8(4) 1.3(2) 6.(1)

9.93(3) 2.3(1) 15.(7)

11.7(5) mb 40.(4) mb 12.(1) mb

37.19(8)

74.(2)

2.49(2)

1.4(1)x105 1.9(2)x103 (20.7+16.5) 58.(3) 2.0(2)

2.5(10)x105 7.(1)x103 (39.+35.) 230.(50) 4.3(10)

2.49(2)

4.5(2)

2.3(2)

10.3(1)

4.6(4) sa < 0.03 mb sabs = 92.(4) sa = 14.(2) sp = 2.(1) 2.9(3) 2.5(5) sa = 0.03 mb 15.(1) 20.(5) 1.6(1) 22.(2)

2.3(2)

14.4(1)

41.(2) mb

1.5(2) 1.5(4)

2.8(1) 7.60(6)

25.(1) mb 82.(8) mb

6.8(3) 9.(2) 1.2(2) 10.(1)

- 8.7(2)

13.(4) mb

- 0.37(7)

9.(1) mb

3.8(1)

4.1(4)

7.718(4)

4.5(2) ª 270. 2.17(3) 1.4(1)x102

5.(1)

6.43(15)

0.09(1)

2.2(1) 60.(20)

10.61(19)

41.(5) mb

1.1(2)

2.8(4)

5.680(5)

0.74(5) sp < 12. mb sa = 11.(3) mb 66.(8) sa = 2.0(2) 0.9(3) sa < 0.02 mb 6.9(1.4) sa = 0.4 mb

1.4(3)

5.23(4)

59.(5) mb

1.8(2)

5.98(5)

35.(3) mb

25.(5)

7.58(8)

0.15(2)

40.(3) mb

38.(4) mb

RIabs = 1.4(1)x102

30.(4)

* Extrapolated value.

11-202

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 68

19.02(12)

70

0.631(9)

Zn Zn

Half-Life

Ga

31

69

Ga Ga

71

60.108(9) 39.892(9)

>2.4x1026 y

Ge

32

68

Ge Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 70

270.8 d 20.370(89) 27.380(60) 7.759(78) 36.656(80) 7.835(81)

>1.8x1023 y 1.6x1021 y

As

33

75

As

100.

Se

34

74

Se Se 76Se 77Se

0.89(4)

78

23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22)

75

Se Se 82Se 80

119.78 d 9.37(29) 7.63(16)

ª 1x1020 y

Br

35

76

Br Br

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

(0.072 + 0.8) sa <0.02 mb (8.1+83.) mb

(0.2 + 2.9)

6.04(3)

19.(2) mb sm = 3.(1) mb 0.02(1)

2.9(1)

22.(3)

7.288(2)

1.68(7) 4.7(2) sm = 0.15(5)

16.(2) 31.(3)

7.88(4) 6.40(3)

2.2(1)

6.(2)

8.19(2)

1.0(5) (0.3 + 2.7) 0.9(2) 15.(1) (0.14 + 0.28) (0.09 + 0.06)

2.3(1) 0.8(3) 66.(20) (0.4+0.5) (1.3+0.6)

10.0(1) 8.5(1) 5.02(4) 7.6(1) 8.2(15)

4.0(4)

61.(5)

6.58(1)

4.0(4)

61.(5)

6.58(1)

12.(1)

14.(3)

7.970(9)

50.(2) 3.3(10)x102 (22. + 63.) 42.(4) sa = 0.97(3) mb sm = 0.38(2) (0.05+0.54) (39.+ 5.2) mb

520(50)

0.8(3)

0.2(1)

(9.+31.) 30.(5)

12.2(1) 8.25(8)

0.16(1) 0.3(1)

RIm = 4.3(4) (0.15+0.85) 39.(4) mb

8.24(9) 7.48(3) 6.34(8)

0.1 42.(3) mb 0.04(2)

6.8(2)

92.(8)

6.79(2)

0.9(2)

0.14(1) 0.12(1)

88.(5) mb 0.07(2) 0.3(1) 53.(7) mb 0.03(2)

0.57(4)

79

50.69(7)

224.(42) (2.5+8.3)

(36.+96.)

6.79(7)

81

49.31(7)

(2.4+0.24)

51.(5)

6.78(7)

24.(1)

39.(6)

7.81(2)

(0.17+6.) (4.6+7.) (14.+7.) 183.(30) (sm+ sg) = 0.11 sm = 0.09 1.7(2) 3.(2) mb

20.(1) 57.(6) 130.(13) 183.(20) 2.4(3) 1.8(10) ª 1. mb

8.1(3)

0.39(4)

6.(3)

7.08(2)

(0.7+7.)

7.0(1)

0.24(1)

2.3(4) 0.5(1)

7.3(1)

16.(1) mb

Br

16.0 h

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Kr

36

78

Kr Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 80

0.353(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(3) 11.500(19) 56.987(15)

85

Kr Kr

86

>2.3x1020 y

10.73 y 17.279(41)

Rb

37

84

Rb Rb 86Rb 87Rb 88Rb 85

32.9 d 72.17(2) 27.83(2)

18.65 d 4.88x1010 y 17.7 m

sp = 12.(2) (0.06+0.38) <20. 0.10(1) 1.2(3)

* Extrapolated value.

11-203

TeamLRN

0.63(4) sm = 0.08(1) 0.31(2)

(0.11+0.19) (0.09+0.18) 90.(6) mb 0.24(2) (16.+33.) mb 0.07(2) 3.2(4) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)

Half-Life

Sr

38

84

Sr Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 86

0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 50.52 d 29.1 y

Y

39

89

Y Y 91Y

100.

90

2.67 d 58.5 d

Zr

40

90

Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 96Zr 91

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9)

1.5x106 y >1017 y >1.7x1018 y

Nb

41

93

Nb

100.

94

2.4x104 y

95

34.97 d

Nb Nb

Mo

14.77(31)

94

9.226(99) 15.900(85)

Mo Mo Mo

95

96

Mo Mo

97

98

Mo Mo

100

1.2(1)

10.(1)

7.02(2)

(0.6+0.2) sm = 0.81(4) 16.(3) 5.8(4) mb 0.42(4) 10.(1) mb

(9.+1.) RIm = 4.(1) 118.(30) 0.07(3) 0.2 0.10(2)

1.25(5)

1.0(1)

7.75(2)

(0.001+1.25) <6.5 1.4(3)

(0.006+1.0)

7.75(2)

0.19(1) sa <0.1 mb

0.95(9)

7.16(3)

ª 0.014 1.2(3) 0.2(1) <4. 0.049(6) 0.020(3)

0.2(1) 5.(2) 0.6(2) 16.(5) 0.25(3) 5.0(5)

6.4(1) 8.8(1) 7.5(2)

1.11(1) sa <0.1 mb

8.5(6)

7.14(3)

1.1 sm = 0.86 (sm+ sg) = 15.(1) sm = 0.6(1) <7.

(6.3+2.2)

7.14(3)

5.68(5) 7.41(7) 7.16(6)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

0.4(1) (48.+22.) mb 97.(5) mb 6.0(2) mb

19.(1) mb

0.6(1)

8.3(2) 5.5(1)

21.(2) mb 60.(8) mb 33.(4) mb 0.10(1) 26.(1) mb 11.(1) mb

266.(5) mb

126.(13) <200. 26.(5)

6.72(2)

ª 0.8

6.93(8)

0.07(1)

ª 0.8 109.(5)

6.82(7) 6.93(6)

0.10(2) 0.29(1)

17.(3) 14.(3)

6.22(6) 7.26(8)

0.11(1) 0.34(1)

ª 1x1019 y

0.06 sm = 0.2 mb 0.02 13.4(3) sa = 30.(4) mb 0.5 2.5(2) sa = 0.4(2) mb 0.14(1) 0.19(1)

7.2(7) 3.6(3)

6.60(7) 6.75(7)

0.10(1) 0.11(1)

ª 6.6x106 y 2.13x105 y

sm = 0.9(2) 23.(2)

4.0(4)x102

6.8(3)

0.93(5)

2.6 (1)

48.(5)

7.03(3)

0.23(4) < 8. 4.(1) 5.8(6)

7.(2)

>3x1017 y

16.674(12) 9.560(50) 24.20(25) 9.67(20)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

2.5(1) sa <0.1 mb

42

92

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Tc

43

98

Tc Tc

99

Ru

44

96

Ru 5.54(14) Ru 1.87(3) 99Ru 12.76(14) 100Ru 12.60(7) * Extrapolated value. 98

>3.1x1016 y

195.(20) 11.(2)

11-204

0.21(1) 0.3(1) 1.2(3) 0.21(1)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 101

17.06(2)

102

31.55(14)

Ru

Ru Ru 104Ru 105Ru 106Ru 103

Half-Life

39.27 d 18.62(27) 4.44 h 1.020 y

Rh

45

103

Rh Rh 104Rh 105Rh

100.

104m

4.36 m 42.3 s 35.4 h

Pd

46

102

Pd Pd 105Pd

1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8)

106

27.33(3)

104

Pd Pd 108Pd 110Pd 107

6.5x106 y 26.46(9) 11.72(9)

Ag

47

107

Ag Ag 110mAg 111Ag 109

51.839(8) 48.161(8) 249.8 d 7.47 d

Cd

48

106

>2.6x1017 y >4.1x1017 y 462.0 d

Cd Cd 109Cd

1.25(6) 0.89(3)

110

Cd Cd 112Cd 113Cd

12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12)

7.7x1015 y

114

28.73(42) 7.49(18)

3.8x1019 y

108

111

Cd Cd

116

In

49

113

In In

115

4.29(5) 95.71(5)

4.4x1014 y

Sn

50

112

Sn 0.97(1) Sn 114Sn 0.66(1) 115Sn 0.34(1) 116Sn 14.54(9) 117Sn 7.68(7) * Extrapolated value. 113

115.1 d

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

5.(1) sa <0.15 mb 1.2(1) <20. 0.49(2) 0.29(3) 0.15(4)

1.1(3)x102

1.00(4)

4.3(5) ª 30. 6.(2) 0.13(1) 2.0(6)

0.15(1)

145.(2)

1.2(1)x103

5.88(4)

(11.+ 134.) 800.(100) 40.(30) 1.1(3)x104

(0.08+1.1)x103

5.88(4)

7.(1)

82.(8)

3.2(10)

10.(2) 16.(2) 60.(20)

0.15(1)

0.81(1)

1.7(4)x104 5.91(6)

22.(2) sa = 0.5(2) mb (0.013+0.28) 1.8(2) (0.19+8.5) (0.033+0.7)

(0.2+5.5) 108.(4) (2.+240.) (0.7+8.)

6.4(4)

62.(1)

767.(60)

5.922(7)

(1.+35.) (4.1 + 87.) 82.(11) 3.(2)

(3.+105.) (0.7+14.1)x102 20.(4) 105.(20)

7.56(1) 4.17(1)

2.52(5)x103

73.(8)

4.87(5)

0.20(3) 1. ª 180. sa <0.05 (0.06+11.) 3.5(20) (0.012+2.2) 2.06(4)x104 sa <1. mb (0.04+0.29) (26.+52.) mb

4.(1) 14.(3) 6.7(12)x103

5.4(1)

0.30(2) 0.20(1)

(6.+34.) 51.(6) 15. 390.(40)

5.9(1) 6.5(1) 6.4(1) - 8.0(2)

(0.01+0.22) 0.75(1) 0.19(1) 0.67(1)

16.(7) 1.2

7.5(1) 6.3(1)

(0.01+0.12) (12.+47.) mb

197.(4)

3.3(2)x103

4.07(2)

(3.1+5.0+3.9) (88.+73.+44.)

(220.+90.) (1.5+1.2+0.7)x103

5.39(6) 4.01(2)

0.61(3)

8.(2)

6.225(2)

(0.15+0.40) ª 9. ª 0.12 sa = 0.06 mb (0.006+0.14) 1.1(1)

(8.+19.) 210.(50) 5.(1) 29.(6) (0.5+11.) 16.(5)

11-205

TeamLRN

5.5(3)

0.3(1) 0.29(3) 1.20(6)

4.1(3)

0.25(3) 1.34(6) 0.20(2) 0.15(2)

0.80(3) 0.79(3)

(0.48+0.31) (0.69+0.02)

0.21(1) 6.2(3) 5.93(5) 6.48(5)

134.(3) mb 0.34(1) 91.(2) mb 319.(7) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 118

Sn Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn 119

24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5)

Half-Life

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

>2.2x1018 y

sm = 4. mb 2.(1) (0.001+0.13) (0.15+0.001) (0.13+0.004)

4.7(5) 2.9(5) 1.2(3) 0.81(4) (8.0+0.08)

6.07(5) 6.12(5) 6.49(5) 5.74(5) 5.97(5)

62.(1) mb 0.18(1) (0.5+36.) mb (18.+4.) mb 12.(2) mb

5.2(2)

169.(20)

5.57(3)

(0.4+5.8) (0.02+0.04+4.0) 17.(3)

(13.+192.) (1.+119.) ª 8.

5.71(6) 5.38(7)

4.2(1)

47.(3)

5.80(3)

(1.+5.) (0.4+3.) 370.(40) sa = 0.05 mb (1.+6.) 1.1(2) (0.12+0.8) (0.03+0.2) (0.01+0.19)

ª 1. (5.+75.) 4.5(3)x103

5.3(5) 3.8(2) - 0.05

0.4(1) 295.(3) mb 0.83(1)

(1.4+4.) 21.(4) (0.6+7.4) (0.2+1.6) (0.03+0.3)

8.0(1) 5.02(8) 5.56(7) 5.89(7) 6.02(7)

155.(2) mb 431.(4) mb (28.+53.) mb (3.+41.) mb (4.+11.) mb

6.2(1)

1.5(1)x102

5.28(2)

900.(100) 6.2(1) 22.(4) (20.7+10.3) 18.(3) ª 0.7

1.4(2)x104 1.5(1)x102 ª 10. 36.(4) ª 8. 8.(4)

25.(1)

263.(50)

(28.+137.) sa < 0.03 (0.45+3.) sa £ 0.01 sm = 0.48 22.(5) sm = 0.45 90.(10) (0.05+0.4) 190.(90) (0.003 + 0.26) 2.65(11)x106 0.26(2)

(0.6+3.0)x103

(0.13+0.51)

(8.+52.)

(0.04+0.32)

RIm = 38.(10) 250.(50) RIm = 16.(4) 9.(1)x102 (0.9+3.7)

0.26(1) 0.62(2) 0.132(3) 0.45(8) (5.+60.) mb

0.40(4) 7.6(5)x103 0.7(2)

20.(2) mb

30.4(8)

422.(50)

5.42(2)

sa < 0.15 (2.7+27.3) 140.(10) 8.3(3) (0.20+0.07)

(32.+360.) 54.(9) 38.(3) 0.36(7)

5.42(2)

1.3(2)

10.(2)

5.07(3)

(1.+8.)

(25.+200.)

- 3.6(6)

Sb

51

121

Sb Sb 124Sb 123

57.21(5) 42.79(5) 60.20 d

Te

52

120

Te Te 123Te

0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3)

124

4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62)

122

Te Te 126Te 128Te 130Te 125

>5.3x1016 y

2.2x1024 y 8.x1020 y

I

53

125

I I 128I 129I 130I 131I 127

59.4 d 100. 25.00 m 1.7x107 y 12.36 h 8.021 d

Xe

54

124

Xe Xe 126Xe 127Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 133Xe 134Xe 135Xe 136Xe

0.0953(27)

125

>1017 y 17.1 h

0.0890(14) 36.34 d 1.910(22) 26.40(18) 4.071(53) 21.233(62) 26.9087(680) 10.436(29) 8.858(33)

5.243 d >1.1x1016 y 9.10 h >8x1020 y

Cs

55

132

Cs Cs 134Cs 135Cs 137Cs 133

6.48 d 100. 2.065 y 2.3x106 y 30.2 y

Ba

56

130Ba 0.106(1) * Extrapolated value.

2.2x1021 y

11-206

5.28(2)

0.53(2) 0.30(1)

0.64(3) 0.44(2)

4.92(3)

0.9(1) mb

(0.04+0.47)

0.76(11)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 132

Ba Ba 134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba 139Ba 140Ba

0.101(1)

133

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

(0.84+9.7) 4.(1) (0.1+1.3) (0.014+5.8) (0.010+0.44) 5.(1) 0.41(2) 5.(1) 1.6(3)

(4.7+24.) 85.(30) (5.6+18.) (0.47+131.) (0.1+1.5) 4.(1) 0.4(1) 2.2(5) 14.(1)

7.8(3)

0.6(1)

5.7(1) 4.7(1) 4.91(8) 6.8(1) 4.84(8)

0.18(1) 0.46(2) 61.(2) mb 76.(3) mb 4.0(2) mb

9.2(2)

12.(1)

8.24(4)

57.(6) 9.2(2) 2.7(3)

4.1(9)x102 12.(1) 69.(4)

8.24(4)

0.64(4)

0.71(6)

4.84(2)

(1.0+6.5) (0.025+1.0) 0.58(4) 29.(3) 0.97(3) 6.1(7) 1.0(1)

58.(12) (1.5+5.2) 0.50(5) 13.(2) 1.3(3) 2.7(3) 2.6(3)

5.80(9) 6.70(9) 4.84(9)

(0.028+0.3) 179.(5) mb 11.0(4) mb

4.75(9)

28.(1) mb

11.5(4)

14.(3)

4.58(5)

(4.+7.5) 20.(3) 90.(10)

14.(3) 9.(1) 190.(25)

4.58(5)

51.(2)

49.(5)

7.69(5)

34.(11) 128.(30)

7.7(3)

35.(1) mb 0.24(1)

3.9(5) 260.(40)

2.8(3)

81.(2) mb 0.42(1)

3.0(4) 200. 13.(2) 14.(2)

8.7(2)

91.(1) mb

ª 1x1019 y

19.(1) 330.(10) sa = 17. mb 3.6(3) 47.(6) sa = 12. mb 1.5(2) 440.(150) 2.4(1) 1.0(1)

5.7(3) 5.3(2)

147.(2) mb 0.16(1)

5.53 y 2.623 y 41.3 d 5.37 d 2.212 d 1.183 d

8.4(1.7)x103 (84.+96.) 10600.(800) ª 103 1400.(200) ª 150.

(1000.+1280.)

12.6(4)

2.(1)

Half-Life 1.3x1021 y 10.53 y

2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 1.396 h 12.75 d

La

57

138

La La 140La

139

0.090(1) 99.910(1)

1.06x1011 y 1.678 d

Ce

58

136

Ce Ce 140Ce 141Ce 142Ce 143Ce 144Ce 138

0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51)

32.50 d >1.6x1017 y 1.38 d 284.6 d

Pr

59

141

Pr Pr 143Pr

100.

142

19.12 h 13.57 d

Nd

60

142

Nd Nd

143

144

Nd Nd

145

146

Nd Nd 148Nd 150Nd

27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1)

2.1x1015 y

17.2(3)

147

10.98 d 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

38.(3) mb

111.(2) mb

Pm

61

146

Pm Pm 148mPm 148Pm 149Pm 151Pm 147

Sm

62

144

Sm 3.07(7) Sm 147Sm 14.99(18) 148Sm 11.24(10) * Extrapolated value. 145

340. d 1.06x1011 y 7x1015 y

2.6(2.4)x103

5.6(1)x103

1.4(2)x103

1.6(1) 280.(20) 56.(4), sa = 0.6 mb 2.4(6)

2.4(3) 600.(90) 710.(50) 27.(14)

11-207

TeamLRN

92.(6) mb 14.(3)

0.97(1) 241.(2) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 149

Sm Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm 154Sm 150

13.82(7) 7.38(1)

Half-Life 1016 y 90. y

26.75(16) 1.929 d 22.75(29)

Eu

63

151

Eu

47.81(6)

152m1

Eu Eu 153Eu 154Eu 155Eu

9.30 h 13.5 y

152

52.19(6) 8.59 y 4.76 y

Gd

64

148

Gd Gd 153Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd 161Gd

152

0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19)

75. y 1.1x1014 y 240. d

>1.9x1019 y 3.66 m

Tb

65

159

Tb Tb

100.

160

72.3 d

Dy

66

156

Dy Dy 159Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy 165Dy 158

0.056(3) 0.095(3) 144. d 2.39(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 1.26 m 2.33 h

Ho

67

163

Ho Ho 166mHo 165

Er

Er 0.139(5) Er 1.601(3) 166Er 33.503(36) 167Er 22.869(9) * Extrapolated value. 164

4.01(6)x104, sa = 31. mb 102.(5) 1.52(3)x104 206.(15) 420.(180) 7.5(3)

3.1(5)x103 290.(30) 3520.(60) 3.0(3)x103

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

1.2x103 y

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

- 5.0(6)

1.82(2) 422.(4) mb 2.(1) 473.(4) mb

32.(6)

9.(1)

0.21(1)

4570.(100)

3.8(5)x103

5.3(3)

(4.+3150.+6000.) sa = 8.7(3) mb 6.8(15)x104 1.1(2)x104 300.(20), sa <1. mb 1.5(3)x103 3.9(2)x103

(2.+4.)x103 < 105 1.6(2)x103 1.8(4)x103 1.6(2)x103 1.6(2)x104

8.2(1)

48.8(6)x103

400.(10)

9.5(2)

1.40(14)x104 700.(200), sa <7. mb 2.(1)x104, sa = 0.03 (0.035+60.) 61.(1)x103, sa = .08 mb ª 2.0 2.54(3)x105, sa <0.05 2.3(3) 1.5(7) 2.0(6)x104

14.(3)

(1.6+2.2)

5.(2) 2.8(1) 4.4(7) 1.3(1)

700.(200)

1.05(2)

230.(50) 1540.(100) 104.(15) 800.(100) 73.(7) 6.(1)

9.(2) 9.15(5)

1.03(1) 2.65(3) 615.(5) mb 1.37(2) 324.(3) mb 0.15(2)

23.2(5)

420.(50)

7.34(2)

23.2(5) 570.(110)

420.(50)

7.34(2)

9.5(2)x102

1.5(2)x103

16.9(3)

33.(3), sa < 9. mb 43.(6), sa < 6. mb 8.(2)x103 60.(10), sa < 0.3 mb 600.(50), sa < 1. mb 170.(20) 120.(10), sa < 20. mb (1.7+1.0)x103 2.0(6)x103 3.5(3)x103

1000.(100) 120.(10)

6.1(5)

1.6(2) 0.8(2)

1100.(200) 1100.(100) 2755.(300) 1600.(400) (4.+2.)x102

6.7(4) 10.3(4) - 1.4(5) 5.0(4) 49.4(2)

0.89(1) 1.96(2) 446.(4) mb 1.11(1) 212.(3) mb

6.3(4)

61.(2)

670.(40)

8.01(8)

(3.1+58.), sa < 20. mb 3.1(8)x103

(?+670.) 10.(3)x103

8.01(8)

1.5(2)x102

730.(10)

7.79(2)

19.(3), sa < 11. mb 13.(3), sa < 1.2 mb (3.+14.), sa < 70. mb 6.5(8)x102, sa = 3. mb

480.(50) 105.(10) 96.(12) 2970.(70)

8.8(2) 8.2(2) 10.6(2) 3.0(3)

11-208

1.6(2)

2.2(3)x104

4.57x103 y 100.

68

162

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

(0.4+1.7) (0.8+0.5)

1.6(1) 1.08(5) 0.56(6) 1.4(2)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 168

Er Er 171Er 170

Half-Life

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

37.(5) 26.(4) 170.(20)

7.4(4) 9.6(5)

0.34(4) 0.17(1)

7.52 h

2.3(3), sa = 0.09 mb 8.(2) 370.(40) 108.(4)

1.5(2)x103

7.07(3)

(8.+100.) 100.(20) ª 160.

1.5(2)x103 460.(50) 118.(6)

7.07(3)

52.(10)

1.7(2)x102

12.43(3)

2.4(2)x103, sa < 0.1 mb 3.6(3)x103 12.(2), sa < 10. mb 53.(5), sa < 1.5 mb ª 1.3, sa < 1. mb 16.(2), sa < 1. mb (46.+17.), sa < 0.02 mb 3.1(2), sa < 1. mb

2.0(5)x104 5200.(500) 320.(30) 315.(30) 25.(3) 380.(30) (13.+16.) 8.(2)

-4.07(2)

0.7(4)

6.8(1) 9.7(1) 9.4(1) 9.56(7) 19.3(1) 8.7(1)

0.77(1) 1.21(1) 0.34(1) 0.75(1) 151.(2) mb 116.(2) mb

78.(7)

8.3(7)x102

7.21(3)

(16.+8.) (2.+2100.) 3.2(3) 1000.(300)

(550.+270.) (3.+930.) 1.4(2)

7.24(3) 6.1(2)

106.(3)

19.7(5)x102

7.8(1)

600.(50) 23.(4) (1.+375.), sa < 20. mb sm2 = 45.(5) (54.+32.) (0.43+46.) 13.0(5), sa < 13. mb 30.(25)

400.(50) 700.(100) 7170.(200) RIm2 = 8(1)x102 (0.9+1.0)x103 (6.8+620.) 32.(1)

11.(1) 6.6(2)

0.8(2) 0.46(2) 1.5(1)

5.9(2) 7.5(2) 13.2(3)

0.31(1) (0.01+0.95) 179.(5) mb

20.(1)

650(20.)

6.91(7)

9.3(6)x102 ª 560. (0.012 + 20.), sa <1. mb 8200.(600)

1.22(7)x103 1350.(100) (0.4+650.) 900.(90)

18.(1)

3.6(3)x102

ª 4. 20.(1) 10.5(3) (0.002 + 2.0) ª 3.3 37.(2) 70.(10) 12.(1)

210.(30) 600.(90) 340.(50) 15.(2) 300.(50) 510.(50) 2760.(550)

90.(4)

8.4(2)x102

9.2(3)

(0.33+110.)

1700.(50)

9.0(3)

26.978(18) 14.910(36)

Tm

69

169

Tm Tm 171Tm

100

170

128.6 d 1.92 y

Yb

70

168

Yb Yb 170Yb 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb

0.13(1)

169

32.02 d 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41)

Lu

71

175

Lu Lu 177mLu 177Lu 176

97.41(2) 2.59(2)

3.73x1010 y 160.7 d 6.65 d

Hf

72

174

Hf Hf 177Hf 178m2Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf 181Hf 176

0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9)

2.0x1015 y

31. y 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 42.4 d

Ta

73

179

Ta Ta 181Ta 182Ta

180m

0.012(2) 99.988(2)

1.8 y > 1.2x1015 y 114.43 d

W

74

180

W W 183W 184W 185W 186W 187W 188W 182

0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19)

Re

75

185Re 37.40(2) * Extrapolated value.

7.4x1016 y 8.3x1018 y 1.9x1018 y 4.0x1018 y 74.8 d 6.5x1018 y 23.9 h 69.78 h

11-209

TeamLRN

6.91(7)

1.13(6)

(1.04+0.11) 1.53(7)

0.77(2)

4.86(2)

6.97(4) 6.53(4) 7.48(6)

0.54(6) 274.(8) mb 0.52(2) 0.22(1)

- 0.72(4)

176.(5) mb

1.54(6)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 187

Re

62.60(2)

Half-Life

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

4.2x1010 y

(2.+72.)

(9.+310.)

9.3(3)

1.16(6)

17.(1)

1.5(1)x102

10.7(2)

3.3(3)x103, sa <10. mb ª 80., sa < 0.1 mb 2.(1)x102, sa < 0.1 mb ª 5., sa < 30. mb (0.00026+40.),sa<10. mb (9.+4.), sa < 20. mb 3.8(6)x102 3.(1), sa < 10. mb 2.5(5)x102

1.4(1)x103 3.8(9)x102 5.0(7)x102 1.5(2)x102 (0.013+670.) (22.+8.) 1.7(3)x102 7.(1) 1.1(2)x102

7.6(3) 10.7(3) 11.0(3)

0.4(2) 0.42(2) 0.90(3) 0.40(2) 1.17(5) 0.30(5)

11.5(4)

0.31(5)

4.2(1)x102

2.8(4)x103

10.6(3)

(0.14+660.+260.) 1.4(3)x103 (0.04+6.+109.) 1.6(3)x103

(1.0+4.2)x103 4.8(7)x103 1.4(2)x103 7.(2)x102

10.(1)

1.3(1)x102

9.60(1)

1.5(1)x102, sa < 8. mb (2.0+6.), sa < 0.2 mb (0.1+1.1), sa < 5. mb 28.(1), sa < 5. mb (0.045+0.55) (0.3+3.1) ª 15.

70.(10) 115.(20) (4.+?) 365.(50) 7.(2) (5.+53.) ª 7.

9.(1) 9.9(5) 10.55(8) 8.8(1) 9.89(8) 7.8(1)

98.7(1)

1.55(3)x103

7.63(6)

sm+g = 98.7(1) sm = 8.(2) mb 26.5(15)x103 ª 30.

RIm+g = 1.55(3)x103 RIm = 0.06(2) ª 4.x104

7.63(6)

3.7(1)x102

87.(5)

12.69(2)

(105.+3000.) (0.017+2.) 2.1(2)x103 ª 1. ª 8. 4.9(5) 0.4(1)

(53.+410.) (1.7+70.) 435(20) 2.1(5) 30.(3) 4.5(2) 0.8(2)

30.(1)

3.3(1)

12.5(8)

8.776(5)

11.(1), sa < 0.3 mb 22.(2) 0.11(2)

41.(2) 90.(20) 0.6(2)

7.0(2) 9.52(7)

0.172(2)

0.14(4)

9.402(2)

0.68(7) ª 5. 0.027(1) 0.61(3)

2.0(2) ª 2. 0.10(1) 0.38(1)

10.9(1)

Os

76

184

Os Os 187Os 188Os 189Os 190Os 191Os 192Os 193Os 186

0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2)

>5.6x1013 y 2.x1015 y

15.4 d 40.78(19) 30.5 h

Ir

77

191

Ir Ir 193Ir 194Ir

37.3(2)

192

73.83 d 62.7(2) 19.3 h

Pt

78

190

Pt Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt 199Pt 192

0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55)

4.5x1011 y

30.8 m

Au

79

197

Au

100.

198

Au Au

2.695 d 3.14 d

199

Hg

80

196

Hg Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg 198

0.15(1) 9.97(8) 16.87(10) 23.10(16) 13.18(8) 29.86(20) 6.87(4)

>2.5x1018 y

Tl

81

203

Tl Tl 205Tl

29.524(14)

204

3.78 y 70.476(14)

Pb

82

204

Pb 1.4(1) Pb 206Pb 24.1(1) 207Pb 22.1(1) * Extrapolated value. 205

1.51x107 y

11-210

12(2)

1.35(4) 0.99(7)

16.9(4)

11.(1)

9.23(5) 9.28(2)

0.7(2) 0.6(1) (0.03+0.34) 0.9(2) (0.01+0.19) (3.+79.) mb

582.(9) mb

0.4(2) 0.17(2) 0.37(2) 0.12(1) 0.26(1) 74.(6) mb 42.(4) mb

124.(8) mb 0.14(5) 54.(4) mb

90.(6) mb 0.06(1) 16.(1) mb 10.(1) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 208

Pb Pb

52.4(1)

210

Half-Life

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

>2x1019 y 22.6 y

0.23(1) mb, sa < 8. mb < 0.5

2.0(2) mb

9.50(3)

0.36(4) mb

0.034(1)

0.19(2)

8.532(2)

(11.+23.) mb,sa<0.3 mb 54.(4) mb

0.19(2) 0.20(3)

8.532(2)

280.(50)

10.(1)

Bi

83

209

Bi Bi

100.

210m

3.0x106 y

Po

84

210

Po

138.4 d

sm<0.5 mb, sa < 2. mb sg<30. mb, sf< 0.1

55.6 s 3.823 d

<0.2 0.74(5)

11.43 d 3.66 d 1599. y 5.76 y

1.3(2)x102, sf< 0.7 12.0(5) ª 13., sf< 7. mb 36.(5), sf< 2.

21.77 y

8.8(7)x102, sf< 0.35 mb

1.5(4)x103

7.4

85.(3)

At

85

Rn

86

220

Rn Rn

222

Ra

88

223

Ra Ra 226Ra 228Ra 224

Ac

89

227

Ac

Th

90

227 228

Th Th 229Th

18.72 d 1.913 y 7.9x103 y

230

7.54x104 y

Th

232

Th

100.

1.40x1010 y

233

22.3 m

234

24.10 d

Th Th

sf = 2.0(2)x102 1.2(2)x102, sf<0.3 ª 60. sf = 30.(3) 23.4(5) sf < 0.5 mb 7.37(4) sf = 3.(1) mb sa < 1. mb 1.5(1)x103 sf = 15.(2) 1.8(5) sf < 0.01

10.31(3)

1014.(400) 1.0(2)x103 RIf = 466.(75) 1.0(1)x103 85.(3)

10.31(3)

4.(1)x102

Pa

91

230

Pa Pa

231

17.4 d 3.25x104 y

232

1.31 d

233

27.0 d

Pa Pa

92U * Extrapolated value.

1.5(3)x103 2.0(1)x102 sf = 20.(1) mb 4.6(10)x102 sf = 1.5(5)x103 39.(2) sm = 20.(4) sg = 19.(3) sf < 0.1 3.4(3); sf = 4.2(1)

750.(80) RIf = 0.05(1) 300.(70) RIf = 1.0(1)x103 (460.+440.)

9.1(3)

280.(20),RIf = 2.0

8.417(5)

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TeamLRN

2.7(5) mb

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 230

Half-Life

U U 232U

20.8 d 4.2 d 70. y

233

1.592x105 y

231

U

234

0.0054(5)

2.455x105 y

235

0.7204(6)

7.04x108 y

U U

236

2.342x107 y

237

6.75 d

U U

238

U

99.2742(10)

239

U

4.47x109 y

23.5 m

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns) sf ª 25. sf ª 250. 73.(2) sf = 74.(8) 47.(2) sf = 5.3(1)x102 sa < 0.2 mb 96.(2) sf = 0.07(2) 95.(5) sf = 586.(2) sa < 0.1 mb 5.1(3) sf < 1.3 mb ª 102 sf < 0.35 2.7(1) sf ª 3. mb sa = 1.4(5) mb 22.(2) sf = 15.(3)

280.(15) RIf = 350.(30) 137.(6) RIf = 760.(17) 660.(70) RIf = 6.5 144.(6) RIf = 275(5)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

10.1(2)

12.(4) 10.47(4)

360.(15) RIf = 4.38(50) 1200.(200) 277.(3) 1.54(15) mb

8.402(5)

Np

93

234

Np Np 236mNp 236Np 237Np 235

238

Np Np

239

4.4 d 1.085 y 22.5 h 1.55x105 y 2.14x106 y 2.117 d 2.355 d

sf = 9.(3)x102 1.6(1)x102 sf = 2.7(2)x103 sf = 3.0(2)x103 1.7(1)x102 sf = 20.(1) mb sf = 2.6(3)x103 (32.+19.) sf < 1.

7.(4)x102 1.35(30)x103 6.5(3)x102 RIf = 4.7 1.4(3)x103

10.6(1)

Pu

94

236

Pu Pu 238Pu

2.87 y 45.7 d 87.7 y

239

2.410 x 104 y

240

6.56x103 y

241

14.4 y

242

3.75 x 105 y

243

4.956 h

244

8.00x107 y 10.5 h

237

Pu

Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu

245

sf = 1.6(3)x102 sf = 2.3(3)x103 5.1(2)x102 sf = 17.(1) 2.7(1)x102 sf = 752.(3) sa £ 0.3 mb 2.9(1)x102 sf ª 59. mb 3.7(1)x102, sa <0.2 mb sf = 1.01(1)x103 19.(1) sf<0.2 <100. sf = 2.0(2)x102 1.7(1) 1.5(3)x102

1000.(60) 1.6(2)x102 RIf = 26.(2) 2.0(2)x102 3.0(1)x102

14.1(5)

8.4(3)x103 RIf = 3.2 1.6(1)x102 5.7(4)x102 1.1(1)x103 RIf = 0.23

3.5(1)

41.(3) 220.(40)

Am

95

241

Am

242m

Am

432.7 y 141. y

(0.6+6.4)x102 sf = 3.15(10) 1.7(4)x103 sf = 5.9(3)x103

(1.+14.)x102 14.(1) ª 200. RIf = 1.8(1)x103

* Extrapolated value.

11-212

7.7(1)

8.1(1)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)

Half-Life

242

16.02 h

243

7.37x103 y

Am Am

244m

Am Am

244

ª 26. m 10.1 h

Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns) sf = 2.1(2)x103 3.3(5)x102 (75.+5.) sf = 79.(2) mb sf = 1.6(3)x103 sf = 2.2(3)x103

RIf = < 300. ª 1.5x102 (17.1+1.0)x102 RIf = 0.056

ª 20. sf ª 5. 1.3(1)x102 sf = 6.2(2)x102 15.(1) sf = 1.1(2) 3.5(2)x102 sf = 2.1(1)x103 1.2(2) sf = 0.16(7) 60.(30) sf = 82.(5) 2.6(3) sf = 0.36(7) ª 1.6 ª 80.

120.(50)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

8.3(2)

Cm

96

242

162.8 d

243

29.1 y

244

18.1 y

245

8.48x103 y

246

4.76x103 y

247

1.56x107 y

248

3.48x105 y

249

64.15 m ª 9.7x103 y

Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm

250

214.(20) RIf = 1.6(1)x103 640.(50) RIf = 10.8(8) 110.(10) RIf = 8.(1)x102 120.(10) 13.(2) 5.(1)x102 7.3(7)x102 270.(30) 13.(2)

Bk

97

249

320. d

250

3.217 h

Bk Bk

7.(1)x102 sf ª 0.1 sf = 1.0(2)x103

9.(1)x102

5.0(3)x102 sf = 1.7(1)x103 2.0(2)x103 sf = 110.(90) 2.9(2)x103 sf = 4.5(5)x103 20.(2) sf = 32.(4) 18.(2) sf = 1.3(2)x103 4.5(10)

7.7(4)x102 RIf = 2.1(3)x103 12.(2)x103 RIf = 160.(40) 1.6(1)x103 RIf = 5.5(3)x103 43.(3) RIf = 1.1(3)x102 8.(1)

Cf

98

249

351. y

250

13.1 y

251

9.0x102 y

252

2.65 y

253

17.8 d

254

60.5 d

Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf

2.

Es

99

253

Es Es 254Es

20.47 d 1.64 d 276. d

255

40. d

254m

Es

(180.+5.8) sf = 1.8(1)x103 28.(3) sf = 1.8(2)x103 ª 55.

(37.5+1.1)x102

26.(3) sf = 3.3(2)x103 sf = 3.0(2)x103

14.(2)

18.(2) RIf = 1.2(3)x103

Fm

100

255

Fm

257Fm * Extrapolated value.

20.1 h 100.5 d

11-213

TeamLRN

9.5(3)

9.3(2)

7.7(2)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

COSMIC RADIATION A.G. Gregory and R.W. Clay The Nature of Cosmic Rays Primary cosmic radiation, in the form of high energy nuclear particles, electrons and photons from outside the solar system and from the Sun, continually bombards our atmosphere. Secondary radiation, resulting from the interaction of the primary cosmic rays with atmospheric gas, is present at sea-level and throughout the atmosphere. The secondary radiation is collimated by absorption and scattering in the atmosphere and consists of a number of components associated with different particle species. High energy primary particles can produce large numbers of secondary particles forming an extensive air shower. Thus, a number of particles may then be detected simultaneously at sea-level. Primary particle energies accessible in the vicinity of the earth range from ~108 eV to ~1020 eV. At the lower energies, the limit is determined by the inability of charged particles to traverse the heliosphere to us through the outward-moving solar wind. The upper energy limit is set by the practicality of building detectors to record particles with the extremely low fluxes found at those energies (J.G. Wilson, 1976; O.C. Allkofer, 1975a).

Primary Cosmic Rays Primary Particle Energy Spectrum Figure 1 shows the spectrum of primary particle energies. This includes all particle species. In differential form it is roughly a power law of intensity versus energy with an index of ~ –3. There appears to be a knee (a steepening) at a little above 1015 eV and an ankle (a flattening) above ~1018 eV. Figure 2 emphasizes the features in the spectrum at the highest energies through multiplying the flux with a strongly rising power law of energy. This figure should be used with caution as errors for the two axes are not now independent. Data on the high energy cosmic ray spectrum are uncertain largely because of limited event statistics due to the very low flux which might best be measured in particles per square kilometer per century. The highest energy event recorded to 1995 had an energy of 3 × 1020 eV (D.J. Bird et al., 1993). It is expected that the highest energy cosmic rays will interact with the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background through photoproduction or photodisintegration. These interactions will appreciably reduce the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies above 5 × 1019 eV if they travel further than ~150 million light years. This process is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz’min (GZK) cut off (P. Sokolsky, 1989). At energies below ~1013 eV, solar system magnetic fields and plasma can modulate the primary component and Figure 3 shows the extent of this modulation between solar maximum and minimum (E. Juliusson, 1975; J. Linsley, 1981). Primary Particle Energy Density If the above spectrum is corrected for solar effects, the energy density above a particle energy of 109 eV outside the solar system is found to be ~5 × 105 eV m–3. As the threshold energy is increased, the energy density decreases rapidly, being 2 × 104 eV m–3 above 1012 eV and 102 eV m–3 above 1015 eV. The energy density at lower energies outside the heliosphere is unknown but may be substantially greater if the particle rest mass energy is included together with the kinetic energy (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979). Primary Particle Isotropy This is measured as an anisotropy (Imax – Imin)/(Imax + Imin) × 100%, where I, the intensity (m–2s–1sr –1), is usually measured with an angular resolution of a few degrees. The measured anisotropy is small and energy dependent. It is roughly constant in amplitude at between 0.05 and 0.1% (with a phase of 0 to 6 hours in right ascension) for energies between 1011 eV and 1014 eV and appears to increase at higher energies roughly as 0.4 × (Energy(eV)/1016)0.5% up to ~1018 eV. The latter rise may well be an artifact of the progressively more limited statistics as the flux drops rapidly with energy. It appears possible that a real anisotropy has been observed at the highest energies (above a few times 1019 eV) with a directional preference for the supergalactic plane (this plane reflects the directions of galaxies within about 100 million light years) (A.W. Wolfendale, 1979; R.W. Clay, 1987; T. Stanev et al., 1995). Primary Particle Composition The composition of low energy cosmic rays is close to universal nuclear abundances except where propagation effects are present. For example, Li, Be, and B which are spallation products, are over-abundant by about six orders of magnitude. Composition at 1011 eV per nucleus Charge % Composition (10% uncertainty)

1 50

2 25

(3–5) 1

(6–8) 12

(10–14) 7

(16–24) 4

(26–28) 4

≥30 0.1

Measurements at higher energies indicate that there is an increase in the relative abundances of nuclei with charge greater than 6 at energies above 50 TeV/nucleus (K. Asakimori et al., 1993) (1 TeV = 1012 eV). Cosmic ray composition at low energies is often quoted at a fixed energy per nucleon. When presented in this way, protons constitute roughly 90% of the flux, helium nuclei about 10% and the remainder sum to a total of about 1%. Certain radioactive isotopic ratios show lifetime effects. The ratio of Be10/B9 abundances is used to measure an “age” of cosmic rays since Be10 is unstable with a half life of about 1.6 × 106 years. A ratio of 0.6 is expected in the absence of Be10 decay and a ratio of about 0.2 is found experimentally (E. Juliusson, 1975; P. Meyer, 1981).

11-167

Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)

10-12

FIGURE 1. The energy spectrum of cosmic ray particles. This spectrum is of a differential form and can be converted to an integral spectrum by integration over all energies above a required threshold (E). Insofar as the spectrum approximates a power law of index –3, a simple conversion to the integral at an energy E/1.8 is obtained by multiplying the differential flux by the energy and dividing by 0.62.

10-20

10-28

10-36 13

14

15 16 17 18 log (primary energy (eV))

19

20

J(E)E3(m-2s-1sr-1eV2)

1025

FIGURE 2. Energy spectrum at the highest energies. This spectrum (after Yoshida et al., 1995) has the differential spectrum multiplied by energy cubed. It is from a compilation of a number of measurements and indicates the good general agreement at the lower energies and a spread due to inadequate statistics at the highest energies. 1024 17

18

19 log (energy (eV))

20

10-4 a

Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)

b 10-8 c d

FIGURE 3. Energy spectrum of particles at lower energies. (a) Solar minimum proton energy spectrum. (b) Solar maximum proton energy spectrum. (c) Gamma-ray energy spectrum. (d) Local interstellar electron spectrum.

10-12

10-16

8

9 10 11 12 13 log (primary kinetic energy (eV))

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TeamLRN

At higher energies, composition determinations are indirect and are rather contradictory and controversial. Experiments aim to differentiate between broad composition models. The measurement technique is based on studies of cosmic ray shower development. A rather direct technique for such studies is to use fluorescence observations of the shower development to determine the atmospheric depth of maximum development of the shower. Such observations suggest a heavy composition (large atomic number) at energies ~1017 eV which changes with increasing energy to a light composition (perhaps protonic) above ~1019 eV (T. K. Gaisser et al., 1993). Primary Electrons Primary electrons constitute about 1% of the cosmic ray beam. The positron to negative electron ratio is about 10% (J. M. Clem et al., 1995). Antimatter in the Primary eam The ratio of antiprotons to protons in the primary cosmic ray beam (at about 400 MeV) is about 10–5. At about 10 GeV the ratio is about 10–3. At the highest measured energies (10 TeV), the upper limit to the ratio is about 20% (S. Orito et al., 1995; M. Amenomori et al., 1995). Primary Gamma-Rays The flux of primary gamma-rays is low at high energies. At 1 GeV the ratio of gamma-rays to protons is about 10–6. The arrival directions of these gamma-rays are strongly concentrated in the plane of the Milky Way although there is a diffuse, near isotropic background flux and some point sources have been detected. Since the absorption cross section for gamma-rays above 100 MeV is approximately 20 mbarn/electron, less than 10% of gamma-rays reach mountain altitudes (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979; P. F. Michelson, 1994).

Sea Level Cosmic Radiation The sea level cosmic ray dose is 300 millirad⋅yr–1 and the sea level ionization is 2.2 × 106 ion pairs m–3s–1. The sea level flux has a soft component, which can be absorbed in about 100 mm of lead (about 100 g⋅cm–2 of absorber) and a more penetrating (largely muon) hard component. The sea level radiation is largely produced in the atmosphere and is a secondary component from interactions of the primary particles. The steep primary energy spectrum means that most secondaries at sea level are from rather low energy primaries. Thus the secondary flux is dependent on the solar cycle and the geomagnetic latitude of the observer. Absolute Flux of the Hard Component Vertical Integral Intensity I(0) ~100 m–2s–1sr–1 Angular dependence I(θ) ~ I(0) cos2(θ) Integrated Intensity ~200 m–2s–1 (O.C. Allkofer, 1975b). Flux of the Soft Component In free air, the soft component comprises about one third of the total cosmic ray flux. Latitude Effect The geomagnetic field influences the trajectories of lower energy cosmic rays approaching the Earth. As a result, the background flux is reduced by about 7% at the geomagnetic equator. The effect decreases towards the poles and is negligible at latitudes above about 40°. Flux of Protons The proton component is strongly attenuated by the atmosphere with an attenuation length (reduction by a factor of e) of about 120 g⋅cm–2. It constitutes about 1% of the total vertical sea level flux. Absorption The soft component is absorbed in about 100 g⋅cm–2 of matter. The hard component is absorbed much more slowly: Absorption in lead, 6% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in rock, 8.5% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in water, 10% per 100 g⋅cm–2 (Absorption for depths less than 100 g⋅pd cm–2 is given by K. Greisen, 1943.) Altitude Dependence The cosmic ray background in the atmosphere has a maximum intensity of about 15 times that at sea level at a depth of about 150 g⋅cm–2 (15 km altitude). At maximum intensity, the soft and hard components contribute roughly equally but the hard component is then attenuated more slowly (S. Hayakawa, 1969).

Cosmic Ray Showers High energy cosmic rays produce particle cascades in the atmosphere which can be detected at sea level provided that their energy exceeds about 100 GeV (such low energy cascades may be detected by using the most sensitive atmospheric Cerenkov detectors). The primary particle progressively loses energy which is transferred through the production of successive generations of secondary particles to a cascade of hadrons, an electromagnetic shower component (both positively and negatively charged electrons and gamma-rays) and muons. The secondary particles are relativistic and all travel effectively at the speed of light. As a result, they reach sea level at approximately the same time but, due to Coulomb scattering (for the electrons) and

11-169

production angles (for the pions producing the muons), are spread laterally into a disk-like shower front with a characteristic lateral width of several tens of meters and thickness (near the central shower core) of 2 to 3 m. The number of particles at sea level is roughly proportional to the primary particle energy: Number of particles at sea level ~10–10 × energy (eV). At altitudes below a few kilometers, the number of particles in a shower attenuates with an attenuation length of about 200 g⋅cm–2. i.e., particle number = original number × exp(–(depth increase)/200) The above applies to an individual shower. The rate of observation of showers of a given size (particle number at the detector) at different depths of absorber attenuates with an absorption length of about 100 g⋅cm–2 (J.G. Wilson, 1976).

Atmospheric Background Light from Cosmic Rays Cosmic ray particles produce Cerenkov light in the atmosphere and produce fluorescent light through the excitation of atmospheric molecules. Cerenkov Light High energy charged particles will cause the emission of Cerenkov light in air if their energies are above about 30 MeV (electrons). This threshold is pressure (and hence altitude) dependent. A typical Cerenkov light pulse (at sea level, 100 m from the central shower core) has a time spread of a few nanoseconds. Over this time, the photon flux between 430 and 530 nm would be ~1014 m–2s–1 for a primary particle energy of 1016 eV. For comparison, the night sky background flux is ~6 × 1011 photons m–2s–1sr–1 in the same wavelength band (J.V. Jelley, 1967). Fluorescence Light Cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere excite atmospheric molecules which then emit fluorescence light. This is weak compared to the highly collimated Cerenkov component when viewed in the direction of the incident cosmic ray particle but is emitted isotropically. Typical pulse widths are longer than 50 ns and may be up to several microseconds for the total pulse from distant large showers (R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., 1985).

Effects of Cosmic Rays Cerenkov Effects in Transparent Media Background cosmic ray particles will produce Cerenkov light in transparent material with a photon yield between wavelengths λ1 and λ2 ~ (2 π / 137) sin 2 (θ c )

∫

λ2

λ1

d λ / λ2 photons (unit length) –1

where θc (the Cerenkov angle) = cos–1 (1/refractive index). This background light is known to affect light detectors, e.g., photomultipliers, and can be a major source of background noise (R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, 1977). Effects on Electronic Components If background cosmic ray particles pass through electronic components, they may deposit sufficient energy to affect the state of, e.g., a transistor flip-flop. This effect may be significant where reliability is of great importance or the background flux is high. For instance, it has been estimated that, in communication satellite operation, an error rate of about 2 × 10–3 per transistor per year may be found. Permanent damage may also result. A significant error rate may be found even at sea level in large electronic memories. This error rate is dependent on the sensitivity of the component devices to the deposition of electrons in their sensitive volumes (J.F. Ziegler, 1981). Biophysical Significance When cosmic rays interact with living tissue, they produce radiation damage. The amount of the damage depends on the total dose of radiation. At sea level, this dose is small compared with doses from other sources but both the quantity and quality of the radiation change rapidly with altitude. Approximate dose rates under various conditions are: Dose rates (mrem⋅yr–1) Sea level cosmic rays, 30 Cosmic rays at 10 km (subsonic jets), 2000 Cosmic rays at 18 km (supersonic transports), 10,000 (c.f., mean total sea level dose, 300) Astronauts would be subject to radiation from galactic (0.05 rads per day) and solar (a few hundred rads per solar flare) cosmic rays as well as large fluxes of low energy radiation when passing through the Van Allen belts (about 0.3 rads per traverse). Both astronauts and SST travellers would be subject to a small flux of low energy heavy nuclei stopping in the body. Such particles are capable of destroying cell nuclei and could be particularly harmful in the early stages of the development of an embryo. The rates of heavy nuclei stopping in tissue in supersonic transports and spacecraft are approximately as follows:

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Stopping nuclei ((cm3 tissue)–1 hr–1) Supersonic transport (16 km), 0.0005 Supersonic transport (20 km), 0.005 Spacecraft, 0.15 (O. C. Allkofer, 1975a; O. C. Allkofer et al., 1974). Carbon Dating Radiocarbon is produced in the atmosphere due to the action of cosmic ray slow neutrons. Solar cycle modulation of the very low energy cosmic rays causes an anticorrelation of the atmospheric 14C activity with sunspot number with a mean amplitude of about 0.5%. In the long term, modulation of cosmic rays by a varying magnetic field may be important (A.A. Burchuladze et al., 1979).

Practical Uses of Cosmic Rays There are few direct practical uses of cosmic rays. Their attenuation in water and snow have, however, enabled automatic monitors of water and snow depth to be constructed. A search for hidden cavities in pyramids has been carried out using a muon “telescope”.

Other Effects Stellar X-rays have been observed to affect the transmission times of radio signals between distant stations by altering the depth of the ionospheric reflecting layer. It has also been suggested that variations in ionization of the atmosphere due to solar modulation may have observable effects on climatic conditions.

REFERENCES O.C. Allkofer, (1975a) Introduction to Cosmic Radiation, Verlag Karl Thiemig, Munchen, Germany. O.O. Allkofer, (1975b) J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys., 1, L51. O.C. Allkofer and W. Heinrich, (1974) Health Phys., 27, 543. M. Amenomori et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 85. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. K. Asakimori et al., (1993) Proc. 23rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Calgary, 2, 25, University of Calgary, Canada. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., (1985) Nucl. Inst. Meth., A420, 410. D.J. Bird et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3401. A.A. Burchuladze, S.V. Pagava, P. Povinec, G. I. Togonidze, S. Usacev, (1979) Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Kyoto, 3, 201, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan. R.W. Clay, (1987) Aust. J. Phys., 40, 423. R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, (1977) J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 10, 135. J.M. Clem et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 5, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. T.K. Gaisser et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. D, 47, 1919. K. Greisen, (1943) Phys. Rev., 63, 323. S. Hayakawa, (1969) Cosmic Ray Physics, Wiley-Interscience, New York. J.V. Jelley, (1967) Prog. in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, 9, 41. E. Juliusson, (1975) Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Munich, 8, 2689, Max Planck Institute fur Extraterrestriche Physik, Munchen, Germany. J. Linsley, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 53, D. Reidel Publishing Co Dordrecht, Holland. P. Meyer, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 7, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordrecht, Holland. P.F. Michelson (1994) in Towards a Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Detector III, 257, Ed. T. Kifune, Universal Academy Press Inc., Tokyo, Japan. P. Sokolsky, (1989) Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company. T. Stanev et al., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3056. S. Orito et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 76. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. J.G. Wilson, (1976) Cosmic Rays, Wykeham Pub. (London) Lt., U.K. A.W. Wolfendale, (1979) Pramana, 12, 631. S.Yoshida et al., (1995) Astroparticle Phys., 3, 105. J.F. Ziegler, (1981) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED-28, 560.

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Section 12: Properties of Solids Techniques for Materials Characterization Symmetry of Crystals Ionic Radii in Crystals Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements Lattice Energies The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy Elastic Constants of Single Crystals Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals Dielectric Constants of Glasses Properties of Superconductors High Temperature Superconductors Organic Superconductors Properties of Semiconductors Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Properties of Magnetic Materials Organic Magnets Electron Work Function of the Elements Secondary Electron Emission Optical Properties of Selected Elements Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants Nonlinear Optical Constants Phase Diagrams Heat Capacity of Selected Solids Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals Commercial Metals and Alloys Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics

TeamLRN

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ENERGY STATES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

H.P.R.Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described.

Technique

Sample

In

Out

Depth

Lateral resolution

Information obtained

Ref.

OPTICAL AND MASS SPECTROSCOPIES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

12-1

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-AES Induct. Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Dynamic SIMS Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Static SIMS Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SNMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectroscopy

SALI Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization 7. LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy 8. SSMS Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy 9. GDMS Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy 10. ICPMS Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy

Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, etc.) Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, ICP, etc.)

Light e.g., glow discharge —

Surface

Ion beam (1–20 keV)

Surface

Ion beam (0.5–20 keV)

Surface, bulk

Plasma discharge; noble gases: 0.5–20 keV

Surface

e-beam, ion-beam, or laser for sputtering u.v. laser (ns pulses)

Surface, bulk

Sample in the form of two electrodes Sample forms the cathode for a D.C. glow discharge Liquid-dissolved sample carried by gas stream into R.F. induction coil

High voltage R.F. spark produces ions Sputtered atoms ionized in plasma Ions produced in argon plasma

Absorption spectrum

—

—

Emission spectrum

—

—

Secondary ions; analysis with mass spectrometer Secondary ions, analysis with mass spectrometer Sputtered atoms ionized by atoms or electrons; then mass analyzed Sputtered atoms ionized by laser; then mass analyzed Ionized species; analyzed with mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in quadrupole mass spectrometer

2 nm–1 µm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm

0.50 nm

0.1–0.5 nm (or deeper: ion milling)

1 cm

0.1–0.5 nm up to 3 µm in milling mode 50–150 nm

60 nm

Surface analysis; depth profiling

7

5 µm–1 mm

Elemental (micro)analysis; detection limits: 1–100 ppm

8

1–5 µm

—

9

0.1–100 µm

3–4 mm

—

—

Survey of trace elements; detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm (Bulk) trace element analysis; detection limit: sub-ppb High sensitivity analysis of trace elements

10 µm

Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Elemental and isotopic analysis; depth profile (all elements); detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis of surface layers; molecular analysis; detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; depth profile; detection limit: ppm

1,2 3

4

4

4,6

9,10 11

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique

Sample

In

Out

Depth

Lateral resolution

Information obtained

Ref.

PHOTONS — ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND ELECTRON EMISSION Thin crystal, glass, liquid

I.R. light (W-filament, globar, Hg-arc)

I.R. spectrum

—

—

12. FTIR Fourier Transform I.R. Spectroscopy 13. ATR Attenuated Total Reflection 14. (µ)-RS (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy

Solid, liquid; transmission or reflection

White light (all frequencies)

—

—

Surface or thin crystal

—

Fourier Transform of spectrum (interferometer) —

µm’s

—

Solid, liquid (1 µm–1 cm)

Raman spectra

0.5 µm

15. CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy 16. Ellipsometry

Solid, liquid (50 µm–3 cm)

Laser beam, e.g., Ar-line, YAG-line Pump beam (ω0)+ probe beam (ωs)

Anti-Stokes spectrum

Polarized light

12-2

17. UPS Ultraviolet Photo-electron Spectroscopy 18. PSD Photon Stimulated Desorption

Transparent films, crystals, adsorbed layers Surfaces, adsorbed layers

Surfaces with adsorbed species

Electronic transitions (mainly in semiconductors and superconductors); vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) Spectra obtained at higher speed and resolution

12,13, 14

15

16

0.5 µm

Atomic or molecular spectra of surfaces and films Molecular and crystal vibrations

—

—

High resolution Raman spectra

14

Change in polarization

0.05 nm–5 µm

Refractive index and absorption

18,19

u.v. light, 10–100 eV; 200 eV (synchrotron)

Electrons

0.2–10 nm

25 µm (or sample thickness) 0.1–10 nm

Energies of electronic states of surfaces and free molecules

20,21

Far u.v. light E > 10 eV

Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer

0.1–2 nm

—

Structure and desorption kinetics of adsorbed atoms and molecules

22

Identification of crystallographic structures; all elements (low Z difficult) Elemental analysis; all elements except H, He, Li — (EDS also used in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) Local atomic structure: order/disorder in vicinity of absorbing atom

23,24

12,14, 17

X-RAYS 19. XRD X-Ray Diffraction

Single crystals, powders films

20. XRF/EDS X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 21. EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 22. XPS/ESCA X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy/Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis

Thin films, single layer

Films, foils

Surfaces, thin films (≈20 atomic layers)

X-rays: λ = 0.05–0.2 nm (6–17 keV) Prim. X-ray beam λ = 0.02–0.1 nm 12–80 keV High intensity X-rays (synchrotron)

Diffracted X-ray beam

1–1000 µm

0.1–10 mm

Fluorescent X-rays

1–100 µm

10 mm

Spectrum near absorption edge

nm–µm

—

Soft X-rays (1–20 keV)

Core electrons; valence electrons

0.5–10 nm

5 nm–50 µm

(Quantitative) identification of all elements in surface layer or film

28,29

1 nm–2 µn

1 or 2 µm

30

—

—

Energy levels of impurities and point defects Identification of surface species

25,26

27

ELECTRONS 23. CL Cathode Luminescence 24. APS Appearance Potential Spectroscopy

Insulators, semiconductors Surface (≈20 atomic layers)

Electrons 5–50 keV Electrons (energy scan) 50–2000 eV

Photons 0.1–5 eV X-rays to pinpoint electron energy threshold

21, see also C

TeamLRN

11. IRS Infrared Spectroscopy

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique

Sample

In

Out

Depth

Lateral resolution

12-3

25. AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Thin films, surfaces

Electrons 3–10 keV

Auger electrons 20–2000 eV

0.3–3 nm

≈30 nm

26. EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 27. EXELFS Extended Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure 28. ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption 29. ESDIAD ESD-Ion Angular Distribution

Very thin samples (<200 nm)

Electrons (100–400 keV)

(Retarded) electrons; minus 1–1000 eV

<200 nm

1–100 nm

Thin films

Electrons (100–400 keV)

<200 nm

1–100 nm

Adsorbed species

—

—

(See ESD)

Electrons E > 10 eV (See ESD)

—

—

30. EPMA Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro Analysis 31. LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction

Solid conductors and insulators <1 cm thick

Electrons 5–30 keV

Electrons energies 0–30 eV above edge Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer Directional dependence of emitted ions Characteristic X-ray 0.1–15 keV

100 nm–5 µm

Surface

Diffracted electrons

32. RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction 33. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface

34. (S)TEM (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy 35. FEM Field Emission Microscopy

Thin specimen — <200 nm

Mono-energetic electron beam 10–1000 eV Electron beam at grazing angle 5–50 keV High energy electrons usually ~30 keV High energy electrons typically 300 keV —

36. STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 37. SPM Scanned Probe Microscopy 38. AFM Atomic Force Microscopy

Bulk, films (conducting)

Metals, alloys (sharp point) Polished or cleaved surface (conducting) Very flat surface Very flat surface

Information obtained Elemental composition of surface (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% Local elemental concentration; electronic structure, chem. bonding; interatomic distances Density of states of valence electrons (above Fermi level)

Ref. 28,29

31

27,32

Structure and desorption properties of adsorbed atoms and molecules Geometries of adsorbed species (atoms or molecules)

22

1 µm

Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, major, minor and trace amounts

33,34

0.4–2 nm

<5 µm

Crystallographic structure of surface; resolution: 0.01 nm

35

Reflected electrons

0.2–10 nm

<5 µm

Surface symmetry

36,37

Secondary and backscattered electrons Transmitted and diffracted electrons

1 nm–5 µm

1–20 nm

33,34

(Sample thickness)

2–20 nm

Surface image, defect structure; resolution 5–15 nm; magnification 300,000× (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm

≈0.5 nm

10–100 nm

Surface image, crystallographic structure

34

1–5 nm

2–10 nm

39

1–100 nm

1–100 nm

0.5–5 nm

0.2–130 nm

Atomic-scale relief map of surface; resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm Surface-magnetic field, surfacethermal conductivity, etc. Surface topography with atomic resolution; interatomic force

Sputtered ions (energy analysis)

0.1–0.5 nm

1–100 µm

Elemental analysis (better for low Z) detection limits: 0.01–1%

41

He ions + high electric field produce image Backscattered ions

≈0.1 nm

0.1–2 nm

Atomic structure of surface

34,42

10 nm–1 µm

1 mm

Element identification (Li to U) detection limit: 0.01–1%

46

Electron emission (with appl. electric field — 50 kV) Tunneling current controls distance between sample and very sharp tip Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; same with magnetic, electric or thermal field Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring

22

33

39a 40

IONS AND NEUTRONS 39. ISS (or LEIS) Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (Low Energy Ion Scattering) 40. FIM Field Ion Microscopy 41. RBS Rutherford Back Scattering

Surface

Surface: metals, alloys; very sharp tip Solids, thin films

Ion beam He+ or Ne+ <3 keV (He gas above sample) Mono-energetic ions (H+ or He++) 0.5–3 MeV

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique

Sample

Lateral resolution

Information obtained

In

Out

Depth

Ref.

Mono-energetic ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 200 keV–6 MeV High energy ions (H+ or He++)

Protons, deuterons 3He, α-particles, γ-rays Characteristic X-rays

0.1–5 µm

10 µm– 10 mm

Element identification (all) detection limit: 10–12–10–2

47

<10 µm

1 µm–2 mm

Trace impurities: Z >3 detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) Energies of valence electrons

48

Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 Crystallographic structure; porosity, particle size Average size of inhomogeneities; range: 1 nm–1 mm

43

42. NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Solids, thin films

43. PIXE Particle Induced X-ray Emission

Thin films, surface layers

44. INS Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy 45. NAA Neutron Activation Analysis

Surface

He-ions (≈5 eV)

Electrons

—

—

Bulk, >0.5 g

Thermal neutrons

Characteristic γ-rays, (≈1 MeV)

Bulk

—

Crystalline solids

Thermal neutrons E ≈0.0025 eV Thermal neutrons 2 θ = 10–2–10–4

Diffracted neutrons

Bulk

—

Scattered neutrons

1–25 mm

—

µm–cm

0.1–20 mm

Defect structure; thickness measurement

50

Bulk

—

Phase transitions, crystallization

51

Bulk

—

Phase transitions, crystallization; activation energies

51

Bulk

—

Decomposition, non-stoichiometry, kinetics of reaction

52

Microwave absorption (at resonance) Microwave absorption (at resonance) Mössbauer spectrum (Doppler shifted (lines) R.F. absorption

Bulk

—

53,54

Bulk

—

Local environment of paramagnetic ion; concentration of paramagnetic, species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 Electronic energy bands, effective masses

50 m

1 cm

<1 cm

1 cm

Microwave absorption

—

—

46. N(P)D Neutron (Powder) Diffraction 47. SANS Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Inhomogeneous solids; powders; porous samples

49

44 45

48. SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy

Bulk, film

Acoustic wave produced by laser 1 MHz–1 GHz

Reflected acoustic wave

12-4

THERMAL 49. DTA Differential Thermal Analysis 50. DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Specimen and reference sample Specimen and ref. sample

Uniform heating

51. TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis

Bulk, 1–100 g

Controlled heating

Controlled heating

Temperature difference Measure heat required for equal temperature Weight as function of temperature (and time)

RESONANCE 52. EPR (ESR) Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance 53. ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance 54. Mössbauer Effect

Paramagnetic solids or liquids Semiconductors, metals; free electrons (low temperature) Source and absorber

55. NMR (MRI) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Solids, liquids

56. ENDOR Electron Nuclear Double Resonance

Solids, liquids

Microwave radiation in magnetic field 3–300 GHz; 1–100 kG Microwave radiation in magnetic field 10–30 GHz; 5–10 kG Mono-energetic γ-rays: 5–100 keV R.F. radiation + magnetic field; e.g. for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG R.F. + microwave radiation in magn. field.

Interaction between nucleus and its environment (local electric, magnetic fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) Quant. analysis; local magnetic environment; diffusion; imaging

Hyperfine interaction → local atomic structure

55

56

58

54

TeamLRN

ACOUSTIC

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique

57. NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

Sample

Solids

In

R.F. radiation 0.5–1000 MHz

Out

R.F. absorption

Depth

Lateral resolution

Information obtained

Ref.

—

—

Asymmetry of the charge distribution at the nucleus

55,59

—

—

Surface area measurement

60

OTHER 58. BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

(Large) surface area 1–20 m2/g

Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function of pressure (monolayer coverage)

REFERENCES General References A. B. C. D.

Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986.

Specific References

12-5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Vols. 1—3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515—537. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science, The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 55, 15, 1983. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy, West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1—39. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.

12-6

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 39a. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 8, 735, 1990. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T.,Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction, Methuen, London, 1970. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Kluwer, Eds., Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98—105, Oct. 1989. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23—30, 1990. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1987. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis, Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3—26. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1—46. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217—257. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques, MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23—27, 1988. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance — A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1958. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216.

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TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued)

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger

The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in certain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operations, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals which have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry classes are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochemistry. The particles which form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) in a crystal. The lattice parameters are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). The Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importance in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well known Structurbericht. The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This makes it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate the Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical and crystallochemical description of solids.

TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements

Symmetry operation

Name

Reflection in a plane

Plane

Rotation by angle α = 360°/n about an axis

Rotation about an axis and inversion in a symmetry center lying on the axis

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Axis

Inversion (improper) axis

Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin) m

Schoenflies Cs

n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6

Cn

n=2

C2

n=3

C3

n=4

C4

n=6

C6

n = 3, 4, 6

Cni

n=3

C3i

n=4

C4i

Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements (continued)

Symmetry operation

Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin)

Name

Inversion in a point

Center

Parallel translation

Translation vector ➛ ➛➛ a, b, c Glide– plane

Reflection in a plane and translation parallel to the plane Rotation about an axis and translation parallel to the axis Rotation about an axis and reflection in a plane perpendicular to the axis

Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular

Schoenflies

n=6

C6i

1

Ci

a, b, c, n, d

Screw axis

nm (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1)

Rotatoryreflection axis

ñ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ñ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Sn

TABLE 2 The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes

Primitive Crystal symbol Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic a

Class namea Axial

Int

Sch

Int

Planeaxial and its symbol — International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch

1

C1

1

Ci

3 4 6 23

C3 C4 C6 T

Central

3 4/m 6/m m3

C3i C4h C6h Th

Planal

m mm2

Cs C2v

2 222

C2 D2

2/m mmm

C2h D2h

3m 4mm 6mm 43m

C3v C4v C6v Td

32 422 622 432

D3 D4 D6 O

3m 4/mmm 6/mmm m3m

C3d D4h D6h Oh

Per Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, USSR Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.

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Inversion primitive Int

4 6

Sch

S4 C3h

Inversionplanal Int

42m 6m2

Sch

D2d D3h

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SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 4 The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons

Polyhedron

Symmetry (Schoenflies) Class Elements

Tetrahedron

T

4C33C2

Cube (hexahedron) Octahedron

O O

3C44C36C2 3C44C36C2

Pentagonal dodecahedron Icosahedron

J

6C510C315C2

J

6C510C315C2

a

Form of faces Equilateral triangle Square Equilateral triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral triangle

Faces (F)

Number ofa Edges (E)

Vertices (V)

4

6

4

6 8

12 12

8 6

12

30

20

20

30

12

Per formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2

TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A13 A15 A20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B81 B82 B9 B10 B11 B13 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B27 B31 B32 B34

Structure name 2 Cu W Mg C Sn In As Se Hg Ga α-Mn β-Mn OW3 α-U ClNa ClCs SZn SZn AsNi InNi2 HgS OPb γ-CuTi NiS GeS PtS CuS AuCd FeSi BFe MnP NaTl Pds

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fm3m Im3m P63/mmc Fd3m If1/amd I4/mmm R3m P3121 or P3221 R3m Cmca I43m P4132 Pm3n Cmcm Fm3m Pm3m F43m P63mc P63/mmc P63/mmc P3121 or P3221 P4/nmm P4/nmm R3m Pnma P42/mmc P63/mmc Pmma P213 Pnma Pnma Fd3m P42/m

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O4h O9h D46h O7h D194h D174h D53d D43 (D63) D53d D182h T3 d O7 O3h D172h O5h O1h T2 d C46v D46h D46h D43 or D63 D74h D74h D53d D162h D94h D46h D52h T4 D162h D162h O7h C24h

Pearson symbola 5 cF4 cI2 hP2 cF8 tI4 tI2 hR2 hP3 hR1 oC8 cI58 cP20 cP8 oC4 cF8 cP2 cF8 hP4 hP4 hP6 hP6 tP4 tP4 hR6 oP8 tP4 hP12 oP4 cP8 oP8 oP8 cF16 tP16

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F B H F U U R H R Q B C C Q F C F H H H H T T R O T H O C O O F T

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 B35 B37 Be Bf (B33) Bg Bh Bi C1 C1b C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C11a C11b C12 C14 C15 C15b C16 C18 C19 C22 C23 C32 C33 C34 C36 C38 C40 C42 C44 C46 C49 C54 Cc Ce DO2 DO3 DO9 DO11 DO18 DO19 DO20 DO21 DO22 DO23 DO24 DOc DOe D13 D1a

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Structure name 2 CoSn SeTl CdSb ξ-BCr BMo CW γ′-CMo (AsTi) CaF2 AgAsMg FeS2 Cu2O O2Ti CdI2 MoS2 C2Ca MoSi2 CaSi2 MgZn2 Cu2Mg AuBe5 Al2Cu FeS2 CdCl2 Fe2P Cl2Pb AlB2 Bi2STe2 AuTe2 MgNi2 Cu2Sb CrSi2 SiS2 GeS2 AuTe2 Si2Zr Si2Ti Si2Th CoGe2 As3Co BiF3 O3Re CFe3 AsNa3 Ni3Sn Al3Ni Cu3P Cu3P Al3Zr Ni3Ti SiU3 Ni3P Al4Ba MoNi4

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 P6/mmm D16h I4/mcm D184h Pbca D152h Cmcm D172h I41/amd D194h P6m2 D13h P63/mmc D46h Fm3m F43m Pa3 Pn3m P42/mnm P3m1 P63/mmc I4/mmm I4/mmm R3m P63/mmc Fd3m F43m or F23 I4/mcm Pnnm R3m P26m Pnma P6/mmm R3m C2/m (P2/m) P63/mmc P4/nmm P6222 Ibam Fdd2 Pma2 Cmcm Fddd I41/amd Aba2 Im3 Fm3m Pm3m Pnma P63/mmc P63/mmc Pnma P3c1 I4/mmm I4/mmm P63/mmc I4/mcm I4 I4/mmm I4/m

O5h T2d T6h O4h D144h D33d D46h D174h D174h D53d D46h O7h T2d or T2 D184h D122h D53d D13h D162h D16h D53d C32h (C12h) D46h D74h D46 D262h C192v C42v D172h D242h D194h C172v T5h O5h O1h D162h D46h D46h D162h D43d D174h D174h D46h D184h S24 D174h C54h

Pearson symbola 5 hP6 tI16 oP16 oC8 tI4 hP2 hP8 cF12 cF12 cP12 cP6 tP6 hP3 hP6 tI6 tI6 hR6 hP12 cF24 cF24 tI12 oP6 hR3 hP9 oP12 hP3 hR5 mC6 hP24 tP6 hP9 oI12 oF72 oP24 oC12 oF24 tI12 oC23 cI32 cF16 cP4 oP16 hP8 hP8 oP16 hP24 tI8 tI16 hP16 tI16 tI32 tI10 tI10

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 H U O Q U H H F F C C T H H U U R H F F U O R H O H R N H T H P S O Q S U Q B F C O H H O H U U H U U U U

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 D1b D1c D1e D1f D21 D23 D2b D2c D2d D2f D2h D51 D52 D53 D58 D59 D510 D513 D5a D5c D71 D73 D7b D81 D82 D83 D84 D85 D86 D88 D89 D810 D811 D8a D8b D8e D8f D8h D8i D8l D8m D101 D102 E01 E11 E21 E24 E3 E93 E9a E9b F01 F51 F56

Structure name 2 Al4U PtSn4 B4Th BMn4 B6Ca NaZn13 Mn12Th MnU6 CaCu5 B12U Al6Mn α-Al2O3 La2O3 Mn2O3 S3Sb2 P2Zn3 C2C3 Al3Ni2 Si2U3 C3Pu2 Al4C3 P4Th3 B4Ta3 Fe3Zn10 Cu5Zn8 Al4Cu9 C6Cr23 Fe7W6 Cu15Si4 Mn5Si3 Co9S8 Al8Cr5 Al5Co2 Mn23Th6 σ-phase of Cr-Fe (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Ge7Ir3 B5W2 B5Mo2 B3Cr5 Si3W5 C3Cr7 Fe3Th7 ClFPb CuFeS2 CaO3Ti S3Sn2 Al2CdS4 SiFe3W3 Al7Cu2Fe AlLi3N2 NiSSb CrNaS2 CuS2Sb

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Imma D282h Aba2 C172v P4/mbm D54h Fddd D242h Pm3m O1h Fm3m O5h I4/mmm D174h I4/mcm D184h P6/mmm D16h Fm3m O5h Cmcm D172h R3c D63d P3m1 D33d Ia3 T7 h Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h Pnma D162h P3m1 D33d P4/mbm D54h I43d T6 d R3m D53d I43d T6 d Immm D252h Im3m O9h I43m T3 d P43m T1 d Fm3m O5h R3m D53d I43m T3 d P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h R3m C53v P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h p42/mnm D144h

Pearson symbola 5 oI20 oC20 tP20 oF40 cP7 cF112 tI26 tI28 hP6 cF52 oC28 hR10 hP5 cI80 oP20 tP40 oP20 hP5 tP10 cI40 hR7 cI28 oI14 cI52 cI52 cP52 cF116 hR13 cI76 hP16 cF68 hR26 hP28 cF116 tP30

T5 h O9h D46h D53d D184h D184h C43v C46v D74h D122d O1h D162h S24 O7h D64h T7 h T4 D53d or D73 D162h

cI162 cI40 hP14 hR7 tI32 tI32 hP80 hP20 tP6 tI16 cP5 oP20 tI14 cF112 tP40 cI96 cP12 hR4 oP16

Im3 Im3m P63/mmc R3m I4/mcm I4/mcm P31c P63mc P4/nmm I42d Pm3m Pnma I4 Fd3m P4/mnc Ia3 P213 R3m or R32 Pnma

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Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 P Q T S C F U U H F Q R H B O T O H T B R B P B B C F R B H F R H F T B B H R U U H H T U C O U F T B C R O

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued)

Strukturbericht symbol 1 H11 H24 H25 L10 L12 L21 L22 L′2b L′3 L60 a

b

Structure name 2 Al2MgO4 Cu3S4V AsCu3S4 AuCu AlCu3 AlCu2Mn Sb2Tl7 H2Th Fe2N CuTi3

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fd3m P43m Pmn21 P4/mmm Pm3m Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm P63/mmc P4/mmm

O7h T1d C72v D14h O1h O5h O9h D174h D46h D14h

Pearson symbola 5 cF56 cP8 oP16 tP4 cP4 cF16 cI54 tI6 hP3 tP4

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F C O T C F B U H T

The first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is presented by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P), edge(base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes amount of atoms in the crystal unit cell. Standard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C — primitive cubic; B — body-centered cubic; F — face-centered cubic; T — primitive tetragonal; U — body-centered tetragonal; R — rhombohedral; H — hexagonal; O — primitive orthorhombic; P — bodycentered orthorhombic; Q — base-centered orthorhombic; S — face-centered orthorhombic; M — primitive monoclinic; N — centered monoclinic; A — triclinic. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur, Leipzig, 1891. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie, R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry, Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1956. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics), Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography, John Wiley & Sons, 1963. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups, North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1—6, 1966—1983, JCPDS-Intern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. C.J. Bradley and A.P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia–Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996).

Crystallographic Computing 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected].

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IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square configuration, while py indicates pyramidal. The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated. REFERENCES 1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y.Q., J. Solid State Chem. 95, 184, 1991. Ion Anions F-1 Cl-1 Br-l I-l OH-1 O-2

S-2 Se-2 Te-2 Cations Ac+3 Ag+1

Ag+2 Al+3

Am+3 Am+4 As+3 As+5 Au+1 Au+3 Ba+2

Be+2 Bi+3

Bi+5 Bk+3 Bk+4 Br+5 Br+7

CN

Ri/Å

6 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 8 6 6 6

1.33 1.81 1.96 2.20 1.35 1.37 1.21 1.40 1.42 1.84 1.98 2.21

6 4 6 8 4sq 6 4 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 6 4sq 6 6 8 12 4 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 3py 4 6

1.12 1.00 1.15 1.28 0.79 0.94 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.98 1.09 0.85 0.95 0.58 0.34 0.46 1.37 0.64 0.85 1.35 1.42 1.61 0.27 0.45 0.96 1.03 1.17 0.76 0.96 0.83 0.93 0.31 0.25 0.39

Ion

CN

Ri/Å

Ion

CN

Ri/Å

C+4

4 6 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 8 3py 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 4sq 6 6 8 6 8

0.15 0.16 1.00 1.12 1.23 1.34 0.78 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.01 1.14 1.25 1.34 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.14 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.12 0.08 0.97 0.85 0.95 0.56 0.65 0.90 0.55 0.73 0.62 0.41 0.55 0.26 0.44 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.88 0.46 0.60 0.77 0.57 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.91 1.03

Er+3

6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 4 6 8 3py 6 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 4 6

0.89 1.00 1.17 1.25 1.35 0.95 1.07 0.08 0.63 0.61 0.92 0.49 0.55 0.78 1.80 0.47 0.62 0.94 1.05 0.73 0.39 0.53 0.58 0.71 0.83 1.19 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.14 0.44 0.95 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.80 0.68 0.63 0.57 1.37 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.36 0.59 0.76

Ca+2

Cd+2

Ce+3

Ce+4

Cf+3 Cf+4 Cl+5 Cl+7 Cm+3 Cm+4 Co+2

Co+3 Cr+2 Cr+3 Cr+4 Cr+6 Cs+1

Cu+1

Cu+2 Dy+2 Dy+3

12-14

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Eu+2

Eu+3 F+7 Fe+2

Fe+3

Fr+1 Ga+3 Gd+3 Ge+2 Ge+4 Hf+4

Hg+1 Hg+2

I+5 I+7 In+3 Ir+3 Ir+4 Ir+5 K+1

La+3

Li+1

IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion Lu+3 Mg+2

Mn+2

Mn+3 Mn+4 Mn+5 Mn+6 Mn+7 Mo+3 Mo+4 Mo+5 Mo+6

N+3 N+5 Na+1

Nb+3 Nb+4 Nb+5

Nd+3

Ni+2 Ni+3 Np+3 Np+4 Np+5 Np+6 Os+4 Os+5 Os+6 Os+8 P+5 Pa+3 Pa+4 Pa+5 Pb+2

Pb+4

CN

Ri/Å

8 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 6 4 6 8 9 12 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 9 12 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 4

0.92 0.86 0.97 0.57 0.72 0.89 0.66 0.83 0.96 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.69 0.65 0.46 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.16 0.13 0.99 1.02 1.18 1.24 1.39 0.72 0.79 0.68 0.48 0.64 0.74 0.98 1.12 1.16 1.27 0.49 0.69 0.56 1.01 0.87 0.75 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.39 0.17 0.38 1.04 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.49 0.65

Ion

Pd+2 Pd+3 Pd+4 Pm+3 Po+4 Pr+3 Pr+4 Pt+2 Pt+4 Pu+3 Pu+4 Pu+5 Pu+6 Ra+2 Rb+1

Re+4 Re+5 Re+6 Re+7 Rh+3 Rh+4 Rh+5 Ru+3 Ru+4 Ru+5 Ru+7 Ru+8 S+4 S+6 Sb+3 Sb+5 Sc+3 Se+4 Se+6 Si+4 Sm+2 Sm+3

Sn+4

CN

Ri/Å

Ion

CN

Ri/Å

6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 8 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4py 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8

0.78 0.94 0.64 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.97 1.09 0.97 0.99 1.13 0.85 0.96 0.60 0.80 0.63 1.00 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.48 1.70 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.38 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.29 0.76 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.87 0.50 0.28 0.42 0.26 0.40 1.19 1.27 0.96 1.08 1.24 0.55 0.69 0.81

Sr+2

6 8 10 12 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 7 6 8 6 6 8 12 6 2 4 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 8 9

1.18 1.26 1.36 1.44 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.92 1.04 0.76 0.88 0.65 0.66 0.97 0.43 0.56 0.94 1.05 1.13 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.74 1.50 1.59 1.70 0.75 0.89 0.98 1.01 1.09 0.88 0.99 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 0.76 0.45 0.52 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.72 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.66 0.62 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.90 1.02 1.08

12-15

Ta+3 Ta+4 Ta+5 Tb+3 Tb+4 Tc+4 Te+4 Te+6 Th+4

Ti+2 Ti+3 Ti+4

Tl+1

Tl+3

Tm+2 Tm+3 U+3 U+4

U+5 U+6

V+2 V+3 V+4

V+5

W+4 W+5 W+6

Y+3

IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion

CN

Ri/Å

Ion

CN

Ri/Å

Yb+2

6 8 8 9

1.02 1.14 0.99 1.04

Zn+2

4 6 8 4

0.60 0.74 0.90 0.59

Yb+3

Zr+4

12-16

TeamLRN

Ion

CN

Ri/Å

6 8 9

0.72 0.84 0.89

POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: Pi = Σ a j E j + Σ b jk E j Ek j

jk

For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: P = Nα( E + 4 πP ) = χ e E Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) , ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to:

α=

3  ε –1 4 πN  ε + 2 

This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability. 2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability. 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fields of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1. REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.

12-17

POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS (continued) Real part of polarizability

Orientation

Ionic

Electronic

Frequency 1MHz

1GHz

1THz

1PHz

Figure 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability.

TABLE 1 Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+ 0.029

Be2+ 0.008

B3+ 0.003

C4+ 0.0013

O2– 3.88

F– 1.04

Ne 0.39

Na+ 0.179

Mg2+ 0.094

Al3+ 0.052

Si4+ 0.0165

S2– 10.2

Cl– 3.66

Ar 1.62

K+ 0.83

Ca2+ 0.47

Sc3+ 0.286

Ti4+ 0.185

Se2– 10.5

Br– 4.77

Kr 2.46

Rb+ 1.40

Sr2+ 0.86

Y3+ 0.55

Zr4+ 0.37

Te2– 14.0

I– 7.1

Xe 3.99

Cs+ 2.42

Ba2+ 1.55

La3+ 1.04

Ce4+ 0.73

Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London, A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V-1 = 1.11265.10-16 α(cgs)/cm3

12-18

TeamLRN

LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT, of crystalline salts, MaXb,. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol-1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆ HL, is given by the cycle: (+/ 0D;EF D0EJ  E;DJ

( I+R0D;E F

D( I+R0E J  E( I+R;D J

D0VV  E;VV

where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆ HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆ HL = a∆ fHo(Mb+, g) + b∆ fHo(Xa-, g) - ∆ fHo(MaXb, c) and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship: ∆ H L = U POT+

  nM  a − 2 

  n 2 + b X−   2

 2 



 RT 

where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol-1): U POT =

121.4 z a z b v 

(r

a

+ rb)

 1− 

0.0345  ( ra + rb) 

where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in hte lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH4+][HF2-] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH4+ to be 0.136 nm and that for HF2- (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol-1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol-1and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol-1.

REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev., 10, 283-294., 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.-Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasser, L., J. Chem. Education, in press.

12-22

TeamLRN

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO) Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2 Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2 Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2 Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3 Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

828 749 715 682

843 807 726 -

2911 2788 2647

2902 2782 2652

861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 -

875 784 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300

821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290

847 748 660 631 658 -

820 741 707 678 -

656 573 522 520 577

5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489

— -

Substance TbB6 DyB6 HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6 Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4 Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4 Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3 Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2

12-23

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

7489 7489 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167

-

778 703 655 648 628

694 638 -

699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473

749 674 616 590 565 497 486 -

2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728

2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 3273 3052 2750

849 807 726 692 661 724

816 734 -

874 766 692 638 601 2268

759 686 2240

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2) Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4 Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3 Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

2138 2001 617 (741) 2809 2583

2009 691 935 2817 2591

865 791 713 685 651 715

804 722 -

7991 7301 6987 6653

7306 6643

883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 975 883 820 791 761

880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 -

1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632

1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 -

Substance FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2

12-24

TeamLRN

Calc. UPOT 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897 881 1013 1029 1027 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 -

UPOTBHFC 996 978 966 974 918 905 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2 FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3

Calc. UPOT 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640

UPOTBHFC 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 2551 2482 2967 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 2664 2639 2624 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 -

Substance YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3 CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3

12-25

Calc. UPOT 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966

UPOTBHFC 4524 4258 5153 5023 4791 4758 4591 5329 5224 5136 6065 5529 5294 5253 5436 5347 5257 5232 5235 5665 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3 PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl

Calc. UPOT 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 4322 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795

UPOTBHFC 5496 5183 5117 5001 5278 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 4242 3986 4348 4061 4387 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 9908 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 9603 9500 8930 8852 -

Substance CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2 Hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2

12-26

TeamLRN

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736

5429 5370 756 689 685

916 807 711 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414

918 807 713 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 1108 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3 Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092

2405 2394 2389 2651 2738 2864 2999 5969 4910 4493 -

703 644 623 598

732 712 689 669

768 723 655 628 661 2184 2063 1979

862 771 682 657 718 (2171) (1956)

1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 2909 2653 2786 2832 2870 1006

1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 -

Substance AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4 Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4 Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3 CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Nitrides ScN LaN TiN

12-27

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188

845 874 3151 2909 2721 5602 6299 6368 9879

3293 3146 2975

-

3945 3766 3376 3243 3137

-

848 755 685 662 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 2560 2376 2238 2155 2067

854 763 694 671 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208

7547 6876 8130

7506 6793 8033

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance ZrN VN NbN CrN Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2 Oxides Li2O Na2O K2 O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2 O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2 O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

7633 8283 7939 8269

7723 8233 8022 8358

774 699 724 690

772 687 765 -

2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703

2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745 3865 3910 4010 4050 3971 13708 -

Substance

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2 O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4 Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2

12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217

14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 15220 -

709 643 599 564 636 583 1958 1862 1795

715 641 595 576 550 580 1971 1862 1769

661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778

-

12-28

TeamLRN

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4 Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3 Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4 MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4 Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2 S

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381

11407 10479 10075 9654 7300 7507 -

2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176

2862 -

2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460

1916 1749 1675 2148 2998 2588 2451

2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448 2895 2632 2489

-

2464 2192 1979

2472 2203 (2052)

Substance Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4 Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6 Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6

12-29

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298

1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 2258

2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 2489 2577 2469 2920

2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825

1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449 1426 1343

1550 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 1493 1343

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6

Calc. UPOT 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412

UPOTBHFC 1471 1881 2070 1392 2276 1442 1375 1765 1673 1498 1390 1363 1344 1320 1447

Substance Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6 Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6 Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3

12-30

TeamLRN

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

1415 1402 1560 1379 1341 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339

1416 1384 1553 1379 1331 1306 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 1307

2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721

2095 2683 2600 2172 3081 -

764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058

(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 -

810 761 686 657 628

-

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3 NCONbCl6-

Radius

0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317 0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338

± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049

Ion NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2NO3O2 O3 OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42-

12-31

Radius 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187 0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241

± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229

± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52-

Radius 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364 0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

Ion S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64-

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TeamLRN

Radius 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374 0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.256 0.237 0.374

± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3-

Radius 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342 0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273

± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038

0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Ion Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+ O2 + O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+

12-33

Radius 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153 0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178

± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)(SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+

Radius 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290 0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221

± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Ion XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+ Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+ Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+

Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.

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TeamLRN

Radius 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186

± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290

± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035

0.442 0.453

± 0.051 ± 0.034

LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 3 ANCILLARY THERMOCHEMICAL DATA (kJ mol-1) Species AsO43BrO3ClO4CNCO32Fe(NO3)2 HF2HfCl62IO2F2IO3IrCl62LiCH3O2 NbCl62NH2CH2CO2O22PdCl62PO43PtCl62ReBr62ReCl62Ti(OH)2

State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c

12-35

∆ fHo (289) -145 -344 66 -321 (-448) -774 -1640 -693 -208 -785 (-745) -1224 -564 553 -749 291 -774 -689 -919 -778

THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena

U= Substance

b c

r

(1 – 1 / n)

Ion type M+, X– M+, X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– 2M+, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – 2M3+, 3X– –

Sodium chloride, NaCl Cesium chloride, CsCl Calcium chloride, CaCl2 Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2 Cadmium chloride, CdCl2 Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2 Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O Zinc oxide, ZnO Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS Wurtzite, ZnS Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2 Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2 β-Quartz, SiO2 Corundum, Al2O3 a

N M zi z j e 2

Crystal formb FCC BCC Cubic Cubic Hexagonal Hexagonal Tetragonal Cubic Hexagonal FCC Hexagonal Tetragonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral

M 1.74756 1.76267 2.365 2.51939 2.244c 2.355c 2.381c 2.22124 1.4985c 1.63806 1.64132c 2.400c 2.408c 2.2197c 4.1719

N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions(in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cationanion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.

The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type He, Li+ Ne, Na+, F– Ar, K+, Cu+, Cl– Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br– Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–

n 5 7 9 10 12

For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).

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TeamLRN

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

CUBIC CRYSTALS Name Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum

Formula Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo

ρ/g cm–3 2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284

T/K

Ref.

298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37

12-35

C11

C12

C44

1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637

0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578

0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) CUBIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide

Formula Ni Nb Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC

ρ/g cm–3 8.91 8.578 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606

T/K 298 300 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298

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Ref. 15 38 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63

C11

C12

C44

2.481 2.4650 2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720

1.549 1.3450 1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987

1.242 0.2873 0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593

TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS Name

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

NH4H2AsO4

2.3110

298

69

0.6747

-0.106

NH4H2PO4 BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O

1.8030 5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070

293 298 298 RT RT RT

69 70 79 71 72 73

0.6200 2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209

-0.050 1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315

KH2AsO4

2.867

RT

12

0.530

-0.060

KH2PO4

2.388

RT

71

0.7140

-0.049

RbH2PO4 TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4

2.800 4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70

298 298 RT 288 RT

74 75 76 77 78

0.5562 2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585

-0.064 1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791

C16

C33

C44

C66

0.1652

0.3022

0.0685

0.0639

0.1400 1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209

0.3000 1.6486 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931

0.0910 0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156

0.0610 1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779

0.370

0.120

0.070

0.1290

0.5620

0.1270

0.0628

0.0279 1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542

0.4398 4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805

0.1142 1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733

0.0350 1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113

-0.020

0.134

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)

12-37

Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon

ρ/g cm–3

Formula

ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

C22

C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3

1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630

293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT

80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73

0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030

0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194

0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169

0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448

0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548

LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O

1.71

RT

12

0.3864

0.1655

0.0875

0.5393

MgSO4·7H2O (Na,Al)SiO3

1.68 2.25

RT RT

86 78

0.325 0.716

0.174 0.261

0.182 0.297

NiSO4·7H2O (MgFe)SiO4

1.948 3.324

RT RT

86 87

0.353 3.240

0.198 0.590

KB5O8·4H2O K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4

1.74 2.665 1.79 3.621

RT 293 RT 293

71 81 71 81

0.582 0.5357 0.255 0.5029

NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O Na2C4H4O6·2H2O

1.587 1.794

RT RT

12 12

2.25 2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453

RT RT 293 RT 293

1.970

RT

Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359

0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835

0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193

0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736

0.2007

0.3624

0.1190

0.0667

0.2326

0.288 0.632

0.182 0.297

0.315 1.378

0.078 0.196

0.156 0.248

0.090 0.423

0.201 0.790

0.311 1.980

0.201 0.780

0.335 2.490

0.091 0.667

0.172 0.810

0.099 0.793

0.229 0.1999 0.141 0.1965

0.174 0.2095 0.116 0.1999

0.359 0.5653 0.381 0.5098

0.231 0.1990 0.146 0.1925

0.255 0.5523 0.371 0.4761

0.164 0.195 0.134 0.1626

0.046 0.1879 0.032 0.1589

0.057 0.1424 0.098 0.1407

0.3685 0.461

0.2725 0.286

0.3083 0.320

0.5092 0.547

0.3472 0.352

0.5541 0.665

0.1058 0.124

0.0303 0.031

0.0870 0.098

12 12 81 82 88

0.4391 0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486

0.1037 0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622

-0.149 0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176

0.3484 0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983

-0.014 0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764

0.3746 0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763

0.1538 0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479

0.1075 0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379

0.1724 0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454

86

0.3320

0.1720

0.2000

0.2930

0.1980

0.3200

0.0780

0.1530

0.0830

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)

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Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate

ρ/g cm–3

Formula

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

C15

C22

(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10

3.50 1.258

RT RT

89 90

1.858 0.0852

0.685 0.0672

0.707 0.0590

0.098 -0.0192

1.813 0.1170

CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6

1.948 3.31

RT RT

86 91

0.335 2.040

0.205 0.884

0.158 0.0883

0.016 -0.193

0.378 1.750

KHC4H4O6

1.97

RT

12

0.4294

0.1399

0.3129

-0.0105

0.3460

KAlSi3O8

2.56

RT

92

0.664

0.438

0.259

-0.033

1.710

FeSO4·7H2O

1.898

RT

86

0.349

0.208

0.174

-0.020

0.376

Li2SO4·H2O C10H8

2.221 1.127

RT RT

32 93

0.5250 0.0780

0.1715 0.0445

0.1730 0.0340

-0.0196 -0.006

0.5060 0.0990

K2C4H4O6

1.987

RT

32

0.3110

0.1720

0.1690

0.0287

0.3900

Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4

1.7499 1.60

RT RT

12 94

0.3323 0.0930

0.1814 0.0570

0.1875 0.0670

0.0225 -0.003

0.2953 0.0920

1.68

RT

32

0.4550

0.1720

0.1980

-0.030

0.3210

Formula

Name

C23

C25

C33

C35

C44

C46

C55

C66

Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

0.626 0.0375

0.094 -0.0170

2.344 0.1522

0.214 -0.0187

0.692 0.0272

0.077 0.0138

0.510 0.0242

0.474 0.0399

0.158 0.482

-0.018 -0.196

0.371 2.380

-0.047 -0.336

0.060 0.675

0.016 -0.113

0.058 0.588

0.101 0.705

0.0961

-0.0044

0.1270

0.0841

0.1173

0.0176

0.6816

0.0294

0.192

-0.148

1.215

-0.131

0.143

-0.015

0.238

0.361

0.172

-0.019

0.360

-0.014

0.064

0.001

0.056

0.096

0.0368 0.0230

0.0571 -0.0270

0.5400 0.1190

-0.0254 0.0290

0.1400 0.0330

-0.0054 -0.0050

0.1565 0.0210

0.2770 0.0415

0.1330

0.0182

0.5540

0.0710

0.0870

0.0072

0.1040

0.0826

0.1713 0.0485

0.0983 -0.005

0.4590 0.0790

-0.0678 -0.005

0.0569 0.0325

-0.0268 0.0050

0.1070 0.0640

0.0598 0.0245

0.2080

-0.0036

0.2630

-0.0500

0.0950

-0.0026

0.1110

0.0620

12-39

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be

3.218 2.68 1.8477

RT RT 300

12 12 95

1.667 2.800 2.923

BeO Cd

3.01 8.652

RT 300

96 97

CdSe

5.655

298

4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95 4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505

Name Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium

Formula

CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2 Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr

C13

C33

C55

0.131 0.990 0.267

0.655 0.670 0.140

1.396 2.480 3.364

0.663 0.658 1.625

4.70 1.1450

1.68 0.3950

1.19 0.3990

4.94 0.5085

1.53 0.1985

68

0.7046

0.4516

0.3930

0.8355

0.1317

298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298

98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102

0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240

0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200

0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900

0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070

0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670

RT 300 295 298 298 298

107 108 109 110 96 102

6.90 0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434

4.10 0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728

3.20 0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653

4.40 0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648

2.50 0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320

TRIGONAL CRYSTALS Name Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

C14

Al2O3

3.986

300

111

4.9735

1.6397

1.1220

-0.2358

4.9911

1.4739

AlPO4 Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3

2.556 6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70

RT 295 295 300 RT RT

73 112 112 113 82 114

1.0503 1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030

0.2934 0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530

0.6927 0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750

-0.1271 0.2090 0.0717 -0.2058 -0.1247 0.090

1.3353 0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450

0.2314 0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600

LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3

7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05

RT 298 300 RT RT

114 115 116 12 82

2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066

0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927

0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872

-0.110 -0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 -0.0774

2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070

0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682

Formula

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Thomas, J. F., Phys. Rev., 175, 955-962, 1968. Bolef, D. I. and M. Menes, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 1426-1427, 1960. Garland, C. W. and C. F. Yarnell, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1112-1120, 1966. Garland, C. W. and R. Renard, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1130-1139, 1966.

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C33

C44

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

Gsänger, M., H. Egger and E. Lüscher, Phys. Letters, 27A, 695-696, 1968. Wong, C. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 29, 1309-1330, 1968. Haussühl, S., Phys. Stat. Sol., 3, 1072-1076, 1963. Wong, C. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 1225-1231, 1967. McSkimin, H. J. and D. G. Thomas, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 56-59, 1962. Kollarits, F. J. and J. Trivisonno, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 29, 2133-2139, 1968. Slagle, D. D. and H. A. McKinstry, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 446-458, 1967. Hearmon, R. F. S., Adv. Phys., 5, 323-382, 1956. Sumer, A. and J. F. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2691-2694, 1963. Alexandrov, K. S. et. al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State, 10, 1316-1321, 1968. Epstein, S. G. and O. N. Carlson, Acta Metal., 13, 487-491, 1965. McSkimin, H. J., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4127-4128, 1968. McSkimin, H. J., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 2362-2364, 1967. Weil, R. and W. O. Groves, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4049-4051, 1968. Bateman, T. B., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 2194-2195, 1966. Bogardus, E. H., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 2504-2513, 1965. Golding, B., S. C. Moss and B. L. Averbach, Phys. Rev., 158, 637-645, 1967. Bateman, T. B., H. J. McSkimin and J. M. Whelan, J. Appl. Phys., 30, 544-545, 1959. Gerlich, D., J. Appl. Phys., 35, 3062, 1964. Hickernell, F. S. and W. R. Gayton, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 462, 1966. MacFarlane, R. E., et. al., Phys. Letters, 20, 234-235, 1966. Leese, J. and A. E. Lord Jr., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 3986-3988, 1968. Miller, R. A. and D. E. Schuele, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 30, 589-600, 1969. Wasilik, J. H. and M. L. Wheat, J. Appl. Phys., 36, 791-793, 1965. Haussühl, S., Phys. Stat. Sol., 3, 1072-1076, 1963. Houston, B., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 3913-3916, 1968. Trivisonno, J. and C. S. Smith, Acta Metal., 9, 1064-1071, 1961. Alexandrov, K. S. and T. V. Ryzhova, Sov. Phys. Cryst., 6, 228-252, 1961. Lewis, J. T., A. Lehoczky and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 161, 877-887, 1967. Drabble, J. R. and R. E. B. Strathen, Proc. Phys. Soc., 92, 1090-1995, 1967. Oliver, D. W., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 893, 1969. Alper, T., and G. A. Saunders, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 1637-1642, 1967. Dickinson, J. M. and P. E. Armstrong, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 602-606, 1967. Bolef, D. I., J. Appl. Phys., 32, 100-105, 1961. Rayne, J. A., Phys. Rev., 112, 1125-1130, 1958. MacFarlane, R. E., et. al., Phys. Letters, 18, 91-92, 1965. Smith, P. A. and C. S. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 279-289, 1965. Norwood, M. H. and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 112, 45-48, 1958. Simmons, G. and F. Birch, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2736-2738, 1963. Gutman, E. J. and J. Trivisonno, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 28, 805-809, 1967. Ghafelehbashi, M., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 41, 652-666, 1970. McSkimin, H. J. and P. Andreatch Jr., J. Appl. Phys., 35, 2161-2165, 1964. Neighbours, J. R. and G. A. Alers, Phys. Rev., 111, 707-712, 1958. Hidshaw, W., J. T. Lewis, and C. V. Briscoe, Phys. Rev., 163, 876-881, 1967. Daniels, W. B., Phys. Rev., 119, 1246-1252, 1960. Viswanathan, R., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 884-886, 1966. Miller, R. A. and C. S. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 25, 1279-1292, 1964. Claytor, R. N. and B. J. Marshall, Phys. Rev., 120, 332-334, 1960. Schreiber, E., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 2508-2511, 1967. Gerlich, D., Phys. Rev., 136, A1366-A1368, 1964. Johnston, D. L., P. H. Thrasher and R. J. Kearney, J. Appl. Phys., 41, 427-428, 1970. Poindexter, E. and A. A. Giardini, Phys. Rev., 110, 1069, 1958. Soga, N., J. Appl. Phys., 37, 3416-3420, 1966. Bartlett, R. W. and C. W. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5428-5429, 1967. Morse, G. E. and A. W. Lawson, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 28, 939-950, 1967. Armstrong, P. E., O. N. Carlson and J. F. Smith, J. Appl. Phys., 30, 36-41, 1959. Macedo, P. M., W. Capps and J. B. Wachtman, J. Am. Cer. Soc., 47, 651, 1964. Beattie, A. G., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4818-4821, 1969. Chang, R. and L. J. Graham, J. Appl Phys., 37, 3778-3783, 1966. Lowrie, R. and A. M. Gonas, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 4505-4509. 1967. Graham, L. J., H. Nadler and R. Chang, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 1572-1573, 1963.

12-41

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.

Wachtman, J. B. Jr., et. al., J. Nucl. Mat., 16, 39-41, 1965. Bolef, D. I., J. Appl. Phys., 32, 100-105, 1961. Berlincourt, D., H. Jaffe and L. R. Shiozawa, Phys. Rev., 129, 1009-1017, 1963. Adhav. R. S. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 43, 835-838, 1968. Berlincourt, D. and H. Jaffe, Phys. Rev., 111, 143-148, 1958. Huntington, H. B., in Solid State Pysics, Vol. 7, Seitz, F., and Turnbull, D., Ed., pp. 213-285; Academic Press, New York 1958. Cutler, H. R., J. J. Gibson and K. A. McCarthy, Sol. State Comm., 6, 431-433, 1968. Mason, W. P., Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1950. Adhav, R. S., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2725-2727, 1969. Manghnani, M. H., J. Geophys. Res., 74, 4317-4328, 1969. Uchida, N. and Y. Ohmachi, J. Appl Phys., 40, 4692-4695, 1969. House, D. G. and E. Y. Vernon, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 254-259, 1960. Ryzhova, T. V., et. al., Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Earth Phys. Ser., English Transl., no. 2, 111-113, 1966. Alton, W. J. and A. J. Barlow, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3817-3820, 1967. Michard, F., et. al., C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 265, 565-567, 1967. Haussühl, S., Acta Cryst., 18, 839-842, 1965. Hearmon, R. F. S., Rev. Mod. Phys., 18, 409-440, 1946. Heseltine, J. C. W., D. W. Elliott and O. B. Wilson, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2584-2587, 1964. Schwerdtner, W. M., et. al., Canad. J. Earth Sci., 2, 673-683, 1965. Kumazawa, M. and O. L. Anderson, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5961-5972, 1969 . Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 7, 753-755, 1963. Verma, R. K., J. Geophys. Soc., 65, 757-766, 1960. McSkimin, H. J. and E. S. Fisher, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 1627-1639, 1960. Alexandrov, K. S. and T.V. Ryzhova, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.8, 871-875, 1961. Afanaseva, G. K., et. al, Phys. Stat. Sol., 24, K61-K63, 1967. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 589-591, 1964. Alexandrov, K. S. and T. V Ryzhova, Bull Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.2, 129-131, 1962. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 164-166, 1963. Teslenko, V. F., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 10, 744-747, 1966. Smith, J. F. and C. L. Arbogast, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 99-102, 1960. Cline, C. F., H. L. Dunegan and G. M. Henderson, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 1944-1948, 1967. Chang, Y. A. and L. Himmel, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 3787-3790, 1966. Gerlich, D., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 2575-2579, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., J. Appl. Phys., 26, 406-409, 1955. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 239, 48-57, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Proc. Conf. Rare Earth Res., 6th, Gatlinburg, Tenn., 522-533, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and C. J. Renken, Phys. Rev., 135, A482-A494, 1964. Proctor, T. M. Jr., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 39, 972-977, 1966. Chandrasekhar, B. S. and J. A. Rayne, Phys. Rev., 124, 1011-1041, 1961. Wazzan, A. R. and L. B. Robinson, Phys. Rev., 155, 586-594, 1967. Ferris, R. W., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 34, 768-770, 1963. Gilman, J. J. and B. W. Roberts, J. Appl. Phys., 32, 1405, 1961. Smith, J. F. and J. A. Gjevre, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 645-647, 1960. Alers, G. A. and J. R. Neighbours, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 7, 58-64, 1908. Bateman, T. B., J. Appl. Phys., 33, 3309-3312, 1962. Tefft, W. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 277-280, 1966. DeBretteville, Jr., A. et. al., Phys. Rev., 148, 575-579, 1966. Dandekar, D. P. and A. L. Ruoff, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 6004-6009, 1968. Warner, A. W., M. Onoe and G. A. Coquin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 42, 1223-1231, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., P. Andreatch and R. N. Thurston, J. Appl. Phys., 36, 1624-1632, 1965. Mort, J., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3414-3415, 1967.

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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183—322, 1983; 13, 1069—1096, 1984; 13, 1097—1130, 1984, 13, 1131—1172, 1984. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147—1298, 1979. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339—438, 1979; 8, 439—498, 1979. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN 10–8 Ω m T/K

Aluminum

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18

T/K

Gold

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500

0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97

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Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216 Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1

Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7 Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7

Calcium

Cesium

0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4

0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0

Lead

4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3

Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4

Chromium

1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86

Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued) T/K

Gold

600 700 800 900

4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86

T/K

Molybdenum

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2

T/K

Sodium

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93

Hafnium 78.5

Iron

Lead

Lithium

Magnesium

32.9 44.0 57.1

Nickel

9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4 Palladium

Platinum

0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6

0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4

0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0

Strontium

Tantalum

Tungsten

0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6

0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1

0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5

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151 152

Potassium

Rubidium

0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47

0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3

Vanadium

0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7

Manganese

Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49

Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued)

Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium

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T/K

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m

273 273 273 290—300 298 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 290—300 273 273 290—300 290—300 298 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 273 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 273 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300

39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference. Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10-8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here. REFERENCE C.Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183-322, 1983. Aluminum-Copper

Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00

2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3

2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6

3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8

3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2

8.71 7.92 3.22

10.8 9.43 4.46

2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60

11.1 9.68 4.65

11.7 10.2 5.00

12.3 10.7 5.37

Aluminum-Magnesium

Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78

2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92

3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25

3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37

3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20

4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03

Copper-Gold

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00

1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40

1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57

1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62

2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03

2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45

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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Copper-Nickel

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81

2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23

2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08

2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37

3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63

3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18

Copper-Palladium

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97

2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90

2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67

2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93

2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82

2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68

Copper-Zinc

Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08

1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87

1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08

2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15

2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67

2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19

Gold-Palladium

Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64

2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70

2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94

2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02

3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63

3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23

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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Gold-Palladium (continued)

Wt % Au 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

400 K

23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01

27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07

27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85

27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12

28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99

29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80

Gold-Silver

Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627

2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69

2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80

2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84

3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12

400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42

Iron-Nickel

Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

400 K

3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66

10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17

12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94

12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12

18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8

Silver-Palladium

Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k

100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91

1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01

2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13

2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17

2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47

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400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Silver-Palladium (continued) 100 K

273 K

293 K

300 K

350 K

13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97

14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06

14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82

14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08

14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92

400 K

Wt % Ag 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a

Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. c Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. d Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. e Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. f Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. g Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. h Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. i Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. j Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. k Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. m Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. a

b

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15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70

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CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures, TC.

REFERENCE Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.

Name or acronym

Formula

TC/K

KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2 PO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2PO4 RbD2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4

123 97 213 162 146 111 218 178 159 143 212

NaKC4H4O6⋅4H2O NaKC4H2D2O6⋅4H2O NaNH4C4H4O6⋅4H2O LiNH4C4H4O6⋅H2O

255-297 251-308 109 106

(NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SeO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2BeF4 (NH4)2BeF4 HNH4(ClCH2COO)2

322 295 346 176 128

BaTiO3 PbTiO3 KNbO3 KTa2/3Nb1/3O3 LiNBO3 LiTaO3 Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Ba2NaNb5O15 KIO3 LiIO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3

406, 278, 193 765 712 241, 220, 170 1483 891 521 833 485, 343, 257-263, 83 529 397 548 437-487

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KDA KDDP KDDA RDP RDA RDDP RDDA CDP CDA CDDA

Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt Deuterated Rochelle salt Ammonium Rochelle salt LAT

Triglycine sulfate group TGS TGSe TGFB AFB HADA Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate Lead titanate Potassium niobate Potassium tantalate niobate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium titanium niobate Ba-Na niobate (“Bananas”) Potassium iodate Lithium iodate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate

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CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name or acronym

Formula

TC/K

Miscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite Lithium trihydrogen selenite Potassium selenate Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Colemanite Cadmium pyroniobite Gadolinium molybdate

CsH3(SeO3)2 LiH3(SeO3)2 K2SeO4

143 TC > Tmp 93

CH3NH3Al(SO4)2⋅12H2O (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 CaB3O4(OH)3⋅H2O Cd2Nb2O7 Gd2(MoO4)3

177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432

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PROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε = const./(T - T0) Name or acronym

Formula

TC/K

ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate

NH4H2PO4 NH4H2 AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6

148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245

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T0/K

378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245

DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF GLASSES

Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a

Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20°C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 4.1 (1 MHz)

Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.

12-59

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Volume resistivity (350°C megohm-cm)

Loss factora

10 0.13 100 2,500 — 80 16 25 13 1,300 — 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000—30,000 —

0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts

The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive.

Ho ρ

–4πM

Normal

Hc Superconducting

0 (a)

Tc

Tc

0 (b)

0

Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)

Hc2

Hc3

FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors. The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a high-field superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials. High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.

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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 1 Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Element

Tc(K)

Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

1.175 ± 0.002 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 1.083 ± 0.001 5.9, 6.2 7 7.85 0.128 4.154 ± 0.001 3.949 3.408 ± 0.001 0.1125 ± 0.001 4.88 ± 0.02 6.00 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.03 0.915 ± 0.005 9.25 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.03 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 1.697 ± 0.006 0.49 ± 0.015 3.722 ± 0.001 4.47 ± 0.04 7.8 ± 0.1 1.38 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.04 2.38 ± 0.02 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 0.0154 ± 0.0005 0.85 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.15 0.65, 0.95

θD(K)

Ho(oersted)

γ(mJ mol–1K–1)

104.9 ± 0.3

420

1.35

28 ± 1 58.3 ± 0.2 560 950, HFa 815, HF 12.7 411 ± 2 339 281.5 ± 2 16 ± 0.05 800 ± 10 1096, 1600 350 ± 50 96 ± 3 2060 ± 50, HF 70

209 325

0.21 0.69 0.60

2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3

87, 71.9 93 109 425 151 139 460 276 500

1.83 7.80 2.35

803 ± 1 200 ± 5 69 ± 2 305 ± 2 829 ± 6 1410, HF 1.60 ± 3 56 178 ± 2

96 4.5 580 195 258 411 165 415 78.5

3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47

1408 1.15 ± 0.03 54 ± 0.3 47

383 383 310 290

9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77

TABLE 2 Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Usually at Low Temperatures Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a

Tc Range (K) 1.15—5.7 5—9.75 6.17—6.6 0.79—0.91 0.53—0.59 2.5—8.5 3.87—4.5 2.2—5.6 3.55—6.74 3.3—8.0

Comments HFa HF

Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn

HF HF

HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.

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Tc Range (K) 2.0—10.1 1.8—7.5 1.7—7 3.5—6 <1.7—4.51 4.6—7.7 1.3 Max 2.33—2.96 1.8—6.02 <1.0—4.1 0.77—1.9

Comments

HFa

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 3 Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range (K)

Pressure (kbar)

Ba II III IV Bi II III IV V VI VII(?) Ce (α) Ce (α′) Cs V Ga II II′

1.98—0.075 0.31—0.5 0.2—0.25 1—1.8 1.8—5 4.5—5.4 3.9 6.55—7.25 7.0, 8.7—6.0 6.7, 8.3 8.55 8.2 0.020—0.045 1.9—1.3 1.5 6.38 7.5

Ge La Lu P

5.35 5.5—12.9 0.022—1.0 5.8

0—62 220—140 140—100 55—85 85—144 144—190 25—27 28—38 43, 43—62 48—80 90, 92—101 30 20—35 45—125 >125 ≥35 ≥35 then P removed 115 0—210 45—190 170

Element Al As

Element

Tc Range (K)

Pb II Re II

3.55 2.3 Max.

Sb (prepared 120 kbar, held below 77K) Sb II Se II Si Sn II III Te II

2.6—2.7

IV () Tl (cubic form) (hexagonal form) U Y Zr (omega form, metastable)

3.55—3.40 6.75, 6.95 6.7—7.1 5.2—4.85 5.30 2.4—5.1 4.1—4.2 4.72—4 3.3—2.8 1.45 1.95 2.4—0.4 1.7—2.5 1—1.7

Pressure (kbar) 160 “Plastic” compression

85—150 130 120—130 125—160 113 38—55 53—62 63—80 100—260 35 35 10—85 110—160 60—130

TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0— 0.6B1—0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the mid-point of such curves as the probable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field of a given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, HO, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table. A. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc< 10 K Substance Ag3.3Al AgxAlyZn1-x-y AgBi2 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 Ag2F Ag7FO8 Ag0.8—0.3Ga0.2—0.7 Ag4Ge Ag0.438Hg0.562 AgIn2

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Tc, K 0.34 0.15 2.87—3.0 0.85—0.90 0.0.066 0.3 6.5—8 0.85 0.64 ~2.4

Crystal structure type A12-cI58 (Mn) Cubic

Cubic Hex., c.p. D82 C16

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) AgLa AgLa (9.5 kbar) AgLu AgMo4S5 Ag1.2Mo6Se8 Ag7NO11 AgxPb1-x Ag4Sn AgxSn1-x AgxSn1–x (film) AgTe3 AgTh AgTh2 Ag0.03Tl0.97 Ag0.94Tl0.06 AgY AgxZn1-x AlAu4 Al2Au Al2CMo3 Al2CaSi Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 AlGe2 Al2Ge2U AlLa3 Al2La Al2Lu Al3Mg2 AlMo3 AlMo6Pd AlN Al2NNb3 Al3Nb AlOs Al3Os AlPb (film) Al2Pt Al5Re24 AlSb Al2Sc Al2Si2U AlTh2 Al3Th AlxTiyV1-x-y Al0.108V0.892 Al2Y Al3Yb AlxZn1-x AlZr3 AsBiPb AsBiPbSb AsHfOs AsHfRu

Tc, K 1.2—1.89 0.77—1.00 0.94 1.2 0.33 9.1 5.9 1.04 7.2 max. 0.1 1.5—3.7 2.0—3.8 2.6 2.2 2.26 2.67 2.32 0.33 0.5—0.845 0.4—0.7 0.1 9.8—10.2 5.8 1.46 1.75 1.6 5.57 3.23 1.02 0.84 0.58 2.1 1.55 1.3 0.64 0.39 5.90 1.2—7 0.48—0.55 3.35 2.8 1.02 1.34 0.1 0.75 2.05—3.62 1.82 0.35 0.94 0.5—0.845 0.73 9.0 9.0 3.2 4.9

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Crystal structure type B1 B1 B2-cP2 (CsCl) B2 B2-cP2 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Cubic h**

Cubic C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16

B2-cP2 (CsCl) Like A13 C1-cF12 (CaF2) A13+trace 2nd. phase) Cubic LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) DO19 C15 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) F.C.C. A15 B4 A13 tI8 (Al3Ti) B2

C1 A12 B4-tI4 (Sn) C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) DO19 Cubic Cubic C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) LI2

C22-hP9 (Fe2P) same

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) As4La3 AsNb3 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 AsOsZr AsPb AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) AsPd5 As3Pd5 AsRh AsRh1.4—1.6 AsSn AsSn (n = 2.14 × 1022) As~2Sn~3 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) AsV3 Au5Ba AuBe Au2Bi Au5Ca AuGa2 AuGa Au0.40—0.92Ge0.60—0.08 AuIn2 AuIn AuLu AuNb3 AuPb2 AuPb2 (film) AuPb3 AuPb3 (film) Au2Pb AuSb2 AuSn AuxSn1-x (film) Au5Sn AuTa4.3 Au3Te5 AuTh2 AuTl AuV3 AuxZn1-x AuZn3 AuxZry AuZr3 B2Ba0.67Pt3 BCMo2 BCMo2 B2Ca0.67Pt3 B4ErIr4 B4ErRh4 B4ErRh4

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Tc, K 0.85—1.15 0.44—0.62 0.6 0.3 1.39 1.6 8.0 8.4 0.60 1.70 0.46 1.9 0.58 < 0.03—0.56 4.10 3.41—3.65 3.5—3.6; 1.21—1.17 1.16—1.19 0.20 0.4—0.7 2.64 1.80 0.34—0.38 1.6 1.2 <0.32—1.63 0.2 0.4—0.6 <0.35 1.2 3.15 4.3 4.40 4.25 1.18; 6—7 0.58 1.25 2.0—3.8 0.7—1.1 0.55 1.62 3.08 1.92 0.74 0.50—0.845 1.21 1.7—2.8 0.92 5.60 5.4 5.3—7.0 1.57 2.1 4.3 8.7

Crystal structure type B1 B1 cI28 (Th3P4) L12-tP32 C2 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Hexagonal C22 Complex B31 Hexagonal B1 Rhombohedral A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D2d B20 C15 C15b C1-cF12 (CaF2) B31 Complex C1-cF12 Complex B2 A2

C15 C2 B81 A3 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Cubic C16 A15 Cubic A3 A15 hP12 (B2BaPt3) Orthorhombic Same hP12 tP18 (B4CeCo4) oC108 (B4LuRh4) tP18 (B4CeCo4)

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance BHf B4HoIr4 B4HoRh4 B2Ir3La B2Ir3Th B4Ir4Tm B6La B2LaRh3 B12Lu B2LuOs B2LuOs3 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4LuRu4 BMo BMo2 BNb B4NdRh4 B2OsSc B2OsY B2Pt3Sr0.67 BRe2 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 B4Rh4Sm B4Rh4Th B4Rh4Tm B4Rh4Tm B0.3Ru0.7 B4Ru4Sc B2Ru3Th B2Ru3Y B2Ru Y B4Ru4Y B12Sc BTa BTa2 B6Th BW2 B6Y B12Y BZr B12Zr BaBi3 Ba2Mo15Se19 BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) Ba0.13O3W Ba0.14O3W BaRh2 Be22Mo Be8Nb5Zr2 Be0.98—0.92Re0.02—0.08 (quenched) Be0.957Re0.043 BeTc Be22W

Tc, K

Crystal structure type

3.1 2.0 1.4 1.65 2.09 1.6 5.7 2.82 0.48 2.66 4.62 6.2 9.86 2.0 0.5 (extrapol.) 4.74 8.25 5.3 1.34 2.22 2.78 2.80; 4.6 8.38 2.7 4.3 9.8 5.4 2.58 7.2 1.79 2.85 7.80 1.4 0.39 4.0 3.12 0.74 3.1 6.5—7.1 4.7 3.4 5.82 5.69 2.75 <0.1—0.55 1.9 <1.25—2.2 6.0 2.51 5.2

Cubic tP18 oC108 hP6 (CaCu5) Same tP18

9.5—9.75 9.62 5.21 4.12

Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re)

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hP6 oP16 (B2LuRu) hP6 oC108 oP16 tI72 (B4LuRu4) C16 Bf tP18 oP16 oP16 hP12 (B2BaPt3) tI72 tP18 Same Same oC108 D102 tI72 hP6 Same oP16 tI72 Bf C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16

Cubic Tetragonal hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Tetragonal Hexagonal C15 Cubic (Be22Re)

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Be13W Bi3Ca Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) BiCo Bi2Cs BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) BiCu Bi3Fe Bi0.019In0.981 Bi0.05In0.95 Bi0.10In0.90 Bi0.15—0.30In0.85—0.70 Bi0.34—0.48In0.66—0.52 Bi3In5 BiIn2 Bi2Ir Bi2Ir (quenched) BiK Bi2K BiLi Bi4—9Mg Bi3Mo BiNa BiNb3 BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) BiNi Bi3Ni BiNi0.5Rh0.5 Bi0.5NiSb0.5 Bi1-0Pb0-1 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) Bi0.05—0.40Pb0.95—0.60 Bi2Pb BiPbSb Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 BiPd2 Bi0.4Pd0.6 BiPd Bi2Pd Bi2Pd BiPd0.45Pt0.55 BiPdSe BiPdTe BiPt Bi0.1PtSb0.9 BiPtSe BiPtTe Bi2Pt Bi2Rb BiRe2 BiRh

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Tc, K 4.1 2.0 8.2 0.42—0.49 4.75 2.2 1.33—1.40 1.0 3.86 4.65 5.05 5.3—5.4 4.0—4.1 4.1 5.65 1.7—2.3 3.0—3.96 3.6 3.58 2.47 0.7—~1.0 3—3.7 2.25 4.5 3.05 4.25 4.06 3.0 2.0 7.26—9.14 7.25—8.67 7.35—8.4 4.25 8.9 8.5 8.5 4.0 3.7—4 3.7 1.70 4.25 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.21 2.05; 1.5 1.45 1.15 0.155 4.25 1.9—2.2 2.06

Crystal structure type Tetragonal

C15

m** α-phase Same α- and β-phases β-phase

C15 L1o, α-phase

L1o A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) A15 B81 Orthorhombic B81-hP4 (AsNi) Same

H.C.P. to ε-phase t**

Hexagonal, ordered Orthorhombic Monoclinic, α-phase Tetragonal, β-phase B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 B81 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 Hexagonal C15 B81

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Bi3Rh Bi4Rh BiRu Bi3Sn BiSn BixSny Bi3Sr Bi3Te Bi5Tl3 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi2Y3 Bi3Zn Bi0.3Zr0.7 BiZr3 BrMo6Se7 Br3Mo6Se5 CCsx CFe3 CGaMo2 CHf0.5Mo0.5 CHf0.3Mo0.7 CHf0.25Mo0.75 CHf0.7Nb0.3 CHf0.6Nb0.4 CHf0.5Nb0.5 CHf0.4Nb0.6 CHf0.25Nb0.75 CHf0.2Nb0.8 CHf0.9—0.1Ta0.1—0.9 CK (excess K) C8K C2La C2Lu C0.40—0.44Mo0.60—0.56 C3MoRe C0.6Mo4.8Si3 CMo0.2Ta0.8 CMo0.5Ta0.5 CMo0.75Ta0.25 CMo0.8Ta0.2 CMo0.85Ta0.15 CMoxV1-x CMoxZr1-x C0.984Nb CNb2 CNbxTi1-x CNb0.1—0.9Zr0.9—0.1 CRbx (Au) CRe0.06W CRu C0.987Ta C0.848—0.987 CTa (film) CTa2

Tc, K 3.2 2.7 5.7 3.6—3.8 3.8 3.85—4.18 5.62 0.75—1.0 6.4 4.4 4.15 2.25 0.8—0.9 1.51 2.4—2.8 7.1 7.1 0.020—0.135 1.30 3.7—4.1 3.4 5.5 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.8 5.6 7.0 7.8 5.0—9.0 0.55 0.39 1.66 3.33 9—13 3.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 2.9—9.3 9.8 9.8 9.1 <4.2—8.8 4.2—8.4 0.023—0.151 5.0 2.00 9.7 2.04—9.7 5.09 3.26

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Crystal structure type Orthorhombic (NiB3) Hexagonal m**

L12

Cubic, disordered L12, ordered (?)

hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Hexagonal DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) Hexagonal B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal Hexagonal tI6 (CaC2) Same B1-cF8 D88 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal hP2 (CW)

B1 L′3

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CTa0.4Ti0.6 Cta1—0.4W0—0.6 CTa0.2—0.9Zr0.8—0.1 CTc (excess C) CTi0.5—0.7W0.5—0.3 CW CW2 CW2 C2Y Ca3Co4Sn13 Ca3Ge13Rh4 CaHg CaHg3 CaIr2 Ca3Ir4Sn13 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7—11 × 1019) Ca0.1O3W CaPb CaRh2 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 CaTl3 Cd0.3—0.5Hg0.7—0.5 CdHg Cd0.0075—0.05In0.9925—0.95 Cd0.97Pb0.03 CdSn Cd0.17Tl0.83 Cd0.18Tl0.82 CeCo2 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 CexGd1-xRu2 CeIr3 CeIr5 Ce0.005La0.995 CexLa1-x CexPr1-xRu2 CexPt1-x CeRu2 Ce3Mo6Se5 Ce2Mo6Te6 CoxFe1-xSi2 CoHf2 CoLa3 Co4La3Sn13 CoLu3 CoxLuSny Co0—0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 Co0.02—0.10Nb3Rh0.98—0.90 CoxNi1-xSi2 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 CoxRh1-xSi2 Co~0.3So~0.7 Co4Sc5Si10 CoSi2

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Tc, K 4.8 8.5—10.5 4.6—8.3 3.85 6.7—2.1 1.0 2.74 5.2 3.88 5.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 6.15 7.1 < 0.1—0.55 1.4—3.4 7.0 6.40 8.7 2.0 1.70—1.92 1.77; 2.15 3.24—3.36 4.2 3.65 2.3 2.54 0.84 0.46 0.47 3.2—5.2 3.34 1.82 4.6 1.3—6.3 1.4—5.3 0.7—1.55 6.0 5.7 1.7 1.4 (max.) 0.56 4.28 2.8 ~0.35 1.5 2—10 2.28—1.90 1.4 (max.) 2.5 3.65 (max.) ~0.35 5.0 1.40; 1.22

Crystal structure type B1 B1 B1 Cubic B1 L′3 F.C.C. tI6 (CaC2) cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Same B2-cP2 (CsCl) hP8 (Ni3Sn) C15 cP40 Hexagonal C15 cP40 B2-cP2 Tetragonal Tetragonal

C15 C15 C15 C15

C15 C15 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same C1 E93 cP40 cP40 A15 C1

tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) C1

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CoxSnyYb Co3Th7 CoxTi1-x CoxTi1-x CoTi2 CoTi CoU CoU6 Co0.28Y0.72 CoY3 CoZr2 Co0.1Zr0.9 Cr0.6Ir0.4 Cr0.65Ir0.35 Cr0.7Ir0.3 Cr0.72Ir0.28 Cr3Ir Cr0—0.1Nb1—0.9 Cr0.80Os0.20 Cr3Os CrxRe1-x Cr0.4Re0.6 Cr0.8—0.6Rh0.2—0.4 Cr3Rh Cr3Ru (annealed) Cr2Ru Cr3Ru2 Cr0.1—0.5Ru0.9—0.5 CrxTi1-x CrxTi1-x Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 Cs0.32O3W Cu0.15In0.85 (film) Cu0.04—0.08In0.94—0.92 CuLa Cu2Mo6O2S6 Cu2Mo6Se8 CuxPb1-x CuS CuS2 CuSSe CuSe2 CuSeTe CuxSn1-x CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) CuTe2 CuTh2 Cu0—0.027V CuY CuxZn1-x DyMo6S8 ErxLa1-x ErMo6S8

Tc, K 2.5 1.83 2.8 (max.) 3.8 (max.) 3.44 0.71 1.7 2.29 0.34 <0.34 6.3 3.9 0.4 0.59 0.76 0.83 0.45 4.6—9.2 2.5 4.68 1.2—5.2 2.15 0.5—1.10 0.3 3.3 2.02 2.10 0.34—1.65 3.6 (max.) 4.2 (max.) 5.6 0.75 1.12 3.75 4.4 5.85 9 5.9 5.7—7.7 1.62 1.48—1.53 1.5—2.0 2.3—2.43 1.6—2.0 3.2—3.7 3.6—7 2.8—3.7 <1.25—1.3 3.49 3.9—5.3 0.33 0.5—0.845 2.1 1.4—6.3 2.2

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Crystal structure type cP40 D102 Co in α-Ti Co in β-Ti E93 A2 B2, distorted D2c

C16 A3 H.C.P. H.C.P. H.C.P. A15 A2 Cubic A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D8b A3 A15-cP8 A15 D8b D8b-tP30 (CrFe) A3 Cr in α-Ti Cr in β-Ti β-phase Hexagonal

hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same B18 C18 C18 C18 C18

C18 C16 A2 B2-cP2 (CsCl) hR15 hR15

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance

Tc, K

ErMo6Se8 Fe3Lu2Si5 Fe0—0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90 Fe3Re2 Fe3Sc2Si5 Fe3Si5Tm Fe3Si5Y2 Fe3Th7 FexTi1-x FexTi1-x FexTi0.6V1-x FeU6 Fe0.1Zr0.9 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 Ga2Ge2U GaHf2 GaLa3 Ga3Lu Ga2Mo GaMo3 GaN (black) Ga0.7Pt0.3 GaPt GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) GaSb (unannealed) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (quenched) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (annealed) GaTe Ga5V2 GaV4.5 Ga3Zr Ga3Zr5 GdxLa1-x GdMo6S8 GdMo6Se8 GdxOs2Y1-x GdxRu2Th1-x Ge10As4Y5 GeIr GeIrLa Ge10Ir4Lu5 Ge10Ir4Y5 Ge2La

6.2 6.1 1—10 ∼3.9 6.55 4.52 1.3 2.4 1.86 3.2 (max.) 3.7 (max.) 6.8 (max.) 3.86 1.0 7.3 0.87 0.21 5.84 2.3 9.5 0.76 5.85 2.9 1.74 4.24 ~5.9 3.47—4.18 2.6—3.85 0.17 3.55 9.15 1.38 3.8 < 1.0—5.5 3.5 5.6 1.4—4.7 3.6 (max.) 9.06 4.7 1.64 2.60 2.62 1.49; 2.2

GeLaPt Ge13Lu3Os4 Ge10Lu5Rh4 Ge13Lu3Ru4 GeMo3 GeNb2 Ge0.29Nb0.71 GePt Ge3Rh5

3.53 3.6 2.79 2.3 1.43 1.9 6 0.40 2.12

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Crystal structure type hR15 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5)

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) tP40 Same Same D10 Fe in α-Ti Fe in β-Ti D2c A3 A15 B2-cP2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B2-cP2 A15 B4 C1 B20 A5

mC24 (GaTe) Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5)

D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) hR15 hR15 C15 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) B31 tI12 (LaPtSi) tP38 tP38 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) tI12 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) tP38 cP40 A15 A15 B31 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GeRh Ge13Rh4Sc3 Ge10Rh4Y5 Ge13Ru4Y3 Ge2So GeTa3 Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) GexTe1-x (n = 8.5—64 × 1020) GeV3 Ge2Y Ge1.62Y Ge2Zr GeZr3 H0.33Nb0.67 H0.1Nb0.9 H0.05Nb0.95 H0.12Ta0.88 H0.08Ta0.92 H0.04Ta0.96 HfIrSi HfMo2 HfN0.989 Hf0—0.5Nb1—0.5 Hf0.75Nb0.25 HfOs2 HfOsP HfPRu HfRe2 Hf0.14Re0.86 Hf0.99—0.96Rh0.01—0.04 Hf0—0.55Ta1—0.45 HfV2 HgxIn1-x HgIn Hg2K Hg3K Hg4K Hg8K Hg3Li HgMg3 Hg2Mg Hg3Mg5 Hg2Na Hg4Na HgxPb1-x HgSn HgxTl1-x Hg5Tl2 HoxLa1-x Ho1.2Mo6Se8 In1—0.86Mg0—0.14 In2Mo6Te6 InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 In0.11O3W

Tc, K 0.96 1.9 1.35 1.7 1.3 8.0 1.55—1.80 0.07—0.41 6.01 3.80 2.4 0.30 0.4 7.28 7.38 7.83 2.81 3.26 3.62 3.50 0.05 6.6 8.3—9.5 > 4.2 2.69 6.1 9.9 4.80 5.86 0.85—1.51 4.4—6.5 8.9—9.6 3.14—4.55 3.81 1.20 3.18 3.27 3.42 1.7 0.17 4.0 0.48 1.62 3.05 4.14—7.26 4.2 2.30—4.19 3.86 1.3—6.3 6.1 3.395—3.363 2.6 4—8; 9.2 6.4 < 1.25—2.8

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Crystal structure type B31-oP8 (MnP) c P40 tP38 cP40 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Rhombohedral R1 A15 Cc oC12 (ZrSi2) L12-tP32 (Ti3P) B.C.C. Same Same B.C.C. Same Same C37-cP12 (Co2Si) hP24 (Ni2Mn) B1 A2 C14 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 A12 A2 C15

Orthorhombic

Hexagonal hP8 (Na3As) tI6 (MoSi2) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hexagonal

D102-hR12 (Be3Nb) hR15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 Hexagonal

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance In0.95—0.85Pb0.05—0.15 In0.98—0.91Pb0.02—0.09 InPb InPd InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N2) InSb (InSb)0.95—0.10Sn0.05—0.90 (various heat treatments) (InSb)0—0.07Sn1—0.93 In3Sn InxSn1-x In0.82—1Te (n = 0.83—1.71 × 1022) In1.000Te1.002 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 In0.62Tl0.38 In0.78—0.69Tl0.22—0.31 In0.69—0.62Tl0.31—0.38 Ir2La Ir3La Ir3La7 Ir5La IrLaSi2 IrLaSi3 Ir2Lu Ir3Lu Ir4Lu5Si10 IrMo IrMo3 IrMo3 IrNb3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 Ir0.37Nb0.63 IrNb Ir1.15Nb0.85 Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 IrxOs1-x Ir1.5Os0.5 IrOsY IrSiY IrSiZr Ir2Sc Ir2.5Sc Ir4Sc5Si10 Ir2Si2Th IrSi3Th IrSiTh Ir2Si2Y Ir4Si10Y5 Ir3Si5Y2

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Tc, K

Crystal structure type

3.6—5.05 3.45—4.2 6.65 0.7

B2

4.8 2.1

Like A5 B4

3.8—5.1 3.67—3.74 ~5.5 3.4—7.3 1.02—3.45 3.5—3.7 1.15—1.25 2.7—3.374 3.223 2.760 3.18—3.32 2.98—3.3 0.48 2.32 2.24 2.13 2.03 2.7 2.47 2.89 3.9 < 1.0 9.6 6.8 1.9 9.8 2.32 7.9 4.6 2.43 2.38 5.5 2.30 0.3—0.98 2.4 2.6 2.70 2.04 2.07 2.46 8.46 2.14 1.75 6.50 2.60 3.10 2.83

B1 B1 Rhombohedral

Tetragonal F.C.C. C15 D102 D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) tI10 (BaNiSn3) C15 C15 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) A3 A15 D8b A15 D8b D8b D8b oP12 (IrTa) A15 A15 E93 E93 C14 C15 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C15 C15 tP38 tI10 tI10 tI12 (LaPtSi) tI10 (Al4Ba) tP38 oI40

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance IrSn2 Ir2Sr Ir7Ta13 Ir0.5Te0.5 IrTe3 IrTh Ir2Th Ir3Th Ir3Th7 Ir5Th IrTi3 IrV2 IrW3 Ir0.28W0.72 Ir2Y Ir0.69Y0.31 Ir0.70Y0.30 Ir2Y3 Ir3Y IrxY1-x Ir2Zr Ir0.1Zr0.9 K2Mo15S19 K0.27—0.31O3W K0.40—0.57O3W La0.55Lu0.45 La0.8Lu0.2 LaMg2 LaMo6S8 LaN LaOs2 LaPt2 La0.28Pt0.72 LaPtSi LaRh3 LaRh5 La7Rh3 LaRhSi2 La2Rh3Si5 LaRhSi3 LaRh2Si2 LaRu2 La3S4 La3Se4 LaSi2 LaxY1-x LaZn Li2Mo6S8 LiPb LuOs2 Lu0.275Rh0.725 LuRh5 Lu5Rh4Si10 LuRu2 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8

Tc, K 0.65—0.78 5.70 1.2 ~3 1.18 < 0.37 6.50 4.71 1.52 3.93 5.40 1.39 3.82 4.49 2.18; 1.38 1.98; 1.44 2.16 1.61 3.50 0.3—3.7 4.10 5.5 3.32 0.50 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.05 7.1 1.35 6.5 0.46 0.54 3.48 2.60 1.62 2.58 3.42 4.45 2.7 3.90 1.63 6.5 8.6 2.3 1.7—5.4 1.04 4.2 7.2 3.49 1.27 0.49 3.95 0.86 3.5

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Crystal structure type C1 C15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) C2 Bf C15 D102 D2d A15 A15

C15 C15 C15 D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) C15 A3 hR15 Hexagonal Tetragonal Hexagonal, La type Same C15 hR15 C15 C15 C15 tI12

D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) oI40 (Co3Si5U2) tl10 (BaNiSn3) tl10 (Al4Ba) C15 D73 D73 Cc B2 hR15 C14 C15 tP38 (Co4So5Si10) C14 hR15

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Mg2Nb Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 MgZn MnxTi1-x MnxTi1-x MnU6 Mo2N Mo6Na2S8 MoxNb1-x Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 Mo6NdSa8 Mo3Os Mo0.62Cs0.38 Mo3P Mo6Pb1.2Se8 Mo0.5Pd0.5 Mo6PrSe8 MoRe MoRe3 MoxRe1-x Mo0.42Re0.58 MoRh MoxRh1-x MoRu Mo0.61Ru0.39 Mo0.2Ru0.8 Mo3Ru2 Mo4Ru2Te8 Mo6S8 Mo6S8Sc Mo6S8Sm1.2 Mo6S8Tb Mo6S8Tl Mo6S8Tm1.2 Mo6S8Y1.2 Mo6S8Yb Mo6.6S8Zn11 Mo3Sb4 Mo6Se8 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 Mo6Se8Tb Mo3Se3Tl Mo6Se8Tm1.2 Mo6Se8Yb Mo3Si MoSi0.7 MoxSiV3-x Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 Mo6Te8 Mo0.16Ti0.84 Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.04Ti0.96 Mo0.025Ti0.975 MoxU1-x

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Tc, K 5.6 2.75 0.9 2.3 (max.) 1.1—3.0 2.32 5.0 8.6 0.016—9.2 6.2 8.2 7.2 5.65 5.31 6.75 3.52 9.2 7.8 9.25; 9.89 1.2—12.2 6.35 1.97 1.5—8.2 9.5—10.5 7.18 1.66 7.0 1.7 1.85 3.6 2.9 2.0 8.7 2.1 3.0 9.2 3.6 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.0 6.3 6.2 1.30 1.34 4.54—16.0 1.7 1.7 4.18; 4.25 2.95 2.0 1.8 0.7—2.1

Crystal structure type

B2 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Mn in -Ti Mn in -Ti D2c F.C.C. hR15 hR15 hR15 A15 D8b DOe hR15 A3 hR15 D8b-tP30 A12 D8b A3 B.C.C. A3 D8b A3 D8b-tP30 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hP14 hR15 hR15 A15 A15 hR15 hR15

Cubic

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance MoxV1-x Mo2Zr NNb (film) NxOyTiz NxOyVz N0.34Re NTa (film) N0.6—0.987Ti N0.82—0.99V NZr N0.906—0.984Zr Na0.28—0.35O3W Na0.28Pb0.72 NbO NbOs2 Nb3Os Nb0.6Os0.4 Nb3Os0.02—0.10Rh0.98—0.90 Nb3P NbPRh Nb0.6Pd0.4 Nb3Pd0.02—0.10Rh0.92—0.90 Nb0.62Pt0.38 Nb5Pt3 Nb3Pt0.02—0.98Rh0.98—0.02 NbRe3 Nb0.38—0.18Re0.62—0.82 NbRe NbReSi Nb3Rh Nb0.6Rh0.40 Nb0.9Rh1.1 Nb3Rh0.98—0.90Ru0.02—0.10 NbxRu1-x NbRuSi NbS2 NbS2 Nb3Sb Nb3Sb0—0.7Sn1—0.3 NbSe2 Nb1—1.05Se2 Nb3Se4 Nb3Si Nb3SiSnV3 NbSn2 Nb6Sn5 NbSnTaV NbSnV2 Nb2SnV NbxTa1-x Nb3Te4 NbxTi1-x Nb0.6Ti0.4 NbxU1-x Nb0.88V0.12

Tc, K 0—~5.3 4.25—4.75 6—9 2.9—5.6 5.8—8.2 4—5 4.84 < 1.17—5.8 2.9—7.9 9.8 3.0—9.5 0.56 7.2 1.25 2.52 1.05 1.89; 1.78 2.42—2.30 1.8 4.08 1.60 2.49—2.55 4.21 3.73 2.52—9.6 5.27 2.43—9.70 3.8 5.1 2.64 4.21 3.07 2.42—2.44 1.2—4.8 2.65 6.1—6.3 5.0—5.5 0.2 6.8—18 5.15—5.62 2.2—7.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 2.60 2.8 6.2 5.5 9.8 4.4—9.2 1.8 0.6—9.8 9.8 1.95 (max.) 5.7

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Crystal structure type C15 B1 Cubic Cubic F.C.C. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Tetragonal

A12 A15 D8b A15 L12tP32 (Ti3P) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) D8f plus cubic A15 D8b D8b A15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A15 D8b-tP30 oI36 (FeTiSi) A15 D8b plus other A3-oP4 (AuCd) A15 oI36 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type Hexagonal, three-layer type L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 Hexagonal Same hP14 L12 Orthorhombic oI44 (Sn5Ti6) A15 A15 A15 A2 hP14

A2

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Nb0.5V1.5Zr Ni0.3Th0.7 NiZr2 Ni0.1Zr0.9 O3Rb0.27—0.29W OSn O3SrTi (n = 1.7—12.0 × 1019) O3SrTi (n = 1018—1021) O3SrTi (n = 1020) O3Sr0.08W OTi O3Tl0.30W OV3Zr3 OW3 (film) OsPti OsPZr OsReY Os2Sc OsTa Os3Th7 OsxW1-x OsW3 Os2Y Os2Zr OsxZr1-x PPb OsW2 PPd3.0—3.2 P3Pd7 (high temperature) P3Pd7 (low temperature) PRh PRh2 P4Rh5 PRhTa PRhZr PRuTi PRuZr PW3 Pb2Pd Pb4Pt Pb2Rh PbSb PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04 Pb1—0.26Tl0—0.74 PbTl2 Pb3Zr5 PbZr3 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9

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Tc, K 4.3 1.98 1.52 1.5 1.98 3.81 0.12—0.37 0.05—0.47 0.47 2—4 0.58 2.0—2.14 7.5 3.35; 1.1 1.2 7.4 2.0 4.6 1.95 1.51 0.9—4.1 ~3 4.7 3.0 1.5—5.6 7.8 3.81 <0.35—0.7 1.0 0.70 1.22 1.3 1.22 4.41 1.55 1.3 3.46 2.26 2.95 2.80 2.66 6.6 5.19 5.24—5.27 6.43 6.73 6.88 6.98 7.06 7.20—3.68 3.75—4.1 4.60 0.76 1.65 ~9

Crystal structure type C15-hP12 (MgZn2) D102 A3 Hexagonal tP4 (PbO)

Hexagonal Hexagonal E93 A15 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 C14 A12 D102

C14 C14

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) DO11 Rhombohedral Complex C1 oP28 (CaFe2O4) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C22-hP9 (Fe2P) C37-oP12 DOe C16 Related to C16 C16

D88 A15 C6

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Pd2.2S (quenched) PdSb2 PdSb PdSbSe PdSbTe Pd4Se Pd6–7Se Pd2.8Se PdxSe1-x PdSi PdSn PdSn2 Pd2Sn Pd3Sn Pd2SnTm Pd2SnY Pd2SnYb PdTe PdTe1.02—1.08 PdTe2 PdTe2.1 PdTe2.3 Pd1.1Te Pd3Te PdTh2 Pd0.1Zr0.9 PtSb PtSi PtSn PtSn4 Pt3Ta7 PtTa3 PtTe PtTh Pt3Th7 Pt5Th PtTi3 Pt0.02U0.98 PtV2.5 PtV3 PtV3.5 Pt0.5W0.5 PtxW1-x Pt2Y3 Pt2Y Pt3Y7 PtZr Re2Sc Re24Sc5 ReSiTa Re3Si5Y2 Re3Ta2 Re0.64Ta0.36 Re3Ta Re24Ti5

Tc, K 1.63 1.25 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.42 0.66 2.3 2.5 (max.) 0.93 0.41 3.34 0.41 0.47—0.64 1.77 4.92 1.79 2.3; 3.85 2.56—1.88 1.69 1.89 1.85 4.07 0.76 0.85 7.5 2.1 0.88 0.37 2.38 1.5 0.4 0.59 0.44 0.98 3.13 0.58 0.87 1.36 2.87—3.20 1.26 1.45 0.4—2.7 0.90 1.57; 1.70 0.82 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.4 1.76 1.4 1.46 6.78 6.60

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Crystal structure type Cubic C2 B81 C2 C2 Tetragonal Like Pd4Te

B31 B31 C37 B82 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Same Same B81 B81 C6 C6 C6 B81 cI2 (W) C16 A3 B81 B31 B81 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) D8b-tP30 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Orthorhombic Bf D102 A15 β-phase A15 A15 A15 A1

C15 D102 A3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) A12-cI58 (Mg) oI36 (FeTiSi) tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A12 A12-cI58 (Mn) A12

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance RexTi1-x Re0.76V0.24 Re3V Re0.92V0.08 Re0.6W0.4 Re0.5W0.5 Re13W12 Re3W Re2Y Re2Zr Re3Zr Re6Zr Rh17S15 Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 Rh4Sc5Si10 Rh4Sc3Sn13 RhxSe1-x RhSi3Th Rh0.86Sc1.04Th Rh2Si2Y Rh3Si5Y2 Rh4Sn13Sr3 RhxSnyTh RhxSnyTm Rh4Sn13Y3 Rh2Sr Rh0.4Ta0.6 RhTe2 Rh0.67Te0.33 RhxTe1-x RhTh Rh3Th7 Rh5Th RhxTi1-x Rh0.02U0.98 RhV3 RhW RhY3 Rh2Y3 Rh3Y Rh5Y Rh3Y7 Rh0.005Zr (annealed) Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 Rh0.1Zr0.9 Ru2Sc RuSiTa Ru3Si2Th Ru3Si2Y Ru1.1Sn3.1Y Ru2Th RuTi Ru0.05Ti0.95 Ru0.1Ti0.9 RuxTi0.6Vy

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Tc, K 6.6 (max.) 4.52 6.26 6.8 6.0 5.12 5.2 9.0 1.83 5.9 7.40 7.40 5.8 0.88; 0.92 8.54 4.5 6.0 (max.) 1.76 6.45 3.11 2.70 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.2 6.2 2.35 1.51 0.49 1.51 (max.) 0.36 2.15 1.07 2.25—3.95 0.96 0.38 ~3.4 0.65 1.48 1.07 0.56 0.32 5.8 2.1—10.8 9.0 1.67 3.15 3.98 3.51 1.3 3.56 1.07 2.5 3.5 6.6 (max.)

Crystal structue type D8b D8b-tP30 A3 D8b D8b-tP30 A12-cI58 C14 C14 A12-cI58 Same Cubic tP38 cP40 tI10 tI12 tI10 oI40 cP40 cI2 (W) cP40 cP40 C15 D8b C2

Bf D102

A15 A3

C15 hP20 (Fe3Th7)

H.C.P. C14 oI36 hP12 hP12 cP40 C15 B2

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ru3U Ru0.45V0.55 RuW Ru2Y Ru2Zr Ru0.1Zr0.9 STh SbSn SbTa3 SbTi3 Sb2Ti7 Sb0.01—0.03V0.99—0.97 SbV3 SeTh SiMo3 Si2Th Si2Th SiV2.7Ru0.3 Si2W3 SiZr3 Sn0.174—0.104Ta0.826—0.896 SnTa3 SnTa3 SnTaV2 SnTa2V SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5—20 × 1020) Sn3Th SnTi3 SnxTl1-x SnV3 Sn0.02—0.057V0.98—0.943 SnZr3 Ta0.025Ti0.975 Ta0.05Ti0.95 Ta0.05—0.75V0.95—0.25 Ta0.8—1W0.2—0 Tc0.1—0.4W0.9—0.6 Tc0.50W0.50 Tc0.60W0.40 Tc6Zr TeY ThTl3 Th0—0.55Y1—0.45 Ti0.70V0.30 TixV1-x Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) Tl3Y V2Zr V0.26Zr0.74 W2Zr YZn

Tc, K 0.15 4.0 7.5 1.52 1.84 5.7 0.5 1.30—1.42 0.72 5.8 5.2 3.76—2.63 0.80 1.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8; 2.84 0.5 6.5—< 4.2 8.35 6.2 2.8 3.7 0.07—0.22 3.33 5.80 2.37—5.2 3.8 2.87—~1.6 0.92 1.3 2.9 4.30—2.65 1.2—4.4 1.25—7.18 7.52 7.88 9.7 1.02 0.87 1.2—1.8 6.14 0.2—7.5 1.23 2.0 1.52 8.80 5.9 2.16 0.33

* n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3.

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Crystal structue type L12-cP4 B2 A3 C14 C14 A3 B1-cF8 (NaCl) B1 or distorted A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Same A2 A15 B1-cF8 A15-cP8 Cc, α-phase C32, β-phase A15 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 A15, highly ordered A15, partially ordered A15 A15 B1 L12-cP4 A15-cP8 A15 A2 A15-cP8 Hexagonal Hexagonal A2 A2 Cubic α plus plus α A12 B1-cF8 L12-cP4 Cubic

L12-cP4 C15 C15 B2-cP2 (CsCl)

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) B. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc > 10Κ Substance

Tc,K

Al2CMo3 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb3 AlNb3 AlNb3 A1xNb1–x A1xNb1–x A10.27Nb0.73—0.48V0—0.25 A1 NbxV1–x A10.1Si0.9V3 A1V3 AuNb3 Au0—0.3Nb1—0.7 Au0.02—0.98Nb3Rh0.98—0.02 AuNb3(1–x)V3x B0.03C0.51Mo0.47 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4Rh4Y B0.1Si0.9V3 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.8 Ba2CaCu2O8T12 Ba2Cu3LaO6 Ba2Cu3O7Tm Ba2Cu3O7Y (Ba,La)2CuO4 Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 Br2Mo6S6 C3La CMo CMo2 C0.5MoxNb1–x CMoxTi1–x CMo0.83Ti0.17 C0—0.38N1—0.62Ta CNb (whiskers) CNb C0.7—1.0Nb0.3—0 CNbxTa1–x CNb0.6—0.9W0.4—0.1 C0.1Si0.9V3 CTa CTa1—0.4W0—0.6 C0.66Th0.13Y0.21 C3Y2 CW (Ca,La)2CuO4 Cu(La,Sr)2O4 Cu1.8Mo6S8 Cr0.3SiV2.7 GaNb3 GaxNb3Sn1–x

10.0 12.6 20.7 18.0 12.0 <4.2—13.5 12—17.5 14.5—17.5 4.4—13.5 14.05 11.8 11.5 1.1—11.0 2.53—10.9 1.5—11.0 12.5 11.7 10 11.3 15.8 13.2 120 80 101 90 36 110 13.8 11.0 14.3 12.2 10.8—12.5 10.2(max) 10.2 10.0—11.3 7.5—10.5 11.5 6—11 8.2—13.9 12.5—11.6 16.4 10.3 8.5—10.5 17 11.5 10 18 39 10.8 11.3 14.5 14—18.37

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Crystal structure type A13 A15 A15 A15

(Cr3Si) (FeCr)

D8b A15 A15

A15 A15

(Cr3Si)

A15 A15 (B4CeCo4) (B4CeCo4) A15

A15

B1

(K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (C3Pu2) (NaC1) o**

B1 B1 B1

B1 B1 B1 A15 B1 B1 (C3Pu2) (C3Pu2) B1 (K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15

(Cr3Si)

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GaV3 GaV2.1—3.5 GeNb3 GeNb3 (quenched) GexNb3Sn1–x Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.5 Ge0.1Si0.9V3 GeV3 InLa3 InLa3 (0—35 kbar) In0—0.3Nb3Sn1—0.7 InV3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 LaMo6Se8 LiO4Ti2 MoN Mo3Os Mo6Pb0.9S7.5 Mo3Re MoxRe1–x Mo0.52Re0.48 Mo0.57Re0.43 Mo~0.60Re0.395 MoRu Mo3Ru Mo6Se8T1 Mo0.3SiV2.7 Mn3Si Mo3Tc Mo0.3Tc0.7 MoxTc1–x MoTc3 NNb (whiskers) NNb (diffusion wires) N0.988Nb N0.824—0.988Nb N0.7—0.795Nb NNbxOy NNbxOy N100—42w/oNb0—58w/oTi N100—75w/oNb0—25w/oZr NNbxZr1–x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 NTa NZr Nb3Pt Nb0.18Re0.82 Nb3Si Nb0.3SiV2.7 Nb3Sn Nb0.8Sn0.2 NbxSn1–x (film) Nb3Sn2 NbSnTa2 Nb2SnTa

Tc,K 16.8 6.3—14.45 23.2 6—17 17.6—18.0 11.3 14.0 11 9.83; 10.4 9.75—10.55 18.0—18.19 13.9 10 11.4 13.7 12; 14.8 12.7 15.2 10.0; 15 1.2—12.2 11.1 14.0 10.6 9.5—10.5 10.6 12.2 11.7 12.5 15 12.0 10.8—15.8 15.8 10—14.5 16.10 14.9; 17.3 14.4—15.3 11.3—12.9 13.5—17.0 6.0—11 15—16.8 12.5—16.35 9.8—13.8 13.8 12—14 10.7 10.9 10 19 12.8 18.05 18.18; 18.5 2.6—18.5 16.6 10.8 16.4

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Crystal structure type A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 LI2

(AuCu3)

A15 A15 (FeCr) (Mo6PbS8) (A12MgO4) h* A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15

A3 A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15 A15

B1 B1 B1

B1 B1 B1 B1 A15 (Mn) A15 A15 A15 A15 o* t* A15 A15

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance

Tc,K

Nb2.5SnTa0.5 Nb2.75SnTa0.25 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x) Nb2SnTa0.5V0.5 NbTc3 Nb0.75Zr0.25 Nb0.66Zr0.33 PbTa3 RhTa3 RhZr2 Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 SiTi0.3V2.7 SiV3 SiV2.7Zr0.3

Crystal structure type

17.6 17.8 6.0—18.0 12.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 17 10 10.8; 11.3 2.1—10.8 10.9 17.1 13.2

A15 A15 A15 A12

A15 A15 C16

(A12Cu)

A15 A15 A15

TABLE 5 Critical Field Data Ho oersteds

Substance Ag2F Ag7NO11 Al2CMo3 BaBi3 Bi2Pt Bi3Sr Bi5Tl3 CdSn CoSi2 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14

Ho oersteds

Substance

2.5 57 1700 740 10 530 >400 >266 105 1360 272.4—259.2

InSb InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 Mg0.47Tl0.53 Mo0.16Ti0.84 NbSn2 PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04

1100 252—284 252 220 <985 620 756 796 849 880 864

TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)

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Tc, K

Hc1, kOe

9.8—10.2

0.091 0.375 0.0039 max.

<0.1—0.55 7.35—8.4 8.8

0.122 max.

0.29 0.46

6.4 0.55

Hc2, kOe

Hc3, kOe

Tobs, Ka

156

1.2

>24 30 max. 15 2.32 2.8 0.73 >25 0—0.032 >5.6 0.160 (H⊥c) 0.730 (Hc)

3.06 4.2 4.2

3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance

Tc, K

C8K

0.39

C0.44Mo0.56 CNb CNb0.4Ta0.6 CTa CaxO3Sr1-xTi Cd0.1Hg0.9 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.95 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.60 GaN GaxNb1-x GaSb (annealed) GaV1.95 GaV2.1-3.5 GaV3

12.5—13.5 8—10 10—13.6 9—11.4 <0.1—0.55

GaV4.5 HfxNby HfxTay Hg0.05Pb0.95 Hg0.101Pb0.899 Hg0.15Pb0.85 In0.98Pb0.02 In0.96Pb0.04 In0.94Pb0.06 In0.913Pb0.087 In0.316Pb0.684 In0.17Pb0.83 In1.000Te1.002 In0.95Tl0.05 In0.90Tl0.10 In0.83Tl0.17 In0.75Tl0.25 LaN La3S4 La3Se4 Mo0.52Re0.48

9.15

Mo0.6Re0.395

10.6

5.6 5.85

Hc1, kOe

0.087 0.12 0.19 0.22 0.002—0.004 0.23 0.28 0.071 0.725

4.24 5.3 6.3—14.45 0.4

0.235 0.23 6.75 3.45 3.68 3.90 4.2

0.1 0.1 0.095 ∼l0.17 0.155

3.5—3.7

1.35 6.5 8.6 11.1

0.263 0.257 0.242 0.216 0.45 ≈0.15 ≈0.2

Mo0.5Ti0.5 Mo0.16Ti0.84

4.18

0.028

Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.7 Mo0.17Zr0.83 N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)

2.95 1.85—2.06

0.060

NNbxO1-x

13.5—17.0

15.2 16.1

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Hc2, kOe

Hc3, kOe

Tobs, Ka

0.025 (H⊥c) 0.250 (Hc) 98.5 16.9 14.1 4.6

0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2

0.34

2.04

0.31 84.4

2.16 0 4.2 4.2 3.5

>28 2.64 73e 230—300d 350e 500d 121c >52—>102 >28—>86 2.3 4.3 >13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14—21 18—28 14—20 19—26 75c 98.7c 36—38 15 >25 30 >9.5 153c 132 95 53 38

0 0 0 1.2 1.2

0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5

22—33 37—43 20—37 26—37

4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2

13.2 0 4.2 8 12

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb

Tc, K

Hc1, kOe

9.8—13.8 13.8 0.19 0.28 9.15

Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn

0.4—1.1 1.1—1.8 1.25—1.92 2.48

Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x

0.084

Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x

1.98

O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)

Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585

Hc2, kOe

0.170

0.43 0.33

0.0049c 0.00195c

0.45 0.53 7.20—3.68 6.73

17.0

0.55 0.00043—0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090

4.4—7.8 3.3 5.75—7.88

0.25c

5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49

0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078

6—9.1 6.0—8.7 ≈10

1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

0 0 3.7

2.7 199c 172c 34 28 25

Tobs, Ka 4.2 4.2

8—44

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4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3—5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70—>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2—6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005—0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14—138 138

Hc3, kOe

0.012—0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance

Tc, K

Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94 Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V

5.31

V0.26Zr0.74

≈5.9

W (film)

1.7—4.1

a b c d e

Hc1, kOe

0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165

Hc2, kOe 17.3 14.3 8.2 3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2

>34

Hc3, kOe

Tobs, Ka

28.1 16.4 12.7 6.8

4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1

Temperature of critical field measurement. w/o denotes weight percent. Extrapolated. Linear extrapolation. Parabolic extrapolation. REFERENCES 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160—231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less–Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D., Blaugher in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, D. H. Douglass,Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982. 28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982.

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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.

G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less–Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. R. N. Shelton, J. Less–Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. G. Venturini, M. Meot–Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. W. Rong–Yao, L. Qi–Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. W. Xian–Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1—3, ASM, 1985. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H–C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H–C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992.

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HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ginsburg, D.M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I—III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989—1992. Rao, C.N.R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. Shackelford, J.F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98—99 and 122—123. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTc-Superconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. Malik, S.K. and Shah, S.S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231—238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E.V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1—10, 1993.

Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7

Structure Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753

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Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58

HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors (continued) Material SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10

Structure

Tc/K (maximum value)

I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008

84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126

Table 2 Superconducting Properties Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant

Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4 * †

Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Energy gap (∆) 2∆pp/kBTc* 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 5–6 8–9 6–7 7–9 8

Obtained from peak to peak value. Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.

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4–5 5.5–6.5 4–6 4–6 4–5

10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2

λab/Å

30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)

1400 2700 2000

0.2 (film)

Table 3 Normal State Properties ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane:

Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane

ρab/µΩ cm Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8

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Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 x = 0.15 * ** ***

At 200 K ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K

Form Single Crystal film Single Crystal film Single Crystal Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Single Crystal Single Crystal film Single Crystal film

300 K 110 200–300 75 100–200 300 150 300–400 ∗∗∗ 900 400 400 500 140–180

100 K 35 60–100 20 20–50 150 50 50–75 ∗∗ 350 200 160 275 35

ρc/mΩ cm 300 K

dρc/dT

5

+ve

10

–ve

5000 >1000 200–300

–ve –ve +ve

200 80

+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K

10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K 11–16 5–9 14 22 6 4 3.1 2.5 10 8.4 53 32

4–6 2–3 17 5 3 2.5 ≈ 2*

6.3 17 11

k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120

3

60

8

50 (for x = 0.04)

20

250 (for x = 0.15)

ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.

Table 1 Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors

a b

Material

Pc/kbar

Tc/K

(TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3

6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6

Material

Pc/kbar

β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2

Converted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar.

From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission.

Table 2 List of Symbols and Abbreviations TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc

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tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition

0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7

Tc/K 2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5

ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) H 3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

TMTSF

TTF

Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Tetrathiafulvalene

H H H H

Me

Se

S

S

Me

Se

S

S

BEDT − TTF or ET

DMET

Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene

S

S

S

S S

C

S

C S C S

S

S

S

S M

C

n–

S C S

S C S

MDT − TTF

M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–

Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene

Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione

FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.

(001)

(010)

(100)

a b FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.

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ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 3 Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60 Lattice parameter(s) (Å) Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60

14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)

Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3

a

Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.

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REFERENCES 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors, Academic Press, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors, The MIT Press, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E. V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds, Plenum Press, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications, Pergamon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T. S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties; Vol. 2, Moss, T. S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids; Vol. 3, Moss, T. S. and Keller, S. P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation, North Holland Publ. Co., 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S. N., and Glagoleva, N. N., Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980. 15. Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and Solid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H., and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L., and Efros, A. L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L., and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J. T., Messier, R. F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H., and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors, 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P., Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1997) and 5,831,286 (March 1998).

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DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors. Abbreviations used in the table are AES — Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS — Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM — Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS — Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry D(c) — Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient Dmax — Maximum Diffusion Coefficient

Semiconductor Si

Diffusant

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

(f) — Fast Diffusion Component (i) — Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) — Slow Diffusion Component (\) — Parallel to c Direction (⊥) — Perpendicular to c Direction

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

H Li Na

6 × 10–1 2.5 × 10–3 1.65 × 10–3

1.03 0.65 0.72

120—1207 25—1350 530—800

K

1.1 × 10–3

0.76

740—800

Cu

4 × 10–2 4.7 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2.4 × 10–4 2.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 10–7) (D ~ 6 × 10–14) 1 × 10–1 2.46 2.4 × 101 1.38 1.8 3.74 × 10–1 6 × 101 7.85 × 10–1 1.94 × 101 1.37 1.65 × 101 8 × 10–2 (D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) 2.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–12 2 × 10–3 8 × 10–3 2.8 × 10–5 1.45 × 10–2 3.3 × 10–1 1.54 × 102 1.6 × 103 3.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 103 7.55 × 103 3.2 × 101

Ag Au Be Ca Zn B Al Ga In Tl Sc Ce Pr Pm Er Tm Yb Ti C Si (self) Ge

Sn

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1.0 0.43 (i) 1.6 0.39 (i) 2.05 (s) — — 1.4 3.59 3.87 3.41 3.2 3.39 3.89 3.63 3.86 3.7 3.9 3.2 — 1.74 1.2 (s) 0.13 (f) 2.9 3.0 0.95 1.79 2.92 4.65 4.77 3.92 4.97 5.08 4.25

Method of measurement

Ref. 1 2

800—1100 300—700 1100—1350 700—1300

Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical and flame photometry Electrical and flame photometry Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

1050 1100 980—1270 1100—1250 840—1250 1119—1390 1025—1175 1143—1393 900—1050 1180—1389 1150—1242 1244—1338 1105—1360 1100—1250 1050 1100—1280 730—1270

Electrical Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive SIMS Electrical Radioactive

8 1 9 10 11 12 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 1 1 1 1

1100—1250 1100—1280 947—1097 950—1200 1070—1400 855—1175 1200—1400 855—1000 1030—1302 1100—1300 1050—1294

Radioactive Radioactive Neutron activation DLTS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Neutron activation

1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23

3 3 4 5 6 7

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

Diffusant N P

As

Sb Bi Cr Mo W O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Ni Ru

Ge

Rh Pd Pt Os Ir Li Na Cu

Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd B Al Ga In Tl Si Ge (self) Sn P

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

Ref.

2.7 × 10–3 2.02 × 101 1.1 7.4 × 10–2 6.0 × 101 6.55 × 10–2 2.29 × 101 1.29 × 101 2.14 × 10–1 1.03 × 103 1.08 1 × 10–2 (D ~ 2 × 10–10) (D ~ 10–12) 7 × 10–2 1.4 × 10–1 5.95 × 10–3 9.5 × 10–1 5 × 10–1 6.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 (D ∼ 5 × 10–7 — 5 × 10–6) (D ∼ 10–6—10–4) 2.95 × 10–4 1.5 × 102 (D ∼ 2 × 10–6) 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–3 9.1 × 10–3 3.95 × 10–1 1.9 × 10–4 4 × 10–2 4 × 10–3 4.4 × 10–2 4 × 10–2 2.25 × 102 5 × 10–1 (D ~ 8 × 10–9) 5

2.8 3.87 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.44 4.1 3.98 3.65 4.64 3.85 1 — — 2.44 2.53 1.83 2.6 3.34 0.63 0.68 0.69 0.47 —

800—1200 1100—1250 900—1200 1130—1405 950—1350 1167—1394 900—1250 1190—1398 1190—1405 1220—1380 1190—1394 1100—1250 1000 1100 700—1250 700—1160 975—1200 1050—1250 900—1250 900—1200 30—1250 700—1300 800—1300 1000—1280

Out Diffusion; SIMS Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive DLTS DLTS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

1 10 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 16 27 30 1 1 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 1

— 0.22 (i) 2.22 — 1.3 0.46 0.57 2.03 0.18 (i) 0.99 (s) 0.33 (i) 1.0 (i) 2.23 (s) 2.5 2.5 — 2.7

1000—1200 702—1320 800—1000 1280 950—1250 350—800 800—500 700—850 750—900 600—700 350—750 700—900 800—900 600—900 720—900 900 600—900

Electrical Nuclear Activation Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive

39 1 1 40 41 42 43 44 45 5 46, 47 48 49 50 1

1.75 × 109 1.8 × 109 1.0 × 103 ∼1.6 × 102 1.4 × 102 3.4 × 101 1.8 × 104 3.3 × 101 1.7 × 103 2.4 × 10–1 2.48 × 101 7.8 1.7 × 10–2 3.3

4.4 4.55 3.45 ∼3.24 3.35 3.1 3.67 3.02 3.4 2.9 3.14 2.95 1.9 2.5

760—915 600—900 554—905 750—850 554—916 600—900 554—919 700—855 800—930 650—900 549—891 766—928 — 600—900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive and electrical Radioactive Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive (γ) resonance Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

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51 52 51 53 54 55 51 56 57 58 59 60 61 45 51

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

GaAs

Diffusant As Sb

2.1 3.2 1.0 × 101

Bi O S Se Te Fe Co Ni Li Cu

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

2.39 2.41 2.5

700—900 700—855 600—900

3.3 4 × 10–1 (D ∼ 10–9) (D ∼ 10–10) 5.6 1.3 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–1 8 × 10–1 5.3 × 10–1

2.57 2.08 — — 2.43 1.08 1.12 0.9 1.0

650—850 — 920 920 750—900 750—900 750—850 670—900 250—500

0.53 0.98 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 2.49 3.0 2.2 2.43 —

100—500 450—750 800—1000 500—1150 740—1025 800—990 800—1200 600—980 750—1000 800—1100 868—1149 1100

P

3 × 10–2 6 × 10–2 1.5 × 10–3 4 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 7.3 × 10–6 4 × 10–5 1.5 × 101 2.5 × 10–1 1.3 × 10–3 5 × 10–2 (D ∼ 5 × 10–14) (D ∼ 4 × 10–18— 10–14) 4 × 10–5 1 × 107 (D ∼ 7 × 10–11) (D ∼ 1.04 × 10–16) 1.1 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–5 6 × 10–4 1 × 10–5 (D ∼ 10–12—10–10)

4.3 2.6 5.6 — — 2.5 2.06 2.5 2 2.9

850—1100 1025—1100 1125—1230 1000 825 850—1050 650—850 1060—1200 800—1000 800—1150

As (self) Cr

7 × 10–1 2.04 × 10–6

Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd Hg Al Ga (self) In C Si Ge Sn

Tm Li

7.9 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–2 1.1 × 101 3 × 103 1.5 × 10–1 6.5 × 10–1 4.2 × 10–2 2.2 × 10–3 5 × 102 1.2 × 10–1 2.3 × 10–16 2.3 × 10–4

3.2 0.83 (f) 1.7 (s) 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.95 4.16 3.5 2.49 1.8 2.32 2.5 2.64 1.0 1.9 (s)

— 750—1000 700—900 800—1100 700—900 1000—1300 750—900 1025—1200 1000—1150 850—1100 850—1150 750—1050 800—1000 750—1050 800—1000 527—657

Cu

1.2 × 10–1 4.7 × 10–3

0.7 (f) 0.9

277—657 470—650

O S Se Te Mn Fe Co

GaSb

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Method of measurement

Ref.

Electrical Radioactive Radioactive and electrical — Optical — — Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical and chemical Radioactive Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

62 57

AES Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Reflectance measurements Radioactive SIMS

70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Chemical analysis Mass spectroscopy Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and flame photometry

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Radioactive

69

51 63 64 65 65 66 67 47 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69

69

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

Diffusant Zn Cd Ga (self) In Sn Sb (self) Se Te Fe

GaP

Ag Au

Be Mg Zn Ge Cr S Mn

InP

Fe Co Cu Ag Au Zn

Cd

In (self) Sn P (self) Cr S Se Mn Fe

InAs

Co Cu Ag Au Mg Zn

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) (D ∼ 2 × 10–13— 1 × 10–11) 1.5 × 10–6 3.2 × 103 1.2 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 3.4 × 104 (D ∼ 2.4 × 10–13— 1.37 × 10–11) 3.8 × 10–4 5 × 10–2 5 × 102 — 8 20 (Dmax ∼ 2.4 × 10–9— 8.5 × 10–8) 5 × 10–5 1.0 — 6.2 × 10–4 3.2 × 103 2.1 × 109 1.1 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–1 2.8 × 10–3 3.8 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–5 1.37 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2 × 10–9— 4 × 10–8) 1.8 1.1 × 10–7 (D ∼ 7 × 10–13— 2 × 10–10) 1 × 105 (D ∼ 3 × 10–8) 7 × 1010 — 3.6 × 10-4 (D ∼ 2 × 10–8) — 3 6.8 × 105 9 × 10–1 3.6 × 10–3 2.2 × 10–2 7.3 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–3 1.98 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–3 3.11 × 10–3

Activation energy, Q (eV)

2 0.72 3.15 0.53 0.8 1.1 3.45

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

Ref.

510—600 640—800 658—700 320—650 320—650 500—650 658—700

Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

— 1.20 1.9 (I) 2.3 (II) — 2.5 (I) 2.4 (II)

400—500 320—650 500—650 500—650 1000—1300 1050—1250 1100—1250

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69

—

900—1000

1.4 2.1 — 1.2 4.7 4.7 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.73 0.3

700—1050 700—1300 900—1000 900—1130 1120—1305 T < 950 950—1130 980—1180 850—1100 600—900 500—900 600—820 600—900 750—900

Radioactive Radioactive Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Atomic absorption analysis Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

— 1.9 0.72

700—900 700—900 700—900

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

69 69 69

— 3.85 —

450—650 830—990 550

69 69

5.65 — 1.94 — 2.9 2 3.4 1.8 0.52 0.54 0.26 0.65 1.17 0.96 1.17

900—1000 600—900 585—708 550 650—750 600—950 600—700 600—950 342—875 525—890 450—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 600—900

Electrical Radioactive Etching and cathodoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Cathodoluminescence SIMS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical

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69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

InSb

Diffusant Cd Hg In (self) Ge Sn As (self) S Se Te Li Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg In (self) Sn Pb Sb (self)

AlAs

AlSb

ZnS

S Se Te Fe Co Ga Zn Cu Zn Cd Al (self) Sb (self) Cu

Au Zn (self)

Cd Al In S (self)

ZnSe

Se Mn Li Cu Ag

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) 7.4 × 10–4 1.45 × 10–5 6 × 105 3.74 × 10–6 1.49 × 10–6 3 × 107 6.78 12.6 3.43 × 10–5 7 × 10–4 9 × 10–4 3 × 10–5 1 × 10–7 7 × 10–4 5 × 10–1 — 1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–4 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–7 1.8 × 1013 5.5 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2.7 × 10–15) 5.35 × 10–4 3.1 × 1013 9 × 10–2 1.6 1.7 × 10–7 1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–11 (D ∼ 2 × 10–18— 10–15) (D ∼ 9 × 10–11) 3.5 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–1 D(c) ∼ 4 × 10–12— 3 × 10–10 2 1 2.6 × 10–3 4.3 × 10–4 9.75 × 10–3 1.75 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 1.5 × 104 1 × 1016 (D ∼ 10–10) 5.69 × 10–4 3 × 101 2.16 × 104 8 × 10–5 (D ∼ 5 × 10–13) 2.3 × 103 2.66 × 10–6 1 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–2

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

Ref.

1.15 1.32 4.0 1.17 1.17 4.45 2.2 2.2 1.28 0.28 1.08 0.37 0.25 0.32 1.35 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.17 1.45 4.3 0.75 — 1.91 4.3 1.4 1.87 0.57 0.25 0.39

650—900 650—850 740—900 600—900 600—900 740—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 0—210 200—500 230—490 440—510 140—510 362—508 355—455 250—500 360—500 425—500 400—500 475—517 390—512 500 400—500 475—517 360—500 380—500 300—500 440—510 420—500

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 71 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

3.6 — 0.36 1.93

850—1100 557 150—500 660—860

AES SEM Radioactive Radioactive

70 69 69 69

— 1.88 1.7 0.79 0.64 1.04 1.16 1.5 3.26 6.5 — 1.28 2.2 3.15 2.2 — 2.46 0.49 0.66 0.56 1.18

900 570—620 570—620 470—750 250—1200 400—800 500—800 925
Radioactive X-ray X-ray Radioactive Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Luminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray microprobe Radioactive Electrical Luminescence Radioactive Luminescence

72 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

Diffusant Zn (self) Cd Al Ga In S Se (self) Ni

ZnTe

Li

Zn (self)

CdS

Al In Te (self) Li Na Cu

Ag Au Zn Cd (self) Ga In

P S (self)

CdSe

Se Te Cl I Ni Yb Ag Cd (self)

P Se (self) CdTe

Li Cu Ag

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

Ref.

9.8 6.39 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–2 1.81 × 102 — (D ∼ 2 × 10–12) (D ∼ 8 × 10–12) 1.3 × 101 2.3 × 10–1 (D ∼ 1.5 × 10–8— 1.7 × 10–7) 2.9 × 10–2

3.0 1.87 1.8 3.0 1.3 — — 2.5 2.7

760—1150 700—950 800—1100 900—1100 700—850 940 1060 860—1020 1000—1050

Radioactive Photoluminescence Luminescence Luminescence Electron probe — X-ray microprobe Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

— 1.22 (s)

740—910 400—700

Luminescence Nuclear and chemical analysis

69

1.7 × 10–4 2.34 1.4 × 101 — 4 2 × 104 3 × 10–6 (D ∼ 3 × 10–7) 1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–2 8 × 10–5 2.5 × 101 2.4 × 10–1 2 × 102 1.27 × 10–9 1.22 × 10–8 3.4 — 6 × 101

0.78 (f) 2.56 2.69 2.0 1.96 3.8 0.68 — 0.76 1.05 0.72 1.2 (s) 0.8 (f) 1.8 0.86 (s) 0.66 (f) 2.0 — 2.3 (\)

760—860 667—1077 700—1000 1100—1300 727—977 610—960 800 400—700 300—700 20—200 300—500

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and optical Radioactive Radioactive Microhardness Radioactive Radioactive Ultrasonic Electrical Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

500—800 720—1000

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

700—1100 667—967 650—930

Radioactive Optical and microprobe Radioactive, optical and microprobe

69 69

1 × 101 6.5 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–2 — (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–9) 1.3 × 10–7 (D ∼ 3 × 10–10) (D ∼ 5 × 10–12) 6.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 1.3 × 10–9) 2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2 4.12 × 10–2

2.03 (⊥) 1.6 2.05 2.4 — 10.4 — — 10.9 — 0.53 1.5 1.25 (I) 2.18 (II)

800—1100 800—900 750—1050 900 700—1000 800 1000 570—900 960 22—400 700—1000 600—900 600—900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Luminescence Photoluminescence Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

(D ∼ 5.3 × 10–12— 6 × 10–11) 2.6 × 103

— 1.55

900—1000 700—1000

69

(D ∼ 1.5 × 10–10) 3.7 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 —

— 0.67 0.64 —

300 97—300 290—350 700—800

Radioactive Radioactive; saturated Se pressure Ion microprobe Radioactive Ion backscattering Electrical and photo-

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69

69

69 69 69 69

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)

Semiconductor

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q (eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Au Cd (self)

6.7 × 101 1.26 3.26 × 102 1.58 × 101

2.0 2.07 2.67 (I) 2.44 (II)

600—1000 700—1000 650—900

In

8 × 10–2 1.17 × 2 6.48 × 10–4

1.61 2.21 (I) 1.15 (II)

650—1000 500—850

Sn P As O

8.3 × 10–2 (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–10) — 5.6 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–4 8.54 × 10–7

2.2 — — 1.22 0.29 1.35 1.42 (I)

700—925 900 850 200—650 650—900 700—1000 600—900

1.66 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–2 (D ∼ 4 × 10–8) 6.3 × 10–5 — 6 × 10–4 5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–4 2 × 10–8 6 × 10–6 1.72 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–3 10–6 1.5 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–4 5 × 10–3 8.6 × 10–5 6.8 × 10–5 1.78 × 101 1.5 × 101 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–4 4.98 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–1 2.1 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 1 × 10–10) 1.7 × 10–1 3.1 × 10–2 2.9 × 10–5 4.9 × 10–2 2.7 × 10–6 (D > 2.3 × 10–10) (D > 1 × 10–6)

1.38 (II) 1.6 0.77 0.85 — 0.8 0.6 0.66 0.6 0.9 0.66 (s) 0.80 (f) 1.4 1.3 0.36 0.31 1.52 1.38 0.95 1.74 (s) 0.4 (f) 0.31 0.35 0.83 2.0 1.2 0.45 — 1.91 1.56 0.6 1.54 0.75 — —

Diffusant

Se Te (self)

HgSe HgTe

Cl Fe Sb Se (self) Ag Zn Cd Hg (self) In Sn

PbS

Te (self) Mn Cu

PbSe

Pb (self) S (self) Ni Na

PbTe

Cu Ag Pb (self) Sb Se (self) Cl Ni Na Sn Pb (self) Sb Te Cl Ni

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Method of measurement

Ref.

luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive — Mass spectrometry

69 69 69 69

Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure

69

500—800 520—800 900 540—630 200—400 250—350 250—350 250—350 200—350 200—300 200—300

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

200—400 250—350 150—450 100—400 500—800 500—750 200—500 400—850

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

93—520 400—850 400—800 650—850 650—850 400—850 700 600—850 500—800 250—500 500—800 500—800

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

700 700

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

69

69 69 69 69 69

69

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.

N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115-120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409-451. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21-23. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982.

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DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1968. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971.

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse Glossary of Symbols Units Quantity

Symbol

Magnetic field Magnetic induction Magnetization Spontaneous magnetization Saturation magnetization Magnetic flux Magnetic moment Coercive field Remanence Saturation magnetic polarization Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability of free space Saturation magnetostriction Curie temperature Néel temperature

SI A m-1 T (tesla) A m-1 A m-1 A m-1 Wb (weber) A m2 A m-1 T T

H B M Ms M0 Φ m, µ Hc Br Js χ µ µ 0 λ (∆ l/l) TC TN

emu Oe (oersted) G (gauss) emu cm-3 emu cm-3 emu cm-3 maxwell erg/G Oe G G

H m-1 (henry/meter) H m-1 K K

K K

Magnetic moment µ = γ hJ = g µ B J where γ = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) µ Β = bohr magneton = 9.2741⋅ 10-24 J/T = 9.2741⋅ 10-21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m-1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7⋅ 106 A m-1; Br = 0.8⋅ 106 A m-1 1 Oe = (1000/4π ) A m-1; 1 G = 10-4 T; 1 emu cm-3 = 103 A m-1 1 maxwell = 10-8 Wb µ 0 = 4π⋅ 10-7 H m-1

Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field B (b)

+Br (a) (c) +Hc

-Hc

H

-Br

Figure 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magnetic induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field -Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.

(c) (a) = Domain growth (b) = Field removal (c) = Hysteric curve on field

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field (continued) B

Hard

Figure 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss.

Soft H

REFERENCE Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements

Figure 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room temperature (cgs units of 10-6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z=9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni (Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4. REFERENCE Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224. With permission.

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z

Element

n

S

22 23 23 23 24 25 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29

Ti3+ V4+ V3+ V2+ Cr3+ Mn4+ Cr2+ Mn3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+

1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9

1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3/2 2 2 5/2 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2

L

J

2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 3 2

3/2 3/2 2 3/2 3/2 3/2 0 0 5/2 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2

Gr. state 2D

3/2

2D

3/2

3F 2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 5D 0 5D 0 6S 5/2 6S 5/2 5D 4 4F 9/2 3F 4 2D 5/2

pcalca 1.73 1.73 2.83 3.87 3.87 3.87 4.90 4.90 5.92 5.92 4.90 3.87 2.83 1.73

pcalcb 1.55 1.55 1.63 0.77 0.77 0.77 0 0 5.92 5.92 6.70 6.54 5.59 3.55

pmeas 1.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.9 5.0 5.9 5.9 5.4 4.8 3.2 1.9

pcalcc 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 a b c

Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm3+ Eu3+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb3+

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2

3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3

5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2

2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2

2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.84 0.0 7.94 9.72 10.63 10.60 9.59 7.57 4.54

pcalc = 2[S(S + 1)]1/2 pcalc = 2[J(J + 1)]1/2 pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2 REFERENCES 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405—406. 3. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652.

Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature M0/gauss Fe Co Ni Cr Mn Ce Nd

22020 18170 6410

nB 2.22 1.72 0.62

TC/K

TN/K

Comments

1043 1388 627 311 100 12.5 19.2

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c-Axis antiferromagnetic Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sites

2.4 3.5 3.5 1.5 3.4 8.0 9.5 10.6 10.4 9.5 7.3 4.5

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements (continued) M0/gauss

nB

TC/K

Comments

7.8 106 13.8 90.5

Sm Eu Gd Tb

TN/K

24880

7 9

Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Ordering on hexagonal sites Cubic site order Spiral along cube axis

293 220

Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Bunched cone structure Basal plane spiral c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure

230.2 Dy

10

87

Ho

10

20

Er

9

32

Tm

7

32

176 133 80 56 REFERENCES

1. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652. 2. Gschneidner, K.A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.

Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K TC is the Curie temperature Compound

M0/gauss

TC/K

Crystal system

MnB MnAs MnBi MnSb Mn4N MnSi CrTe CrBr3 CrI3 CrO2 EuO EuS GdCl3 FeB Fe2B FeBe5 Fe3C FeP

152 670 620 710 183

578 318 630 587 743 34 339 37 68 386 77 16.5 2.2 598 1043 75 483 215

orthorh(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB)

247 270 515 1910* 1184* 550*

cub(FeSi) hex(NiAs) hex(BiI3) hex(BiI3) tetr(TiO2) cub cub orthorh orthorh tetr (CuAl2) cub(MgCu2) orthorh orthorh (MnP)

* At T = 0 K REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 2. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Soft) µ

µ

is the initial permeability is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature i

m

Composition (mass %)

Material Iron Iron Silicon-iron Silicon-iron (110) [001] Silicon-iron {100} <100> Mild steel Hypernik Deltamax {100} <100> Isoperm {100} <100> 78 Permalloy Supermalloy Mumetal Hyperco Permendur 2V-Permendur Supermendur 25Perminvar 7Perminvar Perminvar (magnet. annealed) Alfenol (or Alperm) Alfer Aluminum-Iron Sendust

µ i/ µ

Commercial 99Fe Pure 99.9Fe 96Fe-4Si 97Fe-3Si 97Fe-3Si Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 78Ni-22Fe 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 50Fe-50Co 49Fe-49Co-2V 49Fe-49Co-2V 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 84Fe-16Al 87Fe-13Al 96.5Fe-3.5Al 85Fe-10Si-5Al

µ

0

200 25000 500 9000

m/µ 0

6000 350000 7000 40000 100000 1100 70000 200000 100 100000 1000000 100000 10000 6000 4000 60000 2000 4000 400000 55000 3700 19000 120000

800 4000 500 90 4000 100000 20000 650 500 800 400 850 3000 700 500 36000

Hc/A m–1

Js/T

WH/J m–3

TC/K

70 0.8 40 12 6 200 4 16 480 4 0.15 4 80 160 160 16 100 50 2.4 3.2 53 24 1.6

2.16 2.16 1.95 2.01 2.01

500 60 50-150 35-140

1043 1043 1008 1015 1015

1.60 1.55 1.60 1.05 0.79 0.75 2.42 2.46 2.45 2.40 1.55 1.25 1.50 0.8 1.20 1.90 0.89

22

753 773

50 2 20 300 1200 600 1150

651 673 673 1243 1253 1253 1253

REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224.

Applications of High-Permeability Materials Applications

Requirements POWER APPLICATIONS

Distribution and power transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switched-mode power supplies INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS Audiofrequency transformers Pulse transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization High permeability

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723 673 753

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Applications of High-Permeability Materials (continued) Applications

Requirements CORES FOR INDUCTOR COILS

Audiofrequency Carrier frequency Radiofrequency

Low hysteresis, high permeability Very low hysteresis and eddy current loss High permeability at low fields MISCELLANEOUS

}

Relays, switches Earth leakage circuit Magnetic shielding Magnetic recording heads Magnetic amplifiers Saturable reactors Saturable transformers Transformer cores Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation in magnetic circuits Electromagnets in indicating instruments, fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers

High permeability, low remanence, low coercivity Low core loss for AC applications High initial permeability, low or zero remanence

}

Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss

Low Curie temperature, appropriate decrease in permeability with increase in temperature High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.

Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials The tabulated parameter λs is related to the fractional change in length ∆ l/l by ∆ l/l = (3/2)λs(cos2θ –1/3), where θ is the angle of rotation. λs × 106

Material Iron Fe - 3.2% Si Nickel Cobalt 45 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al Magnetite, Fe3O4 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 SmFe2 TbFe2 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous)

-7 +9 -33 -62 +27 0 +70 +30 +40 -110 -1560 +1753 +2000 +35 0

REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence BHc is the flux coercivity iHc is the intrinsic coercivity (BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature 3 BHc/10 A m–1

Br/T

Composition Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb BaFe12O19 (Ferroxdur) SrFe12O19 LaCo5 CeCo5 PrCo5 NdCo5 SmCo5 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 Nd2Fe14B sintered Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) Pt;23Co Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic)

0.72 0.72 0.5-0.6 0.55-0.75 1.25 1.05 0.83 1.10 1.20 0.4 0.4 0.91 0.77 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.2 1.22 1.0 1.54 0.98 1.35 0.55 0.34 0.64 0.61

53 1.6 1.45 1.6 2.95

7.9 4.8 10 8.4 42 67 32 4 4 0.5 4 2.16

3 iHc/10 A m–1

35 40-50 40-54 36-56 54 75 160 1.45 64 192 3.3

696 5 16 1120

2.4

(BH)max/ kJ m–3 25 13-14 10 11-12 40 52 45 75 76.8 29 30 164 117 286 295 196 212 264 280 28 76 16 44 12 8 76 56

TC/° C

Tmax/° C

850

520

850

520

450 450 567 380 620 637 700 800 800 300 700 630 630 630 410

400 400

250 300 300 100 500 500 500 500 350

480 300

350 120

REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.

Selected Ferrites Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature ∆ H is the line width

Material Spinels γ -Fe2O3 Fe3O4 NiFe2O4 MgFe2O4 NiZnFe2O4 MnFe2O4

Js/T

0.52 0.60 0.34 0.14 0.50 0.50

TC/° C

∆ H/ kA m–1

575 585 575 440 375 300

350 70 120 50

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Applications

Microwave devices Transformer cores Microwave devices

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Ferrites (continued) Js/T

Material NiCoFe2O4 NiCoAlFe2O4 NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 NiAlFe2O4 Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 CuFe2O4 CoFe2O4 LiFe5O8 Garnets Y3Fe5O12 Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) (Y,Al)3Fe5O12 (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 Sm3Fe5O12 Eu3Fe5O12 GdFe5O12 Hexagonal crystals BaFe12O19 Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 SrFe12O19

∆ H/ kA m–1

TC/° C

0.31 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.39

590 450 430 1860 290

0.178 0.178 0.12 0.06 0.170 0.116 0.017

280 292 250 250 305 293 291

55 0.5 80 150

Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices

0.45 0.34 0.28

430 470 130 390 500 450

1.5 12 25 16 8

Permanent magnets Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Permanent magnets

0.16 0.4

140 330 67 32 56 17

Applications

455 520 670

Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Electromechanical transducers Microwave devices

REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994.

Spinel Structure (AB2O4)

A

B

Figure 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B) coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.) A B O2-

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature Material Binary oxides MnO FeO CoO NiO α -Mn2O3 CuO UO2 Er2O3 Gd2O3 Perovskites LaCrO3 LaMnO3 LaFeO3 NdCrO3 NdFeO3 YbCrO3 CaMnO3 EuTiO3 YCrO3 BiFeO3 KCoF3 KMnF3 KFeF3 KNiF3 NaMnF3 NaNiF3 RbMnF3 Spinels Co3O4 NiCr2O4 ZnCr2O4 ZnFe2O4 GeFe2O4 MgV2O4 MnGa2O4

Structure

TN/K

cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub monocl cub cub cub

122 198 291 525 90 230 30.8 3.4 1.6

orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub orth cub* cub cub* cub cub cub* orth cub

282 100 750 224 760 118 110 5.3 141 673 125 88.3 115 275 60 149 82

cub tetr cub cub cub cub cub

40 65 15 9 10 45 33

Material NiAs and related structures CrAs CrSb CrSe MnTe NiS CrS Rutile and related structures CoF2 CrF2 FeF2 MnF2 NiF2 CrCl2 MnO2 FeOF Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 α -Fe2O3 FeTiO3 MnTiO3 CoTiO3 VF3 and related structures CoF3 CrF3 FeF3 MnF3 MoF3 Miscellaneous K2NiF4 MnI2 CoUO4 CaMn2O4 CrN CeC2 FeSn Mn2P

Structure

orth hex hex hex hex monocl

300 705-723 300 320-323 263 460

tetr monocl tetr tetr tetr orth tetr tetr

38 53 79 67 83 20 84 315

rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb

318 948 68 41 38

rhomb rhomb rhomb monocl rhomb

460 80 394 43 185

tetr hex orth orth cub* tetr hex hex

97 3.4 12 225 273 33 373 103

* Distorted. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-168 to 183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.

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TN/K

ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direction. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do not compensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical temperature, Tc, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins.

Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins

Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins

Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins

Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins

Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetization, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet

Type

Tc/K

Ms/A m-1

FO

1.48

48,300

<0.00001

—

0.6 4.8 8.8 3.65 2.55 3.0 0.38 35.5 7.8 7.6 46 13 ~400 75 97 44

22,300 37,600 58,200 46,300 34,200 21,600 20,700 45 39,400 42,400 24,400 18,400 28,200 52,000 46,300 22,000

0.00008 0.10 0.12 — — — — 0.00009 0.03 <0.0005 — 2.4 0.0015 - 0.006 0.002 0.23 0.65

<200 2,300 3,700 — — — — — 27,600 <420 — 10,300 1,650 270 3 —

α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantaneN,N’-doxyl β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] Tanol subarate NCC6F4CN2S2 MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) [Mn(hfac)2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} [MnTPP][TCNE].2C6H5CH3 V[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Mn[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Fe[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Co[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5)

FO FO FO FO MM FO MM WF FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI

Hcr/T

Mr/A m-1

List of Symbols and Abbreviations Ms Hcr Tc Mr TCNE TCNQ hfac NIT FO FI MM WF

Saturation magnetization at 2 K Coercive Field Critical Temperature Remanent magnetization at 2 K Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane Hexafluoroacetonate Nitronyl nitroxide Ferromagnet Ferrimagnet Metamagnet Weak ferromagnet

2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide

1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

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ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)

M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe)

TCNE

TCNQ

Mn(hfac)2

Tanol subarate

NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8)

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2}

ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)

MnTPP

NCC6F4CN2S2

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 33, 385, 1994. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip., T49, 706, 1993. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 5718, 1994. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat., 6, 635, 1994. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1319, 1998. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 3641, 1995. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 35, 2533, 1996.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

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ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: TE — Thermionic emission PE — Photoelectric effect FE — Field emission CPD — Contact potential difference polycr — Polycrystalline sample amorp — Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate. REFERENCES 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol.1, Green, M., Editor, Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977. Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Ag

100 110 111 100 110 111 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 polycr 100 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr liquid polycr 100 110 111

4.64 4.52 4.74 4.20 4.06 4.26 (3.75) 5.47 5.37 5.31 (4.45) 2.52 4.98 4.34 (5.0) 2.87 4.08 2.9 5.0 4.5 1.95 5.10 4.48 4.94 4.53 2.5 4.67 4.81 4.32 2.90 5.0 3.9 4.475 4.09 5.67 5.42 5.76

Al

As Au

B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu

Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Hg In Ir

Method PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH PE PE CPD PE CPD PE PE PE PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE CPD CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE

Element

K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Na Nb

Nd Ni

Os Pb Pd Pt

Rb Re Rh

Plane

Φ/eV

210 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 114 332 polycr 001 110 111 112 113 116 310 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr 111 polycr 110 111 320 331 polycr polycr polycr

5.00 2.29 3.5 2.93 (3.3) 3.66 4.1 4.53 4.95 4.55 4.36 4.50 4.55 2.36 4.02 4.87 4.36 4.63 4.29 3.95 4.18 3.2 5.22 5.04 5.35 5.93 4.25 5.22 5.6 5.64 5.84 5.93 5.22 5.12 2.261 4.72 4.98

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Method PE PE PE FE CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH TH TH TH TH TH PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE FE FE FE FE PE TE PE

Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Method

Ru Sb

polycr amorp 100 polycr polycr n p 100 p 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 113 polycr polycr 100 110 111 113 116 polycr polycr polycr polycr

4.71 4.55 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.85 (4.91) 4.60 2.7 4.42 (2.59) 4.25 4.15 4.80 4.00 3.0 4.95 3.4 4.33 (3.84) 3.63 3.73 3.90 3.67 4.3 4.55 4.63 5.22 4.45 4.46 4.32 3.1 3.63 (4.9) 4.05

PE

Sc Se Si

Sm Sn Sr Ta

Tb Te Th Ti Tl U

V W

Y Zn Zr

PE PE CPD CPD PE PE CPD TH TH TH TH TH PE PE TH PE CPD PE PE PE PE PE CPD FE FE FE FE TH PE PE CPD PE

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulating target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons.

1.5 δmax δ 1.0 0.5

Ep EII EI max Primary Electron Energy (Ep)

Element

δmax

Epmax (eV)

EI (eV)

EII (eV)

Ag Al Au B Ba Bi Be C (diamond) C (graphite) C (soot) Cd Co Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hg K

1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.8 1.0 0.45 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.55 1.15 1.3 0.7

800 300 800 150 400 550 200 750 300 500 450 600 400 600 400 500 500 600 200

200 300 150 50 None None None None 300 None 300 200 None 200 120 75 150 350 None

>2000 300 >2000 600 None None None >5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None

Compound Alkali halides CsCl KBr (crystal) KCl (crystal) KCl (layer) KI (crystal) KI (layer) LiF (crystal) LiF (layer) NaBr (crystal) NaBr (layer) NaCl (crystal)

δmax

6.5 14 12 7.5 10 5.6 8.5 5.6 24 6.3 14

Epmax (eV)

Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr

Compound NaCl (layer) NaF (crystal) NaF (layer) NaI (crystal) NaI (layer) RbCl (layer) Oxides Ag2O Al2O3 (layer) BaO (layer) BeO CaO

1800 1600 1200 1600

700 1800 1200

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δmax

Epmax (eV)

EI (eV)

EII (eV)

0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1

85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350

None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None

None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None

δmax 6.8 14 5.7 19 5.5 5.8 1.0 2—9 2.3—4.8 3.4 2.2

Epmax (eV) 600 1200 1300

400 2000 500

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION (continued) Compound Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS

δmax 1.2 20—25 3—15 1.2 2.1—4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8

Epmax (eV) 400 1500 400—1500 400 640

500 350

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Compound

δmax

Epmax (eV)

Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses

4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2—3

1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300—450

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex index of refraction N˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: • • •

Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. Edited by E. D. Palik, published by Academic Press, Inc. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, Coord. Editor D. E. Gray, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.

The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconductors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for identifying the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths:

Energy (eV)

n

Aluminium1 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1.800 1.900 2.000

98.595 74.997 62.852 53.790 45.784 39.651 34.464 24.965 18.572 14.274 11.733 8.586 6.759 5.438 4.454 3.072 2.273 1.770 1.444 1.264 1.212 1.201 1.260 1.468 2.237 2.745 2.625 2.143 1.741 1.488 1.304

k

203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479

λ

E/eV

λ

E/eV

1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm

0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240

6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å

2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996

R(φ φ = 0)

0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148

Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000

n

k

1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048

6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417

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R(φ φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486

Energy (eV) 14.200 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000

n 0.053 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809

k 0.373 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018

R(φ φ = 0) 0.8312 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 25.500 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000

n 0.817 0.826 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995

Carbon (diamond)2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38

k 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

R(φ φ = 0) 0.0102 0.0092 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05

0.166

0.167

Energy (eV) 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.3795

0.167 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06

2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380

0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 3.82E-07

2.4627 2.4849 2.4955

0.178 0.182 0.183 8.97E-07

2.5465 2.6205 2.6383

2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228

0.190 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806

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0.200 0.203

0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303

Energy (eV) 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493

Cesium (evaporated)3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916 Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490

0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201

1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143

0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007

42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03

0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.46 1.77 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.50 9.0 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00

n 4.43 4.47 4.53 4.50 4.42 4.31 3.84 3.48 3.18 2.75 2.22 1.80 1.54 1.44 1.39 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.94 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.83 0.92 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82

k 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68

R(φ φ = 0) 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131

Energy (eV) 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0

n

k

0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78

→ Cobalt, single crystal, E 㛳 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.07 2.30 2.01 2.40 1.95 2.50 1.88 2.60 1.81 2.70 1.73 2.80 1.66 2.90 1.61 3.00 1.55 3.20 1.46 3.40 1.38 3.60 1.31 3.80 1.28 4.00 1.26 4.20 1.25 4.40 1.24 4.60 1.24 4.80 1.23 5.00 1.22 5.20 1.21 5.40 1.19

R(φ φ = 0)

0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21

0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030

cˆ 5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85 3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77

0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399

12-135

TeamLRN

Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00

n 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

k

R(φ φ = 0)

1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09

0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239

→ Cobalt, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 5.83 32.36 0.15 4.24 21.37 0.20 3.87 15.53 0.30 4.34 10.01 0.40 4.66 7.39 0.50 5.17 5.75 0.60 5.77 5.17 0.70 6.15 5.20 0.80 6.08 5.61 0.90 5.57 5.93 1.00 4.83 5.94 1.10 4.31 5.60 1.20 4.02 5.34 1.30 3.78 5.16 1.40 3.55 5.05 1.50 3.26 4.93 1.60 3.03 4.74 1.70 2.83 4.60 1.80 2.61 4.45 1.90 2.41 4.27 2.00 2.25 4.09 2.10 2.13 3.89 2.20 2.04 3.72 2.30 1.99 3.56 2.40 1.95 3.44 2.50 1.90 3.34 2.60 1.86 3.26 2.70 1.79 3.19 2.80 1.72 3.11 2.90 1.66 3.03 3.00 1.60 2.94 3.20 1.50 2.78 3.40 1.42 2.62 3.60 1.36 2.47 3.80 1.33 2.33 4.00 1.31 2.21 4.20 1.28 2.12 4.40 1.27 2.03 4.60 1.26 1.95 4.80 1.25 1.90 5.00 1.24 1.84 5.20 1.22 1.80 5.40 1.21 1.78 5.60 1.17 1.76 5.80 1.11 1.74 6.00 1.04 1.69 6.20 0.98 1.62 6.40 0.94 1.54 6.60 0.92 1.46 6.80 0.91 1.38

0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80

0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94

1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13

0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253

Copper6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00

29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92

71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40

0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044

Energy (eV) 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

Energy (eV) 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02852 0.02976 0.03100 0.03224 0.03348 0.03472 0.03596 0.03720 0.03844 0.03968 0.04092 0.04215 0.04339 0.04463 0.04587 0.04711 0.04835 0.04959 0.05083 0.05207 0.05331 0.05455 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08

0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Gallium (liquid)7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59

9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50

0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896

Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03

12-136

0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361

n

3.9827

(3.9900)

(3.9930)

(3.9955)

3.9992

(4.0000)

4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015

4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495

k 1.60E-03 1.55E-03 1.53E-03 1.50E-03 1.25E-03 8.50E-04 6.50E-04 7.00E-04 8.50E-04 1.55E-03 2.75E-03 3.55E-03 3.05E-03 2.75E-03 2.70E-03 2.90E-03 2.95E-03 3.20E-03 6.30E-03 3.40E-03 2.50E-03 2.10E-03 2.00E-03 8.00E-04 1.40E-03 1.35E-03 1.10E-03 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05

6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167

R(φ φ = 0)

0.358

0.359

0.359

0.360

0.360

0.360

0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360

0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0

n 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93

k 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651

R(φ φ = 0) 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167

Energy (eV) 40.0

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.0604

Gold, electropolished, Au (110)9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 1.20 0.10 6.54 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84 2.20 0.24 2.54 2.40 0.50 1.86 2.50 0.82 1.59 2.60 1.24 1.54 2.70 1.43 1.72 2.80 1.46 1.77 2.90 1.50 1.79 3.00 1.54 1.80 3.10 1.54 1.81 3.20 1.54 1.80 3.30 1.55 1.78 3.40 1.56 1.76 3.50 1.58 1.73 3.60 1.62 1.73 3.70 1.64 1.75 3.80 1.63 1.79 3.90 1.59 1.81 4.00 1.55 1.81 4.10 1.51 1.79 4.20 1.48 1.78 4.30 1.45 1.77 4.40 1.41 1.76 4.50 1.35 1.74 4.60 1.30 1.69 4.70 1.27 1.64 4.80 1.25 1.59 4.90 1.23 1.54 5.00 1.22 1.49 5.20 1.21 1.40 5.40 1.21 1.33 5.60 1.21 1.27 5.80 1.21 1.20 6.00 1.22 1.14 6.20 1.24 1.09 6.40 1.25 1.05 6.60 1.27 1.01 6.80 1.30 0.97 7.00 1.34 0.95 7.20 1.36 0.95 7.40 1.38 0.96 7.60 1.38 0.98 7.80 1.35 0.99 8.00 1.31 0.96 8.20 1.30 0.92 8.40 1.30 0.89 8.60 1.31 0.88

12-137

TeamLRN

0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144

Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00

n 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064

→ Hafnium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 10 0.52 1.48 4.11

0.747

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00

n 1.84 2.34 3.21 3.70 4.31 4.61 4.71 4.64 4.54 4.45 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40

k 3.29 2.62 2.13 2.03 2.10 2.31 2.70 2.85 2.96 3.00 3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01

R(φ φ = 0) 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179

Energy (eV) 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10

k 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31

→ Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55

12-138

R(φ φ = 0) 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024

0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578

Energy (eV) 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60

n 3.61 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19

k 3.36 3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20

R(φ φ = 0) 0.561 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09

1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30

0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022

28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18

60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39 5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26

0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692

Energy (eV) 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20

n 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28

k 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83

12-139

TeamLRN

R(φ φ = 0) 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131

Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76

0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22

0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034

Iron5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80

6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12

33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52 4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23

0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00

n 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85

k 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80

R(φ φ = 0) 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162

Energy (eV) 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83

n 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74

k 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27

12-140

R(φ φ = 0) 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047

Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82

0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13

0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014

Lithium12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6

0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753

38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080

0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022

3.71 3.47 2.92 2.65 2.05 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 0.95 0.40

0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419

Magnesium (evaporated)13 2.145 0.48 2.270 0.57 2.522 0.53 2.845 0.52 3.064 0.52 5.167 0.10 5.636 0.15 6.200 0.20 6.889 0.25 7.750 0.20 8.857 0.15 10.335 0.25

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)

n

Manganese14 0.64 0.77 0.89 1.02 1.14 1.26 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.50 2.63 2.75 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.25 3.37 3.50 3.62 3.74 3.87 3.99 4.12 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60

3.89 3.78 3.65 3.48 3.30 3.10 2.97 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.11 2.06 2.00 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48

Mercury (liquid)15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620

k

R(φ φ = 0)

5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47

0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288

14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751

0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780

Energy (eV) 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5

n

k

1.384 1.186 1.027 0.898 0.798 0.713 0.644 0.589 0.542 0.507 0.477 0.452 0.431 0.414 0.401 0.394 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.385 0.386 0.388 0.390 0.399 0.412 0.428 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170

4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367

12-141

TeamLRN

R(φ φ = 0) 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034

Energy (eV) 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5

n 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208

Molybdenum16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43 0.70 1.48 0.74 1.51 0.78 1.60 0.82 1.64 0.86 1.70 9.90 1.74 1.00 1.94 1.10 2.15 1.20 2.44 1.30 2.77 1.40 3.15 1.50 3.53 1.60 3.77 1.70 3.84 1.80 3.81 1.90 3.74 2.00 3.68 2.10 3.68 2.20 3.76 2.30 3.79 2.40 3.59 2.50 3.36 2.60 3.22 2.70 3.13 2.80 3.08 2.90 3.05 3.00 3.04 3.10 3.03 3.20 3.05 3.30 3.06 3.40 3.06 3.50 3.06 3.60 3.05 3.70 3.04 3.80 3.04 3.90 3.04 4.00 3.01 4.20 2.77 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.06 4.80 1.75 5.00 1.46 5.20 1.22

k 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364

68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67 8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42

R(φ φ = 0) 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50

n 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71

k 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49 1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31

R(φ φ = 0) 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060

Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83

0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23

0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025

Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60

9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63

45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09

0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421

12-142

Energy (eV) 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00

n 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92

k 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44

R(φ φ = 0) 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00 Niobium18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06

0.052 0.051 0.051 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002

15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64 2.53

53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42 2.56

0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447 0.467

Energy (eV) 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00

n 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85

k 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62 0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33

12-143

TeamLRN

R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038

Energy (eV) 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50

n 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47

0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059

Osmium (Polycrystalline)9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54 2.20 4.58 1.62 2.30 4.84 1.76 2.40 5.10 2.01 2.50 5.28 2.38 2.60 5.36 2.82 2.70 5.30 3.29 2.80 5.07 3.78 2.90 4.65 4.18 3.00 4.05 4.40 3.20 3.29 3.96

0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60

n 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05

k 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11

R(φ φ = 0) 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227

Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84

1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26

0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026

Palladium19 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40

4.13 3.13 3.07 3.11 3.56 3.98 4.27 4.27 4.10 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47

54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61

0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693

12-144

Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00

n 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99

k 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67

R(φ φ = 0) 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20 Platinum20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82

0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35

0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046

13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36

44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84 4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47

0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295

Energy (eV) 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00

n 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75

k 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60

12-145

TeamLRN

R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125

Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00

0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73

0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58

0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124

Potassium21 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.40 3.71 3.97 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919

0.139 0.119 0.106 0.091 0.079 0.066 0.056 0.044 0.040 0.040 0.044 0.050 0.053 0.049 0.046 0.043 0.043 0.041 0.041 0.052 0.089 0.287 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04

0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.33 11.0 12.0

n 0.94

k 0.03 0.03 0.028

→ Rhenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36 1.10 2.38 5.61 1.20 2.35 5.02 1.30 2.39 4.54 1.40 2.44 4.13 1.50 2.50 3.79 1.60 2.59 3.49 1.70 2.70 3.27 1.80 2.82 3.10 1.90 2.90 3.00 2.00 2.97 2.91 2.10 3.03 2.86 2.20 3.06 2.84 2.30 3.07 2.82 2.40 3.06 2.81 2.50 3.02 2.80 2.60 2.96 2.77 2.70 2.89 2.68 2.80 2.89 2.57 2.90 2.99 2.47 3.00 3.11 2.57 3.20 2.90 2.68 3.40 2.83 2.50 3.60 2.93 2.48 3.80 2.86 2.56 4.00 2.81 2.51 4.20 2.86 2.55 4.40 2.81 2.74 4.60 2.56 2.83 4.80 2.41 2.71 5.00 2.39 2.68 5.20 2.34 2.75 5.40 2.20 2.81 5.60 2.02 2.84 5.80 1.83 2.80 6.00 1.65 2.71 6.20 1.54 2.59 6.40 1.45 2.50 6.80 1.32 2.31 7.00 1.26 2.23 7.20 1.20 2.15 7.40 1.16 2.06

R(φ φ = 0) 0.001

0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480

Energy (eV) 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57

k 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33

12-146

R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114

Energy (eV) 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16

0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055

→ Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94

0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40

n 3.05 2.88 2.67 2.44 2.25 2.10 1.96 1.84 1.73 1.61 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56

k 3.06 3.15 3.18 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.81 2.74 2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95

R(φ φ = 0) 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328

Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 Rhodium11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64

0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16

0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055

18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63

69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36

0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748

12-147

TeamLRN

Energy (eV) 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00

n 1.53 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83

k 4.29 4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95

R(φ φ = 0) 0.753 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00

n 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75

k 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25

→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96 3.30 2.00 3.91 3.40 1.87 3.83 3.50 1.76 3.74 3.60 1.66 3.65 3.70 1.57 3.55 3.80 1.49 3.45 3.90 1.42 3.35 4.00 1.37 3.24

R(φ φ = 0) 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041

0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661

Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00

n 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71

k 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69

12-148

R(φ φ = 0) 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163

Energy (eV) 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83

k 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64 3.20 2.18 4.55 3.30 2.00 4.43 3.40 1.84 4.30 3.50 1.71 4.16 3.60 1.60 4.03 3.70 1.50 3.90 3.80 1.41 3.77 3.90 1.35 3.64 4.00 1.29 3.53 4.20 1.21 3.31 4.40 1.16 3.13 4.60 1.13 2.97 4.80 1.09 2.86 5.00 1.03 2.75 5.20 0.97 2.64 5.40 0.91 2.52 5.60 0.88 2.40

R(φ φ = 0) 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022

0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00

n 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65

k 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31

R(φ φ = 0) 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077

Energy (eV) 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79

k 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

→ Selenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04 0.4959 3.442 1.41E-04 0.6199 3.462 1.12E-04 0.7439 3.486 9.42E-05 0.8679 3.516 8.07E-05 0.9919 3.551 7.11E-05 1.116 3.592 6.37E-05 1.240 3.640 5.81E-05 1.50 1.33E-04 1.60 1.59E-04 1.70 6.27E-04 1.80 4.46 2.20E-02 2.0 4.79 0.76 2.2 4.49 1.19 2.4 4.28 1.21 2.6 4.40 1.32 2.8 4.59 1.70 3.0 4.44 2.29 3.2 3.92 2.59 3.4 3.69 2.76 3.6 3.39 3.01 3.8 (3.00) 4.0 (2.65) 4.2 (2.30) 4.5 1.92 2.78 5.0 1.50 2.31 6.0 1.57 1.49

12-149

TeamLRN

R(φ φ = 0) 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028

0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295

0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324

0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521

0.528 0.482 0.288

Energy (eV) 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87

→ Selenium, single crystal, E 0.01364 2.854 0.01488 2.932 0.01612 3.140 0.01736 2.959 0.01860 2.111 0.01984 2.356 0.02108 2.462 0.02232 2.502 0.02356 2.543 0.02480 2.550 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.02976 2.576 0.03224 2.598 0.03472 2.607 0.03720 2.613 0.04463 0.04959 2.627 0.05703 0.06199 2.632 0.06819 0.07439 2.635 0.08059 0.08679 2.636 0.09299 0.09919 2.637 0.1116 2.638 0.1240 2.639 0.2480 2.645 0.3720 2.652 0.4959 2.654 0.6199 2.675 0.7439 2.692 0.8679 2.713 0.9919 2.739 1.116 2.772 1.240 2.816 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 3.32 2.00 3.38 2.20 3.07 2.40 2.93 2.60 3.00 2.80 3.12 3.00 3.30 3.20 3.35 3.40 3.22

k 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 ⊥ cˆ 22 0.0239 0.0325 0.1750 1.3300 0.2550 0.0746 0.0276 0.0442 0.0097 0.0239 0.0101 9.95E-03 1.16E-02 1.68E-02 1.54E-02 1.17E-02 3.58E-03 8.65E-04 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24

R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008

0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226

0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00

n 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79

Silicon, single crystal23 0.01240 3.4185 0.01488 3.4190 0.01736 3.4192 0.01984 3.4195 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 0.04959 3.4201 0.05703 0.06199 3.4204 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 (3.4207) 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 3.4215 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 (3.4230) 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 (3.4244) 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 3.4261 0.3100 3.4294 0.3626 3.4327 0.4568 3.4393 0.6199 3.4490 0.8093 3.4784

k

R(φ φ = 0)

1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14

0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020

2.90E-04 2.30E-04 1.90E-04 1.70E-04

0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

1.08E-04 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07

2.50E-09

0.300 0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306

Energy (eV) 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14

n

k

3.5193 (3.5341)

3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675

1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405

12-150

R(φ φ = 0) 0.311 0.312

0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038

Energy (eV)

n

24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00

0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930

Silver6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00

9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90

k 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100

90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86 1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74

R(φ φ = 0) 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87

0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04

0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005

Sodium24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199

0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390

9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01

0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193

Energy (eV) 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52

n

k

0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02

Tantalum16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81

R(φ φ = 0) 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24

12-151

TeamLRN

0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425

Energy (eV) 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60

n 2.73 2.61 2.49 2.40 2.36 2.35 2.39 2.45 2.53 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55

k 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06 2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44

R(φ φ = 0) 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95

→ Tellurium, E 㛳 cˆ 25 0.01364 4.82 0.01488 5.26 0.01612 5.47 0.01736 5.59 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 5.94 0.03968 0.04339 5.96 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 5.98 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 6.246 0.15500 6.253 0.20660 6.286 0.24800 6.316 0.31 6.372 0.35 0.41 0.5 6.53 0.6 6.71

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29

0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023

0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04

0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485

7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02

0.507 0.508

0.509

0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531

0.539 0.549

Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90

→ Tellurium, E ⊥ cˆ 25 0.01364 2.61 0.01488 3.65 0.01612 4.10 0.01736 4.63 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 (4.42) 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 4.71 0.03968 0.04339 4.74 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 4.77 0.07439 0.08679

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045

0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003

0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05

0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420

12-152

0.398

0.422 0.425

0.427

Energy (eV) 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n

4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929

4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46

k 4.28E-05 3.18E-05

2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149

0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088

Titanium (Polycrystalline)14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21 0.40 2.49 4.68 0.45 3.35 3.25 0.50 4.43 3.22 0.60 4.71 3.77 0.70 4.38 3.89 0.80 4.04 3.82 0.90 3.80 3.65 1.00 3.62 3.52

R(φ φ = 0)

0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439

0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140

0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80

n 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80

k 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76

R(φ φ = 0) 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162

Energy (eV) 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0 Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84

0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22

0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022

14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36

54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61

0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710

12-153

TeamLRN

Energy (eV) 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00

n 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13

k 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27 3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34

R(φ φ = 0) 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80

k 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

R(φ φ = 0)

Energy (eV)

0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045

Vanadium9 0.10 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.68 0.76 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00

n

12.83 3.90 2.13 1.54 1.28 1.16 1.10 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.18 1.34 1.60 1.93 2.25 2.48 2.57 2.57 2.52 2.45 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.23 2.15 2.02 1.89 1.74 1.61 1.48 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88

k

45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55

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R(φ φ = 0)

Energy (eV)

n

0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082

13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 → Zinc, E 㛳 cˆ 28 0.7514 0.827 0.866 0.952 0.992 1.033 1.078 1.127 1.181 1.240 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984

0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95

0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

1.9241 1.7921 1.5571 1.4824 1.5762 1.5407 1.5853 1.7768 1.9808 2.8821 3.2039 2.9459 3.2523 3.8086 3.7577 3.5908 3.4234 3.0132 1.8562

7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706

0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690

k

R(φ φ = 0)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.445 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678

n

k

R(φ φ = 0)

1.4856 1.2525 1.0017 0.7737 0.6395 0.4430 0.3589 0.3069 0.2737 0.2510 0.2354

4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357

0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776

→ Zinc, E ⊥ cˆ 28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717 1.305 3.3991 1.377 3.1807 1.459 3.5064 1.550 4.1241 1.653 4.0269 1.722 3.9369 1.823 3.7549 1.937 3.4512 1.984 3.2515 2.066 2.0802 2.094 1.7084 2.119 1.3329 2.275 0.9725 2.455 0.7568 2.666 0.5470 2.917 0.4774 3.220 0.3911 3.594 0.3147 4.065 0.3013 4.678 0.2806

7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997

0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770

Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51

0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202

Energy (eV) 0.80 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

n 4.03 3.74 3.69 3.66 3.65 3.53 3.25 3.10 3.02 2.88 2.68 2.49 2.14 1.99 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.34 0.30 1.26 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 0.67 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.65

k 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91

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R(φ φ = 0) 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.025

Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00

n 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82

k 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64

R(φ φ = 0) 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p.665. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p.465. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.345. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p.461. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev.,Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.364. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.354. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ), where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a nonabsorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k, and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n
1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk, where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ), where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k, which is equal to λ k = α ------, 4π where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -2 , R = ------------------------( N1 + N2 ) 2

where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]

2

For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 -. R = --------------------------------2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 2

2

In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1), and hence, (1 – n) + k -2 . R = ----------------------------2 (1 + n) + k 2

2

The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

R

Ra

Rc

0.27 0.26 0.26

0.24 0.24 0.24

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40

0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31

Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254

17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8

0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0

0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13

0.10 0.079

0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12

0.050 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.031 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.020 0.022 0.017 0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 1.7·10–3 2.0 1.3·10–3

1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7

8.6·10–4 3.4

3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5

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5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011

3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17

1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10

0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771 0.01653 0.01550 0.01459 0.01378 0.01305 0.01240 0.01181 0.01127 0.01033 0.009537 0.008856 0.007749 0.006888 0.006199

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

166.7 153.8 142.9 133.3 125.0 117.6 111.1 105.3 100.0 95.24 90.91 83.33 76.92 71.43 63.50 55.55 50.0

60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0

n

na

nc

4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.2 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8

3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.0 5.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6

k

ka

kc

0.089 0.097 0.19 0.41 0.29 0.20 0.43 1.5 0.22 0.094 0.059 0.034 0.024 0.019 0.014 0.011 0.0091

0.10 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.49 1.5 0.81 3.9 0.70 0.13 0.069 0.048 0.032 0.024 0.019

R

*Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196

16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965

0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36

3.07 3.06 3.05 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.03 3.02 3.01 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88

0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 4.0 2.7 1.9 0.00013 0.000094 6.3 4.2 2.8 1.8

1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6

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0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38

Ra

Rc

0.36 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236

10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0

n

na

nc

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

12-160

k

ka

kc

R

1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12

0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29

0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2

0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161

2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

na

nc

k 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6

ka

kc

R 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47

Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 4.959 3.100 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12

40000 25000 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8

0.2500 0.40 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·10–11

2.48 3.09 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73

1.21 0.34 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7

7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3

0.27 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465

39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820

0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463

2.48 2.33 2.57 2.89 3.43 3.37 3.080 3.23 3.045 3.14 3.05 2.861 2.880 2.98 2.905

2.04 1.59 1.90 1.52 1.02 0.861 0.485 0.636

0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29

0.525 0.411 0.210 0.040 0.319 0.00134 0.000671 3.37

0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24

12-161

TeamLRN

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50

0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

R

1.89 2.948 2.9565

0.24 1.08·10–4 5.10·10–5 2.73

2.952 2.9479 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623

1.37

0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20

3.8·10–6 2.5801

2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71

0.19 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18

800

12-162

0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

R

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240

48390 40330 32260 24200 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10

0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000

1.037 1.063 1.264 2.273 3.601 4.509 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606

0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 0.228 1.838 2.472 4.084 1.920 1.948 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3

4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3

0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78

44360 37750 28230 24200 22420

0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460

0.748 1.543 4.181 5.050 4.081 3.904

1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.628 3.556 2.634 0.819 0.224 0.103

12-163

TeamLRN

0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00

0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000

3.73 3.590 3.411 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 2.984 2.964 2.615 3.594 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319

na

nc

k 6.37·10–3 2.47·10–3 2.8·10–7

4.29·10–4

7.16·10–3 1.81·10–2 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4

ka

kc

R 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240

40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10

0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000

1.15 1.15 0.97 0.74 1.307 1.443 2.632 3.528 3.340 4.909 4.418 4.03 4.14 4.30 4.18 3.869 2.98 2.22 3.05 9.61 4.94 2.12 1.02 6.03 10.7

4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 .015 0.18 0.230 0.88 2.441 2.894 3.694 2.280 2.021 1.396 0.643 9.1·10–2 6.3·10–2 2.7·10–2 2.0·10–3 2.6·10–3 0.165 7.59 4.20 0.140 0.423 5.59 17.9 24.0

0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94

Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 25 20 15 10 6 5.0

48390 40330

0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480

1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 2.112 2.871

1.434 1.524

12-164

0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10

0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000

3.313 3.008 3.197 4.364 4.489 3.889 3.851 3.798 3.755 3.714 3.613 3.548 3.608 3.512 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766

na

nc

k 1.799 1.754 2.034 1.786 1.446 0.554 0.530 0.493 0.463 0.432

0.161 9.58·10–3 1.23·10–4

5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3

ka

kc

R 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34

Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728

44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220

0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45

0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93

0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203

1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2

12-165

TeamLRN

0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10

50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0

3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522

na

nc

k 8.7·10–3

ka

kc

R 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240

40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10

0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000

0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4

0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770

0.173 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1

0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88

Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55

39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570

0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862

0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35

3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00

12-166

0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000

0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000

4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27

na

nc

k 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2

1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815

ka

kc

R 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 150 125 100 75 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720

40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30

0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3

0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7

2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2

9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7

12-167

TeamLRN

0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.002480 0.001240

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

20 10

500.0 1000

27.6 45.1

na

nc

k 39.1 57.8

ka

kc

R 0.95 0.97

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4

40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181

6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469

0.9999347 0.999883 0.999757 0.999643 0.999162 0.99752 0.99632 0.9899 0.9801

0.558 1.20 1.08 1.04 2.28 1.77 1.606 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208

0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023

4.33·10–6 1.28·10–5 5.18·10–5 1.62·10–4 4.96·10–5 3.12·10–4 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 3.54·10–3 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.521 0.58 0.68 1.64 0.11 8.07·10–7 7.70·10–7

0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

1.8·10–6

2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4

12-168

0.02

0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26

0.25 0.25

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8

0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4

30590 6.662·106 3.335·107

3.023 3.018 3.018

na

nc

k 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5

ka

kc

R 0.25

Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133

50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333

4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000

3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 0.925 0.756 0.910 0.965 1.16 1.99 1.15 2.0 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115

1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3 3.0·10–2 1.8·10–2 0.145 0.495 0.344 0.38 0.50 0.46 8.46·10–7

0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070

0.040 7.6·10–11

1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2

6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3

12-169

TeamLRN

0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012

0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

R

Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209

48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975

6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26

0.99993 0.99991 0.99989 0.99987 0.99980 0.99975 0.99971 0.99954 0.99917 0.99812 0.99678 0.99269 0.9871 0.9813 0.9164 0.907 0.851 0.733 0.859 1.168 1.368 1.739 2.330 1.904 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448

1.503·10–5 1.936·10–5 9.941·10–6 1.308·10–5 2.916·10–5 4.155·10–5 5.423·10–5 1.289·10–4 3.560·10–4 4.04·10–4 9.91·10–4 3.63·10–3 7.3·10–3 7.0·10–3 6.5·10–2 9.2·10–2 0.156 0.325 0.585 0.711 0.747 0.569 0.323 1.89·10–2

1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231

12-170

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021

0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20

11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0

1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955

na

nc

k

ka

7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3

kc

R 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10

Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856

40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3

0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00

0.8690 0.8853 0.9825 1.132 1.283 1.378 1.593 2.001 2.141 2.116 2.085 2.053 2.021 1.994 1.969 1.948 1.929 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 1.20 2.00 2.85 2.86 2.82 2.50 2.13 2.04 2.01

0.2717 0.4919 0.5961 0.6651 0.6523 0.6843 0.7473 0.6052 0.4006 0.1211 0.08374 0.05544 0.03533 0.02153 0.01175 0.00523 0.00151

0.18 1.20 1.38 0.90 0.58 0.40 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.30

0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053

0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12

Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293

0.655 0.625 0.611 0.617 0.635 0.676 0.735 0.810

0.420 0.481 0.560 0.647 0.743 0.841 0.936 1.03

12-171

TeamLRN

0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065

0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240

0.902 1.001 1.111 1.247 1.417 1.657 1.827 2.000 2.162 2.326 2.651 2.752 2.541 2.278 2.234 2.198 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998

na

nc

k 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.43 1.52 1.53 1.49 1.44 1.32 0.962 0.493 0.102 4.9·10–3 1.2·10–3 2.2·10–4

ka

kc

R 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959 0.4000 0.3263 0.2952 0.2755 0.2480

48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000 3226 2632 2381 2222 2000

5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.0

0.83 0.83 0.83 0.88 0.89 0.74 0.98 1.22 1.55 1.38 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531 1.52395 1.52226 1.52121 1.52036 1.51883

2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.15 0.18 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.45 0.89 0.79 0.71 1.10

(1.8±0.2) ·10–9

12-172

0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590

1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43

na

nc

k

3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3

2.43

ka

kc

R 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17

0.17 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4

2.43 2.43 2.43

0.17 0.17

Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266 6.199 6.00

48390

6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150 0.200 0.2066

0.999904 0.999777 0.999838 0.999647 0.999520 0.999372 0.999160 0.99789 0.99553 0.99061 0.964 0.941 0.847 0.796 0.747 0.758 0.862 1.02 1.41 2.32 2.24

1.76·10–5 1.00·10–4 3.61·10–5 5.42·10–5 8.28·10–5 1.25·10–4 2.19·10–4 9.50·10–4 4.82·10–3 1.17·10–2 3.32·10–2 5.10·10–2 9.95·10–2 0.171 0.431 0.824 0.876 1.36 1.47 1.62 1.65

12-173

TeamLRN

6.2·10–4

2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.59

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

n

32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15

0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7

2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890

na

nc

k 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2

3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6

6.2·10–6

4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6

3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3

ka

kc

R 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185

40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350

0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988

12-174

Ra

Rc

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.8857 0.8552 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

7143 6897 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000

1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

R

Ra

Rc

0.988 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945

REFERENCES 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978).

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L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970).

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M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969). A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). 13. Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). 14. Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). 15. Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). 16. Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). 17. Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). 18. Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597.

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B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). 19. Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.

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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix):

x 2 y2 z2 + + =1 n x2 n y2 n z2 or

∑ Bij xi y j = 1

(i, j = 1, 2, 3)

ij

where  1  1 Bij =   =  2   ε  ij  n  ij ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij has the name impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by  1  1 ∆   = ∆  2  = ∑ Pijkl Skl  ε  ij  n  ij kl where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E:  1   n 2  = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ gijkl Pk Pl   ij k,l =1,2,3 k,l =1,2,3 where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electrooptic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezo-electric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field  1  ∆  2  = ∑ rij,k Ek  n  ij k The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote respectively the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk

where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezo-electric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF, is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H:

θ F = VlH where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted⋅cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F = KM In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement.

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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) In the tables which follow, the properties are presented in groups: • Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.

ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide Rare Gases Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K) Garnets GGG YIG YGG YAG

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Formula

λ/µm

NaF 0.633 NaCl 0.589 NaBr 0.589 NaI 0.589 KF 0.546 KCl 0.633 KBr 0.589 KI 0.590 RbCl 0.589 RbBr 0.589 RbI 0.589 LiF 0.589 LiCl 0.589 NH4Cl 0.589 CdTe 1.06 CaF2 0.55-0.65 CuCl 0.633 CuBr 0.633 CuI 0.633 C 0.540-0.589 Ge 3.39 GaAs 1.15 GaP 0.633 SrF2 0.633 0.633 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) 0.633 Tl(Br,Cl) 0.633 Zn 0.633 Formula Ne Ar Kr Xe Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12

λ/µm 0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488 λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12

Ref.

0.08 0.115 0.148 — 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 — 0.142 -0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 -0.278 -0.151 -0.165 -0.151 0.080 0.15 -0.140 -0.451 0.091

0.20 0.159 0.184 — 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 — 0.245 -0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 -0.128 -0.140 -0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 -0.337 -0.01

-0.03 -0.011 -0.0036 0.0048 -0.029 -0.025 -0.022 — -0.041 -0.034 -0.023 -0.045 -0.0177 0.042 -0.057 0.0254 -0.082 -0.083 -0.068 -0.161 -0.072 -0.072 -0.074 0.0185 0.072 -0.0725 -0.164 0.075

-0.12 -0.042 -0.035 -0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 -0.11 -0.0407 -0.103 -0.135 -0.183 -0.130 -0.123 -0.119 -0.385 -0.023 -0.025 -0.069 -0.189 — -0.289 -0.114 0.101

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12

Ref.

0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284

0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370

0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029

-0.011 -0.046 0 -0.086

21 22 21 22

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12

Ref.

-0.086 0.025 0.091 -0.029

-0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091

-0.078 0.041 0.079 -0.0615

-0.059 — — -0.038

23 15 17 15

1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) continued) Name λ/µm

Cubic (23, m3)

Formula

Barium nitrate Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate

Ba(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2

Hexagonal (mmc,6mm)

Formula

λ/µm

p11

p12

Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS

0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633

0.0099 -0.142 ±0.222 -0.115

0.175 -0.066 ±0.099 0.017

Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

p11

0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41

Formula

λ/µm

Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium

Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO3 Te

0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6

Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile

p44

p11-p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362

— 0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178

Trigonal (3m,32,3m)

Trigonal (3m,32,3m) (continued)

p12

p13

-0.0205 -0.0198 -0.0139 -0.0198 -0.014

p13

0.191 -0.057 -0.111 0.025

Ref.

p11-p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316

13 24,25 26 26 27

p31

p33

p44

Ref.

0.313 -0.041 ±0.088 0.0271

0.023 -0.20 -0.235 -0.13

-0.152 -0.099 0.0585 -0.0627

28 15,2 30 31

p11

p12

p13

p14

p31

-0.23 0.062 ±0.034 -0.081

-0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081

0.00 -0.011 ±0.066 -0.026

-0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089

0.16 ±0.10

0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130

0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 —

-0.030

0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 —

0.155

p33

p41

p44

-0.20 0.139 +-0.060 -0.044 +-0.115 0.10 +-0.20

0.01 -0.036 ±0.154 -0.085 — -0.047 — 0.055 —

-0.10 -0.058 ±0.300 0.028 — -0.079 — -0.06 —

±0.027 —

Ref.

15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15

Formula

λ/µm

p11

p12

p13

p31

ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2

0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

0.319 0.425 0.267 — ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017

0.277 — 0.225 — ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143

0.169 — 0.200 — ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 -0.139

0.197 — 0.195 — ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 -0.080

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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) (continued) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate

0.167 — 0.227 — ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 -0.057

Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate

Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm) (continued) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic Acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Monoclinic (2,m,2/m) Taurine

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-0.058 — — ±0.0776 — -0.019 — — — — -0.17 -0.009

Ref.

-0.091 — — ±0.0488 ±0.047 -0.064 — — — — -0.046 -0.060

40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48

λ/µm

p11

p12

p13

p16

p31

CdMoO4 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2

0.633 0.633 0.633

0.12 0.24 0.243

0.10 0.24 0.205

0.13 0.255 0.25

— 0.017 —

0.11 0.175 0.21

p33

p44

p45

0.18 0.300 0.29

— 0.067 —

— -0.01 —

λ/µm

Formula

NH4ClO4 (NH4)2SO4 NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2

p11

0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 —

p31

0.19 0.20 0.36 0.251 0.203 0.28 0.095

p66

Formula

Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) (continued)

Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm)

p44

p33

p32

0.18 ±0.26 0.35 0.345 0.232 0.22 0.085

— 0.26 0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 -0.085 p33

±0.02 0.26 0.36 0.336 0.270 0.31 -0.083

Formula

λ/µm

C2H7NO3S

0.589

p61

— 0.013 — p12

0.24 0.19 0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069 p44

<±0.02 0.015 -0.030 0.084 0.143 0.002 -0.095

p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = -0.10

p66

Ref.

— 0.05 —

49 52 —

p13

p21

0.18 ±0.260 0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052

0.23 ±0.230 0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095

p22

p23

— ±0.27 0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 -0.120

0.20 ±0.254 0.34 0.304 0.310 0.19 0.065

p55

p66

Ref.

— ±0.0015 0.0046 -0.030 0.019 -0.012 -0.031

±0.04 0.012 -0.025 0.098 0.118 0.037 0.098

51 52 53 54 54 55 28

p25 = -0.0025 p31 = 0.362 p32 = 0.275 p33 = 0.308

p51 = -0.014 p52 = 0.006 p53 = 0.0048 p55 = 0.047

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Monoclinic (2,m,2/m)

Formula

λ/µm p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272

Taurine (continued)

Isotropic Fused silica Water Polystyrene Lucite Orpiment Tellurium oxide Laser glasses

Dense flint glasses (examples)

Formula SiO2 H2O

As2S3-glass TeO2-glass LGS-247-2 LGS-250-3 LGS-1 KGSS-1621 LaSF SF4 U10502 TaFd7

p35 = -0.003 p44 = 0.0025 p46 = -0.0056

p64 = 0.0024 p66 = 0.0028

λ/µm

p11

p12

p44

Ref.

0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 1.15 0.633 0.488

0.121 ±0.31 ±0.30 ±0.30 0.308 0.257 ±0.168 ±0.135 ±0.214 ±0.205 0.088 0.215 0.172 0.099

0.270 ±0.31 ±0.31 0.28 0.299 0.241 ±0.230 ±0.198 ±0.250 ±0.239 0.147 0.243 0.179 0.138

-0.075

15 15 25 25 15 56 57

0.633

0.0045 0.0079

-0.030 -0.014 -0.004 -0.020

58

REFERENCES A. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981; pp. 290-293. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986; pp. 324-331. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1243, 1973. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev., 74, 229, 1948. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 18, 1662, 1975. Feldman, A., Horovitz, D., and Waxler, R. M., Appl. Opt., 16, 2925, 1977. Iyengar, K. S., Nature (London), 176, 1119, 1955. Bansigir, K. G. and Iyengar, K. S., Acta Crystallogr., 14, 727, 1961. Pakhev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 20, 648, 1975. Bansigir, K. G., Acta Crystallogr., 23, 505, 1967. Krishna Rao, K. V. and Krishna Murty, V. G., Ind. J. Phys., 41, 150, 1967. Weil, R. and Sun, M. J., Proc. Int. Symp. CdTe (Detectors), Strasbourg Centre de Rech. Nucl., 1971, XIX-1 to 6, 1972. Schmidt, E. D. D. and Vedam, K., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1563, 1966. Biegelsen, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 14, 3578, 1976. Helwege, K. H., Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1979. Feldman, A., Waxler, R. M., and Horovitz, D., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2589, 1978. Dixon, R. W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967. Shabin, O. V., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 13, 3141, 1972. Reintjes, J. and Schultz, M. B., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 5254, 1968. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 8, 404, 1973. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 11, 296, 1974. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. J. Opt. Technol., 46, 663, 1979. Rand, S. C., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 19, 4205, 1979. Sipe, J. E., Can J. Phys., 56, 199, 1978. Christyi, I. L., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 922, 1975. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Curr. Sci. (India), 23, 149, 1954. Smith, T. M. and Korpel, A., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., QE-1, 283, 1965. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., A40, 164, 1954. Rabman, A., Bhagarantam Commem. Vol., Bangalore Print. and Publ., 173, 1969. Eppendahl, R., Ann. Phys. (IV), 61, 591, 1920. Laurenti, J. P. and Rouzeyre, M., J. Appl. Phys., 52, 6484, 1981. Sasaki, H., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 47, 2046, 1976. Uchida, N. and Saito, S., J. Appl. Phys., 43, 971, 1972.

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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

Waxler, R. M. and Farabaugh, E. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A74, 215, 1970. Nelson, D. F., Lazay, P. D., and Lax, M., Phys. Rev., B6, 3109, 1972. O’Brien, R. J., Rosasco, G. J., and Weber, A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 716, 1970. Avakyants, L. P., et al., Sov. Phys., 18, 1242, 1976. Sapriel, J., Appl. Phys. Litt., 19, 533, 1971. Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 682, 1969. Zubrinov, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 15, 1921, 1974. Kachalov, O. V. and Shpilko, I. O., Sov. Phys. JETP (transl.), 35, 957, 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., et al., J. Mater. Sci., 8, 577, 1973. Tada, K. and Kikuchi, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 19, 1311, 1980. Aleksandrov, K. S., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 19, 1090, 1977. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.), 20, 649, 1975. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci., 10, 1019, 1975. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 1622, 1969. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4692, 1969. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 4094, 1980. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished Data. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2162, 1971. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 37, 451, 1976. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris, B274, 995 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev., 186, 945, 1969. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall., 132, 266, 1970. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., A34, 161, 1951. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3674, 1971. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr., 8, 78, 1978. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys., 46, 65, 1975.

LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name

Cubic (43m)

Formula

λ/µm

r41 pm/V

Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cuprous iodide Eulytite (BSO) Germanium eulytite (BGO) Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Hexamethylenetetramine Sphalerite Zinc selenide Zinc telluride Cadmium telluride

CuBr CuCl CuI Bi4Si3O12 Bi4Ge3O12 GaAs GaP C6H12N4 ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdTe

0.525 0.633 0.55 0.63 0.63 10.6 0.56 0.633 0.65 0.546 3.41 3.39

0.85 3.6 -5.0 0.54 1.0 1.6 -1.07 0.78 2.1 2.0 4.2 6.8

Cubic (23) Ammonium chloride (77 K) Ammonium cadmium langbeinite Ammonium manganese langbeinite Thallium cadmium langbeinite Potassium magnesium langbeinite Bismuth monogermanate Bismuth monosilicate Sodium chlorate Sodium uranyl acetate

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Formula NH4Cl (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 K2Mg2(SO4)3 Bi12GeO20 Bi12SiO20 NaClO3 NaUO2(CH3COO)3

λ/µm — 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 — — 0.589 0.546

r41 pm/V 1.5 0.70 0.53 0.37 0.40 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.87

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Cubic (23)

N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HBr N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl

Trenhydrobromide Trenhydrochloride

Tetragonal (42m)

Greenockite Greenockite (const. strain) Wurzite Zincite

CdS CdS ZnS ZnO

Hexagonal (6)

Formula

Lithium iodate Lithium potassium sulfate

LiIO3 LiKSO4

r63 pm/V

24.5 — — — — 8.6 8.8 12.5 — — — —

-8.5 11.9 9.2 18.6 36.6 -10.5 23.8 10.9 18.2 15.5 13.0 21.4

r13 pm/V

Ttran K 406 693 765 330 602

BaTiO3 K3Li2Nb5O15 PbTiO3 Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6

Formula

r41 pm/V

148 242 — 143 212 123 222 97 162 147 110 178

Formula

Barium titanate Potassium lithium niobate Lead titanate Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Strontium barium niobate (SBN46)

1.5 1.7

Ttran K

NH4H2PO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4 KH2PO4 KD2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2AsO4

Tetragonal (4mm)

Hexagonal (6mm)

— —

Formula

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A)

r41 pm/V

λ/µm

Formula

r33 pm/V

8 8.9 13.8 6.7 ~180

28 5.9 5.9 1340 35

r13 pm/V

r33 pm/V

r42 pm/V

r51 pm/V

3.1 1.1 0.9 -1.4

2.9 2.4 1.8 +2.6

2.0 — — —

3.7 — — —

r13 pm/V 4.1 r13-r33 = 1.6

r33 pm/V

r42 pm/V

r51 pm/V

6.4 —

1.4 —

3.3 —

Trigonal (3m)

Formula

Ttran K

r13 pm/V

r22 pm/V

r33 pm/V

Cesium nitrate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Lithium sodium sulfate Tourmaline

CsNO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 LiNaSO4 —

425 1483 890 — —

— 8.6 8.4 — —

0.43 7.0 — <0.02 0.3

— 30.8 30.5 — —

Trigonal (32) Cesium tartrate Cinnabar

Formula

Ttran K

Cs2C4H4O6 HgS

— 659

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r11 pm/V

r41 pm/V

1.0 3.1

— 1.5

r51 pm/V — — — 42 —

r42 pm/V — 28 — — —

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Formula

Ttran K

r11 pm/V

r41 pm/V

K2S2O6 SrS2O6⋅4H2O SiO2 Se

— — 1140 398

0.26 0.1 -0.47 2.5

— — 0.2

Trigonal (32) Potassium dithionate Strontium dithionate Quartz Selenium

Orthorhombic (222)

(NH4)2C2O4⋅4H2O KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O

Ammonium oxalate Rochelle salt

Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Potassium niobate

— Tu = 297 Tl = 255

r41 pm/V

r52 pm/V

r63 pm/V

230 -2.0

330 -1.7

250 +0.32

Formula

Ttrans K

r13 pm/V

r23 pm/V

r33 pm/V

Ba2NaNbO15 KNbO3

833 476

15 28

13 1.3

48 64

Orthorhombic (mm2)

Formula

Ttrans K

r22 pm/V

r32 pm/V

Ca2Nb2O7 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4

— 322

0.33 7.2

13.7 13.6

Monoclinic (2) Calcium pyroniobate Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

Ttran K

Formula

r42 pm/V

r51 pm/V

92 380

90 105

REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405-407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258-278.

QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2

Name Barium titanate Strontium titanate Potassium tantalate niobate Potassium tantalate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium sodium niobate (BSN)

Formula BaTiO3 SrTiO3

λ µm

Ttran K

g11 1010 esu

g12 1010 esu

g11-g12 1010 esu

406 —

0.633 0.633

1.33 —

-0.11 —

1.44 1.56

KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 KTaO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3

330 13 1483 938

0.633 0.633 — —

1.50 — 0.94 1.0

-0.42 — 0.25 0.17

1.92 1.77 0.7 0.8

Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6

833

1.55

0.44

1.11

—

g44 1010 esu

— 1.63 1.33 0.6 0.7

Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; Tm is the melting point; and Tb is the normal boiling point

Name Carbon disulfide Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Molecular formula CS2 C3H6O C4H8O

K 10–7 esu

ε

Tm °C

°C

+3.23 +16.3 +13.6

2.63 21.0 18.56

-111.5 -94.8 -86.67

+46.3 +56.1 +79.6

Tb

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids (continued)2 Molecular formula

Name Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate o-Dichlorobenzene Benzenesulfonyl chloride Nitrobenzene Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate Paraldehyde

C5H5N C5H7NO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12O3

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O

p-Chlorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Benzyl alcohol

C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8O

m-Cresol

C7H8O

+21.2

m-Chloroacetophenone Acetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H8O

+69.1 +66.6

Quinoline Ethyl salicylate Carvone Ethyl benzoylacetate Water

C9H7N C9H10O3 C10H14O C11H12O3 H2O

+15.0 +19.6 +23.6 +16.0 +4.0

a

ε

Tm °C

°C

13.26 31.6 10.12 28.90 35.6 — 14.7 12.0a 17.85 14.1a 6.25 26.26 24.95 22.2 11.92 10.8a 12.44 5.0a

-42 -22.5 -16.7 +14.5 +5.7 +33.9 +12.6

+115.23 205 180 247 210.8 210 124

-26

179.05

+7.5 -10 +15.5 +51.6 -15.3

162.4 222.3 232 238.3 205.8

+11.8

202.27

17.44 15.8a 9.16 8.48 11.2 13.50 80.10

+19.7

202.3

-14.78 +1.3 <0 <0 0.00

237.16 231.5 230 270 100.0

K 10–7 esu +20.4 +38.8 +42.6 +89.9 +326 +31.0 -23.0 +80.8 +23.0 +174 +177 +222 -15.4

Dielectric constant at radiofrequencies (108-109 Hz). REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-241.

MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength

Material Al2O3 BaTaO3

Bi4Ge3O12

C (diamond) CaCO3 CaF2 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te

T K

λ nm

n

V min/Oe cm

300 300 403 403 403 403 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

546.1 589.3 427 496 620 826 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 632.8

1.771 1.768

0.0240 0.0210 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.072 0.289 0.099 0.026 0.0233 0.019 0.0088 6.87

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2.077 2.048 2.031 2.417 1.658 1.434

Tb

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals (continued)1

Material CuCl GaSe KAl(SO4)2⋅12H2O KBr KCl KI KTaO3

LaF3 (H\c)

MgAl2O4 NH4AlSO4⋅12H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NiSO4⋅6H2O SiO2 SrTiO3

ZnS ZnSe

T K

λ nm

300 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 296 296 296 296 296 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 297 297 300 300 298 298 298 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

546.1 632.8 589.3 546.1 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 352 413 496 620 826 325 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 413 496 620 826 546.1 589.3 476 496 514 587 632.8

n 1.93 1.456 1.564 1.560 1.490 1.673 1.666

1.639 1.615 1.601 1.592 1.718 1.459 1.711 1.643

1.544 1.515 1.511 1.546 1.544 2.627

2.368 2.826 2.759 2.721 2.627 2.592

V min/Oe cm 0.20 0.80 0.0124 0.0500 0.0425 0.0275 0.083 0.070 0.44 0.19 0.096 0.051 0.022 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.006 0.021 0.0128 0.0504 0.0410 0.0362 0.0621 0.0410 0.0345 0.0105 0.0081 0.0256 0.0221 0.0195 0.0166 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.066 0.287 0.226 1.50 1.04 0.839 0.529 0.406

Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K

Material Tb2Al5O12

Dy3Al5O12 Ho3Al5O12

T/K 300 77 4.2 1.45 300 300

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λ = 405 nm -2.266

-1.241 -0.709

450 nm

480 nm

-1.565 -102.16

-1.290 -83.45

-200.95 -0.942 -0.320

-172.52 -0.803 -0.260

V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm -1.039 -3.425 -64.80 -139.28 -0.667 -0.335

-0.912 -3.051 -58.35 -125.07 -0.592 -0.304

578 nm -0.787 -2.603 -53.77 -111.27 -0.518 -0.299

635 nm -0.620 -2.008 48.39 97.47 -0.411

670 nm -0.542 -1.815 -45.15 -93.42 -0.359 -0.206

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths (continued)1

Material

T/K

λ = 405 nm

450 nm

480 nm

V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm

578 nm

635 nm

670 nm

Er3Al5O12 Tm3Al5O12 Yb3Al5O12

300 300 298 77

-0.189 +0.151 0.287 0.718

-0.240 +0.103 0.215 0.540

-0.154 +0.093 0.186 0.481

-0.162 0.076 0.140 0.393

-0.145 +0.059 0.116 0.302

-0.105 +0.048 0.094 0.239

-0.089

-0.157 0.069 0.133 0.342

Verdet Constants of Gases2 Values refer to T = 0°C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm

Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1 Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k \ [001] V min/Oe cm

Material KH2PO4 (KDP) KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) NH4H2PO4 (ADP) KH2AsO4 (KDA) KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) NH4H2AsO4 (ADH)

0.0124 0.145 0.138 0.238 0.245 0.244

106 × V min/Oe cm

(nD – 1) × 103

Gas He Ar H2 N2 O2 Air Cl2 HCl H2S NH3 CO CO2 NO CH4 n-C4H10

0.036 2.81

+0.40 +9.36 +6.29 +6.46 +5.69 +6.27 +31.9 +21.5 +41.5 +19.0 +11.0 +9.39 -58 +17.4 +44.0

0.297 0.272 0.293 0.773 0.447 0.63 0.376 0.34 0.45 0.297 0.444

Verdet Constants of Liquids2 nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20°C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant

Liquid P S H2 O D2 O H3PO4 CS2 CCl4 SbCl5 TiCl4 TiBr4 Methanol Acetone Toluene Benzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Bromoform

λ/nm

T/°C

102 × V min/Oe cm

589 589 589 589 578 589 578-589 578 578 578 589 578-589 578-589 578-589 589 589 589

33 114 20 19.7 97.4 20 25.1 18 17 46 18.7 20.0 15.0 15.0 15 15 17.9

+13.3 +8.1 +1.309 +1.257 +1.35 +4.255 +1.60 +7.45 -1.65 -5.3 +0.958 +1.116 +2.71 +3.00 +2.92 +2.17 +3.13

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nD

1.929 (110°C) 1.3328 1.3384 1.6255 1.463 (15°C) 1.601 (14°C) 1.61 1.3289 1.3585 1.4950 1.5005 1.5246 1.5523 1.5960

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated Rare Earth

Host

T/K

λ/nm

n

Ce3+(30%)

CaF2

Ce3+

CeF3

CaF2

Nd3+(2.9%) Nd3+

CaF2 NdF3

Eu3+(3%)

CaF2

Eu2+

EuF2

Tb3+

KTb3F10

Tb3+

LiTbF4

Tb3+

Tb3Ga5O12

325 442 633 1064 442 633 633 1064 266 325 442 633 1064 426 442 633 633 1064 430 440 450 500 550 600 650 1064 325 442 633 633 1064 325 442 633 1064 500 570 633 830 1060

1.516 1.502 1.494 1.489 1.613 1.598

Pr3+(5%)

300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 4.2 300 290 77 300 4.2 4.2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

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1.589 1.471 1.461 1.451 1.445 1.441 1.60 1.59 1.58

1.531 1.518 1.510 1.505 1.493 1.481 1.473 1.469 1.989 1.981 1.976 1.967 1.954

V min/Oe cm -0.956 -0.297 -0.111 -0.035 -1.05 -0.406 -1.418 -0.113 -0.172 -0.0818 -0.0089 -0.0168 -0.0045 -0.19 -0.553 -0.209 -0.755 -0.097 29 22 -4.5 -2.6 -1.6 -1.1 -0.8 -0.19 -2.174 -0.933 -0.386 -1.94 -0.114 -1.9 -0.98 -0.44 -0.13 -0.749 -0.581 -0.461 -0.21 -0.12

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MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Rare earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3⋅xP2O5, where x is given in the second column

R

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La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb

x

λ = 405 nm

λ = 436 nm

λ = 480 nm

Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 nm nm nm

λ= 578 nm

λ= 600 nm

λ= 635 nm

λ= 670 nm

2.67 3.09 2.92 2.87 2.93 3.01 2.94 2.51 2.94 3.01 2.79 3.01

0.037 -0.672 -0.447 -0.250 0.026 -0.025 0.018 -0.560 -0.540 -0.299 -0.139 0.019 0.087

0.030 0.510 -0.332 -0.209 0.024 -0.017 0.015 -0.458 -0.453 -0.313 -0.121 0.013 0.072

0.024 -0.366 -0.283 -0.167 0.020 -0.010 0.014 -0.357 -0.359 -0.156 -0.100 0.012 0.056

0.022 -0.326 -0.261 -0.155 0.020 -0.006 0.012 -0.323 -0.331 -0.153 -0.111 0.009 0.050

0.015 -0.217 -0.182 -0.094 0.014 -0.004 0.011 -0.226 -0.237 -0.119 -0.060 0.005 0.036

-0.014 -0.197 -0.170 -0.080 0.012 -0.003 0.010 -0.206 -0.217 -0.110 -0.057 0.004 0.032

0.013 -0.173 -0.150 -0.080 0.011 -0.002 0.009 -0.190 -0.197 -0.098 -0.051 0.004 0.029

— -0.150 -0.132 -0.071 0.010 -0.002 0.009 -0.164 -0.173 -0.084 -0.044 0.007 0.024

0.019 -0.153 -0.100 0.017 0.019 0.018 -0.205 -0.193 -0.104 -0.042 0.023 0.046 -0.380 -0.358 -0.334

0.018 -0.146 -0.059 0.016 -0.016 0.017 -0.186 -0.177 -0.096 -0.040 0.021 0.043 -0.348 -0.332 -0.317

0.016 -0.128 -0.056 0.014 0.014 0.015 -0.167 -0.159 — -0.035 0.018 0.037 -0.306 -0.290 -0.271

0.014 -0.110 -0.046 0.012 -0.012 0.013 -0.142 -0.138 -0.074 -0.034 0.016 0.033 -0.265 -0.252 -0.243

0.020 -0.287 -0.236 -0.136 0.017 -0.006 0.012 -0.295 -0.301 -0.138 -0.095 0.008 0.045

0.018 -0.253 -0.208 -0.134 0.015 -0.005 0.011 -0.261 0.268 -0.138 -0.062 0.006 0.041

The following are rare earth borate glasses with composition: for La and Pr: R2O3⋅xP2O5; for Tb-Pr and Dy-Pr: R2O3⋅xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3⋅0.85La3O3⋅xB2O3. La Pr-La Nd-La Sm-La Eu-La Gd-La Tb-La Dy-La Ho-La Er-La Tm-La Yb-La Tb-Pr Dy-Pr Pr

3.04 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.69 4.71 4.73 4.88 4.36 4.50 4.75 8.58 4.99 4.63 2.56

0.043 -0.380 -0.180 0.032 -0.081 0.032 -0.512 -0.436 -0.269 -0.093 0.060 0.115 -0.940 -0.850 -0.843

0.036 -0.307 -0.147 0.030 -0.060 0.026 -0.419 -0.361 -0.252 -0.078 0.046 0.094 -0.786 — -0.646

0.029 -0.230 -0.120 0.025 -0.038 0.024 -0.319 -0.299 -0.123 -0.068 0.039 0.073 -0.560 — -0.471

0.026 -0.220 -0.111 0.024 -0.033 0.022 -0.288 -0.273 -0.131 -0.082 0.034 0.066 -0.536 -0.497 -0.480

0.023 -0.201 -0.096 0.022 -0.029 0.021 -0.262 -0.246 -0.112 — 0.031 0.060 -0.489 -0.465 -0.432

0.022 -0.178 -0.094 0.019 -0.024 0.020 -0.234 -0.220 -0.128 -0.045 0.026 0.054 -0.436 -0.413 -0.390

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type SiO2 B2O3 CdO ZnO TeO2 ZrF4

Bi2O3 PbO

Tl2O

SnO TeO3

Sb2O3

Composition (wt. %) 100% SiO2 100% B2O3 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF2, 3.8% LiF

λ = 325 nm

0.079 0.072

95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO2 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 75% TeO2, 25% Sb2O3 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 70% TeO2, 30% WO3 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs2O, 5% Al2O3 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

λ = 442 nm

0.033 0.044 0.196

λ = 633 nm 0.013 0.010 0.022 0.020 0.076 0.011

λ = 1064 nm

0.022

λ = 700 nm

λ = 853 nm

λ = 1060 nm

0.086 0.093 0.077 0.032 0.092 0.100 0.036 0.071 0.076 0.073 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.076 0.074 0.078

0.051 0.061 0.045 0.020 0.061 0.067 0.022 0.046 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.035 0.075 0.050 0.044 0.052

0.033 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.032 0.043 0.012 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.022 0.048 0.032 0.025 0.030

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1 This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature V in min/Oe cm Glass type

ρ g/cm3

BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF

2.49 2.53 2.87 3.23 3.48 3.56 3.63 3.9

nD 1.5096 1.5189 1.5406 1.5785 1.6047 1.6122 1.6203 1.6533

λ = 365.0 nm

λ = 404.7 nm

0.0499 0.0561 0.0609 0.1143 0.1112 0.0662 0.1473 0.1725

λ = 435.8 nm

0.0392 0.0440 0.0477 0.0850 0.0832 0.0517 0.1076 0.1248

λ = 546.1 nm

0.0333 0.0372 0.0403 0.0693 0.0685 0.0435 0.0872 0.1007

λ = 578.0 nm

0.02034 0.0225 0.0245 0.0394 0.0393 0.0261 0.0485 0.0556

0.01798 0.01995 0.0216 0.0344 0.0344 0.0231 0.0423 0.0483

The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type

SiO2

B2O3

K2O

CaO

Al2O3

As2O3

BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF

69.6 72.0 57.1 52.5 45.2 36.2 46.3 40.6

6.7 — 1.8 — — 7.7 — —

20.5 10.1 13.7 9.5 7.8 0.2 1.1 7.5

2.9 11.4 0.3 0.3 — 0.2 0.3 0.2

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 — 3.5 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2

Na2O

BaO

— 6.1 — — — — 5.0 0.1

— — 26.9 — 16.0 44.6 — —

ZnO

PbO

— — — — 8.3 6.7 — —

— — — 37.6 22.2 — 47.0 51.5

REFERENCES 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, p. 299-310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-230.

FARADAY ROTATION Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc K

4 π Ms gauss

F deg/cm

α cm–1

Fe

1043

21,800

Co

1390

18,200

Ni

633

6,400

Permalloy (Ni/Fe = 82/18)

803

10,700

4.4 × 105 6.5 × 105 7 × 105 7 × 105 2.9 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 0.8 × 105 2.6 × 105 1.5 × 105 1 × 105 1.2 × 105

6.5 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.5 × 105 — 6.1 × 105 4.5 × 105 3.6 × 105 — 5.8 × 105 4.8 × 105 4.1 × 105 6 × 105

Material

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2 F/α 1.4 2.6 3.3 4.0 — 1.8 2.4 2.7 — 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.4

T K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

λ nm 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)

Material Ni/Fe = 100/0 Ni/Fe = 80/20 Ni/Fe = 60/40 Ni/Fe = 40/60 Ni/Fe = 20/80 Ni/Fe = 0/100 MnBi

Tc K

639

4 π Ms gauss

F deg/cm

6,000 10,800 14,900 14,400 19,400 21,600 7,700

1.2 × 105 2.2 × 105 2.9 × 105 2.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 3.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 7.5 × 105 0.44 × 105 0.62 × 105 0.5 × 105 0.4 × 105 0.9 × 105 2400 1250 750 175 -2000 -1050 -300 -80 2.0 × 104 -1.0 × 104 -120 +75 +110 2.75 × 104 3.6 × 104 -2.5 × 104 -60 0 +35 -440 +10 +110 +135 -50 +75 +150 +165 90 75 360 70 310 75 180 3400 1600 620 300 670 180 2000

MnAs

313

—

CrTe

334

1015

FeRh Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)

333 560

— 2500

Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG)

Tn = 564 T = 286

7300

NiFe2O4

858

3350

CoFe2O4

793

4930

MgFe2O4

593-713e

1450e

Li0.5Fe2.5O4

863-953e

3240e to 3900

BaFe12O19

723

—

Ba2Zn2Fe12O19

—

—

RbNiF3

220

1250

RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 RbFeF3

109 102

— —

FeF3

365

CrCl3

16.8

40 at 300 K 3880

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α cm–1

2 F/α

T K

λ nm

7.05 × 105 7.10 × 105 7.54 × 105 8.17 × 105 8.10 × 105 8.13 × 105 6.1 × 105 4.2 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.4 × 105 2.0 × 105 1.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 1500 1400 450 <0.06

0.34 0.62 0.77 0.54 0.81 0.86 1.4 3.6 0.174 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.56 3.2 1.8 3.3 >3 × 103

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 348 300 300 300 300

6000 900 100 70 5.9 × 104 10 × 104 38 15 32 12 × 104 17 × 104 6 × 104 100 12 6 150 85 44 80 -38 20 20 22 120 65 35 10 70 25 9 7 3 1.5 2.5 14 4.4 200

0.6 2.3 6.0 2.3 0.7 0.2 6 10 7 0.5 0.4 0.8 1 0 11 6 0.2 5 3 3 7.5 15 15 1.5 2.0 20 14 9 6 40 900 1100 830 240 95 82 20

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 77 77 77 77 82 82 82 82 300 300 1.5

632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 450 900 500 900 550 900 700 555 625 770 5000 to 1500 500 600 800 1000 286 500 1500 3000 5000 286 400 660 2500 4000 6000 1500 3000 5000 7000 2000 3000 5000 7000 5000 7000 450a 600a 800a 1000a 600b 300c 400c 600c 800c 349d 522.5d 410

ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)

Material

Tc K

4 π Ms gauss

CrBr3

32.5

3390

CrI3

68

2690

FeBO3

348

EuO

69

115 at 300 K 23700

EuS

16.3

—

EuSe

7.0

13,200

a b c d e

F deg/cm

α cm–1

-500 -1000 3 × 105 1.6 × 105 1.1 × 105 0.8 × 105 3200 450 -1.0 × 105 5 × 105 0.5 × 105 3 × 104 660 -1.6 × 105 -9.6 × 105 +5.5 × 105 1.45 × 105 0.95 × 105

300 70 3 × 103 1.4 × 104 6.3 × 103 3 × 103 140 38 0.5 × 104 9.7 × 104 7.8 × 104 >0.5 >1.0 0 3.3 × 104 1.2 × 105 80 60

2 F/α 3 30 200 23 35 53 45 24 40 10 1.3 ∼105 1300 — 58 9.2 3600 3170

T K

λ nm

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 300 300 5 5 5 20 20 6 6 6 4.2 4.2

450 590 478 500 970 1000 500 700 1100 700 500 2500 10600 825 690 563 750 800

Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. Depends on heat treatment. REFERENCE 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288-296.

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series P = ε 0 χ(1) E + 2 χ(2 ) E 2 + 4 χ(3) E 3 + L

(1)

where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω1 (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω2 (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows

Pi (ω 1ω 2 ) = 2 χ ijk3

ω =ω 1 ±ω 2

ω

ω2

E j 1 Ek

When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3′ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0,ω,–ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility

dijk = 1 / 2 χ ( 2 ) Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the Taylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by ω3 Pj (ω 1ω 2ω 3 ) = g4 χ jklm Ek 1 El 2 Em ω

ω

Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows

C jklm = 1 / 4 χ jklm This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amplify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, self-focusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical conjugation. Many of these effects — as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical computing, and optical imaging. REFERENCES (NONLINEAR OPTICS) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 111, Part 1; Ed.: Marvin J. Weber, Publ.: CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1984. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1973. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics, Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Eds.: D.S. Chemla and J. Zyss, Publ.: Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. Optical Phase Conjugation, Ed.: R.A. Fisher, Publ.: Academic Press, New York, 1983. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics, Academic Press, Boston, 1994. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.), Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.

12-168

NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals* Symmetry class

dim × 1012 m/V

λ µm

GaAs GaP InAs

43 m 43 m 43 m

ZnSe

43 m

β-ZnS

43 m

ZnTe

43 m

CdTe Bi4GeO12 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) LiIO3

43 m 43 m 43 m 6

ZnO

6 mm

α-ZnS

6 mm

CdS

6 mm

CdSe

6 mm

BaTiO3

4 mm

PbTiO3

4 mm

K3Li2Nb5O15

4 mm

K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 SrBaNb5O15

4 mm 4 mm

NH4H2PO4 (ADP)

42 m

KH2PO4 (KDP)

42 m

KD2PO4 (KD*P)

42 m

KH2AsO4 (KDA)

42 m

CdGeAs2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 (NH2)2CO (urea) AlPO4 Se

42 m 42 m 42 m 42 m 32 32

d14 = 134.1 ± 42 d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 d14 = 364 ± 47 d14 = 210 d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 d14 = 167.6 ± 63 d14 = 1.28 d14 = 4.1 d33 = –7.02 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 d36 = 0.53 d36 = 0.85 d36 = 0.44 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 d14 = 0.37 d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 d36 = 351 ± 105 d36 = 18 ± 2.7 d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 d36 = 1.3 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 d11 = 97 ± 25

10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.058 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694 1.064 0.694 1.058 0.694 1.058 1.06 0.694 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.06 1.058 10.6

Material

12-169

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NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals (continued)*

Material

Symmetry class

Te SiO2 (quartz) HgS (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] β-BaB2O4 [BBO]

32 32 32 32 3m

LiNbO3

3m

LiTaO3

3m

Ag3AsS3 [proustite]

3m

Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite]

3m

α-HIO3 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana]

222 222 mm 2

C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB]

mm 2

Gd2(MoO4)3

mm 2

KNbO3

mm 2

KTiOPO4 [KTP]

mm 2

NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA]

mm 2

C10H12N3O6 [MAP]

2

(NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS]

2

*

dim × 1012 m/V d11 = 650 ± 30 d11 = 0.335 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 d33 = 34.4 d31 = –5.95 d22 = 2.76 d33 = –16.4 ± 2 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 d31 = 12.6 ± 4 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0 d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 d33 = 0.74 d32 = 2.7 d31 = 1.78 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 d33 = 13.7 d32 = ± 5.0 d31 = ± 6.5 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 d23 = 0.32

These data are taken from References 1 and 2.

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λ µm 10.6 1.064 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694

NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials*

Material

NLO process

NH4H2PO4 [ADP]

(–3ω,ω,ω,ω)

C6H6 [benzene] CdGeAs2 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3

(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,ω)

C40H56 [β-carotene] GaAs high-resistivity Ge LiIO3

(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)

KBr

(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)

KCl

(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)

KH2PO4 [KDP] Si p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl

(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)

NaF

(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)

*

(–3,ω,ω,ω,–ω)

These data are taken from Reference 1.

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Cjn × 1020 m2/V–2

λ µm

C11 = 0.0104 C18 = 0.0098 C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 C11 = 182 ± 84 C16 = 175 C18 = –35 C11 0.263 ± 0.08 C11 = 62 ± 31

1.06 1.06 1.89 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.89 1.06

C11 = 23.5 ± 12 C12 = 0.2285 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 C11 = 0.0392 C18/C11 = 0.3667 C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.28 C11–3C18 = 0.04 C11 = 82.8 ± 25

1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06

C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.4133 C11 = 0.0035

1.06 1.06 1.06

PHASE DIAGRAMS H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is only one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but often a change in the physical properties will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which loose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). However, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid-solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map which indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pressure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of systems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has proved to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodynamic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained which are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram information and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction functions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicomponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kinetic aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp.358-360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain phase diagrams for many additional systems. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U.R., Boettinger, W.J.B., and Coriell, S.R., Z. Metallkd., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale, A.T., Editor, CALPHAD, Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Editor, ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T.B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R.S., Editor, Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH. REFERENCES TO INDIVIDUAL PHASE DIAGRAMS Figure 1. Carbon: Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref.5, p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5, p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2: Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High Tc Superconductors, Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Figure 16.13 , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5, p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission.

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PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission. Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Editors, Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission. Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23: Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission. Figure 1 200

P/GPa

150

Diamond 100

50 Liquid A B 0

C

Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-tographite transition.

Graphite

0

2000

4000 T/K

6000

Figure 2

Figure 2. Si-Ge system.

Phase (Ge,Si) High-pressure phases GeII SiII

Composition, mass % Si

Pearson symbol

0 to 100

cF8

– Fd3 m

— —

tI4 tI4

I41/amd I41/amd

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Space group

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) FIGURE 3 200

Liquid

150

VII

100

t /°C

50

VI

0 V

III

VIII

I -50 II

Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase which exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below -100°C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solid phases.

-100

-150 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

P/GPa

Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Phase

Crystal system

Ih Ic II III IV V

Hexagonal Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Rhombohedral Monoclinic

VI VII VIII IX X

Tetragonal Cubic Tetragonal Tetragonal Cubic

Cell parameters a = 4.513; c = 7352 a = 6.35 a = 7.78; α = 113.1° a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 7.60; α = 70.1° a = 9.22; b = 7.54, c = 10.35; β = 109.2° a = 6.27; c = 5.79 a = 3.41 a = 4.80; c = 6.99 a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 2.83

Z

n

ρ/g cm-3

Triple ponts

4 8 12 12 16 28

4 4 4 4 4 4

0.93 0.94 1.18 1.15 1.27 1.24

I-III: -21.99°C, 209.9 MPa

10 2 8 12 2

4 8 8 4 8

1.31 1.56 1.56 1.16 2.51

III-V: -16.99°C, 350.1 MPa V-VI: 0.16°C, 632.4 MPa VI-VII: 82°C, 2216 MPa

REFERENCES 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.

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PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 4

2000

Liq. Crist βQuartz

t/°C

M

1300° 34 kbars

1190° 1.43 kbars

Cal cula ted

1500

Trid

1000

Coesite

500

αQuartz Stishovite

0

0

20

40

60 80 P/kbar

100

120

Figure 4. SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite.

Figure 5 Atom % Oxygen 54

56

A B

58

Liq. iron + Liq. oxide

Liquid oxide

C

R´ Liquid oxide + magnetite

δ-Iron + liq. oxide

I H

G

S

60 Liquid oxide + oxygen

V

Liq. iron

1600

1400

52

50

R

Magnetite

Liq. iron

3000

Magnetite + oxygen

Y

Z 2600

γ-Iron + liq. oxide

N J .. Wustite γ-Iron .. + wustite

Hematite + oxygen

t/°C

1200

1000

.. Wustite + magnetite

L

2200

°F 1800

Magnetite + hematite

800 α-Iron .. + wustite

1400

600

Q

1000 α-Iron + magnetite

FeO 400

0 .2 .4 22

24

26 Mass % Oxygen

Fe3O4 28

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Fe3O3 Z´ 30

Figure 5. Fe-O system.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 5 (continued)

a

Point

t/°C

%O

pCO2/pCO

A B C G H I J L N

1539 1528 1528 1400a 1424 1424 1371 911a 1371

0.16 22.60 22.84 25.60 25.31 23.16 23.10 22.91

0.209 0.209 0.263 16.2 16.2 0.282 0.447 0.282

Point

t/°C

%O

pCO2/pCO

Q R R′ S V Y Z Z′

560 1583 1583 1424 1597 1457 1457

23.26 28.30 28.07 27.64 27.64 28.36 30.04 30.6

1.05

pO2/atm

1 1 16.2 0.0575 1 1

Values for pure iron.

Figure 6

2200

Mass Percent Oxygen 10 20

0

30

40 TinO2n-1

2000 ~1885°C

L

1842°C 1870°C

1800

(βTi)

γTiO

t/°C

1400 ~1250°C 1200

βTiO

(αTi)

1000

940°C

Ti3O

600

βTi1-xO

αTiO

882°C

Ti3O2

800

TiO2 (rutile) higher Magneli phases

1600

βTi2O3

1720°C 1670°C

αTi1-xO

Ti2O 400 0

10

20

Ti

Phase (βTi) (αTi) Ti3O Ti2O γTiO Ti3O2 βTiO αTiO βTi1–xO αTi1–xO βTi2O3 αTi2O3 βTi3O5 αTi3O5 α′Ti3O5

30 40 Atomic Percent Oxygen

50

Composition, mass % O

60

Pearson symbol

0 to 3 0 to 13.5 ∼8 to ∼13 ∼10 to 14.4 15.2 to 29.4 ∼18 ∼24 to ∼29.4 ∼25.0 ∼29.5 ∼29.5 33.2 to 33.6 33.2 to 33.6 35.8 35.8 35.8

cI2 hP2 hP∼16 hP3 cF8 hP∼5 c** mC16 oI12 tI18 hR30 hR30 m** mC32 mC32

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70

Figure 6. Ti-O system. Space group – Im3 m P63/mmc – P3 c – P3 m1 – Fm3 m P6/mmm — A2/m or B*/* I222 I4/m – R3 c – R3 c — C2/m Cc

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 6 (continued) Composition, mass % O

Phase γTi4O7 βTi4O7 αTi4O7 γTi5O9 βTi6O11 Ti7O13 Ti8O15 Ti9O17 Rutile TiO2 Metastable phases Anatase Brookite High-pressure phases TiO2-II TiO2-III

Pearson symbol

Space group

36.9 36.9 36.9 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 40.1

aP44 aP44 aP44 aP28 aC68 aP40 aC92 aP52 tP6

– P1 – P1 – P1 – P1 – A1 – P1 – A1 – P1 P42/mnm

— —

tI12 oP24

I41/amd Pbca

— —

oP12 hP∼48

Pbcn —

FIGURE 7

1600

TiO2 + Liq.

1500

Liquid

1400 BaTiO3 + Liq.

~1357°

TiO2 + BaTi4O9

~1330°

~1320°

~1300°

1200

60 BaO

70

80

Ba2Ti9O20

BaTi4O9

BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40

Ba4Ti13O30

1300 Ba6Ti17O40

t /°C

1428°

TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20

90

Mol %

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100 TiO2

Figure 7. BaO-TiO2 system.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 8

2800

2600

2400 Spinel s s + Liquid

Periclase s s + Liquid 2200

t/°C

2105° 2000

Periclase ss

1995° Spinel ss

1800 Periclase s s + Spinel ss 1600 ~1500° Periclase + Spinel 1400 0 MgO

10

20

30

40 Mol %

50

70 Al2O3

60

Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3 system.

Figure 9

Liquid

2800 Hss

Css + Liq. 2400 Yss + Hss 2000

Css

Css + Yss Yss

1700°C

(28%)

Css + 6:1

1375°

1325°±25°

Tetss + Css

(55%)

1200

800

6:1ss

Tetss

4:3 + 1:6ss Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°

Zr3Y4O12

t/°C

1650°±50°

1600

400

Monss Monss + Css

0

0 Y2O3

20

40

60

80

Mol %

12-206

100 ZrO2

Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Yss = cubic Y2O3 ss; Tetss = tetragonal ZrO2 ss; Monss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY6O11 ss.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 10 3(SiO2) 100

2(Al2O3)

Al6Si4O13 ss

Liquid ALON ss

X

80

1700°C

Mol %

60

8H

40 β´

O´

R 15

Si2ON2

H 12

20

R 21 R 27 δ 2H

0 0 Si3N4

20

40

60

80

Mol %

100 4(AIN)

Figure 10. 3(SiO2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) system. “Behavior” diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β′ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O′ = sialon of Si2ON2 type; X = SiAlO2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N.

Figure 11

PbO

1100°C

Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss (PT-PZ)ss(rhom) (PZ-PT)ss(orth)

(PT-PZ)ss(tet) PbTiO3

PbZrO3 ZT

Zss + (PT-PZ)ss

(PT -PZ )s

)ss

Tss +

-PZ PT

s

+(

TiO2 (8%)

Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

40

Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

TiZrO4 Mol %

60

80 (86%)

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ZrO2

Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO 2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100°C. P = PbO; T = TiO2; Z = ZrO2.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 12

Figure 12. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C).

Crystalline Phases Notation

Oxide formula

Cristobalite Tridymite Pseudowollastonite Rankinite Lime Corundum Mullite Anorthite Gehlenite

}

SiO2 CaO⋅SiO2 3CaO⋅2SiO2 CaO Al2O3 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 CaO⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2 2CaO⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2

Temperatures up to approximately 1550°C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550°C are on the 1948 International Scale.

12-208

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 13

BaO(BaCO3)

c1 P ss

Ba4Y2O7

Ba2CuO3

~4:1:2

~5:1:3

Ba2Y2O5

BaCuO2 b2

Ba3Y4O9

a2

2:1:3

BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1

Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)

20

40

b1 Mol %

60

Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.

c2 100 CuO

80

Figure 14

1100

0

Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40

10

50

60

70

80

90 100 1084.87°

β0

1000 γ0

L 900

β

ε1

t/°C

800

700

γ1 660.452°C ε2

600 δ

η1

548.2°C

500

ζ1

567°C

η2

400

θ

(Al)

(Cu) ζ2

300 0 Al

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper

70

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α2

80

90

100 Cu

Figure 14. Al-Cu system.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 14 (continued) Composition, wt % Cu

Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ′ β′ Al3Cu2

Pearson symbol

Space group

0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100

cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4

– Fm3 m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm — — P63/mmc – R3 m — – P4 3m — – Im3 m — – Fm3 m

— — 61 to 70

tP6 cF16 hp5

— – Fm3 m – P3 m1

(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice. Figure 15 0

10

Atomic Percent Carbon 20 30

L

2000

(δFe)

L + C(graphite)

1500 1394°C

t/°C

(γFe), austenite

1153°C 2.1

4.2

1000 912°C

740°C 0.65 500 (αFe), ferrite

0

0

2

4

6 8 Mass Percent Carbon

Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite

10

Composition, mass % C

12

Figure 15. Fe-C system.

Pearson symbol

Space group

0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100

cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4

– Im3 m – Fm3 m – Im3 m P63/mmc

0 < 2.1

hP2 tI4

P63/mmc I4/mmm

12-210

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 15 (continued) Composition, mass % C

Phase Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)

5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100

Pearson symbol

Space group

cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8

– P4 3m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 – P3 m1 – Fd3 m

Figure 16 Atomic Percent Chromium 0

1900

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 1863°C

L 1700 1538°C 1500

1513°C 19.8

1394°C

t/°C

1300 (γFe) 1100 11.2 846°C

912°C 900

13.4 (αFe,δFe)

830°C 45

6.5 T C

770°C 700

σ

(Cr)

500 47.2 300

0

Fe

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cr

Mass Percent Chromium

Figure 16. Fe-Cr system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Cr

Pearson symbol

Space group

(aFe, Cr) (γFe) σ

0 to 100 0 to 11.2 42.7 to 48.2

cI2 cF4 tP30

– Im3 m – Fm3 m P42/mnm

12-211

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PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17 1200 0

10

1100

20

Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50

60

70

80 90 100

1084.87°C

1000 900 800

t/°C

L

755°C 13.5

796°C 22

β

700

25.6 30.6 676°C

γ

(Cu)

500

586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0

400

~350°C

600

ε

ζ

δ

640°C

58.6

582°C 59

11

300

32.55

415°C

η 60.9

200

189°C

1.3

92.4

227°C 186°C

60.3

η´

100

0 Cu

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin

70

80

99.3

231.9681°C

(Sn) 90 100 Sn

Figure 17. Cu-Sn system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Sn

Pearson symbol

Space group

α β γ δ ζ ε η η′ (βSn) (αSn)

0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ∼100 100

cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8

– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Fm3 m – F4 3m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc — I41/amd – Fd3 m

(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.

12-212

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 18

Figure 18. Cu-Ni system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Ni

Pearson symbol

Space group

(Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)

0 to 100

cF4

– Fm3 m

Figure 19 Atomic Percent Tin 350

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

327.502°C

L

300

250 231.9681°C (Pb)

200

t/°C

183°C 18.3

97.8

61.9

150

100

(βSn)

50

0

0

Pb

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mass Percent Tin

90

100

Sn

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Figure 19. Pb-Sn system.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 19 (continued) Phase

Composition, mass % Sn

Pearson symbol

Space group

0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100

cF4 tI4 cF8

– Fm3 m I41/amd – Fd3 m

52 to 74 52

hP1 hP2

P6/mmm P63/mmc

(Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε′(b)

(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa. Figure 20

1100

0

10

20

Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60

30

70

80

90

100

1064.62°C A

1000 D 36.8

900

31.9 902 B

L H 834°C

36.1 C

55.8 G

800

59.1

β 69.2 L

t/°C

700 600

γ

α or (Cu)

500

454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F

400

N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45

Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 R 73.5 98.25 560°C 88

ε U

β´

425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V

η or (Zn)

300 200 100

0 Cu

10

20

30

40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc

70

80

90

100 Zn

Phase

Composition, mass % Zn

Pearson symbol

Space group

α or (Cu) β β′ γ δ ε η or (Zn)

0 to 38.95 36.8 to 56.5 45.5 to 50.7 57.7 to 70.6 73.02 to 76.5 78.5 to 88.3 97.25 to 100

cF4 cI2 cP2 cI52 hP3 hP2 hP2

– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Pm3 m – I4 3m – P6 P63/mmc P63/mmc

12-214

Figure 20. Cu-Zn system.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 21 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50

10

1495°C 1325°C

1260°C

βCo7Sm2

1074°C (γSm) 922°C

Co3Sm

αCo7Sm2

Co5-xSm

600

L

1200°C 1074°C

(βSm) Co3Sm

800 αCo17Sm2

575°C

400 200 0

0 Co

(εCo)

10

20

30

695°C

734°C

605

595°C ~93

~82

Co4Sm9

t/°C

1000

1100°C α→βCo19Sm5

(αCo)

βCo17Sm2

1240°C

1200

70 80 90100

40 50 60 70 Mass Percent Samarium

80

CoSm3

1400

60

Co5+xSm

1600

0

(αSm)

90

100 Sm

Figure 21. Co-Sm system.

Composition, mass % Sm

Pearson symbol

Space group

(αCo) (εCo) βCo17Sm2 αCo17Sm2

0 to ~3.7 ∼0 ∼23.0 ∼23.0

Co5 + xSm Co5 - xSm Co19Sm5

∼33 to 34 ∼34 to 35 ∼40.1

αCo7Sm2 βCo7Sm2 Co3Sm Co2Sm

∼42.1 ∼42.1 46 56.0

Co4Sm9 CoSm3 (γSm) (βSm) (αSm) Other reported phases Co5Sm Co2Sm5

∼85.1 88 ∼100 ∼100 ∼100

cF4 hP2 hP38 hR19 hP8 — — hR24 hP48 hR18 hP36 hR12 hR4 cF24 o** oP16 cI2 hP2 hR3

– Fm3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc – R3 m P6/mmm — — – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m – R3 m – Fd3 m — Pnma – Im3 m P63/mmc – R3 m

∼33.8 ∼86.4

hP6 mC28

P6/mmm C2/c

Phase

12-215

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PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 22

Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 2623°

2600

L

2400 2200 2000

t/°C

1800 1600 1670°C 1400

(βTi,Mo)

1200 1000

882°C

~650°C

800

~695°C

600 400

~21

(αTi) 0

10

20

30

Ti

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Mo

Mass Percent Molybdenum

Figure 22. Ti-Mo system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Mo

Pearson symbol

Space group

(βTi, Mo) (αTi) α′ α″ ω

0 to 100 0 to 0.8 (a) (a) (a)

cI2 hP2 hP2 oC4 hP3

– Im3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc Cmcm P6/mmm

(a) Metastable.

to 800 Sta

β

rt

700

sh Fini

t/°C

β + α´ (β + α)eqm

600

MS

500

400

β + α´ 0.1

1.0

10 Time in Minutes

100

12-216

1000

Experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.

PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 23 Cr

10

90

20

80

Pe

rce

nt

40

σ + (γFe,Ni)

r)

e γF +(

,N

10

20

ium

Ma

rom

ss

Ch

Fe

nt

σ

60

30

i)

20

18-8 Stainless steel

90

50

rce

(C

(Cr) + (γFe,Ni)

50

70

80

60

(Cr) + σ

Pe

(Cr)

ss

40

70 Ma

Iro n

30

30

(γFe,Ni)

40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel

10

70

12-217

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80

90

Ni

Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromiumnickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.

HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline solids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K. REFERENCES 1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1987.

Name Aluminum Aluminum oxide Anthracene Benzoic acid Beryllium Biphenyl Boron Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Cesium chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper oxide Copper sulfate Germanium Gold Graphite Hexachlorobenzene Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Lithium chloride Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Naphthalene Potassium Potassium chloride Silicon Silicon dioxide Silver Sodium Sodium chloride Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

200 K

250 K

21.33 51.12 138.6 102.7 9.98 131.0 5.99 24.54 66.50 33.64 50.13 19.86 22.23 22.63 34.80 77.01

23.08 67.05 173.9 123.5 13.58 162.5 8.82 25.41 75.66 38.59 51.34 22.30 23.98 23.77

5.01 162.7 51.57 21.59 25.87 21.57 43.35 22.72

6.82 183.6 53.24 23.74 26.36 23.42 46.08 24.02

23.05 105.8 27.00 48.44 15.64 32.64

24.95 134.1 28.01 50.10 18.22 39.21

22.45 46.89 24.08 22.37 22.49 21.88 24.05 23.87

27.01 48.85 24.86 24.07 23.69 23.70 25.02 24.69

89.25

Cp in J/mol K 300 K 350 K 24.25 79.45 210.7 147.4 16.46 197.2 11.40 25.94 83.82 42.18 52.48 23.47 24.83 24.48 42.41 99.25 23.25 25.41 8.58 202.4 54.51 25.15 26.85 24.64 48.10 24.90 37.38 26.35 167.8 29.60 51.37 20.04 44.77 25.36 28.20 50.21 25.31 25.28 24.30 24.93 25.45 25.22

12-190

400 K

500 K

25.11 88.91 248.8 172.0 18.53

25.78 96.14 288.4

26.84 106.17

27.89 112.55

19.95

21.94

23.34

13.65 26.32 91.51 45.07 53.58 24.39 25.68 24.95 44.95 107.65 23.85 25.37 10.24

15.69 26.87 96.97 46.98 54.68 25.23 26.53 25.33 46.78 114.93 24.31 25.51 11.81

18.72 28.49 104.52 49.33 56.90 26.63 28.20 25.91 49.19 127.19 24.96 26.06 14.62

20.78 30.38 109.86 50.72 59.10 27.72 29.66 26.48 50.83 136.31 25.45 26.65 16.84

58.60 26.28 27.30 25.96 49.66 25.57 40.59 27.52 204.1

27.39 27.72 27.60 50.97 26.14 42.77 28.53

29.70 28.55 29.28 53.34 27.17 45.56 30.29

32.05 29.40 55.59 28.18 47.30 31.90

53.08 22.14 53.43 25.79

54.71 23.33 59.64 26.36

56.35 24.15 64.42 26.99

52.14 25.84 26.86 24.92 26.23 26.35 25.93

53.96 26.35 27.88 25.36 26.94 27.39 26.56

55.81 26.84 28.60 25.79 27.49 28.59 27.28

52.31 21.28 49.47 25.55 30.14 51.25 25.60 26.17 24.65 25.68 25.88 25.61

600 K

THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS This table gives the following properties for the metallic elements: tm: tb: ∆ fus H: ρ 25: α : cp: λ:

Melting point in ° C Normal boiling point in ° C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g Density at 25° C in g/cm3 Coefficient of linear expansion at 25° C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α ) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25° C in J/g K Thermal conductivity at 27° C in W/cm K REFERENCES

1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coefficient of expansion, density). 3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances, VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et. al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et. al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11, 216—224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66.

Metal (symbol) Actinium (Ac) Aluminum (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Cesium (Cs) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Gallium (Ga) Gold (Au) Hafnium (Hf) Holmium (Ho) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Iron (Fe) Lanthanum (La) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Lutetium (Lu) Magnesium (Mg)

tm

tb

Atomic weight

°C

°C

26.98 121.76 137.33 9.01 208.98 112.41 40.08 140.11 132.91 52.00 58.93 63.55 162.50 167.26 151.96 157.25 69.72 196.97 178.49 164.93 114.82 192.22 55.85 138.91 207.20 6.94 174.97 24.30

1051 660.32 630.63 727 1287 271.40 321.07 842 798 28.44 1907 1495 1084.62 1412 1529 822 1313 29.767 1064.18 2233 1474 156.60 2446 1538 918 327.46 180.5 1663 650

3198 2519 1587 1897 2471 1564 767 1484 3443 671 2671 2927 2562 2567 2868 1529 3273 2204 2856 4603 2700 2072 4428 2861 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090

∆

H J/g

ρ 25 g/cm3

α × 106 K-1

cp J/g K

λ W/cm K

399.9 162.5 51.8 876.0 53.3 55.2 213.1 39.0 15.7 404 272.5 203.5 68.1 119 60.6 63.6 80.0 64.6 152.4 103a 28.6 213.9 247.3 44.6 23.1 432 126a 348.9

10 2.70 6.68 3.62 1.85 9.79 8.69 1.54 6.77 1.93 7.15 8.86 8.96 8.55 9.07 5.24 7.90 5.91 19.3 13.3 8.80 7.31 22.5 7.87 6.15 11.3 0.534 9.84 1.74

23.1 11.0 20.6 11.3 13.4 30.8 22.3 6.3 97 4.9 13.0 16.5 9.9 12.2 35.0 9.4b 18 14.2 5.9 11.2 32.1 6.4 11.8 12.1 28.9 46 9.9 24.8

0.12 0.904 0.207 0.205 1.82 0.122 0.231 0.646 0.192 0.242 0.450 0.421 0.384 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.235 0.374 0.129 0.144 0.165 0.233 0.131 0.449 0.195 0.127 3.57 0.154 1.024

2.37 0.243 0.184 2.00 0.0787 0.968 2.00 0.113 0.359 0.937 1.00 4.01 0.107 0.145 0.139a 0.105 0.406 3.17 0.230 0.162 0.816 1.47 0.802 0.134 0.353 0.847 0.164 1.56

fus

12-219

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THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS (continued) Metal (symbol) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Neodymium (Nd) Neptunium (Np) Nickel (Ni) Niobium (Nb) Osmium (Os) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Polonium (Po) Potassium (K) Praseodymium (Pr) Promethium (Pm) Protactinium (Pa) Radium (Ra) Rhenium (Re) Rhodium (Rh) Rubidium (Rb) Ruthenium (Ru) Samarium (Sm) Scandium (Sc) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tantalum (Ta) Technetium (Tc) Terbium (Tb) Thallium (Tl) Thorium (Th) Thulium (Tm) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W ) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Ytterbium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) a b

Atomic weight 54.94 200.59 95.94 144.24 58.69 92.91 190.23 106.42 195.08

39.10 140.91 231.04 186.21 102.91 85.47 101.07 150.36 44.96 107.87 22.99 87.62 180.95 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.03 50.94 173.04 88.91 65.39 91.22

tm

°C 1246 -38.83 2622 1021 644 1455 2477 3033 1554.8 1768.2 640 254 63.38 931 1042 1572 700 3186 1963 39.30 2333 1074 1541 961.78 97.79 777 3007 2157 1356 304 1750 1545 231.93 1670 3414 1135 1910 819 1522 419.53 1854

∆

tb

°C 2061 356.62 4639 3074 2913 4744 5012 2963 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000a

H J/g

ρ 25 g/cm3

α × 106 K-1

cp J/g K

λ W/cm K

235.0 11.4 390.7 49.5 13.5 290.3 323 304.1 157.3 113.6 11.6

7.3 13.5336 10.2 7.01 20.2 8.90 8.57 22.59 12.0 21.5 19.7 9.20 0.89 6.77 7.26 15.4 5 20.8 12.4 1.53 12.1 7.52 2.99 10.5 0.97 2.64 16.4 11 8.23 11.8 11.7 9.32 7.26 4.51 19.3 19.1 6.0 6.90 4.47 7.14 6.52

21.7 60.4 4.8 9.6

0.479 0.139 0.251 0.191

13.4 7.3 5.1 11.8 8.8 46.7 23.5 83.3 6.7 11a

0.445 0.265 0.130 0.244 0.133

0.0782 0.0834 1.38 0.165 0.063 0.907 0.537 0.876 0.718 0.716 0.0674 0.20 1.024 0.125 0.15a

fus

59.6 48.9 53.4

5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 2162 882.94 1382 5458 4265 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 1196 3345 907 4409

324.5 258.4 25.6 381.8 57.3 314 104.6 113.1 84.8 202.1 339.7 67.9 20.3 59.5 99.7 60.4 295.6 284.5 38.4 422 44.3 128 108.1 230.2

Estimated. At 100° C.

12-220

6.2 8.2

0.757 0.193 0.19a

6.4 12.7 10.2 18.9 71 22.5 6.3

0.137 0.243 0.364 0.238 0.196 0.567 0.235 1.225 0.306 0.140

10.3 29.9 11.0 13.3 22.0 8.6 4.5 13.9 8.4 26.3 10.6 30.2 5.7

0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.522 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.154 0.298 0.388 0.278

0.479 1.50 0.582 1.17 0.133 0.158 4.29 1.41 0.353 0.575 0.506 0.111 0.461 0.540 0.169 0.666 0.219 1.74 0.276 0.307 0.385 0.172 1.16 0.227

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon. For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel (\) and perpendicular (⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnitude in the lowtemperature range. See Reference 2 for details. REFERENCES 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids, CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985.

Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C)

T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ag 39.4 78.3 115 147 172 187 193 190 181 168 96.0 51.0 19.3 10.5 7.0 5.5 4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.19 4.12 3.96 3.79 3.61*

Al

Au

41.1 81.8 121 157 188 213 229 237 239 235 176 117 49.5 24.0 13.5 8.5 5.85 4.32 3.42 3.02 2.48 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.40 2.36 2.31 2.18

5.46 10.9 16.1 20.9 25.2 28.5 30.9 32.3 32.7 32.4 24.6 15.8 7.55 5.15 4.21 3.74 3.48 3.32 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.23 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.11 3.04 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55

I

0.0138* 0.0461 0.108 0.206 0.344 0.523 0.762 1.05 1.40 3.96 7.87 18.8 29.4 35.3 37.4 36.9 35.1 32.7 30.0 19.5 14.1 11.0 8.95 7.55* 6.5*

Pyrolytic graphite

Diamond (type) IIa

0.033* 0.111 0.261 0.494 0.820 1.24 1.77 2.41 3.17 8.65 16.8 38.9 65.9 92.1 112 119 117 109 100 60.2 40.3 29.7 23.0 18.5* 15.4*

IIb

0.0200* 0.0676 0.160 0.307 0.510 0.778 1.12 1.53 2.03 5.66 11.2 26.5 44.0 59.1 67.5 69.1 65.7 60.0 54.2 32.5 22.6 17.0 13.5 11.1* 9.32*

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

|

0.811 4.20 9.86 16.4 23.1 29.8 36.6 42.8 47.5 49.7 45.1 32.3 24.4 19.5 16.2 13.9 10.8 8.92 6.67 5.34 4.48 3.84 3.33 2.93 2.62

⊥

0.0116 0.0397 0.0786 0.120 0.152 0.173 0.181 0.181 0.176 0.168 0.125 0.0923 0.0711 0.0570 0.0477 0.0409 0.0322 0.0268 0.0201 0.0160 0.0134 0.0116 0.0100 0.00895 0.00807

Cr 0.402* 0.803 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.39 2.27 3.14 3.50 3.85 5.24 5.93 5.49 4.25 3.17 2.48 2.07 1.84 1.69 1.59 1.29 1.11 1.00 0.937 0.929 0.909 0.860 0.807 0.713 0.654 0.619 0.588 0.556 0.526* 0.494*

Cu 42.2 84.0 125 162 195 222 239 248 249 243 171 108 44.5 21.7 12.5 8.29 6.47 5.57 5.08 4.82 4.29 4.13 4.06 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.39

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) T/K

Fe

Gea

Mg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1.71 3.42 5.11 6.77 8.39 9.93 11.4 12.7 13.9 14.8 17.0 15.4 10.0 6.23 4.05 2.85 2.16 1.75 1.50 1.34 1.04 0.94 0.865 0.802 0.744 0.695 0.613 0.547 0.433 0.323 0.283 0.312 0.330 0.345*

0.274 2.06 5.35 8.77 11.6 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.3 17.7 17.3 14.9 10.8 7.98 6.15 4.87 3.93 3.25 2.70 2.32 1.32 0.968 0.749 0.599 0.495 0.432 0.338 0.273 0.198 0.174 0.174

9.86 19.6 29.0 37.6 45.0 50.8 54.7 56.7 57.0 55.8 41.1 27.2 12.9 7.19 4.65 3.27 2.49 2.02 1.78 1.69 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46*

a

*

Values below 300 K are typical values. Extrapolated.

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Ni

Pb

Pt

2.17 4.34 6.49 8.59 10.6 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.1 18.1 19.5 16.5 9.56 5.82 4.00 3.08 2.50 2.10 1.83 1.64 1.22 1.07 0.975 0.907 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.656 0.676 0.718 0.762 0.804

27.9 44.6 35.8 22.2 13.8 8.10 4.86 3.20 2.30 1.78 0.845 0.591 0.477 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.416 0.409 0.403 0.397 0.379 0.367 0.360 0.353 0.347 0.340 0.328 0.314

2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5 11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3 8.41 4.95 2.15 1.39 1.09 0.947 0.862 0.815 0.789 0.775 0.740 0.726 0.718 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.723 0.732 0.756 0.787 0.826 0.871 0.919 0.961 0.994*

Sia 0.0693* 0.454 1.38 2.97 5.27 8.23 11.7 15.5 19.5 23.3 41.6 49.8 48.1 35.3 26.8 21.1 16.8 13.4 10.8 8.84 4.09 2.64 1.91 1.48 1.19 0.989 0.762 0.619 0.422 0.312 0.257 0.235 0.221

Sn 183 323 297 181 117 76 52 36 26 19.3 6.3 3.2 1.79 1.33 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.915 0.880 0.853 0.779 0.733 0.696 0.666 0.642 0.622 0.596

Ti 0.0144* 0.0288* 0.0432 0.0575 0.0719 0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.143 0.212 0.275 0.365 0.390 0.374 0.355 0.340 0.326 0.315 0.305 0.270 0.245 0.229 0.219 0.210 0.204 0.197 0.194 0.197 0.207 0.220 0.236 0.253 0.270*

W 14.4 28.7 42.8 56.3 68.7 79.5 88.0 93.8 96.8 97.1 72.0 40.5 14.4 6.92 4.27 3.14 2.58 2.29 2.17 2.08 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.46 1.37 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weight percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values should be considered approximate. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 959, 1978.

Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy Aluminum: 1100 2024 3003 5052 5083, 5086 Duralumin Bismuth: Rose metal Wood’s metal Copper: electrolytic tough pitch free cutting, leaded phosphorus, deoxidized brass, leaded bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn beryllium german silver silicon bronze A manganin constantan Ferrous: commercial pure iron plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 4% Si stainless steel 27% Ni; 15% Cr Gold: colbalt thermocouple 65% Au; 35% Ag Indium: 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb Lead: 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In Nickel: 80% Ni; 20% Cr contracid inconel monel Platinum: 90% Pt; 10% Ir 90% Pt; 10% Rh Silver: silver solder normal Ag thermocouple Tin: 60% Sn; 40% Pb Titanium: 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C

4K

20 K

77 K

194 K

273 K

50 3.2 11 4.8 3 5.5

240 17 58 25 17 30 5.5 17 1300 800 42 12 16 17 7.5 3.4 3.2 8.6 72 20 8.5 6

270 56 140 77 55 91 8.3 23 550 460 120 39 48 36 17 11 14 17 106 58 31 22

220 95 150 120 95 140 14

220 130 160 140 120 160 16

400 380 190 70 92 70 20 23 17 19 82 65 41

8 55 20 24 24 44 9.1

13

0.8

2 1.7 8.6 12 7.8 28 3.26

390 380 220 120 110 90 23 30 22 22 76 65 45 33 20 14 11

0.2 0.5 0.9

2 4.2 7.1

7.3 12.5 15

12 230 55 1.8 1.7

34 310 51 4.3 4.5

4 330 200 7.5 2.3 2.3 2 0.75 0.48 0.9 15 13

0.3 1.2 1.9

48 16

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61

373 K

573 K

973 K

380

370

350

113 25

172 30

40

66

54

34

35 24 16 12

36 28 19 16

30 26 25 21

14

17

23

16 24 31.4 30.5

19 30

26 43

180

89

41

9.5 13 20

20.2 12 13 15 21 31 30.1

58

6.4 6.5

7.8 8.5

8.4

10.8

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical materials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available. REFERENCE Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Material AgCl

Al,B silicate (tourmaline) || to c axis Al,Be silicate (beryl) Al,F silicate (topaz) || to c axis Al,Fe silicate (garnet)

Al2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis

⊥ to c axis

Al2O3 (sintered)

Ar

As2S3 (glass)

BN

BaF2

BaTiO3

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

223 273 323 373 398 540 723 315 315 358 417 315 358 377

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 6.4 17.7 15.6 13.3 35.8 35.4 35.6

4.2 20 35 77 373 523 773 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 973 8 10 20 77 283 323 373 1047 1475 1928 2111 225 260 305 370 5 30 40 100 250 300

110 3500 6000 1100 2.6 3.9 5.8 0.5 23 150 48 35 26 8 6.0 3.7 1.4 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.27 36.2 22.7 21.9 18.5 20 13.4 10.9 10.5 4.2 24.0 25.0 12.0 4.8 6.2

Material BeO

Bi2Te3

C (diamond) type I

CaCO3 || to c axis ⊥ to c axis

CaF2

CaWO4 (scheelite) CdTe

CsBr

CsI

Cu2O (cuprite)

Fe3O4 (magnetite)

Glass: phoenix

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T/K 4.2 20 77 373 573 1273 80 204 303 370 4.2 20 77 194 273 83 273 83 194 273 373 83 223 273 323 373 422 160 297 422 223 273 323 373 223 273 323 373 102 163 299 360 4.5 20.5 126.5 304 4.2 20 77

Ther. cond. W/m K 0.3 16 270 210 120 29 6.4 2.8 3.6 4.6 13 800 3550 1450 1000 25 5.5 17 6.5 4.6 3.6 39 18 10 9.2 9 11.3 7.0 3.6 2.9 1.2 0.94 0.81 0.77 1.4 1.2 1 0.95 3.74 7.76 5.58 4.86 27.4 293.0 7.4 7.0 0.095 0.13 0.37

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS (continued)

Material

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

plastic perspex

4.2 20 77 194 273 2.5 3 4 6 10 173 223 273 0.6 1 1.5 2 0.5 0.8 1 2 300 325 350 2 4.2 100 273 323 373 4.2 25 80 194 273 323 373 4.2 80 194 273 4.2 10 20 77 78 197 274 4.2 20 77 373 773 4.2 40 120 573

0.058 0.074 0.44 0.88 1 100 150 200 30 3 3.5 2.8 2.2 25 2 0.57 0.21 42 120 24 0.18 0.45 0.42 0.4 150 360 12 5 4.8 4.8 500 140 35 10 7.0 6.5 6.3 700 13 4.6 3.1 0.48 1.7 1.2 0.36 7.8 5.0 5.4 620 1800 150 13 8.5 0.25 55 8 3.5

pyrex

H2 (para + 0.5% ortho)

H2O (ice)

He3 (high pressure)

He4 (high pressure)

I2

KBr

KCl

KI

Kr

LaF3

LiF

MgO⋅Al2O3 (spinel) MnO

Material NaCl

NaF

Ne

NH4Cl

NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis ⊥ to optic axis NiO

SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis

⊥ to c axis

SiO2 (fused silica)

SrTiO3

TlBr TlCl TiO2 (rutile) || to optic axis

⊥ to optic axis

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T/K 4.2 20 77 273 323 373 5 50 100 2 3 4.2 10 20 77 194 230 273

Ther. cond. W/m K 440 300 30 6.4 5.6 5.4 1100 250 90 3.0 4.6 4.2 0.8 0.3 17 23 38 27

315 339 313 342 4.2 40 194

0.71 0.71 1.26 1.34 5.9 400 82

20 194 273 20 194 273 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 673 5 30 40 100 250 300 316 311

720 20 12 370 10 6.8 0.25 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 21.0 19.2 18.5 12.5 11.2 0.59 0.75

4.2 20 273 4.2 20 273

200 1000 13 160 690 9

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should only be considered as a rough guide. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.

Material Alumina (Al2O3)

Dens. g/cm3 3.8

3.5 Al2O3 + MgO

Asbestos

0.4

Asbestos + 85% MgO Asphalt Beryllia (BeO)

0.3 2.1 2.8

1.85

Brick, dry Brick, refractory: alosite aluminous

1.54

1.99

diatomaceous

0.77 0.4

fireclay

2

silicon carbide

2

vermiculite

0.77

Calcium oxide

Cement mortar Charcoal Coal Concrete Cork

2 0.2 1.35 1.6 0.05 0.35

Cotton wool

0.08

t

∞C 100 400 1300 1800 100 800 100 400 1000 -100 0 100 30 20 100 400 1000 1800 50 200 600 0 1000 400 1000 100 500 100 500 400 1000 200 600 200 600 100 400 1000 90 20 20 0 0 100 0 100 30

Ther. cond. W/m K 30 13 6 7.4 17 7.6 15 10 5.6 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.06 210 90 20 15 64 40 23 0.04 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.24 0.08 0.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 0.26 0.31 16 9 7.5 0.55 0.055 0.26 0.8 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04

Material Diatomite

Dens. g/cm3 0.2 0.5

Ebonite Felt, flax Fuller’s earth Glass wool

Graphite 100 mesh 20-40 mesh Linoleum cork Magnesia (MgO)

1.2 0.2 0.3 0.53 0.2

0.48 0.7 0.54

MgO + SiO2

Mica: muscovite

phlogopite Canadian Micanite Mineral wool Perlite, expanded Plastics: bakelite celluloid polystyrene foam mylar foil nylon

0.15 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.05 0.05

polytetrafluoroethylene

urethane foam Porcelain

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0.07

∞C

t

Ther. cond. W/m K

0 400 0 400 0 30 30 30 -200 to 20 50 100 300

0.05 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.005 0.04 0.05 0.08

40 40 20 100 400 1200 1700 100 400 1500

0.18 1.29 0.08 36 18 5.8 9.2 5.3 3.5 2.3

100 300 600 100 300 600 30 30 -200 to 20

0.72 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.19 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.002

20 30 -200 to 20 -200 to 20 -253 -193 25 -253 -193 25 230 20 90

1.4 0.02 0.033 0.0001 0.10 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.16 0.26 2.5 0.06 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS (continued)

Material Rock: basalt chalk granite limestone sandstone slate, ^ slate, || Rubber: sponge 92 percent Sand, dry Sawdust Shellac Silica aerogel Snow Steel wool Thoria (ThO2)

Titanium dioxide

Dens. g/cm3

t

Ther. cond. W/m K

∞C

Material

Dens. g/cm3

Uranium dioxide

2.8 2 2.2

0.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.1

20 20 20 20 20 95 95 20 25 20 30 20 -200 to 20 0 55 100 400 1500 100 400 1200

2 0.92 2.2 1 1.3 1.4 2.5 0.05 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.003 0.16 0.09 10 5.8 2.4 6.5 3.8 3.3

Wood: balsa, ^ fir, ^ fir, || oak plywood pine, ^ pine, || walnut, ^ Wool Zinc oxide Zirconia (ZrO2) Zirconia + silica

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0.11 0.54 0.54

0.45 0.45 0.65 0.09

t

∞C

Ther. cond. W/m K

100 400 1000

9.8 5.5 3.4

30 20 20 20 20 60 60 20 30 200 800 100 400 1500 200 600 1500

0.04 0.14 0.35 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.04 17 5.3 2 2 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.7

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate.

Composition Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Other oxides (wt%)

Vitreous silica

100

Vycor glass

96

B2O3

Pyrex type chemicallyresistant borosilicate glasses

80–81

Borosilicate crown glasses

Zinc crown glasses (i)

Zinc crown glasses (ii)

t

°C

k W/m K

–150 –100 –50 0 50 100

0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

3

–100 0 100

1.00 1.25 1.40

B2O3 Na2O Al

12–13 4 2

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.25

60–65

B2O3

15–20

–100 0 100

0.65–0.75 0.90–0.95 1.00–1.05

65–70

B2O3

10–15

–100 0 100

0.75–0.80 0.95–1.00 1.05–1.15

70–75

B3O3

5–10

–100 0 100

0.80–0.85 1.05–1.10 1.15–1.20

55–65

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.25

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.60–0.70 0.70–0.90 0.85–0.95

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

15–25

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.20

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.80 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.05

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.30

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.70–0.85 0.90–1.05 1.00–1.15

65–75

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Other oxides (wt%)

t

°C

k W/m K

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

15–25

–100 0 100

0.90–0.95 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.25

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.85 0.85–1.00 1.05–1.20

31

B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

12 8 48

–100 0 100

0.55 0.70 0.80

41

B2O3 Al2O3 ZnO BaO

6 2 8 43

–100 0 100

0.60 0.75 0.85

47

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

4 1 7 8 32

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.90

65

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

2 5 15 2 10

–100 0 100

0.70 0.90 1.00

Borate glasses Borate flint glass

9

B2O3 Na2O K2O PbO Al2O3 ZnO

36 1 2 36 10 6

–100 0 100

0.55 0.65 0.80

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

56 12 32

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

43 5 52

–100 0 100

0.40 0.55 0.70

Borate glass

4

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO K2O ZnO

55 14 11 4 12

–100 0 100

0.65 0.80 0.90

Borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O K2O BaO PbO Al2O3

64 8 3 4 3 18

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Barium crown glasses

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Other oxides (wt%)

t

°C

k W/m K

Light borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O BaO Al2O3

69 8 5 18

–100 0 100

0.55 0.70 0.90

Zinc borate glass

0

B2O3 ZnO

40 60

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.85

Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 K2O Al2O3 MgO

70 3 12 10 4

0 100

0.75 0.85

Baryta phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

60 3 8 28

45

0.75

Soda-lime glasses

75

Na2O CaO

17 8

–100 0 100

0.75 0.95 1.10

75

Na2O CaO

12 13

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.15

72

Na2O CaO Al2O3

15 11 2

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.15

65

Na2O CaO

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

65

Na2O CaO

15 20

–100 0 100

0.85 1.00 1.10

60

Na2O CaO

20 20

–100 0 100

0.75 0.90 1.00

75

Na2O K2O CaO

9 11 5

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.10

68

Na2O ZnO PbO

16 3 13

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 1.00

Other crown glasses Crown glass

High dispersion crown glass

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses

SiO2 (wt%)

Other oxides (wt%)

t

°C

k W/m K

65

PbO Others

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65–0.70 0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05

55

PbO Others

35 10

–100 0 100

0.60–0.65 0.75–0.85 0.88–0.92

Ordinary flint glass

45

PbO Others

45 10

–100 0 100

0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.85

Heavy flint glass

35

PbO Others

60 5

–100 0 100

0.45–0.50 0.60–0.65 0.70–0.75

Very heavy flint glasses

25

PbO Others

73 2

–100 0 100

0.40–0.45 0.55–0.60 0.63–0.67

20

PbO

80

–100 0 100

0.40 0.50 0.60

(ii) Borosilicate flint glass

33

B2O3 PbO Al2O3 K2O Na2O

31 25 7 3 1

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

(iii) Barium flint glass

50

BaO PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Sb2O3

24 6 8 3 8 1

–100 0 100

0.60 0.70 0.85

59

K2O CaO

33 8

50

63

Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO Al2O3

10 17 4 3 2

–100 0 100

67

Fe2O3 Na2O3

15 18

0 100

0.88—0.92 1.00—1.05

62

Fe2O3 Na2O

20 18

0 100

0.85—0.90 0.95—1.00

0 100

1.35 1.25

Other glasses Potassium glass

Iron glasses

Rock glasses Obsidian Artificial diabase

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0.88–0.92

0.80 0.95 1.05

FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS Lev. I. Berger In the classical Drude theory of metals, the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of electrons is used. It states that the number of electrons r r per unit volume with velocities in the range of d v about any magnitude v at temperature T is Ê m ˆ Ê mv 2 ˆ r r r f B (v )dv = nÁ ˜ expÁ ˜ dv 2 k T p Ë Ë 2kB T ¯ B ¯ where n is the total number of conduction electrons in a unit volume of a metal, m is the free electron mass, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. In an attempt to explain a substantial discrepancy between the experimental data on the specific heat of metals and the values calculated on the basis of the Drude model, Sommerfeld suggested a model of the metal in which the Pauli exclusion principle is applied to free electrons. In this case, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is replaced by the Fermi-Dirac distribution: 3 r r ˘ Ô¸ ˆ Ê m ˆ r ÔÏ ÈÊ mv 2 f (v )dv = 2 dv Ìexp ÍÁ - k B T0 ˜ k B T ˙ + 1˝ Ë h¯ ¯ ˚ ˛Ô ÓÔ ÎË 2

-1

Here h is the Planck constant and T0 is a characteristic temperature which is determined by the normalization condition n=

r

r

Ú dv ◊ f ( v )

The magnitude of T0 is quite high; usually, T0 > 104 K. So, at common temperatures (T < 103 K), the free electron density of a metal is much smaller than in the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This allows us to explain why the experimental data on specific heat for metals are close to those for insulators. The maximum kinetic energy the electrons of a metal may possess at T = 0 K is called the Fermi energy, e.g., EF =

h 2 k F2 Ê e 2 ˆ 2 =Á ˜ (k F rB ) 2m Ë 2kB ¯

where kF is the Fermi momentum or the Fermi wave vector kF = (3p2n)1/3 e is the electron charge, and rB is the Bohr radius rB =
2/me2 = 0.529 ◊ 10–10 m Another, more common expression for the Fermi energy is EF = 1 2 mv F2 where vF =
kF/m is the Fermi velocity which can be expressed using the concept of the electron radius, rs. It is equal to radius of a sphere occupied by one free electron. If the total volume of a metal sample is V and the number of conduction electrons in this volume is N, then the volume per electron is equal to V 1 4 3 = = prS N n 3 and rS =

Ê 3 ˆ Ë 4 pn ¯

1/ 3

The following table contains information pertinent to the Sommerfeld model for some metals. The magnitudes of T0 are calculated using the expression T0 =

EF 58.2 ◊ 10 4 = K kB (rS / rB ) 2

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FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS (continued) Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal

Valency

n/1028 m–3

rS/pm

rS/rB

EF/eV

Lia 1 4.70 172 3.25 4.74 1 2.65 208 3.93 3.24 Nab 1 1.40 257 4.86 2.12 Kb 1 1.15 275 5.20 1.85 Rbb 1 0.91 298 5.62 1.59 Csb Cu 1 8.47 141 2.67 7.00 Ag 1 5.86 160 3.02 5.49 Au 1 5.90 159 3.01 5.53 Be 2 24.7 99 1.87 14.3 Mg 2 8.61 141 2.66 7.08 Ca 2 4.61 173 3.27 4.69 Sr 2 3.55 189 3.57 3.93 Ba 2 3.15 196 3.71 3.64 Nb 1 5.56 163 3.07 5.32 Fe 2 17.0 112 2.12 11.1 2 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 Mnc Zn 2 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 Cd 2 9.27 137 2.59 7.47 2 8.65 140 2.65 7.13 Hga Al 3 18.1 110 2.07 11.7 Ga 3 15.4 116 2.19 10.4 In 3 11.5 127 2.41 8.63 Tl 3 10.5 131 2.48 8.15 Sn 4 14.8 117 2.22 10.2 Pb 4 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 Bi 5 14.1 119 2.25 9.90 Sb 5 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 a At 78 K. b At 5 K. c a-phase. The data in the table are for atmospheric pressure and room temperature unless other wise noted.

TO/104 K 5.51 3.77 2.46 2.15 1.84 8.16 6.38 6.42 16.6 8.23 5.44 4.57 4.23 6.18 13.0 12.7 11.0 8.68 8.29 13.6 12.1 10.0 9.46 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.7

References 1. 2. 3. 4.

Drude, P., Ann. Physik, 1, 566, 1900; ibid., 3, 369, 1900. Sommerfeld, A. and Bethe, H., Handbuch der Physik, Chapter 3, Springer, 1933. Wyckoff, R.W.G., Crystal Structures, 2nd. ed., Interscience, 1963. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

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kF/1010 m–1 vF/106 m/s 1.12 0.92 0.75 0.70 0.65 1.36 1.20 1.21 1.94 1.36 1.11 1.02 0.98 1.18 1.71 1.70 1.58 1.40 1.37 1.75 1.66 1.51 1.46 1.64 1.58 1.61 1.70

1.29 1.07 0.86 0.81 0.75 1.57 1.39 1.40 2.25 1.58 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.37 1.98 1.96 1.83 1.62 1.58 2.03 1.92 1.74 1.69 1.90 1.83 1.87 1.96

COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloys. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25°C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely. REFERENCES 1. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.

Common name Ingot iron Plain carbon steel AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 Cast gray iron Malleable iron Hastelloy C Inconel Aluminum alloy 3003, rolled Aluminum alloy 2014, annealed Aluminum alloy 360 Copper, electrolytic (ETP) Yellow brass (high brass) Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper 25 Cupronickel 30% Red brass, 85% Chemical lead Antimonial lead (hard lead) Solder 50-50 Magnesium alloy AZ31B Monel Nickel (commercial) Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) Titanium (commercial) Zinc (commercial) Zirconium (commercial)

Thermal conductivity W/cm K

Density g/cm3

Coeff. of linear expansion 10-6/°C

0.7 0.52

7.86 7.86

11.7 11.7

0.15 0.47 0.12 0.15

7.9 7.2 7.3 8.94 8.25

17.3 10.5 12 11.3 11.5

1.9

2.73

23.2

1.9 1.5 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.35 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.2

2.8 2.64 8.94 8.47 7.8 8.23 8.94 8.75 11.34 10.9 8.89 1.77 8.84 8.89 8.9 4.5 7.14 6.5

23.0 21.0 16.5 20.3 16.4 17.8 16.2 18.7 29.3 26.5 23.4 26 14.0 13.3 18.8 8.5 32.5 5.85

12-204

Electrical resistivity µΩ cm 9.7 18

Modulus of elasticity GPa

Tensile strength MPa

Approx. melting point °C

205 205

450

1540 1515

195 90 170 200 200

550 180 345 780 800

1425 1175 1230 1350 1370

3.7

70

110

650

3.4 7.5 1.7 6.4 12 7

70 70 120 100 120 130 150 90 13 20 45 180 200 160 110 95

72 67 30 125 103

11 21 23 15 9 58 10 49 43 6 41

185 325 300 300-800 400-600 500-1400 400-600 300-700 17 47 42 260 545 460 330-500 130 450

650 565 1080 930 1050 925 1200 1000 327 290 215 620 1330 1440 1260 1670 419 1855

HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original Mohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed. REFERENCE Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.

Material Graphite Talc Alabaster Gypsum Halite (rock salt) Stibnite (antimonite) Galena Mica Calcite Barite Marble Aragonite Dolomite Fluorite Magnesia Apatite Opal Feldspar (orthoclase) Augite Hematite Magnetite Rutile Pyrite Agate Uranium dioxide Silica (fused) Quartz Flint Silicon Andalusite Zircon Zirconia Aluminum nitride Beryl Beryllia Topaz Garnet Emery Zirconium nitride Zirconium boride Titanium nitride Zirconia (fused) Tantalum carbide Tungsten carbide Corundum (alumina) Zirconium carbide Alumina (fused) Beryllium carbide

Formula C 3MgO⋅4SiO2⋅H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O NaCl Sb2S3 PbS CaCO3 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 MgO CaF2⋅3Ca3(PO4)2 K2O⋅Al2O⋅6SiO2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 FeS2 SiO2 UO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Al2OSiO4 ZrSiO4 ZrO2 AlN Be3Al2Si6O18 BeO Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Al2O3⋅3FeO⋅3SiO2 Al2O3 (impure) ZrN ZrB2 TiN ZrO2 TaC WC Al2O3 ZrC Al2O3 Be2C

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

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Mohs 0.5 1 1.7 2 2 2.0 2.5 2.8 3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5

Modified mohs

Knoop

1 2

32

3

135

4 5

163 370 430

6

560 750

600 7 8

820

1200 1225 7.8 8

9 10

8 8+

1300 1340 1360 1510 1560 1770

9 11

1800 1880 2025 2150

9 12

2400

HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS (continued)

Material Titanium carbide Carborundum (silicon carbide) Aluminum boride Tantalum boride Boron carbide Boron Titanium boride Diamond

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

Formula TiC SiC AlB TaB2 B4C B TiB2 C

Mohs

Modified mohs

9.3

13

Knoop

14

2470 2500 2500 2600 2800

15

2850 7000

9.5 10

Section 13: Polymer Properties Nomenclature for Organic Polymers Solvents for Common Polymers Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions

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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS Robert B. Fox and Edward S. Wilks Organic polymers have traditionally been named on the basis of the monomer used, a hypothetical monomer, or a semi-systematic structure. Alternatively, they may be named in the same way as organic compounds, i.e., on the basis of a structure as drawn. The former method, often called “source-based nomenclature” or “monomer-based nomenclature”, sometimes results in ambiguity and multiple names for a single material. The latter method, termed “structure-based nomenclature”, generates a sometimes cumbersome unique name for a given polymer, independent of its source. Within their limitations, both types of names are acceptable and well-documented.1 The use of stereochemical descriptors with both types of polymer nomenclature has been published.2

Traditional Polymer Names Monomer-Based Names “Polystyrene” is the name of a homopolymer made from the single monomer styrene. When the name of a monomer comprises two or more words, the name should be enclosed in parentheses, as in “poly(methyl methacrylate)” or “poly(4-bromostyrene)” to identify the monomer more clearly. This method can result in several names for a given polymer: thus, “poly(ethylene glycol)”, “poly(ethylene oxide)”, and “poly(oxirane)” describe the same polymer. Sometimes, the name of a hypothetical monomer is used, as in “poly(vinyl alcohol)”. Even though a name like “polyethylene” covers a multitude of materials, the system does provide understandable names when a single monomer is involved in the synthesis of a single polymer. When one monomer can yield more than one polymer, e.g. 1,3-butadiene or acrolein, some sort of structural notation must be used to identify the product, and one is not far from a formal structure-based name. Copolymers, Block Polymers, and Graft Polymers. When more than one monomer is involved, monomer-based names are more complex. Some common polymers have been given names based on an apparent structure, as with “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”. A better system has been approved by the IUPAC.1 With this method, the arrangement of the monomeric units is introduced through use of an italicized connective placed between the names of the monomers. For monomer names represented by A, B, and C, the various types of arrangements are shown in Table 1.

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Table 1. IUPAC Source-Based Copolymer Classification Copolymer Type Connective Unspecified or unknown Random (obeys Bernoullian distribution) Statistical (obeys known statistical laws) Alternating (for two monomeric units) Periodic (ordered sequence for 2 or more monomeric units) Block (linear block arrangement) Graft (side chains connected to main chains)

-co-ran-stat-alt-per-block-graft-

Example

poly(A-co-B) poly(A-ran-B) poly(A-stat-B) poly(A-alt-B) poly(A-per-B-per-C) polyA-block-polyB polyA-graft-polyB

Table 2 contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used; thus, the polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)-block-polybuta1,3-diene-block-poly(ethenylbenzene). IUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name; many names are thus possible for some copolymers. These connectives may be used in combination and with small, non-repeating (i.e. non-polymeric) junction units; see, for example, Table 2, line 8. A long dash may be used in place of the connective -block-; thus, in Table 2, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. Table 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature No. Copolymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

poly(propene-co-methacrylonitrile) poly[(acrylic acid)-ran-(ethyl acrylate)] poly(butene-stat-ethylene-stat-styrene) poly[(sebacic acid)-alt-butanediol] poly[(ethylene oxide)-per-(ethylene oxide)-per-tetrahydrofuran] polyisoprene-graft-poly(methacrylic acid) polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polystyrene-block-dimethylsilylene-block-polybutadiene polyacrylonitrile—polybutadiene—polystyrene polystyrene—dimethylsilylene—polybutadiene

IUPAC also recommends an alternative scheme for naming copolymers that comprises use of “copoly” as a prefix followed by the names of the comonomers, a solidus (an oblique stroke) to separate comonomer names, and addition before “copoly” of any applicable connectives listed in Table 2 except -co-. Table 3 gives the same examples shown in Table 2 but with the alternative format. Comonomer names need not be parenthesized.

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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Table 3. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature (Alternative Format) No. Polymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

copoly(propene/methacrylonitrile) -copoly(acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate) -copoly(butene/ethylene/styrene) -copoly(sebacic acid/butanediol) -copoly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) -copoly(ethylene oxide/ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran) -copoly(isoprene/methacrylic acid)

Table 4. Connectives for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies No. Type Connective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Branched (type unspecified) Branched with branch point of functionality f Comb Cross-link Cyclic Interpenetrating polymer network Long-chain branched Network Polymer blend Polymer-polymer complex Semi-interpenetrating polymer network Short-chain branched Star Star with f arms

branch f-branch comb ι (Greek iota) cyclo ipn l-branch net blend compl sipn sh-branch star f-star

Non-linear polymers are named by using the italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or components to which the prefix applies; some examples are listed in Table 5. Table 5. Non-Linear Macromolecules No.

Polymer Name

1 2

poly(methacrylic acid)-comb-polyacrylonitrile comb-poly[ethylene-stat-(vinyl chloride)]

3 4 5 6 7 8

polybutadiene-comb-(polyethylene; polypropene) star-(polyA; polyB; polyC; polyD; polyE) star-(polyA-block-polyB-block-polyC) star-poly(propylene oxide) 5-star-poly(propylene oxide) star-(polyacrylonitrile; polypropylene) (Mr 10000: 25000)

Polymer Structural Features Comb polymer with a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polyacrylonitrile side chains Comb polymer with unspecified backbone composition and statistical ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer side chains Comb polymer with butadiene backbone and side chains of polyethylene and polypropene Star polymer with arms derived from monomers A, B, C, D, and E, respectively Star polymer with every arm comprising a tri-block segment derived from comonomers A, B, and C A star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A 5-arm star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A star polymer containing polyacrylonitrile arms of MW 10000 and polypropylene arms of MW 25000

Macromolecular assemblies held together by forces other than covalent bonds are named by inserting the appropriate italicized connective between names of individual components; Table 6 gives examples.

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Table 6. Examples of Polymer Blends and Nets Polymer Name polyethylene-blend-polypropene poly(methacrylic acid)-blend-poly(ethyl acrylate) net-poly(4-methylstyrene-ι-divinylbenzene) net-poly[styrene-alt-(maleic anhydride)]-ι-(polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol) net-poly(ethyl methacrylate)-sipn-polyethylene [net-poly(butadiene-stat-styrene)]-ipn-[net-poly(4-methylstyrene-ι-divinylbenzene)]

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Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature Regular Single-Strand Polymers Structure-based nomenclature has been approved by the IUPAC4 and is currently being updated; it is used by Chemical Abstracts.5 Monomer names are not used. To the extent that a polymer chain can be described by a repeating unit in the chain, it can be named “poly(repeating unit)”. For regular single-strand polymers, “repeating unit” is a bivalent group; for regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) polymers, “repeating unit” is usually a tetravalent group.9 Since there are usually many possible repeating units in a given chain, it is necessary to select one, called the “constitutional repeating unit” (CRU) to provide a unique and unambiguous name, “poly(CRU)”, where “CRU” is a recitation of the names of successive units as one proceeds through the CRU from left to right. For this purpose, a portion of the main chain structure that includes at least two repeating sequences is written out. These sequences will typically be composed of bivalent subunits such as -CH2-, -O-, and groups from ring systems, each of which can be named by the usual nomenclature rules.6,7 Where a chain is simply one long sequence comprising repetition of a single subunit, that subunit is itself the CRU, as in “poly(methylene)” or “poly(1,4-phenylene)”. In chains having more than one kind of subunit, a seniority system is used to determine the beginning of the CRU and the direction in which to move along the main chain atoms (following the shortest path in rings) to complete the CRU. Determination of the first, most senior, subunit, is based on a descending order of seniority: (1) heterocyclic rings, (2) hetero atoms, (3) carbocyclic rings, and, lowest, (4) acyclic carbon chains. Within each of these classes, there is a further order of seniority that follows the usual rules of nomenclature. Heterocycles: A nitrogen-containing ring system is senior to a ring system not containing nitrogen.4,9 Further descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) the largest number of hetero atoms (iv) the greatest variety of hetero atoms Hetero atoms: The senior bivalent subunit is the one nearest the top, right-hand corner of the Periodic Table; the order of seniority is: O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Hg. Carbocycles: Seniority4 is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) degree of ring saturation; an unsaturated ring is senior to a saturated ring of the same size Carbon chains: Descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) chain length (longer is senior to shorter) (ii) highest degree of unsaturation (iii) number of substituents (higher number is senior to lower number) (iv) ascending order of locants (v) alphabetical order of names of substituent groups Among equivalent ring systems, preference is given to the one having lowest locants for the free valences in the subunit, and among otherwise identical ring systems, the one having least hydrogenation is senior. Lowest locants in unsaturated chains are also given preference. Lowest locants for substituents are the final determinant of seniority. Direction within the repeating unit depends upon the shortest path, which is determined by counting main chain atoms, both cyclic and acyclic, from the most senior subunit to another subunit of the same kind or to a subunit next lower in seniority. When identification and orientation of the CRU have been accomplished, the CRU is named by writing, in sequence, the names of the largest possible subunits within the CRU from left to right. For example, the main chain of the polymer traditionally named “poly(ethylene terephthalate)” has the structure shown in Figure 1. O ... CH

2

CH2

O

C

*

C

O

O

CH2 CH2

O

C

O

C O

O

CH2

O

CH2 O

C C

O ...

O Figure 1. Structure-based name: poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl); traditional name: poly(ethylene terephthalate)

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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) The CRU in Figure 1 is enclosed in brackets and read from left to right. It is selected because (1) either backbone oxygen atom qualifies as the “most senior subunit”, (2) the shortest path length from either -O- to the other -O- is via the ethylene subunit. Orientation of the CRU is thus defined by (1) beginning at the -O- marked with an asterisk, and (2) reading in the direction of the arrow. The structure-based name of this polymer is therefore “poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl)”, not much longer than the traditional name and much more adaptable to the complexities of substitution. As organic nomenclature evolves, more systematic names may be used for subunits, e.g. “ethane-1,2-diyl” instead of “ethylene”. IUPAC still prefers “ethylene” for the -CH2-CH2- unit, however, but also accepts “ethane-1,2-diyl”. Structure-based nomenclature can also be used when the CRU backbone has no carbon atoms. An example is the polymer traditionally named “poly(dimethylsiloxane)”, which on the basis of structure would be named “poly(oxydimethylsilylene)” or “poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl)”. This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers8 and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.9 Irregular Single-Strand Polymers Polymers that cannot be described by the repetition of a single CRU or comprise units not all connected identically in a directional sense can also be named on a structure basis.10 These include copolymers, block and graft polymers, and star polymers. They are given names of the type “poly(A/B/C...)”, where A, B, C, etc. are the names of the component constitutional units, the number of which are minimized. The constitutional units may include regular or irregular blocks as well as atoms or atomic groupings, and each is named by the method described above or by the rules of organic nomenclature. The solidus denotes an unspecified arrangement of the units within the main chain.10 For example, a statistical copolymer derived from styrene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named “poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenylethylene)”. A polymer obtained by 1,4- polymerization and both head-to-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named “poly(but-1-ene-l,4-diyl/l-vinylethylene/2-vinylethylene)”.12 In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Figure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses; this indicates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromolecule.

Figure 2. Graphic Representations of Copolymers A long hyphen is used to separate components in names of block polymers, as in “poly(A)—poly(B)—poly(C)”, or “poly(A)—X—poly(B)” in which X is a non-polymeric junction unit, e.g. dimethylsilylene. In graphic representations of these polymers, the blocks are shown connected when the bonding is known (Figure 3, for example); when the bonding between the blocks is unknown, the blocks are separated by solidi and are shown completely within the outer set of enclosing parentheses (Figure 4, for example).10,13

Figure 3. polystyrene—polyethylene—polystyrene

Figure 4. poly[poly(methyl methacrylate)—polystyrene—poly(methyl acrylate)] Graft polymers are named in the same way as a substituted polymer but without the ending “yl” for the grafted chain; the name of a regular polymer, comprising Z units in which some have grafts of “poly(A)”, is “poly[Z/poly(A)Z]”. Star polymers are treated as a central unit with substituent blocks, as in “tetrakis(polymethylene)silane”.10,13

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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Other Nomenclature Articles and Publications In addition to the Chemical Abstracts and IUPAC documents cited above and listed below, other articles on polymer nomenclature are available. A 1999 article lists significant documents on polymer nomenclature published during the last 50 years in books, encyclopedias, and journals by Chemical Abstracts, IUPAC, and individual authors.14 A comprehensive review of source-based and structure-based nomenclature for all of the major classes of polymers,15 and a short tutorial on the correct identification, orientation, and naming of most commonly encountered constitutional repeating units were both published in 2000.16 References and Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Stereochemical Definitions and Notations Relating to Polymers (Recommendations 1980), Pure Appl. Chem., 53, 733-752 (1981). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Source-Based Nomenclature for Copolymers (Recommendations 1985), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427-1440 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1975), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976). Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1999 Index Guide. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1993), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers (Recommendations 1984), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 149-168 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1993), Pure Appl. Chem., 65, 1561-1580 (1993). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Structure-Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 873-889 (1994). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies (Recommendations 1997).” Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2511-2521 (1997). Poly(1,3-butadiene) obtained by polymerization of 1,3-butadiene in the so-called 1,4- mode is frequently drawn incorrectly in publications as -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-; the double bond should be assigned the lowest locant possible, i.e. the structure should be drawn as –(CH=CH-CH2-CH2)n-. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae) of Macromolecules (Recommendations 1994).” Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2469-2482 (1994). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17: “Whither Nomenclature?” Polym. Prepr. 40(2), 6-11 (1999); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html. Wilks, E. S. “Polymer Nomenclature: The Controversy Between Source-Based and Structure-Based Representations (A Personal Perspective).” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 9-100 (2000). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 18: “SRUs: Using the Rules.” Polym. Prepr. 41(1), 6a-11a (2000); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html; a .pdf format version is also available.

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SOLVENTS FOR COMMON POLYMERS Abbreviations: HC: hydrocarbons; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone; THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMF: dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide Polyethylene (HDPE) Polypropylene (atactic) Polybutadiene Polystyrene Polyacrylates Polymethacrylates Polyacrylamide Poly(vinyl ethers) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Polyacrylonitrile Poly(oxyethylene) Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyurethanes (linear) Polyureas Polysiloxanes Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phosphazene]

HC and halogenated HC HC and halogenated HC HC, THF, ketones ethylbenzene, CHCl3, CCl4, THF, MEK aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, ketones aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, MEK water halogenated HC, MEK, butanol glycols (hot), DMF aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, DMF THF, DMF, DMSO THF (hot), dioxane, DMF DMF, DMSO (hot) DMF, DMSO aromatic HC, CHCl3, alcohols, esters, DMF aromatic HC, halogenated HC phenol, DMSO (hot) aromatic HC, THF, DMF phenol, formic acid HC, THF, DMF THF, ketones, ethyl acetate

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GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS Robert B. Fox Polymer names are based on the IUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table “Naming Organic Polymers”. Within each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most common polymers. The table does not include polymers for which Tg is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition. All values of Tg cited in this table have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except those values indicated by: (D) (Dil) (M)

dynamic method dilatometry mechanical method

Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name ACYCLIC CARBON CHAINS Polyalkadienes Poly(alkenylene) Polyalkadiene –[CH=CHCH2CH2]– Poly(cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(1-chloro-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-chloro-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-methyl-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1-methyl-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1,4,4-trifluoro-1-butenylene)

171 215 253 233 200 207 238

Polyalkenes Poly(alkylethylene) Poly(alkylethylene) -[RCHCH2]Poly(1-benzylethylene) Poly(1-butylethylene) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (atactic) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (isotactic) Poly(1,1-dimethylethylene) Polyisobutylene [PIB] Poly(ethylene) Poly(methylene) Poly(1-phenethylethylene) Poly(propylene) (isotactic) Poly(propylene) (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(2-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly(1-vinylethylene)

333 223 393 406 (D) 200 148 155 283 272 ca. 265 377 415 273

Polyacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)ethylene) Poly(alkyl acrylate) –[(ROCO)CHCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(butyl acrylate) [PBA]

279 219 (M)

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GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene] Poly[1-(butylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-carbamoylethylene) Polyacrylamide [PAM] Poly(1-carboxyethylene) Poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyanomethoxycarbonyl)ethylene)] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(ethyl acrylate) [PEA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-fluoroethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(methyl acrylate) [PMA] Poly[1-(2-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-naphthyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(pentachlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(m-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(o-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxycarbonyl)ethylene]

251 358 319 (M) 438 379 326 331 317 277 433 Dil 363 292 333 362 249 316 303 297 310 223 218 267-270 283 319 311 340 223 324 198 358 420 270 330 298 325 316 263

Polymethacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(alkyl methacrylate) –[(ROCO)(Me)CCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-bromoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[(1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] Poly[1-(2-chloroethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic)

327 325 293 333 391 ca 315 364 428 356 324

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GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name Poly[1-(dimethylaminoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-ethylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) [PEMA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (isotactic) Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isobutoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (atactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene]

292 300 338 285 339 268 326 354 378 311 378 379 391 397 299 383

Polyvinyl ethers, alcohols, and ketones Poly(1-alkoxyethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) –[ROCHCH2]– Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) –[HOCHCH2]– Poly(1-alkanoylethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ketone) –[RCOCHCH2]– Poly(1-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-sec-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-tert-butoxyethylene) Poly[1-(butylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-ethoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] Poly(hydroxymethylene) Poly(1-isopropoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methoxyethylene) Poly(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE] Poly[1-(methylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-propoxyethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethoxy)trifluoroethylene]

218 253 361 253 230 325 358 (D) 407 270 319 (M) 242 272 224 268

Polyvinyl halides and nitriles Poly(1-haloethylene) Poly(vinyl halide) –[XCHCH2]– Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Poly(acrylonitrile) –[NCCHCH2]– Poly(1-chloroethylene) Poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Polyacrylonitrile [PAN] Poly(1-cyano-1-methylethylene) Polymethacrylonitrile Poly(1,1-dichloroethylene) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(1-fluoroethylene) Poly(vinyl fluoride)

354 373 370 393 255 ca 233 314 (M)

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GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name

Poly(1-hexafluoropropylene) Poly[1-(2-iodoethyl)ethylene] Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylene]

425 343 (160) 300

Polyvinyl esters Poly[1-(alkanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly(vinyl alkanoate) –[RCOOCHCH2]– Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) Poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] Poly[1-(benzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-isopropylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(propionoyloxy)ethylene]

305 344 365 335 338 357 349 (M) 343 326 342 338 ca 317 360 343 395 283 (M)

Polystyrenes Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene –[C6H5CHCH2]– Poly[1-(4-acetylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-benzoylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Pol[(1-(4-butylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-iodophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly[1-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene [PS]

389 (M) 371 (M) 391 ca 320 (M) 349 (M) 279 386 (M) 392 363 383 406 379 440 401 385 398 (M) ca 359 (M) 367 (M) 368 429 386 386 (M) 373 462 (M) 373

13-7

GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name

Poly[1-(4-propoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-propoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-o-tolylethylene)

343 (M) 365 (M) 409

CHAINS WITH CARBOCYCLIC UNITS Poly(arylenealkylene) –[–Ar–(CH2)n]– Poly[1-(2-bromo-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyano-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-naphthylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-phenylene)ethylene]

353 (M) 343 (M) 363 (M) 373 (M) 298 (M) 433 (M) ca 353 (M)

CHAINS WITH HETEROATOM UNITS Main chain oxide units Poly(oxyalkylene) Poly(alkylene oxide) –[O(CH2)n]– Poly[oxy(1,1-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(bromomethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(butoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-tert-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(chloromethyl)ethylene)] Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1,1-dimethylethylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-ethylethylene)] Poly(oxyethylidene) Polyacetaldehyde Poly[oxy(1-(methoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-methyltrimethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyltrimethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene) Poly(phenylene oxide) [PPO] Poly[oxy(1-phenylethylene)] Poly(oxytetramethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) [PTMO] Poly(oxytrimethylene)

265 259 194 203 308 251 440 264 482 493 203 243 211 428 223 (D) 218 358 313 189 195

Main-chain ester or anhydride units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxyalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanedioate)-–[O(CH2)mOCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(oxyadipoyloxydecamethylene) Poly(oxyadipoyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Bisphenol A polycarbonate Poly(oxycarbonylpentamethylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene)

13-8

TeamLRN

217 341 422 213 395 333

GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name

Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxysebacoyl] Poly(oxyethylenecarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl) (trans) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,5-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,6-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,7-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] Poly(oxyisophthaloyl) Poly(oxy(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene)) Poly(pivalolactone) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxysebacoyl) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) [PEEK] Poly(oxypropyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly[oxyterephthaloyloxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-(D)phenylene)] Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxyoctamethylene) Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(bisphenol A terephthalate) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT]

318 291 337 344 386 392 342 403 (D) 263 280 416 341 498 318 (D) 478 323

Main-chain amide units Poly(iminoalkyleneiminoalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanediamide)–[NH(CH2)mNHCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene) Nylon 10,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminooctamethylene) Nylon 8,6 Poly[iminoadipoyliminotrimethylene(methylimino)trimethylene] Poly(iminocarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly[iminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)iminohexamethylene] Poly(iminoethylene-1,4-phenyleneethyleneiminosebacoyl) Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminoazelaoyl) Nylon 6,9 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminododecanedioyl) Nylon 6, 12 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminopimeloyl) Nylon 6,7 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl) Nylon 6,10 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosuberoyl) Nylon 6,8 Poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminohexamethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,3-phenylenemethylene) Poly[iminomethylene(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)methyleneiminosuberoyl] Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminooctamethyleneiminodecanedioyl) Nylon 8,10 Poly(iminooxalyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,2 Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)] Nylon 6

13-9

313 ca 323 318 278 466 377 378 (D) 331 319 331 323 330 558 390 481 438 (M) 351 598 578 333 430 326

GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name

Poly[imino(1-oxodecamethylene)] Nylon 10 Poly[imino(1-oxoheptamethylene)] Nylon 7 Poly[imino(1-oxo-3-methyltrimethylene] Poly[imino(1-oxononamethylene)] Nylon 9 Poly[imino(1-oxooctamethylene)] Nylon 8 Poly[imino(1-oxotrimethylene)] Nylon 3 Poly(iminopentamethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 5,6 Poly[iminopentamethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminopimeloyliminoheptamethylene) Nylon 7,7 Poly(iminoterephthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminotetramethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 4,6 Poly[iminotetramethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(iminotrimethyleneiminoadipoyliminotrimethylene) Poly[iminotrimethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl-imino-1,4-phenylene) Poly(sulfonylimino-1,4-phenyleneiminoadipoylimino-1,4-phenylene)

315 325 369 319 323 384 318 376 553 (M) 618 328 613 316 357 307 382 613 467

Main-chain urethane units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxycarbonyliminoalkyleneiminocarbonyl)–[O(CH2)mOCONH(CH2)nNHCO]– Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)

329 325 412 332 305 364 331 337 352 332 315 382

Main-chain siloxanes Poly[oxy(dialkylsilylene)] Poly(dialkylsiloxane) –[O(R2Si)]– Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)] Poly(diphenylsiloxane) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)-1,3-phenylene] Poly[oxy((methyl)phenylsilylene)] Poly[oxy((methyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene]

13-10

TeamLRN

148 363 (M) 318 (M) 238 ca 331 187 <193

GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

Polymer name

Main-chain sulfur-containing units Poly(dithioethylene) Poly(dithiomethylene-1,4-phenylenemethylene) Poly(oxy-4,4′-biphenylylene-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly[oxy(2-hydroxytrimethylene)oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxymethyleneoxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4′-biphenylylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)isopropylidene (3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene(hexafluoroisopropylidene)1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(oxytetramethylenedithiotetramethylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,2-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thio-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly[thio(difluoromethylene)] Poly(thioethylene) Poly[thio(1-ethylethylene] Poly[thio(1-methyl-3-oxotrimethylene)] Poly[thio(1-methyltrimethylene)] Pol[(thio(1-oxohexamethylene)] Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thiopropylene) Main-chain heterocyclic units Poly(1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(vinyl formal) Poly[(2,6-dioxopiperidine-1,4-diyl)trimethylene] Poly[(2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl acetal) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylcarbonyloxyethyleneoxycarbonyl) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylisophthaloyl) Poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(3,6-pyridazinediyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxy) Poly(2,5-pyridinediylcarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl)

13-11

223 296 503 (M) ca 383 220 (M) 428 214 478 (M) 438 (M) 487 533 508 (M) 478 (M) 478 (M) 449 453 (M) 448 (M) 522 197 401 381 497 221 155 223 218 285 214 292 370 226

378 363 355 333 465 (M) 322 453 (M) 322

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED POLYMERS This table lists typical values of the dielectric constant (more properly called relative permittivity) of some important polymers. Values are given for frequencies of 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz; in most cases the dielectric constant at frequencies below 1 kHz does not differ significantly from the value at 1 kHz. Since the dielectric constant of a polymeric material can vary with density, degree of crystallinity, and other details of a particular sample, the values given here should be regarded only as typical or average values. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, p. 5-132, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E.H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Name Polyacrylonitrile Polyamides (nylons) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polychloroprene (neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar) Polyisoprene (natural rubber) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde) Poly(phenylene oxide) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfones Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

t/°C

1 kHz

1 MHz

25 25 84 25 23 25 23 23 23 27 27 80 25 23 25 25 25 25 50 150 25 100 23 23

5.5 3.50 11 2.5 2.92 6.6 2.65 2.3 3.25 2.6 3.12 3.80 3.8 2.59 2.3 2.6 3.13 2.1

4.2 3.14 4.4

2.8 2.8

2.8 6.3 2.46

4.2 2.39

3.0 2.5 2.76 2.7

2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6

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3.39 5.3 4.6 12.2

2.59 2.3 2.6 2.10 2.1 3.5 8.3 2.9 3.3 3.2 8.9

1 GHz

2.3 2.6 2.1

2.8 2.7 2.7 4.7

PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS Christian Wohlfarth Numerous theoretical equations of state for polymer liquids have been developed. These, at the minimum, have to provide accurate fitting functions to experimental data. However, for the purpose of this table, the empirical Tait equation along with a polynomial expression for the zero pressure isobar is used. This equation is able to represent the experimental data for the melt state within the limits of experimental errors, i.e., the maximum deviations between measured and calculated specific volumes are about 0.001-0.002 cm3/g. The general form of the Tait equation is: V(P,T) = V(0,T){1 - C ln[1 + P/B(T)]} (1) where the coefficient C is usually taken to be a universal constant equal to 0.0894. T is the absolute temperature in K and P the pressure in MPa. The volume V is the specific volume in cm3/g. The Tait parameter B(T) has the very simple meaning that it is inversely proportional to the compressibility κ at constant temperature and zero pressure: κ(0,T) = -[1/V(0,T)](dV/dP) = C/B(T)

(2)

B(T) = B0 exp[-B1(T-273.15)]

(3)

B(T) = b0 + b1(T-273.15) + b2(T-273.15)2

(4)

V(0,T) = A0 + A1(T-273.15) + A2(T-273.15)2

(5)

The B(T) function is usually given by:

but, sometimes a polynomial expression is used:

The zero-pressure isobar V(0,T) is usually given by:

where A0, A1, A2 are specific constants for a given polymer (the expression T-273.15 is used because fitting to the zero-pressure isobar is usually done in terms of Celsius temperature). Other forms for V(0,T) are also found in the literature, such as V(0,T) = A3 exp[A4(T-273.15)]

(6)

V(0,T) = A5 exp(A6T1.5)

(7)

or

where A3 and A4 or A5 and A6 are again specific constants for a given polymer. The Tait equation is particularly useful to calculate derivative quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility and the thermal expansivity coefficients. The isothermal compressibility κ(P,T) is derived from equation (1) as:

and the thermal expansivity α(P,T) as:

κ(P,T) = -(1/V)(dV/dP) = 1/{[P + B(T)][1/C - ln(1 + P/B(T))]}

(8)

α(P,T) = (1/V)(dV/dT) = α(0,T) - PB1κ(P,T)

(9)

where α(0,T) represents the thermal expansivity at zero (atmospheric) pressure and is calculated from any suitable fit for the zero-pressure volume, such as equations (5) through (7) above. Because polymer melt PVT-behavior depends only slightly on polymer molar mass above the oligomeric region, usually no information is given in the original literature for the average molar mass of the polymers. Table 1 summarizes the polymers or copolymers considered here and the experimental ranges of pressure and temperature over which data are available. In Table 2 the Tait-equation functions, with parameters obtained from the fit, are given for 90 polymer or copolymer melts.

REFERENCES 1. Zoller, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 23, 1051-1056, 1979. 2. Starkweather, H. W., Jones, G. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 26, 257-266,1988. 3. Fakhreddine, Y. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 29, 1141-1146, 1991. 4. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 1061-1080, 1993. 5. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 2075-2083, 1993. 6. Yi, Y. X., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 31, 779-788, 1993. 7. Callaghan, T. A., and Paul, D. R., Macromolecules 26, 2439–2450, 1993. 8. Wang, Y. Z., Hsieh, K. H., Chen, L. W.,and Tseng, H. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53, 1191-1201, 1994. 9. Privalko, V. P., Arbuzova, A. P., Korskanov, V. V., and Zagdanskaya, N. E., Polym. Intern. 35, 161-169, 1994. 10. Sachdev, V. K., Yashi, U., and Jain, R. K., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 36, 841-850, 1998. 11. Sato, Y., Takikawa, T., Sorakubo, A., Takishima, S., Masuoka, H., and Imaizumi, M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4813-4819, 2000. 12. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2001. 13. Mekhilef, N., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 80, 230-241, 2001.

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PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants

Polymer Butylene succinate/butylene adipate copolymer 20 mol% adipate Ethylene/propylene copolymer (50 wt%) Ethylene/styrene copolymer 1.7 mol%styrene 3.5 mol% styrene 6.0 mol% styrene 13.8 mol% styrene 21.5 mol% styrene 29.4 mol% styrene Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 18 wt% vinyl acetate 25 wt% vinyl acetate 28 wt% vinyl acetate 40 wt% vinyl acetate Polyamide-6 Polyamide-11 Polyamide-66 cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Polybutadiene, 8% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 24% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 40% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 50% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 87% 1,2-content Poly(1-butene), isotactic Poly(butyl methacrylate) Poly(butylene succinate) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polycarbonate-bisphenol-A Polycarbonate-bisphenol-chloral Polycarbonate-hexafluorobisphenol-A Polycarbonate-tetramethylbisphenol-A Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 1000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 4000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 6000 Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly(ether ether ketone) Poly(ethyl acrylate) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Polyethylene, high density Polyethylene, linear Polyethylene, linear, high MW Polyethylene, branched Polyethylene, low density Polyethylene, low density, type A Polyethylene, low density, type B Polyethylene, low density, type C Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(4-hexylstyrene) Polyisobutylene

Symbol

T/K

P/MPa

Ref.

BSBA20 EP50

394-493 413-523

0.1-100 0.1-63

11 4

ES2 ES4 ES6 ES14 ES22 ES29

403-473 403-473 403-473 403-473 353-473 343-473

0.1-170 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200

12 12 12 12 12 12

EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBS PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB

385-491 367-506 367-508 348-508 509-569 478-542 519-571 277-328 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 406-519 307-473 413-493 508-576 373-421 424-613 428-557 432-553 491-563 396-471 473-593 298-343 304-420 298-418 291-423 333-413 619-671 310-490 386-434 413-476 415-473 410-473 398-471 394-448 385-498 385-498 385-498 361-497 547-615 303-403 326-383

0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-284 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-100 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-160 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1- 68 0.1-196 30-100 0.1-100

4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 11 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4

13-17

TeamLRN

PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants Polymer Polyisoprene, 8% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 14% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 41% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 56% 3,4-content Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(o-methylstyrene) Polyoxymethylene Phenoxya Polysulfoneb Polyarylatec Polypropylene, atactic Polypropylene, isotactic Polystyrene Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2.7 wt% acrylonitrile 5.7 wt% acrylonitrile 15.3 wt% acrylonitrile 18.0 wt% acrylonitrile 40 wt% acrylonitrile 70 wt% acrylonitrile Styrene/butadiene copolymer 10 wt% styrene 23.5 wt% styrene 60 wt% styrene 85 wt% styrene Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer 20 wt% methyl methacrylate 60 wt% methyl methacrylate N-Vinylcarbazole/4-ethylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% ethylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-hexylstyrene copolymer 80 mol% hexylstyrene 67 mol% hexylstyrene 60 mol% hexylstyrene 50 mol% hexylstyrene 40 mol% hexylstyrene 33 mol% hexylstyrene 20 mol% hexylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-octylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% octylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-pentylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% pentylstyrene Vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer 3.1 mol% hexafluoropropylene 10.5 mol% hexafluoropropylene

Symbol

T/K

P/MPa

Ref.

PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA PMMA P4MP PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF

298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 310-493 387-432 514-592 473-533 412-471 463-493 341-573 475-644 450-583 353-393 443-570 388-469 603-645 335-439 308-373 373-423 303-471 451-521

0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-170 0.1-180 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1- 39 0.1- 78 0.1- 80 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200

6 6 6 6 4 4 4 7 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70

378-539 370-540 405-531 377-528 373-543 373-544

0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200

4 4 4 4 4 4

SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85

393-533 393-533 393-533 393-533

0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196

8 8 8 8

SMMA20 SMMA60

383-543 383-543

0.1-200 0.1-200

4 4

VCES50

393-443

30-100

9

VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20

313-423 333-423 383-453 373-443 423-493 463-523 473-523

30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

VCOS50

403-453

30-100

9

VCPS50

383-443

30-100

9

VdFHFP3 VdFHFP11

433-493 433-493

0.1-120 0.1-120

13 13

aPhenoxy

= Poly(oxy-2-hydroxytrimethyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) = Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) cPolyarylate = Poly(oxyterephthaloyl/isophthaloyl T/I=50/50)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene bPolysulfone

13-18

PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer BSBA20 EP50 ES2 ES4 ES6 ES14 ES22 ES29 EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBS PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA

V(0,T)/cm3g-1

B(T)/MPa

0.6775 exp(7.110 10-4T) 1.2291 + 5.799·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.964·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.17640 – 6.3389 10-4T + 1.7815 10-6T 2 1.36913 – 1.5928 10-3T + 2.8859 10-6T 2 1.00930 + 4.2123 10-5T + 8.8038 10-7T 2 0.98570 – 5.9468 10-5T + 9.8460 10-7T 2 0.93220 + 6.4243 10-5T + 7.7144 10-7T 2 0.96947 – 1.8184 10-4T + 1.0626 10-6T 2 1.02391 exp(2.173·10-5T1.5) 1.00416 exp(2.244·10-5T1.5) 1.00832 exp(2.241·10-5T1.5) 1.06332 exp(2.288·10-5T1.5) 0.7597 exp[4.701·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9581 exp[6.664·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7657 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.0970 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1004 + 6.718·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.584·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1049 + 6.489·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.099·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1013 + 6.593·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.776·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1037 + 5.955·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.789·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1094 + 6.729·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.470·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1417 exp[6.751·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9341 + 5.5254·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.5803·10-6(T-273.15)2 + 1.5691·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.6821 exp(6.728 10-4T) 0.9640 - 1.017·10-3(T-273.15) + 3.065·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9049 exp[6.392·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.73565 exp(1.859·10-5T1.5) 0.6737 + 3.634·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.370·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6111 + 4.898·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.730·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8497 + 5.073·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.832·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8793 + 4.0504·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 - 7.7534·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.78075 exp(2.151·10-5T1.5) 1.0079 exp[9.121·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8343 + 5.991·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.734·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8018 + 7.072·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.635·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8146 + 5.578·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7216 exp[5.825·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7158 exp[6.690·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8756 exp[7.241·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8614 exp[7.468·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1595 + 8.0394·10-4(T-273.15) 0.9172 exp[7.806·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8992 exp[8.502·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9399 exp[7.341·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1944 + 2.841·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.872·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1484 exp[6.950·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1524 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1516 exp[6.730·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8766 exp[7.087·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.6883 + 5.90·10-4(T-273.15) 0.8251 + 6.77·10-4T 1.0750 exp[5.651·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1030 + 6.488·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.125·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0943 + 6.293·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.231·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0951 + 6.188·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.629·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0957 + 6.655·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.661·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8365 exp[6.795·10-4(T-273.15)]

13-19

TeamLRN

903.5 exp(-4.441 10-3T) 487.0 exp[-8.103·10-3(T-273.15)] 278.02 exp[-6.449 10-3(T-273.15)] 281.50 exp[-6.694 10-3(T-273.15)] 258.51 exp[-5.502 10-3(T-273.15)] 240.72 exp[-5.059 10-3(T-273.15)] 241.50 exp[-4.732 10-3(T-273.15)] 250.23 exp[-4.948 10-3(T-273.15)] 188.2 exp[-4.537·10-3(T-273.15)] 184.4 exp[-4.734·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.5 exp[-4.457·10-3(T-273.15)] 205.1 exp[-4.989·10-3(T-273.15)] 376.7 exp[-4.660·10-3(T-273.15)] 254.7 exp[-4.178·10-3(T-273.15)] 316.4 exp[-5.040·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.7 exp[-3.593·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.606·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.0 exp[-4.519·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.437·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.0 exp[-4.425·10-3(T-273.15)] 175.0 exp[-4.538·10-3(T-273.15)] 167.5 exp[-4.533·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.7 exp[-5.344·10-3(T-273.15)] 729.1 exp(-4.232 10-3T) 263.0 exp[-3.444·10-3(T-273.15)] 189.0 exp[-3.931·10-3(T-273.15)] 310.0 exp[-4.078·10-3(T-273.15)] 363.4 exp[-4.921·10-3(T-273.15)] 236.6 exp[-5.156·10-3(T-273.15)] 231.4 exp[-4.242·10-3(T-273.15)] 295.2 exp[-5.220·10-3(T-273.15)] 227.8 exp[-4.290·10-3(T-273.15)] 89.4 exp[-5.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 542.63 exp[-6.69·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.3 exp[-4.171·10-3(T-273.15)] 388.0 exp[-4.124·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.2 exp[-4.839·10-3(T-273.15)] 260.9 exp[-5.356·10-3(T-273.15)] 179.9 exp[-4.739·10-3(T-273.15)] 176.7 exp[-4.661·10-3(T-273.15)] 168.3 exp[-4.292·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.1 exp[-4.699·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.2 exp[-5.243·10-3(T-273.15)] 192.9 exp[-4.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 196.6 exp[-4.601·10-3(T-273.15)] 186.7 exp[-4.391·10-3(T-273.15)] 207.7 exp[-3.947·10-3(T-273.15)] 369.7 exp[-4.150·10-3(T-273.15)] 103.1 exp[-2.417·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.3 exp[-4.329·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.541·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.0 exp[-4.653·10-3(T-273.15)] 199.0 exp[-4.622·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.644·10-3(T-273.15)] 235.8 exp[-4.493·10-3(T-273.15)]

PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer

V(0,T)/cm3g-1

B(T)/MPa

PMMA P4MP

0.8254 + 2.8383·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.792·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.4075 - 9.095·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.497·10-6(T-273.15)2

PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70 SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85 SMMA20 SMMA60 VCES50 VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20 VCOS50 VCPS50 VdFHFP3 VdFHFP11

0.89365 + 3.4864·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.0184·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9396 exp[5.306·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7484 exp[6.770·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.76644 exp(1.921·10-5T1.5) 0.7644 + 3.419·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.126·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.73381 exp(1.626·10-5T1.5) 1.1841 - 1.091·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.286·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1606 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9287 exp[5.131·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.3200 + 9.5862·10-4(T-273.15) 1.0043 exp[6.691·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.82496 + 5.820·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.940·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7196 + 5.581·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.468·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9585 exp[6.653·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.5790 exp[8.051·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9233 + 3.936·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.685·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9211 + 4.370·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.846·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9044 + 4.207·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.077·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9016 + 4.036·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.206·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8871 + 3.406·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.938·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8528 + 3.616·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.634·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9053 exp(2.437·10-5T1.5) 0.8986 exp(2.317·10-5T1.5) 0.8812 exp(2.031·10-5T1.5) 0.8704 exp(1.846·10-5T1.5) 0.9063 + 3.570·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.532·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8610 + 3.350·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.980·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6676 + 6.63·10-4T 0.7753 + 6.17·10-4T 0.8028 + 6.50·10-4T 0.8213 + 6.23·10-4T 0.7827 + 5.05·10-4T 0.7805 + 4.92·10-4T 0.7710 + 4.86·10-4T 0.6416 + 5.42·10-4T 0.7081 + 7.40·10-4T 0.7814 + 4.36·10-4T 0.587 +4.138 10-4(T-273.15) 0.577 + 4.543 10-4(T-273.15)

13-20

287.5 exp[-4.146·10-3(T-273.15)] 37.67 + 0.2134(T-273.15)] 7.0445·10-4(T-273.15)2 297.7 exp[-4.074·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.9 exp[-4.114·10-3(T-273.15)] 305.6 exp[-4.326·10-3(T-273.15)] 359.9 exp[-4.378·10-3(T-273.15)] 365.9 exp[-3.757·10-3(T-273.15)] 296.9 exp[-3.375·10-3(T-273.15)] 162.1 exp[-6.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 149.1 exp[-4.177·10-3(T-273.15)] 216.9 exp[-3.319·10-3(T-273.15)] 425.2 exp[-9.380·10-3(T-273.15)] 178.6 exp[-4.223·10-3(T-273.15)] 204.9 exp[-4.346·10-3(T-273.15)] 294.2 exp[-5.321·10-3(T-273.15)] 215.8 exp[-4.588·10-3(T-273.15)] 244.0 exp[-5.210·10-3(T-273.15)] 239.8 exp[-4.376·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.9 exp[-4.286·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.4 exp[-3.943·10-3(T-273.15)] 240.4 exp[-3.858·10-3(T -273.15)] 289.3 exp[-4.431·10-3(T-273.15)] 335.4 exp[-3.923·10-3(T-273.15)] 530.3 exp[-3.99·10-3(T-273.15)] 551.6 exp[-4.17·10-3(T-273.15)] 486.0 exp[-4.34·10-3(T-273.15)] 356.7 exp[-4.24·10-3(T-273.15)] 232.0 exp[-4.143·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.0 exp[-4.611·10-3(T-273.15)] 5281.7 exp[-9.264·10-3(T-273.15)] 247.6 exp[-2.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 581.7 exp[-4.553·10-3(T-273.15)] 229.1 exp[-2.133·10-3(T-273.15)] 136.0 exp[-1.083·10-3(T-273.15)] 155.0 exp[-1.605·10-3(T-273.15)] 460.4 exp[-3.453·10-3(T-273.15)] 489.8 exp[-3.193·10-3(T-273.15)] 666.5 exp[-4.503·10-3(T-273.15)] 880.1 exp[-4.393·10-3(T-273.15)] 157.7 exp[-2.83 10-3(T-273.15)] 207.1 exp[-4.15 10-3(T-273.15)]

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS Christian Wohlfarth Liquid-liquid demixing in solutions of polymers in low molar mass solvents is not a rare phenomenon. Demixing depends on concentration, temperature, pressure, molar mass and molar mass distribution function of the polymer, chain branching and end groups of the polymer, the chemical nature of the solvent, isotope substitution in solvents or polymers, chemical composition of copolymers and its distributions, and other variables. Phase diagrams of polymer solutions can therefore show a quite complicated behavior when they have to be considered in detail (see Ref. 1a). Polymer solutions can undergo demixing when cooling a homogeneous solution as well as when heating such a solution. The corresponding cloudpoint curves show a maximum (UCST behavior) or a minimum (LCST behavior). For common polymer solutions, the LCST region is at higher temperatures (in many cases near the critical temperature of the solvent) than the UCST region. The temperature range between both extrema provides the essential information where the one-phase region of a polymer solution can be found. In the case of monodisperse polymers the extrema are equal to the critical points. However, in the case of polydisperse polymers with distribution functions, these extrema are threshold temperatures whereas the critical point shifts to higher concentrations on the shoulder of the cloud-point curve. Usually, the critical concentration is much more strongly influenced than the critical temperature. Thus, the table below does not distinguish between threshold and critical temperatures. UCST and LCST values depend somewhat on pressure. LCST values in the table are usually given at the vapor pressure of the solvent at this temperature. UCST values are measured in most cases at normal pressure; data at higher pressures are neglected here. The interested reader can find such information, for example, in Refs. 76, 84, 104, 157, 165, 177, 185-187, or 192. However, UCST and LCST values of a given polymer/solvent pair depend strongly on the molar mass of the polymer. In the case of monodisperse polymers, this dependency can be described in good approximation by the so-called Shultz-Flory plot (see Refs. 6 and 8):

 1 1 1 1  = 1 + const.  −  Tcrit θ   r 2r  

(1)

where r denotes the number of segments of a polymer (being proportional to the degree of polymerization or to the molar mass or molar volume of the polymer). Extrapolation to r → ∞, i.e., to infinite molar mass, leads to the value of the θ-temperature. This θ-temperature is the highest temperature for UCST behavior or the lowest temperature for LCST behavior and a given polymer/solvent pair. In the case of polydisperse polymers, the segment number in equation (1) is to be replaced by its weight average, rw (related to Mw). The constant in equation (1) reflects further thermodynamic properties of the given polymer/solvent pair, but should not depend on molar mass. A detailed discussion can be found in Ref. 1b. The printed table in the Handbook provides only one data line for a given polymer/solvent pair and does not show the molar mass dependence of UCST or LCST data. The entire table with all data at different molar masses for many of the systems is given in the electronic version, however. Nevertheless, the necessary molar mass information for a system is always provided in the table by the corresponding number average, Mn, mass average, Mw, or viscosity average, Mη, values of the polymer as given in the original sources. Polymer Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (18% Acrylonitrile) (26% Acrylonitrile) Butadiene/α-methylstyrene copolymer (10% α-Methylstyrene) Carbon monoxide/ethylene copolymer (1:1, alternating)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent 840000 1000000

Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate

100000

Ethyl acetate

120000

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2propanol Benzyl alcohol 2-Butanone 2-Propanone

1000000 Cellulose diacetate 59900 59300

75500

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

387

372 279.7 216.2

427 412

220 220

393

220

453

159

471.5 438.2

86 111 42

Cellulose diacetate/styrene graft copolymer (77.4 wt% grafted polystyrene) 750000 750000

N,N-Dimethylformamide Tetrahydrofuran

262

399 363

106 106

2-Propanone

328

182

148

Benzyl alcohol 2-Propanone

322 290.0

472.0

86 42

N,N-Dimethylformamide 3-Phenyl-1-propanol

413 321

Cellulose nitrate (13.3 wt% N) unknown Cellulose triacetate 20000 100500 Cellulose tricaprylate infinite infinite

13-21

TeamLRN

5 5

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer Decamethyltetrasiloxane

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

310.69

332.59

Tetradecafluorohexane

195

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-butoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (50 wt% 2-butoxyethyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/butyl acrylate copolymer (15 wt% Butyl acrylate) (20 wt% Butyl acrylate) (30 wt% Butyl acrylate) (35 wt% Butyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-ethoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (50 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate) (75 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/ethyl acrylate copolymer (25 wt% Ethyl acrylate) (30 wt% Ethyl acrylate) (50 wt% Ethyl acrylate) (55 wt% Ethyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-methoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (38 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) (45 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) (55 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) (68 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) (82 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) (92 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/methyl acrylate copolymer (30 wt% Methyl acrylate) (40 wt% Methyl acrylate) (50 wt% Methyl acrylate) (55 wt% Methyl acrylate) (60 wt% Methyl acrylate) (70 wt% Methyl acrylate) N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/propyl acrylate copolymer (20 wt% Propyl acrylate) (30 wt% Propyl acrylate) (40 wt% Propyl acrylate) (50 wt% Propyl acrylate) Dimethylsiloxane/methylphenylsiloxane copolymer (15 wt% methylphenylsiloxane) 9100 9100

41200 41200

Water

<273.2

164

Water Water Water Water

346.2 323.2 294.2 281.2

164 164 164 164

Water Water

319.2 285.2

164 164

Water Water Water Water

347.2 334.2 287.2 <273.2

164 164 164 164

Water Water Water Water Water Water

353 333 315 305 288 283

184 184 184 184 184 184

Water Water Water Water Water Water

371.2 338.2 314.2 294.2 279.2 <273.2

164 164 164 164 164 164

Water Water Water Water

353.2 337.2 294.2 281.2

164 164 164 164

Anisole 2-Propanone

291.45 282.45

198 198

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (33 mol% ethylene) 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000

13-22

Cyclohexane Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,4-Dimethylhexane

534 490 428 452 541

101 101 101 101 101

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000 145000

Solvent UCST/K LCST/K 2,2-Dimethylpentane 472 2,3-Dimethylpentane 500 2,4-Dimethylpentane 464 3-Ethylpentane 511 Heptane 502 Hexane 455 2-Methylbutane 396 Methylcyclohexane 558 Methylcyclopentane 512 2-Methylhexane 486 Nonane 558 Octane 528 Pentane 409 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 539 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 500 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 503

Ref 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

70000 70000 70000

Hexane 2-Methylpentane Pentane

436 474 441

127 127 127

154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000 154000

2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane Pentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

407 437 453 488 445 500 493 443 395 488 565 484

101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000 236000

Cyclohexane Cyclopentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Methylcyclopentane Nonane Octane Pentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

526 481 429 530 444 482 434 492 485 436 348 498 547 512 387 528 479 479

101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (43 mol% ethylene) 140000 140000 140000

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (53 mol% ethylene)

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (63 mol% ethylene)

13-23

TeamLRN

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer Ethylene/propylene copolymer (75 mol% ethylene)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

109000 109000 109000 109000 109000 109000 109000 109000 109000

2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Heptane Hexane Nonane Octane Pentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

431 425 475 427 542 509 378 523 469

101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000 195000

Cyclohexane Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane Nonane Octane Pentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

522 474 381 413 478 466 522 425 471 420 478 468 425 327 541 493 453 459 540 506 370 519 461 460

101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (81 mol% ethylene)

Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer ( 2.3 wt% Vinyl acetate) ( 4.0 wt% Vinyl acetate) ( 7.1 wt% Vinyl acetate) ( 9.5 wt% Vinyl acetate) ( 9.7 wt% Vinyl acetate) (12.1 wt% Vinyl acetate) (42.6 mol% Vinyl acetate) Ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (87.2 mol% Vinyl alcohol) (88.9 mol% Vinyl alcohol) (91.0 mol% Vinyl alcohol) (94.1 mol% Vinyl alcohol) Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer (20.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) (27.0 mol% Ethylene oxide) (30.0 mol% Ethylene oxide)

52000 47000 34000 53000 55000 66000 14800

465000 280000 460000 350000 490000 300000 41500 infinite infinite infinite infinite

3400 3000 5400

Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Methyl acetate

404.2 392.5 378.2 367.3 370.8 360.4 307.0

Water Water Water Water

463.55 449.15 428.45 389.25

Water Water Water

13-24

143 143 143 143 143 143 130 285.65 290.75 302.95 324.45

44 44 44 44

303 309 313

211 210 211

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer (38.5 mol% Ethylene (50.0 mol% Ethylene (58.8 mol% Ethylene (72.4 mol% Ethylene (79.5 mol% Ethylene (86.6 mol% Ethylene Gutta Percha

oxide) oxide) oxide) oxide) oxide) oxide)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 5000 3900 3000 36000 30800 30100 194000

Solvent Water Water Water Water Water Water

UCST/K LCST/K 309 323 326.65 333 345 355.5

Ref 210 211 210 153 153 153

Propyl acetate

318.95

7

Hydroxypropylcellulose

N-Isopropylacrylamide/acrylamide copolymer (15 mol% Acrylamide) (30 mol% Acrylamide) (45 mol% Acrylamide) N-Isopropylacrylamide/1-deoxy-1methacrylamido-D-glucitol (12.9 mol% Glucitol) (13.7 mol% Glucitol) (14.0 mol% Glucitol) N-Isopropylacrylamide/Nisopropylmethacrylamide copolymer (10.56 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) (30.00 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) (39.99 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) (59.89 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) (79.81 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) (89.99 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide) Methylcellulose (about 30 mol% methyl subsitution)

75000 300000

Water Water

318.45 331.25

43 43

3100000 4500000 3900000

Water Water Water

315.15 326.15 347.15

172 172 172

78000 51600 145000

170000 110000 432000

Water Water Water

311.3 314.9 307.5

218 218 218

55300 28800 23100 23100 16600 14700

177000 92000 74000 74000 53000 47000

Water Water Water Water Water Water

307.15 309.75 311.05 314.65 317.35 318.75

212 212 212 212 212 212

Water Water

324.75 340.15

47 63

403

268.3

10 7 200 189

70000 80000

Methylcellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose copolymer (25 mol% methyl, 8 mol% hydroxypropyl subsitution) Natural rubber 300000

120000

Pentane 2-Pentanone 2-Ethoxyethanol Tetrahydrofuran

1070000

1500000

Water

317.15

183

667000

1000000

Water

338.15

183

714000

1000000

Water

311.15

183

1420000

1700000

Water

322.65

183

857000

1200000

Water

334.65

183

74500 Phenol-formaldehyde resin (acetylated) Poly(acrylic acid) Poly[bis(2,3-dimethoxypropanoxy) phosphazene]

274.45 378.2

Poly[bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy) phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-methoxyethoxy) propanoxy)phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-(2’’-dimethoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene]

13-25

TeamLRN

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer Poly(1-butene) (atactic)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

infinite infinite

Anisole Toluene

359.4 356.2

Anisole Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Nonane Octane Pentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

362.3

1-Butanol Decane Ethanol Heptane Octane 1-Pentanol 2-Propanol 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

287.15 357.25 315.25 342.55 345.80 286.30 294.90 347.50

11 28

Poly(1-butene) (isotactic) infinite 530000 530000 530000 530000 530000 530000 530000 530000 infinite 530000 infinite 530000 infinite 530000

498 444 519 559 517 480 523 509 464 416 564 540 421 507

11 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102

Poly(butyl methacrylate) 278000 278000 278000 278000 278000 278000 278000 278000

470000 470000 470000 470000 470000 470000 470000 470000

132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132

Poly(2-chlorostyrene) infinite

Benzene

infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite

Benzene 2-(Butoxyethoxy)ethanol Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Chlorobenzene 2-(ethoxyethoxy)ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Ethyl chloroacetate Isopropyl acetate Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl chloroacetate Methyl chloroacetate Propyl acetate Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Toluene

298

40

Poly(4-chlorostyrene) 274.0

317.55 323.85 236.8

22 46 22 46 22 46 22 22 46 46 46 46 46 46 22 46 46 22

304.85 278.40 346.85

113 113 132

323.25 502.4 338.55 128.8 300.95 613.2 283.2 258.45 271.35 348.65 332.15 264.95 337.75 908.7

Poly(decyl methacrylate) 390000 390000 220000

468000 468000 252000

1-Butanol 1-Pentanol 2-Propanol

13-26

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer Polydimethylsiloxane (cyclic)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent 9810 9810

10300 10300

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

2,2-Dimethylpropane Tetramethylsilane

433 448

133 133, 171

Butane Decane 2,2-Dimethylpropane Dodecane Ethane Ethoxybenzene Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Octane Pentane Propane Tetramethylsilane

392.95 603 428 643 259.65

53 30 133 30 53 108 30 30 30 30 30 53 133, 171

Polydimethylsiloxane 626000 infinite 14750 infinite

16370 626000 100000

infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite 203000 14750

16370

341.99 528 708 493 553 453 340.15 443

Poly(ethyl acrylate) 48000 48000 380000 48000

1-Butanol Ethanol Methanol 1-Propanol

310.05 301.15 287.25 305.15

27 27 27 27

Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether Diphenyl ether

384.7 396.7 415.3

95, 98 95, 98 95, 98

Anisole Benzyl acetate Benzyl phenyl ether Benzyl propionate Biphenyl Butyl acetate 4-tert-Butylphenol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanone Cyclopentane Decane 1-Decanol Dibenzyl ether 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 3-Ethylpentane Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol 2-Methoxynaphthalene

368.15 459.65 437.15 436.15 383.55 448 466.15

24 24 24 24 25 70 24 101 24 101 91 24 24 101 101 101 101 95, 98 25 91 141 101 91 24 91 154 24

Polyethylene (branched) 8400 24000 65000

32000 123000 425000

Polyethylene (linear) 20000 20000 20000 20000 50900 61100 20000 134000 20000 134000 36700

49300 20000 20000 134000 134000 134000 134000

12000

150000 97200

60400

82600 218000 134000

36700

49300

36700 7900

49300 92000

20000

20000

13-27

TeamLRN

497 518

389.65 472 563.75 400.15 448.65 515 399 463 395 416.2 400.25 610.85 405.15 471 464.70 440.15 414.65 458.15 427.65

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 20000 134000 134000 60400 82600 20000 20000 36700 49300 7900 92000 20000 134000 20000 175000 20000 20000 134000 60400 82600 134000 134000 134000 97700 135900

Solvent 3-Methylbutyl acetate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Nonane 1-Nonanol 4-Nonylphenol Octane 1-Octanol 4-Octylphenol Pentane 1-Pentanol Pentyl acetate 4-tert-Pentylphenol Phenetole 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane Tridecane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Undecane

UCST/K LCST/K Ref 407.15 24 537 101 488 101 531.90 91 431.15 24 410.15 24 502.40 91 426.65 154 424.65 24 353 101 445.15 24 421 528 70 443.65 24 366.65 24 513 101 639.30 91 444 101 545 101 495 101 583.95 91 321.2 353.2

Poly(ethylene glycol) 8000 21200 6100 10457 40800

6200 11615 151000

tert-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Water Water Water

464.2 431.2 404.79 394.33 378.25

83 83 185 205 205

22000

31500

Water

338

222

4400

Water

286.65

209

52000

Diphenyl ether

411.2

95, 98

2-Butanone

302.6

135

1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Metyl-1-propanol 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-Propanol

337.25 287 342 345 311

35 35 35 35 35

Anisole Benzene Butane Cycloheptane Cyclohexane Cyclooctane Cyclopentane Decane 2,2-Dimethylbutane

377

Poly(ethylene oxide)-bpoly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] block copolymer (about 67 mol% Ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide) -b-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (about 30 mol% Ethylene oxide) Polyethylethylene 48000 Poly(p-hexylstyrene) infinite Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 77400 233600 233600 77400 77400 Polyisobutylene infinite 72000 703000 infinite 1500000 infinite 1500000 infinite 1500000

13-28

540.5 264.75 572 412 637 344 535 376

3 39 53 34 10 34 10 34 10

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 1500000 infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite 72000 6030 infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite 470 72000 6030 72000 infinite 470 infinite infinite infinite infinite

Solvent 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane Diphenyl ether Decane Dodecane Ethylbenzene Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl hexanoate 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methylpropane Octane Pentane Pentane Phenetole Propane Propylcyclopentane Toluene 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

UCST/K LCST/K 404 454 458 446 497 404 451 403 451 306 585 582 249 524 306 330 458 442 428.5 357.85 526 478 466 478 426 446 376 405 387 506.0 403.55 373.5 357 358 547 260 445 435

Ref 10 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 3 30 34 3 34 3 3 34 34 39 53 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 10 39 53 39 3 10 34 3 34 34

1,4-cis-Polyisoprene 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000 780000

2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Methylpentane Heptane Hexane Nonane Octane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

474.15 520.15 445.15 484.15 442.15 483.15 488.15 434.15 541.15 509.15 518.15 548.15 471.15

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140

180000

2,5-Dimethylhexane

451.15

140

1,4-trans-Polyisoprene

13-29

TeamLRN

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000 180000

Solvent UCST/K LCST/K 3,4-Dimethylhexane 521.15 2,2-Dimethylpentane 405.15 2,3-Dimethylpentane 460.15 2,4-Dimethylpentane 404.15 3-Methylpentane 473.15 Heptane 467.15 Hexane 407.15 Nonane 540.15 Octane 503.15 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 519.15 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 548.15

Ref 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140

5400 146000

Water Water

307.45 305.85

146 146

5500

Water

306.2

223

6030

Water

306.2

223

Water

319.95

212

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 14000 530000

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly[(Nacetylimino)ethylene] block copolymer (80 wt% N-Isopropylacrylamide) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly[(Nacetylimino)ethylene] graft copolymer (75 wt% N-Isopropylacrylamide) Poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) 6250

20000

Poly(methyl methacrylate) 127000 970000 50000 infinite infinite 970000 127000 200000

264000 77000 127000

infinite 970000 infinite infinite 50000 1400000 572400 infinite

595300 50000

infinite 200000

264000 400000 50000

200000

264000

Acetonitrile Acetonitrile 1-Butanol 2-Butanone 1-Chlorobutane 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2-Ethoxyethanol Ethyl acetate 2-Ethylbutanal 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 3-Hexanone Methyl acetate 1-Methyl-4isopropylbenzene 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 3-Pentanone 1-Propanol 2-Propanone Tetra(ethylene glycol) Toluene Trichloromethane Tri(ethylene glycol)

267.15 303.15 353.25 320 301.55 280.15 312.15 290 264.65 307.7 299.95

482 463

533

522 451 400.15 321.15 329.88

16 16 2 80 80 16 16 196 190 16 126 16 80 80 2

439

16 166 80 2 80 196 2 2 196

461 464 454 522

80 80 80 80

506 349.95 390.15 225.35 231.15 407.15

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (isotactic) infinite infinite infinite infinite

Acetonitrile 2-Butanone 1-Chlorobutane 4-Heptanone

13-30

301 309 319

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol infinite infinite infinite infinite

Solvent 3-Hexanone Methyl acetate 3-Pentanone 2-Propanone

UCST/K LCST/K Ref 279 511 80 441 80 497 80 428 80

Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (isotactic) 152000 152000 152000 152000 152000 infinite infinite infinite 152000 152000 152000 152000 152000 152000 152000 152000

Butane Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Diphenyl Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Nonane Octane Pentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

388 505 462 499 499 467.8 483.2 449.8 532 522 487 431 579 553 441 521

102 102 102 102 102 62 62 62 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102

Poly(α-methylstyrene) 58500 99100 26000

61400 113000 31200 289000

69500 72000 58500

76500 75600 61400

Butyl acetate Cyclohexane Cyclopentane transDecahydronaphthalene Hexyl acetate Methylcyclohexane Pentyl acetate

262.05 293.55 276.7 273

457.15

285.05 328.9 287.1

508.15

600000 263000 335000 275000 335000 170000 165000 284000 152000 181000 233000

Butyl acetate Ethyl butyrate Ethyl propionate 3-Methylbutyl acetate 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methylpropyl acetate Pentyl acetate Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl propionate Tetrahydronaphthalene

287.95 319.05 293.55 314.75 299.95 312.35 316.95 262.35 282.65 312.15 316.95

4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000 4500000

Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3-Ethylpentane Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Octane

435.95

484.6

181 152 181 181 181 203 181

Poly(2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Poly(1-pentene) (isotactic)

13-31

TeamLRN

502 457 >569 502 529 493 537 522 482 422 556

102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent 4500000 Pentane 4500000 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

UCST/K LCST/K Ref 433 102 527 102

infinite infinite

Diphenyl ether Diethyl ether Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane Methylcyclohexane Pentane

426.5

Benzyl phenyl ether Benzyl propionate 1-Butanol 4-tert-Butylphenol Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Dibenzyl ether 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Diphenyl Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane 3-Ethylpentane 4-Ethylphenol Heptane Hexane 2-Methylbutane 3-Methylbutyl benzyl ether Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 4-Methylphenol 2-Methyl-1-propanol Nonane Octane 4-Octylphenol 4-Isooctylphenol Pentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

429.2 405.2 395.2 413.2

Polypropylene (atactic)

242000 infinite 242000 242000 infinite

383 511 441 413 564 397

9 68 101 68 101 101 68

Polypropylene (isotactic) 28000 28000 28000 28000 242000 242000 28000 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000 28000 28000 28000 242000 28000 242000 242000 242000 28000 242000 242000 28000 28000 242000 242000 28000 28000 242000 242000 242000 242000 242000

422 548 511 585 510

31 31 31 31 101 101 31 101 101 101 101 101 101 31 31 31 101 31 101 101 101 31 101 101 31 31 101 101 31 31 101 101 101 101 101

318.2

88 65

540 495 433.2 441 465 553 489 513 481 388.2 395.2 389.7 520 457.2 511 470 413 384.2 564 518 479.2 395.2 571 542 379.2 383.2

Poly(propylene glycol) 1000 575

Hexane Water

288.15

Polystyrene 34900

37000 62600

3700

4000

13-32

Benzene Butanedioic acid dimethyl ester 1-Butanol

335.15

538.7

61 2

383.45

154

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

46400 91700 91500

Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 97200 600000 110000 62600 19200 19200 19200 19200 51000 51000 37000 236000 51000 97200 97000

3700

4800 4000

Mn/g/mol 91700 545500 104000 18400 18400 18400 18400 46400 46400 34900

570000 18700 187000 47200 151000

19800 200000 50000 160000 240000 62600 62600

116000

3700 infinite 104000 104000 221000 9440

123000 25000 4800 4000

4530 3700 5500

110000 110000 239000 10000 900000 4800 4000 5770

1920

2030 62600

3700

4000 62600 90000

104000 104000 91700 10750 104000

3700 4530

110000 110000 97200 11500 110000 48000 4800 4000 4800

13-33

TeamLRN

Solvent 2-Butanone Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl stearate 1-Chlorododecane 1-Chlorohexadecane 1-Chlorooctadecane 1-Chlorotetradecane Cyclodecane Cycloheptane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclooctane Cyclopentane transDecahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Decyl acetate Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Dimethoxymethane 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl malonate Dimethyl oxalate Dodecadeuterocyclohexane Dodecadeuteromethylcyclo pentane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Dodecyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Ethylcyclohexane Ethyl formate bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate Heptane 1-Dexadecanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexadeutero-2propanone Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Hexyl acetate Methyl acetate 3-Methyl-1-butyl acetate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 2-Methyl-1-propyl acetate Nitroethane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Octane

UCST/K LCST/K 448.8 489 250.0 417.9 387.15 274.65 337.05 365.55 309.35 278.9 276.2 285.6 510.9 353.5 275.2 275.2 445.5 281.95

Ref 61 181 74 2 154 154 154 154 128 128 60 8 128 61 81

360.95 375.15

154 154 64 51 74 131 51 116 2 2 224 180

235.6 285.8 280.05 387 409.15 453.15 298.10 310.07 368.65 379.75 285.2 213.9 330.52 272 283.05 359 386.25 270 318 448.15 372.15 396.65 284.2 210.1 321.8 295 210.4 303.1 403.55 390.55 353

650 314.5 589.6 401.2 482

435.4 490.8 451 477 436 470

578 415.7 510.1 505.9 480 468.5

527

154 154 206 72 74 18 74 136 112 154 157 112 2 154 2 64 72 72 60 157 72 151 154 154 112

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol 3700 4000 62600 4800 1100 3700 4000 219800 233000 100000 5500 5770 12750 13500 104000 110000 104000 110000 3700 4000 34900 37000 62600

Solvent 1-Octanol 1-Octene Pentadecane Pentane 1-Pentanol Pentyl acetate 1-Phenyldecane 2-Propanone Propionitrile Propyl acetate 2-Propyl acetate 1-Tetradecanol Toluene Vinyl acetate

UCST/K LCST/K Ref 372.35 154 355.15 2 385.25 154 292 137 375.05 154 519 181 283.60 105 251 452 157 312 187 183.7 469.0 72 220.9 414.2 72 383.25 154 567.2 60 384.15 2

230000

Cyclohexane

297.1

155000

Cyclohexane

294.13

199

infinite

Cyclohexane

300

79

40000

Water

514

45

150000

Water

306.45

217

Polystyrene (three-arm star) 496.8

93

Polystyrene (four-arm star) Poly(trimethylene oxide) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) Poly(vinyl chloride) 55000 55000 85000

Dibutyl phthalate Tricresyl phosphate Dimethyl phthalate

353 383 355

114 114 219

Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) 66000

105600

Water

313.25

208

46500 83000

98600 155000

Deuterium oxide Water

307.2 306.95

173 146

Water

313.5

176

344.15

52 52 198 107

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Poly(N-vinyl-N-propylacetamide) 30000 Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer (21.1 wt% acrylonitrile) (23.2 wt% Acrylonitrile) (25.0 wt% Acrylonitrile) (51.0 wt% Acrylonitrile) Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer (52.0 mol% Styrene)

infinite infinite 90000

147000 347000

Toluene Toluene Toluene Ethyl acetate

325.4 355.1 313.15

infinite

Cyclohexanol

334.65

100000 100000 100000 100000

114000 114000 114000 114000

288.85 285.85 290.95 264.15

453.05 484.85 421.05

181 181 181 181

100000 100000

114000 114000

Butyl acetate Cyclohexane Cyclopentane transDecahydronaphthalene Hexyl acetate Pentyl acetate

288.55 303.15

514.15 480.65

181 181

38

Styrene/α-methylstyrene copolymer (20.0 mol% Styrene)

13-34

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) Polymer Trifluoronitrosomethane/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (1:1) alternating

N-Vinylacetamide/vinyl acetate copolymer (58 mol% Vinyl acetate) (63 mol% Vinyl acetate) (78 mol% Vinyl acetate) Vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyrate copolymer (7.5 mol% Butyralized PVA) N-Vinylcaprolactam/N-vinylamine copolymer (3.8 mol% Vinyl amine)

Mn/g/mol Mw/g/mol Mη/g/mol Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

infinite

301.6

30000 27000 26000

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 57000 48600 46800

Water Water Water

infinite

24000 25000 23000

340.15 323.15 282.15

225 225 225

298.25

121

Water

308.8

176

Water Water Water

310.15 291.15 277.15

225 225 225

Water

160000 N-Vinylformamide/vinyl acetate copolymer (60 mol% Vinyl acetate) (66 mol% Vinyl acetate) (73 mol% Vinyl acetate)

45600 47500 50600

408.0

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13-36

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160.

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13-37

TeamLRN

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221.

Heinrich, M. and Wolf, B.A., Polymer, 33, 1926, 1992. Heinrich, M. and Wolf, B.A., Macromolecules, 25, 3817, 1992. Lecointe, J.P., Pascault, J.P., Suspene, L., and Yang, Y.S., Polymer, 33, 3226, 1992. Mueller, K.F., Polymer, 33, 3470, 1992. Szydlowski, J., Rebelo, L., and Van HooK, W.A., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 63, 1717, 1992. Xia, K.-Q., Franck, C., and Widom, B., J. Chem. Phys., 97, 1446, 1992. Arnauts, J., Berghmans, H., and Koningsveld, R., Makromol. Chem., 194, 77, 1993. Iwai, Y., Shigematsu, Y., Furuya, T., Fukuda, H., Arai, Y., Polym. Eng. Sci., 33, 480, 1993. Wakker, A., Van Dijk, F., and Van Dijk, M.A., Macromolecules, 26, 5088, 1993. Wells, P.A., de Loos, Th.W., and Kleintjens, L.A., Fluid Phase Equil., 83, 383, 1993. Barbarin-Castillo, J.-M. and McLure, I.A., Polymer, 35, 3075, 1994. Mumick, P.S. and McCormick, C.L., Polym. Eng. Sci., 34, 1419, 1994. Okano, K., Takada, M., Kurita, K., and Furusaka, M., Polymer, 35, 2284, 1994. Sato, H., Kuwahara, N., and Kubota, K., Phys. Rev. E, 50, 1752, 1994. Song, S.-W. and Torkelson, J.M., Macromolecules, 27, 6389, 1994. Tager, A.A., et al., Colloid Polym. Sci., 272, 1234, 1994. Vanhee, S., et al., Makromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 759, 1994. Haas, C.K. and Torkelson, J.M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3134, 1995. Ikier, C. and Klein, H., Macromolecules, 28, 1003, 1995. Luszczyk, M., Rebelo, L.P.N., and Van Hook, W.A., Macromolecules, 28, 745, 1995. Pfohl, O., Hino, T., and Prausnitz, J.M., Polymer, 36, 2065, 1995. Vshivkov, S.A. and Safronov, A.P., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 37, 1779, 1995. Allcock, H.R. and Dudley, G.K., Macromolecules, 29, 1313, 1996. El-Ejmi, A.A.S. and Huglin, M.B., Polym.Int. 39, 113, 1996. Fischer, V., Borchard, W., and Karas, M., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 15992, 1996. Imre, A. and Van Hook, W.A., J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Sci., 34, 751, 1996. Luszczyk, M. and Van Hook, W.A., Macromolecules, 29, 6612, 1996. Rong, Z., Wang, H., Ying, X., and Hu, Y., J. East China Univ. Sci. Technol., 22, 754, 1996. Safronov, A.P., Tager, A.A., and Koroleva, E.V., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 38, 900, 1996. Vshivkov, S.A. and Rusinova, E.V., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 38, 1746, 1996. Xia, K.-Q., An, X.-Q., and Shen, W.-G., J.Chem.Phys., 105, 6018, 1996. Imre, A. and Van Hook, W.A., J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys., 35, 1251, 1997. Kita, R., Dobashi, T., Yamamoto, T., Nakata, M., and Kamide, K., Phys. Rev. E, 55, 3159, 1997. Li, M., Zhu, Z.-Q., and Mei, L.-H., Biotechnol. Progr., 13, 105, 1997. McLure, I.A., Mokhtari, A., and Bowers, J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 93, 249, 1997. Chalykh, A.E., Dement’eva, O.V., and Gerasimov, V.K., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 40, 815,.1998. Kubota, K., Kita, R., and Dobashi, T., J. Chem. Phys., 109, 711, 1998. Schneider, A., Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz. 1998. Terao, K., et al., Macromolecules, 31, 6885, 1998. Yamagishi, T.-A., et al., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 199, 423, 1998. Lau, A.C.W. and Wu, C., Macromolecules, 32, 581, 1999. Nakata, M., Dobashi, T., Inakuma, Y.-I., and Yamamura, K., J. Chem. Phys., 111, 6617, 1999. Pruessner, M.D., Retzer, M.E., and Greer, S.C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, 1419, 1999. Shimofure, S., Kubota, K., Kita, R., and Dobashi, T., J.Chem.Phys., 111, 4199, 1999. Fischer, V. and Borchard, W., J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 4463, 2000. Imre, A., and Van Hook, W.A., Macromolecules, 33, 5308, 2000. Koizumi, J., et al., J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 69, 2543, 2000. Kunugi, S., Tada, T., Yamazaki, Y., Yamamoto, K., and Akashi, M., Langmuir, 16, 2042, 2000. La Mesa, C., J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 61, 493, 2000. Persson, J., et al., Bioseparation, 9, 105, 2000. Persson, J., Kaul, A., and Tjerneld, F., J. Chromatogr. B, 743, 115, 2000. Djokpe, E. and Vogt, W., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 202, 750, 2001. Kujawa, P. and Winnik, F.M., Macromolecules, 34, 4130, 2001. Pendyala, K.S., Greer, S.C., and Jacobs, D.T., J. Chem. Phys., 115, 9995, 2001. Berlinova, I. V., Nedelcheva, A. N., Samchikov, V., and Ivanov, Ya., Polymer, 43, 7243, 2002. Freitag, R. and Garret-Flaudy, F., Langmuir, 18, 3434, 2002. Maeda, Y., Nakamura, T., and Ikeda, I., Macromolecules, 35, 217, 2002. Rebelo, L.P.N., et al., J., Macromolecules, 35, 1887, 2002. Safronov, A.P. and Somova, T.V., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 44, 2014, 2002. Vshvikov, S.A., Rusinova, E.V., and Gur’ev, A.A., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 44, 504, 2002. Zhou, C.-S., An, X.-Q., Xia, K.-Q., Yin, X.-L., and Shen, W.-G., J. Chem. Phys., 117, 4557, 2002.

13-38

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS (continued) 222. 223. 224. 225.

Chang, Y., Powell, E.S., Allcock, H.R., Park, S.M., and Kim, C., Macromolecules, 36, 2568, 2003. David, G., et al., Eur. Polym. J., 39, 1209, 2003. Siporska, A., Szydlowski, J., and Rebelo, L.P.N., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 2996, 2003. Yamamoto, K., Serizawa, T., and Akashi, M., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 204, 1027, 2003.

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Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics Astronomical Constants Properties of the Solar System Satellites of the Planets Interstellar Molecules Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth Geological Time Scale Acceleration Due to Gravity Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude Properties of Seawater Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea Solar Spectral Irradiance U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2000 Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992 Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2000 Atmospheric Electricity Speed of Sound in Various Media Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency Speed of Sound in Dry Air Musical Scales Characteristics of Human Hearing

ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS Victor Abalakin The constants in this table are based primarilarly on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units; thus masses are expressed in kilograms and distances in meters. The astronomical unit of time is a time interval of one day (1 d) equal to 86400 s. An interval of 36525 d is one Julian century (1 cy). REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1990. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Defining constants k = 0.01720209895 m3 kg-1 s-2 c = 299792458 m s-1

Gaussian gravitational constant Speed of light Primary constants

τA = 499.004782 s ae = 6378140 m ae = 6378136 m J2 = 0.001082626 GE = 3.986005 × 1014 m3s-2 G = 6.672 × 10-11 m3kg-1s-2 µ = 0.01230002 1/µ = 81.300587

Light-time for unit distance (1 AU) Equatorial radius of earth Equatorial radius of earth (IUGG value) Dynamical form-factor for earth Geocentric gravitational constant Constant of gravitation Ratio of mass of moon to that of earth General precession in longitude, per Julian century, at standard epoch J2000 Obliquity of the ecliptic at standard epoch J2000

ρ = 5029″.0966 ε = 23°26′21″.448

Derived constants Constant of nutation at standard epoch J2000 Unit distance (AU = cτA) Solar parallax (π0 = arcsin(ae/AU)) Constant of aberration for standard epoch J2000 Flattening factor for the earth Heliocentric gravitational constant (GS = A3k2/D2) Ratio of mass of sun to that of the earth (S/E) = (GS)/(GE)) Ratio of mass of sun to that of earth + moon Mass of the sun (S = (GS)/G)

N = 9″.2025 AU = 1.49597870 × 1011 m π0 = 8″.794148 κ = 20″.49552 f = 1/298.257 = 0.00335281 GS = 1.32712438 × 1020 m3 s-2 S/E = 332946.0 (S/E)/(1 + µ) = 328900.5 S = 1.9891 × 1030 kg

Ratios of mass of sun to masses of the planets Mercury Venus Earth + moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

6023600 408523.5 328900.5 3098710 1047.355 3498.5 22869 19314 3000000

14-1

TeamLRN

PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain properties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: • • • •

Den.: mean density in g/cm3 Radius: radius at the equator in km Flattening: degree of oblateness, defined as (re-rp )/re , where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively Potential coefficients: coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)]

• • • • • • • • • •

where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n. Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface Escape velocity: velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull Dist. to sun: semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 AU = 1.496 × 108 km) ε: eccentricity of the orbit Ecliptic angle: angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit Rot. period: period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it Tsur: mean temperature at the surface Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface The following general information on the solar system is of interest:

Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9742 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.9599 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 K Total radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.86 × 1026 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the earth (Solar Constant) = 1373 W/m2 REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1977.

14-2

PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (continued) Mass 1024 kg

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

0.33022 4.8690 5.9742 0.073483 0.64191 1898.8 568.50 86.625 102.78 0.015

Den. g/cm3

Radius km

5.43 5.24 5.515 3.34 3.94 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76 1.1

2439.7 6051.9 6378.140 1738 3397 71492 60268 25559 24764 1151

Dist. to sun AU

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

ε

Ecliptic angle

0.38710 0.72333 1.00000

0.2056 0.0068 0.0167

7.00° 3.39°

1.52369 5.20283 9.53876 19.19139 30.06107 39.52940

0.0933 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.010 0.248

1.85° 1.31° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.15°

Flattening

103 J2

0 0 0.00335364 0 0.00647630 0.0648744 0.0979624 0.0229273 0.0171 0

0.027 1.08263 0.2027 1.964 14.75 16.45 12 4

Potential coeffients 106 J3

-2.54

Albedo

0° 177.3° 23.45° 6.68° 25.19° 3.12° 26.73° 97.86° 29.56° 118°

58.6462 -243.01 0.99726968 27.321661 1.02595675 0.41354 0.4375 -0.65 0.768 -6.3867

0.106 0.65 0.367 0.12 0.150 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.3

Psur bar

CO2

N2

O2

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

440 730 288 218 129 97 58 56 50

2 × 10-15 90 1 0.007

96.4% 0.03% 95.32%

3.4% 78.08% 2.7%

69 ppm 20.95% 0.13%

Atmospheric composition H2O H2 2%

He

1 × 10-5

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TeamLRN

4.25 10.4 11.2 2.37 5.02 59.6 35.5 21.3 23.3 1.1

No. of satellites 0 0 1 2 16 18 15 8 1

Ar

Ne

CO

4 ppm 0.93% 1.6%

18 ppm 3 ppm

20 ppm 1 ppm 0.07%

98%

0.1% 0 to 3% 0.03% 86.1% 92.4% 89% 89%

Escape vel. km/s

370 887 980 162 371 2312 896 777 1100 72

36 -580 -1000

Rot. period d

Tsur K

Gravity cm/s2

-1.61

Inclin.

Planet

106 J4

13.8% 7.4% 11% 11%

SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: • • • • • • • •

Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit. Eccentricity of the orbit. Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet. Mass of the satellite relative to the planet. Radius of the satellite in km. Mean density of the satellite. Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Burns, J. A., and Matthews, M. S., Eds., Satellites, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986.

Planet

14-4

Earth Mars Jupiter

Saturn

Satellite

I II I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Moon Phobos Deimos Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Amalthea Himalia Elara Pasiphae Sinope Lysithea Carme Ananke Leda Thebe Adrastea Metis Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe

Orb. Period d

Distance 103 km

27.321661 0.31891023 1.2624407 1.769137786 3.551181041 7.15455296 16.6890184 0.49817905 250.5662 259.6528 735 R 758 R 259.22 692 R 631 R 238.72 0.6745 0.29826 0.294780 0.942421813 1.370217855 1.887802160 2.736914742 4.517500436 15.94542068 21.2766088 79.3301825 550.48 R

384.400 9.378 23.459 422 671 1070 1883 181 11480 11737 23500 23700 11720 22600 21200 11094 222 129 128 185.52 238.02 294.66 377.40 527.04 1221.83 1481.1 3561.3 12952

Eccentricity 0.054900489 0.015 0.0005 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.15798 0.20719 0.378 0.275 0.107 0.20678 0.16870 0.14762 0.015

0.0202 0.00452 0.00000 0.002230 0.00100 0.029192 0.104 0.02828 0.16326

Inclination 18.28-28.58° 1.0° 0.9-2.7° 0.04° 0.47° 0.21° 0.51° 0.40° 27.63° 24.77° 145° 153° 29.02° 164° 147° 26.07° 0.8°

1.53° 1.86° 1.86° 0.02° 0.35° 0.33° 0.43° 14.72° 177°

Rel. mass 0.01230002 1.5 × 10-8 3 × 10-9 4.68 × 10-5 2.52 × 10-5 7.80 × 10-5 5.66 × 10-5 3.8 × 10-9 5.0 × 10-9 4 × 10-10 1 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 0.2 × 10-10 0.03 × 10-10 4 × 10-10 0.1 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 8.0 × 10-8 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-6 1.85 × 10-6 4.4 × 10-6 2.38 × 10-4 3 × 10-8 3.3 × 10-6 7 × 10-10

Radius km 1738 13.5 × 10.8 × 9.4 7.5 × 6.1 × 5.5 1815 1569 2631 2400 135 × 83 × 75 93 38 25 18 18 20 15 8 55 × 45 12.5 × 10 × 7.5 20 196 250 530 560 765 2575 205 × 130 × 110 730 110

Den. g/cm3 3.34 <2 <2 3.55 3.04 1.93 1.83

1.44 1.13 1.20 1.41 1.33 1.88 1.15

Albedo 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.61 0.64 0.42 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.03

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.21 0.3 0.2 0.06

SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS (continued)

Uranus

14-5 Neptune

Pluto

Satellite X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV I II III IV V VI VII VIII I

Janus Epimetheus Helene Telesto Calypso Atlas Prometheus Pandora Pan Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Miranda Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Belinda Puck Triton Nereid Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Charon

Orb. Period d

Distance 103 km

0.6945 0.6942 2.7369 1.8878 1.8878 0.6019 0.6130 0.6285 0.5750 2.52037935 4.1441772 8.7058717 13.4632389 1.41347925 0.335033 0.376409 0.434577 0.463570 0.473651 0.493066 0.513196 0.558459 0.623525 0.761832 5.8768541 R 360.13619 0.294396 0.311485 0.334655 0.428745 0.554654 1.122315 6.38725

151.472 151.422 377.40 294.66 294.66 137.670 139.353 141.700 133.583 191.02 266.30 435.91 583.52 129.39 49.77 53.79 59.17 61.78 62.68 64.35 66.09 69.94 75.26 86.01 354.76 5513.4 117.6 73.6 52.6 62.0 50.0 48.2 19.6

Eccentricity

Inclination

0.007 0.009 0.005

0.14° 0.34° 0.0°

0.000 0.003 0.004

0.3° 0.0° 0.0°

0.0034 0.0050 0.0022 0.0008 0.0027 <0.001 0.010 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.000016 0.7512 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0014 <0.001 <0.001

0.3° 0.36° 0.14° 0.10° 4.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.2° 0.0° 0.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.3° 0.0° 0.31° 157.345° 27.6° 4.74° 0.21° 0.07° 0.05° 0.20° 0.55° 99°

Rel. mass

1.56 × 10-5 1.35 × 10-5 4.06 × 10-5 3.47 × 10-5 0.08 × 10-5

2.09 × 10-4 2 × 10-7

0.22

Radius km 110 × 100 × 80 70 × 60 × 50 18 × 16 × 15 17 × 14 × 13 17 × 11 × 11 20 × 10 70 × 50 × 40 55 × 45 × 35 10 579 586 790 762 240 13 15 21 31 27 42 54 27 33 77 1353 170 29 40 74 79 104 × 89 218 × 208 × 201 593

Den. g/cm3

1.55 1.58 1.69 1.64 1.25

2.05

Albedo 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.18 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.7 0.4 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5

TeamLRN

Planet

INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported thus far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. All species not footnoted otherwise are observed in interstellar clouds, while some are also found in comets and circumstellar clouds. The list was last updated in November 2002. REFERENCES 1. Lovas, F. J., “Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions - 1991 Revision”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 181-272, 1992. 2. Snyder, L. E., “Cometary Molecules”, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, ed. P.D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427-434 (1992). Molecular formula

Name

AlCl

Aluminum monochloride

AlF CAlN CH CH+ CHN

Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum isocyanide Methylidyne Methyliumylidene Hydrogen cyanide

CHN

Hydrogen isocyanide

CHNO

Isocyanic acid

CHNS CHO CHO+

Isothiocyanic acid Oxomethyl Oxomethylium

CHO+ CHO2+ CHS+ CH2 CH2N+ CH2N CH2N2 CH2O

CH2O2

CH2S

Hydroxymethylidyne Hydroxyoxomethylium Thiooxomethylium Methylene Iminomethylium Methylene amidogen Cyanamide Formaldehyde

Formic acid

Thioformaldehyde

Isotopic species

Molecular formula

AlCla Al37Cla AlFa AlNCa CH CH+ HCN H13CN HC15N DCN HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC HNCO DNCO HNCS HCO HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ HOC+ HOCO+ HCS+ CH2 HCNH+ CH2N NH2CN H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCO D2CO HCOOH H13COOH HCOOD DCOOH H2CS H213CS

14-6

Name

CH3 CH3N

Methyl Methanimine

CH3NO

Formamide

CH3O+ CH4 CH4O

Hydroxy methylium ion Methane Methanol

CH4S CH5N CMgN CMgN

Methanethiol Methylamine Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide

CN

Cyanide radical

CN+ CNNa CNSi CN2 CO

Cyanide radical ion Sodium cyanide Silicon cyanide Cyanoimidogen Carbon monoxide

CO+ COS

Carbon monoxide ion Carbon oxysulfide

CO2 CO2+ CP CS

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ion Carbon phosphide Carbon monosulfide

Isotopic species H2C34S HDCS CH3 a CH2NH 13CH NH 2 NH2CHO NH213CHO H2COH+ CH4 CH3OH 13CH OH 3 CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CHD2OH CH3SH CH3NH2 MgCNa 24MgNCa 25MgNCa 26MgNCa CN 13CN C15N CN+ b NaCNa SiCNa NCNb CO 13CO C17O C18O 13C18O CO+ OCS OC34S O13CS 18OCS CO2 CO2+ b CPa CS C33S

INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula

Name

CSi C2 C2 H

Silicon carbide Dicarbon Ethynyl

C2HN C2 H 2 C2H2N C2H2O C2H3N

Cyanomethylene Acetylene Cyanomethyl Ketene Acetonitrile

C2H3N C2 H 4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2 H 6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2 O C2 S

Isocyanomethane Ethylene Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Ethenol Methyl formate Acetic acid Glycolaldehyde Ethane trans-Ethanol gauche-Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Oxoethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene

C2Si

Silicon dicarbide

C3 C3 H C3 H C3HN

Tricarbon Cyclopropenylidyne Propenylidyne Cyanoacetylene

C3HN C3HN C3 H 2

Isocyanoacetylene 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-imino Cyclopropenylidene

C3 H 2 C3H2N+ C3H2O C3H3N

Propadienylidene Protonated cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide)

Isotopic species

Molecular formula

C34S C36S 13CS 13C34S SiCa C2 C2 H 13CCH C13CH C2 D HCCN HCCH CH2CN H2CCO CH3CN 13CH CN 3 CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN CH3NC H2CCH2 CH3CHO c-C2H4O c CH2CHOH CH3OCHO CH3COOH CH2OHCHO CH3CH3b t-CH3CH2OH g-CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 HOCH2CH2OH CCO CCS CC34S c-SiC2 c-29SiC2 c-30SiC2 c-Si13CC C3 c-C3H c l-C3H d HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN HCCNC HNCCC c-C3H2 c c-H13CCCH c-HC13CCH c-C3HD l-H2CCC HCCCNH+ HCCCHO CH2CHCN

C3H4

Propyne

C3H5N C3H6O C3N C3O C3S C3Si C4H

Propanenitrile (ethyl cyanide) Acetone Cyanoethynyl 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-thioxo Silicon tricarbon 1,3-Butadiynyl radical

C4H2 C4H2 C4H3N C4Si C5 C5H C5HN

Butatrienylidene 1,3-Butadiyne 2-Butynenitrile Silicon tetracarbide Pentacarbon 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile

C5H4 C5N C6H C6H2 C6H2 C6H6 C7H C7HN C8H C9HN C11HN ClH

1,3-Pentadiyne 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl 1,3,5-Hexatriyne 1,2,3,4,5-Hexapentaenylidene Benzene 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile 2,4,6,8,10-Undecapentaynenitrile Hydrogen chloride

ClK

Potassium chloride

ClNa

Sodium chloride

FH FeO HLi HN HNO HN2+

Hydrogen fluoride Iron monoxide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Hydrodinotrogen(1+)

HO

Hydroxyl

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Name

Isotopic species CH3CCH CH3C13CH 13CH CCH 3 CH2DCCH CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO CCCN CCCO CCCS SiC3 HCCCC H13CCCC HC13CCC HCC13CC HCCC13C DCCCC H2CCCC HCCCCH a CH3CCCN SiC4a C5a HCCCCC HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN CH3C4H C5N HCCCCCC HCCCCCCHa H2CCCCCC C6H6 HCCCCCCC HC7N HC8 HC9N HC11N H35Cl H37Cl K35Cla K37Cl Na35Cla Na37Cla HF FeO 7LiH HN HNO N2H+ 15NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ OH 17OH 18OH

INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula

Name

HO+ HS H2 H2 N H2 O

Oxoniumylidene Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water

H2 O+ H2 S

Oxoniumyl Hydrogen sulfide

H3 +

Trihydrogen ion

H3 N

Ammonia

H3 O+ H4Si NO NP

Oxonium hydride Silane Nitric oxide Phosphorus nitride

Isotopic species

Molecular formula

HO+ b SH H2 NH2 H2 O H218O HDO H2O+b H2 S H234S HDS H3 + H2 D+ NH3 15NH 3 NH2D NHD2 ND3 H3 O+ SiH4a NO NP

Name

NS

Nitrogen sulfide

NSi N2+ N2O OS

Silicon nitride Nitrogen ion Nitrous oxide Sulfur monoxide

OS+ OSi

Sulfur monoxide ion Silicon monoxide

O2S

Sulfur dioxide

SSi

Silicon monosulfide

S2

Disulfur

l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. Reported only in circumstellar clouds. b Reported only in comets. a

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Isotopic species NS N34S SiNa N2+ b N2O SO 34SO 33SO S18O SO+ SiO 29SiO 30SIO SO2 33SO 2 34SO 2 OS18O SiS Si33S Si34S 29SiS 30SiS S2b

MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 AU (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

Quantity

Symbol

Value

Unit

Mass Major orbital semi-axis

M aorb

Distance from sun at perihelion Distance from sun at aphelion Moment of perihelion passage Moment of aphelion passage Siderial rotation period around sun

rπ rα Tπ Tα Porb

Mean rotational velocity Mean equatorial radius Mean polar compression (flattening factor) Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis Equatorial compression Difference in equatorial semi-axes Difference in polar semi-axes Polar asymmetry Mean acceleration of gravity at equator Mean acceleration of gravity at poles Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid Mean radius Area of surface Volume Mean density Siderial rotational period Rotational angular velocity Mean equatorial rotational velocity Rotational angular momentum Rotational energy Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator Moment of inertia Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere

Uorb a α a–c αa αb ε a–b cN – cS η ge gp

5.9742·1027 1.000000 1.4959787·108 0.9833 1.0167 Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min July 4, 5 h 05 min 31.5581·106 365.25636 29.78 6378.140 1/298.257 21.385 1/295.2 1/298.0 1/30 000 213 ∼70 ~1.10–5 9.78036 9.83208

gp – ge

5.172

cm/s2

g R S V ρ P ω v L E

9.7978 6371.0 5.10·108 1.0832·1012 5.515 86,164.09 7.292116·10–5 0.46512 5.861·1033 2.137·1029

m/s2 km km2 km3 g/cm3 s rad/s km/s Js J

qc I

0.0034677 = 1/288 8.070·1037

kg m2

∆ωe/ω

–4.2·10–8

century–1

∆ωi/ω ∆ω/ω

+1.4·10–8 –2.8·10–8

century–1 century–1

Et

∼1·1023

J/century

∆′Ek

1·1023

J/century

∆″Ek

1.3·1023

J/century

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g AU km AU AU

s d km/s km km

m m m/s2 m/s2

MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH (continued) Quantity Differences in duration of days in March and August Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Annual variation in level of world ocean Area of continents

Symbol

Value

Unit

∆P

0.0025 (March-August)

∆*ω/ω

2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March)

∆*R ∆ho SC

cm cm km2 % of surface km2 % of surface m m

s

Area of world ocean

So

Mean height of continents above sea level Mean depth of world ocean Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Mass of crust Mass of mantle Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time Total reserve of water in the mantle Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere Mass of hydrosphere Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust Amount of free oxygen Mass of atmosphere Mass of biosphere Mass of living matter in the biosphere Density of living matter on dry land Density of living matter in ocean Age of the earth Age of oldest rocks Age of most ancient fossils

hC ho

–9.2 (Aug.-March) ∼10 (Sept.-March) 1.49·108 29.2 3.61·108 70.8 875 3794

hc.l.

35

km

ho.l.

4.7

km

∆h/∆t

10 - 40

m/106 y

∆l/∆t ml

0.75 - 20 2.36·1022 4.05·1024

km/106 y kg kg

3.40·1021 2·1023

kg kg

2.4·1021 1.664·1021 1.300·1021 1.5·1018 5.136·1018 1.148·1016 3.6·1014 0.1 15·10–8 4.55·109 4.0·109 3.4·109

kg kg kg kg kg kg kg g/cm2 g/cm3 y y y

mh

ma mb

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GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or Epoch

Beginning and end, in 106 years

Key events

Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary Pleistocene Tertiary Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y

Homo Erectus breakout

1.8–5.3 5–25 25–37 37–55 55–67

Ape man fossils Origin of grass Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Debut of hoofed mammals Earliest primates Mesozoic era

Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic

67–138 138–208 208–245

Demise of dinosaurs First birds Appearance of dinosaurs Paleozoic era

Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian

245–290 290–360 360–410 410–435 435–520 520–570

Flowers, insect pollination First conifers First vertebrates ashore Spore-bearing plants First animals ashore Vertebrates appear Pre-Cambrian

Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)

570–2500 2500–3800 3800–4450

First plants, jellyfish Photosynthetic bacteria Earth formed 4600 million years ago

Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983.

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ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ –0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) –0.003086 H where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers. REFERENCE Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14-17. φ

H=0

H = 1 km

H = 5 km

H = 10 km

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

9.78036 9.78075 9.78191 9.78381 9.78638 9.78956 9.79324 9.79732 9.80167 9.80616 9.81065 9.81501 9.81911 9.82281 9.82601 9.82860 9.83051 9.83168 9.83208

9.77727 9.77766 9.77882 9.78072 9.78330 9.78647 9.79016 9.79424 9.79858 9.80307 9.80757 9.81193 9.81602 9.81972 9.82292 9.82551 9.82743 9.82860 9.82899

9.76493 9.76532 9.76648 9.76838 9.77095 9.77413 9.77781 9.78189 9.78624 9.79073 9.79522 9.79958 9.80368 9.80738 9.81058 9.81317 9.81508 9.81625 9.81665

9.74950 9.74989 9.75105 9.75295 9.75552 9.75870 9.76238 9.76646 9.77081 9.77530 9.77979 9.78415 9.78825 9.79195 9.79515 9.79774 9.79965 9.80082 9.80122

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DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth‘s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between the crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location. REFERENCES 1. 2.

Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1461, 1976. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, p.467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Depth km

ρ g/cm3

p kbar

g cm/s2

Depth km

Crust 0 3 3 21

1.02 1.02 2.80 2.80

0 3 3 5

1771 2071 2371 2671 2886

981 982 982 983

ρ g/cm3 4.96 5.12 5.31 5.45 5.53

p kbar 752 903 1061 1227 1352

g cm/s2 994 1002 1017 1042 1069

Outer core (liquid) Mantle (solid) 21 41 61 81 101 121 171 221 271 321 371 571 871 1171 1471

3.49 3.51 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.59 3.95 4.54 4.67 4.81

5 12 19 26 33 39 56 73 89 106 124 199 328 466 607

2886 2971 3371 3671 4071 4471 4871 5156

983 983 984 984 984 985 987 989 991 993 994 999 997 992 991

9.96 10.09 10.63 11.00 11.36 11.69 11.99 12.12

1352 1442 1858 2154 2520 2844 3116 3281

1069 1050 953 874 760 641 517 427

Inner core (solid) 5156 5371 5771 6071 6371

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12.30 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.58

3281 3385 3529 3592 3617

427 355 218 122 0

OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the dependence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at the surface. REFERENCES 1. International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P.M., and Fofonoff, N.P., Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109-111, 1976. Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude Depth (meters) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

0° 0.0000 5.0338 10.0796 15.1376 20.2076 25.2895 30.3831 35.4886 40.6056 45.7342 50.8742 56.0255 61.1882 66.3619 71.5467 76.7426 81.9493 87.1669 92.3950 97.6346 102.8800

15° 0.0000 5.0355 10.0832 15.1431 20.2148 25.2985 30.3940 35.5012 40.6201 45.7505 50.8924 56.0456 61.2100 66.3857 71.5724 76.7701 81.9788 87.1983 92.4284 97.6698 102.9170

30° 0.0000 5.0404 10.0930 15.1577 20.2344 25.3231 30.4236 35.5358 40.6598 45.7952 50.9421 56.1004 61.2700 66.4508 71.6427 76.8456 82.0594 87.2841 92.5194 97.7661 103.0185

45° 0.0000 5.0471 10.1064 15.1778 20.2613 25.3568 30.4641 35.5832 40.7140 45.8564 51.0102 56.1755 61.3521 66.5399 71.7388 76.9488 82.1697 87.4016 92.6440 97.8978 103.1572

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60° 0.0000 5.0537 10.1198 15.1980 20.2882 25.3905 30.5047 35.6307 40.7683 45.9176 51.0785 56.2508 61.4344 66.6292 71.8352 77.0523 82.2804 87.5193 92.7689 98.0300 103.2961

75° 0.0000 5.0586 10.1296 15.2127 20.3080 25.4153 30.5345 35.6654 40.8082 45.9626 51.1285 56.3059 61.4947 66.6947 71.9059 77.1282 82.3614 87.6057 92.8606 98.1269 103.3981

90° 0.0000 5.0605 10.1333 15.2182 20.3153 25.4244 30.5453 35.6782 40.8229 45.9791 51.1469 56.3262 61.5168 66.7187 71.9318 77.1560 82.3911 87.6373 92.8941 98.1624 103.4355

PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2 , where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941 a4 = -7.0261 a1 = -0.1692 a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081 Σ ai = 35.0000 Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly ( S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36. It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface. Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at 45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m. The freezing point of seawater varies with salinity and pressure as follows (freezing point in °C): P/dbar 0 50 100 500

S=0 0.000 -0.038 -0.075 -0.377

5 -0.274 -0.311 -0.349 -0.650

10 -0.542 -0.580 -0.618 -0.919

15 -0.812 -0.849 -0.887 -1.188

20 -1.083 -1.121 -1.159 -1.460

25 -1.358 -1.396 -1.434 -1.735

30 -1.638 -1.676 -1.713 -2.014

35 -1.922 -1.960 -1.998 -2.299

40 -2.212 -2.250 -2.287 -2.589

The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and third give density and electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the last lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater as a function of salinity.

REFERENCES 1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981. 4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference, E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002.

Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = (1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C-1) κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg °C v = speed of sound in m/s t/°C

ρ/g cm-3

107β

107 α/°C-1

κ/S cm-1

η/mPa s

cp/J kg-1 °C-1

v/m s-1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934

7854 7717 7606 7516 7444 7385 7338 7300 7270

526 1136 1668 2141 2572 2970 3341 3687 4004

0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

1.892 1.610 1.388 1.221 1.085 0.966 0.871

3986.5

1449.1

3986.3

1489.8

3993.9

1521.5

4000.7

1545.6

4003.5

1563.2

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PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (continued) Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

S=0

S=5

S = 10

S = 15

S = 20

S = 25

S = 30

S = 35

S = 40

0.999843 0.999967 0.999702 0.999102 0.998206 0.997048 0.995651 0.994036 0.992220

1.003913 1.003949 1.003612 1.002952 1.002008 1.000809 0.999380 0.997740 0.995906

1.007955 1.007907 1.007501 1.006784 1.005793 1.004556 1.003095 1.001429 0.999575

1.011986 1.011858 1.011385 1.010613 1.009576 1.008301 1.006809 1.005118 1.003244

1.016014 1.015807 1.015269 1.014443 1.013362 1.012050 1.010527 1.008810 1.006915

1.020041 1.019758 1.019157 1.018279 1.017154 1.015806 1.014252 1.012509 1.010593

1.024072 1.023714 1.023051 1.022122 1.020954 1.019569 1.017985 1.016217 1.014278

1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934 1.017973

1.032147 1.031645 1.030862 1.029834 1.028583 1.027128 1.025483 1.023662 1.021679

Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

S=5

S = 10

S = 15

S = 20

S = 25

S = 30

S = 35

S = 40

0.004808 0.005570 0.006370 0.007204 0.008068 0.008960 0.009877

0.009171 0.010616 0.012131 0.013709 0.015346 0.017035 0.018771

0.013357 0.015441 0.017627 0.019905 0.022267 0.024703 0.027204

0.017421 0.020118 0.022947 0.025894 0.028948 0.032097 0.035330

0.021385 0.024674 0.028123 0.031716 0.035438 0.039276 0.043213

0.025257 0.029120 0.033171 0.037391 0.041762 0.046267 0.050888

0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

0.032775 0.037734 0.042935 0.048355 0.053968 0.059751 0.065683

Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2) Expressed as molality

As grams per kilogram of seawater

Constituent

S = 30

S = 35

S = 40

S = 30

S = 35

S = 40

ClBrFSO42HCO3NaSO4KSO4Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ MgHCO3+ MgSO4 CaSO4 NaHCO3 H3BO3 Ionic strength

0.482 0.00074

0.562 0.00087 0.00007 0.0114 0.00143 0.0108 0.00012 0.472 0.01039 0.0483 0.00143 0.00009 0.00036 0.00561 0.00115 0.00020 0.00037 0.6675

0.650 0.00100

16.58 0.057

22.36 0.078

0.0122 0.00100 0.0139 0.00015 0.544 0.01200 0.0561 0.00154 0.00011 0.00045 0.00614 0.00126 0.00024 0.00042 0.7701

0.97 0.078 0.98 0.013 9.03 0.338 0.974 0.051 0.007 0.023 0.582 0.135 0.012 0.019

19.33 0.067 0.001 1.06 0.085 1.25 0.016 10.53 0.394 1.139 0.056 0.008 0.030 0.655 0.152 0.016 0.022

0.0104 0.00131 0.0085 0.00010 0.405 0.00892 0.0413 0.00131 0.00008 0.00028 0.00498 0.00102 0.00015 0.00032 0.5736

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1.14 0.059 1.60 0.020 12.13 0.455 1.323 0.060 0.009 0.037 0.717 0.166 0.020 0.025

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude. REFERENCES 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek,I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A.,“Earth’s Crust Geochemistry”, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W.,Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969.

Element Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F Fe Ga Gd Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Abundance Crust mg/kg 5.5 × 10-10 7.5 × 10-2 8.23 × 104 3.5 1.8 4 × 10-3 1.0 × 101 4.25 × 102 2.8 8.5 × 10-3 2.4 2.00 × 102 4.15 × 104 1.5 × 10-1 6.65 × 101 1.45 × 102 2.5 × 101 1.02 × 102 3 6.0 × 101 5.2 3.5 2.0 5.85 × 102 5.63 × 104 1.9 × 101 6.2 1.5 1.40 × 103 8 × 10-3 3.0 8.5 × 10-2 1.3 4.5 × 10-1 2.5 × 10-1 1 × 10-3 2.09 × 104 1 × 10-4 3.9 × 101 2.0 × 101 8 × 10-1 2.33 × 104 9.50 × 102 1.2

Sea mg/L

Element N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

4× 2 × 10-3 4.5 × 10-1 3.7 × 10-3 4 × 10-6 4.44 1.3 × 10-2 5.6 × 10-6 2 × 10-5 6.73 × 101 2.8 × 101 4.12 × 102 1.1 × 10-4 1.2 × 10-6 1.94 × 104 2 × 10-5 3 × 10-4 3 × 10-4 2.5 × 10-4 9.1 × 10-7 8.7 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 2 × 10-3 3 × 10-5 7 × 10-7 5 × 10-5 1.08 × 105 7 × 10-6 7 × 10-6 3 × 10-5 2.2 × 10-7 6 × 10-2 2 × 10-2 10-5

3.99 × 102 2.1 × 10-4 3.4 × 10-6 1.8 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-7 1.29 × 103 2 × 10-4 1 × 10-2

14-14

TeamLRN

Abundance Crust mg/kg 1.9 × 101 2.36 × 104 2.0 × 101 4.15 × 101 5 × 10-3 8.4 × 101 4.61 × 105 1.5 × 10-3 1.05 × 103 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 101 1.5 × 10-2 2 × 10-10 9.2 5 × 10-3 9 × 10-7 9.0 × 101 7 × 10-4 1 × 10-3 4 × 10-13 1 × 10-3 3.50 × 102 2 × 10-1 2.2 × 101 5 × 10-2 2.82 × 105 7.05 2.3 3.70 × 102 2.0 1.2 1 × 10-3 9.6 5.65 × 103 8.5 × 10-1 5.2 × 10-1 2.7 1.20 × 102 1.25 3 × 10-5 3.3 × 101 3.2 7.0 × 101 1.65 × 102

Sea mg/L 5 × 10-1 1.08 × 104 1 × 10-5 2.8 × 10-6 1.2 × 10-4 5.6 × 10-4 8.57 × 105 6 × 10-2 5 × 10-11 3 × 10-5 1.5 × 10-14 6.4 × 10-7 8.9 × 10-11 1.2 × 10-1 4 × 10-6 6 × 10-16 7 × 10-7 9.05 × 102 2.4 × 10-4 6 × 10-7 2 × 10-4 2.2 4.5 × 10-7 4 × 10-6 7.9 2 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-7 1 × 10-6 1 × 10-3 1.9 × 10-5 1.7 × 10-7 3.2 × 10-3 2.5 × 10-3 1 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 1.3 × 10-5 8.2 × 10-7 4.9 × 10-3 3 × 10-5

SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radiation at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph below, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm. REFERENCES 1. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A.K., and Allen, R.G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm”, in The Solar Output and its Variation, White, O.R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K.R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

2000 1800

Irradiance in W m-2 µm-1

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 X10

200 0

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.7

1.0

2

Wavelength in µm

14-15

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be dry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. The atmosphere is considered to rotate with the earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to quiet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 is an idealized, steady-state representation of mean annual conditions of the earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45°N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values which have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15°C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg) Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kilogram (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% O2 — 20.9476 Ar — 0.934 CO2 — 0.0314 Ne — 0.001818

He — 0.000524 Kr — 0.000114 Xe — 0.0000087 CH4 — 0.0002 H2 — 0.00005

The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: T/K P/Pa H ≤ 11000 m 288.15 - 0.0065 H 101325(288.15/T)-5.25577 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 216.65 22632 e-0.00015768832(H-11000) 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m 216.65 + 0.0010(H-20000) 5474.87(216.65/T)34.16319 where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean earth radius at 45° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677(P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.

14-19

TeamLRN

T/K

P/Pa

-5000 -4500 -4000 -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000

320.68 317.42 314.17 310.91 307.66 304.41 301.15 297.90 294.65 291.40 288.15 284.90 281.65 278.40 275.15 271.91 268.66 265.41 262.17 258.92 255.68 252.43 249.19 245.94 242.70 239.46 236.22 232.97 229.73 226.49 223.25 220.01 216.77 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65

1.778E+05 1.685E+05 1.596E+05 1.511E+05 1.430E+05 1.352E+05 1.278E+05 1.207E+05 1.139E+05 1.075E+05 1.013E+05 9.546E+04 8.988E+04 8.456E+04 7.950E+04 7.469E+04 7.012E+04 6.579E+04 6.166E+04 5.775E+04 5.405E+04 5.054E+04 4.722E+04 4.408E+04 4.111E+04 3.830E+04 3.565E+04 3.315E+04 3.080E+04 2.858E+04 2.650E+04 2.454E+04 2.270E+04 2.098E+04 1.940E+04 1.793E+04 1.658E+04 1.533E+04 1.417E+04 1.310E+04 1.211E+04 1.035E+04 8.850E+03 7.565E+03 6.467E+03

ρ/kg m-3 1.931 1.849 1.770 1.693 1.619 1.547 1.478 1.411 1.347 1.285 1.225 1.167 1.112 1.058 1.007 0.957 0.909 0.863 0.819 0.777 0.736 0.697 0.660 0.664 0.590 0.557 0.526 0.496 0.467 0.440 0.414 0.389 0.365 0.337 0.312 0.288 0.267 0.246 0.228 0.211 0.195 0.166 0.142 0.122 0.104

n/m-3

ν/s-1

4.015E+25 3.845E+25 3.680E+25 3.520E+25 3.366E+25 3.217E+25 3.102E+25 2.935E+25 2.801E+25 2.672E+25 2.547E+25 2.427E+25 2.311E+25 2.200E+25 2.093E+25 1.990E+25 1.891E+25 1.795E+25 1.704E+25 1.616E+25 1.531E+25 1.450E+25 1.373E+25 1.299E+25 1.227E+25 1.159E+25 1.093E+25 1.031E+25 9.711E+24 9.141E+24 8.598E+24 8.079E+24 7.585E+24 7.016E+24 6.486E+24 5.996E+24 5.543E+24 5.124E+24 4.738E+24 4.380E+24 4.049E+24 3.461E+24 2.959E+24 2.529E+24 2.162E+24

1.151E+10 1.096E+10 1.044E+10 9.933E+09 9.448E+09 8.982E+09 8.623E+09 8.106E+09 7.693E+09 7.298E+09 6.919E+09 6.556E+09 6.208E+09 5.874E+09 5.555E+09 5.250E+09 4.959E+09 4.680E+09 4.414E+09 4.160E+09 3.918E+09 3.687E+09 3.467E+09 3.258E+09 3.058E+09 2.869E+09 2.689E+09 2.518E+09 2.356E+09 2.202E+09 2.056E+09 1.918E+09 1.787E+09 1.653E+09 1.528E+09 1.412E+09 1.306E+09 1.207E+09 1.116E+09 1.032E+09 9.538E+08 8.153E+08 6.969E+08 5.958E+08 5.093E+08

l/m 4.208E-08 4.395E-08 4.592E-08 4.800E-08 5.019E-08 5.252E-08 5.447E-08 5.757E-08 6.032E-08 6.324E-08 6.633E-08 6.961E-08 7.310E-08 7.680E-08 8.073E-08 8.491E-08 8.937E-08 9.411E-08 9.917E-08 1.046E-07 1.103E-07 1.165E-07 1.231E-07 1.302E-07 1.377E-07 1.458E-07 1.545E-07 1.639E-07 1.740E-07 1.848E-07 1.965E-07 2.091E-07 2.227E-07 2.408E-07 2.605E-07 2.818E-07 3.048E-07 3.297E-07 3.566E-07 3.857E-07 4.172E-07 4.881E-07 5.710E-07 6.680E-07 7.814E-07

η/Pa s

k/J m-1s-1K-1

vs/m s-1

g/m s-2

1.942E-05 1.927E-05 1.912E-05 1.897E-05 1.882E-05 1.867E-05 1.852E-05 1.836E-05 1.821E-05 1.805E-05 1.789E-05 1.774E-05 1.758E-05 1.742E-05 1.726E-05 1.710E-05 1.694E-05 1.678E-05 1.661E-05 1.645E-05 1.628E-05 1.612E-05 1.595E-05 1.578E-05 1.561E-05 1.544E-05 1.527E-05 1.510E-05 1.493E-05 1.475E-05 1.458E-05 1.440E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05

0.02788 0.02763 0.02738 0.02713 0.02688 0.02663 0.02638 0.02613 0.02587 0.02562 0.02533 0.02511 0.02485 0.02459 0.02433 0.02407 0.02381 0.02355 0.02329 0.02303 0.02277 0.02250 0.02224 0.02197 0.02170 0.02144 0.02117 0.02090 0.02063 0.02036 0.02009 0.01982 0.01954 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953

359.0 357.2 355.3 353.5 351.6 349.8 347.9 346.0 344.1 342.2 340.3 338.4 336.4 334.5 332.5 330.6 328.6 326.6 324.6 322.6 320.6 318.5 316.5 314.4 312.3 310.2 308.1 306.0 303.9 301.7 299.5 297.4 295.2 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1

9.822 9.830 9.819 9.818 9.816 9.814 9.813 9.811 9.810 9.808 9.807 9.805 9.804 9.802 9.801 9.799 9.797 9.796 9.794 9.793 9.791 9.790 9.788 9.787 9.785 9.784 9.782 9.781 9.779 9.777 9.776 9.774 9.773 9.771 9.770 9.768 9.767 9.765 9.764 9.762 9.761 9.758 9.754 9.751 9.748

U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)

14-20

Z/m

T/K

P/Pa

ρ/kg m-3

n/m-3

ν/s-1

20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000 95000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000

216.65 217.58 218.57 219.57 220.56 221.55 222.54 223.54 224.53 225.52 226.51 227.50 228.49 230.97 233.74 236.51 239.28 244.82 250.35 255.88 261.40 266.93 270.65 270.65 269.03 263.52 258.02 252.52 247.02 233.29 219.59 208.40 198.64 188.89 186.87 188.42 195.08 240.00 360.00 469.27 559.63 634.39 696.29 747.57 790.07

5.529E+03 4.729E+03 4.048E+03 3.467E+03 2.972E+03 2.549E+03 2.188E+03 1.880E+03 1.610E+03 1.390E+03 1.197E+03 1.031E+03 8.891E+02 7.673E+02 6.634E+02 5.746E+02 4.985E+02 3.771E+02 2.871E+02 2.200E+02 1.695E+02 1.313E+02 1.023E+02 7.978E+01 6.221E+01 4.834E+01 3.736E+01 2.872E+01 2.196E+01 1.093E+01 5.221 2.388 1.052 4.457E-01 1.836E-01 7.597E-02 3.201E-02 7.104E-03 2.538E-03 1.251E-03 7.203E-04 4.542E-04 3.040E-04 2.121E-04 1.527E-04

8.891E-02 7.572E-02 6.451E-02 5.501E-02 4.694E-02 4.008E-02 3.426E-02 2.930E-02 2.508E-02 2.148E-02 1.841E-02 1.579E-02 1.356E-02 1.157E-02 9.887E-03 8.463E-03 7.258E-03 5.367E-03 3.996E-03 2.995E-03 2.259E-03 1.714E-03 1.317E-03 1.027E-03 8.056E-04 6.390E-04 5.045E-04 3.963E-04 3.097E-04 1.632E-04 8.283E-05 3.992E-05 1.846E-05 8.220E-06 3.416E-06 1.393E-06 5.604E-07 9.708E-08 2.222E-08 8.152E-09 3.831E-09 2.076E-09 1.233E-09 7.815E-10 5.194E-10

1.849E+24 1.574E+24 1.341E+24 1.144E+24 9.759E+23 8.334E+23 7.123E+23 6.092E+23 5.214E+23 4.466E+23 3.828E+23 3.283E+23 2.813E+23 2.406E+23 2.056E+23 1.760E+23 1.509E+23 1.116E+23 8.308E+22 6.227E+22 4.697E+22 3.564E+22 2.738E+22 2.135E+22 1.675E+22 1.329E+22 1.049E+22 8.239E+21 6.439E+21 3.393E+21 1.722E+21 8.300E+20 3.838E+20 1.709E+20 7.116E+19 2.920E+19 1.189E+19 2.144E+18 5.107E+17 1.930E+17 9.322E+16 5.186E+16 3.162E+16 2.055E+16 1.400E+16

4.354E+08 3.716E+08 3.173E+08 2.712E+08 2.319E+08 1.985E+08 1.700E+08 1.458E+08 1.250E+08 1.073E+08 9.219E+07 7.925E+07 6.818E+07 5.852E+07 5.030E+07 4.331E+07 3.736E+07 2.794E+07 2.104E+07 1.594E+07 1.215E+07 9.318E+06 7.208E+06 5.620E+06 4.397E+06 3.452E+06 2.696E+06 2.095E+06 1.620E+06 8.294E+05 4.084E+05 1.918E+05 8.656E+04 3.766E+04 1.560E+04 6.440E+03 2.680E+03 5.480E+02 1.630E+02 7.100E+01 3.800E+01 2.300E+01 1.500E+01 1.000E+01 7.200

l/m 9.139E-07 1.073E-06 1.260E-06 1.477E-06 1.731E-06 2.027E-06 2.372E-06 2.773E-06 3.240E-06 3.783E-06 4.414E-06 5.146E-06 5.995E-06 7.021E-06 8.218E-06 9.601E-06 1.120E-05 1.514E-05 2.034E-05 2.713E-05 3.597E-05 4.740E-05 6.171E-05 7.913E-05 1.009E-04 1.272E-04 1.611E-04 2.051E-04 2.624E-04 4.979E-04 9.810E-04 2.035E-03 4.402E-03 9.886E-03 2.370E-02 5.790E-02 1.420E-01 7.880E-01 3.310 8.800 1.800E+01 3.300E+01 5.300E+01 8.200E+01 1.200E+02

η/Pa s

k/J m-1s-1K-1

vs/m s-1

g/m s-2

1.422E-05 1.427E-05 1.432E-05 1.438E-05 1.443E-05 1.448E-05 1.454E-05 1.459E-05 1.465E-05 1.470E-05 1.475E-05 1.481E-05 1.486E-05 1.499E-05 1.514E-05 1.529E-05 1.543E-05 1.572E-05 1.601E-05 1.629E-05 1.657E-05 1.685E-05 1.704E-05 1.703E-05 1.696E-05 1.660E-05 1.640E-05 1.612E-05 1.584E-05 1.512E-05 1.438E-05 1.376E-05 1.321E-05 1.265E-05

0.01953 0.01961 0.01970 0.01978 0.01986 0.01995 0.02003 0.02011 0.02020 0.02028 0.02036 0.02044 0.02053 0.02073 0.02096 0.02119 0.02142 0.02188 0.02233 0.02278 0.02323 0.02376 0.02397 0.02397 0.02384 0.02340 0.02296 0.02251 0.02206 0.02093 0.01978 0.01883 0.01800 0.01716

295.1 295.1 296.4 297.1 297.7 298.4 299.1 299.7 300.4 301.1 301.7 302.4 303.0 304.7 306.5 308.3 310.1 313.7 317.2 320.7 324.1 327.5 329.8 329.8 328.8 325.4 322.0 318.6 315.1 306.2 297.1 289.4 282.5 275.5

9.745 9.742 9.739 9.736 9.733 9.730 9.727 9.724 9.721 9.718 9.715 9.712 9.709 9.706 9.703 9.700 9.697 9.690 9.684 9.678 9.672 9.666 9.660 9.654 9.648 9.642 9.636 9.632 9.624 9.609 9.594 9.579 9.564 9.550 9.535 9.520 9.505 9.476 9.447 9.418 9.389 9.360 9.331 9.302 9.274

U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)

14-21

TeamLRN

Z/m

Z/m

825.16 854.56 899.01 929.73 950.99 965.75 976.01 983.16 988.15 991.65 994.10 995.83 998.22 999.24 999.67 999.85 999.93 999.97 999.98 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00

P/Pa

ρ/kg m-3

n/m-3

ν/s-1

1.127E-04 8.474E-05 5.015E-05 3.106E-05 1.989E-05 1.308E-05 8.770E-06 5.980E-06 4.132E-06 2.888E-06 2.038E-06 1.452E-06 6.447E-07 3.024E-07 1.514E-07 8.213E-08 4.887E-08 3.191E-08 2.260E-08 1.704E-08 1.342E-08 1.087E-08 8.982E-09 7.514E-09

3.581E-10 2.541E-10 1.367E-10 7.858E-11 4.742E-11 2.971E-11 1.916E-11 1.264E-11 8.503E-12 5.805E-12 4.013E-12 2.803E-12 1.184E-12 5.215E-13 2.384E-13 1.137E-13 5.712E-14 3.070E-14 1.788E-14 1.136E-14 7.824E-15 5.759E-15 4.453E-15 3.561E-15

9.887E+15 7.182E+15 4.040E+15 2.420E+15 1.515E+15 9.807E+14 6.509E+14 4.405E+14 3.029E+14 2.109E+14 1.485E+14 1.056E+14 4.678E+13 2.192E+13 1.097E+13 5.950E+12 3.540E+12 2.311E+12 1.637E+12 1.234E+12 9.717E+11 7.876E+11 6.505E+11 5.442E+11

5.200 3.900 2.300 1.400 9.300E-01 6.100E-01 4.200E-01 2.900E-01 2.000E-01 1.400E-01 1.000E-01 7.200E-02 3.300E-02 1.600E-02 8.400E-03 4.800E-03 3.100E-03 2.200E-03 1.700E-03 1.400E-03 1.200E-03 1.000E-03 8.700E-04 7.500E-04

l/m 1.700E+02 2.400E+02 4.200E+02 7.000E+02 1.100E+03 1.700E+03 2.600E+03 3.800E+03 5.600E+03 8.000E+03 1.100E+04 1.600E+04 3.600E+04 7.700E+04 1.500E+05 2.800E+05 4.800E+05 7.300E+05 1.000E+06 1.400E+06 1.700E+06 2.100E+06 2.600E+06 3.100E+06

η/Pa s

k/J m-1s-1K-1

vs/m s-1

g/m s-2 9.246 9.218 9.162 9.106 9.051 8.997 8.943 8.889 8.836 8.784 8.732 8.680 8.553 8.429 8.307 8.188 8.072 7.958 7.846 7.737 7.630 7.525 7.422 7.322

U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)

14-22

190000 200000 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000

T/K

14-20 FIGURE 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude. 1000

FIGURE 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere.

900

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

800 700 600 500 400 300

O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL

200 100 0 8 10 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 NUMBER DENSITY, m-3

FIGURE 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude.

TeamLRN

FIGURE 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude.

14-21

TeamLRN 90 80

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

FIGURE 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude.

0 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K)

FIGURE 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.

14-22

GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 1373 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration. REFERENCE List, R.J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962.

Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 Lat.

Mar. 21

Apr. 13

May 6

90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

6.6 13.0 19.0 24.4 29.1 32.9 35.7 37.4 38.0 37.4 35.7 32.9 29.1 24.4 19.0 13.0 6.6

18.0 18.0 22.3 27.0 31.1 34.3 36.7 38.0 38.1 37.1 35.0 31.8 27.8 22.8 17.3 11.4 5.4 0.3

32.8 32.3 31.8 34.4 36.8 38.6 39.4 39.2 37.9 35.5 32.3 28.0 23.1 17.5 11.7 5.9 1.0

Lat.

Sep. 23

Oct. 16

Nov. 8

90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

6.5 12.9 18.8 24.1 28.7 32.5 35.3 37.0 37.6 37.0 35.3 32.5 28.7 24.1 18.8 12.9 6.5

0.3 5.5 11.6 17.6 23.1 28.2 32.3 35.5 37.6 38.6 38.5 37.2 34.8 31.5 27.3 22.6 18.2 18.2

1.0 6.2 12.1 18.2 23.9 29.1 33.5 36.9 39.4 40.7 40.9 40.1 38.3 35.7 33.0 33.5 34.0

May 29 42.4 41.8 39.9 39.7 40.7 41.3 41.1 39.7 37.4 34.1 30.0 25.2 19.7 14.0 8.2 2.9

Nov. 30

3.1 8.7 14.8 20.9 26.6 31.8 36.1 39.5 42.0 43.3 43.6 43.1 41.9 42.2 44.2 44.8

14-23

Jun. 2

Jul. 15

45.7 45.0 43.0 41.6 42.0 42.1 41.4 39.7 37.1 33.5 29.2 24.1 18.5 12.6 7.0 2.0

42.2 41.6 39.7 39.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 39.5 37.2 34.0 29.9 25.1 19.7 13.9 8.2 2.9

Dec. 22

2.1 7.5 13.5 19.8 25.7 31.1 35.8 39.6 42.4 44.2 45.0 44.8 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.8

Jan. 13

3.1 8.7 14.9 21.0 26.7 31.9 36.3 39.7 42.2 43.5 43.8 43.2 42.1 42.4 44.4 45.1

Aug. 8

Aug. 31

32.5 32.0 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.3 39.1 38.9 37.6 35.2 32.0 27.8 22.8 17.4 11.6 5.9 1.0

17.7 17.7 22.0 26.7 30.8 33.9 36.3 37.5 37.7 36.6 34.6 31.5 27.4 22.6 17.2 11.3 5.3 0.3

Feb. 4

Feb. 26

1.0 6.2 12.3 18.4 24.1 29.3 33.8 37.3 39.7 41.1 41.3 40.5 38.6 36.0 33.3 33.8 34.4

0.3 5.6 11.7 17.8 23.5 28.4 32.7 35.9 38.0 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.2 31.9 27.7 22.9 18.4 18.4

TeamLRN

ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 The data in this table were taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and represent averages adjusted to the 15th of each month. The last column gives the average over the year. The concentration of CO2 is given in parts per million by volume. Data from other measurement sites may be found in Reference 1. The first graph illustrates the seasonal variation of CO2 concentration and the steady increase over the last 40 years. The second graph summarizes the growth in the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of burning of fossil fuels (Reference 2).

REFERENCES 1. Keeling, C.D., and Whorf, T.P., Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; . 2. Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J., Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN;

CO2 Concentration in ppm at Mauna Loa Year

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

315.58 316.43 316.89 317.94 318.74 319.57 319.44 320.62 322.33 322.57 324.00 325.06 326.17 326.77 328.54 329.35 330.40 331.74 332.92 334.97 336.23 338.01 339.23 340.75 341.37 343.70 344.97 346.29 348.02 350.43 352.76 353.66 354.72 355.98 356.70 358.36 359.96 362.05 363.18 365.32 368.15 369.08

316.47 316.97 317.70 318.56 319.08

315.71 316.65 317.58 318.54 319.69 319.86

317.45 317.72 319.03 319.48 320.58 321.39

320.44 321.59 322.50 323.15 324.42 325.98 326.68 327.63 329.56 330.71 331.41 332.56 333.41 335.39 336.76 338.36 340.47 341.61 342.52 344.50 346.00 346.96 348.47 351.72 353.07 354.70 355.75 356.72 357.16 358.91 361.00 363.25 364.00 366.15 368.86 369.40

320.89 322.39 323.04 323.89 325.64 326.93 327.18 327.75 330.30 331.48 332.04 333.50 334.70 336.64 337.96 340.08 341.38 342.70 343.10 345.29 347.43 347.86 349.42 352.22 353.68 355.39 357.16 357.81 358.38 359.97 361.64 364.02 364.56 367.31 369.58 370.45

322.13 323.70 324.42 325.03 326.66 328.14 327.78 329.72 331.50 332.65 333.31 334.58 336.07 337.76 338.89 340.77 342.51 343.57 344.94 347.08 348.35 349.55 350.99 353.59 355.42 356.20 358.60 359.15 359.46 361.27 363.45 364.72 366.36 368.61 371.12 371.59

317.50 318.29 320.03 320.58 321.01 322.24 322.24 322.16 324.07 325.00 325.57 327.38 328.07 328.92 330.07 332.48 333.08 333.96 334.87 336.74 338.01 339.47 341.46 342.91 344.13 345.75 347.43 348.93 350.21 351.84 354.22 355.67 357.16 359.33 359.66 360.28 361.68 363.79 365.41 366.80 369.30 370.97 371.75

318.16 319.59 319.77 320.61 321.47 321.89 321.87 323.75 324.09 325.36 326.70 327.66 328.57 329.09 332.07 332.25 333.59 334.34 336.27 337.89 339.29 341.17 342.25 343.35 345.32 346.79 348.25 349.54 351.25 353.79 355.13 356.22 358.24 359.25 359.59 360.94 363.26 364.97 365.62 368.87 370.32 371.62

315.85 316.55 318.18 318.58 319.61 319.74 320.44 321.21 322.41 322.55 324.14 325.89 326.35 327.37 328.05 330.87 331.18 331.91 333.05 334.93 336.54 337.73 339.56 340.49 342.06 343.99 345.40 346.56 347.94 349.52 352.39 353.90 354.82 356.18 357.03 357.58 359.55 361.90 363.65 364.47 367.64 369.25 370.04

314.93 314.80 315.91 316.79 317.40 317.77 318.70 318.87 320.37 320.92 322.11 323.67 324.69 325.43 326.32 329.31 329.40 330.06 330.94 332.75 334.68 336.09 337.60 338.43 339.82 342.39 343.28 344.69 345.91 348.11 350.44 351.67 352.91 354.03 355.00 355.52 357.49 359.46 361.49 362.51 365.77 366.91 368.04

313.19 313.84 314.16 314.99 316.26 316.21 316.70 317.81 318.64 319.26 320.33 322.38 323.10 323.36 324.84 327.51 327.44 328.56 329.30 331.58 332.76 333.91 335.88 336.69 337.97 339.86 341.07 343.09 344.86 346.44 348.72 349.80 350.96 352.16 353.01 353.70 355.84 358.06 359.46 360.19 363.90 364.60 366.53

313.34 313.84 315.31 315.42 315.99 316.87 317.30 318.10 319.39 320.25 321.78 323.07 323.57 325.20 327.18 327.37 328.34 328.94 331.16 332.54 333.86 336.02 336.85 337.86 339.99 341.35 342.80 344.17 346.36 348.88 349.99 351.18 352.21 353.31 353.98 355.99 357.75 359.60 360.77 364.23 365.09 366.63

313.34 314.82 315.00 316.10 316.69 317.06 317.68 318.87 319.79 320.72 321.33 322.85 324.01 324.80 326.50 328.16 328.46 329.49 330.31 332.40 333.92 335.29 337.10 338.36 339.26 341.16 342.98 344.24 345.66 347.81 350.07 351.30 352.83 353.75 354.16 355.33 357.58 359.56 360.76 362.43 365.46 366.63 368.20

314.67 315.59 316.19 317.01 317.69 318.36 318.71 319.42 321.03 321.96 322.90 324.12 325.13 326.01 327.55 328.64 329.58 330.76 331.68 333.85 334.95 336.73 338.21 339.61 340.49 342.99 344.22 345.56 346.90 348.96 351.34 352.53 354.21 354.99 355.40 356.80 359.04 360.70 362.33 364.28 366.97 367.96 369.43

14-28

Annual

315.98 316.91 317.65 318.45 318.99 320.03 321.37 322.18 323.05 324.62 325.68 326.32 327.46 329.68 330.25 331.15 332.15 333.90 335.50 336.85 338.69 339.93 341.13 342.78 344.42 345.91 347.15 348.93 351.48 352.91 354.19 355.59 356.37 357.04 358.89 360.88 362.64 363.76 366.63 368.29 369.40

ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 (continued)

CO2 Concentration at Mauna Loa

Million

CO2 Emissions from Burning of Fossil Fuels

14-29

TeamLRN

MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1992 Historical records of atmospheric temperatures have been analyzed to obtain mean temperatures in °C for 23 climatically distinct regions of the United States. The table below gives the average over these 23 regions, which cover completely the contiguous 48 states. Data for the individual regions and for other parts of the world may be found in the references. The data are presented as temperature anomalies, i.e., as deviations (in °C) from the average temperature at each individual recording station over a 1961-1990 reference period. The trend in the temperature anomaly thus gives an indication of the long-term variation in average temperatures. CY Mean: Calendar year mean (January-December) Winter: December-February Spring: March-May Summer: June-August Fall: September-November

REFERENCES 1. Karl, T. R., Easterling, D. R., Knight, R. W., and Hughes, P. Y., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, p. 686, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Editors, ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1994. 2. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, WWW site . Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940

CY Mean 0.46 -0.21 -0.14 -0.77 -0.72 -0.45 -0.04 -0.23 -0.11 -0.36 -0.14 0.02 -0.88 -0.23 -0.05 -0.11 -0.77 -1.34 -0.14 -0.16 -0.37 0.87 0.01 -0.10 -1.01 0.20 -0.01 0.20 -0.08 -0.68 -0.12 0.81 -0.14 0.35 0.86 0.12 -0.10 -0.13 0.71 0.38 0.06

Winter

Spring

0.07 -0.69 -0.84 -1.86 -1.86 0.23 1.09 0.73 0.82 -2.08 0.52 -1.50 -0.74 0.48 -0.37 -0.29 -1.93 -2.02 0.69 -0.83 1.56 -0.44 0.23 0.13 -0.44 0.97 1.11 -0.40 -1.94 0.07 1.16 1.75 -0.60 1.45 0.84 -2.23 -0.65 1.31 0.36 0.03

0.21 -0.46 0.48 0.10 -0.39 0.67 -0.69 -0.61 0.36 -1.06 0.95 0.20 -0.75 -0.65 0.04 -0.18 -0.36 -1.75 0.30 0.00 -0.96 0.83 0.15 -1.02 -1.27 0.57 -0.58 0.41 -0.28 0.30 0.09 -0.71 -0.58 -0.08 0.77 0.12 0.48 -0.24 0.98 0.34 -0.10

14-27

Summer 0.27 0.48 -0.58 -0.83 -0.92 -0.32 -0.42 -0.85 -0.64 0.06 -0.55 -0.19 -0.76 -0.07 0.14 -1.16 -0.30 -0.73 0.03 0.12 -0.67 0.52 0.16 -0.07 -0.64 0.05 -0.27 -0.83 -0.43 -0.39 -0.07 0.51 0.26 0.45 0.86 0.31 1.00 0.66 0.39 0.18 0.18

Fall 0.85 -0.28 0.12 -1.02 -0.21 -0.25 -0.10 -0.39 -0.59 0.01 0.13 -0.62 -0.51 0.22 0.32 0.31 -1.23 -1.04 -0.09 -0.13 0.02 0.32 0.41 -0.09 -0.53 -0.41 0.02 0.83 -0.08 -0.78 -0.25 1.41 -0.78 0.54 0.82 -0.47 -0.32 -0.03 0.08 0.15 0.12

MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1901-1992 (continued) Year 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

CY Mean 0.79 0.01 -0.17 0.04 -0.02 0.53 0.10 -0.22 0.05 -0.37 -0.45 0.03 0.61 0.57 -0.25 -0.05 0.45 0.14 0.12 -0.27 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 -0.27 -0.03 -0.34 -0.13 -0.28 -0.06 -0.12 -0.04 -0.13 0.48 0.16 -0.09 -0.62 0.32 -0.37 -0.53 0.18 0.64 -0.08 0.40 0.21 -0.26 0.93 0.67 -0.07 -0.30 0.72 0.77

Winter

Spring

Summer

1.56 0.35 0.20 0.61 0.30 -0.26 0.47 -0.67 -0.77 0.39 0.05 0.68 1.91 1.47 -0.33 -0.16 1.02 0.93 -0.60 0.43 -0.02 -0.52 -1.35 -1.30 -0.07 -0.31 0.23 -0.31 -0.36 -0.17 -0.08 0.20 -0.23 0.52 0.63 0.88 -1.95 -1.31 -2.92 0.72 0.90 -0.86 2.33 -0.78 -0.78 0.22 1.52 -0.26 -0.28 0.41 0.32 2.48

0.44 0.22 -0.46 -0.38 0.25 1.21 -0.42 -0.01 0.39 -1.02 -0.69 -0.40 0.03 -0.22 0.12 -0.42 0.44 0.06 0.16 -0.98 -0.17 -0.09 0.61 -0.24 -0.56 -0.25 -0.05 -0.16 -0.54 -0.44 -0.99 0.26 0.47 0.74 -0.79 -0.09 1.07 0.23 0.09 -0.25 0.80 0.03 -0.36 -0.30 1.24 1.22 0.97 -0.06 0.36 0.72 1.36 0.82

0.28 0.08 0.54 -0.20 -0.47 -0.21 0.03 0.02 0.33 -0.86 -0.30 0.49 0.31 0.36 0.19 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.50 0.01 0.18 -0.41 0.12 -0.08 -0.42 -0.07 -0.37 -0.12 0.12 0.32 0.01 -0.19 0.22 -0.32 0.03 -0.54 0.60 0.09 -0.21 0.43 0.57 -0.11 0.58 0.31 -0.23 0.45 0.33 0.57 0.12 0.41 0.56 -0.70

14-28

TeamLRN

Fall 0.85 0.06 -0.79 0.43 0.08 0.18 0.85 -0.15 0.23 0.13 -0.70 -1.22 0.31 0.70 -0.60 -0.37 -0.13 0.45 -0.52 0.56 -0.29 0.65 1.38 -0.40 0.28 -0.13 -0.32 0.01 -0.16 -0.07 0.56 0.05 0.90 -0.39 -0.20 -1.72 0.68 0.21 -0.07 -0.04 0.36 0.06 0.94 0.07 0.05 0.49 -0.17 0.04 -0.27 0.66 -0.31

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND, 1856-2000 This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global surface temperature from 1856 to 2000. The values were calculated from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00°C, which is the best estimate for the 1961–1990 period. The 95% confidence interval for the annual mean temperature values since 1951 is ± 0.12°C; prior to 1900 this interval is ± 0.18°C.

REFERENCE Jones, P. D., Parker, D. E., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R., Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; . Year

t/°C

Year

t/°C

Year

t/°C

Year

t/°C

Year

t/°C

1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886

13.63 13.54 13.58 13.77 13.61 13.59 13.47 13.75 13.55 13.76 13.79 13.70 13.79 13.71 13.68 13.64 13.79 13.71 13.61 13.58 13.59 13.87 14.00 13.71 13.72 13.75 13.77 13.69 13.64 13.67 13.74

1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917

13.63 13.69 13.83 13.62 13.67 13.58 13.55 13.62 13.64 13.84 13.85 13.66 13.77 13.86 13.76 13.63 13.56 13.51 13.63 13.69 13.50 13.48 13.50 13.54 13.52 13.59 13.59 13.75 13.85 13.63 13.51

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

13.62 13.71 13.77 13.78 13.69 13.72 13.66 13.76 13.90 13.80 13.77 13.62 13.84 13.92 13.88 13.75 13.87 13.83 13.87 13.96 14.06 13.98 13.97 14.06 14.04 14.04 14.19 14.06 13.88 13.89 13.89

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

13.88 13.79 13.92 14.01 14.07 13.82 13.81 13.74 14.04 14.10 14.03 13.99 14.04 14.02 14.05 13.77 13.84 13.93 13.92 13.90 14.03 13.97 13.81 13.96 14.09 13.82 13.88 13.78 14.06 13.97 14.07

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

14.11 14.13 14.06 14.25 14.03 14.01 14.10 14.25 14.25 14.19 14.34 14.29 14.14 14.19 14.26 14.38 14.22 14.43 14.59 14.33 14.29

Annual Mean Global Temperature in °C

14-32

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

TeamLRN

SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of finite extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength, there are two relevant quantities, v1: velocity of longitudinal waves vs: velocity of shear waves. For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength, vext: velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in an infinite solid.) Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases; values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure water and in seawater of salinity S = 3.5% as a function of temperature. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Proeprties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. Mason, W.P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1967.

TABLE 1 Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature Name

v1/m s–1

vs/m s–1

vext/m s–1

Metals Aluminum, rolled Beryllium Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn) Constantan Copper, annealed Copper, rolled Duralumin 17S Gold, hard-drawn Iron, cast Iron, electrolytic Iron, Armco Lead, annealed Lead, rolled Magnesium, annealed Molybdenum Monel metal Nickel Platinum Silver Steel (1% C)

6420 12890 4700 5177 4760 5010 6320 3240 4994 5950 5960 2160 1960 5770 6250 5350 6040 3260 3650 5940

3040 8880 2110 2625 2325 2270 3130 1200 2809 3240 3240 700 690 3050 3350 2720 3000 1730 1610 3220

5000 12870 3480 4270 3810 3750 5150 2030 4480 5120 5200 1190 1210 4940 5400 4400 4900 2800 2680 5180

Name Steel, 347 Stainless Steel, K9 Tin, rolled Titanium Tungsten, annealed Tungsten, drawn Zinc, rolled Other materials Fused silica Glass, heavy silicate flint Glass, light borate crown Glass, pyrex Lucite Nylon 6-6 Polyethylene Polystyrene Rubber, butyl Rubber, gum Rubber, neoprene Tungsten carbide

14-41

TeamLRN

v1/m s–1

vs/m s–1

vext/m s–1

5790 5940 3320 6070 5220 5410 4210

3100 3250 1670 3125 2890 2640 2440

5000 5250 2730 5090 4620 4320 3850

5968 3980 5100 5640 2680 2620 1950 2350 1830 1550 1600 6655

3764 2380 2840 3280 1100 1070 540 1120

5760 3720 4540 5170 1840 1800 920 1840

3980

6220

SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA (continued) TABLE 2 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Gases Name Liquids Acetone Argon Benzene Bromobenzene Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulphide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane 1-Decene Diethyl ether Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Ethylene glycol Fluorobenzene Glycerol Helium Heptane 1-Heptene Hexane Hydrogen Iodobenzene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrobenzene Nitrogen 1-Nonene Octane 1-Octene Oxygen 1-Pentadecene

t/°C

v/m s–1

20 -185.9 25 20 -0.5 20 25 20 19 20 25 -88.6 20 -103.8 25 20 25 -268.9 20 20 20 -252.9 20 25 -161.5 20 25 -195.8 20 20 20 -183.0 20

1203 813 1310 1169 1034 1258 1140 1311 1280 1250 976 1326 1162 1309 1658 1183 1904 180 1162 1128 1083 1101 1114 1450 1337 1121 1463 939 1218 1197 1184 906 1351

Name Pentane Propane 1-Propanol Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane 1-Undecene Water Water (sea, S = 3.5%) Gases at 1 atm Air, dry Ammonia Argon Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chlorine Deuterium Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide Methane Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Water (steam)

t/°C

v/m s–1

20 -42.1 20 25 25 20 25 25

1008 1158 1223 930 987 1275 1497 1535

25 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 27 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 0 10 27 0 27 0 100

346 415 323 338 259 206 890 312 331 965 1310 200 296 157 289 450 435 325 353 263 330 213 473

TABLE 3 Speed of Sound in Water and Seawater (S = 3.5%) at Different Temperatures t/°C 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80

v/m s–1 Water Seawater 1401.0 1447.8 1483.2 1497.4 1509.5 1528.4 1541.4 1549.5 1553.2 1552.8

14-42

1449.4 1490.4 1522.2 1535.1 1546.2

ATTENUATION AND SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR AS A FUNCTION OF HUMIDITY AND FREQUENCY This table gives the attenuation and speed of sound as a function of frequency at various values of relative humidity. All values refer to still air at 20°C. REFERENCES 1. Tables of Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air at 68°F (20°C), AD-738576, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 2. Evans, L. B., Bass, H. E., and Sutherland, L. C., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51, 1565, 1972.

Frequency (Hz)

Attenuation (dB/km)

Speed (m/s)

Frequency (Hz)

0.51 1.07 1.26 1.43 1.67 1.84 1.96 2.11 2.27 2.82 4.14 8.84 14.89 26.28 35.81 52.15 75.37 267.01 644.66 1032.14

20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000

343.477 343.514 343.525 343.536 343.550 343.559 343.561 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.564 343.565 343.566 343.566 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567

0.03 0.11 0.17 0.25 0.50 1.01 1.59 2.24 2.85 5.09 10.93 38.89 90.61 204.98 294.08 422.51 563.66 1110.97 1639.47 2083.08

0.02 0.06 0.09 0.15 0.34 0.99 1.94 2.57 2.94 4.01 6.55 18.73 42.51 101.84 155.67 247.78 373.78 1195.37 2220.64 2951.71

344.182 344.183 344.183 344.184 344.185 344.190 344.197 344.200 344.201 344.202 344.203 344.204 344.204 344.206 344.208 344.211 344.215 344.238 344.262 344.274

Relative humidity 100%

Relative humidity 30% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000

Speed (m/s)

Relative humidity 60%

Relative humidity 0% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000

Attenuation (dB/km)

20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000

343.807 343.808 343.810 343.810 343.814 343.821 343.826 343.827 343.828 343.828 343.829 343.831 343.836 343.846 343.854 343.865 343.877 343.911 343.924 343.929

14-40

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0.01 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.77 2.02 3.05 3.57 4.59 6.29 13.58 27.72 63.49 96.63 154.90 237.93 884.28 1973.62 2913.01

344.685 344.685 344.685 344.685 344.686 344.689 344.695 344.699 344.701 344.704 344.705 344.706 344.706 344.706 344.707 344.708 344.709 344.718 344.731 344.742

SPEED OF SOUND IN DRY AIR The values in this table were calculated from the equation of state for dry air (average molecular weight 28.96) treated as a real gas. Values refer to standard atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound varies only slightly with pressure; at two atmospheres and -100°C the value decreases by 0.13%, while at two atmospheres and 80°C the speed increases by 0.04%. REFERENCE Sytchev, V.V., Vasserman, A.A., Kozlov, A.D., Spiridonov, G.A., and Tsymarny, V.A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. t/°C

vs/m s–1

t/°C

vs/m s–1

t/°C

vs/m s–1

-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40

263.5 267.3 271.1 274.8 278.5 282.1 285.7 289.2 292.7 296.1 299.5 302.9 306.2

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

309.5 312.7 315.9 319.1 322.3 325.4 328.4 331.5 334.5 337.5 340.4 343.4 346.3

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

349.1 352.0 354.8 357.6 360.4 363.2 365.9 368.6 371.3 374.0 376.7

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MUSICAL SCALES EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 440 Hz American Standard pitch. Adopted by the American Standards Association in 1936

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

C0 C#0 D0 D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1

16.35 17.32 18.35 19.45 20.60 21.83 23.12 24.50 25.96 27.50 29.14 30.87 32.70 34.65 36.71 38.89 41.20 43.65 46.25 49.00 51.91 55.00 58.27 61.74

C2 C#2 D2 D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3

65.41 69.30 73.42 77.78 82.41 87.31 92.50 98.00 103.83 110.00 116.54 123.47 130.81 138.59 146.83 155.56 164.81 174.61 185.00 196.00 207.65 220.00 233.08 246.94

C4 C#4 D4 D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5

261.63 277.18 293.66 311.13 329.63 349.23 369.99 392.00 415.30 440.00 466.16 493.88 523.25 554.37 587.33 622.25 659.26 698.46 739.99 783.99 830.61 880.00 932.33 987.77

C6 C#6 D6 D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8

1046.50 1108.73 1174.66 1244.51 1318.51 1396.91 1479.98 1567.98 1661.22 1760.00 1864.66 1975.53 2093.00 2217.46 2349.32 2489.02 2637.02 2793.83 2959.96 3135.96 3322.44 3520.00 3729.31 3951.07 4186.01

EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 435 Hz International Pitch, adopted 1891

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

C0 C#0 D0

16.17 17.13 18.15

C2 C#2 D2

64.66 68.51 72.58

C4 C#4 D4

258.65 274.03 290.33

C6 C#6 D6

1034.61 1096.13 1161.31

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D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1

19.22 20.37 21.58 22.86 24.22 25.66 27.19 28.80 30.52 32.33 34.25 36.29 38.45 40.74 43.16 45.72 48.44 51.32 54.38 57.61 61.03

D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3

76.90 81.47 86.31 91.45 96.89 102.65 108.75 115.22 122.07 129.33 137.02 145.16 153.80 162.94 172.63 182.89 193.77 205.29 217.50 230.43 244.14

D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5

307.59 325.88 345.26 365.79 387.54 410.59 435.00 460.87 488.27 517.31 548.07 580.66 615.18 651.76 690.52 731.58 775.08 821.17 870.00 921.73 976.54

D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8

1230.37 1303.53 1381.04 1463.16 1550.16 1642.34 1740.00 1843.47 1953.08 2069.22 2192.26 2322.62 2460.73 2607.05 2762.08 2926.32 3100.33 3284.68 3480.00 3686.93 3906.17 4138.44

SCIENTIFIC OR JUST SCALE C4 = 256 Hz

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

Note

Frequency

C0 D0 E0 F0 G0 A0 B0 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 B1

16 18 20 21.33 24 26.67 30 32 36 40 42.67 48 53.33 60

C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 B2 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 A3 B3

64 72 80 85.33 96 106.67 120 128 144 160 170.67 192 213.33 240

C4 D4 E4 F4 G4 A4 B4 C5 D5 E5 F5 G5 A5 B5

256 288 320 341.33 384 426.67 480 512 576 640 682.67 768 853.33 960

C6 D6 E6 F6 G6 A6 B6 C7 D7 E7 F7 G7 A7 B7 C8

1024 1152 1280 1365.33 1536 1706.67 1920 2048 2304 2560 2730.67 3072 3413.33 3840 4096

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies in the range from a few hertz to almost 20 kHz. Auditory response is usually expressed in terms of the loudness level of a sound, which is a measure of the sound pressure. The reference level, which is given in the unit phon, is a pure tone of frequency 1000 Hz with sound pressure of 20 mPa (in cgs units, 2 ·10-4 dyn/cm2 ); loudness level is usually expressed in decibels (dB) relative to this reference level. If a normal observer perceives an arbitrary sound to be equally loud as this reference sound, the sound is said to have the loudness level of the reference. The sensitivity of the typical human ear ranges from about 0 dB, the threshold loudness level, to about 140 dB, the level at which pain sets in. The minimum detectable level thus represents a sound wave of pressure 20 mPa and intensity (power density) 10-16 W/cm2. The following figure illustrates the frequency dependence of the threshold for an average young adult.

Frequency in Hz

The relation between loudness level and frequency for a typical person is expressed by the following table:

Sound pressure level in dB relative to 20 mPa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

125

500

Frequency in Hz 1000 4000

4 17 34 52 70 86 98 108

16 27 39 52 65 76 86 96 105

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

18 28 37 45 54 64 73 83 94 106

8000

10000

11 21 30 38 47 56 66 77 88

17 26 35 44 54 64 74 86

Thus, a 10,000 Hz tone at a pressure level of 50 dB seems equally loud as a 1000 Hz tone at a pressure of 35 dB. The term noise refers to any unwanted sound, either a pure tone or a mixture of frequencies. Since the sensitivity of the ear is frequency dependent, as illustrated by the above table, noise level is expressed in a frequency-weighted scale, known as A-weighting. Decibel readings on this scale are designated as dBa. Typical noise levels from various sources are illustrated in this table:

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING (continued)

Source

Noise level in dBa

Rocket engine Jet aircraft engine Light aircraft, cruising Tractor, 150 hp Electric motor, 100 hp at 2600 rpm Pneumatic drill Subway train Vacuum cleaner Heavy automobile traffic Conversational speech Whispered speech Background noise, recording studio

200 160 140 115 105 100 90 85 75 65 40 25-30

Recommended noise thresholds in the workplace have been established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygenists. Some examples of the maximum safe levels for different daily exposure times are given below. Duration of exposure

Max. level in dBa

24 h 8h 4h 1h 30 min 15 min 2 min 28 s 0.11 s

80 85 88 94 97 100 109 115 139

No exposure greater than 140 dBa is permitted. Further details may be found in Reference 3.

REFERENCES 1. Anderson, H. L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, chap. 2. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, chap. 3. 3. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.

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Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale Laboratory Solvents and other Liquid Reagents Miscibility of Organic Solvents Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures Constant Humidity Solutions Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature Wire Tables Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids Density of Various Solids Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials Coefficient of Friction Flame Temperatures Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum

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STANDARD ITS-90 THERMOCOUPLE TABLES The Instrument Society of America (ISA) has assigned standard letter designations to a number of thermocouple types having specified emf-temperature relations. These designations and the approximate metal compositions which meet the required relations, as well as the useful temperature ranges, are given below: Type B Type E Type J Type K Type N Type R Type S Type T

(Pt + 30% Rh) vs. (Pt + 6% Rh) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) Fe vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Ni + 2% Al + 2% Mn + 1% Si) (Ni + 14% Cr + 1.5% Si) vs. (Ni + 4.5% Si + 0. 1% Mg) (Pt + 13% Rh) vs. Pt (Pt + 10% Rh) vs. Pt Cu vs. (Cu + 43% Ni)

0 to 1820°C -270 to 1000°C -210 to 1200°C -270 to 1372°C -270 to 1300°C -50 to 1768°C -50 to 1768°C -270 to 400°C

The compositions are given in weight percent, and the positive leg is listed first. It should be emphasized that the standard letter designations do not imply a precise composition but rather that the specified emf-temperature relation is satisfied. The first set of tables below lists, for each thermocouple type, the emf as a function of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The coefficients in the equation used to generate the table are also given. The second set of tables gives the inverse relationships, i.e., the coefficients in the polynomial equation which expresses the temperature as a function of thermocouple emf. The accuracy of these equations is also stated. Further details and tables at closer intervals may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W., Seroger, M. G., Strouse, G. F., Croarkin, M. C., and Guthrie, W.F., Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90, Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech. (U.S.) Monogr. 175, 1993. 2. Schooley, J. F., Thermometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

Type B thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -0.000 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.267 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.787 0.828 0.870 0.913 0.957

0.002 0.092 0.291 0.596 1.002

0.006 0.107 0.317 0.632 1.048

0.011 0.123 0.344 0.669 1.095

0.017 0.141 0.372 0.707 1.143

0.025 0.159 0.401 0.746 1.192

0.033 0.178 0.431 0.787 1.242

500 600 700 800 900

1.242 1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957

1.293 1.852 2.499 3.230 4.041

1.344 1.913 2.569 3.308 4.127

1.397 1.975 2.639 3.386 4.213

1.451 2.037 2.710 3.466 4.299

1.505 2.101 2.782 3.546 4.387

1.561 2.165 2.854 3.626 4.475

1.617 2.230 2.928 3.708 4.564

1.675 2.296 3.002 3.790 4.653

1.733 2.363 3.078 3.873 4.743

1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957 4.834

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

4.834 5.780 6.786 7.848 8.956

4.926 5.878 6.890 7.957 9.069

5.018 5.976 6.995 8.066 9.182

5.111 6.075 7.100 8.176 9.296

5.205 6.175 7.205 8.286 9.410

5.299 6.276 7.311 8.397 9.524

5.394 6.377 7.417 8.508 9.639

5.489 6.478 7.524 8.620 9.753

5.585 6.580 7.632 8.731 9.868

5.682 5.780 6.683 6.786 7.740 7.848 8.844 8.956 9.984 10.099

1500 1600 1700 1800

10.099 11.263 12.433 13.591

10.215 11.380 12.549 13.706

10.331 10.447 10.563 10.679 11.497 11.614 11.731 11.848 12.666 12.782 12.898 13.014 13.820

10.796 10.913 11.965 12.082 13.130 13.246

11.029 11.146 11.263 12.199 12.316 12.433 13.361 13.476 13.591

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. 0°C to 630.615°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 000 0 -2.465 081 834 6 × 10-4 5.904 042 117 1 × 10-6 -1.325 793 163 6 × 10-9 1.566 829 190 1 × 10-12 -1.694 452 924 0 × 10-15 6.299 034 709 4 × 10-19 ............ ............

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630.615°C to 1820°C -3.893 816 862 1 2.857 174 747 0 × 10-2 -8.488 510 478 5 × 10-5 1.578 528 016 4 × 10-7 -1.683 534 486 4 × 10-10 1.110 979 401 3 × 10-13 -4.451 543 103 3 × 10-17 9.897 564 082 1 × 10-21 -9.379 133 028 9 × 10-25

Type E thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-8.825 -9.063 -9.274 -9.455 -9.604 -9.718 -5.237 -5.681 -6.107 -6.516 -6.907 -7.279 0.000 -0.582 -1.152 -1.709 -2.255 -2.787 0

10

20

30

40

50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

-9.797 -7.632 -3.306

-9.835 -7.963 -3.811

60

70

80

90

100

-8.273 -8.561 -8.825 -4.302 -4.777 -5.237

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.420 3.048 3.685 6.319 6.998 7.685 8.379 9.081 9.789 10.503 13.421 14.164 14.912 15.664 16.420 17.181 17.945 21.036 21.817 22.600 23.386 24.174 24.964 25.757 28.946 29.747 30.550 31.354 32.159 32.965 33.772

4.330 11.224 18.713 26.552 34.579

4.985 11.951 19.484 27.348 35.387

5.648 12.684 20.259 28.146 36.196

6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005

500 600 700 800 900

37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787

42.671 50.718 58.659 66.473 74.115

43.479 51.517 59.446 67.246 74.869

44.286 52.315 60.232 68.017 75.621

45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373

1000

76.373

37.815 45.900 53.908 61.801 69.554

38.624 46.705 54.703 62.583 70.319

39.434 47.509 55.497 63.364 71.082

40.243 48.313 56.289 64.144 71.844

41.053 49.116 57.080 64.922 72.603

41.862 49.917 57.870 65.698 73.360

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 1000°C c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 = c11 = c12 = c13 =

0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 870 8 × 10-2 4.541 097 712 4 × 10-5 -7.799 804 868 6 × 10-7 -2.580 016 084 3 × 10-8 -5.945 258 305 7 × 10-10 -9.321 405 866 7 × 10-12 -1.028 760 553 4 × 10-13 -8.037 012 362 1 × 10-16 -4.397 949 739 1 × 10-18 -1.641 477 635 5 × 10-20 -3.967 361 951 6 × 10-23 -5.582 732 872 1 × 10-26 -3.465 784 201 3 × 10-29

0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 871 0 × 10-2 4.503 227 558 2 × 10-5 2.890 840 721 2 × 10-8 -3.305 689 665 2 × 10-10 6.502 440 327 0 × 10-13 -1.919 749 550 4 × 10-16 -1.253 660 049 7 × 10-18 2.148 921 756 9 × 10-21 -1.438 804 178 2 × 10-24 3.596 089 948 1 × 10-28 ............ ............ ............

Type J thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0

t/°C

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-7.890 -8.095 -4.633 -5.037 -5.426 -5.801 -6.159 -6.500 0.000 -0.501 -0.995 -1.482 -1.961 -2.431

0

10

20

30

40

50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

-6.821 -2.893

-7.123 -3.344

60

70

80

90

100

-7.403 -7.659 -7.890 -3.786 -4.215 -4.633

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.507 1.019 1.537 2.059 2.585 3.116 5.269 5.814 6.360 6.909 7.459 8.010 8.562 10.779 11.334 11.889 12.445 13.000 13.555 14.110 16.327 16.881 17.434 17.986 18.538 19.090 19.642 21.848 22.400 22.952 23.504 24.057 24.610 25.164

3.650 9.115 14.665 20.194 25.720

4.187 9.669 15.219 20.745 26.276

4.726 10.224 15.773 21.297 26.834

5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393

500 600 700 800 900

27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877

30.788 36.675 42.919 49.353 55.561

31.362 37.284 43.559 49.989 56.164

31.939 37.896 44.203 50.622 56.763

32.519 38.512 44.848 51.251 57.360

33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953

57.953 58.545 59.134 59.721 60.307 60.890 61.473 63.792 64.370 64.948 65.525 66.102 66.679 67.255 69.553

62.054 67.831

62.634 63.214 63.792 68.406 68.980 69.553

1000 1100 1200

27.953 33.689 39.755 46.141 52.500

28.516 34.279 40.382 46.786 53.119

29.080 34.873 41.012 47.431 53.735

29.647 35.470 41.645 48.074 54.347

30.216 36.071 42.281 48.715 54.956

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -210°C to 760°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

760°C to 1200°C

0.000 000 000 0 5.038 118 781 5 × 10-2 3.047 583 693 0 × 10-5 -8.568 106 572 0 × 10-8 1.322 819 529 5 × 10-10 -1.705 295 833 7 × 10-13 2.094 809 069 7 × 10-16 -1.253 839 533 6 × 10-19 1.563 172 569 7 × 10-23

2.964 562 568 1 × 102 -1.497 612 778 6 3.178 710 392 4 × 10-3 -3.184 768 670 1 × 10-6 1.572 081 900 4 × 10-9 -3.069 136 905 6 × 10-13 ............ ............ ............

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Type K thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0

t/°C

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-5.891 -6.035 -6.158 -6.262 -6.344 -6.404 -3.554 -3.852 -4.138 -4.411 -4.669 -4.913 0.000 -0.392 -0.778 -1.156 -1.527 -1.889

0

10

20

30

40

50

-60

-70

-6.441 -5.141 -2.243

-6.458 -5.354 -2.587

60

70

-80

-90

-100

-5.550 -5.730 -5.891 -2.920 -3.243 -3.554

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.612 2.023 2.436 4.096 4.509 4.920 5.328 5.735 6.138 6.540 8.138 8.539 8.940 9.343 9.747 10.153 10.561 12.209 12.624 13.040 13.457 13.874 14.293 14.713 16.397 16.820 17.243 17.667 18.091 18.516 18.941

2.851 6.941 10.971 15.133 19.366

3.267 3.682 4.096 7.340 7.739 8.138 11.382 11.795 12.209 15.554 15.975 16.397 19.792 20.218 20.644

500 600 700 800 900

20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326

21.071 25.330 29.548 33.685 37.725

21.497 25.755 29.965 34.093 38.124

21.924 26.179 30.382 34.501 38.522

22.350 26.602 30.798 34.908 38.918

22.776 27.025 31.213 35.313 39.314

23.203 27.447 31.628 35.718 39.708

23.629 27.869 32.041 36.121 40.101

24.055 28.289 32.453 36.524 40.494

1000 1100 1200 1300

41.276 45.119 48.838 52.410

41.665 45.497 49.202 52.759

42.053 45.873 49.565 53.106

42.440 46.249 49.926 53.451

42.826 46.623 50.286 53.795

43.211 46.995 50.644 54.138

43.595 47.367 51.000 54.479

43.978 47.737 51.355 54.819

44.359 44.740 45.119 48.105 48.473 48.838 51.708 52.060 52.410

24.480 28.710 32.865 36.925 40.885

24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t 2 + c3t 3 + ... cnt n, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. In the 0°C to 1372°C range there is also an exponential term that must be evaluated and added to the equation. The exponential term is of the form: c0exp[c1(t-126.9686)2] , where t is the temperature in °C and c0 and c1 are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175.

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10

= = = = = = = = = = =

-270°C to 0°C

0°C to 1372°C

0.000 000 000 0 3.945 012 802 5 × 10-2 2.362 237 359 8 × 10-5 -3.285 890 678 4 × 10-7 -4.990 482 877 7 × 10-9 -6.750 905 917 3 × 10-11 -5.741 032 742 8 × 10-13 -3.108 887 289 4 × 10-15 -1.045 160 936 5 × 10-17 -1.988 926 687 8 × 10-20 -1.632 269 748 6 × 10-23

-1.760 041 368 6 × 10-2 3.892 120 497 5 × 10-2 1.855 877 003 2 × 10-5 -9.945 759 287 4 ×10-8 3.184 094 571 9 × 10-10 -5.607 284 488 9 × 10-13 5.607 505 905 9 × 10-16 -3.202 072 000 3 × 10-19 9.715 114 715 2 × 10-23 -1.210 472 127 5 × 10-26 ...........

TeamLRN

0°C to 1372°C (exponential term) 1.185 976 × 10-1 -1.183 432 × 10-4 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......

Type N thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-3.990 -4.083 -4.162 -4.226 -4.277 -4.313 -2.407 -2.612 -2.808 -2.994 -3.171 -3.336 0.000 -0.260 -0.518 -0.772 -1.023 -1.269 0

10

20

30

40

50

-60

-70

-4.336 -3.491 -1.509

-4.345 -3.634 -1.744

60

70

-80

-90

-100

-3.766 -3.884 -3.990 -1.972 -2.193 -2.407 80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.261 0.525 0.793 1.065 1.340 2.774 3.072 3.374 3.680 3.989 4.302 5.913 6.245 6.579 6.916 7.255 7.597 9.341 9.696 10.054 10.413 10.774 11.136 12.974 13.346 13.719 14.094 14.469 14.846

1.619 1.902 4.618 4.937 7.941 8.288 11.501 11.867 15.225 15.604

2.189 2.480 2.774 5.259 5.585 5.913 8.637 8.988 9.341 12.234 12.603 12.974 15.984 16.366 16.748

500 600 700 800 900

16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371

19.059 22.958 26.883 30.807 34.707

19.835 23.742 27.669 31.590 35.482

1000 1100 1200 1300

17.131 21.003 24.919 28.847 32.761

17.515 21.393 25.312 29.239 33.151

17.900 21.784 25.705 29.632 33.541

18.286 22.175 26.098 30.024 33.930

18.672 22.566 26.491 30.416 34.319

36.256 36.641 37.027 37.411 37.795 38.179 40.087 40.466 40.845 41.223 41.600 41.976 43.846 44.218 44.588 44.958 45.326 45.694 47.513

19.447 23.350 27.276 31.199 35.095

38.562 38.944 42.352 42.727 46.060 46.425

20.224 24.134 28.062 31.981 35.869

39.326 39.706 40.087 43.101 43.474 43.846 46.789 47.152 47.513

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10

= = = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 000 0 2.615 910 596 2 × 10-2 1.095 748 422 8 × 10-5 -9.384 111 155 4 × 10-8 -4.641 203 975 9 × 10-11 -2.630 335 771 6 × 10-12 -2.265 343 800 3 × 10-14 -7.608 930 079 1 × 10-17 -9.341 966 783 5 × 10-20 .......... ..........

20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256

0°C to 1300°C 0.000 000 000 0 2.592 939 460 1 × 10-2 1.571 014 188 0 × 10-5 4.382 562 723 7 × 10-8 -2.526 116 979 4 × 10-10 6.431 181 933 9 × 10-13 -1.006 347 151 9 × 10-15 9.974 533 899 2 × 10-19 -6.086 324 560 7 × 10-22 2.084 922 933 9 × 10-25 -3.068 219 615 1 × 10-29

Type R thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C 0

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

0.000 -0.051 -0.100 -0.145 -0.188 -0.226

t/°C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408

0.054 0.723 1.558 2.498 3.512

0.111 0.800 1.648 2.597 3.616

0.171 0.879 1.739 2.696 3.721

0.232 0.959 1.831 2.796 3.827

0.296 1.041 1.923 2.896 3.933

0.363 1.124 2.017 2.997 4.040

0.431 1.208 2.112 3.099 4.147

0.501 1.294 2.207 3.201 4.255

0.573 1.381 2.304 3.304 4.363

0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471

500 600 700 800 900

4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205

4.580 5.697 6.861 8.073 9.333

4.690 5.812 6.980 8.197 9.461

4.800 5.926 7.100 8.321 9.590

4.910 6.041 7.220 8.446 9.720

5.021 6.157 7.340 8.571 9.850

5.133 5.245 6.273 6.390 7.461 7.583 8.697 8.823 9.980 10.111

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

10.506 11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040

10.638 11.986 13.367 14.770 16.181

10.771 12.123 13.507 14.911 16.323

10.905 12.260 13.646 15.052 16.464

11.039 12.397 13.786 15.193 16.605

11.173 12.535 13.926 15.334 16.746

1500 1600 1700

17.451 17.591 17.732 17.872 18.012 18.152 18.849 18.988 19.126 19.264 19.402 19.540 20.222 20.356 20.488 20.620 20.749 20.877

11.307 12.673 14.066 15.475 16.887

11.442 12.812 14.207 15.616 17.028

18.292 18.431 19.677 19.814 21.003

5.357 5.470 5.583 6.507 6.625 6.743 7.705 7.827 7.950 8.950 9.077 9.205 10.242 10.374 10.506 11.578 12.950 14.347 15.758 17.169

11.714 13.089 14.488 15.899 17.310

11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040 17.451

18.571 18.710 18.849 19.951 20.087 20.222

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 000 00. 5.289 617 297 65 × 10-3 1.391 665 897 82 × 10-5 -2.388 556 930 17 × 10-8 3.569 160 010 63 × 10-11 -4.623 476 662 98 × 10-14 5.007 774 410 34 × 10-17 -3.731 058 861 91 × 10-20 1.577 164 823 67 × 10-23 -2.810 386 252 51 × 10-27

1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 2.951 579 253 16 -2.520 612 513 32 × 10-3 1.595 645 018 65 × 10-5 -7.640 859 475 76 × 10-9 2.053 052 910 24 × 10-12 -2.933 596 681 73 × 10-16 ............. ............. ............. .............

TeamLRN

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.522 321 182 09 × 102 -2.688 198 885 45 × 10-1 1.712 802 804 71 × 10-4 -3.458 957 064 53 × 10-8 -9.346 339 710 46 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. ............. .............

Type S thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C

t/°C 0

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

0.000 -0.053 -0.103 -0.150 -0.194 -0.236

t/°C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400

0.000 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259

0.055 0.720 1.526 2.415 3.355

0.113 0.795 1.612 2.507 3.451

0.173 0.872 1.698 2.599 3.548

0.235 0.950 1.786 2.692 3.645

0.299 1.029 1.874 2.786 3.742

0.365 1.110 1.962 2.880 3.840

0.433 1.191 2.052 2.974 3.938

0.502 1.273 2.141 3.069 4.036

0.573 1.357 2.232 3.164 4.134

0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233

500 600 700 800 900

4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449

4.332 5.341 6.381 7.454 8.562

4.432 5.443 6.486 7.563 8.674

4.532 5.546 6.593 7.673 8.787

4.632 5.649 6.699 7.783 8.900

4.732 5.753 6.806 7.893 9.014

4.833 5.857 6.913 8.003 9.128

4.934 5.961 7.020 8.114 9.242

5.035 6.065 7.128 8.226 9.357

5.137 6.170 7.236 8.337 9.472

5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

9.587 10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373

9.703 10.875 12.071 13.280 14.494

9.819 10.994 12.191 13.402 14.615

9.935 11.113 12.312 13.523 14.736

10.051 11.232 12.433 13.644 14.857

10.168 11.351 12.554 13.766 14.978

10.285 11.471 12.675 13.887 15.099

10.403 11.590 12.796 14.009 15.220

10.520 11.710 12.917 14.130 15.341

10.638 11.830 13.038 14.251 15.461

10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373 15.582

1500 1600 1700

15.582 15.702 15.822 15.942 16.062 16.182 16.777 16.895 17.013 17.131 17.249 17.366 17.947 18.061 18.174 18.285 18.395 18.503

16.301 16.420 17.483 17.600 18.609

16.539 16.658 16.777 17.717 17.832 17.947

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 000 00 5.403 133 086 31 × 10-3 1.259 342 897 40 × 10-5 -2.324 779 686 89 × 10-8 3.220 288 230 36 × 10-11 -3.314 651 963 89 × 10-14 2.557 442 517 86 × 10-17 -1.250 688 713 93 × 10-20 2.714 431 761 45 × 10-24

1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 1.329 004 440 85 3.345 093 113 44 × 10-3 6.548 051 928 18 × 10-6 -1.648 562 592 09 × 10-9 1.299 896 051 74 × 10-14 ............. ............. ............. .............

TeamLRN

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.466 282 326 36 × 10 2 -2.584 305 167 52 × 10-1 1.636 935 746 41 × 10-4 -3.304 390 469 87 × 10-8 -9.432 236 906 12 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. .............

Type T thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0

t/°C 0 100 200 300 400

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-5.603 -5.753 -5.888 -6.007 -6.105 -6.180 -3.379 -3.657 -3.923 -4.177 -4.419 -4.648 0.000 -0.383 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.000 0.391 0.790 1.196 1.612 2.036 4.279 4.750 5.228 5.714 6.206 6.704 9.288 9.822 10.362 10.907 11.458 12.013 14.862 15.445 16.032 16.624 17.219 17.819 20.872

-60

-70

-6.232 -4.865 -2.153

-6.258 -5.070 -2.476

60

70

2.468 2.909 7.209 7.720 12.574 13.139 18.422 19.030

-80

-90

-100

-5.261 -5.439 -5.603 -2.788 -3.089 -3.379

80

90

100

3.358 3.814 4.279 8.237 8.759 9.288 13.709 14.283 14.862 19.641 20.255 20.872

Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 4.419 443 434 7 × 10-5 1.184 432 310 5 × 10-7 2.003 297 355 4 × 10-8 9.013 801 955 9 × 10-10 2.265 115 659 3 × 10-11 3.607 115 420 5 × 10-13 3.849 393 988 3 × 10-15 2.821 352 192 5 × 10-17 1.425 159 477 9 × 10-19 4.876 866 228 6 × 10-22 1.079 553 927 0 × 10-24 1.394 502 706 2 × 10-27 7.979 515 392 7 × 10-31

0°C to 400°C 0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 3.329 222 788 0 × 10-5 2.061 824 340 4 × 10-7 -2.188 225 684 6 × 10-9 1.099 688 092 8 × 10-11 -3.081 575 877 2 × 10-14 4.547 913 529 0 × 10-17 -2.751 290 167 3 × 10-20 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............

Type B thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

250°C to 700°C

700°C to 1820°C

emf Range:

0.291 mV to 2.431 mV

2.431 mV to 13.820 mV

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

9.842 332 1 × 101 6.997 150 0 × 102 -8.476 530 4 × 102 1.005 264 4 × 103 -8.334 595 2 × 102 4.550 854 2 × 102 -1.552 303 7 × 102 2.988 675 0 × 101 -2.474 286 0

2.131 507 1× 102 2.851 050 4 × 102 -5.274 288 7 × 101 9.916 080 4 -1.296 530 3 1.119 587 0 × 10-1 -6.062 519 9 × 10-3 1.866 169 6 × 10-4 -2.487 858 5 × 10-6

= = = = = = = = =

Type E thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-200°C to 0°C

0°C to 1000°C

emf Range:

-8.825 mV to 0.0 mV

0.0 mV to 76.373 mV

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 0 1.697 728 8 × 101 -4.351 497 0 × 10-1 -1.585 969 7 × 10-1 -9.250 287 1 × 10-2 -2.608 431 4 × 10-2 -4.136 019 9 × 10-3 -3.403 403 0 × 10-4 -1.156 489 0 × 10-5 .......

TeamLRN

0.000 000 0 1.705 703 5 × 101 -2.330 175 9 × 10-1 6.543 558 5 × 10-3 -7.356 274 9 × 10-5 -1.789 600 1 × 10-6 8.403 616 5 × 10-8 -1.373 587 9 × 10-9 1.062 982 3 × 10-11 -3.244 708 7 × 10-14

Type J thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-210°C to 0°C

0°C to 760°C

760°C to 1200°C

emf Range:

-8.095 mV to 0.0 mV

0.0 mV to 42.919 mV

42.919 mV to 69.553 mV

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 0 1.952 826 8 ×101 -1.228 618 5 -1.075 217 8 -5.908 693 3 × 10-1 -1.725 671 3 × 10-1 -2.813 151 3 × 10-2 -2.396 337 0 × 10-3 -8.382 332 1 × 10-5

0.000 000 1.978 425 × 101 -2.001 204 × 10-1 1.036 969 × 10-2 -2.549 687 × 10-4 3.585 153 × 10-6 -5.344 285 × 10-8 5.099 890 × 10-10 .......

-3.113 581 87 × 103 3.005 436 84 × 102 -9.947 732 30 1.702 766 30 × 10-1 -1.430 334 68 × 10-3 4.738 860 84 × 10-6 ....... ....... .......

Type K thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-200°C to 0°C

0°C to 500°C

500°C to 1372°C

emf Range:

-5.891 mV to 0.0 mV

0.0 mV to 20.644 mV

20.644 mV to 54.886 mV

0.000 000 0 2.508 355 × 101 7.860 106 × 10-2 -2.503 131 × 10-1 8.315 270 × 10-2 -1.228 034 × 10-2 9.804 036 × 10-4 -4.413 030 × 10-5 1.057 734 × 10-6 -1.052 755 × 10-8

-1.318 058 × 102 4.830 222 × 101 -1.646 031 5.464 731 × 10-2 -9.650 715 × 10-4 8.802 193 × 10-6 -3.110 810 × 10-8 ....... ....... .......

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 0 2.517 346 2 × 101 -1.166 287 8 -1.083 363 8 -8.977 354 0 × 10-1 -3.734 237 7 × 10-1 -8.663 264 3 × 10-2 -1.045 059 8 × 10-2 -5.192 057 7 × 10-4 .......

Type N thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-200°C to 0°C

0°C to 600°C

600°C to 1300°C

emf Range:

-3.990 mV to 0.0 mV

0.0 mV to 20.613 mV

20.613 mV to 47.513 mV

0.000 00 3.868 96 × 101 -1.082 67 4.702 05 × 10-2 -2.121 69 × 10-6 -1.172 72 × 10-4 5.392 80 × 10-6 -7.981 56 × 10-8 ......... .........

1.972 485 × 101 3.300 943 × 101 -3.915 159 × 10-1 9.855 391 × 10-3 -1.274 371 × 10-4 7.767 022 × 10-7 ......... ......... ......... .........

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

0.000 000 0 3.843 684 7 × 101 1.101 048 5 5.222 931 2 7.206 052 5 5.848 858 6 2.775 491 6 7.707 516 6 × 10-1 1.158 266 5 × 10-1 7.313 886 8 × 10-3

Type R thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-50°C to 250°C

250°C to 1200°C

1064°C to 1664.5°C

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C

emf Range:

-0.226 mV to 1.923 mV

1.923 mV to 13.228 mV

11.361 mV to 19.739 mV

19.739 mV to 21.103 mV

c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 =

0.000 000 0 1.889 138 0 × 102 -9.383 529 0 × 101 1.306 861 9 × 102 -2.270 358 0 × 102 3.514 565 9 × 102 -3.895 390 0 × 102 2.823 947 1 × 102 -1.260 728 1 × 102 3.135 361 1 × 101 -3.318 776 9

1.334 584 505 × 101 1.472 644 573 × 102 -1.844 024 844 × 101 4.031 129 726 -6.249 428 360 × 10-1 6.468 412 046 × 10-2 -4.458 750 426 × 10-3 1.994 710 149 × 10-4 -5.313 401 790 × 10-6 6.481 976 217 × 10-8 ..........

-8.199 599 416 × 101 1.553 962 042 × 102 -8.342 197 663 4.279 433 549 × 10-1 -1.191 577 910 × 10-2 1.492 290 091 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

TeamLRN

3.406 177 836 × 104 -7.023 729 171 × 103 5.582 903 813 × 102 -1.952 394 635 × 101 2.560 740 231 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

Type S thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-50°C to 250°C

250°C to 1200°C

1064°C to 1664.5°C

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C

emf Range:

-0.235 mV to 1.874 mV

1.874 mV to 11.950 mV

10.332 mV to 17.536 mV

17.536 mV to 18.693 mV

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

1.291 507 177 × 101 1.466 298 863 × 102 -1.534 713 402 × 101 3.145 945 973 -4.163 257 839 × 10-1 3.187 963 771 × 10-2 -1.291 637 500 × 10-3 2.183 475 087 × 10-5 -1.447 379 511 × 10-7 8.211 272 125 × 10-9

0.000 000 00 1.849 494 60 × 102 -8.005 040 62 × 101 1.022 374 30 × 102 -1.522 485 92 × 102 1.888 213 43 × 102 -1.590 859 41 × 102 8.230 278 80 × 101 -2.341 819 44 × 101 2.797 862 60

-8.087 801 117 × 101 1.621 573 104 × 102 -8.536 869 453 4.719 686 976 × 10-1 -1.441 693 666 × 10-2 2.081 618 890 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... ..........

5.333 875 126 × 104 -1.235 892 298 × 104 1.092 657 613 × 103 -4.265 693 686 × 101 6.247 205 420 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

Type T thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges

Temperature Range:

-200°C to 0°C

0°C to 400°C

emf Range:

-5.603 mV to 0.0 mV

0.0 mV to 20.872 mV

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7

= = = = = = = =

0.000 000 0 2.594 919 2 × 101 -2.131 696 7 × 10-1 7.901 869 2 × 10-1 4.252 777 7 × 10-1 1.330 447 3 × 10-1 2.024 144 6 × 10-2 1.266 817 1 × 10-3

0.000 000 2.592 800 × 101 -7.602 961 × 10-1 4.637 791 × 10-2 -2.165 394 × 10-3 6.048 144 × 10-5 -7.293 422 × 10-7 ..........

SECONDARY REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE The International Temperature Scale of 1990 is described tin Section 1 of this Handbook, where the defining fixed points are listed. The Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) of the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM), which oversees the temperature scale, has recommended a number of secondary reference points whose values have been accurately determined with respect to the primary fixed points. The most accurate of these, referred to as “first quality points”, satisfy several criteria involving purity of the material, reproducibility, and documentation of the measurements. The CCT also lists “second quality points” that do not yet satisfy all the criteria but are still useful. Taken together, these secondary reference points, help fill in the gaps between the primary fixed points. The table below describes these secondary reference points. The best values resulting from the CCT evaluation are listed on both the Kelvin and Celsius scales, along with an estimate of uncertainty. Full details are given in the reference. The entries within each quality group are listed in order of increasing temperature.

REFERENCE Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. Substance

Type of Transition

T90/K

t90/°C

Uncert.

-272.300 -271.9690 -270.9732 -269.7355 -265.9503 -263.8620 -254.461 -254.426 -248.609 -246.053 -209.999 -195.798 -185.847 -182.953 -182.456 -111.745 -56.558 -38.8290 0 29.7666 99.974 156.5936 271.402 321.069 327.462 630.628 779.63 1554.8 1768.2 1963 2446 2622 3414

0.0030 0.0025 0.0001 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0005

First quality points Zinc Aluminum Helium (4He) Indium Lead Niobium Deuterium (2H2) Deuterium (2H2) Neon (20Ne) Neon Nitrogen Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Methane Xenon Carbon dioxide Mercury Water Gallium Water Indium Bismuth Cadmium Lead Antimony Copper/71.9% silver Palladium Platinum Rhodium Iridium Molybdenum Tungsten

Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Superfluid transition Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Triple point (equilibrium D2) Triple point (normal D2) Triple point Boiling point Triple point Boiling point Boiling point Condensation point Triple point Triple point Triple point Freezing point Ice point Triple point Boiling point Triple point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Eutectic melting point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Melting point Melting point

15-14

TeamLRN

0.8500 1.1810 2.1768 3.4145 7.1997 9.2880 18.689 18.724 24.541 27.097 63.151 77.352 87.303 90.197 90.694 161.405 216.592 234.3210 273.15 302.9166 373.124 429.7436 544.552 594.219 600.612 903.778 1052.78 1828.0 2041.3 2236 2719 2895 3687

0.0001 0.001 0.0002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.05 0.1 0.4 3 6 4 7

SECONDARY REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE (continued) Substance

Type of Transition

T90/K

t90/°C

Uncert.

-259.198 -252.762 -249.282 -237.536 -229.354 -157.375 -78.464 -49.596 15.650 20.476 26.864 36.315 58.065 97.794 122.336 122.352 356.619 444.614 567.807 567.807 802.018 882.940 1455 1495 1538 1670 1854 2053 2333

0.002 0.002 0.005 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.010 0.002 0.011 0.005 1 3 3 2 8 2 10

Second quality points Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Oxygen Krypton Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Gallium/20% indium Gallium/8% tin Diphenyl ether Ethylene carbonate Succinonitrile Sodium Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Mercury Sulfur Copper/66.9% aluminum Silver/30% aluminum Sodium chloride Sodium Nickel Cobalt Iron Titanium Zirconium Aluminum oxide Ruthenium

Triple point (normal H2) Boiling point (normal H2)
- transition
- transition - transition Triple point Sublimation point Triple point Eutectic melting point Eutectic melting point Triple point Triple point Triple point Freezing point Triple point Freezing point Boiling point Boiling point Eutectic melting point Eutectic melting point Freezing point Boiling point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Melting point Melting point Melting point Melting point

15-15

13.952 20.388 23.868 35.614 43.796 115.775 194.686 223.554 288.800 293.626 300.014 309.465 331.215 370.944 395.486 395.502 629.769 717.764 840.957 840.957 1075.168 1156.090 1728 1768 1811 1943 2127 2326 2606

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS This table summarizes the properties of 575 liquids that are commonly used in the laboratory as solvents or chemical reagents. The properties tabulated are: Mr : tm: tb : ρ: η: ε: µ: cp: vp: FP: Fl.Lim: IT TLV

Molecular weight Melting point in ˚C Normal boiling point in ˚C Density in g/mL at the temperature in ˚C indicated by the superscript Viscosity in mPa s (1 mPa s = 1 centipoise) Dielectric constant Dipole moment in D Specific heat capacity of the liquid at constant pressure at 25˚C in J/g K Vapor pressure at 25˚C in kPa (1 kPa = 7.50 mmHg) Flash point in ˚C Flammable (explosive) limit in air in percent by volume Autoignition temperature in ˚C Threshold limit for allowable airborne concentration in parts per million by volume at 25˚C and atmospheric pressure

Data on the temperature dependence of viscosity, dielectric constant, and vapor pressure can be found in the pertinent tables in this Handbook.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lide, D. R., Handbook of Organic Solvents, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995

Name Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetyl bromide Acetyl chloride Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Amino-1-propanol Aniline Anisole Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(V) fluoride Arsenic(III) chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzeneacetonitrile Benzeneethanamine Benzeneethanol Benzenemethanethiol Benzenesulfonyl chloride Benzenethiol Benzonitrile Benzoyl chloride

Mol. Form. C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C2H3BrO C2H3ClO C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N C3H6O C3H7N C4H11NO C3H9NO C6H7N C7H8O Cl5Sb F5Sb AsCl3 C7H6O C6H6 C8H7N C8H11N C8H10O C7H8S C6H5ClO2S C6H6S C7H5N C7H5ClO

Mr

tm/°C

44.052 60.052 102.089 58.079 85.105 41.052 120.149 122.948 78.497 56.063 72.063 53.063 58.079 57.095 89.136 75.109 93.127 108.138 299.024 216.752 181.280 106.122 78.112 117.149 121.180 122.164 124.204 176.621 110.177 103.122 140.567

-123.37 16.64 -74.1 -94.7 -19 -43.82 20.5 -96 -112.8 -87.7 12.5 -83.48 -129 -88.2 25.5 12.4 -6.02 -37.13 4 8.3 -16 -57.1 5.49 -23.8 <0 -27 -30 14.5 -14.93 -13.99 -0.4

tb/°C 20.1 117.9 139.5 56.05 95 81.65 202 76 50.7 52.6 141 77.3 97.0 53.3 165.5 187.5 184.17 153.7 140 dec 141 130 178.8 80.09 233.5 195 218.2 194.5 251 dec 169.1 191.1 197.2


/ g mL–1 0.783418 1.044625 1.08220 0.784525 0.93219 0.785720 1.028120 1.662516 1.105120 0.84020 1.051120 0.800725 0.854020 0.75820 0.93420 0.982426 1.021720 0.994020 2.34 3.10 2.150 1.040125 0.876520 1.020515 0.964025 1.020220 1.05820 1.347015 1.077520 1.009315 1.212020

/ mPa s



/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

vp/ kPa

1.056 0.843 0.306

21.0 6.20 22.45 21.01

2.750 1.70 ≈2.8 2.88

2.020 2.053 1.648 2.175

120 2.07 0.680 30.8

0.369 1.681

36.64 17.44

3.92 3.02

2.229 1.703

0.368

15.8

2.72 3.1

1.491

11.9 0.049 16.2 38.4 36.2

1.218

3.85 1.056

0.604

1.267

15-16

TeamLRN

2.022 2.05 2.392

33.0 19.7

3.87 1.60 1.2

7.06 4.30 3.222

1.13 1.38

2.061 1.840

0.090 0.472

1.59 3.0 0 3.5

1.621 1.741

0.169 12.7

17.85 2.2825 17.87 12.31 4.705 28.90 4.26 25.9 23.0

14.1 3.14 33.1

2.068

1.23 4.18

1.572 1.602

FP/ °C -39 39 49 -20 74 6 77 4 -26 50 0 21 -29 67 80 70 52

63 -11 113

Fl. Lim. 4-60% 4-20% 2.7-10.3% 3-13% 2.2-12% 3-16%

2.8-31% 2.4-8% 3-17% 3-18% 2-22%

1.3-11%

1-8%

IT/ °C 175 463 316 465 688 524 570 390 220 438 481 378 374

615 475

192 498

TLV/ ppm 10 5 500 40 10

2 2 0.5

2

0.5

96

0.5 0.11 0.084

72

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

2.0 -39 12

213 205.31 185 144 207 266.5

1.055020 1.041924 0.981320 1.11320 0.956920

143.012 114.958 390.557 122.186 250.523 117.169 159.808 157.008 137.018 137.018 129.384 163.829 108.965 106.949 137.018 151.045 122.992 122.992 120.976 171.035 198.274 72.106 90.121 90.121 90.121 86.090 69.106 90.187 90.187 88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121

-51.9 -41.5 -55 -10.2 -45 -107 -7.2 -30.72 -112.6 -112.65 -87.9 -57 -118.6 -139.54 -16.2 -88.0 -110.3 -89.0 -119 -27.8 -5.65 -96.86 -77 20.4 7.6 -1.2 -111.9 -115.7 -165 -5.1 -75 -88.6 -88.5

178.5 106 384 282 91 12.65 58.8 156.06 101.6 91.3 68.0 90 38.5 15.8 73.3 129.8 71.1 59.5 70.1 181.7 105 74.8 207.5 235 182.5 88 117.6 98.5 85.0 163.75 200 117.73 99.51

1.2220 1.32315 0.98125 1.179325 2.6

72.106 70.090 86.090 118.174 116.158 116.158 128.169 73.137 73.137 73.137 134.218 134.218 178.228 102.174 90.121 148.245 100.158 86.090 76.141 78.497 92.524 112.942 127.572 127.572 112.557 88.536

-86.64 -76 15 -74.8 -78 -98.9 -64.6 -49.1 <-72 -66.94 -87.85 -57.8 -22.4 -94 6 -52 -92 -43.61 -112.1 -16.3 -44.5 -22 -1.9 -10.28 -45.31 -130

79.59 102.2 169 168.4 126.1 112 145 77.00 62.73 44.04 183.31 169.1 250.3 72.6 89 dec 190 94 204 46 85.5 119 106 208.8 230.5 131.72 59.4

Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzylamine 2,2’-Bioxirane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Bromine Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±)Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromoethane Bromoethene 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromotoluene Bromotrichloromethane Butanal 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanedione Butanenitrile 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol Butanoic acid Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone

C9H10O2 C7H8O C7H9N C4H6O2 C4H13N3 C6H18N4

150.174 108.138 107.153 86.090 103.166 146.234

-51.3 -15.4

C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C24H38O4 C4H10O2S BBr3 BCl3 Br2 C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br CH2BrCl CHBrCl2 C2H5Br C2H3Br C4H9Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C7H7Br CBrCl3 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H10S C4H10S C4H8O2 C8H14O3 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O

trans-2-Butenal cis-2-Butenoic acid 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Butyl benzoate tert-Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Butyl vinyl ether -Butyrolactone Carbon disulfide Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone Chloroacetyl chloride 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

C4H6O C4H6O2 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C11H14O2 C6H14O C4H10O2 C11H16 C6H12O C4H6O2 CS2 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H5Cl

/ mPa s 5.47 1.624



12.62 10.76

1.9

2.462

0.03

98

21.20 3.51 5.3 28.61

2.6

1.545

0.143

55

2.84

1.804

2.54 3.10

0.799925 0.851620 1.026720 0.901520 0.882520 0.874820 0.889820 0.741420 0.724620 0.695820 0.860120 0.866520 1.00020 0.73625 0.896020 0.861220 0.788820 1.129620 1.263220 1.19 1.1520 1.420220

0.405

1.426

0.685

0.574

0.950

0.352

3.32 1.216120 1.105820 0.95620

15-17

0.753

FP/ °C

0.989 2.015

4.04 24.83 5.204 5.645 2.98 12.8 17.84 17.26

0.553

vp/ kPa

1.22 1.71

0.944 1.074 0.606

0.489 0.458 0.471

cp/ J g–1K–1

5.34 11.916 5.18

3.1028 1.495020 1.275820 1.258520 1.934420 1.98020 1.460420 1.493320 1.427820 1.218220 1.353720 1.314020 1.39820 1.423220 2.01225 0.801620 1.005320 1.017120 1.003320 0.980818 0.793620 0.841620 0.829520 0.952825 0.966820 0.809520 0.806320

0.374

/D

3.1484 5.45 7.315 8.64

9.01 5.63 10.98 6.31 8.09 9.46 7.0 4.641 2.405 13.45 28.8 31.9

0 0 0 1.70 2.08 2.23 1.7

0.911 0.474 0.983 0.798 0.41

2.03 1.42 2.17 2.20 2.18 2.21 ≈1.9

0.925 1.007 1.102 0.875 0.702 1.075

2.72

2.270 2.521 2.220 2.363

2.58

358

1

3%-

369

5 0.001

218 160

298

0.1 0.556 5.26 9.32 19.5 62.5 141 17.7 1.68 18.6 28.9 18.6 5.35 15.7 0.008

51 18 21

2.6-6.6%

565 265 200

7-8% 9-15%

511 530

5 0.5

32 490 -1 79

4.4-7.3%

295

-22 121 121

2-12.5%

218 395 402

1-11% 2.1-15.5%

404 232

200

2.378 1.961

0.15 1.66 0.731 12.2

4-13% 2-8% 1.7-9.8% 1.7-9.9% 2-10%

238 425

1.958 2.450

20 150 200 2 5

2.627 1.813 1.773

48.4 0.150 0.280

69 22 31 29 -12 -9 -9 71 60 107

2-9% 0.8-5.8% 0.7-5.7%

380 410 450

2.13

16.5

2.78 3.67

9.30 5.07 5.135 5.25 4.71

2.1 1.9 1.87

2.316 1.642 1.003

2.23 1.77 1.69

2-7%

-9 13

18.56

13.40 13.3 5.6895 4.914

10

12.6 4.92

1.66 1.8

2.027 1.793 2.391 2.656

39.0 2.6320

460 436

2.201 1.361

1.65

≈0 1.25 4.27 0

TLV/ ppm

0.86 2.32

2.301 1.898

58.5 2.359 2.359 5.52

90 93

IT/ °C

27 24 2 -23 72 54 37 24

3.9 1.53

1.0 1.28 1.3 ≈0 ≈0.83

0.015 0.096

Fl. Lim.

7.45 2.55 6.07 10.8 0.221

0.09 6.65 0.43 48.2

>1.6%

501 0.5

2-10% 0.9-5.8% 1-11% 2-10%

443 279 343 405

292 312

5 27 68 -9 98 -30

1 255 1-50%

90

3.33 0.034 1.558 1.334

1.6 29.5

50 100

10

0.05

28 -20

1-10% 4-20%

705 593

10 10

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane Chlorodibromomethane

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl CHBr2Cl

Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether (Chloromethyl)benzene Chloromethyl methyl ether 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chlorooctane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chlorophenol 1-Chloropropane

C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C4H7ClO C7H7Cl C2H5ClO C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C8H17Cl C5H11Cl C6H5ClO C3H7Cl

2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Chlorosulfonic acid 2-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chromyl chloride trans-Cinnamaldehyde o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanogen chloride Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Cyclopentanone cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Diacetone alcohol Dibenzyl ether Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl peroxide Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate Dibutyl sulfide Dichloroacetic acid o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene Dichlorodimethylsilane 1,1-Dichloroethane

C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H4ClN C3H5Cl C3H5Cl ClHO3S C7H7Cl C7H7Cl Cl2CrO2 C9H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CClN C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H10 C5H10O C5H8O C10H18 C10H18 C10H30O5Si5 C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C6H12O2 C14H14O CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18O C8H18O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O4 C8H18S C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C2H6Cl2Si C2H4Cl2

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

/ mPa s 0.422

92.567 92.567 118.604

-123.1 -131.3 -43.81

78.4 68.2 142

0.885720 0.873220 1.00020

208.280 64.514 80.513 106.551 126.584 80.513 92.567 92.567 162.616 148.674 106.594 128.556

-20 -138.4 -67.5 -70 -45 -103.5 -130.3 -25.60 -2.5 -57.8 -99.0 9.4

120 12.3 128.6 108 179 59.5 68.5 50.9 259 183.5 108.4 174.9

2.45120 0.92390 1.201920 1.049520 1.100420 1.06310 0.877320 0.842020 1.188025 0.873420 0.882020 1.263420

78.541 78.541 110.540 89.524 76.525 76.525 116.525 126.584 126.584 154.900 132.159 108.138 108.138 108.138 61.471 56.107 84.159 100.158 98.142 82.143 99.174 66.102 70.133 86.132 84.117 138.250 138.250 370.770 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 116.158 198.260 209.816 187.861 173.835 259.823 129.244 130.228 146.228 278.344 314.461 146.294 128.942 147.002 147.002 124.997 129.061 98.959

-122.9 -117.18

46.5 35.7 213 dec 175.5 22.6 45.1 152 159.0 162.4 117 246 191.04 202.27 201.98 13 12.6 80.73 160.84 155.43 82.98 134 41 49.3 140.42 130.57 195.8 187.3 210 208.5 174.15 268.7 231.1 170.5 167.9 298 22.76 131.6 97 47.35 159.6 140.28 111 340 344.5 185 194 180 173 155.4 70.3 57.3

0.889920 0.861720 1.32518 1.157320 0.901720 0.937620 1.75 1.082520 1.069720 1.91 1.049720 1.032735 1.033920 1.018540 1.18620 0.70380 0.773925 0.962420 0.947820 0.811020 0.819120 0.802120 0.745720 0.948820 0.948720 0.896520 0.865925 0.959320 0.83015 0.726625 0.885840 0.829720 0.740820 0.938720 1.042820

0.334 0.303

2.168325 2.496920 2.14925 0.767020 0.768420 0.70420 1.046520 0.940515 0.838620 1.563420 1.305920 1.288420 1.18325 1.06425 1.175720

-51 -137.4 -134.5 -80 -35.8 7.5 -96.5 -7.5 31.03 12.24 34.77 -6.5 -90.7 6.59 25.93 -27.9 -103.5 -17.8 -85 -93.4 -17.5 -51.90 -42.9 -30.4 -38 -4.0 -29.6 31.4 6.9 -66.3 -44 1.8 -110.1 9.84 -52.5 -110.32 -62 -95.2 -40 -35 -10 -79.7 10 -17.0 -24.8 1.0 -16 -96.9

3.59



/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

vp/ kPa

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

IT/ °C

TLV/ ppm

7.276 8.564 7.9505

2.05 2.04 2.1

1.891

13.7 21.0

-12 -10 32

2-10%

240

9.45 25.80

2.05 1.78

1.617

160

4-15% 5-16%

519 425

100

6.854

1.8

1.44

1%-

585

1

7.027 9.663 5.04 5.05 6.654 7.40

2.00 2.13 1.57 2.00 2.16

1.713 1.867 1.307 1.335

0.164 24.9 19.9 42.7

-50 60 27 67

2-8.7%

4.36 0.308

-6 0 121 70 13 64

1.6-8.6%

260

8.588

2.05 2.17

45.8 68.9

<-18 -32

2.6-11% 2.8-11%

520 593

1.635

110 48.9

76 -37 -32

4.5-16% 2.9-11%

485

1.318

0.482

1.468 1.683

>558

31.0

0.314

8.92 8.2

1.647 1.94

0.964 0.837

4.721 6.25

1.56 2.21

1 50 0.025

12.91

17.72 6.76 12.44 13.05

0.894 57.5 2.02 0.625 1.944

2.0243 16.40 16.1 2.2176 4.547

0.413

1.9687 18.5 13.58 2.219 2.184 2.50

3.04 1.948

1.45 1.48 1.48 2.8331 0 ≈0 2.87 0.33 1.3 0.419 ≈0 3.3 ≈0 ≈0

0.838

1.9853

≈0

10.91 0.756 2.80

7.93 2.136 18.2 3.821

≈0 3.2

1.595 0.980

4.9612 7.77 2.34 2.765 3.0830

0.918 0.637 16.63

1.324 1.044

6.58 4.54 4.29 8.33 10.12 5.02

0.66 1.2 1.43

2.160 2.080 2.044

1.841 2.079 1.856 1.805

1.837 2.119 1.84 1.678 1.653

2.210 2.761 2.341 2.144 1.905

0.041 0.019 0.017

81 86 86

>1.4% >1.1% >1.1%

599 558 558

5 5 5

157 13.0 0.10 0.53 11.8 1.20 58.5 42.3 0.294 1.55 0.10 0.164

<10 -20 68 44 -12 31

>1.8% 1-8% 1-9% 1-9% >1.2% 1-9%

245 300 420 310 293

-25 51 26

2%-

361

300 50 25 300 10 75 600

54

1-5%

255

0.170

51

0.8-5.4%

210

0.009 0.210 0.224

82 <55 58 135

2-7%

288 235 643

110 1.55 6.12 43.4 0.34 0.898 3.43

1.0 1.17

0.724 0.61 0.69 2.266 2.136

2.82 2.48 1.61

1.789 1.968 1.943

2.50 1.72

1.105 1.163

0.18 0.252

1.276

18.9 30.5

50 100

47 25 18 157 178 76

1-6% 1.5-7.6%

194

>0.5% >0.4%

402 365

66 72

2-9%

648

<21 -17

3.4-9.5% 5-11%

25 0.005

0.464

15-18

TeamLRN

10.10

2.06

458

100

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

Mr

tm/°C

98.959 96.943 96.943

-35.7 -122.56 -80.0

96.943 84.933 161.029 112.986 112.986 112.986 110.970 161.029 181.318 105.136 118.174 118.174

-49.8 -97.2 -17

73.137 149.233 134.218 134.218 134.218 118.131 106.120 162.227 134.173 162.227 134.173 176.211

-49.8 -38.8 -31.2 -83.9 -42.83 -43 -10.4 -45 -68 -68

1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2

Dichloromethane (Dichloromethyl)benzene 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)1,3-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloropropene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene Dicyclohexylamine Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine

CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C12H23N C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C4H11N

N,N-Diethylaniline o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl maleate Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl phthalate Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfate Diethyl sulfide Diiodomethane Diiodosilane Diisobutylamine Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Dimethoxymethane Dimethylacetal N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylethanolamine

C10H15N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C8H18O3 C6H14O3 C8H18O3 C6H14O3 C8H16O4

C4H10O C8H12O4 C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C12H14O4 C8H14O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S CH2I2 H2I2Si C8H19N C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H10O2 C4H9NO C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C6H12O C3H6ClNO C2H6S2 C4H11NO

74.121 172.179 160.168 146.141 222.237 174.195 154.185 90.187 267.836 283.911 129.244 158.281 101.190 102.174 90.121 76.095 90.121 87.120 121.180 121.180 121.180 86.175 86.175 100.158 107.539 94.199 89.136

-116.2 -8.8 -50 -40.6 -40.5 -21 -24 -103.91 6.1 -1 -73.5

N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl phthalate 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane

C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C10H10O4 C7H9N C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2

73.094 142.238 60.098 194.184 107.153 126.132 62.134 78.133 88.106

C5H12O3

-100.53 -99.5 10 -13.5 -0.1 28 -100 -74.0

-25

120.147


/ g mL–1

/ mPa s

83.5 31.6 60.1

1.245425 1.21320 1.283720

0.779

48.7 40 205 88.1 96.4 120.9 94 201 256 dec 268.8 102.25 121.2

1.256520 1.326620 1.2625 1.132120 1.156020 1.178525 1.21120 1.247620 0.912320 1.096620 0.825420 0.835125

0.317 0.413

55.5 216.3 184 181.1 183.7 126 245.8 188 162 231 196 218.5

0.705620 0.930720 0.880020 0.860220 0.862020 0.969225 1.119715 0.906320 0.943420 0.955320 0.988520 1.009620

0.319

tb/°C

193

1.035

0.445

30.2 0.989



0.7138 1.066220 1.055120 1.078520 1.23214 1.040220 1.17225 0.836220 3.321120

-61 -85.4 -69.20 -105.1 -113.2 -18.59 <-15 11.2 2.42 -98.8 -128.10 -52.5 -33 -84.67 -59

34.5 223 200 185.7 295 217.7 208 92.1 182 150 139.6 172.5 83.9 68.4 84.5 42 64.5 165 221.5 215 194.15 49.73 57.93 106.1 167 109.74 134

-60.48 -41.5 -57.20 5.5 -6.1 -31.7 -98.24 17.89 11.85

153 169.4 63.9 283.7 144.01 188 dec 37.33 189 101.5

0.944525 0.806220 0.79122 1.190520 0.922620 1.332220 0.848320 1.101025 1.033720

0.422

15-19

0.393 0.379 0.455

FP/ °C

IT/ °C

TLV/ ppm

10.6 80.0 26.8

13 -28 6

6-16% 7-16% 3-15%

413 570 460

10 5 200

2.14 8.93 6.9

0 1.60 2.1

1.205 1.192

2

6-13% 13-23%

460 556

200 50

8.37 10.27

1.8 2.08

1.320

44.2 58.2 0.06 9.09 6.62

21

3-15%

557

75

15

2.6-7.8%

5.68

1.70

25.75 3.80 3.90

2.8 1.4

2.22 2.01 2.195

<0.01 3.68 4.33

>99 172 -21 27

2-13% 2-10%

662 230 205

0.46

3.680 5.15 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.820 31.82 5.70 7.23

0.92

2.313

30.1

2-10%

5

0.7-6%

312 630 395 450 430

1.10 2.3

1.80 2.307 2.104 2.043 2.188 2.243

1.63 0.001

2-17%

224

2.0

0.055

0.315

-23 85 57 56 55 25 124 82 67

0.017 0.029

96 110

425

1.6

2.256

0.024

96

1-23%

240

4.2666 7.560 7.550 8.266 7.86 6.098 29.2 5.723 5.32

1.15

2.369

71.7

2-36%

180 350

2.54 2.49

1.779 1.784 1.647

0.030

-45 121 93 76 161 90 104

>0.7%

457

1.54 1.08

1.900 0.500

7.78 0.172

2.817

1.23 1.15 1.13

2.394

3.805 7.30 2.644

0.972 0.210 10.7 19.9 9.93 53.1 22.9 0.075

1.1-7.1% 1-8%

70 97 96 63 -48 -29

2-12% >1%

3.7

2.016

1.63 1.68 ≈0 ≈0

1.971 1.771 2.227 2.201

9.6

1.8

1.551

3.82

24

0.794

38.25 9.91

3.82 2.7

0.439 0.23

14.36

8.66 7.33 55.0 6.70 47.24 2.2189

1.7

2.060 2.090 2.731 1.561 1.728

1.554 3.96 0

1.901 1.958 1.726

64.4 0.084 4.95

38.85

1.300 0.351 0.361

4.90 1.869 1.889 12.73

42.5 31.3 4.27

436

-1 -28 -2 -32

0.7

0.927

400

29

2.122 2.145 2.129

0.284 1.987 1.177

Fl. Lim.

1.298 1.148 1.201

0.723 0.777720 0.715320 0.719225 0.863725 0.859320 0.850120 0.937225 0.993120 0.984220 0.955720 0.644425 0.661620 0.722925 1.16825 1.062520 0.886620

vp/ kPa

1.8 1.34 1.90

1.6 1.8

0.224

cp/ J g–1K–1

10.42 4.60 9.20

20

20

/D

2-14%

316 443 202 237

5 250

490

10 0.5 0.5 5 500 500

1000

1.2-7% 1.2-7%

371 405 405

58 49 -15 146

2-15% 1-7% 2-95% >0.9%

445 396 249 490

10 25 0.01

83 -37 95 12

188 206 215 180

0.1

2.2-20% 3-42% 2-22%

0.746

20

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Dipropylamine Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

C3H6O2 C10H22O C6H15N C7H16O3

Dipropyl ether Dodecane

C6H14O C12H26 C12H26O C12H24 C3H5ClO C4H8O C8H12O2

1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecene Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Epoxy-4(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate

C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H10O4

1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethanolamine 4-Ethoxyaniline Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl chloroformate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethyleneimine Ethyl formate 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl nitrite Ethyl propanoate Ethyl silicate Eucalyptol Fluorobenzene Fluorosulfonic acid Formamide Formic acid Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Germanium(IV) chloride

C2H4N2O6 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C8H11NO C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H11N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C4H7ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C5H7NO2 C2H5N C3H6O2 C8H16O C8H18O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C2H5NO2 C5H10O2 C8H20O4Si C10H18O C6H5F FHO3S CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 Cl4Ge

Glycerol Glycerol triacetate Glycerol trioleate Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone

C3H8O3 C9H14O6 C57H104O6 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H14O

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

74.079 158.281 101.190

-97.22 -69 -63

78 190 109.3

1.06020 0.783320 0.740020

148.200

-80

188.3

0.95

/ mPa s

0.517

 2.798 2.923

/D 1.19 1.20 1.03

cp/ J g–1K–1 1.593 1.579 2.500

vp/ kPa 14.6 3.21

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

2 57 17

IT/ °C 170 299

100

102.174

-114.8

90.08

0.746620

0.396

3.38

1.21

2.169

8.35

21

1.3-7%

188

170.334 186.333 168.319 92.524 72.106 140.180

-9.57 23.9 -35.2 -26 -150 <-55

216.32 260 213.8 118 63.4 227

0.749520 0.830924 0.758420 1.181220 0.829720 1.096620

1.383

2.0120 5.82 2.152 22.6

≈0

2.206 2.351 2.143 1.422 2.039

0.016

74 127 79 31 -22

>0.6%

203 275

4-21% 1.7-19%

411 439

11.14 -12.69

117 197.3

0.8979 1.113520

146.141 152.062 94.199 62.134 46.068 61.083 137.179 122.164 90.121 132.157 88.106 130.141 100.117 45.084 121.180 106.165 150.174 116.158 102.174 122.551 108.524 113.116 43.068 74.079 128.212 146.228 130.228 172.265 118.131 130.185 116.158 75.067 102.132 208.329 154.249 96.102 100.070 45.041 46.026 68.074 96.085 98.101

-31 -22.3 -41.2 -147.88 -114.14 10.5 4.6 -29.43 -70 -61.7 -83.8 -45 -71.2 -80.5 -63.5 -94.96 -34 -98 <-15 -21 -80.6 -22.5 -77.9 -79.6 <-100 -40 -70 -80 -26 -99.3 -88.2

190 198.5 146.1 35.0 78.29 171 254 169.81 135 156.4 77.11 180.8 99.4 16.5 203.0 136.19 212 121.3 147 144.3 95 205 56 54.4 163 244 184.6 199 154.5 135.0 110.1 18 99.1 168.8 176.4 84.73 163 220 101 31.5 161.7 171

1.104320 1.491820 1.23420 0.831525 0.789320 1.018020 1.065216 0.965120 0.925325 0.974020 0.900320 1.036810 0.923420 0.68915 0.962520 0.862625 1.041525 0.873525 0.832620 1.158520 1.135220 1.065420 0.83225 0.920820 0.854020 0.932522 0.831925 0.871820 1.032820 0.865620 0.86820 0.89915 0.884325 0.932020 0.926720 1.022520 1.726 1.133420 1.22020 0.951420 1.159420 1.129620

214.42 92.094 218.203 885.432 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 114.185

-51.50 18.1 -78 -4 -43.4 -90.55 -7.17 -33.2 -35

86.55 290 259

1.88 1.261320 1.158320 0.91515 0.813225 0.679525 0.912425 0.821920 0.811120

152.8 98.4 222.2 176.45 151.05

1.20 1.073

≈0 1.8 1.891

0.019 2.2 31.7

0.5 0.1

20

60.098 62.068

-73.9 -82.5 0.8 -42.18 -89 2.49 8.3 -85.61 -38.1 -14.6

TLV/ ppm

16.06

0.287 1.074 21.1 1.197

0.423

2.05 0.631 0.639

13.82 41.4

1.99 2.28

2.872 2.394

1.62 0.01

40 111

3-12% 3-22%

385 398

7.7 28.26 7.26 6.667 25.3 31.94 7.43 4.216 13.38 7.567 6.0814 14.0 6.05 8.7 5.87 2.4463 6.20 5.18 6.19

2.34

2.121

0.030 0.009

88

1.6-8.4%

482

1.898 2.438 3.201

70.3 7.87 0.05

1.870 2.339 2.845 1.937 1.906

0.204 0.71 0.24 12.6 0.095 5.14 141

-17 13 86 116 63 43 56 -4 57 10 -16 85 21 88 24 57 64 16 110 -11 -20 44 127 73 71 46

0.380

9.736 31.62 18.3 8.57

6.27

18.73 7.58 15.4 4.71

0.501

2.03 1.60 1.69 2.3 1.45 2.1 2.2 1.78 1.96 1.22

2.884

0.59 2.00 1.74

1.726 1.638 1.963

2.17 1.90 1.9

1.947

1.74 1.8 2.4

1.74

1.60

3.34 1.607 0.361 1.587

111.0 51.1 2.94 42.1 16.85

3.73 1.425 0.66 3.5 1.9

934

46.53 7.11 3.109 9.07 1.9209 3.04 11.75 11.95

0.387 3.84 5.81 0.714

15-20

TeamLRN

2.01 0.206 0.640

2.015

28.9 32.3

2.438

0.019

2.150 1.07 3.25

5.76 2.50 4.57 5.465

0.550

1.28

0 2.6

≈0

2.6

10 35 0.05

2.8-18% 3-19% 3-24%

300 363 410

0.5 1000 3

3-18% 2-8% 2-12% 1-10% 1.4-14% 4-14%

235 379 426 295 372 385

5 5 400

1-7%

432 490 463

100

5 5

500 3.3-55% 3-16% 0.9-7.2% 0.8-9.7% 1-8% >1.5%

320 455 190 360 231 268 400

4-50% 1.9-11%

90 440

0.5 100

1.523

4.97 1.17 0.260 10.4

13 -35 12 52 48 -15

2.389 2.151 1.686 1.698 2.079

5.75 80.0 0.29 0.097

154 50 -36 60 75

18-57% 2-14% 2-19% 2-16%

434

10 5

316 491

2 10

2.377 1.763

<0.01 <0.01

199 138

3-19% 1%-

370 433

6.09

-4

1-7%

204 275

400

0.49

39

1-8%

393

50

1.920 1.749

2.015 2.242 2.039 2.342 2.037

10

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 1-Heptene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C4Cl6

Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Hexafluorobenzene Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanal Hexane Hexanedinitrile Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 1-Hexene Hexyl acetate

C5Cl6 C6F6 C6H18OSi2 C6H18N3OP C6H12O C6H14 C6H8N2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2

Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen peroxide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Indan Indene Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodomethane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutanal Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl acrylate Isobutylamine Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropenyl acetate Isopropenylbenzene Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isoquinoline d-Limonene l-Limonene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanol 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl acetate Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline

H4N2 HN3 CHN H2O2 C3H5NO C9H10 C9H8 BrI ClI C6H5I C4H9I C2H5I CH3I C3H7I C3H7I C5FeO5 C4H8O C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C10H14 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C5H12 C7H14O2 C9H14O C5H8O2 C9H10 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C9H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C9H7N C10H16 C10H16 C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4O C7H9NO C8H8O2 C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C7H9N C7H9N

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

114.185 114.185 98.186

-39 -33 -118.9

147 144 93.64

0.818320 0.817420 0.697020

260.761 272.772 186.054 162.377 179.200 100.158 86.175 108.141 116.158 102.174 100.158 84.159

-21 -9 5.03 -66 7.2 -56 -95.35 1 -3 -47.4 -55.5 -139.76

215 239 80.26 99 232.5 131 68.73 295 205.2 157.6 127.6 63.48

1.55625 1.701925 1.618420 0.763820 1.0320 0.833520 0.660625 0.967620 0.921225 0.813620 0.811320 0.668525

144.212 32.045 43.028 27.026 34.015 71.078 118.175 116.160 206.808 162.357 204.008 184.018 155.965 141.939 169.992 169.992 195.896 72.106 116.158 128.169 73.137 134.218 102.132 144.212 72.149 130.185 138.206 100.117 118.175 102.132 59.110 120.191 152.190 134.218 134.218 134.218 129.159 136.234 136.234 98.142 86.090 32.042 123.152 136.149 76.095 118.131 74.079 86.090 67.090 107.153 107.153

-80.9 1.4 -80 -13.29 -0.43 -46 -51.38 -1.5 40 27.39 -31.3 -103 -111.1 -66.4 -101.3 -90 -20 -65.9 -98.8 -61 -86.7 -51.4 -95.8 -80.7 -159.77 -78.5 -8.1 -92.9 -23.2 -73.4 -95.13 -96.02

171.5 113.55 35.7 26 150.2 221 177.97 182 116 dec 100 dec 188.4 130.5 72.3 42.43 102.5 89.5 103 64.5 116.5 132 67.75 172.79 98.2 148.6 27.88 142.5 215.2 94 165.4 88.6 31.76 152.41 153 178.1 175.1 177.1 243.22 178 178 130 162.5 64.6 224 248 124.1 143 56.87 80.7 90.3 200.3 203.3

0.877915 1.0036

-71.5 -63.7 -67.94 26.47 -74.0 -59 16 -97.53 6.2 0 -85.1 -70 -98.25 <-75 -35.8 -14.41 -31.3

0.687620 1.44 1.040425 0.963920 0.996025 4.3 3.24 1.830820 1.615420 1.935720 2.278920 1.748920 1.704220 1.520 0.789120 0.871220 0.889620 0.72425 0.853220 0.877620 0.854220 0.620120 0.87615 0.925520 0.909020 0.910620 0.871820 0.689120 0.864025 1.0320 0.876620 0.861020 0.857320 1.091030 0.841120 0.84320 0.865320 1.015320 0.791420 1.092320 1.11915 0.964720 1.007419 0.934220 0.953520 0.800120 0.998420 0.988920

15-21

/ mPa s

0.340

 12.7 12.60 2.092

/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

vp/ kPa

2.78 ≈0

2.157

0.164 7.52

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

46 49 -1

2.029 2.179 31.3

0

0.300

1.8865

≈0

2.600 13.03 14.56 2.077

1.13

4.58 0.583 0.252 0.876

4.42 51.7

0.183

114.9 74.6

5.5

2.7 ≈0 1.75 1.70 2.985 1.573 3.2

1.357

260

1.554 0.556 0.469 0.703 0.653

4.59 6.27 7.82 6.97 7.07 8.19 2.602

0.676

5.068

0.571

4.43 2.318 6.41

0.214

1.845 4.72

0.726 1.24 1.70 1.93 1.976 1.62 2.04 1.95 2.75 1.9 1.3 ≈0 1.88 1.9 0.13 1.9

2.33 2.28 0.325 0.737

5.6268 2.381

1.19 0.79

≈0 2.73

1.47

2.2322 11.0 2.3746 2.3738 15.6

0.602 0.544

0.364

3.82 3.31

1.191 1.918 1.791 2.101 2.270 1.190 1.937 2.353 2.130 2.178

11.3

1.48 20.2 <0.01 0.005 0.11 1.54 24.8

32 -22 93 102 63 25 -26

1-8% 1.2-6.9%

1.961 3.086

0.185

45 38

5-100%

2.612 2.619

98.8

-18

6-40%

0.010

129

1.609 1.609

33.0 5.230 22.0 17.2 8.25 7.07 7.03 6.138 5.816

0.778 0.738 0.888 0.746 0.535 1.228 2.013 2.505 1.793

2.284 1.909 1.834 1.711 1.952 2.771 1.753

1.761 1.519 1.828

2.8 1.65 1.70

2.165 1.871 2.531

2.36 2.1 1.72 1.77 3.69 1.6 1.45

2.249 2.624 1.916 1.845 1.883 1.96 2.118

TLV/ ppm 50 50

2.55 2.79

IT/ °C

1-8% 2-5%

610

0.02 0.01

225 550 380 290 423 253

50 2

5 30 0.01

538 1

0.220

10

0.133 1.85 18.2 53.9 5.75 9.36

2

0.1 23.0 2.39

-18 18 30 -9 55 5 38 -51 25 84 26 54 2 -37 36

1.6-10.6% 1-11%

1-7%

196 421 427 378 427 320 432 420 360 460 432 574 460 402 424

0.19

47

1-6%

436

0.277 0.254 1.47

45

0.7-6.1%

237

31 77 11 118

1-7% 1.6-8.8% 6-36%

344 68 464

15 20 200 0.1

39 49 -10 -3 1 85

2-14% 2-12% 3-16% 2.8-25% 2-6.8%

285 392 454 468

5 5 200 2 1 2 2

19.0 0.257 5.34 0.552 91.7 0.728 0.06 6.02 7.88 78.0 0.61 0.004

16.9

1.31 0.67 28.8 11.0 8.26 0.043 0.036

2-12% 0.8-6% 2-9% 1-8% 1.4-7.6% 1-8% 1-4% 1.9-6.1% 2-8%

482

150

600 50 5 50 250 5 50

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

N-Methylaniline Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methyl butanoate

C7H9N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H10O2

3-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl chloroacetate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane N-Methylformamide

C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O C3H5ClO2 C7H14 C6H12 C2H5NO

Methyl formate 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl lactate, (±)Methyl methacrylate 1-Methylnaphthalene Methyloxirane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Methyl salicylate 4-Methylstyrene Morpholine -Myrcene Nickel carbonyl L-Nicotine Nitric acid 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 1-Nonene 4-Nonylphenol cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octane Octanoic acid

C2H4O2 C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C4H8O3 C5H8O2 C11H10 C3H6O C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H9NO C8H8O3 C9H10 C4H9NO C10H16 C4NiO4 C10H14N2 HNO3 C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C4H10N2O C2H6N2O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H18 C15H24O C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C8H18 C8H16O2

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

/ mPa s



107.153 136.149 68.118

-57 -12.4 -145.9

196.2 199 34.0

0.989120 1.083725 0.67920

2.04 1.857

5.96 6.642 2.098

102.132 102.132 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 70.133 70.133 88.148 108.524 98.186 84.159

-85.8 -29.3 -117.2 -9.1

102.8 176.5 131.1 102.4 112.9 94.33 31.2 38.56 55.0 129.5 100.93 71.8

0.898420 0.93120 0.810420 0.809620 0.818020 0.805120 0.650420 0.662320 0.735325 1.23620 0.769420 0.748620

0.541

5.48

3.69 3.55

0.203

15.63 5.78 12.1 10.37 2.180 1.979

0.679 0.479

12.0 2.024 1.9853

59.067 60.052 114.185 46.072 57.051 104.105 100.117 142.197 58.079 86.175 86.175 118.174 102.174 102.174 100.158 69.106 90.187 88.106 88.106 74.121 74.121 93.127 93.127 93.127 99.131 152.148 118.175 87.120 136.234 170.734 162.231 63.013 153.136 123.110 75.067 61.041 89.094 89.094 102.134 74.081 137.137 137.137 128.255 158.238 144.254 126.239 220.351 280.446 282.462 114.229 144.212

-3.8 -99

199.51 31.7 144 87.5 39.5 144.8 100.5 244.7 35 60.26 63.27 197.1 149 131.6 116.5 103.9 64.2 79.8 154.45 107.89 82.4 129.38 144.14 145.36 202 222.9 172.8 128 167 43 (exp 60) 247 83 272 210.8 114.0 101.19 131.1 120.2 176.9 152 222 232 150.82 254.5 213.37 146.9 ≈295

1.01119 0.971320 0.88820

1.678 0.325

-93.1 -137.53 -133.72 -108.6 -32.1 -126.6 -142.42

-52.36 -45 -47.55 -30.43 -111.9 -153.6 -162.90 -50 -90 -84 -71.5 -0.5 -87.5 -46 -101.9 25.69 -66.68 -18.14 3.67 -23.09 -8 -34.1 -4.8 -19.3 -79 -41.6 10.5 5.7 -89.5 -28.38 -108 -91.3

-10.4 15.5 -53.46 12.4 -5 -81.3 42 -7 13.4 -56.82 16.5

360 125.67 239

/D 1.9 0.25 0.63 1.82

cp/ J g–1K–1 1.933 1.625 2.240 1.941 1.930 2.382 2.803 2.089 2.241 2.179 2.127

≈0 ≈0

1.882 1.886

189.0 9.20 13.53

3.83 1.77

2.096 1.983

21.75

≈2.8

6.32 2.915

1.67 ≈0 2.01 ≈0 ≈0 2.9

2.928 0.923027 1.092820 0.937725 1.020220 0.8590 0.65025 0.659825 0.92315 0.826320 0.807520 0.796525 0.770420 0.794325 0.915020 0.968120 0.801820 0.788720 0.944320 0.956620 0.954820 1.023025 1.18125 0.917325 1.000520 0.801315 1.3125 1.009720 1.55 1.254020 1.203720 1.044825 1.137120 0.996125 0.982125 0.942220 1.004820 1.161119 1.158120 0.719220 0.905220 0.828020 0.725325 0.95020 0.902220 0.893520 0.698625 0.907325

0.286 0.306

4.07 0.545

0.431 1.226 3.33 4.31

2.02

1.886 1.886 23.4

13.11 24.42 5.475 6.200 2.58 17.93 12.47 10.18 11.10 12.2 32.55 8.80 7.42 2.3

1.910 1.578 2.073 2.248 2.213 2.843 2.427 2.672 2.130

4.29 1.66 1.08 1.64 1.7 1.85 2.40 2.70 4.1 2.47

1.943 1.964 2.449 2.949 1.703 1.704 1.707 3.105 1.637

1.55

1.892

vp/ kPa

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

IT/ °C

TLV/ ppm 0.5

0.052 73.4

83 -54

4.30 0.067 0.315 2.19 1.20 6.99 81.4 62.1 33.6

14

6.18 18.3 78.1 0.691 6.61 57.7 5.10 0.009 71.7 28.2 25.3 <0.01 0.236 0.698 2.64 24.2 11.5 1.39 5.52 1.5 0.795 0.759 0.04 0.015 0.245 1.34 0.280

43 19 38

1.5-8.9%

395

1.2-9% 1.2-9%

416 350 437

100

200 -20 -20 40 57 -4 -29

7.5-18.5% 1-7% 1-8%

-19 36 -8 -7 49 10

5-23% 1-8% 2.5-92% 5.3-26% >2.2% 1.7-8.2%

-37 <-29 -7 102 54 41 18 8 <-29 -2 56 28 11 39 57 96 96 53 37

3.1-27.5% 1-7% 1.2-7% 1-9% 1.1-9.65% 1-6% 1-8%

250 258

400

449 191 194 534 385

100 50 0.01 0.02 100

529 449 264 278 306 310 448 482

2.5-13% 2-9.2% 2-11% 2-8%

469 481 415 478 538

1-10%

346 454 538 290

0.8-11% 1-11%

20 500 500 25 25 50

50 100

50 20

1.198

0.05

1.744

2

8.937

1.863 0.688 0.630 0.798

45.75 35.6 29.11 37.27 24.70 26.74

0.665 7.01 9.12 0.586

26.26 24.95 1.9722 2.475 8.83 2.180

0.508 5.02

2.754 2.336 1.948 2.85

15-22

TeamLRN

2.17 5.0 4.22 3.23 3.46 3.66 3.73

1.509 1.790 1.746 1.97 1.911

≈0

1.474 1.474 2.217 2.290 2.470 2.142

1.18 ≈0 1.15

2.043 2.229 2.066

≈0 0.79

0.03 2.79 4.79 1.36 2.3

88 28 35 36 24

0.570

106 106 31

0.714

26

1.86

189 13

2-9% 3-17% 7-22% 2%3-11%

0.8-2.9%

482 414 418 421 428

1 100 20 25 10

205

2 2 200

260

1-7%

363 206

300

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 1-Octene

C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16

Oxetane 2-Oxetanone Oxirane Oxiranemethanol, (±)Paraldehyde Parathion Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene Pentanal Pentane Pentanedial

C3H6O C3H4O2 C2H4O C3H6O2 C6H12O3 C10H14NO5PS C2HCl5 C5H8 C5H8 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2

1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene Pentyl acetate Pentylamine Perchloric acid Peroxyacetic acid Phenol 2-Phenoxyethanol Phenylhydrazine 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)Phosphinic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphoric trichloride Phosphorothioc trichloride Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride -Pinene -Pinene Piperidine Propanal 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile Propanoic acid Propanoic anhydride 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propargyl alcohol Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylbenzene Propyl butanoate Propylene carbonate Propyl formate Propyl propanoate Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline

C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C7H14O2 C5H13N ClHO4 C2H4O3 C6H6O C8H10O2 C6H8N2 C9H13N H3O2P H3O4P Cl3OP Cl3PS Br3P Cl3P C10H16 C10H16 C5H11N C3H6O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C7H14O2 C4H6O3 C4H8O2 C6H12O2 C5H5N C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

/ mPa s



/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

vp/ kPa

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

IT/ °C

130.228 130.228 128.212

-14.8 -31.6 -16

195.16 179.3 172.5

0.826225 0.819320 0.82020

7.29 6.49

10.30 8.13 9.51

1.8 1.71 2.7

2.344 2.535 2.132

0.01

81 88 52

270 265

112.213 58.079 72.063 44.052 74.079 132.157 291.261 202.294 68.118 68.118 86.132 72.149

-101.7 -97 -33.4 -112.5 -45 12.6 6.1 -28.78 -140.8 -87.4 -91.5 -129.67

121.29 47.6 162 10.6 167 dec 124.3 375 162.0 44.1 42 103 36.06

0.714920 0.893025 1.146020 0.882110 1.114325 0.994320 1.268120 1.679620 0.691020 0.671025 0.809520 0.626220

0.447

2.113

≈0 1.94 4.18 1.89

2.148

2.30

21

230

100.117 104.148 100.117 104.214 102.132 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 70.133 70.133 130.185 87.164 100.459 76.051 94.111 138.164 108.141 135.206 65.997 97.995 153.331 169.398 270.686 137.332 136.234 136.234 85.148 58.079 76.095 76.095 55.079 74.079 130.141 60.095 60.095 56.063 102.132 59.110 120.191 130.185 102.089 88.106 116.158 79.101 67.090 71.121 85.105 129.159

-14 -18 -23 -75.65 -33.6 -77.6 -73 -69 -76.8 -39 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -70.8 -55 -112 -0.2 40.89 14 20.6

188 dec 239 138 126.6 186.1 137.98 119.3 116.25 102.26 101.7 29.96 36.93 36.34 149.2 104.3 ≈90 dec 110 181.87 245 243.5 203 130 407 105.5 125 173.2 76.1 156.2 166 106.22 48 187.6 214.4 97.14 141.15 170 97.2 82.3 113.6 101.54 47.22 159.24 143.0 242 80.9 122.5 115.23 129.79 86.56 251 237.16

26.5 42.4 1.18 -36.2 -41.5 -93.6 -64 -61.5 -11.02 -80 -60 -27.7 -92.78 -20.5 -45 -124.39 -87.9 -51.8 -93 -84.75 -99.6 -95.2 -48.8 -92.9 -75.9 -41.70 -23.39 -57.79 25 -14.78

0.991420 0.972125 0.85020 0.933925 0.814420 0.809420 0.820320 0.80920 0.809825 0.640520 0.655620 0.643125 0.875620 0.754420 1.77 1.22615 1.054545 1.10222 1.098620 0.930625 1.49 1.645 1.635 2.8 1.574 0.853925 0.86025 0.860620 0.865725 1.036120 1.053820 0.781820 0.988225 1.011020 0.799725 0.780925 0.947820 0.887820 0.717320 0.859325 0.873020 1.204720 0.907320 0.880920 0.981920 0.969820 0.858620 1.12020 1.097715

15-23

12.42 1.079 2.25

1.43 3.716 2.319

0.224

10.00 1.8371

3.62 3.47 4.15 0.470 0.444 0.195

26.2 26.524 4.847 2.661 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.45 17.00 2.011

0.702

4.79 4.27

12.40 13.03

0.529

1.573 0.321 40.4 0.294 1.030 1.945 2.04 0.544 0.376

0.485 0.879 1.225 0.704 3.34

1.694 1.998

0.92 0.500 0.585

0.859

0.478

≈0

2.317

4.58 68.3

2.5 2.8

3.08 2.08

1.02

1.61 1.7 1.66 1.64 2.7 2.82 ≈0.5 ≈0 ≈0 1.75

2.059 2.361 2.716 2.719 2.137 2.216 2.196 2.163 2.239 2.005 2.501

0.024 0.259 0.804 1.10 4.97 4.72 85.0 66.0 67.4 0.60 4.00

1.224

2.123

1.93 0.055

7.15

2.007

14.1 4.94

2.54

3.498 2.1787 2.4970 4.33 18.5 27.5 35.1 29.7 3.44 18.30 20.8 20.18 20.8 5.62 5.08 2.370 4.3 66.14 6.92 5.249 13.260 8.00 8.30 28.18 9.16

0.56

1.2 2.72 2.2 2.5 4.05 1.75 1.55 1.56 1.13 1.8 1.17 ≈0

74 -20

>2.9% 3-100%

429

36

>1.3%

238

12 -40

2-8%

222 260

129 34 18 96 33 34 41 7 13 -18 <-20 <-20 16 -1 41 79 121 88 <100

TLV/ ppm

0.5 1 2

50 600

335 340

1-10% 1.2-9% 1.2-9% 2-8% >1.6% 1.5-8.7%

400 300 343 435 452 450 275

200 200

1-8% 2.2-22%

360

50

1.8-8.6%

715

5 0.1

1.480 0.905

0.1

0.2 0.64 0.61 4.28 42.2 0.02

33 38 16 -30 99

2.166 2.063 1.806 2.395 2.604

6.14 0.553

1.921 2.776 1.786

4.49 42.1

2 52 63 23 12 36 13 -37 30 37 135 -3 79 20 39 3 129

2.113 2.362 2.507

2.76 6.02

0.618 4.9 1.89

2.141 1.945

2.21 1.74 1.6 3.5 2.29

1.678 1.903 2.202 1.99 1.51

10.9 1.88 2.76 1.10 8.40

255 275 1-10% 2.6-17% 3-13% 3-14% 2.9-12.1% 1.3-9.5% 2-14% 2-13%

207 371 400 512 465 285 412 399

2-8% 2-10% 1-6%

450 318 450

10 200 400 1 200

455 2-12%

482

480

5

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

Safrole Salicylaldehyde Selenium chloride Selenium oxychloride

C10H10O2 C7H6O2 Cl2Se2 Cl2OSe

Selenium oxyfluoride Styrene Sulfolane Sulfur chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl chloride -Terpinene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Tetrabromosilane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetradecane Tetraethylene glycol Tetrafluoroboric acid Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylurea Tetranitromethane Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Thiophene Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Toluene Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Tribromomethane Tributylamine

F2OSe C8H8 C4H8O2S Cl2S2 Cl2S H2O4S Cl2O2S C10H16 C2H2Br4 Br4Si C2Cl4F2

Tributyl borate Tributyrin Trichloroacetaldehyde 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Trichloronitromethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichlorosilane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tridecane 1-Tridecene Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethyl phosphate

C12H27BO3 C15H26O6 C2HCl3O C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si CCl3NO2 C3H5Cl3 Cl3HSi C2Cl3F3

C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 Cl4Si C14H30 C8H18O5 BF4H C4H8O C5H10O2 C10H12 C5H10O C4H8S C4H12Si C5H12N2O CN4O8 Br2OS Cl2OS C4H4S Cl4Sn Cl4Ti C7H8 C9H6N2O2 CHBr3 C12H27N

C21H21O4P C13H28 C13H26 C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H14O4 C8H18O4 C6H15O4P

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

162.185 122.122 228.83

11.2 -7 -85

234.5 197 130 dec

1.100020 1.167420 2.774

165.86 132.96 104.150 120.171 135.037 102.971 98.080 134.970 136.234 345.653 347.702 203.830

8.5 15 -30.65 27.6 -77 -122 10.31 -51

177 125 145 287.3 137 59.6 337 69.4 174 243.5 154 92.8

2.44 2.8 0.901625 1.272318 1.69 1.62 1.8 1.680 0.837519 2.965520 2.8 1.595150

167.849 167.849 165.833 153.823 169.897 198.388 194.226 87.813 72.106 102.132 132.202 86.132 88.172 88.224 116.161 196.033 207.873 118.970 84.140 260.521 189.678 92.139 174.156 252.731 185.349 230.151 302.363 147.387 181.447 133.404 133.404 131.388 163.506 137.368 119.378 195.474 149.480 164.376 147.431 135.452 187.375 368.363 184.361 182.345 149.188 101.190 150.173 178.227 182.154

0 5.39 24.8 -70.2 -42.4 -22.3 -22.62 -68.74 5.82 -6.2

20

-108.44 <-80 -35.7 -49.1 -96.2 -99.06 -0.6 13.8 -50 -101 -38.21 -34.07 -24.12 -94.95 20.5 8.69

130.2 145.2 121.3 76.8 57.65 253.58 328 130 dec 65 178 207.6 88 121.1 26.6 176.5 126.1 140 75.6 84.0 114.15 136.45 110.63 251 149.1

1.5406 1.595320 1.623020 1.594020 1.5 0.759620 1.128515 ≈1.8 0.883325 1.052420 0.964525 0.881420 0.998720 0.64819 0.968720 1.638020

-70 <-70 -75 -57.5 16.92 -30.01 -36.3 -84.7 -105.6 -110.44 -63.41 -4.42 -90 -64 -14.7 -128.2 -36.22

216.5 234 307.5 97.8 213.5 74.09 113.8 87.21 100.5 23.7 61.17 221 65.6 112 157 33 47.7

0.777020 0.856720 1.035020 1.51220 1.45925 1.339020 1.439720 1.464220 1.237320 1.487920 1.478825 1.372320 1.27320 1.655820 1.388920 1.331 1.563525

11 -5.4 -13 20.5 -114.7 -7 -45 -56.4

410 235.47 232.8 335.4 89 285 216 215.5

1.631 1.064920 2.234 1.73 0.866820 1.224420 2.878825

/ mPa s

18.35

/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

2.86

1.818

2.4737 43.26 4.79 2.915

0.123 4.8

1.747 1.498

9.1 2.4526 6.72

1.81

vp/ kPa

FP/ °C

Fl. Lim.

IT/ °C

TLV/ ppm

100 78

46.2 0.695

1.38 0

1.437 0.844 0.908 99.4 2.13

0.456 2.14

8.50 2.268 2.2379 2.0343 20.44 7.52 13.48 2.771 5.66

0.973 1.921 23.10 2.317 9.06 8.675 2.739

0.560 1.857

0.793 0.545 0.421 0.537

1.32 0 0 0 ≈0

1.724 1.50 609 0.347

15-24

TeamLRN

490

20

335

1

0.003

0.852

7.51

0.92 0.967 0.865 0.850 0.855

1.6 0.622 2.42 15.2

47 62 45

5-12% 20-54%

0.002

112 182

>0.5%

200

21.6 0.100 0.05 9.54 2.45 94.2 0.138

-14 75 71 -20

2-12% 1.5-9.7% 1-5%

321 282 385

1.720 1.774 1.645 1.82

1.45 0.55 0

1.017 1.471 0.634 0.766 1.707 1.653 0.517

0.37

2.340 2.23 5.72 6.8

0.8 0.77

7.243 7.1937 3.390

1.76 1.4 0.8 2.04 0.46 1.04 2.03 1.91

0.99

2.313

3.1

1 25 5

200

77

10.6

-1

3.79

4 127 83

1-7% 0.9-9.5%

63 93 180

1-5%

0.726 0.01

1.082 1.131 0.947 0.885 0.957 1.091

6.66 0.057 16.5 3.1 9.91 6.29 106 26.2

1.245

22.5 3.18 0.492

0.908

44.8

0.86

2.87 ≈0 ≈0 3.6 0.66

500

0.005

1.837 1.025

2.41 6.7 2.0213 2.139 29.36 2.418 23.69 7.62 13.20

1-7%

0.479

1.75 2.1 ≈0 1.74 1.90 0 3.5 0

7.319 7.5 0.326 0.656

31 177

1.416 0.993

2.208

2.379 8.433 4.404

3.00 4.8069 6.9

0.81 <0.01

0.36

2.52

20

1.1955 0.756420 0.765820 1.124220 0.727520 1.127415 0.98620 1.069520



1.57 2.206 2.149 2.61 2.173 2.18

0.005 <0.01 7.70

105 -1 32 32 22

480

>0.5%

407

2.5-6.6% 8-13% 6-28% 8-11%

571 500 460 420

50 0.005 0.5

350 10 50 1000 10

127 -9 71 -50

7.6->20%

211 >404 0.1 10

3.2-12.6% 104

1000 225 79 79 179 -7 177 111 115

385

1-10% 1-8% 1-9%

249 371 454

0.5 1

LABORATORY SOLVENTS AND OTHER LIQUID REAGENTS (continued)

Name

Mol. Form.

Trifluoroacetic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

C2HF3O2 C7H5F3 C9H12 C9H12

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Trinitroglycerol Undecane Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadyl trichloride Vinyl acetate

C9H12 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C8H18 C8H18 C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H5N3O9 C11H24 Cl4V Cl3OV C4H6O2

4-Vinylcyclohexene Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol

C8H12 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O

Mr

tm/°C

tb/°C


/ g mL–1

/ mPa s 0.808

114.023 146.110 120.191

-15.2 -28.95 -25.4

73 102.1 176.12

1.535125 1.188420 0.894420

120.191 120.191 103.912 108.642 114.229 114.229 140.074 121.180 227.087 156.309 192.753 173.299

-43.77 -44.72 -29.3 -40 -107.3 -100.9 -46 -46 13.5 -25.5 -25.7 -79

169.38 164.74 67.5 60 99.22 114.8 197.2 170.6 exp 218 195.9 148 127

0.875820 0.861525 0.91525 0.85625 0.687825 0.726220 1.214420 0.916622 1.593120 0.740220 1.816 1.829

86.090 108.181 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165 122.164

-93.2 -108.9 0.00 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 24.5

72.8 128 100.0 144.5 139.12 138.37 210.98

0.925625 0.829920 0.9970 0.880210 0.859625 0.856625 0.965020

15-25

1.098

0.890 0.760 0.581 0.603



/D

cp/ J g–1K–1

8.42 9.22 2.656

2.28 2.86 ≈0

2.377 2.279 2.2762

≈0 0

1.789 1.741 1.828

1.943 1.9780 20.6 7.807 19.25 1.9972 3.05 3.4

≈0 ≈0 3.2 2.05

2.093 2.150

≈0

2.207

1.79

1.969

1.8546 0.64 ≈0 0 1.4

4.180 1.753 1.724 1.710

80.100 2.562 2.359 2.2735 5.060

1.289 1.800

vp/ kPa 15.1 5.14 0.30 0.33 17.2 30.7 6.50 3.60 0.11

FP/ °C 12 44 44 50 -8 -28 -12 <21 107

Fl. Lim.

IT/ °C

TLV/ ppm

0.8-6.6%

470

25

1-6% 1-5%

500 559

25 25

395 418 425

300 300

270

0.05

69

15.4 1.87

-8 16

2.6-13.4%

402 269

10 0.1

0.88 1.13 1.19 0.022

32 27 27

1-7% 1-7% 1-7%

463 527 528

100 100 100

MISCIBILITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS The chart below gives qualitative information on the miscibility of pairs of organic liquids. Two liquids are considered miscible (indicated by M in the chart) if mixing equal volumes produces a single liquid phase. If two phases separate, they are considered immiscible ( I). An entry of P indicates two phases whose volumes differ appreciably, suggesting a partial miscibility of the components. The symbol R indicates a reaction between the components. All data refer to room temperature. The codes for the columns are: A B C D E F G H I

Acetone Benzaldehyde Benzene Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride 2-Chloroethanol Chloroform o-Cresol

J K L M N O P Q R

Diethyl ether S N,N-Dimethylaniline T Dipentylamine U Ethyl alcohol V Ethylene glycol W Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether X Formamide Y Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol

Methyl isopropyl ketone Nitromethane 1-Octanol 1,3-Propanediol Pyridine Triethylenetetramine Triethyl phosphate

REFERENCES 1. Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 2744, 1959. 2. Jackson, W. M., and Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 1491, 1959.

Acetone Adiponitrile 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol p-Anisaldehyde Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzothiazole Benzyl alcohol Benzyl mercaptan 2-Bromoethyl acetate 1,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride 2-Chloroethanol Chloroform 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Cinnamaldehyde o-Cresol Diacetone alcohol Dibenzyl ether Dibutylamine Dibutyl carbonate Dibutyl ether Diethanolamine Diethylacetic acid Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

A B C D - M M M M M M M M M

E F G H M M M M M I M M M M - M M M M M M - M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M M I M M P M M M M - M M M M M M - M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M M M P M M P M M M M R M M M M M M M M M M I I I M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

I

J M I M M M M M M M

M P M M M M M M M M M M M

M I M M M M

M M M M M

15-26

TeamLRN

K L M N M M M M M M I M M M I M M P M M M I M M I M M M M M M M M I R M M M M M M M P M M M M M I M M M P R M M M I M M M M M I M M M M M I P M M R M M R M M M M M M M M M

O P Q M M M M M M M M M M M I M I M I M M M I M

I M M M I M M M M M M M M I M M M M

R S T U V W I M M M M M I M M M M M M M I I P M M M M I M I M I M I I M I M M M M M M M I I M M M M M M I M M P M M M M M M I M M I M M M I M M M M I M I M M I M M M M I M P M I I M I M M I M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M M

X Y M M

M M M

R M M

M M M M R R M M M M M I

R M M M M M

MISCIBILITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued)

Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diethylformamide Dihexyl ether Diisobutyl ketone Diisopropylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline Dipentylamine N,N-Dipropylaniline Dipropylene glycol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl benzoate Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl cinnamate Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Ethyl phenylacetate Ethyl thiocyanate Formamide Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol 1-Heptadecanol 3-Heptanol Heptyl acetate Hexanenitrile Isobutyl mercaptan Isopentyl acetate Isopentyl alcohol Isopentyl sulfide Methyl disulfide Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopropyl ketone 4-Methylpentanoic acid Nitromethane 1-Octanol o-Phenetidine 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Pyridine Tetradecanol Tributyl phosphate Triethylene glycol Triethylenetetramine Triethyl phosphate 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

A M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

B C M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P I M M M M M M M M I M M P I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M I M I M M M M P M M M

D E

F G R M M M M M M M R M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M

I

H M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M M

I

M

M M M M

M M M M M M M I M I M M M I M I

I M M M M M M M M

M M M M M M M M M M

M M M M M M M

M M M M M M M M M P M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M M

M M

15-27

J

K L I - M M R M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I I P M M M M M M M M M M M I I M M I I P M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M I I M M M M M I P M I M M M

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

N M I M I I M I P I

O P Q R S M M R M I M I M M M M M I M M I M M M M I M I M P M M I M I M M M M M M M M I I M I M I M I M I M I M M M M I M M M I M I I M I M I I M I M - M M M M - M M M M - I M M M I I M I M I M I M I I M I I M I M M M M I I I I I I I M I I P M I I M I M M I M I M M I M I M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M I M P M I M M M M M R M I M I M

T U V W X M M M I M M M R I I I M M M M M I M M I I M M M M M M M M M M M P M M I R I M I M M M M M M M M M M I M M M I M I M M I M M M M M M I I M M M M M M I R I M R M I M M M M M I M R M M M I M M R M R - P I M P - M M M M M M I M - M M M M M P M M M M M M M M I I

Y M M M M M M M M M M

M

M M M M

M M

M M M M M

DENSITY OF SOLVENTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE The table below lists the density of several common solvents in the temperature range from 0°C to 100°C. The values have been calculated from the Rackett Equation using parameters in the reference. Density values refer to the liquid at its saturation vapor pressure; thus entries for temperatures above the normal boiling point are for pressures greater than atmospheric.

REFERENCE Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Density in g/mL Solvent Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Benzene 1-Butanol Butylamine Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane Decane 1-Decanol Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylaniline Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyl formate Ethyl propanoate Heptane Hexane 1-Hexanol Isopropylbenzene Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline Methylcyclohexane Methyl formate Methyl propanoate Nitromethane Nonane Octane Pentanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propyl acetate Propylbenzene Propyl formate Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

0°C

10°C

0.8129

0.8016

1.041

1.033 0.8884 0.8200 0.7512 1.277 1.116 0.7872 0.7374

0.8293 0.7606 1.290 1.127 0.7447 1.362 0.7368 0.8121 0.9245 0.8836 0.9472 0.9113 0.7004 0.6774 0.8359 0.8769 0.8157 0.9606 1.0010 0.7858 1.003 0.9383

1.344 0.7254 0.9638 0.8014 0.9126 0.8753 0.9346 0.9005 0.6921 0.6685 0.8278 0.8696 0.8042 0.9478 0.9933 0.7776 0.9887 0.9268

0.7327 0.7185 0.9563 0.8252 0.8092 0.9101 0.8779 0.9275 1.629 0.8846 1.524

0.7252 0.7106 0.9476 0.8151 0.7982 0.8994 0.8700 0.9166 1.611 0.8757 1.507

0.8813

0.8729

20°C 1.051 0.7902 0.7825 1.025 0.8786 0.8105 0.7417 1.263 1.106 0.7784 0.7301 0.8294 1.326 0.7137 0.9562 0.7905 0.9006 0.8668 0.9218 0.8895 0.6837 0.6594 0.8195 0.8615 0.7925 0.9346 0.9859 0.7693 0.9739 0.9150 1.139 0.7176 0.7027 0.9389 0.8048 0.7869 0.8885 0.8619 0.9053 1.593 0.8667 1.489 0.6921 0.8801 0.8644 0.8609

30°C 1.038 0.7785 0.7707 1.016 0.8686 0.8009 0.7320 1.248 1.096 0.7694 0.7226 0.8229 1.307 0.7018 0.9483 0.7793 0.8884 0.8582 0.9087 0.8784 0.6751 0.6502 0.8111 0.8533 0.7807 0.9211 0.9785 0.7608 0.9588 0.9030 1.125 0.7099 0.6945 0.9301 0.7943 0.7755 0.8775 0.8538 0.8938 1.575 0.8576 1.471 0.6836 0.8717 0.8558 0.8523

40°C 1.025 0.7666 0.7591 1.008 0.8584 0.7912 0.7221 1.234 1.085 0.7602 0.7151 0.8162 1.289 0.6896 0.9401 0.7680 0.8759 0.8495 0.8954 0.8671 0.6664 0.6407 0.8027 0.8450 0.7685 0.9074 0.9709 0.7522 0.9433 0.8907 1.111 0.7021 0.6863 0.9211 0.7837 0.7638 0.8662 0.8456 0.8821 1.557 0.8483 1.452 0.6750 0.8633 0.8470 0.8436

15-28

TeamLRN

50°C 1.012 0.7545 0.7473 1.000 0.8481 0.7812 0.7120

60°C 0.9993 0.7421 0.7353 0.9909 0.8376 0.7712 0.7017

70°C 0.9861 0.7293 0.7231 0.9823 0.8269 0.7609 0.6911

80°C 0.9728 0.7163 0.7106 0.9735 0.8160 0.7504 0.6803

90°C 0.9592 0.7029 0.6980 0.9646 0.8049 0.7398 0.6693

100°C 0.9454 0.6890 0.6851 0.9557 0.7935 0.7289 0.6579

1.074 0.7509 0.7074 0.8093 1.269 0.6770 0.9318 0.7564 0.8632 0.8407 0.8818 0.8556 0.6575 0.6311 0.7941 0.8366 0.7562 0.8933 0.9633 0.7435 0.9275 0.8783 1.097 0.6941 0.6779 0.9121 0.7729 0.7519 0.8548 0.8373 0.8702 1.538 0.8389 1.433 0.6663 0.8547 0.8382 0.8347

1.064 0.7414 0.6997 0.8024 1.250 0.6639 0.9234 0.7446 0.8503 0.8318 0.8678 0.8439 0.6485 0.6212 0.7854 0.8280 0.7435 0.8790 0.9556 0.7346 0.9112 0.8656 1.083 0.6861 0.6694 0.9029 0.7619 0.7397 0.8432 0.8289 0.8581 1.518 0.8294 1.414 0.6574 0.8460 0.8292 0.8258

1.053 0.7317 0.6919 0.7955 1.229 0.6505 0.9150 0.7324 0.8370 0.8228 0.8535 0.8319 0.6393 0.6111 0.7766 0.8194 0.7306 0.8643 0.9478 0.7255 0.8945 0.8526 1.069 0.6779 0.6608 0.8937 0.7506 0.7272 0.8313 0.8204 0.8457 1.499 0.8197 1.394 0.6484 0.8372 0.8201 0.8167

1.042 0.7218 0.6839 0.7884 1.208 0.6366 0.9064 0.7200 0.8234 0.8136 0.8389 0.8197 0.6298 0.6006 0.7676 0.8106 0.7174 0.8491 0.9399 0.7163 0.8772 0.8393 1.055 0.6696 0.6520 0.8843 0.7391 0.7143 0.8192 0.8117 0.8330 1.479 0.8098

1.030 0.7117 0.6758 0.7813 1.187 0.6220 0.8978 0.7073 0.8095 0.8043 0.8238 0.8072 0.6202 0.5899 0.7585 0.8017 0.7038 0.8336 0.9319 0.7069 0.8594 0.8257 1.040 0.6611 0.6430 0.8748 0.7273 0.7011 0.8069 0.8030 0.8201 1.458 0.7998

1.019 0.7013 0.6676 0.7740 1.165 0.6068 0.8890 0.6942 0.7952 0.7948 0.8082 0.7944 0.6102 0.5789 0.7492 0.7927 0.6898 0.8176 0.9239 0.6973 0.8409 0.8117 1.026 0.6525 0.6338 0.8652 0.7152 0.6876 0.7942 0.7943 0.8068 1.437 0.7896

0.6391 0.8282 0.8109 0.8075

0.6296 0.8191 0.8015 0.7981

0.6199 0.8099 0.7920 0.7886

DEPENDENCE OF BOILING POINT ON PRESSURE The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches standard atmospheric pressure, 101.325 kPa. The change in boiling point with pressure may be calculated from the representation of the vapor pressure by the Antoine Equation, ln p = A1 – A2/(T + A3) where p is the vapor pressure, T the absolute temperature, and A1, A2, and A3 are constants. This table, which has been calculated using the Antoine constants in Reference 1, gives values of ∆t/∆p for a number of liquids, in units of both °C/kPa and °C/mmHg. The correction to the boiling point is generally accurate to 0.1 to 0.2 °C as long as the pressure is within 10% of standard atmospheric pressure. A slightly less accurate estimate of ∆t/∆p may be obtained from the Claussius-Clapeyron equation, with the assumption that the change in volume upon vaporization equals the ideal-gas volume of the vapor. This leads to the equation ∆t/∆p = RTb2 /p0 ∆vapH(Tb) where R is the molar gas constant, p0 is 101.325 kPa, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute), and ∆vapH(Tb) is the molar enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. Values of the last quantity may be obtained from the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. REFERENCE 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 4959. tb

Compound

°C

°C/kPa

Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Ammonia Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Chloroethane Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Decane Dibutyl ether Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Dipropyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane Hexafluorobenzene Hexane

20.1 117.9 56.0 81.6 -33.33 184.1 153.7 179.0 80.0 58.8 -0.5 117.7 46.2 -34.04 131.7 78.6 12.3 -13.3 80.7 160.8 155.4 174.1 140.2 39.6 34.5 189.0 101.5 90.0 78.2 77.1 197.3 98.5 80.2 68.7

0.261 0.324 0.289 0.316 0.198 0.378 0.367 0.392 0.321 0.300 0.267 0.278 0.304 0.224 0.365 0.321 0.262 0.241 0.328 0.344 0.382 0.388 0.363 0.276 0.278 0.379 0.321 0.326 0.249 0.300 0.331 0.336 0.305 0.314

∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0348 0.0432 0.0385 0.0421 0.0264 0.0504 0.0489 0.0523 0.0428 0.0400 0.0356 0.0371 0.0405 0.0299 0.0487 0.0428 0.0349 0.0321 0.0437 0.0459 0.0509 0.0517 0.0484 0.0368 0.0371 0.0505 0.0428 0.0435 0.0332 0.0400 0.0441 0.0448 0.0407 0.0419

tb

Compound 1-Hexanol Hydrogen fluoride Iodomethane Isobutane Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl formate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Styrene Sulfur dioxide Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Trimethylamine Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

15-19

°C

°C/kPa

157.6 20.1 42.5 -11.7 64.6 56.8 31.7 196.2 199.5 210.8 101.1 195.1 36.0 137.9 181.8 -42.1 97.2 82.3 115.2 129.7 86.5 145.1 -10.05 121.3 76.8 110.6 87.2 61.1 2.8 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

0.318 0.276 0.291 0.254 0.251 0.282 0.582 0.396 0.371 0.418 0.320 0.360 0.289 0.296 0.349 0.224 0.261 0.247 0.340 0.330 0.309 0.369 0.221 0.354 0.325 0.353 0.330 0.302 0.248 0.276 0.373 0.368 0.369

∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0424 0.0368 0.0388 0.0339 0.0335 0.0376 0.0776 0.0528 0.0495 0.0557 0.0427 0.0480 0.0385 0.0395 0.0465 0.0299 0.0348 0.0329 0.0453 0.0440 0.0412 0.0492 0.0295 0.0472 0.0433 0.0471 0.0440 0.0403 0.0331 0.0368 0.0497 0.0491 0.0492

EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION The boiling point Tb of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is elevated relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), the amount of elevation depends only on the number of particles of solute present. Hence the change in boiling point ∆Tb can be expressed as ∆Tb = Eb m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Eb is the Ebullioscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Ebullioscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Eb = R Tb2 M/∆vapH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆vapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent at its normal boiling point. This table lists Eb values for some common solvents, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. Compound Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Decane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane

Eb/K kg mol–1

Compound Hexane Iodomethane Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Phenol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene

3.22 1.80 1.44 3.82 4.20 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.42 4.36 3.13 2.92 3.5 6.10 2.42 2.20 3.22 3.01 1.23 2.82 2.26 3.62

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Eb/K kg mol–1 2.90 4.31 0.86 2.21 4.3 2.2 5.2 2.09 5.06 3.54 1.66 1.58 2.83 2.33 2.32 6.18 5.26 3.40 4.52 3.80 0.513 4.25

CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The freezing point Tf of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is depressed relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), this lowering is a function only of the number of particles of solute present. Thus the absolute value of the lowering of freezing point ∆Tf can be expressed as ∆Tf = Ef m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Ef is the Cryoscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Cryoscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Ef = R Tf2 M/∆fusH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the freezing point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆fusH the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion of the solvent. This table lists cryscopic constants for selected substances, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Fusion” in Section 6.

Compound Acetamide Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzophenone (+)-Camphor 1-Chloronaphthalene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Dibenzyl ether p-Dichlorobenzene Diethanolamine Dimethyl sulfoxide

Ef/K kg mol–1 3.92 3.63 5.16 5.23 5.07 5.35 8.58 37.8 7.68 5.92 7.76 7.20 20.8 42.2 6.42 4.70 6.17 7.57 3.16 3.85

15-21

Compound

Ef/K kg mol–1

1,4-Dioxane Diphenylamine Ethylene glycol Formamide Formic acid Glycerol Methylcyclohexane Naphthalene Nitrobenzene Phenol Pyridine Quinoline Succinonitrile 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Toluene p-Toluidine Tribromomethane Water p-Xylene

4.63 8.38 3.11 4.25 2.38 3.56 2.60 7.45 6.87 6.84 4.26 6.73 19.3 21.4 41.0 3.55 4.91 15.0 1.86 4.31

FREEZING POINT LOWERING BY ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION REFERENCE Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. Lowering of freezing point of water (in °C) as function of molality (mol/kg) Compound

0.05

0.10

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

CaCl2 CuSO4 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KNO3 K2SO4 LiCl MgSO4 NH4Cl NaCl NaNO3

0.25 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.18

0.49 0.23 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.43 0.35 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.36

1.27 0.47 0.90 0.88 0.96 0.92 0.86 0.78 1.01 0.88 0.55 0.85 0.85 0.80

2.66 0.96 1.86 1.80 1.95 1.78 1.68 1.47 1.87 1.80 1.01 1.70 1.68 1.62

4.28

6.35

10.78

15.27

20.42

28.08

2.90 2.78 3.04

4.02 3.80 4.28

6.63 5.98 7.35

9.94 8.34 11.35

10.95 16.32

13.92

2.49 2.11

3.29 2.66

4.88

6.50

8.14

9.77

2.08

3.41

2.78 1.50 2.55 2.60 2.63

3.10

TeamLRN

1-22

CORRECTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO 0°C TEMPERATURE The following corrections are used to reduce the reading of a mercury barometer with a brass scale to 0°C. The number in the table should be subtracted from the observed height of the mercury column to give the true pressure in mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322 Pa). The table is calculated from the formula ∆h = -0.0001634 ht/(1+0.0001818 t), where h is the observed column height in mm and t the Celsius temperature. This relation is based on thermal expansion coefficients of 181.8·10-6 °C-1 for mercury and 18.4·10-6 °C-1 for brass. Observed Height in mm t/°C 620

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

710

720

730

740

750

760

770

780

790

800

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.64 1.74 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.56 2.66 2.77 2.87 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.48 3.58 3.68 3.78 3.88 3.99 4.09

0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.73 0.84 0.94 1.04 1.15 1.25 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.67 1.77 1.88 1.98 2.08 2.19 2.29 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.71 2.81 2.91 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.33 3.43 3.53 3.64 3.74 3.84 3.95 4.05 4.15

0.00 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.42 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.85 0.95 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.01 2.12 2.22 2.33 2.43 2.54 2.64 2.75 2.85 2.96 3.06 3.17 3.27 3.38 3.48 3.59 3.69 3.80 3.90 4.01 4.11 4.22

0.00 0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.93 2.04 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.68 2.79 2.90 3.00 3.11 3.22 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.96 4.07 4.18 4.28

0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.75 1.86 1.96 2.07 2.18 2.29 2.40 2.51 2.62 2.72 2.83 2.94 3.05 3.16 3.27 3.37 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.02 4.13 4.24 4.35

0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.66 1.77 1.88 1.99 2.10 2.21 2.32 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.88 2.99 3.10 3.21 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.97 4.08 4.19 4.30 4.41

0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.90 1.01 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.02 2.13 2.25 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.69 2.81 2.92 3.03 3.14 3.25 3.36 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.03 4.14 4.25 4.37 4.48

0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.46 0.57 0.69 0.80 0.91 1.03 1.14 1.26 1.37 1.48 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94 2.05 2.17 2.28 2.39 2.51 2.62 2.73 2.85 2.96 3.07 3.19 3.30 3.41 3.53 3.64 3.75 3.87 3.98 4.09 4.20 4.32 4.43 4.54

0.00 0.12 0.23 0.35 0.46 0.58 0.70 0.81 0.93 1.04 1.16 1.27 1.39 1.50 1.62 1.74 1.85 1.97 2.08 2.20 2.31 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.89 3.00 3.12 3.23 3.35 3.46 3.58 3.69 3.81 3.92 4.03 4.15 4.26 4.38 4.49 4.61

0.00 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.71 0.82 0.94 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.41 1.53 1.64 1.76 1.88 1.99 2.11 2.23 2.34 2.46 2.58 2.69 2.81 2.93 3.04 3.16 3.28 3.39 3.51 3.63 3.74 3.86 3.98 4.09 4.21 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.67

0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.71 0.83 0.95 1.07 1.19 1.31 1.43 1.55 1.67 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.14 2.26 2.38 2.50 2.61 2.73 2.85 2.97 3.09 3.20 3.32 3.44 3.56 3.68 3.79 3.91 4.03 4.15 4.27 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.74

0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.33 1.45 1.57 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17 2.29 2.41 2.53 2.65 2.77 2.89 3.01 3.13 3.25 3.37 3.49 3.61 3.73 3.85 3.97 4.09 4.21 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.68 4.80

0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.98 1.10 1.22 1.35 1.47 1.59 1.71 1.83 1.96 2.08 2.20 2.32 2.44 2.56 2.69 2.81 2.93 3.05 3.17 3.29 3.41 3.54 3.66 3.78 3.90 4.02 4.14 4.26 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87

0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.49 1.61 1.73 1.86 1.98 2.10 2.23 2.35 2.47 2.60 2.72 2.84 2.97 3.09 3.21 3.34 3.46 3.58 3.71 3.83 3.95 4.07 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.69 4.81 4.93

0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.38 1.51 1.63 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.51 2.63 2.76 2.88 3.01 3.13 3.26 3.38 3.51 3.63 3.75 3.88 4.00 4.13 4.25 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87 5.00

0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.51 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.02 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.53 1.65 1.78 1.91 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.41 2.54 2.67 2.79 2.92 3.05 3.17 3.30 3.42 3.55 3.68 3.80 3.93 4.05 4.18 4.31 4.43 4.56 4.68 4.81 4.94 5.06

0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.64 0.77 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.55 1.67 1.80 1.93 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.44 2.57 2.70 2.83 2.96 3.08 3.21 3.34 3.47 3.60 3.72 3.85 3.98 4.11 4.23 4.36 4.49 4.62 4.74 4.87 5.00 5.13

0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.78 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.44 1.57 1.70 1.83 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.60 2.73 2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.16 4.29 4.42 4.55 4.68 4.80 4.93 5.06 5.19

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.82 1.92 2.02 2.12 2.22 2.32 2.42 2.52 2.62 2.72 2.82 2.92 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.32 3.42 3.52 3.62 3.72 3.82 3.92 4.02

15-23

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM DEW POINT The relative humidity of a water vapor-air mixture is defined as 100 times the partial pressure of water divided by the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. The relative humidity may be determined from the dew point tdew, which is the temperature at which liquid water first condenses when the mixture is cooled from an initial temperature t. This table gives relative humidity as a function of the dew point depression t - tdew for several values of the dew point. Values are calculated from the vapor pressure table in Section 6.

t - tdew

-10

0

tdew/°C 10

20

30

t - tdew

-10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0

100 99 97 95 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54

100 99 97 96 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57

100 99 97 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 60

100 99 98 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 63 62

100 99 98 97 96 94 93 92 91 90 89 89 87 86 85 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 74 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 65 64

8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0

54 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

15-23

TeamLRN

0 56 56 55 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 40 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14

tdew/°C 10

20

59 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 53 51 49 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

61 60 60 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 33 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19

30 63 63 62 61 61 60 59 59 58 57 56 55 53 52 50 49 48 47 45 44

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES Relative humidity may be determined by comparing temperature readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers. The following table, extracted from more extensive U.S. National Weather Service tables, gives the relative humidity as a function of air temperature td (dry bulb) and the difference td - tw between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The data assume a pressure near normal atmospheric pressure and an instrumental configuration with forced ventilation.

td/°C

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

(td - tw)/°C 3.0 3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

83 86 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97

67 71 74 77 79 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94

51 57 61 66 69 72 76 78 79 81 82 83 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91

35 43 49 55 60 64 68 71 73 75 77 78 79 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 88

19 29 37 44 50 55 60 63 66 69 71 73 75 76 77 78 80 80 81 82 83 84 85

15 25 33 40 46 52 57 60 63 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 77 78 78 79 81 82

12 22 29 37 43 48 51 55 58 60 63 65 66 68 69 71 72 73 75 77

12 21 29 36 41 46 50 53 56 58 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 74

13 22 29 35 40 44 48 51 54 57 59 61 62 64 65 67 69 72

5 14 22 29 35 39 43 47 50 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 67 69

7 16 24 29 34 39 42 46 49 51 54 56 58 59 61 64 67

td/°C

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

(td - tw)/°C 9.0 10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

9 17 24 29 34 38 42 45 48 50 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 64

11 19 24 29 34 38 41 44 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 59 61 62

5 14 20 25 30 34 38 41 44 46 49 51 52 54 56 57 58 59

8 15 21 26 30 34 37 40 43 46 48 50 51 53 54 56 57

10 16 22 26 30 34 37 40 43 45 47 49 51 52 54 54

6 12 18 23 27 31 34 37 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 53

8 14 18 22 26 29 32 35 37 39 41 43 44

7 12 17 20 24 27 30 32 35 37 39 40

6 11 15 19 22 25 28 30 33 35 36

6 10 14 18 21 24 26 29 31 33

5 10 13 17 20 23 25 27 29

15-24

8 23 31 38 44 49 54 57 60 63 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 78 80

5 10 15 20 24 28 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 47 48

CONSTANT HUMIDITY SOLUTIONS Anthony Wexler An excess of a water soluble salt in contact with its saturated solution and contained within an enclosed space produces a constant relative humidity and water vapor pressure according to RH = A exp(B/T) where RH is the percent relative humidity (generally accurate to ±2 %), T is the temperature in kelvin, and the constants A and B and the range of valid temperatures are given in the table below. The vapor pressure, p, can be calculated from p = (RH/100) × p0 where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure water at temperature T as given in the table in Section 6 titled “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C”. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Environment, 25A, 2731, 1991. Greenspan, L., J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 81A, 89, 1977. Broul, et al., Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems, Elsevier, New York, 1981. Wagman, D. D. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.

Compound

NaOH ⋅ H2O LiBr ⋅ 2H2O ZnBr2 ⋅ 2H2O KOH ⋅ 2H2O LiCl ⋅ H2O CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O CaCl2⋅ 6H2O MgCl2⋅ 6H2O NaI⋅ 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NH4NO3 KI SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O NaNO3 NaCl NH4Cl KBr (NH4)2SO4 KCl Sr(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O CsI KNO3 K2SO4

Temperature range (°C)

RH 25°C

15—60 10—30 5—30 5—30 20—65 11—22 15—65 15—25 5—45 5—45 10—30 5—35 0—35 10—40 5—30 5—30 10—40 10—40 10—40 5—25 10—40 5—25 5—25 5—25 5—25 0—50 10—50

6 6 8 9 11 16 18 29 33 38 51 53 58 62 69 71 74 75 79 81 81 84 85 90 91 92 97

15-25

TeamLRN

A

B

5.48 0.23 1.69 0.014 14.53 0.17 0.15 0.11 29.26 3.62 1.89 25.28 20.49 3.54 29.35 31.58 26.94 69.20 35.67 40.98 62.06 49.38 28.34 69.99 70.77 43.22 86.75

27 996 455 1924 –75 1360 1424 1653 34 702 981 220 308 853 254 241 302 25 235 203 79 159 328 75 75 225 34

STANDARD SALT SOLUTIONS FOR HUMIDITY CALIBRATION Saturated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts are convenient secondary standards for calibration of instruments for measurement of relative humidity. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has recommended salt solutions for calibrations in the range of 10% to 90% relative humidity, and the American Society for Testing and Materials has published similar standards. The data in this table are taken from the IUPAC recommendations, except for K2CO3 and K2SO4, which are ASTM recommendations. Details on the preparation and use of these standards may be found in References 1 and 2. Data for other salts are given in Reference 3.

REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987, pp.157-162. 2. Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions, ASTM Standard E 104-85, Reapproved 1991. 3. Greenspan, L., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 81A, 89, 1977. Relative Humidity in % t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

LiCl

MgCl2

K2CO3

Mg(NO3)2

NaCl

KCl

K2SO4

11.31±0.31 11.30±0.27 11.28±0.24 11.25±0.22 11.21±0.21 11.16±0.21 11.10±0.22 11.03±0.23 10.95±0.26 10.86±0.29 10.75±0.33 10.64±0.38 10.51±0.44

33.66±0.33 33.60±0.28 33.47±0.24 33.30±0.21 33.07±0.18 32.78±0.16 32.44±0.14 32.05±0.13 31.60±0.13 31.10±0.13 30.54±0.14 29.93±0.16 29.26±0.18 28.54±0.21 27.77±0.25 26.94±0.29 26.05±0.34

43.1±0.7 43.1±0.5 43.1±0.4 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.4 43.2±0.5

60.35±0.55 58.86±0.43 57.36±0.33 55.87±0.27 54.38±0.23 52.89±0.22 51.40±0.24 49.91±0.29 48.42±0.37 46.93±0.47 45.44±0.60

75.51±0.34 75.65±0.27 75.67±0.22 75.61±0.18 75.47±0.14 75.29±0.12 75.09±0.11 74.87±0.12

88.61±0.53 87.67±0.45 86.77±0.39 85.92±0.33 85.11±0.29 84.34±0.26 83.62±0.25 82.95±0.25 82.32±0.25 81.74±0.28 81.20±0.31 80.70±0.35 80.25±0.41 79.85±0.48 79.49±0.57 79.17±0.66 78.90±0.77

98.8±2.1 98.5±0.9 98.2±0.8 97.9±0.6 97.6±0.5 97.3±0.5 97.0±0.4 96.7±0.4 96.4±0.4 96.1±0.4 95.8±0.5

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

LOW TEMPERATURE BATHS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A liquid-solid slurry is a convenient means of maintaining a constant temperature environment below room temperature. The following is a list of readily available organic liquids suitable for this purpose, arranged in order of their melting (freezing) points tm. The normal boiling points tb are also given. tm/°C

Compound Isopentane (2-Methylbutane) Methylcyclopentane 3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride) Pentane Allyl alcohol Ethanol Carbon disulfide Isobutyl alcohol Toluene Acetone Ethyl acetate Dry ice + acetone p-Cymene Trichloromethane (Chloroform) N-Methylaniline Chlorobenzene Anisole Bromobenzene Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) Benzonitrile

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

TeamLRN

-159.9 -142.5 -134.5 -129.7 -129 -114.1 -111.5 -108 -94.9 -94.8 -83.6 -78 -68.9 -63.6 -57 -45.2 -37.5 -30.6 -23 -12.7

tb/°C 27.8 71.8 45.1 36.0 97.0 78.2 46 107.8 110.6 56.0 77.1 177.1 61.1 196.2 131.7 153.7 156.0 76.8 191.1

METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW MELTING TEMPERATURE L. I. Berger

Metal or Alloy System Hg Cs-K Cs-Na K-Na Na-Rb Ga-In-Sn Ga-Sn-Zn Cs Ga K-Rb Bi-Cd-In-Pb-Sn Bi-In-Pb-Sn Bi-In-Sn K Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn Bi-In Bi-Cd-Pb Bi-Pb-Sn Na Bi-Cd-Sn In-Sn Cd-In Bi-Pb Bi-Sn-Zn Bi-Sn Bi-Cd In Li Pb-Sn Bi-Tl Sn-Zn Sb-Sn Au-Pb Ag-Sn Bi-Pb-Sb-Sn Cu-Sn Sn

Weight

Melting Temperature °C

Composition, %* Atomic

100 77.0-23.0 94.5-5.5 76.7-23.3 8.0-92.0 62.5-21.5-16.0 82.0-12.0-6.0 100 100 32.0-68.0 44.7-5.3-19.1-22.6-8.3 49.5-21.3-17.6-11.6 32.5-51.0-16.5 100 50.0-12.5-25.0-12.5 33.0-67.0 51.6-8.2-40.2 52.5-32.0-15.5 100 54.0-20.0-26.0 51.8-48.2 25.3-74.7 55.5-44.5 56.0-40.0-4.0 70-30 60.3-39.7 100 100 38.1-61.9 48.0-52.0 91.0-9.0 8.0-92.0 14.6-85.4 3.5-96.5 48.0-28.5-9.0-14.5 0.75-99.25 100

100 50.0-50.0 75.0-25.0 65.9-34.1 24.4-75.6 73.6-15.3-11.1 86.0-7.3-6.7 100 100 50-50 35.1-8.2-27.3-17.9-11.5 39.2-30.7-14.0-16.2 21.1-60.1-18.8 100 41.5-19.3-21.0-18.2 21.3-78.7 48.1-14.2-37.7 46.8-28.7-24.5 100 39.4-27.2-33.4 52.6-47.4 25.7-74.3 55.3-44.7 40.2-50.6-9.2 57.0-43.0 45.0-55.0 100 100 26.1-73.9 47.5-52.5 85.0-15.0 7.8-92.2 15.2-84.8 3.8-96.2 40.8-24.5-13.1-21.6 1.3-98.7 100

-38.84 -37.5 -30.0 -12.65 -5 11 17 28.44 29.77 33 46.7 58.2 60.5 63.38 70 72 91.5 95 97.8 102.5 119 120 124 130 138.5 145.5 156.6 180.5 183 185 198 199 212 221 226 227 231.9

Comments

Ref.

Eutectic (?) Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

1 2 3 4 5 5

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

4 6 6 7

Wood’s alloy Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

6 8 6 6

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

6 9 10 11 6, 7 6, 12 13, 14

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic White Metal Eutectic Eutectic Matrix Alloy Eutectic

6,15 13 14 16 17 13,18 6 13, 19

*The useful expression for correlations between the atomic and weight concentrations of an alloy components are:

f (w, Ak )

f (a, Ak ) =

N

Mk

∑ i =1

f (w, Ai )

and f (w, Ak ) =

M k ⋅ f (a, Ak ) N

∑ M ⋅ f (a , A ) i

Mi

(i = 1,K, k,K, N )

i

i =1

where f(a, Ai) and f(w, Ai) are the atomic and weight concentrations of component Ai, respectively, and Mi is the atomic weight of this component.

15-28

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Zintle, E. and Hauke, W., Z. Electrochem., 44, 104, 1938. Rinck, E., Compt. Rend., 199, 1217, 1934. Krier, C. A., Craign, R. S., and Wallace, W. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 522, 1957. Goria, C., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 65, 865, 1935. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., Materials Park, OH, 1992. Sedlacek, V., Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Elsevier, 1986. Villars, P., Prince, A., Okamoto, H., Eds., Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., 1994. Palatnik, L. S., Kosevich, V. M., and Tyrina, L. V., Phys. Metals Metallog. (USSR), 11, 75, 1961. Neumann, T. and Alpout, O., J. Less-Common Metals, 6, 108, 1964. Neumann, T. and Predel, B., Z. Metallk., 50, 309, 1959. Roy, P., Orr, R. L., and Hultgren, R., J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1034, 1960. Dobovicek, B. and Smajic, N., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 4, 353, 1962. Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R., and Kacprzak, L., Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM Intl., 1990. Dobovicek, B. and Straus, B., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 3, 273, 1960. Schurmann, E. and Gilhaus, F. J., Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32, 867, 1961. Rosenblatt, G. M. and Birchenall, C. E., Trans. AIME, 224, 481, 1962. Evans, D. S. and Prince, A., in Alloy Phase Diagrams, MRS Simposia Proc., Vol. 19, North-Holland, 1983, p. 383. Umanskiy, M. M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 14, 846, 1940. Homer, C. E. and Plummer, H., J. Inst. Met., 64, 169, 1939.

15-29

TeamLRN

WIRE TABLES The resistance per unit length of wires of various metals is tabulated here. Values were calculated from resistivity values in the tables “Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals” and “Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys”, which appear in Section 12. In practice, resistance may vary because of differing heat treatments and metal composition. The values in the table refer to 20°C, but values at other temperatures may be calculated from the following resistivity data: Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m at temperature 20°C 25°C

0°C

Metal Aluminum Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) Copper Nichrome (79% Ni, 21% Cr) Platinum Silver Tungsten

2.417 5.87 45.43 1.543 107.3 9.6 1.467 4.82

2.650 6.08 45.38 1.678 107.5 10.5 1.587 5.28

2.709 6.13 45.35 1.712 107.6 10.7 1.617 5.39

100°C 3.56 6.91 45.11 2.22 108.3 13.6 2.07 7.18

Resistance per unit length at 20°C in Ω/m B&S Gauge 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Diameter (mm)

Aluminum

Brass

Constantan

Copper

8.252 6.543 5.189 4.115 3.264 2.588 2.053 1.628 1.291 1.024 0.8118 0.6439 0.5105 0.4049 0.3211 0.2548 0.2019 0.1601 0.1270 0.1007 0.07988

0.000495 0.000788 0.00125 0.00199 0.00317 0.00504 0.00800 0.0127 0.0202 0.0322 0.0512 0.0814 0.129 0.206 0.327 0.520 0.828 1.32 2.09 3.33 5.29

0.00114 0.00181 0.00287 0.00457 0.00727 0.0115 0.0184 0.0292 0.0464 0.0738 0.117 0.187 0.297 0.472 0.751 1.19 1.90 3.02 4.80 7.63 12.1

0.00848 0.0135 0.0214 0.0341 0.0542 0.0863 0.137 0.218 0.347 0.551 0.877 1.39 2.22 3.52 5.60 8.90 14.2 22.5 35.8 57.0 90.5

0.000314 0.000499 0.000793 0.00126 0.00200 0.00319 0.00507 0.00806 0.0128 0.0204 0.0324 0.0515 0.0820 0.130 0.207 0.329 0.524 0.833 1.32 2.11 3.35

15-27

Nichrome

Platinum

Silver

Tungsten

0.0201 0.0320 0.0508 0.0808 0.128 0.204 0.325 0.516 0.821 1.30 2.08 3.30 5.25 8.35 13.3 21.1 33.6 53.4 84.9 135 214

0.00196 0.00312 0.00496 0.00789 0.0125 0.0200 0.0317 0.0504 0.0802 0.127 0.203 0.322 0.513 0.815 1.30 2.06 3.28 5.22 8.29 13.2 20.9

0.000297 0.000472 0.000750 0.00119 0.00190 0.00302 0.00479 0.00762 0.0121 0.0193 0.0307 0.0487 0.0775 0.123 0.196 0.311 0.496 0.788 1.25 1.99 3.17

0.00099 0.00157 0.00250 0.00397 0.00631 0.0100 0.0159 0.0254 0.0403 0.0641 0.102 0.162 0.258 0.410 0.652 1.03 1.65 2.62 4.17 6.63 10.5

TeamLRN

DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS This table gives the range of density for miscellaneous solid materials whose characteristics depend on the source or method of preparation.

REFERENCES 1. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. 2. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, Longman, London, 1995. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Material

ρ/ g cm-3

Material

ρ/ g cm-3

Material

ρ/ g cm-3

Agate Alabaster, carbonate sulfate Albite Amber Amphiboles Anorthite Asbestos Asbestos slate Asphalt Basalt Beeswax Beryl Biotite Bone Brasses Brick Bronzes Butter Calamine Calcspar Camphor Cardboard Celluloid Cement, set Chalk Charcoal, oak pine Cinnabar Clay Coal, anthracite bituminous Coke Copal Cork Corundum Diamond Dolomite Ebonite Emery Epidote Feldspar Flint Fluorite Galena Garnet Gelatin Glass, common lead

2.5-2.7

Pyrex Granite Graphite Gum arabic Gypsum Hematite Hornblende Ice Iron, cast Ivory Kaolin Leather, dry Lime, slaked Limestone Linoleum Magnetite Malachite Marble Meerschaum Mica Muscovite Ochre Opal Paper Paraffin Peat blocks Pitch Polyamides Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Porcelain Porphyry Pyrite Quartz Resin Rock salt Rubber, hard soft pure gum Neoprene Sandstone Serpentine Silica, fused, Silicon carbide Slag Slate

2.23 2.64-2.76 2.30-2.72 1.3-1.4 2.31-2.33 4.9-5.3 3.0 0.917 7.0-7.4 1.83-1.92 2.6 0.86 1.3-1.4 2.68-2.76 1.18 4.9-5.2 3.7-4.1 2.6-2.84 0.99-1.28 2.6-3.2 2.76-3.00 3.5 2.2 0.7-1.15 0.87-0.91 0.84 1.07 1.15-1.25 0.92-0.97 1.19 0.91-0.94 1.06-1.12 2.28-2.30 1.19 1.39-1.42 2.3-2.5 2.6-2.9 4.95-5.10 2.65 1.07 2.18

Soapstone Solder Starch Steel, stainless Sugar Talc Tallow, beef Tar Topaz Tourmaline Tungsten carbide Wax, sealing Wood (seasoned) alder apple ash balsa bamboo basswood beech birch blue gum box butternut cedar cherry dogwood ebony elm hickory holly juniper larch locust logwood mahogany maple oak pear pine, pitch white yellow plum poplar satinwood spruce sycamore teak, Indian walnut water gum willow Wood’s metal

2.6-2.8 8.7-9.4 1.53 7.8 1.59 2.7-2.8 0.94 1.02 3.5-3.6 3.0-3.2 14.0-15.0 1.8

2.69-2.78 2.26-2.32 2.62-2.65 1.06-1.11 2.9-3.2 2.74-2.76 2.0-2.8 1.8 1.1-1.5 2.4-3.1 0.96-0.97 2.69-2.70 2.7-3.1 1.7-2.0 8.44-8.75 1.4-2.2 8.74-8.89 0.86-0.87 4.1-4.5 2.6-2.8 0.99 0.69 1.4 2.7-3.0 1.9-2.8 0.57 0.28-0.44 8.12 1.8-2.6 1.4-1.8 1.2-1.5 1.0-1.7 1.04-1.14 0.22-0.26 3.9-4.0 3.51 2.84 1.15 4.0 3.25-3.50 2.55-2.75 2.63 3.18 7.3-7.6 3.15-4.3 1.27 2.4-2.8 3-4

15-29

1.19 1.1 0.91-0.93 1.23-1.25 2.14-2.36 2.50-2.65 2.21 3.16 2.0-3.9 2.6-3.3

0.42-0.68 0.66-0.84 0.65-0.85 0.11-0.14 0.31-0.40 0.32-0.59 0.70-0.90 0.51-0.77 1.00 0.95-1.16 0.38 0.49-0.57 0.70-0.90 0.76 1.11-1.33 0.54-0.60 0.60-0.93 0.76 0.56 0.50-0.56 0.67-0.71 0.91 0.66-0.85 0.62-0.75 0.60-0.90 0.61-0.73 0.83-0.85 0.35-0.50 0.37-0.60 0.66-0.78 0.35-0.50 0.95 0.48-0.70 0.40-0.60 0.66-0.98 0.64-0.70 1.00 0.40-0.60 9.70

DENSITY OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES This table gives the density of mixtures of ethanol and water as a function of composition and temperature. The composition is specified in weight percent of ethanol, i.e., mass of ethanol per 100 g of solution. Values from the reference have been converted to true densities.

REFERENCE Washburn, E. W., Ed., International Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926-1932.

Weight % Ethanol 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

10 ∞C

15 ∞C

Density in g/cm3 20 ∞C 25 ∞C

30 ∞C

35 ∞C

40 ∞C

0.99970 0.99095 0.98390 0.97797 0.97249 0.96662 0.95974 0.95159 0.94235 0.93223 0.92159 0.91052 0.89924 0.88771 0.87599 0.86405 0.85194 0.83948 0.82652 0.81276 0.79782

0.99910 0.99029 0.98301 0.97666 0.97065 0.96421 0.95683 0.94829 0.93879 0.92849 0.91773 0.90656 0.89520 0.88361 0.87184 0.85985 0.84769 0.83522 0.82225 0.80850 0.79358

0.99820 0.98935 0.98184 0.97511 0.96861 0.96165 0.95379 0.94491 0.93515 0.92469 0.91381 0.90255 0.89110 0.87945 0.86763 0.85561 0.84341 0.83093 0.81795 0.80422 0.78932

0.99565 0.98667 0.97872 0.97130 0.96392 0.95604 0.94738 0.93787 0.92767 0.91689 0.90577 0.89434 0.88275 0.87097 0.85905 0.84695 0.83470 0.82218 0.80920 0.79553 0.78073

0.99403 0.98498 0.97682 0.96908 0.96131 0.95303 0.94400 0.93422 0.92382 0.91288 0.90165 0.89013 0.87848 0.86664 0.85467 0.84254 0.83027 0.81772 0.80476 0.79112 0.77639

0.99222 0.98308 0.97472 0.96667 0.95853 0.94988 0.94052 0.93048 0.91989 0.90881 0.89747 0.88586 0.87414 0.86224 0.85022 0.83806 0.82576 0.81320 0.80026 0.78668 0.77201

0.99705 0.98814 0.98040 0.97331 0.96636 0.95892 0.95064 0.94143 0.93145 0.92082 0.90982 0.89847 0.88696 0.87524 0.86337 0.85131 0.83908 0.82658 0.81360 0.79989 0.78504

15-33

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DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF INSULATING MATERIALS L. I. Berger The loss of the dielectric properties by a sample of a gaseous, liquid, or solid insulator as a result of application to the sample of an electric field* greater than a certain critical magnitude is called dielectric breakdown. The critical magnitude of electric field at which the breakdown of a material takes place is called the dielectric strength of the material (or breakdown voltage). The dielectric strength of a material depends on the specimen thickness (as a rule, thin films have greater dielectric strength than that of thicker samples of a material), the electrode shape**, the rate of the applied voltage increase, the shape of the voltage vs. time curve, and the medium surrounding the sample, e.g., air or other gas (or a liquid — for solid materials only). Breakdown in Gases The current carriers in gases are free electrons and ions generated by external radiation. The equilibrium concentration of these particles at normal pressure is about 103 cm-3, and hence the electrical conductivity is very small, of the order of 10-16 - 10-15 S/cm. But in a strong electric field, these particles acquire kinetic energy along their free pass, large enough to ionize the gas molecules. The new charged particles ionize more molecules; this avalanche-like process leads to formation between the electrodes of channels of conducting plasma (streamers), and the electrical resistance of the space between the electrodes decreases virtually to zero. Because the dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) of gases strongly depends on the electrode geometry and surface condition and the gas pressure, it is generally accepted to present the data for a particular gas as a fraction of the dielectric strength of either nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride measured at the same conditions. In Table 1, the data are presented in comparison with the dielectric strength of nitrogen, which is considered equal to 1.00. For convenience to the reader, a few average magnitudes of the dielectric strength of some gases are expressed in kilovolts per millimeter. The data in the table relate to the standard conditions, unless indicated otherwise. Breakdown in Liquids If a liquid is pure, the breakdown mechanism in it is similar to that in gases. If a liquid contains liquid impurities in the form of small drops with greater dielectric constant than that of the main liquid, the breakdown is the result of formation of ellipsoids from these drops by the electric field. In a strong enough electric field, these ellipsoids merge and form a high-conductivity channel between the electrodes. The current increases the temperature in the channel, liquid boils, and the current along the steam canal leads to breakdown. Formation of a conductive channel (bridge) between the electrodes is observed also in liquids with solid impurities. If a liquid contains gas impurities in the form of small bubbles, breakdown is the result of heating of the liquid in strong electric fields. In the locations with the highest current density, the liquid boils, the size of the gas bubbles increases, they merge and form gaseous channels between the electrodes, and the breakdown medium is again the gas plasma. Breakdown in Solids It is known that the current in solid insulators does not obey Ohm’s law in strong electric fields. The current density increases almost exponentially with the electric field, and at a certain field magnitude it jumps to very high magnitudes at which a specimen of a material is destroyed. The two known kinds of electric breakdown are thermal and electrical breakdowns. The former is the result of material heating by the electric current. Destruction of a sample of a material happens when, at a certain voltage, the amount of heat produced by the current exceeds the heat release through the sample surface; the breakdown voltage in this case is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. The electrical breakdown results from the tunneling of the charge carriers from electrodes or from the valence band or from the impurity levels into the conduction band, or by the impact ionization. The tunnel effect breakdown happens mainly in thin layers, e.g., in thin p-n junctions. Otherwise, the impact ionization mechanism dominates. For this mechanism, the dielectric strength of an insulator can be estimated using Boltzmann’s kinetic equation for electrons in a crystal. In the following tables, the dielectric strength values are for room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, unless indicated otherwise.

* The unit of electric field in the SI system is newton per coulomb or volt per meter. ** For example, the U.S. standard ASTM D149 is based on use of symmetrical electrodes, while per U.K. standard BS2918 one electrode is a plane and the other is a rod with the axis normal to the plane.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

Table 1 Dielectric Strength of Gases

Material Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Oxygen, O2 Air Air (flat electrodes), kV/mm Air, kV/mm Air, kV/mm Neon, Ne Argon, Ar Chlorine, Cl2 Carbon monoxide, CO Carbon dioxide, CO2

Nitrous oxide, N2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2 (at 12.5 Torr) Thionyl fluoride, SOF2 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, kV/mm Perchloryl fluoride, ClO3F Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 Tetrafluoromethane, CF4 Methane, CH4 Bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br Bromomethane, CH3Br Chloromethane, CH3Cl Iodomethane, CH3I Iodomethane, CH3I, at 370 Torr Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3

Dielectric* Strength Ref. 1.00 0.50 0.15 0.92 0.97 3.0 0.4-0.7 1.40 0.25 0.16 0.18 1.55 1.02 1.05 0.88 0.82 0.84 1.24 2.63 2.68 1.02

1,2 1 2 6 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 2 2 6 1

2.50 2.50 2.63 8.50 9.8 2.73 6.33 6.21 1.01 1.00 1.13 1.35 1.97 0.71 1.29 3.02 2.20 1.92 2.42 2.63 1.43 1.53

1 1 2 7 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 7 2 1 2,6 1 2

Material Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F

Dielectric* Strength Ref.

3.50 4.53 Trichloromethane, CHCl3 4.2 4.39 Methylamine, CH3NH2 0.81 Difluoromethane, CH2F2 0.79 Trifluoromethane, CHF3 0.71 3.84 Bromochlorodifluoromethane, CF2ClBr Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2 1.40 1.11 Dichlorofluoromethane, CHCl2F 1.33 2.61 Chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF 1.03 Hexafluoroethane, C2F6 1.82 2.55 Ethyne (Acetylene), C2H2 1.10 1.11 2.3 Chloropentafluoroethane, C2ClF5 3.0 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4 2.52 Chlorotrifluoroethylene, C2ClF3 1.82 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.55 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.05 Chloroethane, C2H5Cl 1.00 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.66 Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN 3.5 Acetonitrile, CH3CN 2.11 Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH 1.04 Ethylamine, C2H5NH2 1.01 Ethylene oxide (oxirane), CH3CHO 1.01 Perfluoropropene, C3F6 2.55 Octafluoropropane, C3F8 2.19 2.47 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propene, CH2CHCF3 2.11 Pentafluoroisocyanoethane, C2F5NC 4.5 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne, CF3CCCF3 5.84 Octafluorocyclobutane, C4F8 3.34 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-Octafluoro-2-butene 2.8 Decafluorobutane, C4F10 3.08 5.5 Perfluorobutanenitrile, C3F7CN Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5F8 5.5 Hexafluorobenzene, C6F6 2.11 Perfluorocyclohexane, C6F12, (saturated vapor) 6.18

*Relative to nitrogen, unless units of kV/mm are indicated.

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

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1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2

Table 2 Dielectric Strength of Liquids

Material Helium, He, liquid, 4.2 K Static Dynamic Nitrogen, N2, liquid, 77K Coaxial cylinder electrodes Sphere to plane electrodes Water, H2O, distilled Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 Hexane, C6H14 Two 2.54 cm diameter spherical electrodes, 50.8 µm space Cyclohexane, C6H12 2-Methylpentane, C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 Benzene, C6H6 Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C8H18 Phenylxylylethane Heptane, C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane, C7H16 Toluene, C6H5CH3

Octane, C8H18

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

10 10 5 23

9 11 11 12

20 60 65-70 5.5 16.0 42.0

10 10 13 14 15 16

156 42-48 149 133 138 163 7.1 18.8 140 23.6 166 133 199 46 12.0 20.4 16.6

17,18 16 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 14 15 17,18 19 17,18 17,18 17,18 16 14 15 14

Material

Ethylbenzene, C8H10 Propylbenzene, C9H12 Isopropylbenzene, C9H12 Decane, C10H22 Synthetic Paraffin Mixture Synfluid 2cSt PAO Butylbenzene, C10H14 Isobutylbenzene, C10H14 Silicone oils—polydimethylsiloxanes, (CH3)3Si-O-[Si(CH3)2]x-O-Si(CH3)3 Polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid Dimethyl silicone Phenylmethyl silicone Silicone oil, Basilone M50 Mineral insulating oils Polybutene oil for capacitors Transformer dielectric liquid Isopropylbiphenyl capacitor oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Agip ITE 360 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons Fluorinert FC 6001 Fluorinert FC 77 Perfluorinated polyethers Galden XAD (Mol. wt. 800) Galden D40 (Mol. wt. 2000) Castor oil

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

20.4 179 226 250 238 192

15 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18

29.5 275 222

37 17,18 17,18

15.4 24.0 23.2 10-15 11.8 13.8 28-30 23.6 110.7 9-12.6

20 21,22 22 23 6 6 6 6 24 23

8.0 10.7

23 23

10.5 10.2 65

23 23 25

Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids

Material Sodium chloride, NaCl, crystalline Potassium bromide, KBr, crystalline Ceramics Alumina (99.9% Al2O3) Aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5 Berillia (99% BeO) Boron nitride, BN Cordierite, Mg2Al4Si5O18 Forsterite, Mg2SiO4 Porcelain Steatite, Mg3Si4O11•H2O Titanates of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb Barium titanate, glass bonded Zirconia, ZrO2 Glasses Fused silica, SiO2 Alkali-silicate glass Standard window glass Micas Muscovite, ruby, natural

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

150 80

26 26

13.4 5.9 13.8 37.4 7.9 9.8 35-160 9.1-15.4 20-120 >30 11.4

6,27a 6 6,27b 6 6,27c 28 26 6 3 36 29

470-670 200 9.8-13.8

26 26 28

118

6

Material Phlogopite, amber, natural Fluorophlogopite, synthetic Glass-bonded mica Thermoplastic Polymers Polypropylene Amide polymer nylon 6/6, dry Polyamide-imide copolymer Modified polyphenylene oxide Polystyrene Polymethyl methacrylate Polyetherimide Amide polymer nylon 11(dry) Polysulfone Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polyethersulfone Polybutylene terephthalate Polystyrene-butadiene copolymer Acetal homopolymer Acetal copolymer

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

118 118 14.0-15.7

6 6 6

23.6 23.6 22.8 21.7 19.7 19.7 18.9 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.0 15.0

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)

Material

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Polyphenylene sulfide 15.0 Polycarbonate 15.0 Acetal homopolymer resin (molding resin) 15.0 Acetal copolymer resin 15.0 Thermosetting Molding Compounds Glass-filled allyl 15.7 (Type GDI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled epoxy, electrical grade 15.4 Glass-filled phenolic 15.0 (Type GPI-100 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled alkyd/polyester 14.8 (Type MAI-60 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled melamine 13.4 (Type MMI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Extrusion Compounds for High-Temperature Insulation Polytetrafluoroethylene 19.7 Perfluoroalkoxy polymer 21.7 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer 19.7 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 15.7 Polyvinylidene fluoride 10.2 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 19.3 copolymer Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 19.7 Extrusion Compounds for Low-Temperature Insulation Polyvinyl chloride Flexible 11.8-15.7 Rigid 13.8-19.7 Polyethylene 18.9 Polyethylene, low-density 21.7 300 Polyethylene, high-density 19.7 Polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer 23.6 Embedding Compounds Basic epoxy resin: 19.7 bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin polycondensate Cycloaliphatic epoxy: alicyclic 19.7 diepoxy carboxylate Polyetherketone 18.9 Polyurethanes Two-component, polyol-cured 25.4 Two-part solventless, 24.0 polybutylene-based Silicones Clear two-part heat curing eletrical 21.7 grade silicone embedding resin Red insulating enamel (MIL-E-22118) Dry 47.2 Wet 11.8 Enamels Red enamel, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Black enamel Standard conditions 70.9 Immersion conditions 47.2

Ref. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

30 30 28 6 31 6 6 6

6 30 6 6

6

6 6

6 6 6 6

Material

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Varnishes Vacuum-pressure impregnated baking type solventless polyester varnish Rigid, two-part 70.9 Semiflexible high-bond thixotropic 78.7 Rigid high-bond high-flash 68.9 freon-resistant Baking type epoxy varnish Solventless, rigid, low viscosity, 90.6 one-part Solventless, semiflexible, one-part 82.7 Solventless, semirigid, chemical 106.3 resistant, low dielectric constant Solvable, for hermetic electric motors 181.1 Polyurethane coating Clear conformal, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Insulating Films and Tapes Low-density polyethylene film 300 (40 µm thick) Poly-p-xylylene film 410-590 Aromatic polymer films Kapton H (Du Pont) 389-430 Ultem (GE Plastic and Roem AG) 437-565 Hostaphan (Hoechst AG) 338-447 Amorphous Stabar K2000 404-422 (ICI film) Stabar S100 (ICI film) 353-452 Polyetherimide film (26 µm) 486 Parylene N/D (poly-p-xylylene/polydichloro-p-xylylene) 25 µm film 275 Cellulose acetate film 157 Cellulose triacetate film 157 Polytetrafluoroethylene film 87-173 Perfluoroalkoxy film 157-197 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene 197 copolymer film Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film 197 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 197 copolymer film Polychlorotrifluoroethylene film 118-153.5 High-voltage rubber insulating tape 28 Composites Isophthalic polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 15.0 Gypsum, CaSO4 14.4 Alumina trihydrate 15.4 Clay 14.4 BPA fumarate polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate 6.1 Gypsum 5.9 Alumina trihydrate 11.8 Clay 12.6

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Ref.

6 6 6

6 6 6 6

6 6 31 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

38 38 38 38

38 38 38 38

Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)

Material Polysulfone resin—30% glass fiber Polyamid resin (Nylon 66)— 30% carbon fiber Polyimide thermoset resin, glass reinforced Polyester resin (thermoplastic)— 40% glass fiber Epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), glass reinforced Various Insulators Rubber, natural

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

16.5-18.7

38

13.0

38

12.0

39

20.0

38

16.0

40

100-215

26

Material Butyl rubber Neoprene Silicone rubber Room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber Ureas (from carbamide to tetraphenylurea) Dielectric papers Aramid paper, calendered Aramid paper, uncalendered Aramid with Mica

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

23.6 15.7-27.6 26-36 9.2-10.9

6 6 6 35

11.8-15.7

28

28.7 12.2 39.4

6 6 6

REFERENCES 1. Vijh, A. K. IEEE Trans., EI-12, 313, 1997. 2. Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans., EI-17, 451, 1982. 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds., Vol. 4, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1965. 4. Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 92, 1997. 5. Al-Arainy, A. A. Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 305, 1994. 6. Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 7. Devins, J. C., IEEE Trans., EI-15, 81, 1980. 8. Xu, X., Jayaram, S., and Boggs, S. A., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 836, 1996. 9. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Nayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 120, 1997. 10. Hayakawa, H., Sakakibara, H., Goshima, H., Hikita, M., and Okubo, H., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 127, 1997. 11. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Hayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 220, 1997. 12. Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. 13. Jones, H. M. and Kunhards, E. E., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1016, 1994. 14. Nitta, Y. and Ayhara, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-11, 91, 1976. 15. Gallagher, T. J., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 249, 1977. 16. Wong, P. P. and Forster, E. O., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 1, 1979. 17. Kao, K. C. IEEE Trans., EI-11, 121, 1976. 18. Sharbaugh, A. H., Crowe, R. W., and Cox, E. B., J. Appl. Phys., 27, 806, 1956. 19. Miller, R. L., Mandelcorn, L., and Mercier, G. E., in Proc. Intl. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xian, China, June 24-28, 1985; cited in Ref. 6, p. 492. 20. Hakim, R. M., Oliver, R. G., and St-Onge, H., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 360, 1977. 21. Hosticka, C., IEEE Trans., 389, 1977. 22. Yasufuku, S., Umemura, T., and Ishioka, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 402, 1977. 23. Forster, E. O., Yamashita, H., Mazzetti, C., Pompini, M., Caroli, L., and Patrissi, S., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 440, 1994. 24. Bell, W. R., IEEE Trans., 281, 1977. 25. Ramu, T. C. and Narayana Rao, Y., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 37. 26. Skanavi, G. I., Fizika Dielektrikov; Oblast Silnykh Polei (Physics of Dielectrics; Strong Fields). Gos. Izd. Fiz. Mat. Nauk (State Publ. House for Phys. and Math. Scis.), Moscow, 1958. 27. Kleiner, R. N., in Practical Handbook of Materials Science, Lynch, C. T., Ed., CRC Press, 1989; 27a: p. 304; 27b: p.300; 27c: p. 316. 28. Materials Selector Guide. Materials and Methods, Reinhold Publ., New York, 1973. 29. Flinn, R. A. and Trojan, P. K., Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1981, p. 614. 30. Lynch, C. T., Ed., Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 31. Suzuki, H., Mukai, S., Ohki, Y., Nakamichi, Y., and Ajiki, K., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 238, 1997. 32. Mori, T., Matsuoka, T., and Muzitani, T., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 71, 1994. 33. Bjellheim, P. and Helgee, B., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 89, 1994. 34. Zheng, J. P., Cygan, P. J., and Jow, T. R., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 144, 1996. 35. Danukas, M. G., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1196, 1994. 36. Burn, I. and Smithe, D. H., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 339, 1972. 37. Hope, K.D., Chevron Chemical, Private Communication.

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38. Engineering Materials Handbook, vol. 1, Composites, C.A. Dostal, Ed., ASM Intl., 1987. 39. 1985 Materials Selector, Mater. Eng., (12) 1984. 40. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, v. 62 (No. 10A) 1985–1986. Review Literature on the Subject R1.Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W. S., HV Engineering Fundamentals, Pergamon, 1989. R2.Kok, J. A., Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Liquids, Phillips Tech. Library, Cleaver-Hum, Longon, 1961. R3.Gallagher, T. J., Simple Dielectric Liquids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. R4.Meek, J. M. and Craggs, J. D., Eds., Electric Breakdown in Gases, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. R5.Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954.

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COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION The coefficient of friction between two surfaces is the ratio of the force required to move one over the other to the force pressing the two together. Thus if F is the minimum force needed to move one surface over the other, and W is the force pressing the surfaces together, the coefficient of friction µ is given by µ = F/W. A greater force is generally needed to initiate movement from rest that to continue the motion once sliding has started. Thus the static coefficient of friction µ(static) is usually larger that the sliding or kinetic coefficient µ(sliding). This table gives characteristic values of both the static and sliding coefficients of friction for a number of material combinations. In each case Material 1 is moving over the surface of Material 2. The type of lubrication or any other special condition is indicated in the third column. All values refer to room temperature unless otherwise indicated. It should be emphasized that the coefficient of friction is very sensitive to the condition of the surface, so that these values represent only a rough guide.

REFERENCES 1. Minshall, H., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd Edition, Lide, D. R., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 2. Fuller, D. D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Material 1

Material 2

Conditions

µ(static)

µ(sliding)

0.78 0.15 0.005 0.11 0.23

0.42 0.081 0.029 0.084

Metals Hard steel

Hard steel

Hard steel Mild steel

Graphite Mild steel

Mild steel Mild steel Mild steel

Phosphor bronze Cast iron Lead

Mild steel Cast iron Aluminum Aluminum Brass

Brass Cast iron Aluminum Mild steel Mild steel

Brass Bronze Cadmium Copper Copper

Cast iron Cast iron Mild steel Copper Mild steel

Copper Copper Lead Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Nickel Nickel Tin Zinc

Cast iron Glass Cast iron Magnesium Mild steel Cast iron Nickel Mild steel Cast iron Cast iron

Dry Castor oil Steric acid Lard Light mineral oil Graphite Dry Dry Oleic acid Dry Dry Dry Mineral oil Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Castor oil Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Oleic acid Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry

Diamond Diamond

Diamond Metals

Dry Dry

0.058 0.21 0.74

0.95 0.5 0.35 1.10 1.05 0.61 0.51 0.11

0.15 1.4 0.47 0.44 0.30 0.22 0.46

1.6 0.53 1.05 0.68

0.36 0.18 0.29 0.53 0.43

0.6

1.10

0.85

Nonmetals 0.1 0.12

15-50

0.57 0.09 0.34 0.23 0.95 0.3

0.42 0.25 0.53 0.64 0.32 0.21

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (continued) Material 1

Material 2

Conditions

Garnet Glass Glass Graphite Mica Nylon Nylon Polyethylene Polyethylene Polystyrene Polystyrene Sapphire Teflon Teflon Tungsten carbide

Mild steel Glass Nickel Graphite Mica Nylon Steel Polyethylene Steel Polystyrene Steel Sapphire Teflon Steel Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide

Graphite Steel

Dry Dry Dry Dry Freshly cleaved Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry, room temp. Dry, 1000°C Dry, 1600°C Oleic acid Dry Dry Oleic acid

µ(static) 0.94 0.78 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.40 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.45 1.8 0.12 0.15 0.5 0.08

µ(sliding) 0.39 0.4 0.56

0.04 0.04

Miscellaneous materials Cotton Leather Leather Oak

Cotton Cast iron Oak Oak

Silk Wood

Silk Wood

Wood Wood

Brick Leather

Ice

Ice

Aluminum

Snow

Brass

Ice

Nylon

Snow

Teflon

Snow

Wax, ski

Snow

Threads Dry Parallel to grain Parallel to grain Perpendicular to grain Clean Dry Wet Dry Dry

0.3 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.6 0.35

0.56 0.52 0.48 0.32

Various materials on ice and snow Clean, 0°C Clean, -12°C Clean, -80°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Clean, 0°C Clean, -80°C Wet, 0°C Dry, -10°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Dry, -10°C

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0.1 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.35

0.02 0.035 0.09

0.02 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.2

FLAME TEMPERATURES This table gives the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichemetric mixtures of various fuels and oxidizers. The temperatures are calculated from thermodynamic and transport properties under ideal adiabatic conditions, using methods described in the reference.

REFERENCE Fristrom, R. M., Flame Structures and Processes, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.

Adiabatic Flame Temperature in K for Various Fuel-Oxidizer Combinations Oxidizer Fuel

Air

Organic liquids and gases Acetaldehyde 2288 Acetone 2253 Acetylene 2607 Benzene 2363 Butane 2248 Carbon disulfide 2257 Cyanogen 2596 Cyclohexane 2250 Cyclopropane 2370 Decane 2286 Ethane 2244 Ethanol 2238 Ethylene 2375 Hexane 2238 Methane 2236 Methanol 2222 Oxirane 2177 Pentane 2250 Propane 2250 Toluene 2344 Solids Aluminum Lithium Phosphorus (white) Zirconium Other Ammonia Carbon monoxide 1388 Diborane Hydrazine Hydrogen 2169 Hydrogen sulfide 2091 Phosphine Silane

O2

F2

Cl2

N2 O

NO

4006

2493

2965

3127

4855

4005 2711 3242 4278 2845 3350 3037 3000 3414 3139 3043

15-40

ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM In the United States the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has responsibility for assigning each portion of the radio spectrum (9 kHz to 300 GHz) for different uses. These assignments must be compatible with the rules of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), to which the United States is bound by treaty. The current assignments are given in a wall chart (Reference 1) and may also be found on the NTIA web site (Reference 2). The list below summarizes the broad features of the spectrum allocation, with particular attention to those sections of scientific interest. The references should be consulted for details of the allocations in the frequency bands listed here, which in some cases are quite complex. REFERENCES 1. United States Frequency Allocations, 1996 Spectrum Wall Chart, Stock No. 003-000-00652-2, U. S. Government Printing Office, P. O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. 2. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html Frequency range 9 - 19.95 kHz 19.95 - 20.05 kHz 20.05 - 535 kHz 535 - 1605 kHz 1605 - 3500 kHz 3.5 - 4.0 MHz 4.0 - 5.95 MHz 5.95 - 13.36 MHz 13.36 - 13.41 MHz 13.41 - 25.55 MHz 25.55 - 25.67 MHz 25.67 - 37.5 MHz 37.5 -38.25 MHz 38.25 - 50.0 MHz 50.0 - 54.0 MHz 54.0 - 72.0 MHz 72.0 - 73.0 MHz 73.0 - 74.6 MHz 74.6 - 76.0 MHz 76.0 - 88.0 MHz 88.0 - 108.0 MHz 108.0 - 118.0 MHz 118.0 - 174.0 MHz 174.0 - 216.0 MHz 216.0 - 400.05 MHz 400.05 - 400.15 MHz 400.15 - 406.1 MHz 406.1 - 410.0 MHz 410.0 - 470.0 MHz 470.0 - 512.0 MHz 512.0 - 608.0 MHz 608.0 - 614.0 MHz 614.0 - 806.0 MHz 806 -1400 MHz 1400 - 1427 MHz 1427 - 1660 MHz 1660 - 1710 MHz 1710 - 2655 MHz 2655 - 2700 MHz 2.7 - 4.99 GHz 4.99 - 5.0 GHz 5.0 - 10.6 GHz 10.6 - 10.7 GHz 10.7 - 15.35 GHz 15.35 - 15.4 GHz 15.4 - 22.21 GHz

Allocation Maritime communication, navigation Standard frequency and time signal (also at 60 kHz and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz) Maritime and aeronautical communication, navigation AM radio broadcasting Mobile communication and navigation, amateur radio (1800-1900 kHz) Amateur radio Mobile communication Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication Amateur TV channels 2-4 Mobile communication Radioastronomy Mobile communication TV channels 5-6 FM radio broadcasting Aeronautical navigation Mobile communication, space research, meteorological satellites TV channels 7-13 Mobile communication Standard frequency and time satellite (also 20 and 25 GHz) Meteorological aids (radiosonde) Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur TV channels 14-20 TV channels 21-36 Radioastronomy TV channels 38-69 Mobile communication, navigation Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research, meteorology Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications

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ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM (continued) Frequency range

Allocation

22.21 - 22.5 GHz 22.25 - 23.6 GHz 23.6 - 24.0 GHz 24.0 - 31.3 GHz 31.3 - 31.8 GHz 31.8 - 42.5 GHz 42.5 - 43.5 GHz 43.5 - 51.4 GHz 51.4 - 54.25 GHz 54.25 - 58.2 GHz 58.2 - 59.0 GHz 59.0 - 64.0 GHz 64.0 - 65.0 GHz 65.0 - 72.77 GHz 72.77 - 72.91 GHz 72.91 - 86.0 GHz 86.0 - 92.0 GHz 92.0 - 105.0 GHz 105.0 - 116.0 GHz 116.0 - 164.0 GHz 164.0 - 168.0 GHz 168.0 - 182.0 GHz 182.0 - 185.0 GHz 185.0 - 217.0 GHz 217.0 - 231.0 GHz 231.0 - 265.0 GHz 265.0 - 275.0 GHz 275.0 - 300.0 GHz

Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Space research Radioastronomy, space research Satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Mobile communications

15-37

Section 16: Health and Safety Information Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories Flammability of Chemical Substances Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Protection Against Ionizing Radiation Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides Chemical Carcinogens

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FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are: tB : Normal boiling point in °C ( at 101.325 kPa pressure). FP: Flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Reference 1). Fl. Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. A ? indicates that one of the limits is not known. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. As in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions. Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6°C (Reference 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temperatures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is available. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 2. Urben, P.G., Editor, Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 3. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 4. Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. Mol. Form.

tB/°C

Name

FP/°C

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

-90 30 <0

1-98% 0.4-?

≈40 35 ≈20 ≈20 36 104 ≈20 ≈50

Compounds not containing carbon B2H6 B5H9 BrH3Si Br3HSi Cl2H2Si Cl3HSi GeH4 Ge2H6 H2 H2S H2S2 H2Te H3N H3P H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H6Si2 H8Si3 P

Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromosilane Tribromosilane Dichlorosilane Trichlorosilane Germane Digermane Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Disilane Trisilane Phosphorus (white)

-92.4 60 1.9 109 8.3 33 -88.1 29 -252.8 -59.55 70.7 -2 -33.33 -87.75 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -14.3 52.9 280.5

4.1-99% -50

4-74% 4-44%

260

<22 -50

38 -112 -14 <0

16-25% 1.8-? 5-100% 1.4-?

≈20 ≈20 ≈20 ≈20 38

Compounds containing carbon CHN CH2Cl2 CH2N2

Hydrogen cyanide Dichloromethane Cyanamide

26 40

-18 141

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6-40% 13-23%

538 556

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CO COS CS2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3F C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5N C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6OS C2H6O2

tB/°C

Name Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Dichloromethylsilane Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon disulfide Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Difluoroethylene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichlorovinylsilane Fluoroethylene Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethaneperoxoic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethylene chlorohydrin Trichloroethylsilane Ethyleneimine Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite Ethyl nitrate Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol

-19.1 101 3.5 -24.0 65.6 220 101.1 -161.5 41 64.6 5.9 -6.3 87.5 -191.5 -50 46 -27.8 -75.9 87.2 108 -84.7 31.6 60.1 48.7 -85.7 15.8 -13.3 -9.7 50.7 123.5 74.0 113.8 91.5 -72 81.6 39.5 -103.7 124.5 57.4 83.5 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 110 38.5 12.3 128.6 100.5 56 114.0 18 87.2 -88.6 70.3 78.2 -24.8 158 189 197.3

16-17

FP/°C 85 70 50

-9 154 35 -9 11 -18 0 -8

-30

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

7.0-73% 7.0-73% 18-57% 10-16% 8.1-17.4% 7.6->20%

424 300 434 537 632 >404

7.3-? 5.0-15.0% 6.0-55% 6.0-36% 3.9-21.8% 4.9-20.7% 2.5-92% 12.5-74% 12-29% 1.3-50.0% 8.4-16.0% 10.0-50.0% 8-10.5%

418 537 316 464 430 194 609 90 200 420

66 2.5-100% 6.5-15.5% 3-15% 6-13% 5.5-21.3% 9-15% 3.6-33.0% 6-18%

305 570 460 460

8-10.5% 6-28%

500 460

6 -7

2.6-21.7% 3.0-16.0% 5.3-26% 2.7-36%

524 534 450

56 -17 13 -39 -20 39 -19 41

5.4-11.4% 6.2-16% 4.0-60% 3.0-100% 4.0-19.9% 4.5-23%

458 413 175 429 463 449

6.8-8.0% 3.8-15.4% 4.9-15.9%

511 519 425

3.3-54.8% 3.4-17% 4.0-50% 4-? 3.0-12.5% 3.4-9.5% 3.3-19% 3.4-27.0%

320 414 90

363 350

2.6-42% 3.2-22%

215 398

-28 6 2

-78 4 76 32 21

-50 60 22 -11 28 -35 10 <21 13 -41 74 95 111

530 472 632 390

472

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3H3Br C3H3N C3H4 C3H4ClN C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl2NO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7Cl3Si C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

tB/°C

Name Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanoyl chloride 2-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane Propanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol Dimethylcyanamide Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol Trichloropropylsilane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane

35.1 37.3 109.8 16.5 6.8 171 117 63.9 -21.1 89 77.3 -23.2 175.5 94 113.6 52.6 141 162 248 70.1 22.6 45.1 118 80 185 95 129.5 145 157 117.5 97.1 221 -47.6 -32.8 142 96.4 176 163.5 97.0 5.5 48 56.0 35 141.1 54.4 56.8 78 90.5 114.5 71.1 46.5 35.7 133.5 127 123.5 53.3 153 131.1

16-18

TeamLRN

FP/°C 83 -17 -37 24 -16 20 86 40 -15 10 0 76 15 36 -26 50 74 143 -1 -37 -32 31 12 107 16 57 66 71 35 2 129

62 57 21 74 71 21 -30 -20 -37 52 -20 -10 2 19 45 <-18 -32 52 52 37 -29 58 36

Fl. Limits 2.8-18.0% 2.2-19.7% 3.5-14% 2.8-14.4% 3.0-23.5% 2.5-12.0% 2-95% 6.6-32% 3.0-? 3.0-17.0% 2.1-12.5%

IT/°C 188 300 206 385 400 410 385 249 324 481

2.6-7.8% 2.8-31% 2.4-8.0% 2.9-?

220 438

4.4-7.3% 4.5-16% 2.9-11.1% 3.8-21.0%

295 485 411 500 500

7.5-18.5% 3.2-12.6% 3.1-14%

512

2.0-11.1% 2.4-10.4%

270 455 498

3.4-14.5%

557

2.5-18.0%

378 287 207 465 449 465 455 454

2.6-17% 2.5-12.8% 3.1-27.5% 2.9-12.1% 2.8-16.0% 3.1-16%

3.6-29% 2.6-11.1% 2.8-10.7%

414 490 520 593

2.2-22% 2.2-15.2% 2.2-?

374 445 421

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9O3P C3H9O4P C3H10N2 C4Cl6 C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O6 C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8

tB/°C

Name 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine Trimethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphate 1,3-Propanediamine Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Vinyloxirane Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate L-Tartaric acid 1-Bromo-2-butene Ethyl bromoacetate 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene

120.2 110 -42.1 97.2 82.3 7.4 187.6 214.4 124.1 42 290 67.5 60 47.2 31.7 2.8 187.5 159.4 158 111.5 197.2 139.8 215 202 5.1 266 31.5 126.1 84.0 59.4 120.5 90.3 129.7 -4.4 26.9 28.3 50 102.2 81.4 68 162.5 72.5 80.7 88 204 139.5 242 104.5 168.5 58.5 71.5 108 144.3 117.6 103.9 251 -6.2 3.7 0.8

16-19

FP/°C

Fl. Limits

24 20 -104 23 12 -37 99

2.6-11.0% 2-100% 2.1-9.5% 2.2-13.7% 2.0-12.7% 2.0-10.1% 2.6-12.5%

39 -32 199 -8 -28 -37 -37 -5 80 77 74 54 107 24

1.8-14% 2.2-13.8% 3-19%

102 132 -36 34 -1 -20 16 1 39 -31 <-30 <-7 13 -7 <-50 77 -8 -3 27 98 49 135 210

2.0-10.4% 2.0-11.6%

IT/°C 428 175 450 412 399 190 371 400 285 237 370 395 318 402 190 374

1.4-7.1% 21-100%

610 477

2.3-14.3%

4.0-20.0% 2-6.8% 2.0-12.0% 1.4-? 1.7-27%

420 360

2.1-15.5% 2.1-15.6%

232 491

1.6-8.8% 2.6-13.4% 2.8-25%

68 402 468

2.7-10.3%

316 425

4.6-12.0% 48 -19 -12 27 64 24 8 74 129

2.3-9.3% 3.2-8.1%

1.6-? 2.2-12.0%

501 482 688

1.6-10.0% 1.7-9.0% 1.8-9.7%

385 325 324

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10N2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S

tB/°C

Name Isobutene Cyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 3-Hydroxybutanal 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Methyl lactate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Butanal oxime 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane Piperazine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 2,2′-Thiodiethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol

-6.9 12.6 124.1 161 178.5 121.5 114.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 64.5 79.5 65 147 163.7 154.4 80.9 68.2 77.1 79.8 101.5 287.3 144.8 188 101.6 91.2 78.6 68.2 68.5 50.9 148.5 86.5 205 165 154 152.5 128 133 -0.5 -11.7 146 117.7 99.5 107.8 82.4 34.5 39.1 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 135 85 282 245.8 208 98.5 85

16-20

TeamLRN

FP/°C <10

Fl. Limits 1.8-9.6% 1.8-?

IT/°C 465 275

52 55 27 33 <-46 -22 -22 -18 -9 -14 42 72 56 -3 -6 -4 -2 66 12 177 49 102 18 21 -12 -10 -6 0 54 3 110 70 58 ≈70 37 179 36 -60 -87 81 37 24 28 11 -45 -20 40 121 121 43 -2 27 160 124 104 2 -23

2.7-? 4.2-35.3%

369 349

1.7-28% 1.7-19% 1.9-12.5% 1.6-10.6% 1.4-11.4% 2-11.8%

202 439 218 196 404 321

2.0-10.0% 2.0-9.2%

2.0-22%

443 481 455 485 426 469 250 180

2.2-?

385

2.6-6.6%

265

1.9-10.1%

240

2.0-11.5% 2.5-13%

2.0-8.7%

1.8-11.5%

490

1.4-11.2%

290 460

1.9-8.5% 1.8-8.4%

287 460

1.4-11.2% 1.7-9.8% 1.7-10.6% 2.4-8.0% 1.9-36.0% 2.0-14.8%

343 405 415 478 180

395

3-18%

402 235 202

2-17%

298 224 436

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10Se C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7N C5H7NO C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

tB/°C

Name 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl selenide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine 2-Amino-1-butanol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Furfural Pyridine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methylpyrazine 3-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Furanmethanamine Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Allyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Methyl acetoacetate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 3-Ethoxypropanal Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

88.5 64.3 108 77.0 63.5 44.0 67.7 55.5 178 165.5 268.8 78 207 161.7 115.2 32 137 66 171 115 145.5 205 34.0 40.1 44.2 98 130.5 86 103.5 94 91.2 99.4 100.5 138 171.7 202 29.9 36.9 36.3 31.2 20.1 38.5 49.3 179 173 140.4 103 102.2 101.9 88 78 186.1 176.5 106.1 98.2 101.5 88.6 99.1 102.8 135.2 178

16-21

FP/°C

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

2 <-29 -12 -9 -9 -9 -23 74 67 172 -12 98 60 20 <-7 50 -30 75 16 37 110 -54 <-20 -29

2.5-? 1.7-9.8%

312

1.7-8.9% 2-12% 1.8-10.1%

380 378 312

2-13% 1.9-? 2-6.7% 2.1-19.3% 1.8-12.4%

662 358 316 482

1.8-16.3%

491

1.5-8.9%

395 395

1.8-9.0% 26 -18 22 26 1 10 10 34 77 96 -18 <-20 <-20 -20 -7 -20 -25 >27 65 51 12 7 13 -20 -11 96 18 5 13 2 12 14 38 75

374 432 1.4-14% 1.7-8.2%

372

1-10% 1.5-8.7%

340 280 346 275

1.5-9.1%

365

1.5-?

361

1.5-8.2% 1.6-?

222 452 450

1.7-8.2% 2-9% 1.7-8% 1.8-8% 1.9-11%

400 416 322 320 450 460 440

1.5-9.7%

282

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl3Si C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6H2Cl4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5NO2 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N

tB/°C

Name Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Trichloropentylsilane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine Isopentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Methylpiperazine Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2-Isopropoxyethanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Pentylamine Butylmethylamine 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Nitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2-Benzenediol Resorcinol p-Hydroquinone Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine

126 143 154.5 129.8 107.8 85.6 98.9 172 106.2 81 116 99.2 36.0 27.8 9.4 138 176.5 137.9 119.3 116.2 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 113.5 63.2 239 145 208 193 126.6 104.3 91 244.5 315 213.5 242 180 173 174 210 156.0 131.7 174.9 220 272 201 84.7 210.8 85 80.0 332 181.8 245 287 184.1 129.3 145.3

16-22

TeamLRN

FP/°C 25 49 46 32 13 <21 63 16 -14 24 -40 -51 -65 42 77 33 34 41 50 43 19 38 37 <-20 129 33 129 96 18 3 -1 13 155 194 105 127 66 72 66 114 51 28 64 121 166 91 -15 88 224 <-20 -11 199 79 127 127 165 70 39 57

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

1.5-12.3% 1.5-?

392 400

1.6-8.6% 1.5-7.4% 1.5-7.4%

260 345

1.4-8.0% 1.4-7.6% 1.4-7.5%

1.2-10.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0%

210 260 420 450

300 343 435 385 350 437

1.7-9.0% 335

1.38-22.7%

399 240

2.2-22%

2.0-22% 2.5-6.6%

571

2.2-9.2%

648

1.3-9.6%

565 593

1.8-?

482

1.5-? 1.2-7.8%

498

1.8-8.6%

715

1.4-?

608 516 615 538

1.3-11%

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8ClN C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11NO C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2

tB/°C

Name Aniline, hydrochloride Hexanedioyl dichloride Adiponitrile o-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylfuran Dimethyl maleate 1,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-Hexyne Cyclohexene Diallyl ether Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate 2,5-Hexanedione Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Caprolactam Nitrocyclohexane 4-Acetylmorpholine 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 2-Methyl-2-pentene 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane cis-3-Hexen-1-ol Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Ethylbutanal 2-Methylpentanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate

295 257 243.5 155 93.5 202 65 75.8 76.5 84.5 82.9 94 155.4 130 116.7 136.5 117 194 180.8 170 337.5 185.7 190 142 270 205 63.4 68.8 62.1 53.9 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 73.3 80.7 71.8 70.8 67.3 232 156.5 94 83 131 117 127.6 123.5 116.5 160.8 205.2 195.6 194 130.4 126.1 112 116.5 122.5

16-23

FP/°C 193 72 93 156 88 64 7 113 -21 -12 -34 -10 -12 -7 44 31 20 2 20 79 57 63 196 76 88 32 125 88 113 -26 -21 -28 -7 -32 -29 <-20 <-20 <-20 -20 -29 -15 <-7 121 54 -9 -9 32 21 17 25 35 18 68 102 107 99 26 22 31 18 79

Fl. Limits

1.0-? 1.5-?

IT/°C

550

2.0-6.1%

1.2-?

310

1.1-9.4% 1.4-7.2% 1.4-8.8%

420 344

1.4-9.5% 1.3-9.5%

499 295 285 420

1.6-8.4%

482

1.2-6.9%

253 300 300

1.3-8% 1.0-8.35% 1.2-7.7%

315 360 401 245 258 210

255

1.2-7.7% 1-8% 1-8% 1.2-8.0% 1-9%

1.7-7.6% 1.7-9.8% 1.3-10.5%

199 423 448 300 380 378 400 425 421

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO2 C6H15NO3 C6H15N3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H4ClF3 C7H4F3NO2 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7NO2

tB/°C

Name Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Butylacetamide 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine N-Ethylmorpholine 4-Morpholineethanol Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2,5-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Diisopropanolamine Triethanolamine 1-Piperazineethanamine Triethyl phosphate N,N-Diethylethylenediamine 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid o-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Nitrotoluene

121.5 110.1 167.9 156.4 124.3 158.9 135 134 229 146.6 138.5 227 68.7 60.2 63.2 49.7 57.9 246 157.6 149 131.6 147 90.0 68.5 92.3 218 197.1 168.4 102.2 119.4 196 162 285 132.8 107.5 109.3 83.9 89 250 335.4 220 215.5 144 232 152.2 202.8 197.2 213.5 221 102.1 179.0 249.2 197 181.7 184.3 179 222

16-24

TeamLRN

FP/°C 24 13 58 56 36 43 35 31 116 44 32 99 -22 <-29 -7 -48 -29 124 63 54 41 57 21 -28 4 110 102 69 -21 27 191 96 67 149 177 29 18 17 -1 -7 127 179 93 115 46 135 59 103 72 88 127 12 207 63 121 78 157 79 85 67 106

Fl. Limits

IT/°C 463

1.8-6.9% 2-8% 1.3-?

643 379 238

1.9-9.4%

293

1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0%

225 264 278 405 405

1.1-9.65% 1.0-5.5%

310

1.3-7.0% 1.4-7.9%

188 443

1-9% 4-13% 1.6-10.4%

306 238 230 205

0.9-9.2%

371

1.1-7.1% 1.2-8.0%

299 316 249 374

1-10% 454

211

192 570 1.1-?

540

1.1-?

585

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O3S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H10O C7H10O4 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15NO2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16N2O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C7H18N2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7ClO C8H7N C8H8

tB/°C

Name m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 4-Methoxyphenol p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline o-Anisidine 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 4-Methylcyclohexene Butyl acrylate Isobutyl acrylate Cyclohexyl formate Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 4-Morpholinepropanamine 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Terephthalic acid α-Chloroacetophenone Benzeneacetonitrile Styrene

232 238.3 110.6 89.5 191.0 202.2 201.9 205.3 153.7 243 200.3 200.4 224 105 180 102.7 145 132 162 200 93.6 98 118.4 100.9 103.5 151.0 147 144 144 165 167.5 174.5 174.5 173 174 149.2 142.5 130.5 146.8 143.0 202 98.5 90.0 92 89.7 80.4 80.8 220 159 157 138.7 131 156 168.5 295

247 233.5 145

16-25

FP/°C 106 106 4 -21 81 86 86 93 52 132 184 85 87 118 57 82 -1 29 30 51 93 -1 <0 <21 -4 <21 39 46 49 36 65 65 70 70 70 70 16 25 32 32 37 92 -4 -1 -4 -56 -12 <0 104 71 60 49 <0 54 59 152 168 260 118 113 31

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

1.1-7.1%

480

1.4-? 1.1-? 1.1-?

599 558 558 436 475 421 482 482

1.7-9.9%

292 427

260 1.1-6.7% 1.2-6.7% 1.1-6.7% 1.1-7.9%

1.0-8.2%

1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.5%

250 260 393

191 296 296 295 295 295 295 360 360 426

1.05-6.7% 1.0-6.0% 1.1-6.7%

204 280 280 335 412

375

1.7-10.5%

570 496

0.9-6.8%

490

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O5 C8H14O6 C8H15ClO C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2

tB/°C

Name Phenyloxirane Benzeneacetaldehyde Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene Acetanilide Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 4-Methylanisole 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine α-Methylbenzylamine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline N-Phenylethanolamine o-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Butyl acetoacetate Ethyl succinate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethyl tartrate Octanoyl chloride 1-Octene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate

194.1 195 202 265.5 196 199 243.5 222.9 184.4 304 256 136.1 144.5 139.1 138.3 217.9 218.2 205 169.8 170 175.5 245 203.0 194.1 221.5 215 187 178.3 279.5 232.5 254 150.8 128 223 214 173 160 200 183 217.7 200 281 195.6 121.2 101.4 104.9 131.9 129.8 123.5 124.4 131 171 163 172.5 171.5 147.5 162.5 168.6 166

16-26

TeamLRN

FP/°C 74 71 77 >100 80 83 118 96 64 169 >100 21 32 27 27 104 96 93 63 135 60 121 85 63 97 96 79 68 152 115 116 35 16 121 104 58 52 54 59 85 90 135 93 82 21 -5 2 35 16 11 16

Fl. Limits

IT/°C 498 570

454 530 0.8-6.7% 0.9-6.7% 1.1-7.0% 1.1-7.0%

432 463 527 528

371 1.0-?

1.1-6.6%

269 350 335 0.9-5.8% 1.0-6.2%

0.8-4.8% 0.9-6.6%

279 329

230 391 305 238 304 304 269

52 44 52 45 45 54 41 53

0.85-7.2%

190

378

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H23N5 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H12O3S C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16

tB/°C

Name Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Pentyl lactate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylenepentamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Isopropenylbenzene 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Methyl 2-phenylacetate 4-Methylacetanilide Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene α−Ethylbenzyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Amphetamine Phorone Isophorone Triacetin Octahydroindene

156.9 148.6 167 283 218.5 181.5 172 125.6 115.6 109.5 115.6 110 99.2 114.8 195.1 180 184.6 140.2 244 235 111 188 216 328 199.1 185 179.6 159.6 139.6 169.2 168.8 341.5 251 237.1 169.8 164 172.8 165.4 217.5 226 212 213 216.5 307 159.2 152.4 165.2 161.3 162 176.1 169.3 164.7 219 256 203 197.5 215.2 259 167

16-27

FP/°C 50 38 49 167 79 110 70 60 13 7 10 <21 <21 -12 <21 81 88 73 25 127 113 18 82 111 182 69 76 60 47 29 60 52 163 127

Fl. Limits 0.96-7.59%

IT/°C 432 316 425

1.0-6.5%

206 438 460 346 418 425

0.88-9.7% 1.5-7.6%

231 194 360 346

1.1-6%

321 0.9-9.5%

53 53 53 54 99 96 88 90 91 168 30 36

0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 1.9-6.1%

44 44 50 100 129 158 <100 85 84 138

0.8-6.6% 0.9-6.4% 1-5%

480 538 538 538 574

490 460

0.8-6.0% 0.9-6.5%

450 424 440 480 475 470 500 559 352

0.8-3.8% 1.0-?

460 433 296

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H16O2 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21NO3 C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H9N C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H11NO2 C10H12 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O2 C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO2 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O

tB/°C

Name Allyl hexanoate 1-Nonene Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Butylcyclopentane 2-Nonanone Diisobutyl ketone Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Nonane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Triisopropyl borate Tripropylamine Triisopropanolamine 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine Safrole Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Acetoacetanilide 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Isopropyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Butyl phenyl ether 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine Dipentene d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Phellandrene Camphor trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol Linalol α-Terpineol Cineole

186 146.9 156.7 154.8 156.6 195.3 169.4 186.4 179 150.8 140 133.8 124.0 146.3 136.7 140.2 133.0 140 156 259 217.9 285 300.8 234.5 283.7 282 288 207.6 216 227 183.3 173.3 169.1 172.7 177.1 205 198 196.8 184 181.1 183.7 210 285 243.5 216.3 178 178 156.2 166 171.5 207.4 187.3 198 220 176.4

16-28

TeamLRN

FP/°C

Fl. Limits

IT/°C

66 26

60 49 57 59 53 31 24 <21 13 390 <21 <21 28 41 160 121 79 153 157 100 146 138 153 185 71 99 99 71 52 60 55 47 74 71 54 57 56 55 82 130 107 85 196 45 45 33 38 49 66 54 66 71 90 48

0.9-5.9% 0.8-7.1%

248 283 250 360 396

0.8-2.9%

205

0.7-?

280

0.7-5.7%

290

0.8-4.9%

430

0.9-5.9%

320 >558 526

0.9-?

490 518

0.8-5.0%

385

0.8-5.8% 0.8-6.9% 0.7-5.7% 0.8-6.0% 0.7-5.6%

410 418 450 427 436 427 427

0.7-6.0%

0.7-? 0.7-6.1%

0.6-3.5% 0.7-5.4%

395 450 430

630 387 237 237 255 275 466 255

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H19NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21N C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H23N C11H10 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16O C11H17N C11H20O2 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C12H9Br C12H10 C12H10Cl2Si C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H20O4 C12H22O4 C12H22O6 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H26 C12H26O

tB/°C

Name trans-Geraniol Dibutyl oxalate N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Citronellol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate N-Butylcyclohexanamine Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Ethyloctane 4-Ethyloctane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Dipentylamine 1-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl benzoylacetate Butyl benzoate p-tert-Butyltoluene Pentylbenzene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol p-tert-Pentylaniline 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Pentylcyclohexane 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 2-Undecanol 4-Bromo-1,1'-Biphenyl Biphenyl Dichlorodiphenylsilane o-Phenylphenol Diphenyl ether 2-Aminobiphenyl Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate Diethyl terephthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Pentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Dibutyl maleate Dimethyl sebacate Dibutyl tartrate Dicyclohexylamine 1-Dodecene Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol

230 241 170.5 180.9 171.3 171.5 224 199 208.5 174.1 167.1 166.5 163.7 231.1 190 203.3 275.3 220.5 202.5 244.7 250.3 190 205.4 205 232 237 260.5 203.7 231.5 210 195.9 189.3 228 310 256.1 305 286 258.0 299 302 258.6 295 302 240.1 270 281 240 280 320 213.8 241.5 276 216.3 259

16-29

FP/°C

Fl. Limits

>100 104 96 <55

96 71 79 93 51

IT/°C

235 246 274 342 0.76-8.14%

268

0.8-5.4%

210 210 230 229 288 170

82 57 85 141 85 99 51

529 141 107 68 66 455 427

93 118 102 82

252 239

89 68 69 225 113 144 113 142 124 112

0.6-5.8%

0.8-1.5%

153 161 117 99 132 141 71 141 145 91 >99 79 >100 144 74 127

0.7-?

540 530 618 450 634 480 457

284

0.6-?

203 275

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H26S C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H12 C13H12 C13H14N2 C13H26 C13H26O C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H16 C14H16N2O2 C14H23N C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C15H18 C15H24 C15H24O C15H26O6 C15H33N C16H14O C16H18 C16H22O4 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H20N2O C17H34O C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H15O3P C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H32O7 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl3Si C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H14O4 C20H28 C20H42

2-Butyl-1-octanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Dodecanethiol Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate 2-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethane p,p′-Diaminodiphenylmethane 1-Tridecene 2-Tridecanone Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether 1-Butylnaphthalene o-Dianisidine N,N-Dibutylaniline 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Tributyrin Tripentylamine 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 2-Butyl-1,1'-biphenyl Dibutyl phthalate Decylbenzene Hexadecane Dioctyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide 2-Heptadecanone 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl Triphenyl phosphite Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine Dodecylbenzene Butyl citrate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane 2-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Diphenyl phthalate 1-Decylnaphthalene Eicosane

tB/°C 246.5 256 277 234 216.5 289 255.5 265.0 398 232.8 263 235.4 377 339.9 340 323.5 320 272.6 298 289.3 274.8 233 253.5 289 307 280.5 265 307.5 242.5 342.5 340 298 286.8 283

320 333 332 363 360

328 360 344.5

316.3 359 443 329.9 379 343

16-30

TeamLRN

FP/°C 110 118 128 93 63 146 137 130 220 79 107 79 121 185 121 171 148 >100 >100 135 360 206 110 110 112 141 124 99 127 180 102 177 >100 157 107 136 >100 132 150 120 154 163 191 218 220 180 140 157 189 178 196 89 >100 >100 124 153 >100 224 177 >100

Fl. Limits

IT/°C 310

502 485

0.6-?

540 480 440

0.5-?

235 200

0.5-?

407

0.5-?

430 402 202 205

0.4-?

368 363 365 395 227 450

230

232

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C21H21O4P C21H26O3 C21H32O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O4 C22H44O2 C23H46O2 C24H20Sn C24H38O4 C25H48O4

tB/°C

Name Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 4-Octylphenyl salicylate Methyl abietate Butyl oleate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Butyl stearate Pentyl stearate Tetraphenylstannane Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate

410

343 420 384

16-31

FP/°C 225 216 180 180 206 160 185 232 218 227

Fl. Limits

IT/°C 385 416

0.4-?

377 355

0.3-?

374

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Several organizations recommend limits of exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace. These include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the non-governmental organization, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The threshold limit value (TLV) for a substance is defined as the concentration level under which the majority of workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects. The TLV recommendations are given in two forms: • Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek. • Short-term exposure limit (STEL), which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. Both kinds of limits are specified for some substances. The following table gives threshold limit values for a number of substances that may be encountered in the atmosphere of a chemical laboratory or industrial facility. All values refer to the concentration in air at 25°C and normal atmospheric pressure. Data for gases are given both in parts per million by volume (ppm) and in mass concentration (mg/m3). Values for liquids refer to mists or aerosols, and those for solids to dusts or fumes; both are stated in mg/m3. A “C” following a value indicates a ceiling limit which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute toxic effects of the substance. Substances are listed by systematic name, which is followed by molecular formula in the Hill format and Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Common synonyms are given in brackets [ ] for some compounds.

REFERENCES 1. 2000 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 452401634, 2000. 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994. 3. Chemical Information Manual, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991.

Substance Abate [Temephos] Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid [Aspirin] Acrolein [2-Propenal] Acrylamide Acrylic acid [2-Propenoic acid] Acrylonitrile [Propenenitrile] Adipic acid Adiponitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol [2-Propen-1-ol] Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl propyl disulfide Aluminum (metal dust) Aluminum oxide 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridinecarboxlic acid [Picloram] Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulfamate Aniline Antimony Arsenic Arsine

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C16H20O6P2S3 C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C9H8O4 C3H4O C3H5NO C3H4O2 C3H3N C6H10O4 C6H8N2 C12H8Cl6 C3H6O C6H10O2 C6H12S2 Al Al2O3

3383-96-8 75-07-0 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-86-5 75-05-8 98-86-2 50-78-2 107-02-8 79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 124-04-9 111-69-3 309-00-2 107-18-6 106-92-3 2179-59-1 7429-90-5 1344-28-1

C6H3Cl3N2O2 H3N ClH4N C8H4F15NO2 H6N2O3S C6H7N Sb As AsH3

1918-02-1 7664-41-7 12125-02-9 3825-26-1 7773-06-0 62-53-3 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7784-42-1

16-32

TeamLRN

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

10 10 5 500

25 21 1188

40 10

67 49 5

2 2 2 0.5 1 2

25

2

0.05

0.03 5.9 4.3 5 9 0.25 1.2 5 12 10 10 10 17 10 0.01 10 7.6 0.5 0.01 0.16

25 C 15

45 C 37

750 4.7 C 60

1780 5C 101

0.1 C

0.23 C

3

18

35

24 20

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Atrazine Azinphos-methyl Barium Barium sulfate Benomyl Benzene 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine [m-Xylene diamine] Benzenethiol [Phenyl mercaptan] p-Benzoquinone [Quinone] Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl acetate Beryllium Biphenyl Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane [4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)] Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether [2,2'-Dichlorethyl ether] Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether [DMAEE] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [Di-sec-octyl phthalate] Bismuth telluride Boron oxide Boron tribromide Boron trifluoride Bromacil Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Bromochloromethane [Halon 1011] 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Halothane] Bromoethane [Ethyl bromide] Bromoethene [Vinyl bromide] Bromomethane [Methyl bromide] Bromotrifluoromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanethiol [Butyl mercaptan] 1-Butanol 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] trans-2-Butenal [Crotonaldehyde] 3-Buten-2-one Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine tert-Butyl chromate Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl lactate o-sec-Butylphenol p-tert-Butyltoluene Cadmium Calcium carbonate

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C8H14ClN5 C10H12N3O3PS2 Ba BaO4S C14H18N4O3 C6H6

1912-24-9 86-50-0 7440-39-3 7727-43-7 17804-35-2 71-43-2

C8H12N2 C6H6S C6H4O2 C7H5ClO C14H10O4 C9H10O2 Be C12H10

1477-55-0 108-98-5 106-51-4 98-88-4 94-36-0 140-11-4 7440-41-7 92-52-4

0.2

5 61 0.002 1.3

C13H12Cl2N2

101-14-4

0.01

0.11

C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C8H20N20

111-44-4 542-88-1 3033-62-3

5 0.001 0.05

29 0.0047 0.33

C24H38O4 Bi2Te3 B2O3 BBr3 BF3 C9H13BrN2O2 Br2 BrF5 CH2BrCl

117-81-7 1304-82-1 1303-86-2 10294-33-4 7637-07-2 314-40-9 7726-95-6 7789-30-2 74-97-5

C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C2H3Br CH3Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10S C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H6O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C8H18CrO4 C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C10H14O C11H16 Cd CCaO3

151-67-7 74-96-4 593-60-2 74-83-9 75-63-8 106-99-0 106-97-8 109-79-5 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3 4170-30-3 78-94-4 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 141-32-2 109-73-9 1189-85-1 2426-08-6 138-22-7 89-72-5 98-51-1 7440-43-9 1317-65-3

16-33

0.84 0.5

5 0.2 0.5 10 10 1.6

0.5 0.1

2.3 0.44

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

2.5

8 0.1 C

0.5 C 10

0.01

10

58

0.15

1.0

5 10 10

0.1 0.1 200

10 0.66 0.72 1060

50 5 0.5 1 1000 2 800 0.5

404 22 2.2 3.9 6090 4.4 1900 1.8

100 200

303 590

150 200 200 2

713 950 950 10

25 5 5 1

133 30 31 6.1 0.01 10

2.8 C

10

1C 1C

10 C 2.8 C

0.2

1.3

50 C

152 C

300 0.3 C 0.2 C 200

885 0.9 C 0.6 C 950

5C

15 C 0.1 C

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

Calcium chromate Calcium cyanamide Calcium hydroxide Calcium metasilicate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Camphor Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] Carbonyl fluoride Cesium hydroxide Chlordane Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone α-Chloroacetophenone Chloroacetyl chloride Chlorobenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene [Chloroprene] Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane [Ethyl chloride] 2-Chloroethanol [Ethylene chlorohydrin] Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] Chloromethane [Methyl chloride] (Chloromethyl)benzene [Benzyl chloride] 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane Chloropentafluoroethane 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropene [Allyl chloride] 2-Chlorostyrene o-Chlorotoluene Chlorpyrifos Chromium Chromyl chloride Clopidol Cobalt Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Copper Cresol (all isomers) Crufomate Cyanamide Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyclohexane

CaCrO4 CCaN2 CaH2O2 CaO3Si CaO CaO4S C10H16O C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H15NO3 C CO2 CS2 CO CCl2O CF2O CsHO C10H6Cl8 Cl2 ClO2 ClF3 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C8H7ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H5Cl C10H5ClN2 C4H5Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl CH3Cl C7H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C2ClF5 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl C8H7Cl C7H7Cl C9H11Cl3NO3PS Cr Cl2CrO2 C7H7Cl2NO Co C8Co2O8 C4HCoO4 Cu C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P CH2N2 C2N2 CClN C6H12

13765-19-0 156-62-7 1305-62-0 1344-95-2 1305-78-8 7778-18-9 76-22-2 105-60-2 2425-06-1 133-06-2 63-25-2 1563-66-2 1333-86-4 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 75-44-5 353-50-4 21351-79-1 57-74-9 7782-50-5 10049-04-4 7790-91-2 107-20-0 78-95-5 532-27-4 79-04-9 108-90-7 2698-41-1 126-99-8 75-45-6 75-00-3 107-07-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 100-44-7 100-00-5 600-25-9 76-15-3 598-78-7 107-05-1 2039-87-4 95-49-8 2921-88-2 7440-47-3 14977-61-8 2971-90-6 7440-48-4 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 7440-50-8 1319-77-3 299-86-5 420-04-2 460-19-5 506-77-4 110-82-7

16-34

TeamLRN

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

0.5 0.1

0.003 0.5 5 10 2 10 12 1 (solid) 0.1 5 5 0.1 3.5 9000 31 29 0.40 5.4 2 0.5 1.5 0.28

0.05 0.05 10

0.32 0.23 46

10 1000 100

36 3540 264

1 50 1 0.1 2 1000 0.1 1 50 50

10

2.5 103 5.2 0.64 10 6320 0.44 3 283 259 0.2 0.5 0.16 10 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 22 5 2 21

300

1030

2 5 (gas)

5000 10 25 0.1 2

0.025

5

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

4 10 (gas)

24 3 (solid)

30,000

54,000

5

13

1 0.3 0.1 C 1C 1C

2.9 0.83 0.38 C 3.2 C 3.8 C

0.15

0.69

0.05 C

0.39 C

1C

3.3 C

100

207

2 75

6 425

0.3 C

0.75 C

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclonite [Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine] 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyhexatin Decaborane(14) Diacetone alcohol 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane [4,4-Methylene dianiline] Diazinon Diazomethane Diborane Dibromodifluoromethane 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Dibutylphenyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phthalate Dichloroacetylene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene (unspecified isomer) Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] 1,1-Dichloroethane [Ethylidene dichloride] 1,2-Dichloroethane [Ethylene dichloride] 1,1-Dichloroethene [Vinylidene chloride] 1,2-Dichloroethylene (both isomers) Dichlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane [Methylene chloride] 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 1,3-Dichloropropene (both isomers) 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dichlorvos Dicrotophos m-Dicyanobenzene [m-Phthalodinitrile] Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin Diethanolamine Diethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Diethylenetriamine [Bis(2-amimoethyl)amine] Diethyl ether Diethyl phthalate 1,1-Difluoroethene Diglycidyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Dimethoxymethane [Methylal]

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N

108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 108-91-8

50 25 300 10

C3H6N6O6 C5H6 C5H10 C18H34OSn B10H14 C6H12O2

121-82-4 542-92-7 287-92-3 13121-70-5 17702-41-9 123-42-2

C13H14N2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 B2H6 CBr2F2 C10H23NO C15H24O C14H23O4P C8H19O4P C16H22O4 C2Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C14H9Cl5 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F CH2Cl2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C8H6Cl2O3 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H7Cl2O4P C8H16NO5P C8H4N2 C10H12 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2 C4H11N C6H15NO C4H13N3 C4H10O C12H14O4 C2H2F2 C6H10O3 C6H15N C6H14O C3H8O2

101-77-9 333-41-5 334-88-3 19287-45-7 75-61-6 102-81-8 128-37-0 2528-36-1 107-66-4 84-74-2 7572-29-4 95-50-1 106-46-7 764-41-0 75-71-8 118-52-5 50-29-3 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 540-59-0 75-43-4 75-09-2 594-72-9 94-75-7 78-87-5 75-99-0 542-75-6 76-14-2 62-73-7 141-66-2 626-17-5 77-73-6 60-57-1 111-42-2 109-89-7 100-37-8 111-40-0 60-29-7 84-66-2 75-38-7 2238-07-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 109-87-5

16-35

75 600 0.05 50 0.1 0.2 0.1 100 0.5 0.3 1

25 10 0.005 1000

100 10 5 200 10 50 2 75 1 1000 0.1

5 0.46 5 2 1 400 500 0.1 5 250 1000

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

206 100 1010 41 0.5 203 1720 5 0.25 238 0.81 0.1 0.34 0.11 858 3.5 10 3.5 8.6 5 150 60 0.026 4950 0.2 1 405 40 20 793 42 174 12 10 347 5 4.5 7000 0.90 0.25 5 27 0.25 2 15 9.6 4.2 1210 5 1310 0.53 21 1040 3110

0.15

0.75

2

17

0.1 C 50

0.39 C 301

0.4

110

508

15

45

500

1520

310

1300

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Dimethyl mercury N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone [Diisobutyl ketone] 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl sulfate Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) Dinitrotoluene (all isomers) 1,4-Dioxane Dioxathion Diphenylamine Diphenyl ether 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether Diquat Disulfiram Disulfoton Diuron Divinyl benzene (all isomers) Endosulfan Endrin Enflurane Epichlorohydrin [(Chloromethyl)oxirane] 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane [Vinylcyclohexene dioxide] 1,2-Ethanediamine [Ethylenediamine] Ethanethiol [Ethyl mercaptan] Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethion Ethoxydimethylsilane Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl tert-butyl ether [ETBE] Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [2-Butoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether [2-Ethoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [2-Methoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate [2-Methoxyethyl acetate] Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide [Oxirane] Ethyl formate Ethylidene norbornene

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C2H6Hg C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C10H10O4 C2H6O4S C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H26O6P2S4 C12H11N C12H10O C15H10N2O2 C7H16O3 C12H12N2 C10H20N2S4 C8H19O2PS3 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C9H6Cl6O3S C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C3H5ClO

593-74-8 127-19-5 124-40-3 121-69-7 75-83-2 79-29-8 68-12-2 108-83-8 57-14-7 131-11-3 77-78-1 25154-54-5 25321-14-6 123-91-1 78-34-2 122-39-4 101-84-8 101-68-8 34590-94-8 231-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 330-54-1 1321-74-0 115-29-7 72-20-8 13838-16-9 106-89-8

C8H12O2 C2H8N2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C9H22O4P2S4 C4H12OSi C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C6H14O C2H6O2 C2H4N2O6

106-87-6 107-15-3 75-08-1 64-17-5 141-43-5 563-12-2 14857-34-2 141-78-6 140-88-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 637-92-3 107-21-1 628-96-6

C6H14O2

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

10 5 5 500 500 10 25 0.01 0.1 0.15 20

1 0.005 100

10

75 0.5

0.5 400 5 5 100 5

0.57 25 1.3 1880 7.5 0.4 2.1 1440 20 9.2 434 20

0.05

0.31

111-76-2

20

97

C4H10O2

110-80-5

5

18

C6H12O3

111-15-9

5

27

C3H8O2

109-86-4

5

16

C5H10O3 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C9H12

110-49-6 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 16219-75-3

5 0.5 1 100

24 0.88 1.8 303

16-36

TeamLRN

0.1 10 0.5 1000 3

0.01 36 9.2 25 1760 1760 30 145 0.025 5 0.52 1.0 0.2 72 0.2 10 7 0.051 600 0.5 2 0.1 10 53 0.1 0.1 566 1.9

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3 0.03 15 10 1000 1000

27.6 50 3500 3500

2

14

150

900

6

15

1.5

6.4

15 15 125

61 27.6 543 100 C

5C

25 C

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance N-Ethylmorpholine Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate [EPN] Ethyl silicate Fenamiphos Fensulfothion Fenthion Ferbam Ferrocene [Dicyclopentadienyl iron] Fluorine Fluorine monoxide [Oxygen difluoride] Fonofos Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furfural [2-Furaldehyde] Furfuryl alcohol [2-Furanmethanol] Germane [Germanium tetrahydride] Glycerol Graphite Hafnium Heptachlor Heptane 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 4-Heptanone [Dipropyl ketone] Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane [Lindane] Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane [Perchloroethane] Hexachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Hexamethylene diisocyanate Hexane 1,6-Hexanediamine [Hexamethylenediamine] 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 1-Hexene sec-Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide p-Hydroquinone [1,4-Benzenediol] 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate Indene Indium Iodine Iodomethane [Methyl iodide] Iron(III) oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutyl acetate Isopentane

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

C6H13NO

100-74-3

5

C14H14NO4PS C8H20O4Si C13H22NO3PS C11H17O4PS2 C10H15O3PS2 C9H18FeN3S6 C10H10Fe F2 F2O C10H15OPS2 CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 GeH4 C3H8O3 C Hf C10H5Cl7 C7H16 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6 C5Cl6 C2Cl6 C10H2Cl6 C8H12N2O2 C6H14 C6H16N2 C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2 H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH CHN FH H2O2 H2Se H2S C6H6O2 C6H10O3 C9H8 In I2 CH3I Fe2O3 C5FeO5 C6H12O2 C5H12

2104-64-5 78-10-4 22224-92-6 115-90-2 55-38-9 14484-64-1 102-54-5 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 944-22-9 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 98-01-1 98-00-0 7782-65-2 56-81-5 7440-44-0 7440-58-6 76-44-8 142-82-5 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 118-74-1 87-68-3 58-89-9 77-47-4 67-72-1 1335-87-1 822-06-0 110-54-3 124-09-4 591-78-6 592-41-6 108-84-9 302-01-2 7782-79-8 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 123-31-9 999-61-1 95-13-6 7440-74-6 7553-56-2 74-88-4 1309-37-1 13463-40-6 110-19-0 78-78-4

16-37

10

1

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

24 0.1 85 0.1 0.1 0.2 10 10 1.6

2 0.05 C

3.1 0.11 C

0.3 C

0.37 C

10

19

15

60

500

2050

75

350

10

40

0.11 C 3C 5C 4.7 C 3C

0.19 C 9.9 C 7.5 C 5C 2.3 C

15

21

0.1 C

1.0 C

0.2

0.45

0.1 10 5 2 10 0.2

400 50 50 50 0.02 0.01 1 0.005 50 0.5 5 30 50 0.01

1 0.05 10 0.5 10

2 0.1 150 600

18 9.4 7.9 40 0.63 10 2 0.5 0.05 1640 233 233 233 0.002 0.21 0.5 0.11 9.7 0.2 0.034 176 2.3 20 103 295 0.013

1.4 0.16 14 2 2.8 48 0.1 12 5 0.23 713 1770

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Isopentyl acetate [Isoamyl acetate] Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isopropenylbenzene [α-Methyl styrene] 2-Isopropoxyethanol Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine N-Isopropylaniline Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] Isopropyl glycidyl ether Kaolin Ketene Lead Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) chromate Lithium hydride Magnesium carbonate [Magnesite] Magnesium oxide Malathion Maleic anhydride Manganese Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Mercury Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid [2-Methylpropenoic acid] Methanethiol [Methyl mercaptan] Methanol Methomyl o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] p-Methoxyaniline [p-Anisidine] Methoxychlor 4-Methoxyphenol Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine o-Methylaniline [o-Toluidine] m-Methylaniline [m-Toluidine] p-Methylaniline [p-Toluidine] N-Methylaniline 3-Methyl-1-butanol [Isoamyl alcohol] 3-Methyl-2-butanone [Methyl isopropyl ketone] Methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE] Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol (all isomers) 2-Methylcyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Methyl demeton 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide [Dinitolmide] 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [Dinitro-o-cresol] Methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Methyl formate 6-Methyl-1-heptanol [Isooctyl alcohol] 5-Methyl-3-heptanone

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C7H14O2 C9H14O C12H18N2O2 C9H10 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H13N C9H12 C6H12O2 C2H2O Pb As2O8Pb3 CrO4Pb HLi CMgO3 MgO C10H19O6PS2 C4H2O3 Mn C8H5MnO3 Hg C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C5H10N2O2S C7H9NO C7H9NO C16H15Cl3O2 C7H8O2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C5H12O C5H10O C5H12O C5H5NO2 C7H14 C7H14O C7H12O

123-92-2 78-59-1 4098-71-9 98-83-9 109-59-1 108-21-4 75-31-0 768-52-5 98-82-8 4016-14-2 1332-58-7 463-51-4 7439-92-1 7784-40-9 7758-97-6 7580-67-8 546-93-0 1309-48-4 121-75-5 108-31-6 7439-96-5 12079-65-1 7439-97-6 141-79-7 79-41-4 74-93-1 67-56-1 16752-77-5 90-04-0 104-94-9 72-43-5 150-76-5 79-20-9 96-33-3 126-98-7 74-89-5 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8 123-51-3 563-80-4 1634-04-4 137-05-3 108-87-2 25639-42-3 583-60-8

C9H7MnO3 C6H15O3PS2 C8H7N3O5 C7H6N2O5 C15H22N2O2 C8H18O2 C2H4O2 C8H18O C8H16O

12108-13-3 8022-00-2 148-01-6 534-52-1 5124-30-1 1338-23-4 107-31-3 26952-21-6 541-85-5

16-38

TeamLRN

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 100

532

0.005 50 25 250 5 2 50 50

200 2 1 5 2 2 2 0.5 100 200 40 0.2 400 50 50

0.045 242 106 1040 12 11 246 238 2 0.86 0.05 0.15 0.075 0.025 10 10 10 4 0.2 0.4 0.025 60 70 0.98 262 2.5 0.5 0.5 10 5 606 7 2.7 6.4 8.8 8.8 8.8 2.2 361 705 144 0.9 1610 234 229

0.005

0.8 0.5 5 0.2 0.054

100 50 25

246 266 131

0.5

0.1

15 20 0.5 200 0.1 0.1

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

5C

28 C

100

483

310 10

1290 24

75

356

1.5

2.6

25

100

250

328

250

757

15

19

125

452

75

344

0.2 C 150

1.5 C 368

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl methacrylate Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] Methyl parathion 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol [Hexylene glycol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanol [Methyl isobutyl carbinol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] Methylstyrene (all isomers) N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline [Tetryl] Metribuzin Mevinphos Mica Molybdenum Monocrotophos Morpholine Naled Naphthalene 1-Naphthalenylthiourea [ANTU] Neopentane Nickel Nickel carbonyl Nickel(III) sulfide Nicotine Nitrapyrin Nitric acid Nitric oxide p-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoluene (all isomers) Nitrous oxide Nonane (all isomers) Octachloronaphthalene Octane (all isomers) Osmium(VIII) oxide [Osmium tetroxide] Oxalic acid 2-Oxetanone [β-Propiolactone] Oxiranemethanol [Glycidol] Ozone Paraquat Parathion Pentaborane(9) Pentachloronaphthalene (unspecified isomer) Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentaerythritol

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C5H8O2 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H12O C4H10O C4H10O C9H10 C7H5N5O8 C8H14N4OS C7H13O6P

110-12-3 60-34-4 624-83-9 80-62-6 75-56-9 298-00-0 107-83-5 96-14-0 107-41-5 108-11-2 108-10-1 78-83-1 75-65-0 25013-15-4 479-45-8 21087-64-9 7786-34-7 12001-26-2 7439-98-7 6923-22-4 110-91-8 300-76-5 91-20-3 86-88-4 463-82-1 7440-02-0 13463-39-3 12035-72-2 54-11-5 1929-82-4 7697-37-2 10102-43-9 100-01-6 98-95-3 79-24-3 10102-44-0 7783-54-2 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 1321-12-6 10024-97-2 111-84-2 2234-13-1 111-65-9 20816-12-0 144-62-7 57-57-8 556-52-5 10028-15-6 4685-14-7 56-38-2 19624-22-7 1321-64-8 82-68-8 87-86-5 115-77-5

Mo C7H14NO5P C4H9NO C4H7Br2Cl2O4P C10H8 C11H10N2S C5H12 Ni C4NiO4 Ni3S2 C10H14N2 C6H3Cl4N HNO3 NO C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 NO2 F3N CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H7NO2 N2O C9H20 C10Cl8 C8H18 O4Os C2H2O4 C3H4O2 C3H6O2 O3 C12H14N2 C10H14NO5PS B5H9 C10H3Cl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C5H12O4

16-39

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 0.01 0.02 50 20 500 500 25 50 50 100 50

0.01

20 10 600 0.05

2 25 1 100 3 10 20 25 10 2 50 200 300 0.0002 0.5 2 0.1

0.005

234 0.019 0.047 205 48 0.2 1760 1760 104 205 152 303 242 1.5 5 0.092 3 10 0.25 71 3 52 0.3 1770 1.5 0.12 0.14 0.5 10 5.2 31 3 5 307 5.6 29 50 91 36 11 90 1050 0.1 1400 0.0016 1 1.5 6.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.013 0.5 0.5 0.5 10

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

100

410

1000 1000 25 C 40 75

3500 3500 121 C 167 307

100

483

0.03

0.27

15

79

4

20 10

5

9.4

375 0.0006

0.3 1750 0.0047 2

0.015

0.039

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Pentanal [Valeraldehyde] Pentane Pentanedial [Glutaraldehyde] 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] Pentyl acetate (all isomers) Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride Perfluoroacetone [Hexafluoroacetone] Perfluoroisobutene Phenol 10H-Phenothiazine Phenylenediamine (all isomers) Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phenylphosphine Phorate Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus(III) chloride [Phosphorus trichloride] Phosphorus(V) chloride [Phosphorus pentachloride] Phosphorus(V) oxychloride [Phosphoryl chloride] Phosphorus(V) sulfide Phthalic anhydride Piperazine dihydrochloride 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione [Pindone] Platinum Potassium hydroxide Propane Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol [Isopropyl alcohol] Propargyl alcohol [2-Propyn-1-ol] Propoxur Propyl acetate 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate Propylene glycol monomethyl ether Propyleneimine Propyl nitrate Propyne [Methylacetylene] 2-Pyridinamine [2-Aminopyridine] Pyridine Pyrocatechol [Catechol] Resorcinol Rhodium Ronnel Rotenone Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Sesone Silane Silicon Silicon carbide

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C7H14O2 CCl4S ClFO3 C3F6O C4F8 C6H6O C12H9NS C6H8N2 C9H10O2 C6H8N2 C6H7P C7H17O2PS3 H3P H3O4P P

110-62-3 109-66-0 111-30-8 107-87-9 96-22-0 628-63-7 594-42-3 7616-94-6 684-16-2 382-21-8 108-95-2 92-84-2 25265-76-3 122-60-1 100-63-0 638-21-1 298-02-2 7803-51-2 7664-38-2 7723-14-0

Cl3P

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 600

176 1770

200 200 50 0.1 3 0.1

705 700 265 0.76 13 0.68

5

19 5 0.1 0.6 0.44

0.1 0.1

0.02

0.05 0.42 1 0.1

7719-12-2

0.2

1.1

Cl5P

10026-13-8

0.1

0.85

Cl3OP P2S5 C8H4O3 C4H12Cl2N2 C14H14O3 Pt HKO C3H8 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C3H6N2O6 C4H10O2 C3H7N C3H7NO3 C3H4 C5H6N2 C5H5N C6H6O2 C6H6O2 Rh C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6 Se F6Se C8H7Cl2NaO5S H4Si Si CSi

10025-87-3 1314-80-3 85-44-9 142-64-3 83-26-1 7440-06-4 1310-58-3 74-98-6 79-09-4 71-23-8 67-63-0 107-19-7 114-26-1 109-60-4 6423-43-4 107-98-2 75-55-8 627-13-4 74-99-7 504-29-0 110-86-1 120-80-9 108-46-3 7440-16-6 299-84-3 83-79-4 7782-49-2 7783-79-1 136-78-7 7803-62-5 7440-21-3 409-21-2

0.1

0.63 1 6.1 5 0.1 1 2C 4500 30 492 983 2.3 0.5 835 0.34 369 4.7 107 1640 1.9 16 23 45 1 10 5 0.2 0.95 10 6.6 10 10

16-40

TeamLRN

0.3

1

2500 10 200 400 1 200 0.05 100 2 25 1000 0.5 5 5 10

0.12 5

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

750 0.05 C 250 300 100

2210 0.2 C 881 1050 530

6

25

0.01 C

0.082 C

0.05 C

0.23 C 0.2 1.4 3

1

0.5

2.8

3

250 500

614 1230

250

1040

150

553

40

172

20

90

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Sodium azide Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium metabisulfite Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Stibine Strontium chromate Strychnine Styrene Sucrose Sulfotep Sulfur chloride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl fluoride Sulprofos Talc Tantalum Tantalum(V) oxide Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride Terephthalic acid Terphenyl (all isomers) 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane [Acetylene tetrabromide] Tetrabromomethane [Carbon tetrabromide] 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene [Perchloroethylene] Tetrachloromethane [Carbon tetrachloride] Tetrachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl pyrophosphate [TEPP] Tetrahydrofuran [Oxolane] Tetramethyl lead Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethyl succinonitrile Tetranitromethane Thallium 4,4'-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) Thioglycolic acid Thionyl chloride Thiram Tin Titanium(IV) oxide [Titanium dioxide] Toluene

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

O2Si O2Si O2Si O2Si Ag N3Na C2H2FNaO2 HNaO3S HNaO Na2O5S2 Na4O7P2 B4H20Na2O17 H3Sb CrO4Sr C21H22N2O2 C8H8 C12H22O11 C8H20O5P2S2 Cl2S2 F10S2 O2S F6S F4S H2O4S F2O2S C12H19O2PS3 Ta O5Ta2 Te F6Te C8H6O4 C18H14

14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 7440-22-4 26628-22-8 62-74-8 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-57-4 7722-88-5 1303-96-4 7803-52-3 7789-06-2 57-24-9 100-42-5 57-50-1 3689-24-5 10025-67-9 5714-22-7 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7783-60-0 7664-93-9 2699-79-8 35400-43-2 14807-96-6 7440-25-7 1314-61-0 13494-80-9 7783-80-4 100-21-0 26140-60-3

C2H2Br4 CBr4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C10H4Cl4 C8H20Pb C8H20O7P2 C4H8O C4H12Pb C4H12O4Si C8H12N2 CN4O8 Tl C22H30O2S C2H4O2S Cl2OS C6H12N2S4 Sn O2Ti C7H8

79-27-6 558-13-4 76-11-9 76-12-0 79-34-5 127-18-4 56-23-5 1335-88-2 78-00-2 107-49-3 109-99-9 75-74-1 681-84-5 3333-52-6 509-14-8 7440-28-0 96-69-5 68-11-1 7719-09-7 137-26-8 7440-31-5 13463-67-7 108-88-3

16-41

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.29 C 0.05 5 2C

0.1

20

2 1000

5

0.02

1 0.1 500 500 1 25 5

5 5 5 0.51 0.002 0.15 85 10 0.2

5.2 6000 1 21 1 2 5 5 0.1 0.10 10

1

14 1.4 4170 4170 6.9 170 31 2 0.1 0.05 590 0.15 6 2.8 0.04 0.1 10 3.8

50

1 2 10 188

200 1 0.5 0.005

40

170

1C 0.01 C 5

5.5 C 0.10 C 13

0.1 C 10

0.44 C 3 42

0.53 C

5C

0.3

4.1

100 10

685 63

250

737

1C

4.9 C

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)

Substance Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Tribromomethane [Bromoform] Tributyl phosphate Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [Methyl chloroform] 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane [Chloroform] (Trichloromethyl)benzene [Benzotrichloride] Trichloronaphthalene (all isomers) Trichloronitromethane [Chloropicrin] 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triiodomethane [Iodoform] Trimellitic anhydride [1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride] Trimethylamine Trimethylbenzene (all isomers) Trimethyl phosphite Trinitroglycerol [Nitroglycerin] 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol [Picric acid] 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene [TNT] Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Tungsten Uranium Vanadium(V) oxide Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Warfarin Xylene (all isomers) Xylidine (all isomers) Yttrium Zinc chloride Zinc chromate, basic Zinc oxide Zirconium

Molecular Formula

CAS Reg. No.

C9H6N2O2 C2H4N4 CHBr3 C12H27O4P C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 C10H5Cl3 CCl3NO2 C8H5Cl3O3 C3H5Cl3 C2Cl3F3 C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N CHI3

584-84-9 61-82-5 75-25-2 126-73-8 76-03-9 120-82-1 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 67-66-3 98-07-7 1321-65-9 76-06-2 93-76-5 96-18-4 76-13-1 78-30-8 102-71-6 121-44-8 75-47-8

C9H4O5 C3H9N C9H12 C3H9O3P C3H5N3O9 C6H3N3O7 C7H5N3O6 C18H15N C18H15O4P W U O5V2 C4H6O2 C8H12 C19H16O4 C8H10 C8H11N Y Cl2Zn CrH2O4Zn OZn Zr

552-30-7 75-50-3 25551-13-7 121-45-9 55-63-0 88-89-1 118-96-7 603-34-9 115-86-6 7440-33-7 7440-61-1 1314-62-1 108-05-4 100-40-3 81-81-2 1330-20-7 1300-73-8 7440-65-5 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 1314-13-2 7440-67-7

16-42

TeamLRN

Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3

Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3

0.005

0.02

0.14

5C 450

37 C 2460

100 1000 C

537 5620 C

0.01 C

0.08 C

1250

9590

3

12

15

0.04 C 36

0.5 0.2 1

0.036 0.2 5.2 2.2 6.7

350 10 50

1910 55 269

10

49

0.1 10 1000

1 0.6

5 25 2 0.05

10 0.1 100 0.5

5 0.67 10 60 7670 0.1 5 4.1 10

12 123 10 0.46 0.1 0.1 5 3 5 0.2 0.05 35 0.44 0.1 434 2.5 1 1 0.045 5 5

10 0.6 15

53

150

651

2 10 10

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS The octanol-water partition coefficient, P, is a widely used parameter for correlating biological effects of organic substances. It is a property of the two-phase system in which water and 1-octanol are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature and the substance is distributed between the water-rich and octanol-rich phases. P is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the substance in the octanol-rich phase to that in the water-rich phase, in the limit of zero concentration. In general, P tends to be large for compounds with extended non-polar structures (such as long chain or multiring hydrocarbons) and small for compounds with highly polar groups. Thus P (or, in its more common form of expression, log P) provides a measure of the lipophilic vs. hydrophilic nature of a compound, which is an important consideration in assessing the potential toxicity. A discussion of methods of measurement and accuracy considerations for log P may be found in Reference 1. This table gives selected values of log P for about 450 organic compounds, including many of environmental importance. All values refer to a nominal temperature of 25°C. The source of each value is indicated in the last column. These references contain data on many more compounds than are included here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Sangster, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1111, 1989. 2. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 3. Shiu, W.Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 4. Pinsuwan, S., Li, L., and Yalkowsky, S.H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 623, 1995. 5. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 7. Miller, M.M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S.P., Tewari, Y.B., and Martire, D.E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Mol. Form. CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

Name Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane

© 2000 CRC Press LLC

log P

Ref.

Mol. Form.

Name

log P

Ref.

2.16 2.53 2.64 2.38 1.97 1.41 2.3 1.25 0.20 2.5 0.35 -0.54 1.19 0.91 0.51 1.5 -1.51 -0.33 -0.74 -0.57 3.16 2.88 4.00 2.53 2.89 2.13 1.86 1.93 2.39 1.38 2.49 2.38 -0.34 1.79 1.48

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2S C2H7N C2H7N C3H3N C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I

Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethylamine Dimethylamine 2-Propenenitrile cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein 3-Bromopropene Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Acrylamide 1,2-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane

0.45 -0.30 -0.17 1.6 1.43 2 -1.26 0.18 -0.30 0.10 -1.35 -1.41 -0.13 -0.38 0.25 2.03 -0.38 -0.01 1.79 0.30 2.63 0.16 -0.78 2.0 0.17 0.59 -0.24 0.03 0.33 0.18 2.1 1.9 2.04 1.90 2.5

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9F C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H5N C5H6O C5H7N C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10

Name Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Ethylmethylamine Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne 2,5-Dihydrofuran Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Butanenitrile cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Butanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Nitrobutane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Pyridine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 1,4-Pentadiene 1-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate Ethyl acrylate Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene

log P

Ref.

Mol. Form.

0.03 -1.01 -1.05 0.87 0.25 0.05 1.81 0.48 0.26 0.15 0.16 1.34 1.81 0.75 1.99 1.46 0.46 0.93 0.73 0.80 0.60 2.33 2.31 2.35 1.12 1.04 0.88 0.29 0.46 0.79 0.83 0.73 2.75 2.64 2.58 3 0.46 -0.21 -0.77 1.47 2.8 0.84 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.89 2.28 1.95 0.86 0.40 0.58 0.65 1.85 1.21 2.48 1.98 1.38 1.32 0.94 2.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11F C5H11N C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6Cl6 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2

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Name Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Diethyl carbonate 1-Bromopentane 1-Fluoropentane Piperidine 1-Nitropentane Pentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 5-Hexyn-2-one 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 2-Ethylfuran 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene 5-Hexen-2-one Cyclohexanone Ethyl methacrylate

log P

Ref.

3.00 0.84 0.82 0.56 0.82 1.85 1.39 1.24 1.21 1.21 3.37 2.33 0.84 2.01 3.45 3.11 1.51 1.25 1.21 1.28 0.89 1.28 1.31 0.94 1.49 5.47 5.03 5.07 4.55 4.65 4.51 4.04 3.98 4.02 3.38 3.48 3.38 3.23 2.99 2.84 2.27 3.28 1.85 2.13 1.48 2.52 0.90 1.11 1.20 1.22 2.3 0.58 0.61 2.40 2.8 2.73 2.86 1.02 0.81 1.94

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

log P

Ref.

Mol. Form.

C6H11Br C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I

Bromocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene 4-Methyl-1-pentene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexanol Hexanal 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Phenyl formate Salicylic acid (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane 2-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane

3.20 1.66 3.40 2.5 3.44 3.37 1.23 1.78 1.38 1.31 1.92 1.82 3.80 1.49 4.00 3.60 3.82 3.85 2.03 1.76 1.65 1.48 2.03 1.52 2.06 1.67 1.45 2.20 2.87 2.86 1.56 1.48 1.88 1.26 2.20 2.92 3.42 3.28 3.33 2.30 2.42 2.73 2.63 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.05 2.11 1.09 1.32 1.40 1.39 1.66 3.99 3.88 1.98 1.88 4.36 4.15 4.70

1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H6 C8H6O C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C9H7N

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Name Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Phenylacetylene Benzofuran Benzo[b]thiophene Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Styrene Acetophenone 2-Methylbenzaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Phenyloxirane o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole p-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine Butyl methacrylate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane 2-Octanone Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 4-Octanol Dibutyl ether Quinoline

log P

Ref.

4.50 2.62 2.31 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.40 2.67 3.12 1.56 2.14 3.05 1.63 2.26 1.78 2.14 1.61 2.32 2.37 2.34 1.41 1.49 2.20 3.15 3.12 3.20 3.15 2.47 2.50 2.50 2.35 2.34 2.36 3.23 2.35 1.36 1.42 1.60 1.58 2.51 1.35 2.74 2.66 2.81 1.96 2.31 1.41 2.88 2.75 4.57 4.45 2.37 3.05 4.89 5.15 3.07 2.90 2.68 3.21 2.03

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7N C9H8 C9H8O2 C9H9N C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C9H21N C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H9N C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12HCl9

Name Isoquinoline Indene trans-Cinnamic acid Benzenepropanenitrile Indan 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone 2-Phenylpropanoic acid Benzyl acetate 4-Methylphenyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol Benzenepropanol N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Amphetamine 1-Nonene 2-Nonanone 5-Methyl-2-octanone Nonane 1-Nonanol Tripropylamine 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Isopropyl benzoate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Butylphenol 2-Decanone Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 4-Phenylpyridine 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 2-Undecanone Methyl decanoate Decachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′Nonachlorobiphenyl

log P

Ref.

Mol. Form.

2.08 2.92 2.13 1.72 3.33 2.19 1.44 2.19 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.64 3.69 3.66 3.53 3.63 3.60 3.63 3.42 2.93 3.20 2.67 2.46 1.88 1.98 1.76 5.15 3.16 2.92 5.65 4.02 2.79 3.90 3.98 3.34 3.22 2.84 2.70 3.18 4.26 4.11 4.01 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.10 3.65 3.77 4.09 6.25 4.57 2.59 3.87 4.00 4.90 4.56 4.09 4.41 8.26

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3

C12H2Cl8

8.16

3

C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O C12H18 C12H18 C12H22O C12H24O2 C12H26O C13H8O C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H10O2 C13H11NO C13H12 C13H12 C13H12O C13H12O C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H28O2 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C16H10 C16H10 C16H14 C16H32O2

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Name 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 4-Phenylcyclohexanone Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclododecanone Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluoren-9-one Acridine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Phenyl benzoate N-Phenylbenzamide Diphenylmethane 4-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethanol Benzyl phenyl ether Anthracene Phenanthrene trans-Stilbene 1-Methylfluorene 2-Phenylacetophenone Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane 4,4′-Dimethylbiphenyl Octylbenzene Tetradecanoic acid 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene Fluoranthene Pyrene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Hexadecanoic acid

log P

Ref.

7.10 6.70 7.00 7.00 6.70 6.30 6.40 5.72 5.73 5.60 5.47 5.10 5.00 4.12 4.52 4.58 4.61 3.72 3.96 3.76 3.82 4.21 4.45 3.44 4.40 4.31 4.37 2.45 5.52 4.69 4.10 4.6 5.13 3.58 3.40 4.20 3.18 3.59 2.62 4.14 4.63 2.67 3.79 4.56 4.52 4.81 4.97 3.18 3.97 4.70 5.09 6.30 6.1 5.15 5.07 5.14 5.07 5.08 5.69 7.17

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 1

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.

Name

log P

Ref.

Mol. Form.

C17H12 C17H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H15N C18H30O2 C18H32O2 C18H34O2

11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene Triphenylamine Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid

5.40 5.75 5.91 5.73 5.76 5.49 5.74 6.46 7.05 7.64

1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1

C18H36O2 C19H16O C20H12 C20H12 C20H32O2 C20H40O2 C21H16

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C22H12 C24H12

Name Stearic acid Triphenylmethanol Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Arachidonic acid Arachidic acid 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene Benzo[ghi]perylene Coronene

log P

Ref.

8.23 3.68 6.25 6.20 6.98 9.29

1 1 1 4 1 1

6.75 6.90 6.05

1 1 4

PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications.

Alpha Particles Alpha particles of at least 7.5 MeV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick.

Electrons Electrons of at least 70 keV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. The range of electrons in g/cm2 is approximately equal to the maximum energy (E) in MeV divided by 2. The range of electrons in air is about 3.65 m per MeV; for example, a 3 MeV electron has a range of about 11 m in air. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm2 will transmit 70% of the initial fluence of 1 MeV electrons and 20% of that of 0.4 MeV electrons. When electrons of 1 to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, aluminum, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is dissipated as bremsstrahlung. The bremsstrahlung from 1 Ci of 32P aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about 1 mR/h at 1 meter distance. When electrons from a 1 Ci source of 90Sr - 90Y are absorbed, the bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma radiation from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about 300 keV.

Gamma Rays The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a 100 Ci 60Co source placed 1 ft behind a 4 ft high shield is about 100 mrad/h at 6 ft from the outside of the shield. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/h) at 1 ft is 6C⋅E⋅n where C is the activity in curies, E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.

Neutrons An approximate HVL (thickness of absorber for which the neutron flux falls to half its initial value) for 1 MeV neutrons is 3.2 cm of paraffin; that for 5 MeV neutrons is 6.9 cm of paraffin).

Miscellaneous The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.8%). For nuclides with a half-life greater than 6 days, the change in activity in 24 hours will be less than 10%. 10 HVL (half-value layers) attenuates approximately by 10-3. There is 0.64 mm3 of radon gas at STP in transient equilibrium with 1 Ci of radium. The natural background from all sources in most parts of the world leads to an equivalent dose rate of about 0.04 to 4 mSv per year for the average person. About 84% of this comes from terrestrial sources, the remainder from cosmic rays. The U. S. average is about 3.6 mSv/yr but can range up to 50 mSv/yr in some areas. A passenger in a plane flying at 12,000 meters receives 5 µSv/hr from cosmic rays (as compared to about 0.03 µSv/hr at sea level). The ICRP recommended exposure limit to man-made sources of ionizing radiation (Reference 2) is 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years, with the dose in any one year not to exceed 50 mSv. A whole-body dose of about 3 Gy over a short time interval will typically lead to 50% mortality in 30 days assuming no medical treatment.

Units The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose; it is a measure of the mean energy imparted to a sample of irradiated matter, divided by the mass of the sample. Gy is a special name for the SI unit J/kg. The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by a weighting factor that expresses the longterm biological risk from low-level chronic exposure to a specified type of radiation. The Sv is another special name for J/kg. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7⋅1010 becquerel (Bq); i.e., 3.7⋅1010 disintegrations per second. 1 roentgen (R) = 2.58⋅10-4 coulomb per kilogram (C/kg); a measure of the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or gamma radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 rem = 0.01 Sv REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1981. 2. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 3. Radiation: Doses, Effects, Risks, United Nations Sales No. E.86.III.D.4, 1985. 4. Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D, 50, 1173, 1994 (p. 1268).

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ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES K. F. Eckerman The following table lists, for workers, the annual limits on oral and inhalation intakes (ALI) for selected radionuclides based on the occupational radiation protection guidance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (References 1 and 2). An intake of one ALI corresponds to an annual whole body dose of 0.02 Sv (2 rem). The ALI is expressed in the SI unit of activity, the becquerel (Bq), and in the conventional unit, the microcurie (µCi); 1 µCi = 3.7⋅104 Bq. The chemical form of inhaled radionuclides is, in most instances, stated in terms of the rate of absorption to blood from the lungs and the fractional absorption from the small intestine. Type F, M, and S denote chemical forms which are absorbed from the lungs at rates characterized as fast, moderate, and slow, respectively. The time to absorb 90% of the deposited radionuclide, in the absence of radioactive decay, corresponds to about 10 minutes, 150 days, and 7000 days for Type F, M, and S compounds, respectively. Type F compounds can be considered to be more soluble than M or S, S being the most insoluble. Chemical form consideration for ingestion is specified by the fractional absorption from the small intestine, denoted as f1. The f1 values range from 10–5 to 1. Higher fractional absorption is associated with greater solubility of the compound. REFERENCES 1. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, (1—3), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 2. Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 68, Annals of the ICRP, 24(4), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995.

Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 3H

12.3 y

11C

0.340 h

14C

5730 y

18F

1.83 h

22Na 32P

2.60 y 15.0 h 14.3 d

35S

87.4 d

24Na

42K

51Cr

12.4 h 22.6 h 163 d 4.53 d 27.7 d

54Mn

312 d

52Fe

8.28 h

55Fe

2.70 y

43K 45Ca 47Ca

Chemical form Type/f1 HT gas HTO vapor CO CO2 Organic compounds CO CO2 Organic compounds F 1.000 M 1.000 S 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 Inorganic compounds F 0.800 M 0.800 Vapor Organic compounds F 1.000 F 1.000 M 0.300 M 0.300 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100

Oral intakes

ALI

Chemical form f1

Bq

µCi

ALI

Bq

µCi

1.1E+13 1.1E+09 1.7E+10 9.1E+09 6.2E+09

3.0E+08 3.0E+04 4.5E+05 2.5E+05 1.7E+05

1.000

1.1E+13

3.0E+08

1.000

8.3E+08

2.3E+04

2.5E+10 3.1E+09 3.4E+07

6.8E+05 8.3E+04 9.3E+02

1.000

3.4E+07

9.3E+02

3.7E+08 2.2E+08 2.2E+08 1.0E+07 3.8E+07 1.8E+07 6.9E+06

1.0E+04 6.1E+03 5.8E+03 2.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.9E+02 1.9E+02

1.000

4.1E+08

1.1E+04

1.000 1.000 0.800

6.3E+06 4.7E+07 8.3E+06

1.7E+02 1.3E+03 2.3E+02

2.5E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+08

6.8E+03 4.9E+02 4.5E+03

0.800 0.100

1.4E+08 1.1E+08

3.9E+03 2.8E+03

1.000

2.6E+07

7.0E+02

1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.100 0.010

4.7E+07 8.0E+07 2.6E+07 1.3E+07 5.3E+08 5.4E+08

1.3E+03 2.2E+03 7.1E+02 3.4E+02 1.4E+04 1.5E+04

0.100

2.8E+07

7.6E+02

0.100

1.4E+07

3.9E+02

0.100

6.1E+07

1.6E+03

1.0E+08 7.7E+07 8.7E+06 9.5E+06 6.7E+08 5.9E+08 5.6E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+07 2.9E+07 2.1E+07 2.2E+07 6.1E+07

2.7E+03 2.1E+03 2.4E+02 2.6E+02 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+02 4.5E+02 7.8E+02 5.7E+02 5.9E+02 1.6E+03

16-48

ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 59Fe

44.5 d

57Co

271 d

58Co

70.8 d

60Co

5.27 y

64Cu

12.7 h

59Ni

75000 y

63Ni

96.0 y

65Zn 67Ga

244 d 3.26 d

68Ga

1.13 h

68Ge

288 d

75Se

120 d

79Se

65000 y

86Rb 85Sr

18.6 d 64.8 d

87mSr

2.80 h

89Sr

50.5 d

90Sr

29.1 y

99Mo

2.75 d

99mTc

6.02 h

99Tc

213000 y

106Ru

1.01 y

111In

2.83 d

113mIn

1.66 h

113Sn

115 d

123I

13.2 h

125I

60.1 d

129I

1.57⋅107 y

Chemical form Type/f1 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 F 0.500 M 0.500 S 0.500 F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor S 0.500 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 1.000 M 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 1.000 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.800 S 0.050 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.050 M 0.050 S 0.050 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000

Oral intakes

ALI Bq

µCi

6.7E+06 6.3E+06 5.1E+07 3.3E+07 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 2.8E+06 1.2E+06 2.9E+08 1.3E+08 1.3E+08 9.1E+07 2.1E+08 2.4E+07 3.8E+07 6.5E+07 1.0E+07 7.1E+06 1.8E+08 7.1E+07 4.1E+08 2.5E+08 2.4E+07 2.5E+06 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 1.3E+07 6.5E+06 1.5E+07 3.6E+07 3.1E+07 9.1E+08 5.7E+08 1.4E+07 3.6E+06 6.7E+05 2.6E+05 5.6E+07 1.8E+07 1.0E+09 6.9E+08 5.0E+07 6.3E+06 2.0E+06 1.2E+06 5.7E+05 9.1E+07 6.5E+07 1.1E+09 6.3E+08 2.5E+07 1.1E+07 1.8E+08 9.5E+07 2.7E+06 1.4E+06 3.9E+05

1.8E+02 1.7E+02 1.4E+03 9.0E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 7.6E+01 3.2E+01 7.9E+03 3.6E+03 3.6E+03 2.5E+03 5.8E+03 6.5E+02 1.0E+03 1.7E+03 2.7E+02 1.9E+02 4.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.1E+04 6.7E+03 6.5E+02 6.8E+01 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 3.4E+02 1.7E+02 4.2E+02 9.7E+02 8.4E+02 2.5E+04 1.5E+04 3.9E+02 9.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E+00 1.5E+03 4.9E+02 2.7E+04 1.9E+04 1.4E+03 1.7E+02 5.5E+01 3.2E+01 1.5E+01 2.5E+03 1.7E+03 2.8E+04 1.7E+04 6.8E+02 2.8E+02 4.9E+03 2.6E+03 7.4E+01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01

16-49

TeamLRN

Chemical form f1

Bq

µCi

0.100

1.1E+07

3.0E+02

0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.500

9.5E+07 1.1E+08 2.7E+07 2.9E+07 5.9E+06 8.0E+06 1.7E+08

2.6E+03 2.8E+03 7.3E+02 7.7E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.5E+03

0.050

3.2E+08

8.6E+03

0.050

1.3E+08

3.6E+03

0.500 0.001

5.1E+06 1.1E+08

1.4E+02 2.8E+03

0.001

2.0E+08

5.4E+03

1.000

1.5E+07

4.2E+02

0.800 0.050 0.800 0.050 1.000 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.800 0.050 0.800

7.7E+06 4.9E+07 6.9E+06 5.1E+07 7.1E+06 3.6E+07 6.1E+07 6.7E+08 6.1E+08 7.7E+06 8.7E+06 7.1E+05 7.4E+06 2.7E+07 1.7E+07 9.1E+08

2.1E+02 1.3E+03 1.9E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+02 9.7E+02 1.6E+03 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.9E+01 2.0E+02 7.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.5E+04

0.800

2.6E+07

6.9E+02

0.050

2.9E+06

7.7E+01

0.020

6.9E+07

1.9E+03

0.020

7.1E+08

1.9E+04

0.020

2.7E+07

7.4E+02

1.000

9.5E+07

2.6E+03

1.000

1.3E+06

3.6E+01

1.000

1.8E+05

4.9E+00

ALI

ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 131I

8.04 d

129Cs

141Ce

1.34 d 2.06 y 13.1 d 30.0 y 32.5 d

144Ce

284 d

133Ba 169Yb

10.7 y 12.7 d 32.0 d

198Au

2.69 d

198mAu

2.30 d

197Hg

2.67 d

134Cs 136Cs 137Cs

140Ba

203Hg

201Tl

46.6 d

207Bi

3.04 d 22.3 y 38.0 y

210Po

138 d

224Ra

228Th

3.66 d 1600 y 5.75 y 1.91 y

230Th

77000 y

232Th

1.40⋅1010 y

234U

2.44⋅105 y

210Pb

226Ra 228Ra

Chemical form Type/f1

Oral intakes

ALI

Chemical form f1

Bq

µCi

1.000

9.1E+05

2.5E+01

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.0E-04

3.3E+08 1.1E+06 6.7E+06 1.5E+06 2.8E+07

9.0E+03 2.8E+01 1.8E+02 4.2E+01 7.6E+02

5.0E-04

3.8E+06

1.0E+02

0.100 0.100 5.0E-04

2.0E+07 8.0E+06 2.8E+07

5.4E+02 2.2E+02 7.6E+02

0.100

2.0E+07

5.4E+02

0.100

1.5E+07

4.2E+02

1.000 0.400

2.0E+08 1.2E+08

5.5E+03 3.2E+03

ALI

Bq

µCi

Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 F 0.100 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 Inorganic compounds F 0.400

2.1E+05 1.8E+06 1.0E+06 2.5E+08 2.1E+06 1.1E+07 3.0E+06 7.4E+06 6.5E+06 8.7E+05 6.9E+05 1.1E+07 1.3E+07 9.5E+06 8.3E+06 5.1E+07 2.0E+07 1.8E+07 3.4E+07 1.0E+07 1.1E+07

5.6E+00 4.9E+01 2.7E+01 6.7E+03 5.6E+01 2.8E+02 8.1E+01 2.0E+02 1.7E+02 2.4E+01 1.9E+01 3.0E+02 3.4E+02 2.6E+02 2.3E+02 1.4E+03 5.5E+02 4.9E+02 9.2E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02

2.4E+08

6.4E+03

Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 Inorganic compounds F 0.400

4.5E+06

1.2E+02

2.0E+08 7.1E+07

5.4E+03 1.9E+03

0.020

8.7E+07

2.4E+03

2.7E+07

7.2E+02

1.000 0.400

1.1E+07 1.8E+07

2.8E+02 4.9E+02

Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 F 0.200 F 0.050 M 0.050 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002

2.9E+06

7.7E+01

3.4E+07 1.1E+07 2.6E+08 1.8E+04 2.4E+07 6.3E+06 2.8E+04 9.1E+03 8.3E+03 1.7E+03 1.2E+04 8.7E+02 6.3E+02 7.1E+02 2.8E+03 6.9E+02 1.7E+03 3.1E+04 9.5E+03 2.9E+03

9.2E+02 2.8E+02 7.1E+03 4.9E-01 6.4E+02 1.7E+02 7.6E-01 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.5E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-02 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 7.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 7.9E-02

0.020

3.7E+07

1.0E+03

1.000 0.200 0.050

2.1E+08 2.9E+04 1.5E+07

5.7E+03 7.9E-01 4.2E+02

0.100

8.3E+04

2.3E+00

0.200 0.200 0.200 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 0.020 0.002

3.1E+05 7.1E+04 3.0E+04 2.9E+05 5.7E+05 9.5E+04 2.3E+05 9.1E+04 2.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.4E+06

8.3E+00 1.9E+00 8.1E-01 7.7E+00 1.5E+01 2.6E+00 6.2E+00 2.5E+00 5.9E+00 1.1E+01 6.5E+01

16-50

ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life

Oral intakes

Chemical form Type/f1

Bq

µCi

F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

3.3E+04 1.1E+04 3.3E+03 3.4E+04 1.3E+04 3.5E+03 1.3E+03 1.8E+07 6.7E+02 1.8E+03

9.0E-01 3.0E-01 8.9E-02 9.3E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 3.6E-02 4.9E+02 1.8E-02 4.9E-02

ALI

235U

7.04⋅108 y

238U

4.47⋅109 y

237Np 238Pu

2.14⋅106 y 2.36 d 87.7 y

239Pu

24100 y

M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

6.3E+02 2.4E+03

1.7E-02 6.5E-02

241Pu

14.4 y

M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

3.4E+04 2.4E+05

9.3E-01 6.4E+00

241Am

432 y 18.1 y 2.64 y

M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04

7.4E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03

2.0E-02 3.2E-02 4.2E-02

239Np

244Cm 252Cf

16-51

TeamLRN

Chemical form f1

Bq

µCi

0.020 0.002

4.3E+05 2.4E+06

1.2E+01 6.5E+01

0.020 0.002

4.5E+05 2.6E+06

1.2E+01 7.1E+01

5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04

1.8E+05 2.5E+07 8.7E+04 2.3E+06 4.1E+05 8.0E+04 2.2E+06 3.8E+05 4.3E+06 1.8E+08 2.1E+07 1.0E+05 1.7E+05 2.2E+05

4.9E+00 6.8E+02 2.4E+00 6.1E+01 1.1E+01 2.2E+00 6.0E+01 1.0E+01 1.2E+02 4.9E+03 5.6E+02 2.7E+00 4.5E+00 6.0E+00

ALI

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS The following substances are listed in the 10th Report on Carcinogens, released in December 2002 by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Substances are grouped in two classes: - Known to be human carcinogens: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer. - Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens: There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not be adequately excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These materials are not included here. The table lists the name normally used in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, followed by additional names by which the substance is known. In many cases the primary name given here is different from that used in the NTP report; however, names used in the NTP report appear in the Other names column. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN), given in the last column, is taken from the NTP report. Extensive details on each substance are given in the reference. REFERENCE Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 10th Report on Carcinogens, available on the Internet at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html

Substance Known to be Human Carcinogens Aflatoxins 4-Aminobiphenyl Arsenic compounds, inorganic Asbestos Azathioprine Benzene p-Benzidine Beryllium and beryllium compounds Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Bis(chloromethyl) ether 1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate Cadmium and cadmium compounds Chlorambucil Chloroethene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)1-nitrosourea Chloromethyl methyl ether Chromium hexavalent compounds Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A Diethylstilbestrol Erionite Estrogens, steroidal Melphalan Methoxsalen (with UV therapy) 2-Naphthylamine Nickel compounds Oxirane Radon Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Tamoxifen 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Thorium(IV) oxide Triethylenethiophosphoramide

Other names

CAS RN

1402-68-2 92-67-1

p-Biphenylamine

1H-Purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio][1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine Mustard gas

Myleran; Busulfan

Vinyl chloride; Chloroethylene

1332-21-4 446-86-6 71-43-2 92-87-5 7440-41-7 505-60-2 542-88-1 106-99-0 55-98-1 7440-43-9 305-03-3 75-01-4

MeCCNU

13909-09-6 107-30-2

2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide Cyclosporine

50-18-0 59865-13-3 56-53-1 66733-21-9

L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]PUVA; 9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one 2-Aminonaphthalene; β -Naphthylamine

148-82-3 298-81-7 91-59-8

Ethylene oxide

75-21-8 10043-92-2 14808-60-7 14464-46-1 15468-32-3 10540-29-1 1746-01-6 1314-20-1 52-24-4

Quartz; Silica Cristobalite; Silica Tridymite; Silica TCDD; Dioxin Thorium dioxide Thiotepa; Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, sulfide

16-53

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance

Other names

Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Acetaldehyde Ethanal 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene Acrylamide 2-Propenamide Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile Adriamycin Doxorubicin 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Aminoanthraquinone 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone 2-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline IQ Azacitidine 5-Azacytidine; 1,3,5-Triazine-2(1H)-one, 4-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylBenz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2,3,1',8'-Binaphthylene Benzo[a]pyrene 2,2'-Bioxirane Diepoxybutane Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloraniline); MBOCA 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol BBMP; Pentaerythritol dibromide Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea BCNU; Carmustine Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane Michler’s Base; 4,4-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bromodichloromethane Bromoethene Vinyl bromide tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole BHA; Butylated hydroxyanisole Chloramphenicol Chlorendic acid 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloroChlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Cl) 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU; Lomustine; Belustine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro-o-toluidine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline hydrochloride p-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Chlorozotocin D-Glucose, 2-[[[(2-chloroethyl)nitrosoamino]carbonyl]amino]-2-deoxyC.I. Basic Red 9, monohydrochloride Cupferron Dacarbazine 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazenyl)cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum Cisplatin 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-methoxy, sulfate 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-Methylenedianiline Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dibromide; EDB 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol DBP 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro-

16-54

TeamLRN

CAS RN

75-07-0 53-96-3 79-06-1 107-13-1 23214-92-8 117-79-3 82-28-0 76180-96-6 320-67-2 56-55-3 205-99-2 205-82-3 207-08-9 50-32-8 1464-53-5 101-14-4 3296-90-0 55-86-7 154-93-8 101-61-1 101-90-6 117-81-7 75-27-4 593-60-2 25013-16-5 56-75-7 115-28-6 108171-26-2 95-83-0 126-99-8 13010-47-4 95-69-2 3165-93-3 513-37-1 563-47-3 54749-90-5 569-61-9 135-20-6 4342-03-4 15663-27-1 39156-41-7 101-80-4 101-77-9 226-36-8 224-42-0 53-70-3 194-59-2 192-65-4 189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0 96-12-8 106-93-4 96-13-9 126-72-7 106-46-7 91-94-1

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,3-Dichloropropene (unspecified isomer) Diethyl sulfate 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2',3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene Dimethylcarbamic chloride 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl sulfate 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 1,4-Dioxane 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Disperse Blue No. 1 Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Ethyl carbamate Ethyl methanesulfonate N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Fluoroethene Formaldehyde Furan Hexachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α ,2α ,3β ,4α ,5α ,6β ) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α ,2α ,3β ,4α ,5β ,6β ) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α ,2β ,3α ,4β ,5α ,6β ) Hexachlorocyclohexane (other isomers) Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hydrazine Hydrazine sulfate 2-Imidazolidinethione Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Kepone Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) phosphate o-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline o-Methylaniline o-Methylaniline hydrochloride 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 5-Methylchrysene 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride Methyl methanesulfonate N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea Methyloxirane Metronidazole

Other names 3,3'-Dichloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dihydrochloride Ethylene dichloride Methylene chloride

Propylthiouracil Danthron; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Methyleugenol Dianisidine

CAS RN 612-83-9 107-06-2 75-09-2 542-75-6 64-67-5 51-52-5

Perchlorobenzene Lindane; γ -Hexachlorocyclohexane

117-10-2 93-15-2 119-90-4 60-11-7 97-56-3 79-44-7 57-14-7 77-78-1 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 123-91-1 122-66-7 2475-45-8 106-89-8 106-87-6 62-44-2 51-79-6 62-50-0 759-73-9 75-02-5 50-00-0 110-00-9 118-74-1 58-89-9

α -Hexachlorocyclohexane

319-84-6

β -Hexachlorocyclohexane

319-85-7

o-Aminoazotoluene; 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride UDMH

Hydrazobenzene 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino(Chloromethyl)oxirane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide Phenacetin Urethane ENU; N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea Vinyl fluoride

Perchloroethane Hexamethylphosphoramide; Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide

Ethylene thiourea 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene Chlordecone

o-Anisidine hydrochloride p-Cresidine; 5-Methyl-o-anisidine o-Toluidine o-Toluidine hydrochloride Isoprene Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenedi-, dihydrochloride

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea 1,2-Propylene oxide 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol

16-55

608-73-1 67-72-1 680-31-9 302-01-2 10034-93-2 96-45-7 193-39-5 143-50-0 301-04-2 7446-27-7 134-29-2 120-71-8 95-53-4 636-21-5 78-79-5 3697-24-3 13552-44-8 66-27-3 70-25-7 684-93-5 75-56-9 443-48-1

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Mirex Nickel (metallic) Nitrilotriacetic acid 2-Nitroanisole 6-Nitrochrysene Nitrofen 2-Nitropropane 1-Nitropyrene 4-Nitropyrene N-Nitrosodibutylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine 4-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone Ochratoxin A 2-Oxetanone Oxiranemethanol Oxymetholone Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenyloxirane Phenytoin Polybrominated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls Procarbazine hydrochloride Progesterone 1,3-Propane sultone Propyleneimine Reserpine Safrole Selenium sulfide Streptozotocin Sulfallate Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoroethene N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4'diaminobenzophenone Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide Thiourea o-Tolidine Toluene-2,4-diamine Toluene diisocyanate (unspecified isomer) Toxaphene 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

Other names

CAS RN

1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene, 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-

2385-85-5

N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene Benzene, 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-

Ethanol, 2,2'-(nitrosoimino)DEN; Diethylnitrosamine DMN; Dimethylnitrosamine NNK; Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)propyl Ethenamine, N-methyl-N-nitrosoN-Nitrosomorpholine 1-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosodipropylamine Glycine, N-methyl-N-nitroso19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 α )β -Propiolactone Glycidol Androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17-methyl2,6-Pyridinediamine, 3-(phenylazo)-, monohydrochloride 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone Benzenemethanamine, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)-, hydrochloride Styrene-7,8-oxide 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione PBBs PCBs Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide 2-Methylaziridine 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl]amino]N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, 2-chloroallyl ester Perchloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride Tetrafluoroethylene Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone; Michler’s Ketone

3,3-Dimethylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminotoluene Polychlorocamphene Amitrole DDT; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

16-56

TeamLRN

7440-02-0 139-13-9 91-23-6 7496-02-8 1836-75-5 79-46-9 5522-43-0 57835-92-4 924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 64091-91-4 4549-40-0 59-89-2 16543-55-8 100-75-4 621-64-7 930-55-2 13256-22-9 68-22-4 303-47-9 57-57-8 556-52-5 434-07-1 136-40-3 77-09-8 63-92-3 96-09-3 57-41-0 1336-36-3 366-70-1 57-83-0 1120-71-4 75-55-8 50-55-5 94-59-7 7446-34-6 18883-66-4 95-06-7 127-18-4 56-23-5 116-14-3 90-94-8 509-14-8 62-55-5 62-56-6 119-93-7 95-80-7 26471-62-5 8001-35-2 61-82-5 50-29-3

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Trichloroethene Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

Other names Trichloroethylene Chloroform Benzotrichloride

CAS RN 79-01-6 67-66-3 98-07-7 88-06-2 96-18-4

16-57

Appendix A: Mathematical Tables Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants Decimal Equivalents of Common Fractions Quadratic Formula Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another Derivatives Integration Integrals Differential Equations Fourier Series Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions The Fourier Transforms Series Expansion Vector Analysis Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates Transformation of Integrals Moment of Inertial for Various Bodies of Mass Bessel Functions The Factorial Function The Gamma Function The Beta Function The Error Function Orthogonal Polynomials Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients Normal Probability Function Percentage Points, Student's t-Distribution Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution Percentage Points, F-Distribution

TeamLRN

MISCELLANEOUS MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS π CONSTANTS π

=

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37511

1/π

=

0.31830 98861 83790 67153 77675 26745 02872 40689 19291 48091

π2

=

9.86960 44010 89358 61883 44909 99876 15113 53136 99407 24079

loge π

=

1.14472 98858 49400 17414 34273 51353 05871 16472 94812 91531

log10 π √ log10 2π

=

0.49714 98726 94133 85435 12682 88290 89887 36516 78324 38044

=

0.39908 99341 79057 52478 25035 91507 69595 02099 34102 92128

CONSTANTS INVOLVING e e

=

2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996

1/e

=

0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55237 70161 46086 74458 11131 03177

e2

=

7.38905 60989 30650 22723 04274 60575 00781 31803 15570 55185

M

=

log10 e = 0.43429 44819 03251 82765 11289 18916 60508 22943 97005 80367

1/M

=

loge 10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 79914 54684 36420 76011 01488 62877

log10 M

=

9.63778 43113 00536 78912 29674 98645 − 10

π e AND eπ CONSTANTS πe

=

22.45915 77183 61045 47342 71522

eπ

=

23.14069 26327 79269 00572 90864

e−π

=

0.04321 39182 63772 24977 44177

e1/2π

=

4.81047 73809 65351 65547 30357

ii

=

e−1/2π = 0.20787 95763 50761 90854 69556

NUMERICAL CONSTANTS √ √ 3

2

=

1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85696 71875 37695

2

=

1.25992 10498 94873 16476 72106 07278 22835 05702 51464 70151

loge 2

=

0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321 21458 17656 80755 00134 36026

log10 2 √ 3 √ 3 3

=

0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37388 94724 49302 67881 89881 46211

=

1.73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 05253 81039

=

1.44224 95703 07408 38232 16383 10780 10958 83918 69253 49935

loge 3

=

1.09861 22886 68109 69139 52452 36922 52570 46474 90557 82275

log10 3

=

0.47712 12547 19662 43729 50279 03255 11530 92001 28864 19070

OTHER CONSTANTS Euler’s Constant γ

=

loge γ

=

0.57721 56649 01532 86061 −0.54953 93129 81644 82234

Golden Ratio φ

=

1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 09180

A-1

1/16

1/8

3/16

1/4

5/16

3/8

7/16

1/2

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON FRACTIONS 1/64 0.015625 33/64 0.515625 1/32 2/64 0.03125 17/32 34/64 0.53125 3/64 0.046875 35/64 0.546875 2/32 4/64 0.0625 9/16 18/32 36/64 0.5625 5/64 0.078125 37/64 0.578125 3/32 6/64 0.09375 19/32 38/64 0.59375 7/64 0.109375 39/64 0.609375 4/32 8/64 0.125 5/8 20/32 40/64 0.625 9/64 0.140625 41/64 0.640625 5/32 10/64 0.15625 21/32 42/64 0.65625 11/64 0.171875 43/64 0.671875 6/32 12/64 0.1875 11/16 22/32 44/64 0.6875 13/64 0.203125 45/64 0.703125 7/32 14/64 0.21875 23/32 46/64 0.71875 15/64 0.234375 47/64 0.734375 8/32 16/64 0.25 3/4 24/32 48/64 0.75 17/64 0.265625 49/64 0.765625 9/32 18/64 0.28125 25/32 50/64 0.78125 19/64 0.296875 51/64 0.796875 10/32 20/64 0.3125 13/16 26/32 52/64 0.8125 21/64 0.328125 53/64 0.828125 11/32 22/64 0.34375 27/32 54/64 0.84375 23/64 0.359375 55/64 0.859375 12/32 24/64 0.375 7/8 28/32 56/64 0.875 25/64 0.390625 57/64 0.890625 13/32 26/64 0.40625 29/32 58/64 0.90625 27/64 0.421875 59/64 0.921875 14/32 28/64 0.4375 15/16 30/32 60/64 0.9375 29/64 0.453125 61/64 0.953125 15/32 30/64 0.46875 31/32 62/64 0.96875 31/64 0.484375 63/64 0.984375 16/32 32/64 0.5 1/1 32/32 64/64 1

A-2

TeamLRN

QUADRATIC FORMULA The solution of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a
= 0, is given by √ −b ± b2 − 4ac x= . 2a

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x

Value

log10

e−x (value)

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71

1.0000 1.0101 1.0202 1.0305 1.0408 1.0513 1.0618 1.0725 1.0833 1.0942 1.1052 1.1163 1.1275 1.1388 1.1503 1.1618 1.1735 1.1853 1.1972 1.2092 1.2214 1.2337 1.2461 1.2586 1.2712 1.2840 1.2969 1.3100 1.3231 1.3364 1.3499 1.3634 1.3771 1.3910 1.4049 1.4191 1.4333 1.4477 1.4623 1.4770 1.4918 1.5063 1.5220 1.5373 1.5527 1.5683 1.5841 1.6000 1.6161 1.6323 1.6487 1.6653 1.6820 1.6989 1.7160 1.7333 1.7507 1.7683 1.7860 1.8040 1.8221 1.8404 1.8589 1.8776 1.8965 1.9155 1.9348 1.9542 1.9739 1.9937 2.0138 2.0340

0.00000 .00434 .00869 .01303 .01737 .02171 .02606 .03040 .03474 .03909 .04343 .04777 .05212 .05646 .06080 .06514 .06949 .07383 .07817 .08252 .08686 .09120 .09554 .09989 .10423 .10857 .11292 .11726 .12160 .12595 .13029 .13463 .13897 .14332 .14766 .15200 .15635 .16069 .16503 .16937 .17372 .17806 .18240 .18675 .19109 .19543 .19978 .20412 .20846 .21280 .21715 .22149 .22583 .23018 .23452 .23886 .24320 .24755 .25189 .25623 .26058 .26492 .26926 .27361 .27795 .28229 .28664 .29098 .29532 .29966 .30401 .30835

1.00000 0.99005 .98020 .97045 .96079 .95123 .94176 .93239 .92312 .91393 .90484 .89583 .88692 .87809 .86936 .86071 .85214 .84366 .83527 .82696 .81873 .81058 .80252 .79453 .78663 .77880 .77105 .76338 .75578 .74826 .74082 .73345 .72615 .71892 .71177 .70469 .69768 .69073 .68386 .67706 .67032 .66365 .65705 .65051 .64404 .63763 .63128 .62500 .61878 .61263 .60653 .60050 .59452 .58860 .58275 .57695 .57121 .56553 .55990 .55433 .54881 .54335 .53794 .53259 .52729 .52205 .51685 .51171 .50662 .50158 .49659 .49164

sinh x

cosh x

Value

log10

Value

log10

tanh x (value)

0.0000 .0100 .0200 .0300 .0400 .0500 .0600 .0701 .0801 .0901 .1002 .1102 .1203 .1304 .1405 .1506 .1607 .1708 .1810 .1911 .2013 .2115 .2218 .2320 .2423 .2526 .2629 .2733 .2837 .2941 .3045 .3150 .3255 .3360 .3466 .3572 .3678 .3785 .3892 .4000 .4108 .4216 .4325 .4434 .4543 .4653 .4764 .4875 .4986 .5098 .5211 .5324 .5438 .5552 .5666 .5782 .5897 .6014 .6131 .6248 .6367 .6485 .6605 .6725 .6846 .6967 .7090 .7213 .7336 .7461 .7586 .7712

-∞ −2.00001 −2.30106 −2.47719 −2.60218 −2.69915 −2.77841 −2.84545 −2.90355 −2.95483 −1.00072 −1.04227 −1.08022 −1.11517 −1.14755 −1.17772 −1.20597 −1.23254 −1.25762 −1.28136 −1.30392 −1.32541 −1.34592 −1.36555 −1.38437 −1.40245 −1.41986 −1.43663 −1.45282 −1.46847 −1.48362 −1.49830 −1.51254 −1.52637 −1.53981 −1.55290 −1.56564 −1.57807 −1.59019 −1.60202 −1.61358 −1.62488 −1.63594 −1.64677 −1.65738 −1.66777 −1.67797 −1.68797 −1.69779 −1.70744 −1.71692 −1.72624 −1.73540 −1.74442 −1.75330 −1.76204 −1.77065 −1.77914 −1.78751 −1.79576 −1.80390 −1.81194 −1.81987 −1.82770 −1.83543 −1.84308 −1.85063 −1.85809 −1.86548 −1.87278 −1.88000 −1.88715

1.0000 1.0001 1.0002 1.0005 1.0008 1.0013 1.0018 1.0025 1.0032 1.0041 1.0050 1.0061 1.0072 1.0085 1.0098 1.0113 1.0128 1.0145 1.0162 1.0181 1.0201 1.0221 1.0243 1.0266 1.0289 1.0314 1.0340 1.0367 1.0395 1.0423 1.0453 1.0484 1.0516 1.0549 1.0584 1.0619 1.0655 1.0692 1.0731 1.0770 1.0811 1.0852 1.0895 1.0939 1.0984 1.1030 1.1077 1.1125 1.1174 1.1225 1.1276 1.1329 1.1383 1.1438 1.1494 1.1551 1.1609 1.1669 1.1730 1.1792 1.1855 1.1919 1.1984 1.2051 1.2119 1.2188 1.2258 1.2330 1.2402 1.2476 1.2552 1.2628

0.00000 .00002 .00009 .00020 .00035 .00054 .00078 .00106 .00139 .00176 .00217 .00262 .00312 .00366 .00424 .00487 .00554 .00625 .00700 .00779 .00863 .00951 .01043 .01139 .01239 .01343 .01452 .01564 .01681 .01801 .01926 .02054 .02187 .02323 .02463 .02607 .02755 .02907 .03063 .03222 .03385 .03552 .03723 .03897 .04075 .04256 .04441 .04630 .04822 .05018 .05217 .05419 .05625 .05834 .06046 .06262 .06481 .06703 .06929 .07157 .07389 .07624 .07861 .08102 .08346 .08593 .08843 .09095 .09351 .09609 .09870 .10134

0.00000 .01000 .02000 .02999 .03998 .04996 .05993 .06989 .07983 .08976 .09967 .10956 .11943 .12927 .13909 .14889 .15865 .16838 .17808 .18775 .19738 .20697 .21652 .22603 .23550 .24492 .25430 .26362 .27291 .28213 .29131 .30044 .30951 .31852 .32748 .33638 .34521 .35399 .36271 .37136 .37995 .33847 .39693 .40532 .41364 .42190 .43008 .43820 .44624 .45422 .46212 .46995 .47770 .48538 .49299 .50052 .50798 .51536 .52267 .52990 .53705 .54413 .55113 .55805 .56490 .57167 .57836 .58498 .59152 .59798 .60437 .61068

A-3

TeamLRN

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43

Value 2.0544 2.0751 2.0959 2.1170 2.1383 2.1598 2.1815 2.2034 2.2255 2.2479 2.2705 2.2933 2.3164 2.3396 2.3632 2.3869 2.4100 2.4351 2.4596 2.4843 2.5093 2.5345 2.5600 2.5857 2.6117 2.6379 2.6645 2.6912 2.7183 2.7456 2.7732 2.8011 2.8292 2.8577 2.8864 2.9154 2.9447 2.9743 3.0042 3.0344 3.0659 3.0957 3.1268 3.1582 3.1899 3.2220 3.2544 3.2871 3.3201 3.3535 3.3872 3.4212 3.4556 3.4903 3.5254 3.5609 3.5996 3.6328 3.6693 3.7062 3.7434 3.7810 3.8190 3.8574 3.8962 3.9354 3.9749 4.0149 4.0552 4.0960 4.1371 4.1787

log10 .31269 .31703 .32138 .32572 .33006 .33441 .33875 .34309 .34744 .35178 .35612 .36046 .36481 .36915 .37349 .37784 .38218 .38652 .39087 .39521 .39955 .40389 .40824 .41258 .41692 .42127 .42561 .42995 .43429 .43864 .44298 .44732 .45167 .45601 .46035 .46470 .46904 .47338 .47772 .48207 .48641 .49075 .49510 .49944 .50378 .50812 .51247 .51681 .52115 .52550 .52984 .53418 .53853 .54287 .54721 .55155 .55590 .56024 .56458 .56893 .57327 .57761 .58195 .58630 .59064 .59498 .59933 .60367 .60801 .61236 .61670 .62104

e−x (value) .48675 .48191 .47711 .47237 .46767 .46301 .45841 .45384 .44933 .44486 .44043 .43605 .43171 .42741 .42316 .41895 .41478 .41066 .40657 .40242 .39852 .39455 .39063 .38674 .38289 .37908 .37531 .37158 .36788 .36422 .36060 .35701 .35345 .34994 .34646 .34301 .33960 .33622 .33287 .32956 .32628 .32303 .31982 .31644 .31349 .31037 .30728 .30422 .30119 .29820 .29523 .29229 .28938 .28650 .28365 .28083 .27804 .27527 .27253 .26982 .26714 .26448 .26185 .25924 .25666 .25411 .25158 .24908 .24660 .24414 .24171 .23931

sinh x Value .7838 .7966 .8094 .8223 .8353 .8484 .8615 .8748 .8881 .9015 .9150 .9286 .9423 .9561 .9700 .9840 .9981 1.0122 1.0265 1.0409 1.0554 1.0700 1.0847 1.0995 1.1144 1.1294 1.1446 1.1598 1.1752 1.1907 1.2063 1.2220 1.2379 1.2539 1.2700 1.2862 1.3025 1.3190 1.3356 1.3524 1.3693 1.3863 1.4035 1.4208 1.4382 1.4558 1.4735 1.4914 1.5095 1.5276 1.5460 1.5645 1.5831 1.6019 1.6209 1.6400 1.6593 1.6788 1.6984 1.7182 1.7381 1.7583 1.7786 1.7991 1.8198 1.8406 1.8617 1.8829 1.9043 1.9259 1.9477 1.9697

A-4

cosh x log10 −1.89423 −1.90123 −1.90817 −1.91504 −1.92185 −1.92859 −1.93527 −1.94190 −1.94846 −1.95498 −1.96144 −1.96784 −1.97420 −1.98051 −1.98677 −1.99299 −1.99916 0.00528 .01137 .01741 .02341 .02937 .03530 .04119 .04704 .05286 .05864 .06439 .07011 .07580 .06146 .08708 .09268 .09825 .10379 .10930 .11479 .12025 .12569 .13111 .13649 .14186 .14720 .15253 .15783 .16311 .16836 .17360 .17882 .18402 .18920 .19437 .19951 .20464 .20975 .21485 .21993 .22499 .23004 .23507 .24009 .24509 .25008 .25505 .26002 .26496 .26990 .27482 .27974 .28464 .28952 .29440

Value 1.2706 1.2785 1.2865 1.2947 1.3030 1.3114 1.3199 1.3286 1.3374 1.3464 1.3555 1.3647 1.3740 1.3835 1.3932 1.4029 1.4128 1.4229 1.4331 1.4434 1.4539 1.4645 1.4753 1.4862 1.4973 1.5085 1.5199 1.5314 1.5431 1.5549 1.5669 1.5790 1.5913 1.6038 1.6164 1.6292 1.6421 1.6552 1.6685 1.6820 1.6956 1.7083 1.7233 1.7374 1.7517 1.7662 1.7808 1.7957 1.8107 1.8258 1.8412 1.8568 1.8725 1.8884 1.9045 1.9208 1.9373 1.9540 1.9709 1.9880 2.0053 2.0228 2.0404 2.0583 2.0764 2.0947 2.1132 2.1320 2.1509 2.1700 2.1894 2.2090

log10 .10401 .10670 .10942 .11216 .11493 .11773 .12055 .12340 .12627 .12917 .13209 .13503 .13800 .14099 .14400 .14704 .15009 .15317 .15627 .15939 .16254 .16570 .16888 .17208 .17531 .17855 .18181 .18509 .18839 .19171 .19504 .19839 .20176 .20515 .20855 .21197 .21541 .21886 .22233 .22582 .22931 .23283 .23636 .23990 .24346 .24703 .25062 .25422 .25784 .26146 .26510 .26876 .27242 .27610 .27979 .28349 .28721 .29093 .29467 .29842 .30217 .30594 .30972 .31352 .31732 .32113 .32495 .32878 .33262 .33647 .34033 .34420

tanh x (value) .61691 .62307 .62915 .63515 .64108 .64693 .65721 .65841 .66404 .66959 .67507 .68048 .68581 .69107 .69626 .70137 .70642 .71139 .21630 .72113 .72590 .73059 .73522 .73978 .74428 .74870 .75307 .75736 .76159 .76576 .76987 .77391 .77789 .78181 .78566 .78946 .79320 .79688 .80050 .80406 .80757 .81102 .81441 .81775 .82104 .82427 .82745 .83058 .83365 .83668 .83965 .84258 .83546 .84828 .85106 .85380 .85648 .85913 .86172 .86428 .86678 .86925 .87167 .87405 .87639 .87869 .88095 .88317 .88535 .88749 .88960 .89167

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15

Value 4.2207 4.2631 4.3060 4.3492 4.3929 4.4371 4.4817 4.5267 4.5722 4.6182 4.6646 4.7115 4.7588 4.8066 4.8550 4.9037 4.9530 5.0028 5.0531 5.1039 5.1552 5.2070 5.2593 5.3122 5.3656 5.4195 5.4739 5.5290 5.5845 5.6407 5.6973 5.7546 5.8124 5.8709 5.9299 5.9895 6.0496 6.1104 6.1719 6.2339 6.2965 6.3598 6.4237 6.4383 6.5535 6.6194 6.6859 6.7531 6.8210 6.8895 6.9588 7.0287 7.0993 7.1707 7.2427 7.3155 7.3891 7.4633 7.5383 7.6141 7.6906 7.7679 7.8460 7.9248 8.0045 8.0849 8.1662 8.2482 8.3311 8.4149 8.4994 8.5849

log10 .62538 .62973 .63407 .63841 .64276 .64710 .65144 .65578 .66013 .66447 .66881 .67316 .67750 .68184 .68619 .69053 .69487 .69921 .70356 .70790 .71224 .71659 .72093 .72527 .72961 .73396 .73830 .74264 .74699 .75133 .75567 .76002 .76436 .76870 .77304 .77739 .78173 .78607 .79042 .79476 .79910 .80344 .80779 .81213 .81647 .82082 .82516 .82950 .83385 .83819 .84253 .84687 .85122 .85556 .85990 .86425 .86859 .87293 .87727 .88162 .88596 .89030 .89465 .89899 .90333 .90768 .91202 .91636 .92070 .92505 .92939 .93373

e−x (value) .23693 .23457 .23224 .22993 .22764 .22537 .22313 .22091 .21871 .21654 .21438 .21225 .21014 .20805 .20598 .20393 .20190 .19989 .19790 .19593 .19398 .19205 .19014 .18825 .18637 .18452 .18268 .18087 .17907 .17728 .17552 .17377 .17204 .17033 .16864 .16696 .16530 .16365 .16203 .16041 .15882 .15724 .15567 .15412 .15259 .15107 .14957 .14808 .14661 .14515 .14370 .14227 .14086 .13946 .13807 .13670 .13534 .13399 .13266 .13134 .13003 .12873 .12745 .12619 .12493 .12369 .12246 .12124 .12003 .11884 .11765 .11648

sinh x Value 1.9919 2.0143 2.0369 2.0597 2.0827 2.1059 2.1293 2.1529 2.1768 2.2008 2.2251 2.2496 2.2743 2.2993 2.3245 2.3499 2.3756 2.4015 2.4276 2.4540 2.4806 2.5075 2.5346 2.5620 2.5896 2.6175 2.6456 2.6740 2.7027 2.7317 2.7609 2.7904 2.8202 2.8503 2.8806 2.9112 2.9422 2.9734 3.0049 3.0367 3.0689 3.1013 3.1340 3.1671 3.2005 3.2341 3.2682 3.3025 3.3372 3.3722 3.4075 3.4432 3.4792 3.5156 3.5923 3.5894 3.6269 3.6647 3.7028 3.7414 3.7803 3.8196 3.8593 3.8993 3.9398 3.9806 4.0219 4.0635 4.1056 4.1480 4.1909 4.2342

A-5

TeamLRN

cosh x log10 .29926 .30412 .30896 .31379 .31862 .32343 .32823 .33303 .33781 .34258 .34735 .35211 .35686 .36160 .36633 .37105 .37577 .38048 .38518 .38987 .39456 .39923 .40391 .40857 .41323 .41788 .42253 .42717 .43180 .43643 .44105 .44567 .45028 .45488 .45948 .46408 .46867 .47325 .47783 .48241 .48698 .49154 .49610 .50066 .50521 .50976 .51430 .51884 .52338 .52791 .53244 .53696 .54148 .54600 .55051 .55502 .55953 .56403 .56853 .57303 .57753 .58202 .58650 .59099 .59547 .59995 .60443 .60890 .61337 .61784 .62231 .62677

Value 2.2288 2.2488 2.2691 2.2896 2.3103 2.3312 2.3524 2.3738 2.3955 2.4174 2.4395 2.4619 2.4845 2.5073 2.5305 2.5538 2.5775 2.6013 2.6255 2.6499 2.6746 2.6995 2.7247 2.7502 2.7760 2.8020 2.8283 2.8549 2.8818 2.9090 2.9364 2.9642 2.9922 3.0206 3.0492 3.0782 3.1075 3.1371 3.1669 3.1972 3.2277 3.2585 3.2897 3.3212 3.3530 3.3852 3.4177 3.4506 3.4838 3.5173 3.5512 3.5855 3.6201 3.6551 3.6904 3.7261 3.7622 3.7987 3.8335 3.8727 3.9103 3.9483 3.9867 4.0255 4.0647 4.1043 4.1443 4.1847 4.2256 4.2669 4.3085 4.3507

log10 .34807 .35196 .35585 .35976 .36367 .36759 .37151 .37545 .37939 .38334 .38730 .39126 .39524 .39921 .40320 .40719 .41119 .41520 .41921 .42323 .42725 .43129 .43532 .43937 .44341 .44747 .45153 .45559 .45966 .46374 .46782 .47191 .47600 .48009 .48419 .48830 .49241 .49652 .50064 .50476 .50889 .51302 .51716 .52130 .52544 .52959 .53374 .53789 .54205 .54621 .55038 .55455 .55872 .56290 .56707 .57126 .57544 .57963 .58382 .58802 .59221 .59641 .60061 .60482 .60903 .61324 .61745 .62167 .62589 .63011 .63433 .63856

tanh x (value) .89370 .89569 .89765 .89958 .90147 .90332 .90515 .90694 .90870 .91042 .91212 .91379 .91542 .91703 .91860 .92015 .92167 .92316 .92462 .92606 .92747 .92886 .93022 .93155 .93286 .93415 .93541 .93665 .93786 .93906 .94023 .94138 .94250 .94361 .94470 .94576 .94681 .94783 .94884 .94983 .95080 .95175 .95268 .95359 .95449 .95537 .95624 .95709 .95792 .95873 .95953 .96032 .96109 .96185 .96259 .96331 .96403 .96473 .96541 .96609 .96675 .96740 .96803 .96865 .96926 .96986 .97045 .97103 .97159 .97215 .97269 .97323

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86

Value 8.6711 8.7583 8.8463 8.9352 9.0250 9.1157 9.2073 9.2999 9.3933 9.4877 9.5831 9.6794 9.7767 9.8749 9.9742 10.074 10.176 10.278 10.381 10.486 10.591 10.697 10.805 10.913 11.023 11.134 11.246 11.359 11.473 11.588 11.705 11.822 11.941 12.061 12.182 12.305 12.429 12.554 12.680 12.807 12.936 13.066 13.197 13.330 13.464 13.599 13.736 13.874 14.013 14.154 14.296 14.440 14.585 14.732 14.880 15.029 15.180 15.333 15.487 15.643 15.800 15.959 16.119 16.281 16.445 16.610 16.777 16.945 17.116 17.288 17.462

log10 .93808 .94242 .94676 .95110 .95545 .95979 .96413 .96848 .97282 .97716 .98151 .98585 .99019 .99453 .99888 1.00322 1.00756 1.01191 1.01625 1.02059 1.02493 1.02928 1.03362 1.03796 1.04231 1.04665 1.05099 1.05534 1.05968 1.06402 1.06836 1.07271 1.07705 1.08139 1.08574 1.09008 1.09442 1.09877 1.10311 1.10745 1.11179 1.11614 1.12048 1.12482 1.12917 1.13351 1.13785 1.14219 1.14654 1.15008 1.15522 1.15957 1.16391 1.16825 1.17260 1.17694 1.18128 1.18562 1.18997 1.19431 1.19865 1.20300 1.20734 1.21168 1.21602 1.22037 1.22471 1.22905 1.23340 1.23774 1.24208

e−x (value) .11533 .11418 .11304 .11192 .11080 .10970 .10861 .10753 .10646 .10540 .10435 .10331 .10228 .10127 .10026 .09926 .09827 .09730 .09633 .09537 .09442 .09348 .09255 .09163 .09072 .08982 .08892 .08804 .08716 .08629 .08543 .08458 .08374 .08291 .08208 .08127 .08046 .07966 .07887 .07808 .07730 .07654 .07577 .07502 .07427 .07353 .07280 .07208 .07136 .07065 .06995 .06925 .06856 .06788 .06721 .06654 .06587 .06522 .06457 .06393 .06329 .06266 .06204 .06142 .06081 .06020 .05961 .05901 .05843 .05784 .05727

sinh x Value 4.2779 4.3221 4.3666 4.4116 4.4571 4.5030 4.5494 4.5962 4.6434 4.6912 4.7394 4.7880 4.8372 4.8868 4.9370 4.9876 5.0387 5.0903 5.1425 5.1951 5.2483 5.3020 5.3562 5.4109 5.4662 5.5221 5.5785 5.6354 5.6929 5.7510 5.8097 5.8689 5.9288 5.9892 6.0502 6.1118 6.1741 6.2369 6.3004 6.3645 6.4293 6.4946 6.5607 6.6274 6.6947 6.7628 6.8315 6.9008 6.9709 7.0417 7.1132 7.1854 7.2583 7.3319 7.4063 7.4814 7.5572 7.6338 7.7112 7.7894 7.8683 7.9480 8.0285 8.1098 8.1919 8.2749 8.3586 8.4432 8.5287 8.6150 8.7021

A-6

cosh x log10 .63123 .63569 .64015 .64460 .64905 .65350 .65795 .66240 .66684 .67128 .67572 .68016 .68459 .68903 .69346 .69789 .70232 .70675 .71117 .71559 .72002 .72444 .72885 .73327 .73769 .74210 .74652 .75093 .75534 .75975 .76415 .76856 .77296 .77737 .78177 .78617 .79057 .79497 .79937 .80377 .80816 .81256 .81695 .82134 .82573 .83012 .83451 .83890 .84329 .84768 .85206 .85645 .86083 .86522 .86960 .87398 .87836 .88274 .88712 .89150 .89588 .90026 .90463 .90901 .91339 .91776 .92213 .92651 .93088 .93525 .93963

Value 4.3932 4.4362 4.4797 4.5236 4.5679 4.6127 4.6580 4.7037 4.7499 4.7966 4.8437 4.8914 4.9395 4.9881 5.0372 5.0868 5.1370 5.1876 5.2388 5.2905 5.3427 5.3954 5.4487 5.5026 5.5569 5.6119 5.6674 5.7235 5.7801 5.8373 5.8951 5.9535 6.0125 6.0721 6.1323 6.1931 6.2545 6.3166 6.3793 6.4426 6.5066 6.5712 6.6365 6.7024 6.7690 6.8363 6.9043 6.9729 7.0423 7.1123 7.1831 7.2546 7.3268 7.3998 7.4735 7.5479 7.6231 7.6991 7.7758 7.8533 7.9316 8.0106 8.0905 8.1712 8.2527 8.3351 8.4182 8.5022 8.5871 8.6728 8.7594

log10 .64278 .64701 .65125 .65548 .65972 .66396 .66820 .67244 .67668 .68093 .68518 .68943 .69368 .69794 .70219 .70645 .71071 .71497 .71923 .72349 .72776 .73203 .73630 .74056 .74484 .74911 .75338 .75766 .76194 .76621 .77049 .77477 .77906 .78334 .78762 .79191 .79619 .80048 .80477 .80906 .81335 .81764 .82194 .82623 .83052 .83482 .83912 .84341 .84771 .85201 .85631 .86061 .86492 .86922 .87352 .87783 .88213 .89644 .89074 .89505 .89936 .90367 .90798 .91229 .91660 .92091 .92522 .92953 .93385 .93816 .94247

tanh x (value) .97375 .97426 .97477 .97526 .97574 .97622 .97668 .97714 .97759 .97803 .97846 .97888 .97929 .97970 .98010 .98049 .98087 .98124 .98161 .98197 .98233 .98267 .98301 .98335 .98367 .98400 .98431 .98462 .98492 .98522 .98551 .98579 .98607 .98635 .98661 .98688 .98714 .98739 .98764 .98788 .98812 .98835 .98858 .98881 .98903 .98924 .98946 .98966 .98987 .99007 .99026 .99045 .99064 .99083 .99101 .99118 .99136 .99153 .99170 .99186 .99202 .99218 .99233 .99248 .99263 .99278 .99292 .99306 .99320 .99333 .99346

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.45 3.50 3.55 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.85 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

Value 17.637 17.814 17.993 18.174 18.357 18.541 18.728 18.916 19.106 19.298 19.492 19.688 19.886 20.086 21.115 22.198 23.336 24.533 25.790 27.113 28.503 29.964 31.500 33.115 34.813 36.598 38.475 40.447 42.521 44.701 46.993 49.402 51.935 54.598 60.340 66.686 73.700 81.451 90.017 99.484 109.95 121.51 134.29 148.41 164.02 181.27 200.34 221.41 244.69 270.43 298.87 330.30 365.04 403.43 518.01 665.14 854.06 1096.6 1808.0 2981.0 4914.8 8103.1 13360. 22026.

log10 1.24643 1.25077 1.25511 1.25945 1.26380 1.26814 1.27248 1.27683 1.28117 1.28551 1.28985 1.29420 1.29854 1.30288 1.32460 1.34631 1.36803 1.38974 1.41146 1.43317 1.45489 1.47660 1.49832 1.52003 1.54175 1.56346 1.58517 1.60689 1.62860 1.65032 1.67203 1.69375 1.71546 1.73718 1.78061 1.82404 1.86747 1.91090 1.95433 1.99775 2.04118 2.08461 2.12804 2.17147 2.21490 2.25833 2.30176 2.34519 2.38862 2.43205 2.47548 2.51891 2.56234 2.60577 2.71434 2.82291 2.93149 3.04006 3.25721 3.47436 3.69150 3.90865 4.12580 4.34294

e−x (value) .05670 .05613 .05558 .05502 .05448 .05393 .05340 .05287 .05234 .05182 .05130 .05079 .05029 .04979 .04736 .04505 .04285 .04076 .03877 .03688 .03508 .03337 .03175 .03020 .02872 .02732 .02599 .02472 .02352 .02237 .02128 .02024 .01925 .01832 .01657 .01500 .01357 .01227 .01111 .01005 .00910 .00823 .00745 .00674 .00610 .00552 .00499 .00452 .00409 .00370 .00335 .00303 .00274 .00248 .00193 .00150 .00117 .00091 .00055 .00034 .00020 .00012 .00007 .00005

sinh x Value 8.7902 8.8791 8.9689 9.0596 9.1512 9.2437 9.3371 9.4315 9.5268 9.6231 9.7203 9.8185 9.9177 10.018 10.534 11.076 11.647 12.246 12.876 13.538 14.234 14.965 15.734 16.543 17.392 18.286 19.224 20.211 21.249 22.339 23.486 24.691 25.958 27.290 30.162 33.336 36.843 40.719 45.003 49.737 54.969 60.751 67.141 74.203 82.008 90.633 100.17 110.70 122.34 135.21 149.43 165.15 182.52 201.71 259.01 332.57 427.03 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.

A-7

TeamLRN

cosh x log10 .94400 .94837 .95274 .95711 .96148 .96584 .97021 .97458 .97895 .98331 .98768 .99205 .99641 1.00078 1.02259 1.04440 1.06620 1.08799 1.10977 1.13155 1.15332 1.17509 1.19685 1.21860 1.24036 1.26211 1.28385 1.30559 1.32733 1.34907 1.37081 1.39254 1.41427 1.43600 1.47946 1.52291 1.56636 1.60980 1.65324 1.69668 1.74012 1.78355 1.82699 1.87042 1.91389 1.95729 2.00074 2.04415 2.08758 2.13101 2.17444 2.21787 2.26130 2.30473 2.41331 2.52188 2.63046 2.73904 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191

Value 8.8469 8.9352 9.0244 9.1146 9.2056 9.2976 9.3905 9.4844 9.5791 9.6749 9.7716 9.8693 9.9680 10.068 10.581 11.122 11.690 12.287 12.915 13.575 14.269 14.999 15.766 16.573 17.421 18.313 19.250 20.236 21.272 22.362 23.507 24.711 25.977 27.308 30.178 33.351 36.857 40.732 45.014 49.747 54.978 60.759 67.149 74.210 82.014 90.639 100.17 110.71 122.35 135.22 149.44 165.15 182.52 201.72 259.01 332.57 427.03 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.

log10 .94679 .95110 .95542 .95974 .96405 .96837 .97269 .97701 .98133 .98565 .98997 .99429 .99861 1.00293 1.02454 1.04616 1.06779 1.08943 1.11108 1.13273 1.15439 1.17605 1.19772 1.21940 1.24107 1.26275 1.28444 1.30612 1.32781 1.34951 1.37120 1.39290 1.41459 1.43629 1.47970 1.52310 1.56652 1.60993 1.65335 1.69677 1.74019 1.78361 1.82704 1.87046 1.91389 1.95731 2.00074 2.04417 2.08760 2.13103 2.17445 2.21788 2.26131 2.30474 2.41331 2.52189 2.63046 2.73903 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191

tanh x (value) .99359 .99372 .99384 .99396 .99408 .99420 .99431 .99443 .99454 .99464 .99475 .99485 .99496 0.99505 0.99552 0.99595 0.99633 0.99668 0.99700 0.99728 0.99754 0.99777 0.99799 0.99818 0.99835 0.99851 9.99865 0.99878 0.99889 0.99900 0.99909 0.99918 0.99926 0.99933 0.99945 0.99955 0.99963 0.99970 0.99975 0.99980 0.99983 0.99986 0.99989 0.99991 0.99993 0.99994 0.99995 0.99996 0.99997 0.99997 0.99998 0.99998 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians

x degrees

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

.0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0436 .0465 .0495 .0524 .0553 .0582 .0611 .0640 .0669 .0698 .0727 .0756 .0785 .0814 .0844 .0873 .0902 .0931 .0960 .0989 .1018 .1047 .1076 .1105 .1134 .1164 .1193 .1222 .1251 .1280 .1309 .1338 .1367 .1396 .1425 .1454 .1484 .1513 .1542 .1571 .1600 .1629 .1658 .1687 .1716 .1745 .1774 .1804 .1833 .1862 .1891 .1920 .1949 .1978 .2007

0◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 1 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 2 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 3 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 4 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 5 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 6 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 7 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 8 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 9 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 10 00 10 20 30 40 50 ◦ 11 00 10 20 30

.000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0436 .0465 .0494 .0523 .0552 .0581 .0610 .0640 .0669 .0698 .0727 .0756 .0785 .0814 .0843 .0872 .0901 .0929 .0958 .0987 .1016 .1045 .1074 .1103 .1132 .1161 .1190 .1219 .1248 .1276 .1305 .1334 .1363 .1392 .1421 .1449 .1478 .1507 .1536 .1564 .1593 .1622 .1650 .1679 .1708 .1736 .1765 .1794 .1822 .1851 .1880 .1908 .1937 .1965 .1994

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 .9999 .9999 .9998 .9998 .9997 .9997 .9996 .9995 .9994 .9993 .9992 .9990 .9989 .9988 .9986 .9985 .9983 .9981 .9980 .9978 .9976 .9974 .9971 .9969 .9967 .9964 .9962 .9959 .9957 .9954 .9951 .9948 .9945 .9942 .9939 .9936 .9932 .9929 .9925 .9922 .9918 .9914 .9911 .9907 .9903 .9899 .9894 .9890 .9886 .9881 .9877 .9872 .9868 .9863 .9858 .9853 .9848 .9843 .9838 .9833 .9827 .9822 .9816 .9811 .9805 .9799

.0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0437 .0466 .0495 .0524 .0553 .0582 .0612 .0641 .0670 .0699 .0729 .0758 .0787 .0816 .0846 .0875 .0904 .0934 .0963 .0992 .1022 .1051 .1080 .1110 .1139 .1169 .1198 .1228 .1257 .1284 .1317 .1346 .1376 .1405 .1435 .1465 .1495 .1524 .1554 .1584 .1614 .1644 .1673 .1703 .1733 .1763 .1793 .1823 .1853 .1883 .1914 .1944 .1974 .2004 .2035

– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.94 68.75 57.29 49.10 42.96 38.19 34.37 31.24 28.64 26.43 24.54 22.90 21.47 20.21 19.08 18.07 17.17 16.35 15.60 14.92 14.30 13.73 13.20 12.71 12.25 11.83 11.43 11.06 10.71 10.39 10.08 9.788 9.514 9.255 9.010 8.777 8.556 8.345 8.144 7.953 7.770 7.596 7.429 7.269 7.115 6.968 6.827 6.691 6.561 6.435 6.314 6.197 6.084 5.976 5.871 5.769 5.671 5.576 5.485 5.396 5.309 5.226 5.145 5.066 4.989 4.915

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.007 1.007 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.010 1.010 1.011 1.011 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.013 1.013 1.014 1.014 1.015 1.015 1.016 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.018 1.019 1.019 1.020 1.020

– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.95 68.76 57.30 49.11 42.98 38.20 34.38 31.26 28.65 26.45 24.56 22.93 21.49 20.23 19.11 18.10 17.20 16.38 15.64 14.96 14.34 13.76 13.23 12.75 12.29 11.87 11.47 11.10 10.76 10.43 10.13 9.839 9.597 9.309 9.065 8.834 8.614 8.405 8.206 8.016 7.834 7.661 7.496 7.337 7.185 7.040 6.900 6.765 6.636 6.512 6.392 6.277 6.166 6.059 5.955 5.855 5.759 5.665 5.575 5.487 5.403 5.320 5.241 5.164 5.089 5.016

cos x

sin x

cot x

tan x

csc x

sec x

A-8

90◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 89 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 88 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 87 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 86 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 85 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 84 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 83 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 82 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 81 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 80 00 50 40 30 20 10 ◦ 79 00 50 40 30 x degree

1.5708 1.5679 1.5650 1.5621 1.5592 1.5563 1.5533 1.5504 1.5475 1.5446 1.5417 1.5388 1.5359 1.5330 1.5301 1.5272 1.5243 1.5213 1.5184 1.5155 1.5126 1.5097 1.5068 1.5039 1.5010 1.4981 1.4952 1.4923 1.4893 1.4864 1.4835 1.4806 1.4777 1.4748 1.4719 1.4690 1.4661 1.4632 1.4603 1.4573 1.4544 1.4515 1.4486 1.4457 1.4428 1.4399 1.4370 1.4341 1.4312 1.4283 1.4254 1.4224 1.4195 1.4166 1.4137 1.4108 1.4079 1.4050 1.4021 1.3992 1.3963 1.3934 1.3904 1.3875 1.3846 1.3817 1.3788 1.3759 1.3730 1.3701 x radians

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians .2036 .2065 .2094 .2123 .2153 .2182 .2211 .2240 .2269 .2298 .2327 .2356 .2385 .2414 .2443 .2473 .2502 .2531 .2560 .2589 .2618 .2647 .2676 .2705 .2734 .2763 .2793 .2822 .2851 .2880 .2909 .2938 .2967 .2996 .3025 .3054 .3083 .3113 .3142 .3171 .3200 .3229 .3258 .3287 .3316 .3345 .3374 .3403 .3432 .3462 .3491 .3520 .3599 .3578 .3607 .3636 .3665 .3694 .3723 .3752 .3782 .3811 .3840 .3869 .3898 .3927 .3956 .3985 .4014 .4043

x degrees

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 20 30 40 50 00 10

.2022 .2051 .2079 .2108 .2136 .2164 .2193 .2221 .2250 .2278 .2306 .2334 .2363 .2391 .2419 .2447 .2476 .2404 .2532 .2560 .2588 .2616 .2644 .2672 .2700 .2728 .2756 .2784 .2812 .2840 .2868 .2896 .2924 .2952 .2979 .3007 .3035 .3062 .3090 .3118 .3145 .3173 .3201 .3228 .3256 .3283 .3311 .3338 .3365 .3393 .3420 .3448 .3475 .3502 .3529 .3557 .3584 .3611 .3638 .3665 .3692 .3719 .3746 .3773 .3800 .3827 .3854 .3881 .3907 .3934

.9793 .9787 .9781 .9775 .9769 .9763 .9757 .9750 .9744 .9737 .9730 .9724 .9717 .9710 .9703 .9696 .9689 .9681 .9674 .9667 .9659 .9652 .9644 .9636 .9628 .9621 .9613 .9605 .9596 .9588 .9580 .9572 .9563 .9555 .9546 .9537 .9528 .9520 .9511 .9502 .9492 .9483 .9474 .9465 .9455 .9446 .9436 .9426 .9417 .9407 .9397 .9387 .9377 .9367 .9356 .9346 .9336 .9325 .9315 .9304 .9293 .9283 .9272 .9261 .9250 .9239 .9228 .9216 .9205 .9194

.2065 .2095 .2126 .2156 .2186 .2217 .2247 .2278 .2309 .2339 .2370 .2401 .2432 .2462 .2493 .2524 .2555 .2586 .2617 .2648 .2679 .2711 .2732 .2773 .2805 .2836 .2867 .2899 .2931 .2962 .2994 .3026 .3057 .3089 .3121 .3153 .3185 .3217 .3249 .3281 .3314 .3346 .3378 .3411 .3443 .3476 .3508 .3541 .3574 .3607 .3640 .3673 .3706 .3739 .3772 .3805 .3839 .3872 .3906 .3939 .3973 .4006 .4040 .4074 .4108 .4142 .4176 .4210 .4245 .4279

3.843 4.773 4.705 4.638 4.574 4.511 4.449 4.390 4.331 4.275 4.219 4.165 4.113 4.061 4.011 3.962 3.914 3.867 3.821 3.776 3.732 3.689 3.647 3.606 3.566 3.526 3.487 3.450 3.412 3.376 3.340 3.305 3.271 3.237 3.204 3.172 3.140 3.108 3.078 3.047 3.018 2.989 2.960 2.932 2.904 2.877 2.850 2.824 2.798 2.773 2.747 2.723 2.699 2.675 2.651 2.628 2.605 2.583 2.560 2.539 2.517 2.496 2.475 2.455 2.434 2.414 2.394 2.375 2.356 2.337

1.021 1.022 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.025 1.026 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.088

4.945 4.876 4.810 4.745 4.682 4.620 4.560 4.502 4.445 4.390 4.336 4.284 4.232 4.182 4.134 4.086 4.039 3.994 3.950 3.906 3.864 3.822 3.782 3.742 3.703 3.665 3.628 3.592 3.556 3.521 3.487 3.453 3.420 3.388 3.356 3.326 3.295 3.265 3.236 3.207 3.179 3.152 3.124 3.098 3.072 3.046 3.021 2.996 2.971 2.947 2.924 2.901 2.878 2.855 2.833 2.812 2.790 2.769 2.749 2.729 2.709 2.689 2.669 2.650 2.632 2.613 2.595 2.577 2.559 2.542

cos x

sin x

cot x

tan x

csc x

sec x

12◦

13◦

14◦

15◦

16◦

17◦

18◦

19◦

20◦

21◦

22◦

23◦

A-9

TeamLRN

78◦

77◦

76◦

75◦

74◦

73◦

72◦

71◦

70◦

69◦

68◦

67◦

20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50

x degree

1.3672 1.3643 1.3614 1.3584 1.3555 1.3526 1.3497 1.3468 1.3439 1.3410 1.3381 1.3352 1.3323 1.3294 1.3265 1.3235 1.3206 1.3177 1.3148 1.3119 1.3090 1.3061 1.3032 1.3003 1.2974 1.2945 1.2915 1.2886 1.2857 1.2828 1.2799 1.2770 1.2741 1.2712 1.2683 1.2654 1.2625 1.2595 1.2566 1.2537 1.2508 1.2479 1.2450 1.2421 1.2392 1.2363 1.2334 1.2305 1.2275 1.2246 1.2217 1.2188 1.2159 1.2130 1.2101 1.2072 1.2043 1.2014 1.1985 1.1956 1.1926 1.1897 1.1868 1.1839 1.1810 1.1781 1.1752 1.1723 1.1694 1.1665 x radians

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians

x degrees

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

.4072 .4102 .4131 .4160 .4189 .4218 .4247 .4276 .4305 .4334 .4363 .4392 .4422 .4451 .4480 .4509 .4538 .4567 .4596 .4625 .4654 .4683 .4712 .4741 .4771 .4800 .4829 .4858 .4887 .4916 .4945 .4974 .5003 .5032 .5061 .5091 .5120 .5149 .5178 .5207 .5236 .5265 .5294 .5323 .5352 .5381 .5411 .5440 .5469 .5498 .5527 .5556 .5585 .5614 .5643 .5672 .5701 .5730 .5760 .5789 .5818 .5847 .5876 .5905 .5934 .5963 .5992 .6021 .6050 .6080

20 30 40 50 24◦ 0 10 20 30 40 50 25◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 26◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 27◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 28◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 29◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 30◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 31◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 32◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 33◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 34◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50

.3961 .3987 .4014 .4041 .4067 .4094 .4120 .4147 .4173 .4200 .4226 .4253 .4279 .4305 .4331 .4358 .4384 .4410 .4436 .4462 .4488 .4514 .4540 .4566 .4592 .4617 .4643 .4669 .4695 .4720 .4746 .4772 .4797 .4823 .4848 .4874 .4899 .4924 .4950 .4975 .5000 .5025 .5050 .5075 .5100 .5125 .5150 .5175 .5200 .5225 .5250 .5275 .5299 .5324 .5348 .5373 .5398 .5422 .5446 .5471 .5495 .5519 .5544 .5568 .5592 .5616 .5640 .5664 .5688 .5712

.9182 .9171 .9159 .9147 .9135 .9124 .9112 .9100 .9088 .9075 .9063 .9051 .9038 .9026 .9013 .9001 .8988 .8975 .8962 .8949 .8936 .8923 .8910 .8897 .8884 .8870 .8857 .8843 .8829 .8816 .8802 .8788 .8774 .8760 .8746 .8732 .8718 .8704 .8689 .8675 .8660 .8646 .8631 .8616 .8601 .8587 .8572 .8557 .8542 .8526 .8511 .8496 .8480 .8465 .8450 .8434 .8418 .8403 .8397 .8371 .8355 .8339 .8323 .8307 .8290 .8274 .8258 .8241 .8225 .8208

.4314 .4348 .4383 .4417 .4452 .4487 .4522 .4557 .4592 .4628 .4663 .4699 .4734 .4770 .4806 .4841 .4877 .4913 .4950 .4986 .5022 .5059 .5095 .5132 .5169 .5206 .5243 .5280 .5317 .5354 .5392 .5430 .5467 .5505 .5543 .5581 .5619 .5658 .5696 .5735 .5774 .5812 .5851 .5890 .5930 .5969 .6009 .6048 .6088 .6128 .6168 .6208 .6249 .6289 .6330 .6371 .6412 .6453 .6494 .6536 .6577 .6619 .6661 .6703 .6745 .6787 .6830 .6873 .6916 .6959

2.318 2.300 2.282 2.264 2.246 2.229 2.211 2.194 2.177 2.161 2.145 2.128 2.112 2.097 2.081 2.066 2.050 2.035 2.020 2.006 1.991 1.977 1.963 1.949 1.935 1.921 1.907 1.894 1.881 1.868 1.855 1.842 1.829 1.816 1.804 1.792 1.780 1.767 1.756 1.744 1.732 1.720 1.709 1.698 1.686 1.675 1.664 1.653 1.643 1.632 1.621 1.611 1.600 1.590 1.580 1.570 1.560 1.550 1.540 1.530 1.520 1.511 1.501 1.492 1.483 1.473 1.464 1.455 1.446 1.437

1.089 1.090 1.092 1.093 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.099 1.100 1.102 1.103 1.105 1.106 1.108 1.109 1.111 1.113 1.114 1.116 1.117 1.119 1.121 1.122 1.124 1.126 1.127 1.129 1.131 1.133 1.134 1.136 1.138 1.140 1.142 1.143 1.145 1.147 1.149 1.151 1.153 1.155 1.157 1.159 1.161 1.163 1.165 1.167 1.169 1.171 1.173 1.175 1.177 1.179 1.181 1.184 1.186 1.188 1.190 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.199 1.202 1.204 1.206 1.209 1.211 1.213 1.216 1.218

2.525 2.508 2.491 2.475 2.459 2.443 2.427 2.411 2.396 2.381 2.366 2.352 2.337 2.323 2.309 2.295 2.281 2.268 2.254 2.241 2.228 2.215 2.203 2.190 2.178 2.166 2.154 2.142 2.130 2.118 2.107 2.096 2.085 2.074 2.063 2.052 2.041 2.031 2.020 2.010 2.000 1.990 1.980 1.970 1.961 1.951 1.942 1.932 1.923 1.914 1.905 1.896 1.887 1.878 1.870 1.861 1.853 1.844 1.836 1.828 1.820 1.812 1.804 1.796 1.788 1.781 1.773 1.766 1.758 1.751

cos x

sin x

cot x

tan x

csc x

sec x

A-10

66◦

65◦

64◦

63◦

62◦

61◦

60◦

59◦

58◦

57◦

56◦

40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10 00 50 40 30 20 10

x degree

1.1636 1.1606 1.1577 1.1548 1.1519 1.1490 1.1461 1.1432 1.1403 1.1374 1.1345 1.1316 1.1286 1.1257 1.1228 1.1199 1.1170 1.1141 1.1112 1.1083 1.1054 1.1025 1.0996 1.0966 1.0937 1.0908 1.0879 1.0850 1.0821 1.0792 1.0763 1.0734 1.0705 1.0676 1.0647 1.0617 1.0588 1.0559 1.0530 1.0501 1.0472 1.0443 1.0414 1.0385 1.0356 1.0327 1.0297 1.0268 1.0239 1.0210 1.0181 1.0152 1.0123 1.0094 1.0065 1.0036 1.0007 .9977 .9948 .9919 .9890 .9861 .9832 .9803 .9774 .9745 .9716 .9687 .9657 .9628 x radians

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians

x degrees

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

.6109 .6138 .6167 .6196 .6225 .6254 .6283 .6312 .6341 .6370 .6400 .6429 .6458 .6487 .6516 .6545 .6574 .6603 .6632 .6661 .6690 .6720 .6749 .6778 .6807 .6836 .6865 .6894 .6923 .6952 .6981 .7010 .7039 .7069 .7098 .7127 .7156 .7185 .7214 .7243 .7272 .7301 .7330 .7359 .7389 .7418 .7447 .7476 .7505 .7534 .7563 .7592 .7621 .7650 .7679 .7709 .7738 .7767 .7796 .7825 .7854

35◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 36◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 37◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 38◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 39◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 40◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 41◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 42◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 43◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 44◦ 00 10 20 30 40 50 45◦ 00

.5736 .5760 .5783 .5807 .5831 .5854 .5878 .5901 .5925 .5948 .5972 .5995 .6018 .6041 .6065 .6088 .6111 .6134 .6157 .6180 .6202 .6225 .6248 .6271 .6293 .6316 .6338 .6361 .6383 .6406 .6428 .6450 .6472 .6494 .6517 .6539 .6561 .6583 .6604 .6626 .6648 .6670 .6691 .6713 .6734 .6756 .6777 .6799 .6820 .6841 .6862 .6884 .6905 .6926 .6947 .6967 .6988 .7009 .7030 .7050 .7071

.8192 .8175 .8158 .8141 .8124 .8107 .8090 .8073 .8056 .8039 .8021 .8004 .7986 .7969 .7951 .7934 .7916 .7898 .7880 .7862 .7844 .7826 .7808 .7790 .7771 .7753 .7735 .7716 .7698 .7679 .7660 .7642 .7623 .7604 .7585 .7566 .7547 .7528 .7509 .7490 .7470 .7451 .7431 .7412 .7392 .7373 .7353 .7333 .7314 .7294 .7274 .7254 .7234 .7214 .7193 .7173 .7153 .7133 .7112 .7092 .7071

.7002 .7046 .7089 .7133 .7177 .7221 .7265 .7310 .7355 .7400 .7445 .7490 .7536 .7581 .7627 .7673 .7720 .7766 .7813 .7860 .7907 .7954 .8002 .8050 .8098 .8146 .8195 .8243 .8292 .8342 .8391 .8441 .8491 .8541 .8591 .8642 .8693 .8744 .8796 .8847 .8899 .8952 .9004 .9057 .9110 .9163 .9217 .9271 .9325 .9380 .9435 .9490 .9545 .9601 .9657 .9713 .9770 .9827 .9884 .9942 1.0000

1.428 1.419 1.411 1.402 1.393 1.385 1.376 1.368 1.360 1.351 1.343 1.335 1.327 1.319 1.311 1.303 1.295 1.288 1.280 1.272 1.265 1.257 1.250 1.242 1.235 1.228 1.220 1.213 1.206 1.199 1.192 1.185 1.178 1.171 1.164 1.157 1.150 1.144 1.137 1.130 1.124 1.117 1.111 1.104 1.098 1.091 1.085 1.079 1.072 1.066 1.060 1.054 1.048 1.042 1.036 1.030 1.024 1.018 1.012 1.006 1.0000

1.221 1.223 1.226 1.228 1.231 1.233 1.236 1.239 1.241 1.244 1.247 1.249 1.252 1.255 1.258 1.260 1.263 1.266 1.269 1.272 1.275 1.278 1.281 1 284 1.287 1.290 1.293 1.296 1.299 1.302 1.305 1.309 1.312 1.315 1.318 1.322 1.325 1.328 1.332 1.335 1.339 1.342 1.346 1.349 1.353 1.356 1.360 1.364 1.367 1.371 1.375 1.379 1.382 1.386 1.390 1.394 1.398 1.402 1 406 1.410 1.414

1.743 1.736 1.729 1.722 1.715 1.708 1.701 1.695 1.688 1.681 1.675 1.668 1.662 1.655 1.649 1.643 1.636 1.630 1.624 1.618 1.612 1.606 1.601 1.595 1.589 1.583 1.578 1.572 1.567 1.561 1.556 1.550 1.545 1.540 1.535 1.529 1.524 1.519 1.514 1.509 1.504 1 499 1.494 1.490 1.485 1.480 1.476 1.471 1.466 1.462 1.457 1.453 1.448 1.444 1.440 1.435 1.431 1.427 1.423 1.418 1.414

cos x

sin x

cot x

tan x

csc x

sec x

A-11

TeamLRN

55◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 54◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 53◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 52◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 51◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 50◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 49◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 48◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 47◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 46◦ 00 50 40 30 20 10 45◦ 00 x degree

.9599 .9570 .9541 .9512 .9483 .9454 .9425 .9396 .9367 .9338 .9308 .9279 .9250 .9221 .9192 .9163 .9134 .9105 .9076 .9047 .9018 .8988 .8959 .8930 .8901 .8872 .8843 .8814 .8785 .8756 .8727 .8698 .8668 .8639 .8610 .8581 .8552 .8523 .8494 .8465 .8436 .8407 .8378 .8348 .8319 .8290 .8261 .8232 .8203 .8174 .8145 .8116 .8087 .8058 .8029 .7999 .7970 .7941 .7912 .7883 .7854 x radians

RELATION OF ANGULAR FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF ONE ANOTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Function

sin α

sin α cos α tan α cot α sec α cscα

±

cos α √ 2

sin α √

±

±

±√1−sin2 α ±

1−sin2 α sin α

√

±

√

±

√

1 cos α

±

√

±

1 +cot2 α

1

cot α √

1+tan2 α

±

1+tan2 α tan α

√

1−cos2 α

sec2 α −1 sec α

1 +cot2 α

1 cot α

±

√sec α

±

√cot α

1 1 +tan2 α

1 tan α

1−cos2 α

1

±

1

tan α

√cos α

±

cot α √

1 +tan2 α

1−cos2 α cos α

1−sin2 α

1 sin α

±

cos α √

1 −sin2 α

√sin α

tan α √tan α

1 −cos α

±

±

1 sec α

√

±

√

±

1+cot2 α cot α

√

1+cot2 α

sec2 α−1 1 sec2 α−1

sec α √sec α

±

sec2 α−1

Note: The choice of sign depends upon the quadrant in which the angle terminates.

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Function sinh x = cosh x = tanh x =

Sinh x Sinh x


1 + sinh2 x √

sinh x 1+sinh2 x 1 sinh x

cosech x = sech x =

√ 1 2 √1+sinh x

coth x =

1+sinh2 x sinh x

Function

cosech x

sinh x =

1 cosechx

cosh x = tanh x = cosech x = sech x = coth x =

±

√

√

+


cosh x cosh2 x − 1

±

1

cosech x ± √ cosecx 2
cosech x+1 2 cosech x + 1

√

cosh x √

cosh2 x−1 cosh x

±√

√

1

ñ cosh x

±

sech x √




sech x ±√

±1 coth2 x−1

±√

coth x

coth2 x−1 1 cothx

1 + sech2 x 1−sech1 zsx

1−tanh2 x tanh x

√

1 sechx

sechx

tanh x

coth x

1−sech2 x sechx

±√

1−tanh2 x

1 tanh x

cosh2 x−1

±

1−tanh2 x 1


1 − tanh2 x

cosh2 x−1 1 cosh x

cosech2 x+1 cosechx

cosech1 x+1

tanh x √ tanh x

± ±

1

√

√

coth2 x−1 1 coth2 x−1 coth x

coth x

1−sech2 x

Whenever two signs are shown, choose + sign if x is positive, −sign if x is negative.

A-12

csc α 1 csc α

√

±

csc2 α−1 csc α

√

1

±

csc2 α−1

±

csc2 α−1

√

√csc α ± csc2 α−1

cscα

DERIVATIVES In the following formulas u, v, w represent functions of x, while a, c, n represent fixed real numbers. All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

d (a) = 0 dx d (x) = 1 dx d du (au) = a dx dx d du dv dw (u + v − w) = + − dx dx dx dx d dv du (uv) = u +v dx dx dx d dw du dv (uvw) = uv + vw + uw dx dx dx dx − u dv d  u  v du 1 du u dv = dx 2 dx = − dx v v v dx v 2 dx d n du (u ) = nun−1 dx dx d √  1 du u = √ dx 2 u dx   d 1 1 du =− 2 dx u u dx   d n du 1 = − n+1 dx un u dx   n  n−1 d u du dv u = m+1 nv − mu dx v m v dx dx   d n m du dv n−1 m−1 nv v (u v ) = u + mu dx dx dx d d du [f (u)] = [f (u)] · dx du dx (x)] dy *Let y = f (x) and dx = d[fdx = f  (x) define respectively a function and its derivative for any value x in their common domain. The differential for the function at such a value x is accordingly defined as

dy = d[f (x)] =

d[f (x)] dy dx = dx = f  (x)dx dx dx

Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 above has the differential formula d(uvw) = uv dw + vw du + uw dv

A-13

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DERIVATIVES (Continued) 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

 2 d2 df (u) d2 u d2 f (u) du [f (u)] = · · 2+ dx2 du dx du2 dx   n     2 n−2 n n−1 u u d n d u n dv d n d vd [uv] = + v n+ n n−1 2 n−2 dx 0 dx 1 dx dx 2 dx dx   k n−k   n u n d vd n d v +··· + + ··· + u k n−k k dx dx n dxn     n! where nr = r!(n−r)! is the binomial coefficient, n non-negative integer, and n0 = 1. du dx 1 if = dx
= 0 dx du du d 1 du (loga u) = (loga e) dx u dx d 1 du (loge u) = dx u dx d u du (a ) = au (loge a) dx dx d u du (e ) = eu dx dx d v du dv (u ) = vuv−1 + (loge u) uv dx dx dx d du (sin u) = (cos u) dx dx d du (cos u) = − (sin u) dx dx d du (tan u) = (sec2 u) dx dx d du (cot u) = − (csc2 u) dx dx d du (sec u) = sec u · tan u dx dx d du (csc u) = − csc u · cot u dx dx d du (vers u) = sin u dx dx  π d du 1 π (arcsin u) = √ , − ≤ arcsin u ≤ dx 2 2 1 − u2 dx

A-14

DERIVATIVES (Continued) 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

d du 1 (arccos u) = − √ , (0 ≤ arccos u ≤ π) 2 dx 1 − u dx  π d 1 du π (arctan u) = , − < arctan u < dx 1 + u2 dx 2 2 d 1 du (arc cot u) = − , (0 ≤ arc cot u ≤ π) dx 1 + u2 dx  d du 1 π π (arc sec u) = √ , 0 ≤ arc sec u < , −π ≤ arc sec u < − dx 2 2 u u2 − 1 dx  d du 1 π π (arc csc u) = − √ , 0 < arc csc u ≤ , −π < arc csc u ≤ − dx 2 2 u u2 − 1 dx d du 1 (arc vers u) = √ , (0 ≤ arc vers u ≤ π) dx 2u − u2 dx d du (sinh u) = (cosh u) dx dx d du (cosh u) = (sinh u) dx dx d du (tanh u) = (sech2 u) dx dx d du (coth u) = − (csch2 u) dx dx d du (sech u) = − (sech u · tanh u) dx dx d du (csch u) = − (csch u · coth u) dx dx
d du d 1 (sinh−1 u) = [log(u + u2 + 1)] = √ 2 dx dx u + 1 dx
d d 1 du (cosh−1 u) = [log(u + u2 − 1)] = √ , (u > 1, cosh−1 u > 0) dx dx u2 − 1 dx  d 1+u 1 du d 1 (tanh−1 u) = log = , (u2 < 1) dx dx 2 1−u 1 − u2 dx  d u+1 1 du d 1 (coth−1 u) = log = , (u2 > 1) dx dx 2 u−1 1 − u2 dx

 √ d du d 1 + 1 − u2 1 −1 (sech u) = , (0 < u < 1, sech−1 u > 0) log =− √ dx dx u u 1 − u2 dx

 √ d d du 1 + 1 + u2 1 −1 (csch u) = log =− √ 2 dx dx u |u| 1 + u dx

49. 50. 51.

d dq

q

f (x) dx = f (q),

[p constant]

p



q

f (x) dx = −f (p), [q constant] q q ∂ dq dp d f (x, a) dx = [f (x, a)] dx + f (q, a) − f (p, a) da da da p p ∂a d dp

p

A-15

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INTEGRATION The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good text books. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrate particular functions. No matter how extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type of transformation, and yet the most general, is substitution. Simple forms of substitution, such as y = ax, are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals which are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions: 1. Be sure to make the substitution in the dx term, as well as everywhere else in the integral. 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following. 3. With definite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution to obtain the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for definite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits. Example:



x4 dx − x2 Here we make the substitution x = |a| sin θ. Then dx = |a| cos θ dθ, and

√ a2 − x2 = a2 − a2 sin2 θ = |a| 1 − sin2 θ = |a cos θ| √

a2

Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep in mind that a square √ root radical always denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x2 = |x|. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function, that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θ in such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ x θ = sin−1 |a| and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, − π2 ≤ θ ≤

Thus the integral becomes



π 2

.

a4 sin4 θ|a| cos θ dθ |a| | cos θ|

Now, however, in the range of values chosen for θ, cos θ is always positive. Thus we may remove the absolute value signs from cos θ in the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions are defined as they are.) Then the cos θ terms cancel, and the integral becomes a4

sin4 θ dθ

By application of integral formulas 299 and 296, we integrate this to −a4

sin3 θ cos θ 3a4 3a4 − cos θ sin θ + θ+C 4 8 8 A-16

INTEGRATION (Continued) We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of x. We have θ = sin−1 sin θ =

x |a|

x |a|

√
a2 − x2 x2 2 cos θ = ± 1 − sin θ = ± 1 − 2 = ± . a |a|

Then

Because of the previously mentioned fact that cos θ is positive, we may omit the ± sign. The reverse substitution then produces the final answer
x4 x 1
3 3 √ dx = − x3 a2 − x2 − a2 x a2 − x2 + a4 sin−1 + C. 2 2 4 8 8 |a| a −x Any rational function of x may be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irreducible quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individual partial fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the section on partial fractions for further information. Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example, z = tan

x 2

will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions ofxto a rational function of z. (Frequently there are other substitutions which are simpler to use, but this one will always work. See integral formula number 484.) √ Any rational function of x and ax + b may be reduced to a rational function of z by making the substitution √ z = ax + b. Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand. The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in this method is the choice of the functions u and v. In order for the method to be successful, v = ∫ dv and ∫ v du must be easier to integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Example:

x sin x dx

Two obvious choices are u = x, dv = sin x dx, or u = sin x, dv = x dx. Since a preliminary mental calculation indicates that ∫ v du in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the original integral (it would contain x2 ), we use the first choice.

u=x dv = sin x dx x sin x dx =

du = dx v = − cos x



u dv = uv −



v du = −x cos x +

cos x dx

= sin x − x cos x Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of u and v may not be so

A-17

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INTEGRATION (Continued) obvious, and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them will work. Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common case is illustrated by the following example. Example:

ex sin x dx

Let

u = ex dv = sin x dx



ex sin x dx =

Then du = ex dx v = − cos x

u dv = uv −



v du = −ex cos x +

ex cos x dx

In this latter integral, Let u = ex Then du = ex dx dv = cos x dx v = sin x

ex sin x dx = −ex cos x +

ex cos x dx = −ex cos x +

u dv x = −e cos x + uv − v du = −ex cos x + ex sin x − ex sin x dx

This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral: 1 ex sin x dx = ex sin x − ex cos x 2 In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as u = cos x, dv = ex dx, we would indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place. In general, when doing repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function u at any stage to be the same as the function v at the previous stage, or a constant times the previous v The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the result of n + 1 successive applications of integration by parts. If g1 (x) = g(x) dx, g2 (x) = g1 (x) dx, g3 (x) = g2 (x) dx, . . . , gm (x) = gm−1 (x) dx, . . . , then



f (x) · g(x) dx = f (x) · g1 (x) − f  (x) · g2 (x) + f  (x) · g3 (x) − + · · · +(−1)n f (n) (x)gn+1 (x) + (−1)n+1 f (n+1) (x)gn+1 (x) dx.

A-18

INTEGRATION (Continued) A useful special case of the above rule is when f (x) is a polynomial of degree n. Thenf (n+1) (x) = 0, and f (x) · g(x) dx = f (x) · g1 (x) − f  (x) · g2 (x) + f  (x) · g3 (x) − + · · · + (−1)n f (n) (x)gn+1 (x)+C Example:

If f (x) = x2 , g(x) = sin x x2 sin x dx = −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C

Another application of this formula occurs if f  (x) = af (x)

and

g  (x) = bg(x),

where a and b are unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the above example for ∫ ex sin x dx, we get the formula f (x) · g  (x) − f  (x) · g(x) f (x)g(x) dx = +C b−a This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example. Example: If f (x) = e2x , g(x) = sin 3x, then a = 4, b = −9, and e2x 3 e2x cos 3x − 2 e2x sin 3x e2x sin 3x dx = +C = (2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + C −9 − 4 13 The following additional points should be observed when using this table. 1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for indefinite integrals. 2. Logarithmic expressions are to base e = 2.71828. . ., unless otherwise specified, and are to be evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein. 3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values, unless otherwise indicated. 4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative number in the result, there is usually available another form of the answer which avoids this difficulty. In many of the results, the excluded values are specified, but when such are omitted it is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when difficulties of the type herein mentioned are obtained. 5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes little difficulty when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved are in the first quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus if u > 0,
1 sin−1 u = cos−1 1 − u2 = csc−1 , etc. u However, if u < 0,
1 sin−1 u = − cos−1 1 − u2 = −π − csc−1 , etc. u See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substitutions.

A-19

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INTEGRATION (Continued) 6. In integrals 340–345 and some others, the right side includes expressions of the form A tan−1 [B + C tan f (x)]. In these formulas, the tan−1 does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always employing the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead use that branch of the inverse tangent function upon which f (x) lies for any particular choice of x. Example:

4π

0

dx 2 + sin x

= = =

Here tan−1

4π 2 tan(x/2 + 1) 2 √ tan−1 √ 3 3 0  2 tan 0 + 1 2 −1 2 tan 2π + 1 √ tan √ √ − tan−1 3 3 3 √  2 13π π 4 3π 4π √ − =√ = 6 6 3 3 3 2 tan 2π + 1 1 13π √ = tan−1 √ = , 6 3 3

sincef (x) = 2π; and tan−1

2 tan 0 + 1 1 π √ = tan−1 √ = , 6 3 3

since f (x) = 0. 7. Bn and En where used in Integrals represents the Bernoulli and Euler numbers as defined in tables of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials contained in certain mathematics reference and hand-books.

A-20

INTEGRALS

ELEMENTARY FORMS 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.



10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.



16. 17. 18.

19. 20.



21. 22.

a dx = ax

a · f (x) dx = a f (x) dx dy φ(y) φ(y) dx = dy, where y  =  dx y (u + v) dx = u dx + v dx, where u and v are any functions of x u dv = u dv − v du = uv − v du dv du u dx = uv− v dx dx dx n+1 x xn dx = , except n = −1 n+1 f  (x) dx = log f (x), (df (x) = f  (x) dx) f (x) dx = log x x 
f (x) dx
= f (x), (df (x) = f  (x) dx) 2 f (x) ex dx = ex eax dx = eax /a bax dx =

bax , a log b

(b > 0)

log x dx = x log x − x ax log a dx = ax ,

(a > 0)

dx 1 x = tan−1 a2 + x2 a a  1 −1 x tanh  a  a dx or = 2 2  a −x  1 a+x log a−x , (a2 > x2 )  2a1 −1 x   − a coth a dx or =  x2 − a2  1 log x−a , (x2 > a2 ) x+a 2a −1 x sin |a|     dx or √ =  a2 − x2    x − cos−1 |a| , (a2 > x2 ) √ dx √ = log(x + x2 ± a2 ) x2 ± a2 1 x dx √ = sec−1 |a| a √ x x2 − a2   dx 1 a + a2 ± x2 √ = − log a x x a2 ± x2

A-21

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INTEGRALS (Continued) FORMS CONTAINING (a + bx) For forms containing a + bx, but not listed in the table, the substitution u =

23. 24. 25.

26.

27. 28. 29.

30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

n+1

a+bx x

may prove helpful.

(a + bx) (a + bx) dx = , (n = −1) (n + 1)b 1 a (a + bx)n+2 − 2 (a + bx)n+1 , (n = −1, −2) x(a + bx)n dx = 2 b (n + 2) b (n + 1) n+1 1 (a + bx)n+3 (a + bx)n+2 2 n 2 (a + bx) − 2a +a x (a + bx) dx = 3 b n+3 n + 2 n+1  m+1 n m n−1 x (a+bx) an  + m+n+1 x (a + bx) dx  m+n+1       or        m n+1 m+1 n+1 1 (a + bx) + (m + n + 2) x (a + bx) dx −x xm (a + bx)n dx = a(n+1)      or          m−1 n m n+1 1  x (a + bx) − ma x (a + bx) dx b(m+n+1) dx 1 = log (a + bx) b a + bx dx 1 =− 2 (a + bx) b(a + bx) dx 1 =− (a + bx)3  2b(a + bx)2 1   b2 [a + bx − a log(a + bx)] x dx = or  a + bx x − a log(a + bx) b  b2 x dx 1 a = log (a + bx) + 2 b2  a + bx (a + bx) 1 a −1 x dx = + , n = 1, 2 2 n−2 (a + bx)n (n − 1)(a + bx) n−1 b (n − 2) (a + bx) 2 x dx 1 1 = 3 (a + bx)2 − 2a(a + bx) + a2 log (a + bx) a + bx b 2 x2 dx 1 a2 = a + bx − 2a log (a + bx) − (a + bx)2 b3  a + bx 2 1 2a a2 x dx = 3 log (a + bx) + − 3 (a + bx) b  a + bx 2(a + bx)2 2 x dx 1 2a −1 = 3 + (a + bx)n b (n − 3) (a + bx)n−3 (n − 2) (a + bx)n−2 a2 − , n = 1, 2, 3 (n − 1) (a + bx)n−1 dx 1 a + bx = − log x(a + bx) a x dx 1 a + bx 1 = − 2 log x(a + bx)2 a(a + bx) a x   2 dx 1 1 2a + bx x = 3 + log x(a + bx)3 a 2 a + bx a + bx a + bx 1 b dx = − + 2 log x2 (a + bx) ax a x dx b2 x 2bx − a + 3 log = x3 (a + bx) 2a2 x2 a a + bx n

A-22

INTEGRALS (Continued) 42.

dx a + 2bx a + bx 2b =− 2 + 3 log x2 (a + bx)2 a x(a + bx) a x

FORMS CONTAINING c2 ± x2 or x2 − c2



43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

dx 1 x = tan−1 2 2 c c c +x 1 c+x dx = log , (c2 > x2 ) 2 − x2 c 2c c − x dx 1 x−c = log , (x2 > c2 ) 2 − c2 x 2c x +c x dx 1 = ± log (c2 ± x2 ) 2 2 2 c ±x x dx 1 =∓ 2 ± x2 )n+1 2 ± x2 )n (c 2n(c  dx dx 1 x = + (2n − 3) 2 2 n 2 2 n−1 2c2 (n − 1)  (c2 ± x2 )n−1 (c ± x ) (c ± x ) dx 1 dx x = − (2n − 3) − 2 2 n 2c2 (n − 1) (x2 − c2 )n−1 (x2 − c2 )n−1 (x − c ) x dx 1 = log (x2 − c2 ) 2 2 2 x −c x dx 1 =− (x2 − c2 )n+1 2n (x2 − c2 )n

FORMS CONTAINING a + bx AND c + dx, c If k = 0, then v = au

52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.



58.

59.

v dx 1 = · log u·v k u  x dx 1 a c = log(u) − log(v) u·v k  b d  dx 1 1 d v = + log u2 · v k u k u v x dx −a c = − 2 log u2 · v bku k u  x2 dx a2 1 c2 a(k − bc) log(u) = + log(v) + u2 · v b2 ku k 2 d b2 dx dx 1 −1 = − (m + n − 2)b un · v m k(m − 1) un−1 · v m−1 un · v m−1 u bx k log(v) dx = + v d d2  um  −1 um+1  dx  k(n−1) vn−1 + b(n − m − 2)   v n−1       or       m−1 um dx u −1 um = + mk dx d(n−m−1) v n−1  vn vn      or       m−1   u  −1 um  − mb dx  d(n−1) vn−1 v n−1

A-23

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INTEGRALS (Continued)

60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

67.

68. 69. 70. 71.

72.

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

FORMS CONTAINING (a + bxn )

√ dx 1 −1 x ab √ tan = , (ab > 0) a + bx2 a √  ab a+x −ab 1   2√−ab log a−x√−ab , (ab < 0) dx √ = or  a + bx2 tanh−1 x a−ab , (ab < 0) √ 1 −ab dx 1 bx = tan−1 2 + b2 x2 a ab a x dx 1 = log(a + bx2 ) bx2 2b a+ x2 dx dx x a = − 2 b b a + bx2 a + bx dx x 1 dx = + 2 )2 2) (a + bx 2a(a + bx 2a a + bx2 dx 1 a + bx = log a2 − b2 x2 2ab  a − bx x 1 2m−1  dx  (a+bx2 )m  2ma (a+bx2 )m + 2ma dx or  =  dx   (a + bx2 )m+1 r!(r−1)! 1  (2m)! x m r=1 (4a)m−r (2r)!(a+bx2 )r + (4a)m (m!)2 2a a+bx2 x dx 1 =− (a + bx2 )m+1 2bm(a + bx2 )m 2 x dx −x 1 dx = + (a + bx2 )m+1 2mb(a + bx2 )m 2mb (a + bx2 )m 1 x2 dx = log 2 2a a+ bx2 x(a + bx ) dx 1 b dx =− − x2 (a + bx2 ) ax a a + bx2   1 1 dx   2am(a+bx2 )m + a x(a+bx2 )m dx or  =  m  x(a + bx2 )m+1 1 x2 ar  + log 2 r 2 m+1 r=1 r(a+bx ) a+bx 2a dx 1 b dx dx = − 2 (a + bx2 )m 2 )m+1 x2 (a + bx2 )m+1 a x a (a + bx

   dx k 1 (k + x)3 √ −1 2x − k 3 a √ , k = = + 3 tan log a + bx3 3a 2 a + bx3 k 3

b    √ a + bx3 1 1 a x dx −1 2x − k √ , k= 3 log = + 3 tan a + bx3 3bk 2 (k + x)3 b k 3 x2 dx 1 3 = log(a + bx ) 3 3b 

  a + bx x2 + 2kx + 2k2 k 1 2kx a dx −1 log 2 = + tan , ab > 0, k = 4 a + bx4 2a 2 x − 2kx + 2k2 2k2 − x2 4b    dx k 1 a x+k −1 x 4 = − log + tan , ab < 0, k = a + bx4 2a 2 x−k k b

  2 1 a x dx −1 x = tan , ab > 0, k = a + bx4 2bk k

b   x dx x2 − k 1 a log , ab < 0, k = = − a + bx4 4bk x2 + k b

   x2 dx 1 1 x2 − 2kx + 2k2 2kx −1 4 a = + tan , ab > 0, k = log a + bx4 4bk 2 x2 + 2kx + 2k2 2k2 − x2 4b    1 a x x−k x2 dx = + 2 tan−1 log , ab < 0, k = 4 − a + bx4 4bk x+k k b

A-24

INTEGRALS (Continued) 83. 84.



85. 86.



87.

88.

x3 dx 1 = log(a + bx4 ) a + bx4 4b dx 1 xn = log n x(a + bx ) an a + bxn dx 1 b dx xn dx = − n m+1 n m (a + bx ) a (a + bx ) a (a + bxn )m+1 m m−n x dx x xm−n dx 1 a dx = − n p+1 n p n p+1 (a + bx ) b (a b (a + + bx ) bx ) dx 1 b dx dx = − m (a + bxn )p m−n (a + bxn )p+1 xm (a + bxn )p+1 a x a x    m−n+1  1 (a + bxn )p+1 − a(m − n + 1) xm−n (a + bxn )p dx   b(np+m+1) x     or     m+1     1  (a + bxn )p + anp xm (a + bxn )p−1 dx   np+m+1 x or  xm (a + bxn )p dx =   1   xm+1 (a + bxn )p+1 − (m + 1 + np + n)b xm+n (a + bxn )p dx  a(m+1)      or      m+1   1  (a + bxn )p+1 + (m + 1 + np + n) xm (a + bxn )p+1 dx −x  an(p+1)

89. 90.



91. 92. 93. 94. 95.



96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101.



FORMS CONTAINING c3 ± x3 dx 1 (c ± x)3 1 2x ∓ c = ± 2 log 3 + √ tan−1 √ 3 ±x 6c c ± x3 c2 3 c 3 dx dx x 2 = 3 3 + 3 (c3 ± x3 )2 3c (c ±x3 ) 3c c3 ± x3 dx dx 1 x = + (3n − 1) (c3 ± x3 )n+1 3nc3 (c3 ± x3 )n (c3 ± x3 )n 3 3 x dx 1 1 c ±x 2x ∓ c = ± √ tan−1 √ log c3 ± x3 6c (c ± x)3 c 3 c 3 x dx x dx x2 1 = 3 3 + 3 (c3 ± x3 )2 3c (c ±x3 ) 3c c3 ± x3 x dx 1 x dx x2 = + (3n − 2) (c3 ± x3 )n+1 3nc3 (c3 ± x3 )n (c3 ± x3 )n 2 x dx 1 = ± log(c3 ± x3 ) c3 ± x3 3 x2 dx 1 =∓ (c3 ± x3 )n+1 3n(c3 ± x3 )n dx x3 1 = 3 log 3 3 3 x(c ± x ) 3c c ± x3 dx 1 x3 1 = 3 3 + 6 log 3 3 3 2 3 x(c ± x ) 3c (c ± x ) 3c c ± x3 dx dx 1 1 = + 3 x(c3 ± x3 )n+1 3nc3 (c3 ± x3 )n c x(c3 ± x3 )n x dx dx 1 1 =− 3 ∓ 3 x2 (c3 ± x3 ) c x c c3 ± x3 dx x dx dx 1 1 = ∓ x2 (c3 ± x3 )n+1 c3 x2 (c3 ± x3 )n c3 (c3 ± x3 )n+1 c3

FORMS CONTAINING c4 ± x4

A-25

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 102.



103. 104.



105. 106. 107. 108.

dx c4 + x4 dx c4 − x4 x dx c4 + x4 x dx c4 − x4 x2 dx c4 + x4 x2 dx c4 − x4 x3 dx c4 ± x4

√ √  1 1 x2 + cx 2 + c2 cx 2 √ √ + tan−1 2 log c − x2 2c3 2 2 x2 − cx 2 + c2 1 1 c+x x = 3 log + tan−1 2c 2 c−x c 2 1 −1 x = 2 tan 2c c2 2 1 c + x2 = 2 log 2 2 4c √ √ c − x2 1 1 x − cx 2 + c2 −1 cx 2 √ = √ + tan log c2 − x2 2c 2 2 x2 + cx 2 + c2 1 1 c+x −1 x = log − tan 2c 2 c−x c 1 4 4 = ± log (c ± x ) 4 =

FORMS CONTAINING (a + bx + cx2 ) X = a + bx + cx2 and q = 4ac − b2  If q = 0, then X = c x + 109. 110. 111.



112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.



119.

120.

 b 2 2c ,

and formulas starting with 23 should be used in place of these.

dx 2 2cx + b = √ tan−1 √ , (q > 0) X q q  −2 −1 2cx+b √   √−q tanh −q dx or = √  X  √1 log 2cx+b−√−q , (q < 0) −q 2cx+b+ −q dx 2cx + b dx 2c = + X2 qX  q X  2cx + b 3c dx 6c2 dx 1 = + + X3 q 2X 2 qX q 2 X  2(2n − 1)c dx 2cx + b  +   n  qn Xn  nqX dx or =   n

  n  X n+1  2cx + b   q r (r − 1)!r! dx (2n)! c   +  (n!)2 q q cX (2r)! X r=1 x dx dx 1 b = log X − X 2c 2c X x dx bx + 2a dx b = − X2 qX q X x dx 2a + bx b(2n − 1) dx = − − n X n+1 nqX n nq X dx x2 b2 − 2ac x b dx = − 2 log X + X c 2c 2c2 X x2 dx (b2 − 2ac)x + ab 2a dx = + X2 cqX q X m−1 xm−1 n−m+1 b x dx xm dx = − − · X n+1 (2n − m + 1)cX n 2n − m + 1 c X n+1 m−2 m−1 x a dx + · 2n − m+1 c X n+1 dx dx 1 x2 b = log − xX 2a X 2a X

A-26

INTEGRALS (Continued)  2  dx X 1 c b b dx log − − = + 2 2 2a2 x2 ax 2a a x X X dx dx dx 1 b 1 = − + n n−1 n n−1 xX 2a(n − 1)X 2a X a xX dx 1 n+m−1 b dx = − − · xm X n+1 (m − 1)axm−1 X n m−1 a xm−1 X n+1 2n + m − 1 c dx − · m−1 a xm−2 X n+1

121. 122. 123.

124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131.



132. 133. 134.

136. 137.

138.

√

a + bx

2
a + bx dx = (a + bx)3 3b
√ 2(2a − 3bx) (a + bx)3 x a + bx dx = − 15b2
2 √ 2(8a − 12abx + 15b2 x2 ) (a + bx)3 x2 a + bx dx = 105b3 
   √ m 2  b(2m+3) x (a + bx)3 − ma xm−1 a + bx dx  √ xm a + bx dx = or    2 √ m!(−a)m−r r+1 a + bx m r=0 r!(m−r)!(2r+3) (a + bx) bm+1 √ √ dx a + bx √ dx = 2 a + bx + a x x a + bx √ √ dx b a + bx a + bx √ dx = + x2 x 2 


x a + bx √ √ (a + bx)3 1 (2m − 5)b a + bx a + bx dx = − + dx xm (m − 1)a xm−1 2 xm−1 √ dx 2 a + bx √ = b a + bx x dx 2(2a − bx) √ √ a + bx =− 3b2 a + bx x2 dx 2(8a2 − 4abx − 3b2 x2 ) √ √ a + bx = 3 15b a + bx  m−1  √ x dx 2   (2m+1)b xm a + bx − ma √  m x dx a + bx √ = or √  a + bx  m r r   √

2(−a) a+bx bm+1√



(−1) m!(a+bx) m r=0 (2r+1)r!(m−r)!ar

√  dx 1 a + bx − a √ = √ log √ √ , (a > 0) a x a + bx a + bx + a 2 dx a + bx √ , (a < 0) = √ tan−1 −a −a x a + bx √ dx b dx a + bx √ √ − =− 2 ax 2a x a + bx x a + bx  √ dx (2n−3)b a+bx − √ −  (2n−2)a (n−1)axn−1   xn−1 a + bx     or 

√   n−r−1  n−1 dx b a + bx  r!(r − 1)! (2n−2)! √ = − − [(n−1)!]2  xn a + bx a xr 2(r)! 4a   r=1       n−1   dx b   √ + −  4a x a + bx

135.

FORMS CONTAINING

A-27

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 139. 140.



141. 142.



143.

2(a + bx)22±n b(2  ± n) 2 (a + bx)24±n a(a + bx)2±n ±n 2 2 − x(a + bx) dx = 2 4±n b 2±n 1 b dx dx dx m = m m−2 − a a x(a + bx)2 (a + bx)2 x(a + bx)2 (a + bx)n/2 dx (a + bx) (n−2) /2 = b (a + bx) (n−2) /2 dx + a dx x x   2 √ √ 2 z −a f (x, a + bx) dx = , z z dz, (z = a + bx) f b b n

(a + bx)±2 dx =

FORMS CONTAINING u = a + bx

√

a + bx and

v = c + dx

√

c + dx

k = ad − bc

If k = 0, then, v = ( ac )u, and formulas starting with 124 should be used in place of these.

144.

145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.



151. 152. 153. 154.



√  2 √ tanh−1 bduv , bd > 0, k < 0   bv bd     or     √ dx −1 2 bduv , bd > 0, k > 0. √ = √bd tanh du  uv    or    √   (bυ+ bduv)2  √1 log , (bd > 0) υ  bd √ −1 −bduv √2  tan  bv  −bd  dx or √ =  uv      − √ 1 sin−1 2bdx+ad+bc , (bd < 0) |k| −bd √ k + 2bv √ k2 dx √ uv dx = uv − uv  4bd √ √ 8bd d u− kd  √1 log √ √   kd d u+ kd  dx or √ =  v u √  √   √1 log (d u− kd)2 , (kd > 0) υ kd √ 2 d u dx √ = √ tan−1 √ , (kd < 0) v u −kd √−kd dx ad + bc uv x dx √ √ = − bd √ 2bd uv uv −2 uv dx √ = v uv √ kv υ dx dx k uυ √ √ = − b 2b uυ uυ

v v dx v √ dx = u |v| uv  m  √ √ 1 v dx m √ u dx = 2v m+1 u + k v (2m + 3)d √    u 1 dx 3 dx u √ √ = − + m − b (m − 1)k v m−1 2 vm u v m−1 u

A-28

INTEGRALS (Continued) 155.

  √  m−1  m 2   u − mk v √u dx b(2m+1) v v dx √ = or √  u     2(m!)2 u m − 4k m−r (2r)!2 v r m

b(2m+1)!

156. 157.

√

158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164.



165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170.



171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177.

r=0

b

(r!)

FORMS CONTAINING

√

x2 ± a2

 √ 1 √ 2 x2 ± a2 dx = x x ± a2 ± a2 log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 2 √ dx √ = log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 2 2 x ±a dx 1 x √ = sec−1 |a| a √ x x2 − a2   dx 1 a + x2 + a2 √ = − log a x x x2 + a2 √ √   √ a + x2 + a2 x2 + a2 dx = x2 + a2 − a log x √ x √ x2 − a2 −1 x 2 2 dx = x − a − |a| sec x a √ x dx √ = x2 ± a2 x2 ± a2 √ 1
2 x x2 ± a2 dx = (x ± a2 )3 3 
√ 1
2 3a2 x √ 2 3a4 (x2 ± a2 )3 dx = x ± a2 + log(x + x2 ± a2 ) x (x ± a2 )3 ± 4 2 2 dx ±x
= √ a2 x2 ± a2 (x2 ± a2 )3 x dx −1
= √ x2 ± a2 (x2 ± a2 )3
1
2 x (x2 ± a2 )3 dx = (x ± a2 )5 5 √ √ x
2 a2 √ 2 a4 x2 x2 ± a2 dx = (x ± a2 )3 ∓ x x ± a2 − log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 4 8 8 √ 1 2 2
2 x3 x2 + a2 dx = ( x2 − a ) (a + x2 )3 5 15 √ 1
2 a2
2 x3 x2 − a2 dx = (x − a2 )5 + (x − a2 )3 5 3 √ x2 dx x√ 2 a2 √ = x ± a2 ∓ log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 2 2 2 2 x ±a √ x3 dx 1
2 2 3 √ = (x ± a ) ∓ a2 x2 ± a2 2 2 3 x ±a √ dx x2 ± a2 √ =∓ 2 x2 x2 ± a2 √ a x √ dx 1 a + x2 + a2 x2 + a2 √ = + log 2 2 2a3 x x3 x2 + a2 √2a x 2 2 dx 1 x −a −1 x √ sec = + 2a2 x2 2|a3 | a x3 x2 − a2
x
2 a2 x
2 a4 x √ 2 2 2 2 3 2 5 x (x ± a ) dx = (x ± a ) ∓ (x ± a2 )3 − x ± a2 6 24 16 √ a6 ∓ log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 16
1
2 a2
2 (x ± a2 )7 ∓ (x ± a2 )5 x3 (x2 ± a2 )3 dx = 7 5

A-29

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) √ √ x2 ± a2 dx x2 ± a2 = − + log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 2 √ x √ √ 2x 2 1 a + x2 + a2 x +a x2 + a2 dx = − − log 3 2 2a x √ 2x √ 2x 2 2 2 1 x −a x −a −1 x dx = − + sec 2 x3 2|a| a
2x √ 2 (x2 ± a2 )3 x ± a2 dx = ∓ x4 3a2 x3 √ x2 dx −x
= √ + log (x + x2 ± a2 ) 2 2 2 2 3 x ±a (x ± a ) √ x3 dx a2
= x2 ± a2 ± √ 2 2 2 3 x ± a2 (x ± a ) √ dx 1 1 a + x2 + a2
= √ − 3 log 2 2 3 a x a2 x2 + a2 x (x + a ) dx 1 1 −1 x
=− √ − 3 sec |a | a a2 x2 − a2 x (x2 − a2 )3 √ 2 1 dx x x ± a2
=− 4 +√ a x x2 ± a2 x2 (x2 ± a2 )3 √ dx 1 3 3 a + x2 + a2
√ √ =− − + 5 log 3 2 2 3 2a x 2a2 x2 x2 + a2 2a4 x2 + a2 x (x + a ) dx 1 3 3 −1 x
√ √ = − − sec 2|a5 | a 2a2 x2 x2 − a2 2a4 x2 − a2 x3 (x2 − a2 )3 m−2 x 1 m−1 √ 2 m − 1 xm √ √ dx = x x ± a2 ∓ dx a2 m m x2 ± a2 x2 ± a2

m 2m  r!(r − 1)! √ (2m)! x √ dx = 2m x2 ± a2 (∓a2 )m−r (2x)2r−1 2 2 2 2 (m!) (2r)! x ±a r=1 √ +(∓a2 )m log (x + x2 ± a2 ) m  √ x2m+1 (2r)!(m!)2 √ dx = x2 ± a2 (∓4a2 )m−r x2r 2 2 2 (2m + 1)!(r!) x ±a √ r=0 dx dx (m − 2) x2 ± a2 √ √ =∓ ∓ (m − 1)a2 xm−1 (m − 1)a2 xm x2 ± a2 xm−2 x2 ± a2 m−1  (m − 1)!m!(2r)!22m−2r−1 √ dx √ = x2 ± a2 (r!)2 (2m)!(∓a2 )m−r x2r+1 x2m x2 ± a2  √ r=0 2 2 x +a m (2m)! r!(r−1)! m−r+1 dx √ = (m!) 2 r=1 (−1) a2 2(2r)!(4a2 )m−r x2r 2m+1 2 2 x x +a √ m+1 x2 +a2 +a + 2(−1) 2m a2m+1 log x

√  m dx (2m)! 1 x2 − a2  r!(r − 1)! −1 x √ = + 2m 2m+1 sec (m!)2 a2 2(2r)!(4a2 )m−r x2r 2 |a| a x2m+1 x2 − a2 r=1 √ 2 2 dx x −a √ =− a(x − a) (x − a) x2 − a2 √ dx x2 − a2 √ = a(x a) x2 − a2 (x +√ + a)   x 2 2 f (x, x + a ) dx = a f (a tan u, a sec u) sec2 u du, u = tan−1 , a > 0 a   √ x u = sec−1 , a > 0 f (x, x2 − a2 ) dx = a f (a sec u, a tan u) sec u tan u du, a √

178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190.

191. 192. 193.

194.

195. 196. 197. 198. 199.

A-30

INTEGRALS (Continued)

200.

202. 203. 204. 205. 206.



207. 208. 209. 210. 211.



212. 213.



214. 215. 216. 217. 218.



219. 220. 221. 222. 223.

√

a2 − x2

 1 √ 2 x a2 − x2 dx = x a − x2 + a2 sin−1 2 |a|  −1 x sin |a| dx √ or =  a2 − x2 x − cos−1 |a| √   dx 1 a + a2 − x2 √ = − log a x x a2 − x2 √ √   √ a + a2 − x2 a2 − x2 2 2 dx = a − x − a log x x √ x dx √ = − a2 − x2 a2 − x2 √ 1
2 x a2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 )3 3
1
2 3a2 x √ 2 3a4 x (a2 − x2 )3 dx = a − x2 + sin−1 x (a − x2 )3 + 4 2 2 |a| x dx
= √ a2 a2 − x2 (a2 − x2 )3 x dx 1
= √ a2 − x2 (a2 − x2 )3
1
2 x (a2 − x2 )3 dx = − (a − x2 )5 5   √ √ x
2 a2 x x2 a2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 )3 + x a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 4 8 |a|
√ 1 2 3 2 2 x a2 − x2 dx = (− x − a ) (a2 − x2 )3 5 15
1
a2 x
2 a4 x √ 2 a6 x x2 (a2 − x2 )3 dx = − x (a2 − x2 )5 + (a − x2 )3 + a − x2 + sin−1 6 24 16 16 |a|
1
2 a2
2 x3 (a2 − x2 )3 dx = (a − x2 )7 − (a − x2 )5 7 5 x2 dx x√ 2 a2 x √ =− a − x2 + sin−1 2 2 2 √ 2 |a| a −x dx a2 − x2 √ =− 2 2 2 2 x a −x √a x √ a2 − x2 a2 − x2 x dx = − − sin−1 2 x x |a| √ √ √ 1 a + a2 − x2 a2 − x2 a2 − x2 dx = − + log 3 2 2a x
2x √ x 2 2 3 2 2 (a − x ) a −x dx = − x4 3a2 x3 2 x dx x x
= √ − sin−1 2 2 2 2 3 |a| a −x (a − x ) x3 dx 2 2 1√ 2 √ = − (a − x2 )3/2 − x2 (a2 − x2 )1/2 = − a − x2 (x2 + 2a2 ) 2 2 3 3 a −x √ x3 dx x2 a2
√ = 2(a2 − x2 )1/2 + 2 = − + a2 − x2 2 )1/2 2 2 2 2 3 (a − x a −x (a − x ) √ √ dx 1 a + a2 − x2 a2 − x2 √ =− − 3 log 2a2 x2 2a x x3 a2 − x2 √ dx 1 1 a + a2 − x2
= √ − 3 log a x a2 a2 − x2 x (a2 − x2 )3

√

201.

FORMS CONTAINING

A-31

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235.

 √ 2 dx 1 x a − x2 = 4 − +√ a x a2 − x2 x2 (a2 − x2 )3 √ dx 1 3 3 a + a2 − x2
√ √ =− + − 5 log 2a x 2a2 x2 a2 − x2 2a4 a2 − x2 x3 (a2 − x2 )3 √ m m−1 2 2 x x xm−2 (m − 1)a2 a −x √ √ dx = − dx + m a2 − x2 a2 − x2

m  m 2m  r!(r − 1)! √ x (2m)! a2m 2m−2r 2r−1 −1 x 2 2 √ dx = x + 2m sin a − a −x (m!)2 22m−2r+1 (2r)! 2 |a| a2 − x2 r=1 m 2m+1 2  √ (2r)!(m!) x √ dx = − a2 − x2 (4a2 )m−r x2r 2 (2m + 1)!(r!) a2 − x2 r=0 √ dx dx m−2 a2 − x2 √ √ =− + (m − 1)a2 xm−1 (m − 1)a2 xm a2 − x2 xm−2 a2 − x2 m−1  (m − 1)!m!(2r)!22m−2r−1 √ ax √ = − a2 − x2 (r!)2 (2m)!a2m−2r x2r+1 x2m a2 − x2

r=0  √ √ m dx (2m)! 1 a − a2 − x2 a2 − x2  r!(r − 1)! √ = + log − (m!)2 a2 2(2r)!(4a2 )m−r x2r 22m a2m+1 x x2m+1 a2 − x2 r=1 √ √ dx 1 (b a2 − x2 + x a2 − b2 )2 √ = √ log , (a2 > b2 ) b2 − x2 (b2 − x2 ) a2 − x2 2b a2 − b2 √ 1 x b2 − a2 dx √ = √ tan−1 √ , (b2 > a2 ) (b2 − x2 ) a2 − x2 b b2 − a2 b √a2 − x2 1 x a2 + b2 dx √ = √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b + x ) a − √ x b a +b √ b a2 − x2 √ 2 2 2 2 2 a −x a +b x a + b2 x dx = − sin−1 sin−1 √ 2 2 b +x |b| |a| |a| x2 + b2   √ x f (x, a2 − x2 ) dx = a f (a sin u, a cos u) cos u du, u = sin−1 , a > 0 a


224.



236.

FORMS CONTAINING

√

a + bx + cx2

X = a + bx + cx2 , q = 4ac − b2 , and k = If q = 0, then 237. 238.



239. 240. 241. 242.

√

X=

√  c x+



b  2c

 √ 1  √c log(2 cX + 2cx + b) dx √ = or  X  √1 sinh−1 2cx+b √ , (c > 0) q c dx 1 −1 2cx + b √ = −√ √ , (c < 0) sin −q −c X 2(2cx + b) dx √ = √ X X q X   2(2cx + b) 1 dx √ √ = + 2k X2 X X √ X 3q  2(2cx+b) X dx√  (2n−1)qX n + 2k(n−1)  2n−1 X n−1 X dx or √ =  n n−1  Xn X  (2cx+b)(n!)(n−1)!4 k (2r)! n−1 √ r=0 (4kX)r (r!)2 q[(2n)!] X √ √ (2cx + b) X dx 1 √ Xdx = + 4c 2k X

A-32

4c q

INTEGRALS (Continued) 243. 244. 245. 246.



247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258.



259. 260. 261. 262. 263.

264.

√   √ dx (2cx + b) X 3 3 √ X Xdx = X+ + 2 8c √ 2k 8k  X  √ dx (2cx + b) X 5X 5 15 2 2 √ + 2 + X Xdx = X + 12c 4k 8k 16k3 X  √ √ n−1 (2cx+b)X n X 2n+1  X + Xdx  4(n+1)c 2(n+1)k   √ n or X Xdx =   √  dx (2n+2)! k(2cx+b) X n r!(r+1)!(4kX)r   √ + r=0 c (2r+2)! [(n+1)!]2 (4k)n+1 X √ b dx X x dx √ = √ − c 2c X X 2(bx + 2a) x dx √ =− √ X X q √ X x dx b dx X √ =− √ − n n n (2n − 1)cX 2c X X  X X  2 2 x dx 3b − 4ac x dx 3b √ √ √ = X+ − 2 2c 4c 8c2 X X x2 dx (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 1 dx √ = √ √ + c X X cq X X (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 4ac + (2n − 3)b2 dx x2 dx √ = √ + √ X n X  (2n − 1)cq X n−1 X  (2n −1)cq Xn−1 X x3 dx x2 dx 5bx 5b2 2a √ 3ab 5b3 √ √ = − + 3 − 2 X+ − 2 2 3c 12c 8c 3c 4c 16c3 X X n−1 n−2 xn dx 1 n−1 √ (n − 1)a (2n − 1)b dx dx x x √ √ √ = − X− x nc 2nc nc X X X √ √ X X b b(2cx + b) √ dx √ X− x Xdx = − 3c √ 8c2 4ck X 2 √ √ X X b xX Xdx = − X Xdx 5c √ 2c n+1 √ √ X b X − X n X dx xX n X dx = (2n + 3)c √ 2c   √ 5b X X 5b2 − 4ac √ 2 x X dx = x − X dx + 6c√ 4c 16c2 2 aX + bx + 2a 1 dx √ = − √ log , (a > 0) x  a x X  dx 1 bx + 2a √ = √ √ , (a < 0) sin−1 |x| −q −a x X √ 2 X dx √ =− , (a = 0) bx x X √ b dx dx X √ √ =− − 2 X ax 2a x x X √ √ dx b dx Xdx √ √ +a = X+ x 2 X x √ √ X dx b dx Xdx X √ +c √ =− + x2 x 2 x X X

√

FORMS INVOLVING

√

2ax − x2

 √ 1 x−a 2ax − x2 dx = (x − a) 2ax − x2 + a2 sin−1 2 |a|

A-33

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 265.

266. 267. 268.

269. 270.



271.

272.



273. 274. 275. 276. 277.



278. 279. 280. 281.

 −1 a−x  cos |a| dx √ or =  −1 x−a 2ax − x2 sin  |a|n−1  n−1 √ (2ax−x2 )3/2  −x + (2n+1)a 2ax − x2 dx x  n+2 n+2    or √  n+1   √ xn 2ax − x2 dx = (2n+1)!(r!)2 an−r+1 r 2ax − x2 xn+2 − n  r=0 2n−r (2r+1)!(n+2)!n! x    n+2  sin−1 x−a + (2n+1)!a 2n n!(n+2)! |a| √ √ 2 1/2 2 (2ax − x ) n−3 2ax − x 2ax − x2 dx = + dx n n x (3 − 2n)ax (2n − 3)a xn−1  n−1 √  2 n−1 −x 2ax−x  √x  + a(2n−1) dx  n n 2ax−x2 xn dx √ = or  2ax − x2  n   √ (2n)!r!(r−1)!an−r r−1 − 2ax − x2 n x + (2n)!a sin−1 r=1 2n (n!)2 2n−r (2r)!(n!)2  √  2ax − x2  n−1  a(1−2n)xn + (2n−1)a √dx  xn−1 2ax−x2 dx √ = or  xn 2ax − x2  √   2n−r (n−1)!n!(2r)! − 2ax − x2 n−1 r=0 (2n)!(r!)2 an−r xr+1 dx x−a = √ (2ax − x2 )3/2 a2 2ax − x2 x dx x = √ (2ax − x2 )3/2 a 2ax − x2

x−a |a|

MISCELLANEOUS ALGEBRAIC FORMS √ dx √ = log(x + a + 2ax + x2 ) 2ax + x2  √  √ √ x√ 2 c ax2 + c dx = ax + c + √ log x a + ax2 + c , (a > 0) 2 2 a   √ x√ 2 c a 2 ax + c dx = ax + c + √ , (a < 0) sin−1 x − 2 c 2 −a

√ 1+x dx = sin−1 x − 1 − x2 1−x √ n  √ ax +c− c 1   n√c log √axn +c+√c dx √ = or √ n √  x axn + c c  √ 2 log ax√+c− , (c > 0) n n c

x n dx ax 2 √ , (c < 0) = √ sec−1 − c x axn + c n −c √ √ dx 1 √ = √ log(x a + ax2 + c), (a > 0) a ax2 + c   a 1 dx √ , (a < 0) = √ sin−1 x − c −a ax2 + c  x(ax2 +c)m+1/2   + (2m+1)c (ax2 + c)m−1/2 dx  2(m+1) 2(m+1)    or √ m (ax2 + c)m+1/2 dx = (2m+1)!(r!)2 cm−r 2 r 2 +c x ax  r=0 22m−2r+1 m!(m+1)!(2r+1)! (ax + c)    m+1   √ dx + (2m+1)!c 22m+1 m!(m+1)!

m+ 1 2

x(ax2 + c)

2

3

(ax + c)m+ 2 dx = (2m + 3)a

A-34

ax2 +c

INTEGRALS (Continued) 282.

283. 284. 285. 286. 287.



288. 289.

290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298.



299. 300. 301. 302. 303.



 (ax2 + c)m−1/2 (ax2 +c)m+1/2   + c dx  2m+1  x

(ax2 + c)m+1/2 dx = or  x  √ m cm−r (ax2 +c)r dx  m+1  ax2 + c √ + c r=0 2r+1 x ax2 + c  dx  x 2m−2   (2m−1)c(ax2 +c)m−1/2 + (2m−1)c  (ax2 + c)m−1/2 dx = or  (ax2 + c)m+1/2 m−1 22m−2r−1 (m−1)!m!(2r)!    √ x r=0 (2m)!(r!)2 cm−r (ax2 +c)r ax2 +c √ 2 dx (m − 2)a dx ax + c √ √ − =− m−2 ax2 + c (m − 1)cxm−1√ (m − 1)c xm ax2 + c x √ x 2 + 1 + x4 1 + x2 1 √ dx = √ log 1 − x2 (1 − x2 ) 1 + x4 2 √ 2 1−x 1 x 2 √ dx = √ tan−1 √ (1 + x2 ) 1 + x4 1 + x4 2 √ n dx 2 a + x + a2 √ √ =− log n 2 na xn x x +a dx 2 a −1 √ =− sin √ n na x x xn − a2

 3/2 2 x −1 x dx = sin a3 − x3 3 a

FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 1 (sin ax) dx = − cos ax a 1 (cos ax) dx = sin ax a 1 1 (tan ax) dx = − log cos ax = log sec ax a a 1 1 (cot ax) dx = log sin ax = − log csc ax a a π 1 1 ax  (sec ax) dx = log(sec ax + tan ax) = log tan + a a 4 2 1 ax 1 (csc ax) dx = log(csc ax − cot ax) = log tan a a 2 1 1 1 1 (sin2 ax) dx = − cos ax sin ax + x = x − sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a 1 (sin3 ax) dx = − (cos ax)(sin2 ax + 2) 3a 3x sin 2ax sin 4ax (sin4 ax) dx = − + 8 4a 32a sinn−1 ax cos ax n−1 n (sin ax) dx = − + (sinn−2 ax) dx na n m−1 cos ax  (2m)! (2m)!(r!)2 sin2r+1 ax + 2m x (sin2m ax) dx = − 2m−2r 2 a 2 (2r + 1)!(m!) 2 (m!)2 r=0 m cos ax  22m−2r (m!)2 (2r)! (sin2m+1 ax) dx = − sin2r ax a r=0 (2m + 1)!(r!)2 1 1 1 1 (cos2 ax) dx = sin ax cos ax + x = x + sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a 1 (sin ax)(cos2 ax + 2) (cos3 ax) dx = 3a

A-35

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 304.



305. 306. 307. 308.



309. 310. 311.

312.



313. 314. 315.

316. 317. 318. 319. 320.



321. 322. 323.

3x sin 2ax sin 4ax + + 8 4a 32a 1 n−1 n n−1 ax sin ax + (cos ax) dx = cos (cosn−2 ax) dx na n m−1 sin ax  (2m)! (2m)!(r!)2 cos2r+1 ax + 2m x (cos2m ax) dx = 2m−2r a r=0 2 (2r + 1)!(m!)2 2 (m!)2 m sin ax  22m−2r (m!)2 (2r)! (cos2m+1 ax) dx = cos2r ax a r=0 (2m + 1)!(r!)2 dx 1 = (csc2 ax)dx = − cot ax 2 a sin ax dx m−2 1 cos ax dx m + ax) dx = − = (csc · sinm ax (m − 1)a sinm−1 ax m−1 sinm−2 ax m−1  22m−2r−1 (m − 1)!m!(2r)! 1 dx = (csc2m ax) dx = − cos ax 2m a sin ax (2m)!(r!)2 sin2r+1 ax r=0 dx = (csc2m+1 ax) dx sin2m+1 ax m−1  1 (2m)!(r!)2 = − cos ax 2m−2r a 2 (m!)2 (2r + 1)! sin2r+2 ax r=0 (cos4 ax) dx =

ax 1 (2m)! log tan · 2m 2 a 2 (m!) 2 dx 1 2 = (sec ax) dx = tan ax cos2 ax a dx 1 sin ax n−2 dx n ax) dx = = (sec · + cosn ax (n − 1)a cosn−1 ax n−1 cosn−2 ax m−1  22m−2r−1 (m − 1)!m!(2r)! 1 dx = (sec2m ax) dx = sin ax 2m cos ax a (2m)!(r!)2 cos2r+1 ax r=0 dx = (sec2m+1 ax) dx cos2m+1 ax m−1  1 (2m)!(r!)2 = sin ax 2m−2r a 2 (m!)2 (2r + 1)! cos2r+2 ax r=0 +

1 (2m)! log(sec ax + tan ax) · a 22m (m!)2 sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x (sin mx) (sin nx) dx = − , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m − n) 2(m + n) sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x (cos mx) (cos nx) dx = + , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m − n) 2(m + n) 1 (sin ax) (cos ax) dx = sin2 ax 2a cos(m − n)x cos(m + n)x (sin mx) (cos nx) dx = − − , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m − n) 2(m + n) 1 x (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax) dx = − sin 4ax + 32a 8 cosm+1 ax m (sin ax) (cos ax) dx = − (m + 1)a sinm+1 ax m (sin ax) (cos ax) dx = (m  + 1)a cosm−1 ax sinn+1 ax m−1   (cosm−2 ax) (sinn ax) dx +  (m+n)a m+n  or (cosm ax) (sinn ax) dx =    − sinn−1 ax cosm+1 ax + n−1  (cosm ax) (sinn−2 ax) dx +

(m+n)a

A-36

m+n

INTEGRALS (Continued) 324.

325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332.



333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338.



339. 340.

341.

 cosm ax cosm+1 ax m−n+2  − − (n−1)a dx  n−1 n−1  sin ax  sinn−2 ax cosm ax or dx =  sinn ax  cosm−2 ax  cosm−1 ax m−1  + dx n−1 n m−n a(m−n) sin ax sin max  m+1 sin ax sin ax m−n+2  dx   a(n−1) cosn−1 ax − n−1  cosn−2 ax m sin ax or dx =  cosn ax  sinm−2 ax  sinm−1 ax m−1  dx − a(m−n) cosn−1 ax + m−n cosn ax sin ax 1 sec ax dx = = cos2 ax a cos ax a π sin2 ax 1 1 ax  dx = − sin ax + log tan + cos ax a a 4 2 cos ax 1 csc ax dx = − =− a sin ax a sin2 ax dx 1 = log tan ax (sin ax) (cos ax) a 1 ax  dx = sec ax + log tan 2 (sin ax) (cos ax) a 2 dx 1 dx = + (sin ax) (cosn ax) a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax (sin ax) (cosn−2 ax) π dx 1 1 ax  = − csc ax + log tan + 2 a a 4 2 (sin ax) (cos ax) dx 2 = − cot 2ax (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax)  a − a(m−1) (sinm−11 ax) (cosn−1 ax)      dx m+n−2   + m−2 m−1 dx (sin ax) (cosn ax) =  sinm ax cosn ax or    dx    a(n−1) sinm−11 ax cosn−1 ax + m+n−2 n−1 sinm ax cosn−2 ax 1 sin(a + bx) dx = − cos(a + bx) b 1 cos(a + bx) dx = sin(a + bx) b π dx 1 ax  = ∓ tan ∓ 1 ± sin ax a 4 2 dx 1 ax = tan 1 + cos ax a 2 dx 1 ax = − cot 1 − cos ax  a 2 a tan x +b 2  √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2  2 2  a −b a −b  dx or = √  a + b sin x  a tan x +b− b2 −a2  2 √  √ 21 2 log 2 2 b −a a tan x √2 +b+ b −a  2 −b2 tan x a 2   √ 22 2 tan−1  a+b a −b  dx or = √  a + b cos x   b2 −a2 tan x +a+b  2  √ 1 log √ x b2 −a2

b2 −a2 tan 2 −a−b

A-37

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

342.

343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348.

349.

350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360.

361.

dx a+ b sin x + c cos x √ b− b2 +c2 −a2 +(a−c) tan x  2  √ 1 log √ 2 2 2 , if a2 < b2 + c2 , a = c  2 +c2 −a2  b b+ b +c −a +(a−c) tan x  2    or  b+(a−c) tan x = √ 2 tan−1 √ 2 2 22 , if a2 > b2 + c2 2 2 2  a −b −c a −b −c    or        1 a−(b+c) cos x−(b−c) sin x , if a2 = b2 + c2 , a = c. a a−(b−c) cos x+(b+c) sin x

  sin2 x dx 1 a+b x a −1 = tan tan x − , (ab > 0, or |a| > |b|) 2x a + b cos b a a + b b   1 dx b tan x −1 = tan a a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x √ ab √ 2 2 cos cx x a + b2 a2 + b2 tan cx −1 dx = tan − 2 2 2 2 2 ab c a b a + b sin cx 1 sin cx cos cx dx = log(a cos2 cx + b sin2 cx) 2 cx + b sin2 cx 2c(b a cos − a) cos cx dx dx = a cos cx + b sin cx a + b tan cx = c(a21+b2 ) [acx + b log(a cos cx + b sin cx)] sin cx dx 1 dx = = [acx − b log (a sin cx + b cos cx)] a sin cx + b cos cx a + b cot cx c(a2 + b2 ) √  c tan x+b− b2 −ac 1  √ √ log , (b2 > ac)   2 b2 −ac c tan x+b+ b2 −ac     or dx = √ 1 tan−1 c√tan x+b , (b2 < ac)  a cos2 x + 2b cos x sin x + c sin2 x ac−b2 ac−b2     or   − c tan1x+b , (b2 = ac) π sin ax 1 ax  dx = ±x + tan ∓ a 4 2 1 ± sin ax π dx 1 ax  1 ax = tan ∓ + log tan (sin ax) (1 ± sin ax) a 4 2 a 2  π dx 1 ax  ax  1 3 π = − tan − tan − − 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 (1 + sin ax)    dx 1 π ax ax  1 3 π = cot − cot − + 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 (1 − sin ax)    sin ax 1 π ax ax  1 3 π dx = − tan − tan − + 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 (1 + sin ax)  π sin ax 1 ax  ax  1 3 π dx = − cot − cot − + 2 4 2 6a 4 2 2a (1 − sin ax) x a dx sin x dx = − b b a + b sin x a + b sin x dx 1 x b dx = log tan − (sin x) (a + b sin x) a 2 a a + b sin x dx dx b cos x a = 2 + 2 2 2 ) (a + b sin x) 2 (a + b sin x) (a − b a − b a + b sin x sin xdx dx a cos x h = 2 + (a + b sin x)2 (b − a2 )(a + b sin x)√ b2 − a2 a + b sin x dx 1 a2 + b2 tan cx −1 tan = √ a a2 + b2 sin2 cx ac a2 + b2 √  a2 −b2 tan cx −1 1  √  tan , (a2 > b2 )  a  ac a2 −b2 dx or = √  a2 − b2 sin2 cx  2 2   √1 √b −a tan cx+a , (a2 < b2 ) log 2 2 2 2 2ac

b −a

b −a tan cx−a

A-38

INTEGRALS (Continued) 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374.



375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388.



cos ax 1 ax dx = x − tan 1 + cos ax a 2 cos ax 1 ax dx = −x − cot 1 − cos ax a 2 π dx 1 ax  1 ax = log tan + − tan (cos ax)(1 + cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 π dx 1 ax  1 ax = log tan + − cot (cos ax)(1 − cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 dx 1 ax 1 ax 3 = tan + tan (1 + cos ax)2 2a 2 6a 2 dx 1 ax 1 3 ax = − cot − cot (1 − cos ax)2 2a 2 6a 2 cos ax 1 ax 1 3 ax dx = tan − tan (1 + cos ax)2 2a 2 6a 2 cos ax 1 ax 1 3 ax dx = cot − cot (1 − cos ax)2 2a 2 6a 2 cos x dx x a dx = − a + b cos x b b a + b cos x x 1 π b dx dx = log tan + − (cos x)(a + b cos x) a 2 4 a a + b cos x dx dx b sin x a = 2 − 2 (a + b cos x)2 (b − a2 )(a + b cos x) b − a2 a + b cos x cos x dx a sin x b dx = 2 − (a + b cos x)2 (a − b2 )(a + b cos x) a2 − b2 a +  b cos x dx a+b 2 cx −1 = tan tan a2 + b2 − 2ab cos cx c(a2 − b2 ) a−b 2 dx 1 −1 a tan cx √ √ = tan a2 + b2 cos2 cx ac a2 + b2 a2 + b2  −1 √ a tan cx √1 tan , (a2 > b2 )   a2 −b2  ac a2 −b2 dx or = √  a2 − b2 cos2 cx a tan cx− b2 −a2   √1 √ log , (b2 > a2 ) 2 2 2 2 2ac

b −a

a tan cx+

b −a

sin ax 1 dx = ∓ log(1 ± cos ax) 1 ± cos ax a cos ax 1 dx = ± log (1 ± sin ax) 1 ± sin ax a dx 1 1 ax =± + log tan (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax) 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2 π dx 1 1 ax  =∓ + log tan + (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2 sin ax 1 dx = log(sec ax ± 1) (cos ax)(1 ± cos ax) a 1 cos ax dx = − log(csc ax ± 1) (sin ax)(1 ± sin ax) a π sin ax 1 1 ax  dx = ± log tan + (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2 cos ax 1 1 ax dx = − ± log tan (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax) 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2   dx 1 π ax = √ log tan ± sin ax ± cos ax 2 8 a 2  dx 1 π = tan ax ∓ (sin ax ± cos ax)2 2a 4  dx 1 ax  = ± log 1 ± tan 1 + cos ax ± sin ax a 2 b tan cx + a 1 dx log = 2abc b tan cx − a a2 cos2 cx − b2 sin2 cx

A-39

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

389. 390. 391.

392.

393. 394. 395.

396.

397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411.

1 x sin ax − cos ax 2 a a 2x a2 x2 − 2 2 x (sin ax) dx = 2 sin ax − cos ax a a3 2 2 2 3 3a x − 6 a x − 6x x3 (sin ax) dx = sin ax − cos ax 4 3 a  am−1  1 m m cos ax dx   − a x cos ax + a x   or  [ m m−2r r+1 xm sin ax dx = m! 2 ] cos ax · xa2r+1  r=0 (−1) (m−2r)!   m−1  [ m−2r−1 ]  m! + sin ax r=02 (−1)r (m−2r−1)! · x a2r+2   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0. 1 x x(cos ax) dx = 2 cos ax + sin ax a a 2x cos ax a2 x2 − 2 2 x (cos ax) dx = + sin ax 2 a a3 2 2 2 3 3a x − 6 a x − 6x x3 (cos ax) dx = cos ax + sin ax 4 3 a  m−1a  xm sin ax m − a x sin ax dx  a    or  xm (cos ax)dx = r xm−2r m! sin ax |m/2|  r=0 (−1) (m−2r)! · a2r+1    m−2r−1  m! + cos ax |(m−1)/2| (−1)r (m−2r−1)! ·x r=0  1  a2r+2 Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 2 = 0. r  sin ax (ax)2n+1 (−1)n dx = x (2n + 1)(2n + 1)! n=0 r  cos ax (ax)2n (−1)n dx = log x + x 2n(2n)! n=1 2 x x sin 2ax cos 2ax − − x(sin2 ax) dx = 2 4 4a  2 8a x 1 x3 x cos 2ax 2 2 − − 3 sin 2ax − x (sin ax) dx = 6 4a 8a 4a2 x cos 3ax 3x cos ax sin 3ax 3 sin ax x(sin3 ax) dx = − − + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a2 x2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax 2 x(cos ax) dx = + + 2 4 4a 8a  3 2 x x cos 2ax x 1 x2 (cos2 ax) dx = + − 3 sin 2ax + 6 4a 8a 4a2 x sin 3ax 3x sin ax cos 3ax 3 cos ax 3 x(cos ax) dx = + + + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a2 sin ax cos ax sin ax a dx = − + dx m (m − 1)xm−1 m − 1 xm−1 x cos ax cos ax a sin ax dx = − − dx m (m − 1)xm−1 m−1 xm−1 x x x cos ax 1 dx = ∓ + 2 log(1 ± sin ax) 1 ± sin ax a(1 ± sin ax) a x ax x ax 2 dx = tan + 2 log cos 1 + cos ax a 2 a 2 x ax x ax 2 dx = − cot + 2 log sin a 2 a 2 1 − cosax x + sin x x dx = x tan 2 1 + cos x x − sin x x dx = −x cot 1 − cos x 2 x(sin ax) dx =

A-40

INTEGRALS (Continued) √ 2 sin ax ax 2 2 1 − cos ax dx = − √ cos( ) =− a 2 a 1 − cos ax √ √ 2 sin ax 2 2 ax 1 + cos ax dx = √ = sin( ) a 2 a 1 + cos ax   √ x x 1 + sin x dx = ±2 sin − cos , 2 2 π π [use + if (8k − 1) 2 < x ≤ (8k + 3) 2 , otherwise − ; k an integer]  √ x x 1 − sin x dx = ±2 sin + cos , 2 2 π π [use + if (8k − 3) 2 < x ≤ (8k + 1) 2 , otherwise −; k an integer] √ x dx √ = ± 2 log tan , 4 1 − cos x [use + if 4kπ < x < (4k + 2)π, otherwise −; k an integer] x + π √ dx √ = ± 2 log tan , 4 1 + cos x [use+ if (4k − 1)π < x < (4k + 1)π, otherwise −; k an integer] x √ dx π √ = ± 2 log tan − , 4 8 1 − sin x π π [use+ if (8k + 1) 2 < x < (8k + 5) 2 , otherwise −; k an integer] x √ π dx √ = ± 2 log tan + , 4 8 1 + sin x π π [use+ if (8k − 1) 2 < x < (8k + 3) 2 , otherwise −; k an integer] 1 (tan2 ax) dx = tan ax − x a 1 1 (tan3 ax) dx = tan2 ax + log cos ax 2a a tan3 ax 1 (tan4 ax) dx = − tan ax + x 3a a tann−1 ax (tann ax) dx = − (tann−2 ax) dx a(n − 1) 1 2 (cot ax) dx = − cot ax − x a 1 1 (cot3 ax) dx = − cot2 ax − log sin ax 2a a 1 1 (cot4 ax) dx = − cot3 ax + cot ax + x 3a a cotn−1 ax (cotn ax) dx = − − (cotn−2 ax) dx a(n − 1) x x cot ax 1 dx = x(csc2 ax) dx = − + 2 log sin ax 2 a a sin ax x x cos ax dx = x(cscn ax) dx = − sinn ax a(n − 1) sinn−1 ax 1 − 2 a (n − 1)(n − 2) sinn−2 ax (n − 2) x + dx n−2 (n − 1) sin ax x 1 1 dx = x(sec2 ax) dx = x tan ax + 2 log cos ax 2 a a cos ax x x sin ax dx = x(secn ax) dx = cosn ax a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax 1 − 2 a (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 ax x n−2 dx + n−1 cosn−2 ax

412. 413. 414.

415.

416.

417.

418.

419.

420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429.

430. 431.

√

A-41

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

432. 433. 434. 435.

436. 437. 438.

439. 440.

1 sin ax b cos ax
dx = − sin−1 √ 2 2 ab 1 + b2 1 + b sin ax
1 sin ax
dx = − log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) ab 1 − b2 sin2 ax
cos ax
1 + b2 b cos ax (sin ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = − 1 + b2 sin2 ax − sin−1 √ 2a 2ab 1 + b2
cos ax
2 2 2 2 (sin ax) 1 − b sin ax dx = − 1 − b sin ax 2a  1 − b2 log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) − 2ab
1 cos ax
dx = log(b sin ax + 1 + b2 sin2 ax) 2 sin2 ax ab 1 + b 1 cos ax
dx = sin−1 (b sin ax) 2 2 ab 1 − b sin ax
sin ax
(cos ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = 1 + b2 sin2 ax 2a
1 log(b sin ax + 1 + b2 sin2 ax) + 2ab
sin ax
1 1 − b2 sin2 ax + sin−1 (b sin ax) (cos ax) 1 − b2 sin2 ax dx = 2a 2ab  dx ±1 a−b √ = √ sin cx , (a > |b|) sin−1 2 a c a − b a + b tan cx [use+ if (2k − 1) π2 < x ≤ (2k + 1) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer]

441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452.



453. 454.

FORMS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS √

1 − a2 x2 √ a 1 − a2 x2 −1 −1 (cos ax) dx = x cos ax − a 1 −1 −1 (tan ax) dx = x tan ax − log (1 + a2 x2 ) 2a 1 (cot−1 ax) dx = x cot−1 ax + log (1 + a2 x2 ) 2a √ 1 (sec−1 ax) dx = x sec−1 ax − log (ax + a2 x2 − 1) a √ 1 (csc−1 ax) dx = x csc−1 ax + log (ax + a2 x2 − 1) a  x x √ sin−1 (a > 0) dx = x sin−1 + a2 − x2 , a a   √ x x cos−1 (a > 0) dx = x cos−1 − a2 − x2 , a a   a x x dx = x tan−1 − log (a2 + x2 ) tan−1 a a 2   a −1 x −1 x cot + log(a2 + x2 ) dx = x cot a a 2 √ 1 −1 2 2 x [sin (ax)] dx = 2 [(2a x − 1) sin−1 (ax) + ax 1 − a2 x2 ] 4a √ 1 x [cos−1 (ax)] dx = 2 [(2a2 x2 − 1) cos−1 (ax) − ax 1 − a2 x2 ] 4a xn+1 a xn+1 dx n −1 √ x [sin (ax)] dx = , (n = −1) sin−1 (ax) − n+1 n+1 a2 x2 1− n+1 n+1 x a dx x √ xn [cos−1 (ax)] dx = , (n = −1) cos−1 (ax) + n+1 n+1 1 − a2 x2 (sin−1 ax) dx = x sin−1 ax +

A-42

INTEGRALS (Continued)

455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464.

465.

466.

467. 468.

469.

1 + a2 x2 x tan−1 ax − 2a2 2a xn+1 a xn+1 xn (tan−1 ax) dx = dx tan−1 ax − n+1 n+1 1 + a2 x2 2 2 1+a x x x(cot−1 ax) dx = cot−1 ax + 2 2a 2a xn+1 a xn+1 xn (cot−1 ax) dx = dx cot−1 ax + n+ n+ 1 1 + a2 x2 1 √ −1 −1 2 2 sin (ax) 1− 1−a x sin (ax) dx = a log − x2 x √ x cos−1 (ax) dx 1 1 + 1 − a2 x2 −1 = − cos (ax) + alog x2 x x −1 tan (ax) dx 1 a 1 + a2 x2 −1 = − tan (ax) − log x2 x 2 x2 −1 cot ax 1 a x2 −1 dx = − cot ax − log 2 2 x2 x 2 a x√ + 1 2 1 − a2 x2 −1 2 −1 2 (sin ax) dx = x(sin ax) − 2x + sin−1 ax √ a 2 1 − a2 x2 (cos−1 ax)2 dx = x(cos−1 ax)2 − 2x − cos−1 ax a  √ n 1 − a2 x2  −1 n   x(sin ax) + (sin−1 ax)n−1   a       − n(n − 1) (sin−1 ax)n−2 dx        or −1 n (sin ax) dx = [n/2]    n!   (−1)r x(sin−1 ax)n−2r    (n − 2r)!  r=0    √  [n−1/2]    1 − a2 x2  r n!  + (−1) (sin−1 ax)n−2r−1   (n − 2r − 1)!a r=0   Note: [s] means greatest means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.  integer ≤ s. Thus [3.5] √ n 1 − a2 x2    x(cos−1 ax)n − (cos−1 ax)n−1   a       − n(n − 1) (cos−1 ax)n−2 dx        or −1 n (cos ax) dx = [n/2]    n!   (−1)r x(cos−1 ax)n−2r    (n − 2r)!  r=0    √  [n−1/2]   2 2   r n! 1 − a x  × (−1) (cos−1 ax)n−2r−1   (n − 2r − 1)!a r=0 1 1 √ (sin−1 ax)dx = (sin−1 ax)2 2 x2 2a 1 − a xn xn−1 √ xn 2 x2 sin−1 ax + √ (sin−1 ax) dx = − 1 − a na2 n2 a 1 − a2 x2 xn−2 n−1 √ sin−1 ax dx + na2 1 − a2 x2 1 1 √ (cos−1 ax) dx = − (cos−1 ax)2 2a 1 − a2 x2 x(tan−1 ax) dx =

A-43

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

471. 472. 473.



474. 475. 476.



477. 478.

479. 480. 481. 482.

xn xn−1 √ xn (cos−1 ax) dx = − 1 − a2 x2 cos−1 ax − 2 2 2 2 na n a 1−a x n−1 xn−2 −1 √ + cos ax dx na2 1 − a2 x2 −1 1 tan ax dx = (tan−1 ax)2 a2 x2 + 1 2a cot−1 ax 1 dx = − (cot−1 ax)2 a2 x2 + 1 2a x2 1 √ x sec−1 ax dx = sec−1 ax − 2 a2 x2 − 1 2 2a xn+1 1 xn dx √ xn sec−1 ax dx = sec−1 ax − n+1 n+1 a2 x2 − 1 √ −1 −1 2 2 sec ax sec ax a x −1 dx = − + x2 x x x2 1 √ 2 2 −1 −1 x csc ax dx = csc ax + 2 a x − 1 2 2a n+1 x 1 xn dx n −1 −1 √ x csc ax dx = csc ax + n+1 n+1 a2 x2 − 1 √ csc−1 ax csc−1 ax a2 x2 − 1 dx = − − x2 x x √

470.



483. 484.

FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 

  x 2z dz f (sin x) dx = 2 f , z = tan 2 2 1+z  1+z 2   1 − z2 x dz f (cos x) dx = 2 f , z = tan 1 + z2 1 + z2 2 du , (u = sin x) f (sin x) dx = f (u) √ 1 − u2 du f (cos x) dx = − f (u) √ , (u = cos x) u2 1 −  du √ f (sin x, cos x) dx = f u, 1 − u2 √ , (u = sin x) 1− u2    1 − z2 x dz 2z , , z = tan f (sin x, cos x) dx = 2 f 2 2 2 1+z 1+z 1+z 2

LOGARITHMIC FORMS

485. 486. 487. 488. 489.

490.



(log x) dx = x log x − x

x2 x2 log x − 2 4 x3 x3 2 x (log x) dx = log x − 3 9 xn+1 xn+1 n x (log ax) dx = log ax − n+1 (n + 1)2 (log x)2 dx = x(log x)2 − 2x log x + 2x    x(log x)n − n (log x)n−1 dx, (n = −1)  (log x)n dx = or     (− log x)r (−1)n n!x n r=0 r! x(log x) dx =

A-44

INTEGRALS (Continued) 491. 492. 493.



494. 495. 496.

497. 498. 499. 500. 501.

502.

503. 504.

505.

506.

507. 508.

(log x)n 1 dx = (log x)n+1 x n+1 (log x)2 (log x)3 dx = log(log x) + log x + + + ··· log x 2 · 2! 3 · 3! dx = log(log x) x log x 1 dx =− x(log x)n (n − 1)(log x)n−1 xm dx xm dx xm+1 m+1 =− + n n−1 (log x) (n − n − 1 (log x)n−1  1)(log x) m+1 n (log x) n   x m+1 xm (log x)n−1 dx − m+1  m n x (log x) dx = or   (− log x)r  (−1)n n! xm+1 n r=0 r!(m+1)n−r m+1

xp+1 [b sin(b ln x) + (p + 1) cos(b ln x)] + c (p + 1)2 + b2 p+1 x [(p + 1) sin(b ln x) − b cos(b ln x)] + c xp sin(b ln x) dx = (p + 1)2 + b2 ax + b [log(ax + b)] dx = log(ax + b) − x a a log(ax + b) ax + b dx = log x − log(ax + b) x2 b

bx  m+1  1 b m m+1 − − log(ax + b) x [log(ax + b)] dx = x m+1 a  m+1 m+1  1  ax r b 1 − − − m+1 a r b r=1  log(ax + b) 1 log(ax + b) 1 ax + b a m−1 dx = − + log − m m−1 x m−1 x m−1 b x  r m−2 1  a m−1  1 b + , (m > 2) − − m−1 b r ax r=1  x+a log dx = (x + a) log(x + a) − (x − a) log(x − a) x − a xm+1 − am+1 x+a xm+1 − (−a)m+1 xm log log(x + a) − log(x − a) dx = x−a m+1 m+1 [ m+1 2 ]  x m−2r+2 2am+1  1 + m + 1 r=1 m − 2r + 2 a   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.  1 x+a x−a 1 x2 − a2 1 log − log dx = log 2 x x−a x x+a a √ x2    4ac−b2 b   x + 2c log X − 2x + tan−1 √2cx+b 2 , (b2 − 4ac < 0)  c  4ac−b    or  √   b2 −4ac (log X) dx = b log X − 2x + tanh−1 √2cx+b , (b2 − 4ac > 0) x +  2c c  b2 −4ac     where   X = a + bx + cx2 n+2 n+1 xn+1 x x 2c b xn (log X) dx = log X − dx − dx n+1 n+1 X n+1 X 2 where X = a + bx + cx x [log(x2 + a2 )] dx = x log(x2 + a2 ) − 2x + 2a tan−1 a xp cos(b ln x) dx =

A-45

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516.

x+a x −a 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 x [log(x ± a )] dx = (x ± a ) log(x ± a ) − x 2 2 √ √ √ 2 2 2 2 [log(x + x ± a )] dx = x log(x + x ± a ) − x2 ± a2 √  2  √ √ x x2 ± a2 a2 x 2 2 2 2 x [log(x + x ± a )] dx = ± log(x + x ± a ) − 2 4 4 m+1 √ √ x 1 xm+1 m √ x [log(x + x2 ± a2 )] dx = dx log(x + x2 ± a2 ) − m + 1√ m√+ 1 x2 ± a2 √ 2 2 2 2 2 2 log(x + x + a ) 1 a+ x +a log(x + x + a ) dx = − − log 2 x x a x √ √ log(x + x2 − a2 ) log(x + x2 − a2 ) 1 −1 x dx = − + sec x2 x |a| a

1 xn log(x2 − a2 ) dx = xn+1 log(x2 − a2 ) − an+1 log(x − a) n+1  [n/2] 2r n−2r+1  a x  −(−a)n+1 log(x + a) − 2 n − 2r + 1 r=0   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0. [log(x2 − a2 )] dx = x log(x2 − a2 ) − 2x + a log

EXPONENTIAL FORMS

517. 518. 519. 520.

521.

522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527.

528.

529.

x



x

e dx = e

e−x dx = −e−x

eax a eax x eax dx = 2 (ax − 1) a xm eax m   xm−1 eax dx −  a a xm eax dx = or    eax m (−1)r m!xm−r r=0 (m−r)!ar+1 ax e dx ax a2 x2 a3 + x3 = log x + + + + ··· 1! 2 · 2! 3 · 3! axx ax ax e e 1 a e dx = − + dx m m−1 m−1 x m − 1 x m − 1 x ax ax e 1 e log x eax log x dx = − dx a a x dx ex = x − log(1 + ex ) = log x 1 + ex 1+e dx x 1 px = − log(a + be ) px a ap

  a + be dx 1 a −1 mx √ tan = e , (a > 0, b > 0) aemx + be−mx b m ab  √ mx √ ae − b 1   2m√ab log √a emx +√b dx = or 
a mx   aemx − be−mx  −1 √ , (a > 0, b > 0) tanh−1 e b m ab ax + a−x x −x (a − a ) dx = log a eax dx =

A-46

INTEGRALS (Continued) 530. 531. 532. 533.



534.

535.

536. 537. 538.



539.

540. 541. 542.

543.

eax 1 dx = log(b + ceax ) b + ceax ac ax xe eax dx = (1 + ax)2 a2 (1 + ax) 1 −x2 −x2 xe dx = − e 2 eax [a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)] ax e [sin(bx)] dx = a2 + b2 ax e [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [sin(bx)][sin(cx)] dx = 2[a2 + (b − c)2 ] ax e [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] − 2[a2 + (b + c)2 ]  eax [a sin(b−c)x−(b−c) cos(b−c)x]  2[a2 +(b−c)2 ]    eax [a sin(b+c)x−(b+c) cos(b+c)x]  +  2[a2 +(b+c)2 ]     or   eax [(a sin bx − b cos bx)[cos(cx − α)] ρ eax [sin(bx)][cos(cx)] dx =   −c(sin bx) sin(cx − α)]     where 
  2 2  c2 )2 + 4a2 c2 ,   ρ = (a + b − ρ cos α = a2 + b2 − c2 , ρ sin α = 2ac eax cos c eax [sin(bx)][sin(bx + c)] dx = 2a eax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] − 2(a2 + 4b2 ) ax e sin c eax [sin(bx)][cos(bx + c)] dx = − 2a eax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] + 2(a2 + 4b2 ) ax e eax [cos(bx)] dx = 2 [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] a + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [cos(bx)][cos(cx)]dx = 2[a2 + (b − c)2 ] ax e [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] + 2[a2 + (b + c)2 ] eax cos c ax e [cos(bx)][cos(bx + c)] dx = 2a eax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] + 2(a2 + 4b2 ) eax sin c ax e [cos(bx)][sin(bx + c)] dx = 2a eax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] + 2(a2 + 4b2 )  1 eax [sinn bx] dx = 2 (a sin bx − nb cos bx)eax sinn−1 bx a + n2 b2 +n(n − 1)b2 eax [sinn−2 bx] dx  1 eax [cosn bx] dx = 2 (a cos bx + nb sin bx)eax cosn−1 bx a + n2 b2 +n(n − 1)b2 eax [cosn−2 bx] dx

A-47

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

545.

546.

547.

548.



549.

550.

551.

1 m x x e (sin x − cos x) 2 m m xm−1 ex sin x dx + xm−1 ex cos x dx − 2 m ax a sin bx−b cos bx 2 x e   a2 +b2    m   xm−1 eax (a sin bx − b cos bx) dx −  a2 +b2   or xm eax [sin bx] dx =  (−1)r m!xm−r ax m   r=0 ρr+1 (m−r)! sin[bx − (r + 1)α]  e    where 
  ρ = a2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b 1 xm ex cos x dx = xm ex (sin x + cos x) 2 m m xm−1 ex sin x dx − xm−1 ex cos x dx − 2 2  m ax a cos bx+b sin bx x e  a2 +b2    m   xm−1 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) dx − a2 +b2  m ax x e cos bx dx = or    (−1)r m!xm−r ax m  cos[bx − (r + 1)α] e   √r=0 ρr+1 (m−r)!  ρ = a2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b  eax cosm−1 x sinn x[a cos x+(m+n) sin x]   (m+n) 2 +a2    na   eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx − (m+n)2 +a2        + (m−1)(m+n) eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx  (m+n)2 +a2      or   ax m n−1  x[a sin x−(m+n) cos x]   e cos x sin(m+n)   2 +a2    ma  eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx + (m+n)  2 +a2        + (n−1)(m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx  (m+n)2 +a2  or eax (cosm x)(sinn x)dx =   eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a sin x cos x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x)    (m+n)2 +a2    m(m−1)   eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx + (m+n)2 +a2      n(n−1)   + (m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx  2 +a2      or    eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a cos x sin x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x)    (m+n)2 +a2    m(m−1)   eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn−2 x) dx + (m+n)2 +a2        + (n−m)(n+m−1) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx 2 2 (m+n) +a xm ex sin x dx =

544.

xeax (a sin bx − b cos bx) + b2 eax [(a2 − b2 ) sin bx − 2ab cos bx] − 2 (a + b2 )2 xeax xeax (cos bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx − b sin bx) a + b2 eax [(a2 − b2 ) cos bx − 2ab sin bx] − 2 (a + b2 )2 eax a2 + (n − 2)2 eax [a sin x + (n − 2) cos x] eax + dx dx = − n−1 sinn x (n − 1)(n − 2) (n − 1)(n − 2) sin x sinn−2 x xeax (sin bx) dx =

a2

A-48

INTEGRALS (Continued) eax eax eax [a cos x − (n − 2) sin x] a2 + (n − 2)2 dx = − + dx n n−1 cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 x n−1 a tan x eax tann x dx = eax − eax tann−1 x dx − eax tann−2 x dx n−1 n−1

552. 553.

HYPERBOLIC FORMS

554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566.

567.

568.

569. 570. 571. 572.



(sinh x) dx = cosh x (cosh x) dx = sinh x (tanh x) dx = log cosh x (coth x) dx = log sinh x

(sech x) dx = tan−1 (sinh x) x (csch x) dx = log tanh 2 x(sinh x) dx = x cosh x − sinh x xn (sinh x) dx = xn cosh x − n xn−1 (cosh x)dx x(cosh x) dx = x sinh x − cosh x xn (cosh x) dx − xn sinh x − n xn−1 (sinh x) dx (sech x)(tanh x) dx = −sechx (csch x)(coth x) dx = −cschx sinh 2x x (sinh2 x)dx = − 4 2  1 (sinh m+1 x)(coshn−1 x)  m+n    n−1   (sinhm x)(coshn−2 x) dx + m+n   or (sinhm x)(coshn x) dx =  m−1 1  sinh x coshn+1 x  m+n     m−1  (sinhm−2 x)(coshn x)dx, (m + n = 0) − m+n  1 − (m−n)(sinhm−1   x)(coshn−1 x)   dx   − m+n−2 , (m = 1)  m−2 m−1   (sinh x)(coshn x) dx or  (sinhm x)(coshn x)  1   (n−1) sinhm−1 x coshn−1 x    dx m+n−2   + n−1 , (n = 1) m n−2 (sinh x)(cosh x) (tanh2 x) dx = x − tanh x tanhn−1 x (tanhn x) dx = − + (tanhn−2 x)dx, (n = 1) n−1



(sech2 x) dx = tanh x (cosh2 x) dx =

sinh 2x x + 4 2

A-49

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued) 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579.



580. 581. 582. 583.



584. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592.



593. 594. 595. 596.

(coth2 x) dx = x − coth x (cothn x) dx = −

cothn−1 x + n−1

cothn−2 x dx,

(n = 1)

(csch2 x) dx = −ctnh x sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m + n) 2(m − n) sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x (cosh mx)(cosh nx) dx = + , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m + n) 2(m − n) cosh(m + n)x cosh(m − n)x (sinh mx)(cosh nx) dx = + , (m2 = n2 ) 2(m + n) 2(m − n)  x x √ sinh−1 dx = x sinh−1 − x2 + a2 , (a > 0) a a   2   a2 x√ 2 x x −1 x x sinh x + a2 , (a > 0) + sinh−1 − dx = a 2 4 a 4  n+1    1 x xn+1 xn sinh−1 x dx = (n = −1) sinh−1 x − 1 dx, n+1 n+1 (1 + x2 ) 2  √   −1 x −1 x  x cosh a − x2 − a2 , cosh a > 0   −1 x or dx = cosh
   a x cosh−1 xa + x2 − a2 , cosh−1 xa < 0 , (a > 0)  1 x 2x2 − a2 x x x cosh−1 cosh−1 − (x2 − a2 ) 2 dx = a 4 a 4 xn+1 1 xn+1 xn (cosh−1 x) dx = (n = −1) cosh−1 x − 1 dx, n+1 n+1 (x2 − 1) 2      a x x x dx = x tanh−1 + log(a2 − x2 ), tanh−1  <1 a a 2 a      a x −1 x −1 x 2 2 + log(x − a ), coth dx = x coth  >1 a a 2 a   x    ax x2 − a2   −1 x −1 x x tanh tanh + , dx =  <1 a 2 a 2 a xn+1 1 xn+1 n −1 −1 dx, (n = −1) x (tanh x) dx = tanh x − n+1 n+1 1 − x2      2 2 ax  x  x x x −a x coth−1 coth−1 + ,  >1 dx = a 2 a 2 a n+1   x 1 xn+1 xn coth−1 x dx = coth−1 x + dx, (n = −1) n+1 n+1 x2 − 1 (sinh mx)(sinh nx) dx =

(sech−1 x) dx = xsech−1 x + sin−1 x x2 1√ 1 − x2 sech−1 x − 2 2 xn xn+1 1 xn sech−1 x dx = (n = −1) sech−1 x + 1 dx, n+1 n+1 (1 − x2 ) 2 x sinh−1 x csch−1 x dx = xcsch−1 x + |x| x2 1 x √ 1 + x2 csch−1 x + xcsch−1 x dx = 2 2 |x| xn+1 1 x xn xn csch−1 x dx = (n = −1) csch−1 x + 1 dx, n+1 n + 1 |x| (x2 + 1) 2 xsech−1 x dx =

A-50

INTEGRALS (Continued) DEFINITE INTEGRALS 

n 1 ∞ n−1  ∞ n−1 −x 1  m = Γ(n) x e dx = 0 log x1 dx = n1 n 0 m=1 1+ m for n = 0, −1, −2, −3, . . . (This is the Gamma function) ∞ n! tn p−t dt = , (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and p > 0) (log p)n+1 0 ∞ Γ(n) tn−1 e−(a+1)t dt = , (n > 0, a > −1) (a + 1)n  n 0 1 Γ(n + 1) 1 xm log dx = , (m > −1, n > −1) x (m + 1)n+1 0 Γ(n) is finite if n > 0; Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) Γ(n) · Γ(1 − n) = sinπnπ Γ(n) = (n − 1)! if n = integer > 0 ∞ √ 2 1 1 e−t dt = π = 1.7724538509 · · · = (− )! Γ( ) = 2 2 2 0 √ Γ(n + 12 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) π n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n √ (−1)n 2n π Γ(−n + 12 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 ∞ Γ(m)Γ(n) xm−1 xm−1 (1 − x)n−1 dx = dx = = B(m, n) (1 + x)m+n Γ(m + n) 0 0 (This is the Beta function) B(m, n) = B(n, m) = Γ(m)Γ(n) , where m and n are any positive real numbers. Γ(m+n) b Γ(m + 1) · Γ(n + 1) (x − a)m (b − x)n dx = (b − a)m+n+1 , (m > −1, n > −1, b > a) Γ(m + n + 2) a∞ 1 dx = , [m > 1] m x m −1 1 ∞ dx = π csc pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 + x)xp 0 ∞ dx = −π cot pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 − x)xp 0 ∞ p−1 π x dx = = B(p, 1 − p) = Γ(p)Γ(1 − p), [0 < p < 1] (1 + x) sin pπ 0 ∞ m−1 π x dx = , [0 < m < n] 1 + xn n sin mπ 0 n

    a+1−bc ∞ Γ c − a+1 Γ a+1 m b xa dx b b = (m + xb )c b Γ(c)  0 a+1 > −1, b > 0, m > 0, c > b a∞ dx √ =π (1 + x) x 0 ∞ π π a dx = , if a > 0; 0, if a = 0; − , if a < 0 2 + x2 a 2 2 0 a 1 a 2 2 2 n/2 2 n/2 (a − x ) dx = (a − x ) dx 2 −a 0 π 1 · 3 · 5...n · · an+1 (n odd, a > 0) = 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (n + 1)  2   1 m+n+1 B m+1 , n+2 (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2)  2a a 2 2  m 2 2 n/2 or x (a − x ) dx = m+1  )Γ( n+2 2 ) 0  1 am+n+1 Γ( 2m+n+3 (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) 2 Γ( ) 2 1+

597.

598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615.

616. 617. 618.

619.

A-51

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

620.

621. 622. 623.

  π/2 (cosn x) dx  0    or    π  π/2  1·3·5·7...(n−1) , (n an even integer, n = 0) 2·4·6·8...(n) 2 (sinn x) dx = or  0    1·3·5·7...(n−1) , (n an odd integer, n = 0)  2·4·6·8...(n)   n+1 √   π Γ( 2 ) , (n > −1) 2 Γ( n +1) 2 ∞ π π sin mx dx = ; if m > 0; 0, if m = 0; − , if m < 0 x 2 2 0 ∞ cos x dx =∞ x 0 ∞ π tan x dx = x 2 0 π

π

sin ax · sin bx dx =

624.

0 π/a 625. 626. 627. 628.

0 π

0

[sin(ax)][cos(bx)] dx =

0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 π

632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644.

2a , if a − b is odd, or 0 if a − b is even a 2 − b2 π π if m < −1 or m > 1; , if m = ±1; , if m2 < 1 4 2 (a ≤ b)

π

0 ∞

631.

sin x cos mx dx = 0, x πa sin ax sin bx dx = , x2 2

sin2 mx dx =

629. 630.

cos ax · cos bx dx = 0, (a = b; a, b integers) π [sin(ax)][cos(ax)] dx = [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = 0 0

2

cos2 mx dx = 0

π 2

(m is a non-zero integer)

π|p| sin (px) dx = x2 2 ∞ π sin x dx = , 0 p > 0; , p > q > 0; , p = q > 0 x 2 4 0 ∞ π −|ma| cos(mx) dx = e x2 + a2 2 |a|

0 ∞ ∞ 1 π cos(x2 ) dx = sin(x2 ) dx = 2 2 0 0 ∞ 1 π sin axn dx = Γ(1/n) sin , n>1 na1/n 2n 0 ∞ 1 π cos axn dx = Γ(1/n) cos , n>1 1/n na 2n

∞ 0 ∞ sin x cos x π √ dx = √ dx = 2 x x 0 0 ∞ 3 ∞ 3 (a) 0 sinx x dx = π4 (b) 0 sinx2 x dx 34 log 3 ∞ 3π sin3 x dx = 3 x 8 0 ∞ π sin4 x dx = x4 3 0 π/2 cos−1 a dx , (|a| < 1) = √ 1 − a2 0 π 1 + a cos x π dx , (a > b ≥ 0) = √ 2 − b2 a + b cos x a 0 0

A-52

INTEGRALS (Continued)

645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. 657.

658.

659. 660.

661.

662. 663. 664. 665.

2π

2π dx , (a2 < 1) = √ 1 + a cos x 1 − a2   ∞ b cos ax − cos bx dx = log   x a 0 π/2 π dx = 2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x 2|ab| a 0 π/2 π(a2 + b2 ) dx = , (a, b > 0) 2 2 2 2 2 4a3 b3 (a sin x + b cos x) 0 π/2 1 n m sinn−1 x cosm−1 x dx = B , , m and n positive integers 2 2 2 0 π/2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2n) (sin2n+1 θ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n + 1) 0 π/2 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1)  π  (sin2n θ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) 2 · 4 . . . (2n) 2 # " 0 π/2 1 1 1 1 x − + − + · · · dx = 2 sin x 12 32 52 72 0 π/2 dx π = 1 + tanm x 4 0 π/2 √ 3 (2π) 2 cos θ dθ =  1 2 Γ( 4 ) 0 π/2 π  hπ  , (0 < h < 1) (tanh θ) dθ = 2 cos 2 0 ∞ −1 −1 π a tan (ax) − tan (bx) dx = log , (a, b > 0) x 2 b 0 b b b The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation x c + y c = a c where a > 0, c  2  c [Γ( )] 2ca2 a positive odd integer and b a positive even integer is given by Γ b2c b (b) 0

I =

xh−1 y m−1 z n−1 dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the co-

R  p  q  k ordinate planes and that portion of the surface xa + yb + zc = 1, which lies in the first octant and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by a h c  x p  1  x p  y q  1 e m e n−1 h−1 x dx y dy − z dz 1− 1− a a b 0 0      0 h m n ah bm cn Γ p Γ q Γ k   = pqk Γ h + m + n + 1 p q k ∞ 1 −ax e dx = , (a > 0) a 0 ∞ −ax b e − e−bx dx = log , (a, b > 0) x a 0  Γ(n+1)  n > −1, a > 0 ∞  an+1 xn e−ax dx = or  0  n! (a > 0, n positive integer) an+1   ∞ Γ(k) n+1 n p x exp(−ax )dx = , n > −1, p > 0, a > 0, k = pak   p 0 ∞ √ 2 2 1 1 1 −a x e dx = π= Γ , (a > 0) 2a 2a 2 0 ∞ 2 1 xe−x dx = 2 0 √ ∞ 2 π x2 e−x dx = 4 0

A-53

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) π (a > 0, n > − 12 ) 2n+1 an a 0 ∞ 2 n! x2n+1 e−ax dx = n+1 , (a > 0, n > −1) 2a

0  1 m  m! ar m −ax −a x e dx = m+1 1 − e a r! 0 r=0 √ ∞  2 a2  −2a −x − 2 e π x e dx = , (a ≥ 0) 2

0 ∞ √ 1 π e−nx x dx = (n > 0) 2n n 0

∞ −nx e π √ dx = (n > 0) n x 0 ∞ a e−ax (cos mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 ∞ m e−ax (sin mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 ∞ 2ab xe−ax [sin(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 )2 0 ∞ a2 − b2 xe−ax [cos(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 )2 0 ∞ n![(a + ib)n+1 − (a − ib)n+1 ] xn e−ax [sin(bx)] dx = , (i2 = −1, a > 0) 2i(a2 + b2 )n+1 0 ∞ n![(a − ib)n+1 + (a + ib)n+1 ] xn e−ax [cos(bx)] dx = , (i2 = −1, a > 0, n > −1) 2 + b2 )n+1 2(a 0 ∞ −ax e sin x dx = cot−1 a, (a > 0) x 0   √ ∞ b2 π −a2 x2 e cos bx dx = exp − 2 , (ab = 0) 2|a| 4a 0 ∞  π π −t cos φ b−1 e t [sin(t sin φ)] dt − [Γ(b)] sin(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2 0 ∞  π π e−t cos φ tb−1 [cos(t sin φ)] dt − [Γ(b)] cos(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2   0 ∞ bπ b−1 t cos t dt = [Γ(b)] cos , (0 < b < 1) 2  0 ∞ bπ tb−1 (sin t) dt = [Γ(b)] sin , (0 < b < 1) 2 0 1 (log x)n dx = (−1)n · n! (n > −1) 0 1 √ 1 1 2 π dx = log x 2 0 − 1 1 2 √ 1 dx = π log x 0 1  n 1 dx = n! log x 0 1 3 x log(1 − x) dx = − 4 0 1 1 x log(1 + x) dx = 4 0 1 (−1)n n! xm (log x)n dx = , m > −1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . (m + 1)n+1 0 If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . replace n! by Γ(n + 1).

666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686. 687. 688. 689. 690.

∞

2

x2n e−ax dx =

A-54

INTEGRALS (Continued)

1

691. 0 1 692. 0 1 693. 0 1 694. 0 1 695. 0 1 696. 0 1

697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716.

π2 log x dx = − 1+x 12 π2 log x dx = − 1−x 6 π2 log(1 + x) dx = x 12 π2 log(1 − x) dx = − x 6 (log x)[log(1 + x)] dx = 2 − 2 log 2 − (log x)[log(1 − x)] dx = 2 −

π2 12

π2 6

π2 log x dx = − 2 1 −x  8 0 1 1+x π2 dx log = · 1 − x x 4 0 1 π log x dx √ = − log 2 2 2 0 1 1 − x   n Γ(n + 1) 1 m x log dx = , if m + 1 > 0, n + 1 > 0 x (m +1)n+1  0 1 p p+1 (x − xq )dx = log , (p + 1 > 0, q + 1 > 0) log x q+1 0 1 √ dx    = π, (same as integral 686) 0 log x1  x  ∞ π2 e +1 log dx = x e −1 4 0 π/2 π/2 π (log sin x) dx = log cos x dx = − log 2 2 0 0 π/2 π/2 π (log sec x) dx = log csc x dx = log 2 2 0 0 π π2 x(log sin x) dx = − log 2 2 0 π/2 (sin x)(log sin x) dx = log 2 − 1 0 π/2 (log tan x) dx = 0 √   0π a + a 2 − b2 log(a ± b cos x) dx = π log , (a ≥ b) 2 0 $ π 2π log a a≥b>0 log(a2 − 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx = 2π log b b≥a>0 0 ∞ π aπ sin ax dx = tanh 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ sinh bx π aπ cos ax dx = sech 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ cosh bx π dx = cosh ax 2|a| 0 ∞ π2 x dx = 2 (a > 0) 4a 0 ∞ sinh ax a −ax e (cosh bx) dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a − b2 0 ∞ b e−ax (sinh bx) dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a − b2 0

A-55

TeamLRN

INTEGRALS (Continued)

717. 718. 719.

∞

π aπ 1 sinh ax dx = csc − (b > 0) bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 ∞ 1 π aπ sinh ax dx = − cot (b > 0) ebx − 1 2a 2b b 0    2 2  2 π/2 π 1·3 1·3·5 dx 1 2 4 6
= k + k + k + ··· , 1+ 2 2 2·4 2·4·6 0 1 − k2 sin2 x if k2 < 1 

 2 4   6  2 π/2
π 1·3 1·3·5 k k 1 2 2 2 1 − k sin x dx = k − − − ··· , 2 1− 2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0

720.



721. 722. 723. 724.

725. 726.

727. 728.

if k2 < 1

∞

e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . √ ∞ 2 π e−x log x dx = − (γ + 2 log 2) 4  0 ∞  1 1 − [Euler’s Constant] e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . −x 1 − e x 0  ∞  1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x 0 For n even :     n/2−1  n sin(n − 2k)x 1 n 1 + n cosn x dx = n−1 x k 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k=0     n/2−1  n sin[(n − 2k)( π −x)] 1 1 n n 2 + n x sin x dx = n−1 k 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k=0 For n odd:   (n−1)/2  n sin(n − 2k)x 1 n cos x dx = n−1 k 2 n − 2k k=0     π (n−1)/2  n sin (n − 2k) 2 −x 1 sinn x dx = n−1 k 2 2k–n

0

k=0

A-56

2k − n

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SPECIAL FORMULAS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P (x)erx sin sx or P (x)erx cos sx, where r and s are constants and P (x), is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates to one in which y dominates. XXI are applicable   Tables XIX, XX, m! st whether the equations are reducible or not. The symbol m stands for n (m−n)!n! and is the n + 1 coefficient in the expansion of (a + b)m . Also 0! = 1 by definition.

A-56

TeamLRN

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Solution of Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p(D)y = R(x) where • • • • •

D is the differential operation: Dy = p(D) is a polynomial in D, y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, R(x) is an arbitrary function of x.

dy dx

A power of D represents repeated differentiation, that is dn y dxn For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form Dn y =

y = yc + yp where yp is any particular solution, and yc is called the complementary function. This complementary function is defined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation, which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e. p(D)y = 0 The complementary function yc may be determined as follows: 1. Factor the polynomial p(D) into real and complex linear factors, just as if D were a variable instead of an operator. 2. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form (D - a), where a is real, write down a term of the form ceax where c is an arbitrary constant. 3. For each repeated real linear factor of the form (D − a)n , write down n terms of the form c1 eax + c2 xeax + c3 x2 eax + · · · + cn xn−1 eax where the ci ’s are arbitrary constants. 4. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D − a + ib)(D − a − ib), write down 2 terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx 5. For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D − a + ib)n (D − a − ib)n , write down 2n terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx + c3 xeax cos bx + c4 xeax sin bx + · · · + c2n−1 xn−1 eax cos bx + c2n xn−1 eax sin bx 6. The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc . To find the particular solution yp , use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of finding yp . The most general method is called variation of parameters. The following example illustrates the method:

A-57

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Example: Find yp for (D2 − 4)y = ex . This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x To find yp , replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp = ue2x + ve−2x We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp = ue2x + ve−2x yp = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x + u e2x + v  e−2x For each derivative of yp except the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u and v to 0. Thus the above equation becomes u e2x + v  e−2x = 0

and yp = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x

Continuing to differentiate, we have yp = 4ue2x + 4ve−2x + 2u e2x − 2v  e−2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u or v cancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which yp was set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u or v in the highest order derivative of yp , multiply by the constant coefficient of the highest power of D in p(D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u and v which were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u e2x + v  e−2x = 0 2u e2x − 2v  e−2x = ex We eliminate v and u separately, getting 4u e2x = ex 4v  e−2x = −ex Thus

Therefore, by integrating

u = 14 e−x v  = − 14 e3x u = − 14 e−x 1 3x v = − 12 e

A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus 1 1 yp = ue2x + ve−2x = − e−x e2x − e3x e−2x 4 12 1 1 1 = − ex − ex = − ex 4 12 13

A-58

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) and the general solution is y = yc + yp = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

1 x e 3

The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1:

Solve (D2 − 4)y = sin 3x. Substitution of q = −4, s = 3 in formula 24 gives yp =

sin 3x −9 − 4

wherefore the general solution is y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

sin 3x 13

Example 2: Obtain a particular solution of (D2 − 4D + 5)y = x2 e3x sin x. Applying formula 40 with a = 2, b = 1, r = 3, s = 1, P (x) = x2 , s + b = 2, s − b = 0, a − r = −1, (a − r)2 +(s + b)2 =5, (a − r)2 +(s − b)2 = 1, we have

yp

=

=

     2(−1)2 0 2(−1)0 3·1·0−0 2 3 · 1 · 2 − 23 2 − − − x + 2x + 2 5 1 25 1 125 1       1−4 −1 1−0 −1 − 3(−1)0 −1 −1 − 3(−1)4 e3x cos x − − − x2 + 2x + 2 − 2 5 1 25 1 125 1     1 2 4 2 28 2 136 x − x− − e3x sin x + − x2 + e3x cos x 5 25 125 5 25 125 e3x sin x 2



The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type. Example 3: Obtain a particular solution of (D2 − 4D + 5)y = x2 e2x cos x. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r = a, s = b, wherefore the denominator (a − r)2 +(s − b)2 = 0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a = 2, b = 1, P (x) = x2 and replacing sin by cos, cos by -sin, we obtain e2x cos x 2 2 e2x sin x yp = (x −4 ) + (x2 −12 ) dx 4 2  3    2 x 1 x x − − e2x cos x + e2x sin x = 4 8 6 4 which is the required solution. Example 4: Find zp for (Dx − 3Dy ) z = ln(y + 3x). Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This gives zp = x ln(y + 3x) It is easily seen that −y/3 ln(y + 3x) would serve equally well. Example 5: Solve (Dx + 2Dy − 4) z = y cos(y − 2x). Since R in formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, not y, we rewrite the given equation in the form (Dy +12 Dx − 2) z =12 y cos(y − 2x). Then zc = e2y F (x − 1 y) = e2x f (2x − y) 2 and by the formula 1 zp = − cos(y − 2x) · 2



1 y + 2 2 2



A-59

1 = − (2y + 1) cos(y − 2x) 8

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Example 6: Find zp for (Dx + 4Dy )3 z = (2x − y)2 . Using formula 79, we obtain  2 3 u du u5 (2x − y)5 zp = = =− 3 [2 + 4(−1)] 5 · 4 · 3 · (−8) 480 Example 7:

Find zp for (Dx3 + 5Dx2 Dy − 7Dx + 4)z = e2x+3y . By formula 87 zp =

Example 8:

e2x+3y e2x+3y = 23 + 5 · 22 · 3 − 7 · 2 + 4 58

Find zp for (Dx4 + 6Dx3 Dy + Dx Dy + Dy2 + 9)z = sin(3x + 4y)

Since every term in the left number is of even degree in the two operators Dx and Dy , formula 90 is applicable. It gives sin(3x + 4y) (−9)2 + 6(−9)(−12) + (−12) + (−16) + 9 sin(3x + 4y) = 710

zp =

Table I: (D − a)y = R R 1. erx 2. sin sx∗ 3. P (x) 4. erx sin sx∗ 5. P (x) erx 6. P (x) sin sx∗

yp

erx r−a cos sx − a sin sx+s a2 +s2

 − a1 P (x) +

= √

P  (x) a

+

1 a2 +s2

P  (x) a2

  sin sx + tan−1 as (n) + · · · + P an(x)

Replace a by a − r in formula 2 and multiply by erx . rx Replace a by  a − r in formula 3 and multiply by e .

a2 −s2 a3 −3as2 a   2 +s2 P (x) + (a2 +s2 )2 P (x) + (a2 +s2 )3 P (x) a     k k k k−2 2 k−4 4 a − 2 a s + 4 a s −··· P (k−1) (x) + · · · (a2 +s2 )k

+ ···

3a2 s−s3 s 2as   2 2 P (x) + (a2 +s2 )2 P (x) + (a2 +s2 )3 P (x)     a +s k k ak−1 s− 3 ak−3 s3 +··· + 1 P (k−1) (x) + · · · (a2 +s2 )k

+ ···

− sin sx +

− cos sx



7. P (x)erx sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 6 and multiply by erx . 8. eax xeax ax sx 9. eax sin sx∗ − e  cos s 10. P (x)eax eax P (x) dx  11. P (x)eax sin sx

  v ax sx P (x) − − P s3(x) + P s5(x) − · · · − e cos s *For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “−sin” in yp . eax sin sx s

P  (x) s3

Dn =

dn dxn

(m n )=

m! (m − n)!n!

A-60

TeamLRN

0! = 1

P  (x) s2

+

P iv (x) s4

− ···



DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table II: (D − a)2 y = R R 12. erx

yp

erz (r−a)2 1 [(a2 (a2  +s2 )

13. sin sx∗

− s2 ) sin sx + 2as cos sx] = 2P  (x) a

3P  (x) a2

1 a2 +s2

 sin sx + tan−1

(n+1)P (n) (x) an multiply by erx .

1 a2

15. erx sin sx∗ 16. P (x)erx

Replace a by a − r in formula 13 and Replace a by a − r in formula 14 and multiply by erx .

17. P (x) sin sx∗

+

a2 −s2 a3 −3as2 a4 −6a2 s2 +s4   P (x) + 2 (a P (x) 2 +s2 )3 P (x) + 3 (a2 +s2 )2 (a2 +s2 )4      ak − k ak−2 s2 + k ak−4 s4 −··· 2 4 (k−2) (x) + · · · +(k − 1) P (a2 +s2 )k

sin sx



+ cos sx

2as P (x) + (a2 +s2 )2  

+(k − 1)

k 1

2

3

3

ak−1 s− k ak−3 s3 +··· 3 (a2 +s2 )k

3

P (k−2) (x) + · · ·

 iv vi sin sx P (x) − 3Ps2(x) + 5P s4(x) − 7P s6(x) s2     v ax sx 2P (x) − e scos + 4P s3(x) − 6Ps5(x) − · · · 2 s

−e

+ ···

3a s−s 4a s−4as   2 (a 2 +s2 )3 P (x) + 3 (a2 +s2 )4 P (x) + · · ·   

18. P (x)erx sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 17 and multiply by erx . 1 2 ax 19. eax x e 2 ax sx 20. eax sin sx∗ − e  ssin 2 P (x) dx 21. P (x)eax eax  dx 22. P (x)eax sin sx∗



+ ··· +

14. P (x)

P (x) +

2as a2 −s2

ax

+ ···



* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “-sin” in yp .

Table III: (D 2 + q)y = R R 23. erx 24. sin sx∗ 25. P (x) 26. erx sin sx 27. P (x)erx

28. P (x) sin sx∗

yp

erx r 2 +q sin sx −s2 +q   iv (2k) 1 P (x) − P q(x) + P q2(x) − · · · + (−1)k P qk (x) · · · q  (r 2 −s2 +q)erx sin sx−2rserx cos sx erx √ = sin sx 2 2 2 2 (r −s +q) +(2rs) (r 2 −s2 +q)2 +(2rs)2



− tan−1

2rs r 2 −s2 +q

3r 2 −q 4r 3 −4qr   2r P  (x) + (r2+q) (x) + · · · 2 P (x) − (r 2 +q)3 P r 2 +q  k k−1 k−3 k k−5 2 −(k )r q+( )r q −··· k−1 (1 )r (k−1) 3 5 P (x) + · · · + · · · + (−1) 2 +q)k−1 (r  3s2 +q 5s4 +10s2 q+q 2 iv  sin sx P (x) + · · · P (x) − (−s 2 +q)2 P (x) + (−s2 +q) (−s2 +q)4 erx r 2 +q

P (x) −

(2k+1 )s2k +(2k+1 )s2k−2 q+(2k+1 )s2k−4 q2 +··· (2k) 3 5 +(−1)k 1 P (x) + · · · (−s2 +q)2k   2 2P (x) 4s +4q  s cos sx − (−s (x) + · · · − (−s 2 +q) 2 +q)3 P (−s2 +q) 2k 2k−2 2k 2k−4 s + s q+··· ( ) ( ) k+1 1 (2k−1) 3 P (x) + · · · +(−1) (−s2 +q)2k−1

Table IV: (D 2 +b2 )y = R 29. sin bx∗ 30. P (x) sin bx∗

bx − x cos 2b sin bx (2b)2

P (x) −

P  (x) (2b)2

+

P iv (x) (2b)4

 − ··· −

cos bx 2b



P (x) −

P  (x) (2b)2

 + · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

A-61



DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table V: (D 2 + pD+q)y = R R 31. erx

yp

erx r 2 +pr+q (q−s2 ) sin sx−ps cos sx (q−s2 )2 +(ps)2

32. sin sx∗

1 q

33. P (x) 34. erx sin sx∗ 35. P (x)erx



= √

1 (q−s2 )2 +(ps)2

 sin sx − tan−1

ps q−s2



3 p2 −q  P (x) − p −2pq P  (x) + · · · q2 q3  n−1 n−2 n−2 n−4 2 n p −(1 )p q+(2 )p q −··· (n) P (x) +(−1)n qn 2

P (x) − pq P  (x) +

Replace p by p + 2r, q by q+pr+r in formula 32 and multiply by erx . Replace p by p + 2r, q by q+pr+r2 in formula 33 and multiply by erx .

Table VI: (D − b)(D − a)y = R



   a a2 − s2 b b 2 − s2  P (x) P (x) + − − a2 + s2 b 2 + s2 (a2 + s2 )2 (b2 + s2 )2    b3 − 3bs2 a3 − 3as2  − (x) + · · · P + (a2 + s2 )3 (b2 + s2 )3     cos sx s 2as s 2bs  + P (x) + P (x) − 2 − 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 b−a a +s b +s (a + s ) (b + s )  †  3a2 s − s2 3b2 s − s3  + − (x) + · · · P (a2 + s2 )3 (b2 + s2 )3

sin sx b−a

36. P (x) sin sx∗

37. P (x)erx sin sx∗ Replace and multiply by erx .   a by a–r, b by b − r in formula 36  ax P (x) P (x) P (x) P (n) (x) e + (b−a) 38. P (x)eax P (x) dx + (b−a) 2 + (b−a)3 + · · · + (b−a)n+1 a−b * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “-sin” in yp . † For additional terms, com e with formula 6.

Table VII: (D 2 − 2aD + a2 + b2 )y = R R

yp ∗









P  (x)  3a (s−b)−(s−b)  + 3a[a(s+b)−(s+b) P − (x) + · · · 3 3 2 +(s+b)2 ]   [a22+(s−b)22]  a −(s+b) a2 −(s−b)2 cos sx a a − 2b P (x) + P  (x) − − 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a +(s+b) a +(s−b) [a +(s+b) ] [a +(s−b) ]  2   † 2 3 2 + a[a2−3a(s+b) P  (x) + · · · − a[a2−3a(s−b) +(s+b)2 ]3 +(s−b)2 ]3 rx 40. P (x)erx sin sx∗  Replace a by a − r in formula  39 and multiply by e . 39. P (x) sin sx

sin sx 2b

s+b

a2 +(s+b)2

−

s−b



a2 +(s−b)2

P (x) +

2

3

2a(s+b)

[a2 +(s+b)2 ]2 2

−

2a(s−b)



[a2 +(s−b)2 ]2

3

iv P  (x) eax + P b4(x) − · · · b2 P (x) − b2 eax sin sx eax sin sx∗ −s2ax +b2 eax sin bx∗ − xe 2bcos bx   P  (x) P iv (x) eax sin bx P (x) − P (x)eax sin bx∗ + − · · · (2b)2 (2b)2 (2b)4   iv P  (x) eax cos bx − 2b P (x) − (2b)2 + P(2b)(x) 4 − · · · dx

41. P (x)eax

42. 43. 44.

* For cos sx in R replace “sin’ by “cos’ and “cos” by “-sin” in yp . † For additional terms, com e with formula 6.

A-62

TeamLRN

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table VIII: f (D)y = [D n + an−1 D n−1 + · · · + a1 D + a0 ]y = R R 45. erx 46. sin sx∗

yp

erx f (r) [a0 −a2 s2 +a4 s4 −··· ] sin sx−[a1 s−a3 s3 +a5 s5 +··· ] cos sx [a0 −a2 s2 +a4 s4 −··· ]2 +[a1 s−a3 s3 +a5 s5 −··· ]2

Table IX: f (D 2 )y = R 47. sin sx∗

sin sx f (−s2 )

=

sin sx a0 −a2 s2 +···±s2n

Table X: (D − a)n y = R 48. erx 49. sin sx∗

erx (r−a)n n n−2 2  4  n−4 4 (−1)n n s + n a s − · · · ] sin sx (a2 +s2 )2 {[a − 2 a n n−3 3 n n−1 +[ s − s + · · · ] cos sx} a a 1  n P  (x) 3 n+1 P  (x) n+2 P  (x) (−1)n P (x) + 1 a + 2 an a2 + a2 3 rx

 50. P (x) + ··· 51. erx sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 49 and multiply by e . Replace a by a − r in formula 50 and multiply by erx . 52. erx P (x) n  n + 1   53. P (x) sin sx∗ (−1)n sin sx[An P (x) + An+1 P (x) + An+2 P (x) + n + 2

1

2



(x) + · · · ] 3  n n + 1  n   Bn+1 P (x) + Bn+2 P (x) + + (−1) cos sx[Bn P (x) + 1 2 n + 2  Bn+3 P (x) + · · · ] 3   k−2 2 k k−4 4 s + 4 a s − ··· ak − k a a2 − s2 2 a A1 = 2 , A2 = , . . . , Ak = 2 2 2 2 a +s (a + s ) (a2 + s2 )k   k−3 3 k k−1 s− k s + ··· a 2as 1 a 3 a B1 = 2 , B = , . . . , B = 2 k a + s2 (a2 + s2 )2 (a2 + s2 )k rx An+3 P

54. erx sin sx∗

Replace a by a − r in formula 53 and multiply by e .

55. eax P (x)

eax

56. P (x)eax sin sx∗

···

(−1)

n−1 2

P (x) dxn  ax

e sn

sin sx

 P  (x) n s n−1

−

n+2 P  (x) n−1

s3

+

n+4 P v (x) n−1

s5

− ···



 n+1 P  (x) n+3 P iv (x) P (x) − n−1 + − · · · (n odd) 2 4 n−1 s s   n n+1 P  (x) n+3 P iv (x) (−1) 2 eax sin sx n−1 P (x) − n−1 s2 + n−1 s4 − · · · n−1 sn   n n+2 P  (x) n+4 P v (x) (−1) 2 eax cos sx  n  P  (x) + − n−1 + n−1 s5 − · · · (n even) sn s n−1 s3 n+1

+

(−1) 2

eax cos sx sn



n−1 n−1



* For cos sx in Rreplace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table XI: (D − a)n f (D)y = R 57. eax

xn n!

ax

· fe(a) *For cos sxin Rreplace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

A-63

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table XII: (D 2 + q)n y = R R 58. erx 59. sin sx∗ 60. P (x)

yp erx /(r2 + q)n sin sx/(q − s2 )n  n P  (x) n+1 P iv (x) n+2 P vi (x) 1 + − + · · · P (x) − n 2 2 3 q 1 2 3 q q q erx (A2 +B 2 )n

61. erx sin sx∗

" n   n n n−2 2 n−4 4 A − A B + A B − · · · sin sx 2 4   #  n n n−1 n−3 3 − A B− A B + · · · cos sx 1 3

2

2

A = r − s + q,

B = 2rs

Table XIII: (D 2 + b2 )n y = R 62. sin bx∗

n

cos bx (−1)n+1/2 xn!(2b) n

n

sin bx (n odd), (−1)n/2 xn!(2b) n

(n even)

Table XIV: (D n − q)y = R n erx /(r  − q)

63. erx

(n)

64. P (x)

− 1q P (x) P

65. sin sx∗

− q sin sx+(−1) q 2 +s2n

rx

66. e

sin sx∗

(x)

q n−1 2

Ae

rx

+

P (2n) (x) q2

sn cos sx

+ ···



(n odd),

rx



rx sin sr−Be cos sx = √ e2 2 sin A2 +B 2 A  n n n−2 2 n +B r − 2 r  s + 4 rn−4 s4 −  n n−1 s − n3 rn−3 s3 + · · · r 1

sx

sin sx (−s2 )n/2 −q − tan−1 B A

(n even)

 · · · − q, A= B= *For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and cos by “− sin” in yp.

Table XV: (Dx + mDy )z = R R zp eax+by 67. eax+by a+mb f (u)du 68. f (ax + by) ∫ a+mb , u = ax + by 69. f (y − mx) xf (y − mx) 70. φ(x, y)f (y − mx) f (y − mx) ∫ φ(x, a + mx)dx (a = y − mx after integration)

Table XVI: (Dx + mDy − k)z = R 71. eax+by 72. sin(ax + by)∗ 73. eαx+βy sin(ax + by)∗ 74. exk f (ax + by) 75. f (y − mx) 76. p(x)f (y − mx) 77. ekx f (y − mx)

eax+by a+mb−k sin(ax+by) − (a+bm) cos(ax+by)+k (a+bm)2 +k2

Replace k in 72 by k − α − mβand multiply by eαx+βy 

ekx f (u)du , u = ax + by a+mb − f (y−mx) k   − k1 f (y − mx) p(x) + p k(x) kx

+

p (x) k2

+ ··· +

p(n) (x) kn



xe f (y − mx) *For cos(ax + by) replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “-sin” in zp . k+r ∂ ∂ ; Dy = ∂y ; Dxk Dyr = ∂∂k ∂ r Dx = ∂x x

A-64

TeamLRN

y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Table XVII: (Dz + mDy )n z = R R 78. eax+by

zp eax+by n (a+mb)   ··· f (u)dun , (a+mb)n xn f (y − mx) n! 

79. f (ax + by) 80. f (y − mx) 81. φ(x, y)f (y + mx)

f (y − mx)

u = ax + by ···



φ(x, a + mx)dxn (a = y − mx after integration)

Table XVIII:(Dx + mDy − k)n z = R eax+by (a+mb−k)n (−1)n f (y−mx) kn     (−1)n f (y − mx) p(x) + n1 p k(x) kn ekx ∫ ∫ ··· ∫ f (u)dun , u = ax + by (a+mb)n xn kx e f (y − mx) n!

82. eax+by 83. f (y − mx) 84. P (x)f (y − mx) 85. ekz f (ax + by) 86. ekx f (y − mx)

+

n+1 p (x) 2

k3

+

n+2 p (x) 3

k3

+ ···

Table XIX: [Dxn + a1 Dxn−1 Dy + a2 Dxn−2 Dy2 + · · · + an Dyn ]z = R 87. eax+by

eax+by a + a1 an−1 b + a2 an−2 b2 + · · · + an bn 

88. f (ax + by)

 · · · f (u)dun , (u = ax + by) an + a1 an−1 b + a2 an−2 b2 + · · · + an bn Table XX: F (Dx , Dy )z = R

89. eax+by

eax+by F (a,b)

Table XXI:F (Dx2 , Dx Dy , Dy2 )z = R 90. sin(ax + by)∗

sin(ax+by) F (−a2 ,−ab,−b2 )

*For cos(ax + by)replace “sin ” by “cos”, and “cos” by “-sin” in zp .

A-65



DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS G(v) dv yF (xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0 ln x = +c v{G(v) − F (v)} where v = xy. If G(v) = F (v), the solution is xy = c. Linear, homogeneous, second order equation d2 y dy + cy = 0 +b dx2 dx b, c are real constants

Let m1 , m2 be the roots of m2 + bm + c = 0. Then there are 3 cases: Case 1.

m1 , m2 real and distinct:

Case 2.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x m1 , m2 real and equal:

Case 3.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x m1 = p + qi, m2 = p − qi :

y = epx (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) √ where p = −b/2, q = 4c − b2 /2 Linear, nonhomogeneous, second order equation d2 y dy + cy = R(x) +b 2 dx dx b, c are real constants

There are 3 cases corresponding to those immediately above: Case 1.

Case 2.

Case 3.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x em1 x + e−m1 x R(x) dx m1 − m 2 em2 x e−m2 x R(x) dx + m2 − m 1 y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x + xem1 x e−m1 x R(x) dx − em1 x xe−m1 x R(x) dx y = epx (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) epx sin qx + e−px R(x) cos qx dx q epx cos qx − e−px R(x) sin qx dx q

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Putting x = et , the equation becomes

Euler or Cauchy equation x2

dy d2 y + bx + cy = S(x) dx dx

dy d2 y + (b − 1) + cy = S(et ) dt2 dt and can then be solved as a linear second order equation. y = c1 Jn (λx) + c2 Yn (λx)

Bessel’s equation x2

dy d2 y +x + (λ2 x2 − n2 )y = 0 dx2 dx y = x−p c1 Jq/r

Transformed Bessel’s equation x2

dy d2 y + (2p + 1)x + (α2 x2r + β 2 )y = 0 dx2 dx

where q =

  α ! xr + c2 Yq/r xr r r


p2 − β 2 .

y = c1 Pn (x) + c2 Qn (x)

Legendre’s equation (1 − x2 )

α

d2 y dy − 2x + n(n + 1)y = 0 dx2 dx

Differential equation

Method of solution f1 (x) g2 (y) dx + dy = c f2 (x) g1 (y)



Separation of variables f1 (x)g1 (y) dx + f2 (x)g2 (y) dy = 0 Exact equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 where ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x

Linear first order equation dy + P (x)y = Q(x) dx Bernoulli’s equation dy + P (x)y = Q(x)y n dx Homogeneous equation y dy =F dx x Reducible to homogeneous (a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 = a2 b2 Reducible to separable (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 = a2 b2



M ∂x+



n−

∂ ∂y



 M ∂x dy = c

where ∂x indicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant.   ye P dx = Qe P dx dx + c ve(1−n)



P dx =

where v = y

1−n





Qe(1−n)



P dx

dx + c

if n = 1, the solution is

ln y = (Q  −dvP ) dx + c ln x = F (v)−v +c where v = y/x.If F (v) = v, the solution is y = cx Set u = a1 x + b1 y + c1 v = a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 Eliminate x and y and the equation becomes homogenous

Set u = a1 x + b1 y Eliminate x or y and equation becomes separable

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FOURIER SERIES 1. If f (x) is a bounded periodic function of period 2L (i.e. f x + 2L) = f (x), and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions: (a) In any period f (x) is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump discontinuities. (b) In any period f (x) has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Then f (x) may be represented by the Fourier series a0   nπx nπx  an cos + + bn sin 2 L L n=1 ∞

where an and bn are as determined below. This series will converge to f (x) at every point where f (x) is continuous, and to f (x+ ) + f (x− ) 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f (x) has a jump discontinuity.

an

=

bn

=

1 L 1 L



L

f (x) cos

nπx dx, L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f (x) sin

nπx dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

−L L −L

we may also write 1 an = L



α+2L

α

nπx 1 f (x) cos dx and bn = L L



α+2L

f (x) sin α

nπx dx L

where α is any real number. Thus if α = 0,

an bn

= =

1 L 1 L



2L

f (x) cos

nπx dx, L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f (x) sin

nπx dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

0



0

2L

2. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an even function (i.e., f (−x) = f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞ nπx a0  + an cos 2 L n=1 That is, bn = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for an is 2 L nπx an = f (x) cos dx, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . L 0 L

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3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an odd function (i.e., f (−x) = −f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞  nπx bn sin L n=1 That is, an = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for the bn is bn =

2 L



L

f (x) sin 0

nπx dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f (x) = −f (L − x), then an will be 0 for all even values of n, including n = 0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ 

a2m−1 cos

m=1

(2m − 1)πx L

5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f (x) = f (L − x), then bn will be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ 

b2m−1 sin

m=1

(2m − 1)πx L

(The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series, since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in the even-harmonic form, it means that 2L has not been taken as the smallest period of f (x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work, but in general computation is simplified if 2L is taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler definitions for cos θ and sin θ, we obtain the complex form of the Fourier Series known either as the “Complex Fourier Series” or the “Exponential Fourier Series” of f (x). It is represented as n=+∞ 1  f (x) = cn eiωn x 2 n=−∞ where 1 cn = L



L

f (x) e−iωn x dx,

−L

n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . .

with ωn = nπ L for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . The set of coefficients cn is often referred to as the Fourier spectrum. 7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f (x) is of period 2L and expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as   nπx a0  cn sin + + φn , 2 L n=1 ∞

f (x) =

an = cn sin φn ,

bn = cn cos φn ,

where cn =

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 a2n

+

b2n ,

φn = arctan

an bn



It can also be represented as   nπx a0  f (x) = + + φn , cn cos 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn cos φn ,

where

bn = −cn sin φn ,

cn =




a2n + b2n ,

  bn φn = arctan − an

where φn is chosen so as to make an , bn , and cn hold. 8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier series. n 0 (−1)n

sin nπ cos nπ ∗ sin nπ 2 ∗ cos nπ 2 sin nπ 4

neven 0 +1 0 (−1)n/2

*A useful formula for sin sin

nπ 2

nodd 0 −1 (−1)(n−1)/2 0 √ (n2 +4n+11)/8 2 (−1) 2

and cos

nπ 2

nπ (i)n+1 = [(−1)n − 1] 2 2

n/2 odd 0 +1 0 −1 (−1)(n−2)/4

n/2 even 0 +1 0 +1 0

is given by

and

cos

nπ (i)n = [(−1)n + 1], 2 2

where i2 = −1.

AUXILIARY FORMULAS FOR FOURIER SERIES  4 1 3πx 1 5πx πx + sin + sin + ··· [0 < x < k] sin π k 3 k 5 k  2k 1 2πx 1 3πx πx x= − sin + sin − ··· [−k < x < k] sin π k 2 k 3 k  k 3πx 5πx πx 4k 1 1 x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k     2k2 3πx π2 πx 4 π2 2πx 4 π2 − sin − sin + − 3 sin x2 = 3 π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k   2 2 π 5πx 4πx 4 π − sin + − 3 sin + ··· [0 < x < k] 4 k 5 5 k  k2 2πx 3πx 4πx πx 4k2 1 1 1 − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· x2 = 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k 1=

[−k < x < k]

1− 1 22 1 1− 2 2 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 + 2 22 4 1−

1 1 1 + − 3 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 6 8

+ ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· =

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π 4 π2 6 π2 12 π2 8 π2 24

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS f (x) =

f (x) =

4 π

2 π

 n=1,3,5...

∞  n=1

∞ 

c 2 f (x)= L +π

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

A-71

n=1

∞ 

2 L

2 π

1 2

n=1

∞  n=1

−

8 π2

1 2

1 n

(−1)n n

(−1)n n

sin nπ 2

 nπx cos nπc L − 1 sin L

nπc L

n=1,3,5,...

∞  n=1

1 n

nπx L

sin nπx L

sin nπx L



n=1,3,5,...

cos

sin( 12 nπc/L) 1 2 nπc/L

(−1)n+1 n

4 π2

1 π



sin



−

sin nπx L

1 n2

cos nπx L

(−1)(n−1)/2 n2

sin nπx L

sin nπx L

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS (Continued) f (x) = 12 (1 + a) +

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) π4

2 π

1 2

2 π

∞  n=1

−

n=1

∞  n=1

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

9 π2

1 n

1 π

(−1)n n

sin

∞  n=1

32 3π 2

n=1

1 2

nπ 4

1 n2

∞ 

+



(−1)n−1 n

4 π 2 (1−2a)

∞ 

1+

n=1

n=1,3,5,...

sin nπa sin

nπ 3

sin

sin ωt −

sin

nπ 4

2 π

1 n2

sin

nπx ; L



nπx ; L



n=2,4,6,...

a=

a=







c 2L

c 2L

a=

nπx ; L

 sin nπa sin

nπx ; L

nπx ; L

sin



cos nπa cos

1+(−1)n nπ(1−2a)

1+

cos nπa − 1] cos nπx ; L   c a = 2L

1 [(−1)n n2

sin nπa nπ(1−a)





sin

1 n2

∞ 

2 π 2 (1−a)

c 2L



nπx ; L



a=



c 2L

a=







a=

c 2L

1 n2 −1

cos nωt

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1954.

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c 2L



THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is π fc (n) = F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) 0

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x = πx/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2  F (x) = fc (0) − fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π) π π n=1 where F (x) = formula

F (x+')+F (x−') . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The

π

fc(2) (n) =

F  (x) cos nx dx (1)

0

= −n2 fc (n) − F  (0) + (−1)n F  (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is π fs (n) = F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) 0

and F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

∞ 2  fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π) π n=1

=

π

F  (x) sin nx dx

(2)

0

=

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1)n F (π)

Fourier Transforms If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if absolutely convergent, then

x 2 fc (α) = F (x) cos(αx) dx π 0

x 0

F (x) dx is

is the Fourier cosine transform of F (x). Furthermore,

x 2 F (x) = fc (α) cos(αx) dα. π 0 If limx→∞ dn F/dxn = 0, then an important property of the Fourier cosine transform is

x  2r  d F 2 (2r) fc (α) = cos(αx) dx π 0 dx2r

r−1 2  (−1)n a2r−2n−1 α2n + (−1)r α2r fc (α) =− π n=0 where limx→∞ dr F/dxr = ar, makes it useful in the solution of many problems. Under the same conditions.

x 2 fs (α) = F (x) sin(αx) dx π 0

A-73

(3)

defines the Fourier sine transform of F (x), and

F (x) = Corresponding to (3) we have

fs(2r) (α)

2 π

= =

−



2 π



x

fs (α) sin(αx) dα 0

∞

d2r F sin(αx) dx dx2r 0 r 2  (−1)n α2n−1 a2r−2n + (−1)r−1 α2r fs (α) π n=1

∞ F (x)dx is absolutely convergent, then Similarly, if F (x) is defined for −∞ < x < ∞, and if ∫−∞ ∞ 1 F (x)eiax dx f (α) = √ 2π −∞

is the Fourier transform of F (x), and 1 F (x) = √ 2π Also, if



∞

f (α)e−iax dα

−∞

 n  d F  lim  n  = 0 (n = 1, 2, . . . , r − 1) |x|→∞ dx

then 1 f (r) (α) = √ 2π



∞

F (r) (x)eiαx dx = (−iα)r f (α)

−∞

Finite Sine Transforms π

1 fs (n) =

0

n+1

2 (−1)

fs (n) F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, . . . )

F (x) F (x) F (π − x)

fs (n)

3

1 n

π−x π

4

(−1)n+1 n

x π

5

1−(−1)n n

6

2 n2

7

(−1)n+1 n3

x(π 2 −x2 ) 6π

8

1−(−1)n n3

x(π−x) 2

9

π 2 (−1)n−1 n

sin

1    x

nπ 2

10 π(−1)n 11

n [1 n2 +c2

12

n n2 +c2



when 0 < x < π/2

  π − x when π/2 < x < π

−

6 n3

2[1−(−1)n ] n3

−

π2 n

x2



x3

− (−1)n ecπ ]

ecx sinh c(π−x) sinh cπ

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(4)

fs (n) (k = 0, 1, 2, . . . )

n

13

n2 −k2

14

  π2

when n = m

 0

when n = m

F (x) sin k(π−x) sin kπ

(m = 1, 2, . . . )

n [1 − (−1)n cos kπ] n2 − k 2 (k = 1, 2, . . . )  n  [1 − (−1)n+m ]  n2 −m2 when n = m = 1, 2, . . .   0 when n = m n (k =  0, 1, 2, . . . ) 2 2 2 (n −k ) bn (|b| ≤ 1) n 1−(−1)n n b (|b| ≤ 1) n

15

16 17 18 19

sin mx cos kx

cos mx k(π−x) π sin kx − x cos 2k sin kπ 2k sin2 kπ 2 b sin x arctan 1−b cos x π 2 sin x arctan 2b1−b 2 π

Finite Cosine Transforms 1 2 3

fc (n) π fc (n) = 0 F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) (−1)n fc (n) 0 when n = 1, 2, · · · ;fc (0) = π

4

2 n

sin

nπ ; fc (0) 2

=0

n

2

; fc (0) = π2 5 − 1−(−1) n2 2 (−1)n 6 ; fc (0) = π6 n2 7 n12 ; fc (0) = 0 n n 4 8 3π 2 (−1) − 6 1−(−1) ; fc (0) = π4 n2 n4 (−1)n ec π−1 9 n2 +c2 1 10 n2 +c 2 k 11 [( − 1)n cos πk − 1] n2 − k 2 (k = 0, 1, 2, · · · ) (−1)n+m −1 12 ; fc (m) = 0 (m = 1, 2, · · · ) n2 −m2 1 (k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) 13 n2 −k 2 14 0 when n = 1, 2, · · · ; π fc (m) = (m = 1, 2, · · · ) 2

F (x) F (x) F (π − x) 1 $ 1 when 0 < x < π/2 −1 when π/2 < x < π x x2 2π (π−x)2 2π 3

−

π 6

x

1 cx e c coshc(π−x) csinhcπ

sin kx

1 m

sin mx k(π−x) − cosk sin kπ cos mx

Fourier Sine Transforms

1 2 3

F (x) $ 1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

e−x

5

xe−x

7



xp−1 (0 < p < 1) $ sin x (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

4 6



2

cos sin

fs (α) 2 π

 1−cos α  α

2 Γ(p) π αp

√1 2π



 

sin

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

2 α π 1+α2 −α2 /2

/2

pπ 2



−

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α



αe   2  2 ∗ √ 2 2 2 sin α2 c α2 − cos α2 S α2  2  2 ∗ √  2 2 2 cos α2 C α2 + sin α2 S α2

2

x 2

x2 2

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Here C(y) and S(y) are the Fresnel integrals: y 1 1 √ cos t dt, C(y) = √ t 2π 0

1 S(y) = √ 2π



y

0

1 √ sin t dt t

*More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation, Springer, 1957.

Fourier Cosine Transforms F (x) $ 1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

1

 

xp−1 (0 < p < 1) $ cos x (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

2 3 4

e−x

5

e−x

2

6

cos

7

sin

x2 2

2 sin aα π α 2 Γ(p) π αp

√1 2π



 

cos

e



cos cos



pπ 2

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

2 1 π 1+α2 1 −α /2

/2

x2 2

fc (α)

+



α2 2

−

π 4

α2 2

+

π 4

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α



 

Fourier Transforms F (x) 1

2

0

"

4

eiwx (p < x < q) 0 (x " −cx+iwx < p, x > q) (x > 0) e (c > 0) 0 (x < 0) 2 e−px R(p) > 0

5

cos px2

6

sin px2

7

|x|−p

8

−a|x| e√ |x|

9 10

cosh ax cosh πx sinh ax sinh πx $

2 3

12 13 14

15

ip(w+α) −eiq(w+α) √i e (w+α) 2π

i √ 2π(w+α+ic) 2 √1 e−α /4p 2p  2 √1 cos α 4p 2p

(0 < p < 1)

√ 2 2 √ a +x ]

 

cos

2 cos 2 cosh 2 π cosh α+cos a 1 sin a √ 2π cosh α+cos a


π

(|x| > a)

"

sin[b

"

π 4

√ 2 2 (a +α )+a √ 2 2  a +α a α

a −x

0



−

α2 + π4 4p  pπ 2 Γ(1−p) sin 2 (1−p) π |α|  √1 2p

(−π < a < π) (−π < a < π) √ 1 (|x| < a) 2 2

11

f (α) |α| < a |α| > a

"
π

sin ax x

a2 +x2

pn (x) (|x| < 1)  0 √ (|x| > 1) 2 2  cos[b √ a −x ] (|x| < a) a2 −x2  0 (|x| > a)  √ a2 −x2 ]  cosh[b √ (|x| < a) a2 −x2  0 (|x| > a)

2

J0 (aα) 0 √ J (a b2 − α2 ) 0 2


π

in √ J 1 (α) α n+ 2


π 2


π 2

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√ J0 (a a2 + b2 ) √ J0 (a α2 − b2 )

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W . Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120. The following functions appear among the entries of the tables on transforms. Function Ei(x) Si(x) Ci(x) erf(x) erfc(x) Ln (x)

Definition  x ev dv; or sometimes defined as −x v  x −v = x e v dv −Ei(−x) x sin v dv v 0 x

cos v v

dv; or sometimes defined as negative of this integral  x −v2 √2 e dv π 0 ∞ 2 1− erf(x) = √2π x e−v dv x n e d (xn e−x ), n = 0, 1, . . . n! dxn x

Name Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556 Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556 Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556 Error function Complementary function to error function

Laguerre polynomial of degree n

n

SERIES EXPANSION The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x.

(x + y)n

=

(1 ± x)n

=

(1 ± x)−n

=

(1 ± x)−1

=

BINOMIAL SERIES n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 xn + nxn−1 y + y + y + · · · (y 2 < x2 ) x x 2! 3! n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 n(n − 1)x2 ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ± nx + 2! 3! n(n + 1)x2 n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 1 ∓ nx + ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1)

−2

=

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(1 ± x)

(x2 < 1)

REVERSION OF SERIES Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1
= 0. The coefficients of the series x = A 1 y + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y 3 + A4 y 4 + · · · are A1 =

1 a1

A2 = − A4 =

A5

=

A6

=

A7

=

a2 a31

A3 =

1 (2a22 − a1 a3 ) a51

1 (5a1 a2 a3 − a21 a4 − 5a32 ) a71

1 (6a21 a2 a4 + 3a21 a23 + 14a42 − a31 a5 − 21a1 a22 a3 ) a91 1 (7a31 a2 a5 + 7a31 a3 a4 + 84a1 a32 a3 − a41 a6 − 28a21 a22 a4 − 28a21 a2 a33 − 42a52 ) a11 1 1 (8a41 a2 a6 + 8a41 a3 a5 + 4a41 a24 + 120a21 a32 a4 + 180a21 a22 a23 + 132a62 − a51 a7 a13 1 −36a31 a22 a5 − 72a31 a2 a3 a4 − 12a31 a33 − 330a1 a42 a3 )

A-77

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TAYLOR SERIES 1. f (x) =f (a) + (x − a)f  (a) +

(x − a)2  (x − a)3  f (a) + f (a) 2! 3!

(x − a)n (n) f (a) + · · · n! (Increment form) + ··· +

(Taylor’s Series)

h2  f (x) + 2! x2 = f (h) + xf  (h) + f  (h) + 2!

2. f (x + h) = f (x) + hf  (x) +

h3  f (x) + · · · 3! x3  f (h) + · · · 3!

3. If f (x) is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then there is a value X, with a < X < b, such that f (b) = f (a) + (b − a)f  (a) +

(b − a)2  (b − a)n−1 (n−1) (b − a)n (n) f (a) + · · · + f f (X) (a) + 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (a + h) = f (a) + hf  (a) +

h2  hn−1 (n−1) hn (n) (a) + f (a) + · · · + f f (a + θh) 2! (n − 1)! n!

where b = a + h and 0 < θ < 1. Or f (x) = f (a) + (x − a)f  (a) +

(x − a)2  f (n−1) (a) f (a) + · · · + (x − a)n−1 + Rn , 2! (n − 1)!

where

f (n) [a + θ · (x − a)] (x − a)n , 0 < θ < 1. n! The above forms are known as Taylor’s series with the remainder term. Rn =

4. Taylor’s series for a function of two variables   ∂ ∂ ∂f (x, y) ∂f (x, y) If h +k f (x, y) = h +k ; ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y  2 2 ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 ∂ f (x, y) h f (x, y) = h2 + 2hk +k + k ∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 y=b  n  ∂ ∂ etc., and if h ∂x + k ∂y f (x, y) where the bar and subscripts means that after differx=a entiation we are to replace x by a and y by b, then y=b y=b    n   ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ ∂ f (a+h, b+k) = f (a, b)+ h +· · ·+ f (x, y) +· · · +k f (x, y) h +k ∂x ∂y n! ∂x ∂y x=a x=a MACLAURIN SERIES f (n−1) (0) x2  x3 f (x) = f (0) + xf (0) + f (0) + f  (0) + · · · + xn−1 + Rn , 2! 3! (n − 1)! 

where Rn =

xn f (n) (θx) , n!

A-78

0 < θ < 1.

EXPONENTIAL SERIES 1 1 1 1 + + + + ··· 1! 2! 3! 4! x3 x4 x2 + + + ··· ex = 1 + x + 2! 3! 4! (x loge a)2 (x loge a)3 ax = 1 + x loge a + + + ··· 2! 3!  (x − a)2 (x − a)3 x a e = e 1 + (x − a) + + + ··· 2! 3! e=1+

LOGARITHMIC   SERIES  3 x−1 1 x−1 2 + + 13 x−1 + ··· x 2 x x (x− 1) − 12 (x − 1)2 + 13 (x − 1)3 − · · ·  3  5 1 x−1 1 x−1 loge x = 2 x−1 + + + ··· x+1 3 x+1 5 x+1

(x > 12 ) (2 ≥ x > 0)

loge x = loge x =

(x > 0)

loge (1 + x) = x − 12 x2 + 13 x3 − 14 x4 + (−1 < x ≤ 1)  ··· loge (n + 1) − loge (n − 1) = 2 n1 + 3n1 3+ 5n1 5 + · · ·  3 x x loge (a + x) = loge a + 2 2a+x + 13 2a+x  5 x + 15 2a+x + ··· (a > 0, −a < x < +∞)   3 5 2n−1 1+x = 2 x + x3 + x5 + · · · + x2n−1 + · · · −1 < x < 1 loge 1−x loge x =

loge a +

(x−a) a

−

(x−a)2 2a2

+

(x−a)3 3a3

− +···

0 < x ≤ 2a

TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES 3 5 7 sin x = x − x3! + x5! − x7! + · · · (all real values of x) 2 4 6 cos x = 1 − x2! + x4! − x6! + · · · (all real values of x) n−1 2n 3 5 7 9 (22n −1)B2n 2n−1 tan x = x + x3 + 2x + 17x + 62x + · · · + (−1) 2(2n)! x + ··· , 15 315 2835   2 x2 < π4 and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number x3 45 

5

n+1 2n

7

(−1) 2 x − 2x B2n x2n−1 − · · · , 945 − 4725 − · · · − (2n)!  2 2 th x < π and Bn represents the n Bernoulli number n 2 5 4 61 6 277 8 2n x + 720 x + 8064 x + · · · + (−1) + ··· , sec x = 1 + x2 + 24 (2n)! E2n x   2 π 2 th x < 4 and En represents the n Euler number 7 31 127 csc x = x1 + x6 + 360 x3 + 15,120 x5 + 604,800 x7 + · · ·

cot x =

1 x

−

x 3

+ (−1)

−

n+1

2(22n−1 −1)

 (2n)! x2 < π 2

B2n x2n−1 + · · · ,  and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number

    2 2 2 sin x = x 1 − πx2 1 − 22xπ2 1 − 32xπ2 · · ·     2 4x2 4x2 cos x = 1 − 4x 1 − 1 − ··· 2 2 2 2 2 π 3 π 5 π x 1·3 5 1·3·5 7 sin−1 x = x + 2·3 x + 2·4·6·7 x + ···  + 2·4·5  3 7 π x 1·3 5 −1 + · · · cos x = 2 − x + 2·3 + 2·4·5 x + 1·3·5x 2·4·6·7 3

tan−1 x tan−1 x tan−1 x cot−1 x

3

5

7

= x − x3 + x5 − x7 + · · · = π2 − x1 + 3x1 3 − 5x1 5 + 7x1 7 − · · · = − π2 − x1 + 3x1 3 − 5x1 5 + 7x1 7 − · · · 3 5 7 = π2 − x + x3 − x5 + x7 − · · · A-79

TeamLRN

(x2 < ∞) 

x2 < 1, − π2

(x2 < ∞)  < sin−1 x < π2

(x2 < 1, 0 < cos−1 x < π) (x2 < 1) (x > 1) (x < −1) (x2 < 1)

loge sin x =

loge x − 2

loge cos x = − x2 − loge tan x = esin x

=

cos x

e

=

etan x

=

sin x =

x2 6

4

x 12

−

−

x4 180

6

x 45

−

x6 2835 − · · · 17x8 2520 − · · ·

−

4 62x6 loge x + x3 + 7x 90 + 2835 + · · · 2 4 8x5 3x6 56x7 1 + x + x2! − 3x 4! − 5! − 6! + 7! 2 4 6 31x e 1 − x2! + 4x 4! − 6! + · · ·

2 2 (x < π2 ) x2 < π4   2 x2 < π4

2

+

3x3 3!



9x4 37x5 4! + 5! + · · · 2 sin a + (x − a) cos a − (x−a) sin a 2! (x−a)3 (x−a)4 − 3! cos a + 4! sin a + · · ·

1+x+

x2 2!

+ ···

+

x2 <

π2 4



1 2

v, |V −1 /V V ˆ V0 v 1 V2 V 21 V r rV=Vr r r r r s1

|=v . /v v


= 0) V1 -V2 − V2 . 1

1 +V2 .

,

23

V1 + V2 = V2 + V1 (r + s)V1 = rV1 + sV1 ; r(V1 + V2 ) = rV1 + rV2 V1 + (V2 + V3 ) = (V1 + V2 ) + V3 = V1 + V2 + V3 . V = rV1 + sV2

12

12

ABOP V = rV1 + (1 − r)V2

A-80

4!

sin a + · · ·

VECTOR ANALYSIS Definitions Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitude is called a scalar. Examples of such are mass, density, temperature, etc. Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitude and direction is called a vector. Examples of such are velocity, acceleration, force, etc. A vector quantity is represented by a directed line segment, the length of which represents the magnitude of the vector. A vector quantity is usually represented by a boldfaced letter such as V. Two vectors V1 and V2 are equal to one another if they have equal magnitudes and are acting in the same directions. A negative vector, written as -V, is one which acts in the opposite direction to V, but is of equal magnitude to it. If we represent the magnitude of V by v, we write |V| = v. A vector parallel to V, but equal to the reciprocal of its magnitude is written as V−1 or as 1/V. The unit vector V/v (when v
= 0) is that vector which has the same direction as V, but has a ˆ ). magnitude of unity (sometimes represented as V0 or v Vector Algebra The vector sum of V1 and V2 is represented by V1 +V2 . The vector sum of V1 and -V2 , or the difference of the vector V2 from V1 is represented by V1 − V2 . If r is a scalar, then rV=Vr, and represents a vector r times the magnitude of V, in the same direction as V if r is positive, and in the opposite direction if r is negative. If r and s are scalars, V1 , V2 , V3 , vectors, then the following rules of scalars and vectors hold: V1 + V2 = V2 + V1 (r + s)V1 = rV1 + sV1 ; r(V1 + V2 ) = rV1 + rV2 V1 + (V2 + V3 ) = (V1 + V2 ) + V3 = V1 + V2 + V3 Vectors in Space A plane is described by two distinct vectors V1 and V2 . Should these vectors not intersect each other, then one is displaced parallel to itself until they do (Fig. 1). Any other vector V lying in this plane is given by V = rV1 + sV2 A position vector specifies the position in space of a point relative to a fixed origin. If therefore V1 and V2 are the position vectors of the points A and B, relative to the origin O, then any point P on the line AB has a position vector V given by V = rV1 + (1 − r)V2

A-80

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The scalar “r” can be taken as the metric representation of P since r = 0 implies P = B and r = 1 implies P = A (Fig. 2). If P divides the line AB in the ratio r:s then     r s V= V1 + V2 r+s r+s

Figure 1. Figure 2. The vectors V1 , V2 , V3 , . . . ,Vn are said to be linearly dependent if there exist scalars r1 , r2 , r3 , . . . ,rn , not all zero, such that r1 V 1 + r2 V 2 + · · · + rn V n = 0 A vector V is linearly dependent upon the set of vectors V1 , V2 , V3 , . . . ,Vn if V = r 1 V 1 + r 2 V 2 + r3 V 3 + · · · + r n V n Three vectors are linearly dependent if and only if they are co-planar. All points in space can be uniquely determined by linear dependence upon three base vectors i.e., three vectors any one of which is linearly independent of the other two. The simplest set of base vectors are the unit vectors along the coordinate Ox, Oy and Oz axes. These are usually designated by i, j and k respectively. If V is a vector in space, and a, b and c are the respective magnitudes of the projections of the vector along the axes then V = ai + bj + ck and v=




a2 + b2 + c2

and the direction cosines of V are cos α = a/v,

cos β = b/v,

cos γ = c/v.

The law of addition yields V1 + V2 = (a1 + a2 )i + (b1 + b2 )j + (c1 + c2 )k The Scalar, Dot, or Inner Product of Two Vectors This product is represented as V1 · V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 cos θ, where θ is the angle from V1 to V2 , i.e., V1 · V2 = v1 v2 cos θ The following rules apply for this product: V1 · V2 = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = V2 · V1 It should be noted that this verifies that scalar multiplication is commutative. (V1 + V2 ) · V3 = V1 · V3 + V2 · V3 V1 · (V2 + V3 ) = V1 · V2 + V1 · V3 A-81

If V1 is perpendicular to V2 then V1 · V2 = 0, and if V1 is parallel to V2 then V1 · V2 = v1 v2 = rw12 In particular i · i = j · j = k · k = 1, and i·j=j·k=k·i=0 The Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors This product is represented as V1 × V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 (sin θ)1, where θ is the angle from V1 to V2 and 1 is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of V1 and V2 and so directed that a right-handed screw driven in the direction of 1 would carry V1 into V2 , i.e., V1 × V2 = v1 v2 (sin θ)1 |V1 × V2 | V1 · V2 The following rules apply for vector products:

and tan θ =

V1 × V2

= −V2 × V1

V1 × (V2 + V3 )

= V1 × V2 + V1 × V3

(V1 + V2 ) × V3

= V1 × V3 + V2 × V3

V1 × (V2 × V3 ) = V2 (V3 · V1 ) − V3 (V1 · V2 ) i × i = j × j = k × k = 0 (the zero vector) i × j = k,

j × k = i,

k×i

= j

If V1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k, V2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k, and V3 = a3 i + b3 j + c3 k, then    i j k   V1 × V2 =  a1 b1 c1  = (b1 c2 − b2 c1 )i + (c1 a2 − c2 a1 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k  a2 b2 c2  It should be noted that, since V1 × V2 = −V2 × V1 , the vector product is not commutative. Scalar Triple Product There is only one possible interpretation of the expression V1 · V2 × V3 and that is V1 · (V2 × V3 ) which is obviously a scalar. Further V1 · (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 × V2 ) · V3 = V2 · (V3 × V1 )   a1 b1 c1    = a2 b2 c2  a3 b3 c3  = r1 r2 r3 cos φ sin θ, Where θ is the angle between V2 and V3 and φ is the angle between V1 and the normal to the plane of V2 and V3 . This product is called the scalar triple product and is written as [V1 V2 V3 ]. The determinant indicates that it can be considered as the volume of the parallelepiped whose three determining edges are V1 , V2 and V3 . It also follows that cyclic permutation of the subscripts does not change the value of the scalar triple product so that [V1 V2 V3 ] = [V2 V3 V1 ] = [V3 V1 V2 ] but

[V1 V2 V3 ] = −[V2 V1 V3 ]

etc.

A-82

TeamLRN

and

[V1 V1 V2 ] ≡ 0

etc.

Given three non-coplanar reference vectors V1 , V2 and V3 , the reciprocal system is given by V1∗ , V2∗ and V3∗ , where 1 = v1 v1∗ = v2 v2∗ = v3 v3∗ 0 = v1 v2∗ = v1 v3∗ = v2 v1∗ etc. V2 × V3 V3 × V1 V1∗ = , V2∗ = , [V1 V2 V3 ] [V1 V2 V3 ]

V3∗ =

V1 × V2 [V1 V2 V3 ]

The system i, j, k is its own reciprocal. Vector Triple Product The product V1 × (V2 × V3 ) defines the vector triple product. Obviously, in this case, the brackets are vital to the definition. V1 × (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 · V3 )V2 − (V1 · V2 )V3   i j k   b c a 1 1 1     =     c2 a2   a2 b2 c b 2 2         b3 c3   c3 a3   a3 b3

   

       

i.e. it is a vector, perpendicular to V1 , lying in the plane of V2 , V3 . Similarly     i j k           b1 c1   c1 a1   a1 b1         (V1 × V2 ) × V3 =     c2 a2   a2 b2     b2 c2   b3 c3 a3 V1 × (V2 × V3 ) + V2 × (V3 × V1 ) + V3 × (V1 × V2 ) ≡ 0 If V1 × (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 × V2 ) × V3 then V1 , V2 , V3 form an orthogonal set. Thus i, j, k form an orthogonal set. Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line and Sphere The position vectors of the fixed points A, B, C, D relative to O are V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 and the position vector of the variable point P is V. The vector form of the equation of the straight line through A parallel to V2 is V = V1 + rV2 or

(V − V1 ) = rV2

or

(V − V1 ) × V2 = 0

while that of the plane through A perpendicular to V2 is (V − V1 ) · V2 = 0 The equation of the line AB is V = rV1 + (1 − r)V2 and those of the bisectors of the angles between V1 and V2 are   V1 V2 or V=r ± v1 v2 V = r(ˆ v1 ± v ˆ2 ) The perpendicular from C to the line through A parallel to V2 has as its equation ˆ2 · (V1 − V3 )ˆ v2 . V = V1 − V 3 − v A-83

The condition for the intersection of the two lines, V = V1 + rV3 and V = V2 + sV4 is [(V1 − V2 )V3 V4 ] = 0. The common perpendicular to the above two lines is the line of intersection of the two planes [(V − V1 )V3 (V3 × V4 )] = 0

and

[(V − V2 )V4 (V3 × V4 )] = 0

and the length of this perpendicular is [(V1 − V2 )V3 V4 ] . |V3 × V4 | The equation of the line perpendicular to the plane ABC is V = V1 × V2 + V2 × V3 + V3 × V1 and the distance of the plane from the origin is [V1 V2 V3 ] . |(V2 − V1 ) × (V3 − V1 )| In general the vector equation V · V2 = r defines the plane which is perpendicular to V2 , and the perpendicular distance from A to this plane is r − V1 · V2 v2 The distance from A, measured along a line parallel to V3 , is r − V1 · V2 V2 · v ˆ3

or

r − V1 · V2 v2 cos θ

where θ is the angle between V2 and V3 . (If this plane contains the point C then r = V3 · V2 and if it passes through the origin then r = 0.) Given two planes V · V1 = r V · V2 = s then any plane through the line of intersection of these two planes is given by V · (V1 + λV2 ) = r + λs where λ is a scalar parameter. In particular λ = ±v1 /v2 yields the equation of the two planes bisecting the angle between the given planes. The plane through A parallel to the plane of V2 , V3 is V = V1 + rV2 + sV3 or

(V − V1 ) · V2 × V3 = 0

or

[VV2 V3 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

so that the expansion in rectangular Cartesian coordinates yields (where V ≡ xi + yj + zk):   (x − a1 ) (y − b1 ) (z − c1 )    a2 b2 c2  = 0   a3 b3 c3 

A-84

TeamLRN

which is obviously the usual linear equation in x, y, and z. The plane through AB parallel to V3 is given by [(V − V1 )(V1 − V2 )V3 ] = 0 or

[VV2 V3 ] − [VV1 V3 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

The plane through the three points A, B and C is V = V1 + s(V2 − V1 ) + t(V3 − V1 ) or V = rV1 + sV2 + tV3 (r + s + t ≡ 1) or

[(V − V1 )(V1 − V2 )(V2 − V3 )] = 0

or

[VV1 V2 ] + [VV2 V3 ] + [VV3 V1 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

For four points A, B, C, D to be coplanar, then rV1 + sV2 + tV3 + uV4 ≡ 0 ≡ r + s + t + u The following formulae relate to a sphere when the vectors are taken to lie in three dimensional space and to a circle when the space is two dimensional. For a circle in three dimensions take the intersection of the sphere with a plane. The equation of a sphere with center O and radius OA is V · V = v12 or

(notV = V1 )

(V − V1 ) · (V + V1 ) = 0

while that of a sphere with center B radius v1 is (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 or V · (V − 2V2 ) = v12 − v22 If the above sphere passes through the origin then V · (V − 2V2 ) = 0 (note that in two dimensional polar coordinates this is simply) r = 2a · cos θ while in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates it is x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 (a2 x + b2 y + c2 x) = 0. The equation of a sphere having the points A and B as the extremities of a diameter is (V − V1 ) · (V − V2 ) = 0. The square of the length of the tangent from C to the sphere with center B and radius v1 is given by (V3 − V2 ) · (V3 − V2 ) = v12 The condition that the plane V · V3 = s is tangential to the sphere (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 is (s − V3 · V2 ) · (s − V3 · V2 ) = v12 v32 . A-85

The equation of the tangent plane at D, on the surface of sphere (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 , is (V − V4 ) · (V4 − V2 ) = 0 or V · V4 − V2 · (V + V4 ) = v12 − v22 The condition that the two circles (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 and (V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v32 intersect orthogonally is clearly (V2 − V4 ) · (V2 − V4 ) = v12 + v32 The polar plane of D with respect to the circle (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 is V · V4 − V2 · (V + V4 ) = v12 − v22 Any sphere through the intersection of the two spheres (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 and (V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v32 is given by (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) + λ(V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v12 + λv32 while the radical plane of two such spheres is 1 V · (V2 − V4 ) = − (v12 − v22 − v32 + v42 ) 2 Differentiation of Vectors If V1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k, and V2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k, and if V1 and V2 are functions of the scalar t, then d dV1 dV2 (V1 + V2 + · · · ) = + + ··· dt dt dt dV1 da1 db1 dc1 = i+ j+ k, etc dt dt dt dt d dV1 dV2 (V1 · V2 ) = · V2 + V1 · dt dt dt dV1 dV2 d (V1 × V2 ) = × V2 + V1 × dt dt dt dV dv V· =v· dt dt In particular, if V is a vector of constant length then the right hand side of the last equation is identically zero showing that V is perpendicular to its derivative. The derivatives of the triple products are 

      dV2 dV3 V2 V3 + V1 V3 + V1 V2 and dt dt         dV1 dV2 dV3 d {V1 × (V2 × V3 )} = × (V2 × V3 ) + V1 × × V3 + V1 × V2 × dt dt dt dt d [V1 V2 V3 ] = dt

dV1 dt



A-86

TeamLRN

Geometry of Curves in Space s = the length of arc, measured from some fixed point on the curve (Fig. 3). V1 = the position vector of the point A on the curve V1 + δV1 = the position vector of the point P in the neighborhood of A ˆ t =the unit tangent to the curve at the point A, measured in the direction of s increasing. The normal plane is that plane which is perpendicular to the unit tangent. The principal normal is defined as the intersection of the normal plane with the plane defined by V1 and V1 +δV1 in the limit as δV1 − 0. n ˆ = the unit normal (principal) at the point A. The plane defined by ˆ t and n ˆ is called the osculating plane (alternatively plane of curvature or local plane). ρ = the radius of curvature at A. δθ=the angle subtended at the origin by δV1 . κ=

dθ 1 = ds ρ

ˆ =the unit binormal i.e. the unit vector which is parallel to ˆ b t×n ˆ at the point A: λ = the torsion of the curve at A

Figure 3. Frenet’s Formulae: dˆ t = κˆ n ds dˆ n ˆ = −κˆ t + λb ds ˆ db = −λˆ n ds The following formulae are also applicable: 1 ˆ Unit tangent t = dV ds Equation of the tangent (V − V1 ) × ˆ t=0 1d2 V1 Unit normal n ˆ = κds2 Equation of the normal plane (V − V1 ) · ˆ t=0 Equation of the normal (V − V1 ) × n ˆ=0 ˆ =ˆ Unit binormal b t×n ˆ ˆ=0 Equation of the binormal (V − V1 ) × b ˆ or V = V1 + ub

or

V = V1 + qˆ t

or

V = V1 + rˆ n

2

Equation of the osculating plane:

d V1 1 or V = V1 + w dV ds × ds2 ˆ [(V − V1 )tn ˆ] = 0  1   d2 V1  or (V − V1 ) dV =0 ds ds2

A-87

Differential Operators—Rectangular Coordinates dS =

∂S ∂S ∂S · dx + · dy + · dz ∂x ∂y ∂z

By definition ∂ ∂ ∂ ∇ ≡ del ≡ i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z 2 2 ∂ ∂ ∇2 ≡ Laplacian ≡ ∂x 2 + ∂y 2 +

∂2 ∂z 2

∂S ∂S If S is a scalar function, then ∇S ≡ grad S ≡ ∂S dx i + dy j + dz k Grad S defines both the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of increase of S at any point. Hence the name gradient and also its vectorial nature. ∇S is independent of the choice of rectangular coordinates.

Figure 4.

∇S =

∂S n ˆ ∂n

(5)

where n ˆ is the unit normal to the surface S =constant, in the direction of S increasing. The total derivative of S at a point having the position vector V is given by (Fig. 4) ∂S n ˆ · dV ∂n = dV · ∇S

dS =

and the directional derivative of Sin the direction of U is U · ∇S = U · (∇S) = (U · ∇)S Similarly the directional derivative of the vector V in the direction of U is (U · ∇)V The distributive law holds for finding a gradient. Thus if S and T are scalar functions ∇(S + T ) = ∇S + ∇T The associative law becomes the rule for differentiating a product: ∇(ST ) = S∇T + T ∇S If V is a vector function with the magnitudes of the components parallel to the three coordinate axes Vx , Vy , Vz , then ∂Vx ∂Vy ∂Vz ∇ · V ≡ div V ≡ + + ∂x ∂y ∂z

A-88

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The divergence obeys the distributive law. Thus, if V and U are vector functions, then ∇ · (V + U) = ∇ · V + ∇ · U ∇ · (SV) = (∇S) · V + S(∇ · V) ∇ · (U × V) = V · (∇ × U) − U · (∇ × V) As with the gradient of a scalar, the divergence of a vector is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × V ≡ curl V ( sometimes ∇ΛV or rot V)       ∂Vx ∂Vy ∂Vz ∂Vx ∂Vx ∂Vy ≡ − i+ − j+ − k ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y    i j k   ∂ ∂ ∂  =  ∂x ∂y ∂z   Vx Vy Vz  The curl (or rotation) of a vector is a vector which is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × (U + V) = ∇ × U + ∇ × V ∇ × (SV) = (∇S) × V + S(∇ × V) ∇ × (U × V) = (V · ∇)U − (U · ∇)V + U(∇ · V) − V(∇ · U) If V = Vx i + Vy j + Vz k then ∇ · V = ∇Vx · i + ∇Vy · j + ∇Vz · k and ∇ × V = ∇Vx × i + ∇Vy × j + ∇Vz × k The operator ∇ can be used more than once. The possibilities where ∇ is used twice are: ∇ · (∇θ) ≡ div grad θ ∇ × (∇θ) ≡ curl grad θ ∇(∇ · V) ≡ grad div V ∇ · (∇ × V) ≡ div curl V ∇ × (∇ × V) ≡ curl curl V Thus, if S is a scalar and V is a vector: div grad S ≡ ∇ · (∇S) ≡ Laplacian S ≡ ∇2 S ≡

∂2S ∂2S ∂2S + + ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

curl grad S ≡ 0 curl curl V ≡ grad div V − ∇2 V; div curl V ≡ 0 Taylor’s expansion in three dimensions can be written f (V + ε) = eε·∇ f (V)

where V = xi + yj + zk and ε = hi + lj + mk

A-89

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates If at a point P there exist three uniform point functions u, vand w so that the surfaces u =const., v =const., and w =const., intersect in three distinct curves through P then the surfaces are called the coordinate surfaces through P . The three lines of intersection are referred to as the coordinate lines and their tangents a, b, and c as the coordinate axes. When the coordinate axes form an orthogonal set the system is said to define orthogonal curvilinear coordinates at P . Consider an infinitesimal volume enclosed by the surfaces u, v, w, u + du, v + dv, and w + dw (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. The surface P RS ≡ u = constant, and the face of the curvilinear figure immediately opposite this is u + du =constant, etc. In terms of these surface constants P = P (u, v, w) Q = Q(u + du, v, w)

and P Q = h1 du

R = R(u, v + dv, w)

and P R = h2 dv

S = S(u, v, w + dw)

and P S = h3 dw

where h1 , h2 , and h3 are functions of u, v, and w. • In rectangular Cartesians i, j, k h1 = 1, h2 = 1, h3 = 1. ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ∂ b Φ ˆ c ∂ ˆ a ∂ ˆ∂ . =i , = , =k h1 ∂u ∂x h2 ∂v r ∂φ h3 ∂w ∂z ˆΦ ˆ • In cylindrical Cartesians ˆ r, θ, h1 = 1, h2 = 1, h3 = 1. ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ∂ b Φ ˆ c ∂ ˆ a ∂ ˆ∂ . = rˆ , = , =k h1 ∂u ∂r h2 ∂v r ∂φ h3 ∂w ∂z ˆΦ ˆ • In spherical coordinates ˆ r, θ, h1 = 1, ˆ a ∂ ∂ =ˆ r , h1 ∂u ∂r

h2 = r, ˆ ∂ b ∂ Φ = , h2 ∂v r ∂θ

h3 = r sin θ ˆ ˆ c ∂ Φ ∂ = h3 ∂w r sin θ ∂φ

The general expressions for grad, div and curl together with those for ∇2 and the directional derivative are, in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, given by:

A-90

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∇S = (V · ∇)S = ∇·V = ∇×V =

∇2 S =

ˆ ∂S b ˆ c ∂S ˆ a ∂S + + h1 ∂u h2 ∂v h3 ∂w V1 ∂S V2 ∂S V3 ∂S + + h1 ∂u h ∂v h3 ∂w " 2 # 1 ∂ ∂ ∂ (h2 h3 V1 ) + (h3 h1 V2 ) + (h1 h2 V3 ) . h1 h2 h3 ∂u ∂v ∂w " # # ˆ " ∂ ˆ a ∂ b ∂ ∂ (h3 V3 ) − (h2 V2 ) + (h1 V1 ) − (h3 V3 ) h2 h3 ∂v ∂w h3 h1 ∂w ∂u " # ˆ c ∂ ∂ + (h2 V2 ) − (h1 V1 ) h1 h2 ∂u ∂v "      # 1 ∂ h3 h1 ∂S ∂ ∂ h2 h3 ∂S h1 h2 ∂S + + h1 h2 h3 ∂u h1 ∂u ∂v h2 ∂v ∂w h3 ∂w FORMULAS OF VECTOR ANALYSIS

Rectangular coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates

Conversion to rectangular coordinates

x = r cos ϕ

Gradient . . .

∇φ =

Divergence ...

∇·A =

Curl . . .

Laplacian ...

∂φ ∂x i

+

∂Ax ∂x

∂φ ∂y j

+

  i  ∂ ∇ × A =  ∂x  Ax

∇2 φ =

∂2 φ ∂x2

+

∂Ay ∂y

+

k

∂ ∂y

∂ ∂z

Ay

Az

+

∂φ ∂r r

∇·A= z + ∂A ∂z

∂Az ∂z

j

∂2 φ ∂y 2

∇φ =

∂φ ∂z k

+

     

y = r sin ϕ z = z

1 ∂φ r ∂ϕ Φ

+

1 ∂(rAr ) r ∂r

 1   r∂ r ∇ × A =  ∂r  Ar

∇2 φ =

∂2 φ ∂z 2

1 ∂ r ∂r



+

1 rk ∂ ∂z

rAϕ

Az

r ∂φ ∂r

 +

2

(c)

F (c)



(∇φ) · ˆ t ds =

(c)

dφ (c)

A-91

z = r cos θ

∂φ ∂r r

+

1 ∂φ r ∂θ θ

2 1 ∂(r Ar ) ∂r r2 ∂A ϕ 1 + r sin θ ∂ϕ

     

+

∂φ 1 r sin θ ∂ϕ Φ

+

∂(Aθ sin θ) 1 r sin θ ∂θ

 r Φ θ   r2 sin θ r sin θ r ∂ ∂ ∂ ∇ × A =  ∂r ∂θ ∂ϕ  A rAθ rAϕ sin θ r

1 ∂2 φ r 2 ∂ϕ2

∇2 φ =



1 ∂ r 2 ∂φ ∂r r 2 ∂r ∂2 φ 1 + r2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ2

ds ) dS= n ˆ



y = r sin ϕ sin θ

∇·A=

1 ∂Aϕ r ∂ϕ

∂ ∂ϕ

x = r cos ϕ sin θ

∇φ =

∂φ ∂z k

Φ

F ·ˆ t ds = = ∇φ

+

+ ∂∂zφ 2

ˆ ˆ F ds= ˆ t . sC. S. V t C P n

F

Spherical coordinates

 +

1 ∂ r 2 sin θ ∂θ



     

sin θ ∂φ ∂θ



dS )

∂ϕ2

Transformation of Integrals If 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. then

s is the distance along a curve “C” in space and is measured from some fixed point. S is a surface area V is a volume contained by a specified surface ˆ t =the unit tangent to C at the point Pn ˆ =the unit outward pointing normal F is some vector function ds is the vector element of curve (= ˆ t ds ) dS is the vector element of surface (= n ˆ dS ) ˆ F · t ds = F (c)

and when F = ∇φ

(c)



(∇φ) · ˆ t ds =

(c)

dφ (c)

Gauss’ Theorem (Green’s Theorem) When S defines a closed region having a volume V : (∇ · F) dV = (F · n ˆ ) dS = F · dS (v) (s)



(∇φ) dV = (∇ × F) dV =

also

φn ˆ dS

(v)

and

(s)



(v)

(s)

(ˆ n × F) dS

(s)

Stokes’ Theorem When C is closed and bounds the open surface S: n ˆ · (∇ × F) dS = F · ds (s) (c)





(ˆ n × ∇φ) dS =

also

φ ds

(s) (c)

Green’s Theorem



(∇φ · ∇θ) dS =

φn ˆ · (∇θ) dS =

φ(∇2 θ) dV (v)

(s)

(s)



θ·n ˆ (∇φ)dS =

=

φ(∇2 θ) dV (v)

m

(s)

A-92

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5

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES OF MASS The mass of the body is indicated by m Body

Axis

Moment of inertia

Uniform thin rod

m l3

The rectangular sheet, sides a and b

Normal to the length, at one end Normal to the length, at the center Through the center parallel to b

Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b Thin circular sheet of radius r

Through the center perpendicular to the sheet Normal to the plate through the center

ma

Thin circular sheet of radius r

Along any diameter

m r4

Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Through center normal to plane of ring

m

2 +r 2 r1 2 2

Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Any diameter

m

2 +r 2 r1 2 4

Rectangular parallelepiped, edges a, b, and c Sphere, radius r

Through center perpendicular to face ab, (parallel to edge c) Any diameter

ma

Spherical shell, external radius, r1 , internal radius r2

Any diameter

Uniform thin rod

2

2

l m 12 2

m a12 2 +b2 12

2

m r2

2

2 +b2 12

m 25 r 2 m 25

5 −r 5 ) (r1 2 3 −r 3 ) (r1 2

Body

Axis

Moment of inertia

Spherical shell, very thin, mean radius, r Right circular cylinder of radius r, length l Right circular cylinder of radius r, length l

Any diameter

m 23 r 2

The longitudinal axis of the solid Transverse diameter

m r2

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and r2 Thin cylindrical shell, length l, mean radius, r

The longitudinal axis of the figure The longitudinal axis of the figure

m

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and r2

Transverse diameter

m

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, very thin, mean radius

Transverse diameter

m

Elliptic cylinder, length l, transverse semiaxes a and b

Longitudinal axis

m

Right cone, altitude h, radius of base r

Axis of the figure

3 2 m 10 r

Spheroid of revolution, equatorial radius r

Polar axis

m 2r5

Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 2b, 2c

Axis 2a

m (b

A-92

2

 m

r2 4

+

l2 12



2 +r 2 ) (r1 2 2

mr2  



2 +r 2 r1 2 4 r2 2

+

a2 +b2 4

2

2 +c2 ) 5

+ l2 12



l2 12





SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Bessel Functions 1. Bessel’s differential equation for a real variable x is x2

d2 y dy +x + (x2 − n2 )y = 0 2 dx dx

2. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are Jn (x), J−n (x), where Jn (x) =

∞  k=0

x (−1)k k!Γ(n + k + 1) 2

n+2k

3. If n is an integer Jn (x) = (−1)n Jn (x), where # " xn x4 x6 x2 Jn (x) = n + 4 + 6 + ... 1− 2 2 n! 2 · 1!(n + 1) 2 · 2!(n + 1) (n + 2) 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) 4. For n = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes x2 22 (1!)2 x x3 2 − 23 ·1!2!

J0 (x) = 1 −

+

J1 (x) =

+

x4 24 (2!)2 x5 25 ·2!3!

− −

x6 x8 26 (3!)2 + 28 (4!)2 − · · · x7 x9 27 ·3!4! + 29 ·4!5! − . . .

5. When x is large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used 1   π π ! 2 2 − Q0 (x) sin x − P0 (x) cos x − πx 4 4  &  2  12 %   3π 3π J1 (x) = πx P1 (x) cos x − 4 − Q1 (x) sin x − 4 

J0 (x) =

where 1 2 · 32 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 92 · 112 + − + ··· 2!(8x)2 4!(8x)4 6!(8x)6 12 12 ·32 ·52 12 ·32 ·52 ·72 ·92 Q0 (x) ∼ − 1!8x + 3!(8x)3 − + −··· 5!(8x)5

P0 (x) ∼ 1 −

2 2 2 2 2 12 ·3·5 12 ·32 ·52 ·7·9 ·7 ·9 ·11·13 + 1 ·3 ·56!(8x) 6 2!(8x)2 − 4!(8x)4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1·3 1 ·3 ·5·7 1 ·3 ·5 ·7 ·9·11 − + − · · · 3 5 1!8x 3!(8x) 5!(8x)

P1 (x) ∼ 1 + Q1 (x) ∼

− +···

[In P1 (x) the signs alternate from+to-after the first term] 6. The zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x). If j0s and j1s are the sth zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x) respectively, and if a = 4s − 1, b = 4s + 1 # " 1 62 15, 116 12, 554, 474 8, 368, 654, 292 2 j0,s ∼ πa 1 + 2 2 − 4 4 + − + − +··· 10 a10 4 % π a 3π a 15π 6 a6 105π 8 a8 315π & 3,902,418 895,167,324 4716 j1,s ∼ 14 πb 1 − π26b2 + π46b4 − 5π 6 b6 + 35π 8 b8 − 35π 10 b10 + · · · & % s+1 3 2 (−1) 2 56 9664 J1 (j0,s ) ∼ 1 − 3π4 a4 + 5π6 a6 − 7,381,280 1 21π 8 a8 + · · · πa 23 & s 2 % 19,584 2,466,720 J0 (j1,s ) ∼ (−1) 12 1 + π24 4 b4 − 10π 6 b6 + 7π 8 b8 − · · · πb 2

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SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 7. Table of zeros for J0 (x) and J1 (x) Define {αn , βn } by J1 (αn ) = 0 and J0 (βn ) = 0. Roots αn 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 18.0711 21.2116

J1 (αn ) 0.5191 -0.3403 0.2715 -0.2325 0.2065 -0.1877 0.1733

Roots β n 0.0000 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706 19.6159

J0 (βn ) 1.0000 -0.4028 0.3001 -0.2497 0.2184 -0.1965 0.1801

8. Recurrence formulas 2n Jn (x) nJn (x) + xJn (x) = xJn−1 (x) x  Jn−1 (x) − Jn+1 (x) = 2Jn (x) nJn (x) − xJn (x) = xJn+1 (x)

Jn−1 (x) + Jn+1 (x) =

(k)

9. If Jn is written for Jn (x) and Jn relationships are important (r)

J0 (2) J0 (3) J0 (4) J0

is written for

(r−1)



J 12 (x) =

2

πx 

J− 12 (x) = Jn+ 32 (x) = Jn− 12 (x) =

sin x

2 πx cos x 1 d 1 −xn+ 2 dx {x−(n+ 2 ) Jn+ 12 (x)} 1 1 d x−(n+ 2 ) dx {xn+ 2 Jn+ 12 (x)}

 πx  12

n 0

2

x3

2

− cos x

 − 1 sin x − x3 cos x    − x6 sin x − x152 − 1 cos x etc.

  15

 πx  12

Jn+ 12 (x) sin x

sin x x

1 2

then the following derivative

= −J1 = −J0 + x1 J1 = 12 (J2 − J0 )   = x1 J0 + 1 − x22 J1 = 14 (−J3 + 3J1 )     = 1 − x32 J0 − x2 − x63 J1 = 18 (J4 − 4J2 + 3J0 ), etc.

10. Half order Bessel functions

3

dk {Jn (x)}, dxk



3 x2

−

 15 x3

J−(n+ 12 ) (x) cos x

3 x2

− cosx x − sin x  − 1 cos x + x3 sin x

−

6 x



cos x −

 15 x2

 − 1 sin x

11. Additional solutions to Bessel’s equation are Yn (x) (also called Weber’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn (x)) (1) (2) Hn (x) and Hn (x) (also called Hankel functions) These solutions are defined as follows    Jn (x) cos (nπ) − J−n (x) sin(nπ) Yn (x) =  −v (x)  lim Jv (x) cos(vπ)−J sin(vπ) v→n

n

not an integer n

A-94

an integer

(1)

Hn (x) = Jn (x) + iYn (x) (2) Hn (x) = Jn (x) − iYn (x)

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of Jn (x). 12. Complete solutions to Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 Jn (x) + c2 J−n (x)

if n is not an integer

or, for any value of n, c1 Jn (x) + c2 Yn (x)

c1 Hn(1) x + c2 Hn(2) (x)

or

13. The modified (or hyperbolic) Bessel’s differential equation is x2

dy d2 y +x − (x2 + n2 )y = 0 dx2 dx

14. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In (x) and I−n (x), where ∞  x n+2k  1 In (x) = k!Γ(n + k + 1) 2 k=0

15. If n is an integer, In (x) = I−n (x) =

xn 2n n!

"

x2 x4 + 22 · 1!(n + 1) 24 · 2!(n + 1)(n + 2) # x6 + 6 + ··· 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) 1+

16. For N = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes I0 (x) = 1 + I1 (x) =

x 2

+

x2 22 (1!)2 3

x 23 ·1!2!

+

+

x4 24 (2!)2 5

x 25 ·2!3!

+

+

x6 26 (3!)2 7

x 27 ·3!4!

17. Another solution to the modified Bessel’s equation is $ 1 I−n (x)−In (x) 2π sin (nπ) Kn (x) = (x)−Iv (x) lim 21 π I−vsin (vπ) v→n

+

+ 9

x8 28 (4!)2

x 29 ·4!5!

+ ···

+ ···

n not an integer n an integer

This function is linearly independent of In (x) for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modified Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 In (x) + c2 I−n (x) n not an integer or c1 In (x) + c2 Kn (x)

any n

18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In (z) = i−m Jm (iz) Yn (iz) = (i)n+1 In (z) − π2 i−n Kn (z) Most of the properties of the modified Bessel function may be deduced from the known properties of Jn (x) by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas  In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = 2n x In (x) In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2In (x) n n   In (x) = In+1 (x) + x In (z) In−1 (x) − x In (x) = In (x)

A-95

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SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Factorial Function For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. If n is a negative integer (n = −1, −2, . . . ) then n! = ±∞. Approximations to n! for large n include Stirling’s formula  n n+ 12 √ n! ≈ 2πe , e and Burnsides’s formula  n+ 12 √ n + 12 n! ≈ 2π . e n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 30 50 70 90 110 130 500

n! 1 2 24 720 40320 3.6288 × 106 4.7900 × 108 8.7178 × 1010 2.0923 × 1013 6.4024 × 1015 2.4329 × 1018 2.6525 × 1032 3.0414 × 1064 1.1979 × 10100 1.4857 × 10138 1.5882 × 10178 6.4669 × 10219 1.2201 × 101134

Definition: Γ(n) =

∞

log10 n! 0.00000 0.30103 1.38021 2.85733 4.60552 6.55976 8.68034 10.94041 13.32062 15.80634 18.38612 32.42366 64.48307 100.07841 138.17194 178.20092 219.81069 1134.0864

n 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 25 40 60 80 100 120 150 1000

n! 1 6 120 5040 3.6288 × 105 3.9917 × 107 6.2270 × 109 1.3077 × 1012 3.5569 × 1014 1.2165 × 1017 1.5511 × 1025 8.1592 × 1047 8.3210 × 1081 7.1569 × 10118 9.3326 × 10157 6.6895 × 10198 5.7134 × 10262 4.0239 × 102567

log10 n! 0.00000 0.77815 2.07918 3.70243 5.55976 7.60116 9.79428 12.11650 14.55107 17.08509 25.19065 47.91165 81.92017 118.85473 157.97000 198.82539 262.75689 2567.6046

The Gamma Function t

n−1 −t

e

dt

n>0

0

Recursion Formula: Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) Γ(n + 1) = n! if n = 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using Γ(n) = Γ(n+1) n Graph:

A-96

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Special Values:

Γ(1/2) =

√

π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1)m 2m π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . Γ(−m + 1/2) = 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

Γ(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx k→∞ (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ %  −x/m &  x 1+ m e = xeγx

Γ(x + 1) = lim 1 Γ(x)

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. Properties: ∞ Γ (1) = eγx ln x dx = −γ 0       Γ (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ... + + ··· Γ(x) 1 x " 2 x+1 n x + n#− 1 √ 1 139 1 Γ(x + 1) = 2πx xx e−x 1 + − + ... + 2 12x 288x 51, 840x3 This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. ∞ Values of Γ(n) = 0 e−x xn−1 dx; n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Γ(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

Γ(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

A-97

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Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) Γ(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

Γ(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Definition: B(m, n) =

The Beta Function

1

t

m−1

(1 − t)

m−1

dt

m > 0, n > 0

0

Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m)  π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ  ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt  1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 B(m, n) = rn (r + 1)m 0 t (r+t) dt m+n

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) = Properties:

The Error Function x 2 −t2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt π 0 3  x 1 x5 1 x7 2 x− + − + ··· Series: erf (x) = √ 3 2! 5 3! 7 π Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x)

  1 x erf √ 2 2 0 √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: For √x2 = 2.3, one finds x = (2.3) ( 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0.9988. x

Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) :

f (t) dt =

2 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ π



∞

e−t dt 2

z

is known as the complementary error function. Orthogonal Polynomials I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  − 2 xy  + n(n + 1)y = 0 y = Pn (x)    [n/2] 1  n 2n − 2m n−2m Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n (−1)m x 2 m=0 m n Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn (1)=1 +1 2 [Pn (x)]2 dx = Norm: 2n +1 −1 (−1)n dn {(1 − x2 )n } Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n 2 n! dxn ∞  Generating Function: R−1 = Pn (x)z n ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z 2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y − xy  + n2 y = 0 y = Tn (x) [n/2] n  (n − m − 1)! Explicit Expression: (2x)n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1)m 2 m=0 m!(n − 2m)! A-98

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 )−1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 "  +1 π/2, n
= 0 Norm: −1 (1 − x2 )−1/2 [Tn (x)]2 dx = π, n = 0 √ (−1)n (1 − x2 )1/2 π dn {(1 − x2 )n−(1/2) } = Tn (x) Rodrigues’ Formula: dxn 2n+1 Γ(n + 12 ) ∞  1 − xz Generating Function: = Tn (x) z n , −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz − z 2 n=0 Inequality: |Tn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  − 3 xy  + n(n + 2)y = 0 y = Un (x) [n/2]  (m − n)! Explicit Expression: Un (x) = (2x)n−2m (−1)m m!(n − 2m)! m=0 sin[(n + 1)θ] Un (cos θ) = sin θ Recurrence Relation: Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) − Un−1 (x) Standardization: Un (1) = n + 1 Weight: (1 − x2 )1/2 +1 π 2 1/2 2 Norm: (1 − x ) [Un (x)] dx = 2 −1 √ (−1)n (n + 1) π dn 2 n+(1/2) {(1 − x ) } Rodrigues’ Formula: Un (x) = (1 − x2 )1/2 2n+1 Γ(n + 32 ) dxn ∞  1 n Generating Function: = Un (x)z , − 1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz + z 2 n=0 Inequality: |Un (x)| ≤ n + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

IV: Jacobi (α,β) (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pn Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  + [β − α − (α + β + 2)x]y  + n(n + α + β + 1)y = 0 (α,β) y = Pn (x)    n  1 n + α n + β Explicit Expression: Pn(α,β) (x) = n (x − 1)n−m (x + 1)m 2 m=0 m n−m Recurrence Relation: (α,β)

2(n + 1) (n + α + β + 1) (2n + α + β)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + α + β + 1)[(α2 − β 2 ) + (2n + α + β + 2) × (2n + α + β)x]Pn(α,β) (x) (α,β)

− 2(n + α) (n + β) (2n + α + β + 2)Pn−1 (x)   (α,β) Weight: (1 − x)α (1 + x)β ; α, β > 1 Standardization: Pn (x) = n+α n +1 2α+β+1 Γ(n + α + 1)Γ(n + β + 1) Norm: (1 − x)α (1 + x)β [Pn(α,β) (x)]2 dx = (2n + α + β + 1)n!Γ(n + α + β + 1) −1 dn (−1)n (α,β) Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x)n+α (1 + x)n+β } α β 2 n!(1 − x) (1 + x) dxn

A-99

TeamLRN

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ∞  Generating Function: R−1 (1 − z + R)−α (1 + z + R)−β = 2−α−β Pn(α,β) (x)z n , n=0 √ R = 1 − 2xz+ z 2 ,  |z| < 1  n+q 1   ∼ nq if q = max(α, β) ≥ −   n 2  (α,β)  Inequality: max |Pn(α,β) (x)| = (x )| ∼ n−1/2 if q < − 12 |Pn −1≤x≤1   x is one of the two maximum points nearest    β−α α+β+1

V: Generalized Laguerre (α) Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: Ln (x) Interval: [0, ∞]   xy + (α + 1 − x)y + ny = 0 Differential Equation: (α) y = Ln (x)   n  1 m (α) m n+α (−1) x Explicit Expression: Ln (x) = n − m m! m=0 (α)

(α)

(α)

Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)Ln + 1(x) = [(2n + α + 1) − x]Ln (x) − (n + α)Ln − 1(x) n (α) Weight: xα e−x , α > −1 Standardization: Ln (x) = (−1) xn + · · · n! ∞ Γ(n + α + 1) 2 Norm: xα e−x [L(α) n (x)] dx = n! 0 dn 1 (α) {xn+α e−x } Rodrigues’ Formula: Ln (x) = n!xα e−xdxn∞ Generating Function: (1 − z)−α−1 exp

xz z−1

=



(α)

Ln (x)z n

n=0

Γ(n + α + 1) x/2 x≥0 e ; α>0 n!Γ(α + 1)   x≥0 (a) Γ(α+n+1) x/2 |Ln (x)| ≤ 2 − n!Γ(α+1) e ; −1 < α < 0

Inequality: |L(α) n (x) ≤

VI: Hermite Name: Hermite Symbol:Hn (x) Interval: [−∞, ∞] Differential Equation: y  − 2xy  + 2ny = 0 [n/2]  (−1)m n!(2x)n−2m Explicit Expression: Hn (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation:Hn+1 (x) = 2xHn (x) − 2nHn−1 (x) 2 Weight: e−x Standardization: Hn (1) = 2n xn + · · · ∞ 2 √ 2 e−x [Hn (x)] dx = 2n n! π Norm: −∞

2

n

2

−x d ) Rodrigues’ Formula: Hn (x) = (−1)n ex dx n (e ∞ n  2 z Generating Function: e−x +2zx = Hn (x) n! n=0 √ x2 /2 n/2 k2 n! k ≈ 1.086435 Inequality: |Hn (x)|e

Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials

H0 = 1 H1 = 2x H2 = 4x2 − 2

x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256

A-100

H3 = 8x3 − 12x x7 = (840H1 + 420H3 + 42H5 + H7 )/128 4 2 H4 = 16x − 48x + 12 x6 = (120H0 + 180H2 + 30H4 + H6 )/64 5 3 H5 = 32x − 160x + 120x x5 = (60H1 + 20H3 + H5 )/32 H6 = 64x6 − 480x4 + 720x2 − 120 x4 = (12H0 + 12H2 + H4 )/16 H7 = 128x7 − 1344x5 + 3360x3 − 1680x x3 = (6H1 + H3 )/8 8 6 4 2 H8 = 256x − 3584x + 13440x − 13440x + 1680 x2 = (2H0 + H2 )/4 9 7 5 3 H9 = 512x − 9216x + 48384x − 80640x + 30240x x = (H1 )/2 H10 = 1024x10 − 23040x8 + 161280x6 − 403200x4 + 302400x2 − 30240 1 = H0 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

=1 x6 = 720L0 − 4320L1 + 10800L2 − 14400L3 + 10800L4 − 4320L5 + 720L6 = −x + 1 x5 = 120L0 − 600L1 + 1200L2 − 1200L3 + 600L4 − 120L5 = (x2 − 4x + 2)/2 x4 = 24L0 − 96L1 + 144L2 − 96L3 + 24L4 = (−x3 + 9x2 − 18x + 6)/6 x3 = 6L0 − 18L1 + 18L2 − 6L3 4 3 2 = (x − 16x + 72x − 96x + 24)/24 x2 = 2L0 − 4L1 + 2L2 5 4 3 2 = (−x + 25x − 200x + 600x − 600x + 120)/120 x = L0 − L1 = (x6 − 36x5 + 450x4 − 2400x3 + 5400x2 − 4320x + 720)/720 1 = L0

P0 = 1 x10 = (4199P0 + 16150P2 + 15504P4 + 7904P6 + 2176P8 + 256P10 )/46189 P1 = x x9 = (3315P1 + 4760P3 + 2992P5 + 960P7 + 128P9 )/12155 2 P2 = (3x − 1)/2 x8 = (715P0 + 2600P2 + 2160P4 + 832P6 + 128P8 )/6435 P3 = (5x3 − 3x)/2 x7 = (143P1 + 182P3 + 88P5 + 16P7 )/429 4 2 P4 = (35x − 30x + 3)/8 x6 = (33P0 + 110P2 + 72P4 + 16P6 )/231 5 3 P5 = (63x − 70x + 15x)/8 x5 = (27P1 + 28P3 + 8P5 )/63 6 4 2 P6 = (231x − 315x + 105x − 5)/16 x4 = (7P0 + 20P2 + 8P4 )/35 P7 = (429x7 − 693x5 + 315x3 − 35x)/16 x3 = (3P1 + 2P3 )/5 8 6 4 2 P8 = (6435x − 12012x + 6930x − 1260x + 35)/128 x2 = (P0 + 2P2 )/3 9 7 5 3 P9 = (12155x − 25740x + 18018x − 4620x + 315x)/128 x = P1 P10 = (46189x10 − 109395x8 + 90090x6 − 30030x4 + 3465x2 − 63)/256 1 = P0 T0 = 1 x10 = (126T0 + 210T2 + 120T4 + 45T6 + 10T8 + T10 )/512 T1 = x x9 = (126T1 + 84T3 + 36T5 + 9T7 + T9 )/256 2 T2 = 2x − 1 x8 = (35T0 + 56T2 + 28T4 + 8T6 + T8 )/128 3 T3 = 4x − 3x x7 = (35T1 + 21T3 + 7T5 + T7 )/64 T4 = 8x4 − 8x2 + 1 x6 = (10T0 + 15T2 + 6T4 + T6 )/32 T5 = 16x5 − 20x3 + 5x x5 = (10T1 + 5T3 + T5 )/16 6 4 2 T6 = 32x − 48x + 18x − 1 x4 = (3T0 + 4T2 + T4 )/8 T7 = 64x7 − 112x5 + 56x3 − 7x x3 = (3T1 + T3 )/4 T8 = 128x8 − 256x6 + 160x4 − 32x2 + 1 x2 = (T0 + T2 )/2 9 7 5 3 T9 = 256x − 576x + 432x − 120x + 9x x = T1 T10 = 512x10 − 1280x8 + 1120x6 − 400x4 + 50x2 − 1 1 = T0 U0 = 1 x10 = (42U0 + 90U2 + 75U4 + 35U6 + 9U8 + U10 )/1024 U1 = 2x x9 = (42U1 + 48U3 + 27U5 + 8U7 + U9 )/512 2 U2 = 4x − 1 x8 = (14U0 + 28U2 + 20U4 + 7U6 + U8 )/256 3 U3 = 8x − 4x x7 = (14U1 + 14U3 + 6U5 + U7 )/128 U4 = 16x4 − 12x2 + 1 x6 = (5U0 + 9U2 + 5U4 + U6 )/64 5 3 U5 = 32x − 32x + 6x x5 = (5U1 + 4U3 + U5 )/32 6 4 2 U6 = 64x − 80x + 24x − 1 x4 = (2U0 + 3U2 + U4 )/16 7 5 3 U7 = 128x − 192x + 80x − 8x x3 = (2U1 + U3 )/8 U8 = 256x8 − 448x6 + 240x4 − 40x2 + 1 x2 = (U0 + U2 )/4 9 7 5 3 U9 = 512x − 1024x + 672x − 160x + 10x x = (U1 )/2 U10 = 1024x10 − 2304x8 + 1792x6 − 560x4 + 60x2 − 1 1 = U0

A-101

TeamLRN

Clebsch–Gordan coefficients 

j1 m1

×

j2 j m2 m

 k

'

 = δm,m1 +m2

(j1 + j2 − j)!(j + j1 − j2 )!(j + j2 − j1 )!(2j + 1) (j + j1 + j2 + 1)!


(−1)k (j1 + m1 )!(j1 − m1 )!(j2 + m2 )!(j2 − m2 )!(j + m)!(j − m)! . k!(j1 + j2 − j − k)!(j1 − m1 − k)!(j2 + m2 − k)!(j − j2 + m1 + k)!(j − j1 − m2 + k)!

1. Conditions: (a) Each of {j1 , j2 , j, m1 , m2 , m} may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j > 0, j1 > 0, j2 > 0 and j + j1 + j2 is an integer. (b) j1 + j2 − j ≥ 0. (c) j1 − j2 + j ≥ 0. (d) −j1 + j2 + j ≥ 0. (e) |m1 | ≤ j1 , |m2 | ≤ j2 , |m| ≤ j. 2. Special values:   j2 j j1 = 0 if m1 + m2 = m. (a) m m2 m   1 j1 0 j = δj1 ,j δm1 ,m . (b) m1 0 m   j 1 j2 j = 0 when j1 + j2 + j is an odd integer. (c) 0 0 0   j1 j j1 = 0 when 2j1 + j is an odd integer. (d) m1 m1 m   j1 j2 j : 3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to m1 m2 m   j2 j1 j (a) , −m2 −m1 −m   j2 j1 j , (b) (−1)j1 +j2 −j m m2 m   1 j1 j2 j , (c) (−1)j1 +j2 −j −m1 −m2 −m    j j2 j1 2j+1 j2 +m2 (d) (−1) , 2j1 +1 −m m2 −m1    j j2 j1 2j+1 (−1)j1 −m1 +j−m , (e) 2j1 +1 m −m2 m1    j2 j j1 2j+1 , (−1)j−m+j1 −m1 (f) 2j1 +1 m2 −m −m1    j1 j j2 2j+1 (−1)j1 −m1 , (g) 2j2 +1 m1 −m −m2    j j1 j2 2j+1 (h) (−1)j1 −m1 . 2j2 +1 m −m1 m2 By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch–Gordan coefficients may be put in the standard form j1 ≤ j2 ≤ j and m ≥ 0.

A-102

 m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

1

0

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

0

1 2

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1 2

1 2

j1 m1

√

1

m2

m

j1

j

−1

0

1

1

−1

0

1

2

− 12

0

1 2

3 2

− 12

1 2

1

1

− 12

1 2

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

2 2 √ 3 2 √ 2 2 √ 3 2

1 2 m2

j m



 m2

m

j1

j

≈ 0.707107

0

1

1

2

≈ 0.866025

1 2

0

1 2

3 2

≈ 0.707107

1 2

1 2

1

1

≈ 0.866025

1 2

1 2

1

2

1 2

1

1 2

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

2

1

0

1

1

√

1 ≈ 1.000000   j1 1 j m1 m2 m √ 2 2 √ 6 6 √ 2 2 3 4 √ 5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

j1 m1

≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.750000 ≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.816496 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.8164967 ≈ 0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

1

0

1

2

1

1 2

1 2

3 2

2 2 √ 2 2 √ − 42 √ 10 4 √ 30 6 √ 105 12 √ − 22 √ 6 6 √ 3 3

1

1 2

1

1

− 34

1

1 2

1

2

1

1

1 2

3 2

1

1

1

1

√

≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ −0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.912871 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.577350 ≈ −0.750000 ≈ 0.559017

10 4 √ − 22 √ 2 2

≈ 0.790569

1

≈ 1.000000

√

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

TeamLRN



5 4

1

A-103

1 j m2 m

≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.707107

≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the normal distribution For a standard normal random variable (Φ(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits µ − λσ µ−σ µ − 1.65σ µ − 1.96σ µ − 2σ µ − 2.58σ µ − 3σ µ − 3.09σ µ − 3.29σ x Φ(x) 2[1 − Φ(x)] x 1 − Φ(x)

3.09 10−3

µ + λσ µ+σ µ + 1.65σ µ + 1.96σ µ + 2σ µ + 2.58σ µ + 3σ µ + 3.09σ µ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20 3.72 10−4

1.645 0.95 0.10 4.26 10−5

1.960 0.975 0.05 4.75 10−6

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002 6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000

1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

A-104

5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

9 .0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

Common sample size calculations Parameter

Estimate

Sample size

µ

x ¯

n=

p

pˆ

n=

µ2 − µ2

x ¯1 − x ¯2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 )2 (σ12 + σ22 ) E2

p1 − p2

pˆ1 − pˆ2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 )2 (p1 q1 + p2 q2 ) E2

z

α/2

· σ 2

E (zα/2 )2 · pq E2

Common one sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

µ

n large, σ 2 known, or normality, σ 2 known

σ x ¯ ± zα/2 · √ n

µ

normality, σ 2 unknown

σ2

normality

p

binomial experiment, n large

s x ¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n   (n − 1)s2 (n − 1)s2 , χ2α/2,n−1 χ21−α/2,n−1

pˆ(1 − pˆ) pˆ ± zα/2 · n

Common two sample confidence intervals 100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

Parameter

Assumptions

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, σ12 , σ22 known or n1 , n2 large, independence, σ12 , σ22 known

(¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ± zα/2 · (¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ±

σ12

=

σ22

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, unknown

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, σ12 = σ22 unknown

σ2 σ12 + 2 n1 n2

1 1 + n1 n2 (n1 − 1)s21 + (n2 − 1)s22 s2p = n1 + n2 −2 s2 s21 (¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ± tα/2,ν · + 2 n n 1 2  

t α2 ,n1 +n2 −2 · sp

ν≈

s2 1 n1

2 (s2 1 /n1 ) n1 −1

+ +

s2 2 n2

2

2 (s2 2 /n2 ) n2 −1

µ1 − µ2

normality, n pairs, dependence

sd d¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n

p1 − p2

binomial experiments, n1 , n2 large, independence

(ˆ p1 − pˆ2 )±

pˆ2 (1 − pˆ2 ) pˆ1 (1 − pˆ1 ) zα/2 · + n1 n2

A-105

TeamLRN

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that F (t) =

    Γ n+1 x2 n+1 2  1 + dx − √ n n 2 nπΓ 2 −∞ for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, ∞; and for F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F (−t) = 1 − F (t) n/F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

.60 .325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253

.75 1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674

t

.90 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282

.95 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645

.975 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960

.99 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326

.995 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576

.9995 636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the “Statistical Tables” of R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is here published with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ2 such that

χ2

1   x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx n/2 Γ n 2 0 2 for n, the number of degrees equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite √ of freedom, √ accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ2α , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χ2α = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 F (χ)2 =

where xα is the α-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F (χ2 ) can be written as 1 − F (χ2 ) =

 x −1

x=0

A-106

e−λ λx x!

with λ = 12 χ2 and x = 12 n. Thus the cumulative Chi-Square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n 

3 2 2 2 χα = n 1 − + zα 9n 9n n = degrees of freedom zα = the normal deviate (the value of x for which F (x) = the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F (x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 χ2.99 = 60[1 − 0.00370 + 2.326(0.06086)]3 = 88.4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom.

χ2

1   xn−2/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 Γ n2

F (χ2 ) = 0

( n F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412 .676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60 5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43 8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8

.010 .000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554 .872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23 5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26 8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.0

.025 .000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26 6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8

.050 .00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15 1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94 4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26 7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5

.100 .0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61 2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87 5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55 9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6

.250 .102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67 3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74 7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5 16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5

.500 .455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3

.750 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8

.900 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3

.950 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8

.975 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0

.990 6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6 32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9

PERCENTAGE POINTS, F -DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of F such that   F Γ m+n  m  2  n  mm/2 nn/2 xm−2/2 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ 2 0 for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F ; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F . The table also provides values corresponding to F (F )=.10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fα for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus 1 1 = = .164 F.05 (4, 7) = F.95 (7, 4) 6.09

A-107

TeamLRN

.995 7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9 48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7



F

F (F ) = 0 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

  Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .90 Γ m Γ 2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71

49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30

53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08

55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94

57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85

58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77

58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72

59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67

59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63

60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60

60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55

61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49

61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42

62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38

62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34

62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30

62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24

63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17

63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively.   F Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .95 F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ m 0 2 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

161.4 18.51 10.13 7.71 6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12 4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60 4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26 4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84

199.5 19.00 9.55 6.94 5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26 4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00

215.7 19.16 9.28 6.59 5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86 3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34 3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60

224.6 19.25 9.12 6.39 5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37

230.2 19.30 9.01 6.26 5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48 3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21

234.0 19.33 8.94 6.16 4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37 3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10

236.8 19.35 8.89 6.09 4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29 3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01

238.9 19.37 8.85 6.04 4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94

240.5 19.38 8.81 6.00 4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88

241.9 19.40 8.79 5.96 4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83

243.9 19.41 8.74 5.91 4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75

245.9 19.43 8.70 5.86 4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01 2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67

248.0 19.45 8.66 5.80 4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57

249.1 19.45 8.64 5.77 4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52

250.1 19.46 8.62 5.75 4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86 2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46

251.1 19.47 8.59 5.72 4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39

252.2 19.48 8.57 5.69 4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79 2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32

253.3 19.49 8.55 5.66 4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22

254.3 19.50 8.53 5.63 4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71 2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.51 139 1.25 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-108



F

F (F ) = 0 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

  Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .975 Γ m Γ 2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

647.8 38.51 17.44 12.22 10.01 8.81 8.07 7.57 7.21 6.94 6.72 6.55 6.41 6.30 6.20 6.12 6.04 5.98 5.92 5.87 5.83 5.79 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.57 5.42 5.29 5.15 5.02

799.5 39.00 16.04 10.65 8.43 7.26 6.54 6.06 5.71 5.46 5.26 5.10 4.97 4.86 4.77 4.69 4.62 4.56 4.51 4.46 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.29 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.20 4.18 4.05 3.93 3.80 3.69

864.2 39.17 15.44 9.98 7.76 6.60 5.89 5.42 5.08 4.83 4.63 4.47 4.35 4.24 4.15 4.08 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.46 3.34 3.23 3.12

899.6 39.25 15.10 9.60 7.39 6.23 5.52 5.05 4.72 4.47 4.28 4.12 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.66 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.13 3.01 2.89 2.79

921.8 39.30 14.88 9.36 7.15 5.99 5.29 4.82 4.48 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.77 3.66 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.38 3.33 3.29 3.25 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 2.90 2.79 2.67 2.57

937.1 39.33 14.73 9.20 6.98 5.82 5.12 4.65 4.32 4.07 3.88 3.73 3.60 3.50 3.41 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.74 2.63 2.52 2.41

948.2 39.36 14.62 9.07 6.85 5.70 4.99 4.53 4.20 3.95 3.76 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.22 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.62 2.51 2.39 2.29

956.7 39.37 14.54 8.98 6.76 5.60 4.90 4.43 4.10 3.85 3.66 3.51 3.39 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2.53 2.41 2.30 2.19

963.3 39.39 14.47 8.90 6.68 5.52 4.82 4.36 4.03 3.78 3.59 3.44 3.31 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11

968.6 39.40 14.42 8.84 6.62 5.46 4.76 4.30 3.96 3.72 3.53 3.37 3.25 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.39 2.27 2.16 2.05

976.7 39.41 14.34 8.75 6.52 5.37 4.67 4.20 3.87 3.62 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.05 2.96 2.89 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.29 2.17 2.05 1.94

984.9 39.43 14.25 8.66 6.43 5.27 4.57 4.10 3.77 3.52 3.33 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.18 2.06 1.94 1.83

993.1 39.45 14.17 8.56 6.33 5.17 4.47 4.00 3.67 3.42 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.71

997.2 39.46 14.12 8.51 6.28 5.12 4.42 3.95 3.61 3.37 3.17 3.02 2.89 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.76 1.64

1001 39.46 14.08 8.46 6.23 5.07 4.36 3.89 3.56 3.31 3.12 2.96 2.84 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.57

1006 39.47 14.04 8.41 6.18 5.01 4.31 3.84 3.51 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.03 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.61 1.48

1010 39.48 13.99 8.36 6.12 4.96 4.25 3.78 3.45 3.20 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.80 1.67 1.53 1.39

1014 39.49 13.95 8.31 6.07 4.90 4.20 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.94 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.27

1018 39.50 13.90 8.26 6.02 4.85 4.14 3.67 3.33 3.08 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.64 1.48 1.31 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively.   F Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .99 F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ m 0 2 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

4052 98.50 34.12 21.20 16.26 13.75 12.25 11.26 10.56 10.04 9.65 9.33 9.07 8.86 8.68 8.53 8.40 8.29 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.95 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.68 7.64 7.60 7.56 7.31 7.08 6.85 6.63

4999.5 99.00 30.82 18.00 13.27 10.92 9.55 8.65 8.02 7.56 7.21 6.93 6.70 6.51 6.36 6.23 6.11 6.01 5.93 5.85 5.78 5.72 5.66 5.61 5.57 5.53 5.49 5.45 5.42 5.39 5.18 4.98 4.79 4.61

5403 99.17 29.46 16.69 12.06 9.78 8.45 7.59 6.99 6.55 6.22 5.95 5.74 5.56 5.42 5.29 5.18 5.09 5.01 4.94 4.87 4.82 4.76 4.72 4.68 4.64 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.51 4.31 4.13 3.95 3.78

5625 99.25 28.71 15.98 11.39 9.15 7.85 7.01 6.42 5.99 5.67 5.41 5.21 5.04 4.89 4.77 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.26 4.22 4.18 4.14 4.11 4.07 4.04 4.02 3.83 3.65 3.48 3.32

5764 99.30 28.24 15.52 10.97 8.75 7.46 6.63 6.06 5.64 5.32 5.06 4.86 4.69 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.99 3.94 3.90 3.85 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.70 3.51 3.34 3.17 3.02

5859 99.33 27.91 15.21 10.67 8.47 7.19 6.37 5.80 5.39 5.07 4.82 4.62 4.46 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.76 3.71 3.67 3.63 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.29 3.12 2.96 2.80

5928 99.36 27.67 14.98 10.46 8.26 6.99 6.18 5.61 5.20 4.89 4.64 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.93 3.84 3.77 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.12 2.95 2.79 2.64

5982 99.37 27.49 14.80 10.29 8.10 6.84 6.03 5.47 5.06 4.74 4.50 4.30 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.79 3.71 3.63 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.41 3.36 3.32 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.20 3.17 2.99 2.82 2.66 2.51

6022 99.39 27.35 14.66 10.16 7.98 6.72 5.91 5.35 4.94 4.63 4.39 4.19 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.68 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 2.89 2.72 2.56 2.41

6056 99.40 27.23 14.55 10.05 7.87 6.62 5.81 5.26 4.85 4.54 4.30 4.10 3.94 3.80 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.47 2.32

6106 99.42 27.05 14.37 9.89 7.72 6.47 5.67 5.11 4.71 4.40 4.16 3.96 3.80 3.67 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.66 2.50 2.34 2.18

6157 99.43 26.87 14.20 9.72 7.56 6.31 5.52 4.96 4.56 4.25 4.01 3.82 3.66 3.52 3.41 3.31 3.23 3.15 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.52 2.35 2.19 2.04

6209 99.45 26.69 14.02 9.55 7.40 6.16 5.36 4.81 4.41 4.10 3.86 3.66 3.51 3.37 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.37 2.20 2.03 1.88

6235 99.46 26.60 13.93 9.47 7.31 6.07 5.28 4.73 4.33 4.02 3.78 3.59 3.43 3.29 3.18 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 2.29 2.12 1.95 1.79

6261 99.47 26.50 13.84 9.38 7.23 5.99 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.94 3.70 3.51 3.35 3.21 3.10 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.20 2.03 1.86 1.70

6287 99.47 26.41 13.75 9.29 7.14 5.91 5.12 4.57 4.17 3.86 3.62 3.43 3.27 3.13 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.58 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.30 2.11 1.94 1.76 1.59

6313 99.48 26.32 13.65 9.20 7.06 5.82 5.03 4.48 4.08 3.78 3.54 3.34 3.18 3.05 2.93 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.02 1.84 1.66 1.47

6339 99.49 26.22 13.56 9.11 6.97 5.74 4.95 4.40 4.00 3.69 3.45 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.11 1.92 1.73 1.53 1.32

6366 99.50 26.13 13.46 9.02 6.88 5.65 4.86 4.31 3.91 3.60 3.36 3.17 3.00 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.80 1.60 1.38 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-109

TeamLRN

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Bessel Functions 1. Bessel’s differential equation for a real variable x is x2

d2 y dy +x + (x2 − n2 )y = 0 2 dx dx

2. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are Jn (x), J−n (x), where Jn (x) =

∞  k=0

x (−1)k k!Γ(n + k + 1) 2

n+2k

3. If n is an integer Jn (x) = (−1)n Jn (x), where # " xn x4 x6 x2 Jn (x) = n + 4 + 6 + ... 1− 2 2 n! 2 · 1!(n + 1) 2 · 2!(n + 1) (n + 2) 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) 4. For n = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes x2 22 (1!)2 x x3 2 − 23 ·1!2!

J0 (x) = 1 −

+

J1 (x) =

+

x4 24 (2!)2 x5 25 ·2!3!

− −

x6 x8 26 (3!)2 + 28 (4!)2 − · · · x7 x9 27 ·3!4! + 29 ·4!5! − . . .

5. When x is large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used 1   π π ! 2 2 − Q0 (x) sin x − P0 (x) cos x − πx 4 4  &  2  12 %   3π 3π J1 (x) = πx P1 (x) cos x − 4 − Q1 (x) sin x − 4 

J0 (x) =

where 12 · 32 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 92 · 112 + − + ··· 2!(8x)2 4!(8x)4 6!(8x)6 12 12 ·32 ·52 12 ·32 ·52 ·72 ·92 Q0 (x) ∼ − 1!8x + 3!(8x)3 − + −··· 5!(8x)5

P0 (x) ∼ 1 −

2 2 2 2 2 12 ·3·5 12 ·32 ·52 ·7·9 ·7 ·9 ·11·13 + 1 ·3 ·56!(8x) 6 2!(8x)2 − 4!(8x)4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1·3 1 ·3 ·5·7 1 ·3 ·5 ·7 ·9·11 − + − · · · 3 5 1!8x 3!(8x) 5!(8x)

P1 (x) ∼ 1 + Q1 (x) ∼

− +···

[In P1 (x) the signs alternate from+to-after the first term] 6. The zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x). If j0s and j1s are the sth zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x) respectively, and if a = 4s − 1, b = 4s + 1 # " 1 62 15, 116 12, 554, 474 8, 368, 654, 292 2 j0,s ∼ πa 1 + 2 2 − 4 4 + − + − +··· 10 a10 4 % π a 3π a 15π 6 a6 105π 8 a8 315π & 3,902,418 895,167,324 4716 j1,s ∼ 14 πb 1 − π26b2 + π46b4 − 5π 6 b6 + 35π 8 b8 − 35π 10 b10 + · · · & % s+1 3 2 (−1) 2 56 9664 J1 (j0,s ) ∼ 1 − 3π4 a4 + 5π6 a6 − 7,381,280 1 21π 8 a8 + · · · πa 23 & s 2 % 19,584 2,466,720 J0 (j1,s ) ∼ (−1) 12 1 + π24 4 b4 − 10π 6 b6 + 7π 8 b8 − · · · πb 2

A-93

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 7. Table of zeros for J0 (x) and J1 (x) Define {αn , βn } by J1 (αn ) = 0 and J0 (βn ) = 0. Roots αn 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 18.0711 21.2116

J1 (αn ) 0.5191 -0.3403 0.2715 -0.2325 0.2065 -0.1877 0.1733

Roots β n 0.0000 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706 19.6159

J0 (βn ) 1.0000 -0.4028 0.3001 -0.2497 0.2184 -0.1965 0.1801

8. Recurrence formulas 2n Jn (x) nJn (x) + xJn (x) = xJn−1 (x) x  Jn−1 (x) − Jn+1 (x) = 2Jn (x) nJn (x) − xJn (x) = xJn+1 (x)

Jn−1 (x) + Jn+1 (x) =

(k)

9. If Jn is written for Jn (x) and Jn relationships are important (r)

J0 (2) J0 (3) J0 (4) J0

is written for

(r−1)



J 12 (x) =

2

πx 

J− 12 (x) = Jn+ 32 (x) = Jn− 12 (x) =

sin x

2 πx cos x 1 d 1 −xn+ 2 dx {x−(n+ 2 ) Jn+ 12 (x)} 1 1 d x−(n+ 2 ) dx {xn+ 2 Jn+ 12 (x)}

 πx  12

n 0

2

x3

2

− cos x

 − 1 sin x − x3 cos x    − x6 sin x − x152 − 1 cos x etc.

  15

 πx  12

Jn+ 12 (x) sin x

sin x x

1 2

then the following derivative

= −J1 = −J0 + x1 J1 = 12 (J2 − J0 )   = x1 J0 + 1 − x22 J1 = 14 (−J3 + 3J1 )     = 1 − x32 J0 − x2 − x63 J1 = 18 (J4 − 4J2 + 3J0 ), etc.

10. Half order Bessel functions

3

dk {Jn (x)}, dxk



3 x2

−

 15 x3

J−(n+ 12 ) (x) cos x

3 x2

− cosx x − sin x  − 1 cos x + x3 sin x

−

6 x



cos x −

 15 x2

 − 1 sin x

11. Additional solutions to Bessel’s equation are Yn (x) (also called Weber’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn (x)) (1) (2) Hn (x) and Hn (x) (also called Hankel functions) These solutions are defined as follows    Jn (x) cos (nπ) − J−n (x) sin(nπ) Yn (x) =  −v (x)  lim Jv (x) cos(vπ)−J sin(vπ) v→n

n

not an integer n

an integer

A-94

TeamLRN

(1)

Hn (x) = Jn (x) + iYn (x) (2) Hn (x) = Jn (x) − iYn (x)

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of Jn (x). 12. Complete solutions to Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 Jn (x) + c2 J−n (x)

if n is not an integer

or, for any value of n, c1 Jn (x) + c2 Yn (x)

c1 Hn(1) x + c2 Hn(2) (x)

or

13. The modified (or hyperbolic) Bessel’s differential equation is x2

d2 y dy +x − (x2 + n2 )y = 0 dx2 dx

14. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In (x) and I−n (x), where ∞  x n+2k  1 In (x) = k!Γ(n + k + 1) 2 k=0

15. If n is an integer, In (x) = I−n (x) =

xn 2n n!

"

x2 x4 + 22 · 1!(n + 1) 24 · 2!(n + 1)(n + 2) # x6 + 6 + ··· 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) 1+

16. For N = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes I0 (x) = 1 + I1 (x) =

x 2

+

x2 22 (1!)2 3

x 23 ·1!2!

+

+

x4 24 (2!)2 5

x 25 ·2!3!

+

+

x6 26 (3!)2 7

x 27 ·3!4!

17. Another solution to the modified Bessel’s equation is $ 1 I−n (x)−In (x) 2π sin (nπ) Kn (x) = (x)−Iv (x) lim 21 π I−vsin (vπ) v→n

+

+ 9

x8 28 (4!)2

x 29 ·4!5!

+ ···

+ ···

n not an integer n an integer

This function is linearly independent of In (x) for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modified Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 In (x) + c2 I−n (x) n not an integer or c1 In (x) + c2 Kn (x)

any n

18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In (z) = i−m Jm (iz) Yn (iz) = (i)n+1 In (z) − π2 i−n Kn (z) Most of the properties of the modified Bessel function may be deduced from the known properties of Jn (x) by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas  In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = 2n x In (x) In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2In (x) n n   In (x) = In+1 (x) + x In (z) In−1 (x) − x In (x) = In (x)

A-95

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS The Factorial Function For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. If n is a negative integer (n = −1, −2, . . . ) then n! = ±∞. Approximations to n! for large n include Stirling’s formula  n n+ 12 √ n! ≈ 2πe , e and Burnsides’s formula  n+ 12 √ n + 12 n! ≈ 2π . e n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 30 50 70 90 110 130 500

n! 1 2 24 720 40320 3.6288 × 106 4.7900 × 108 8.7178 × 1010 2.0923 × 1013 6.4024 × 1015 2.4329 × 1018 2.6525 × 1032 3.0414 × 1064 1.1979 × 10100 1.4857 × 10138 1.5882 × 10178 6.4669 × 10219 1.2201 × 101134

log10 n! 0.00000 0.30103 1.38021 2.85733 4.60552 6.55976 8.68034 10.94041 13.32062 15.80634 18.38612 32.42366 64.48307 100.07841 138.17194 178.20092 219.81069 1134.0864

n 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 25 40 60 80 100 120 150 1000

A-96

TeamLRN

n! 1 6 120 5040 3.6288 × 105 3.9917 × 107 6.2270 × 109 1.3077 × 1012 3.5569 × 1014 1.2165 × 1017 1.5511 × 1025 8.1592 × 1047 8.3210 × 1081 7.1569 × 10118 9.3326 × 10157 6.6895 × 10198 5.7134 × 10262 4.0239 × 102567

log10 n! 0.00000 0.77815 2.07918 3.70243 5.55976 7.60116 9.79428 12.11650 14.55107 17.08509 25.19065 47.91165 81.92017 118.85473 157.97000 198.82539 262.75689 2567.6046

Definition: Γ(n) =

∞

The Gamma Function t

n−1 −t

e

dt

n>0

0

Recursion Formula: Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) Γ(n + 1) = n! if n = 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using Γ(n) = Γ(n+1) n Graph:

A-96

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Special Values:

Γ(1/2) =

√

π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1)m 2m π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . Γ(−m + 1/2) = 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

Γ(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx k→∞ (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ %  −x/m &  x 1+ m e = xeγx

Γ(x + 1) = lim 1 Γ(x)

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. Properties: ∞ Γ (1) = eγx ln x dx = −γ 0       Γ (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ... + + ··· Γ(x) 1 x " 2 x+1 n x + n#− 1 √ 1 139 1 − + ... Γ(x + 1) = 2πx xx e−x 1 + + 2 12x 288x 51, 840x3 This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. ∞ Values of Γ(n) = 0 e−x xn−1 dx; n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Γ(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

Γ(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

A-97

TeamLRN

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) Γ(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

Γ(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

1

The Beta Function tm−1 (1 − t)m−1 dt

Definition: B(m, n) =

m > 0, n > 0

0

Γ(m)Γ(n) Γ(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m)  π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ  ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t) m+n dt  1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 n B(m, n) = r (r + 1)m 0 t (r+t) dt m+n

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) = Properties:

2 Definition: erf(x) = √

m!(n − 2m)!

(2x)n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x)

A-98

(r+t)m+n

The Error Function x 2 −t2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt π 0 3  x 1 x5 1 x7 2 x− + − + ··· Series: erf (x) = √ 3 2! 5 3! 7 π Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x)

dt

  1 x erf √ 2 2 0 √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: For √x2 = 2.3, one finds x = (2.3) ( 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0.9988. x

Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) :

f (t) dt =

2 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ π



∞

z

is known as the complementary error function. I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  − 2 xy  + n(n + 1)y = 0 y = Pn (x) Explicit Expression: Pn (x) =

1

TeamLRN

e−t dt 2

π

∞

e−t dt 2

z

Orthogonal Polynomials I: Legendre Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  − 2 xy  + n(n + 1)y = 0 y = Pn (x)    [n/2] 1  2n − 2m n−2m m n Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n (−1) x 2 m=0 m n Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn (1)=1 +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1)n dn {(1 − x2 )n } Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n 2 n! dxn ∞  Generating Function: R−1 = Pn (x)z n ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z 2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y − xy  + n2 y = 0 y = Tn (x) [n/2] n  (n − m − 1)! Explicit Expression: (2x)n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1)m 2 m=0 m!(n − 2m)!

A-98

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 )−1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 "  +1 π/2, n
= 0 Norm: −1 (1 − x2 )−1/2 [Tn (x)]2 dx = π, n = 0 √ (−1)n (1 − x2 )1/2 π dn {(1 − x2 )n−(1/2) } = Tn (x) Rodrigues’ Formula: dxn 2n+1 Γ(n + 12 ) ∞  1 − xz Generating Function: = Tn (x) z n , −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz − z 2 n=0 Inequality: |Tn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  − 3 xy  + n(n + 2)y = 0 y = Un (x) [n/2]  (m − n)! Explicit Expression: Un (x) = (2x)n−2m (−1)m m!(n − 2m)! m=0 sin[(n + 1)θ] Un (cos θ) = sin θ Recurrence Relation: Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) − Un−1 (x) Standardization: Un (1) = n + 1 Weight: (1 − x2 )1/2 +1 π 2 1/2 2 Norm: (1 − x ) [Un (x)] dx = 2 −1 √ (−1)n (n + 1) π dn 2 n+(1/2) {(1 − x ) } Rodrigues’ Formula: Un (x) = (1 − x2 )1/2 2n+1 Γ(n + 32 ) dxn ∞  1 n Generating Function: = Un (x)z , − 1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz + z 2 n=0 Inequality: |Un (x)| ≤ n + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

IV: Jacobi (α,β) (x) Interval: [-1, 1] Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pn Differential Equation: (1 − x2 )y  + [β − α − (α + β + 2)x]y  + n(n + α + β + 1)y = 0 (α,β) y = Pn (x)    n  1 n + α n + β Explicit Expression: Pn(α,β) (x) = n (x − 1)n−m (x + 1)m 2 m=0 m n−m Recurrence Relation: (α,β)

2(n + 1) (n + α + β + 1) (2n + α + β)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + α + β + 1)[(α2 − β 2 ) + (2n + α + β + 2) × (2n + α + β)x]Pn(α,β) (x) (α,β)

− 2(n + α) (n + β) (2n + α + β + 2)Pn−1 (x)   (α,β) Weight: (1 − x)α (1 + x)β ; α, β > 1 Standardization: Pn (x) = n+α n +1 2α+β+1 Γ(n + α + 1)Γ(n + β + 1) Norm: (1 − x)α (1 + x)β [Pn(α,β) (x)]2 dx = (2n + α + β + 1)n!Γ(n + α + β + 1) −1 dn (−1)n (α,β) Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x)n+α (1 + x)n+β } α β 2 n!(1 − x) (1 + x) dxn

A-99

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SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ∞  Generating Function: R−1 (1 − z + R)−α (1 + z + R)−β = 2−α−β Pn(α,β) (x)z n , n=0 √ R = 1 − 2xz+ z 2 ,  |z| < 1  n+q 1   ∼ nq if q = max(α, β) ≥ −   n 2  (α,β)  Inequality: max |Pn(α,β) (x)| = (x )| ∼ n−1/2 if q < − 12 |Pn −1≤x≤1   x is one of the two maximum points nearest    β−α α+β+1

V: Generalized Laguerre (α) Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: Ln (x) Interval: [0, ∞]   xy + (α + 1 − x)y + ny = 0 Differential Equation: (α) y = Ln (x)   n  1 m (α) m n+α (−1) x Explicit Expression: Ln (x) = n − m m! m=0 (α)

(α)

(α)

Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)Ln + 1(x) = [(2n + α + 1) − x]Ln (x) − (n + α)Ln − 1(x) n (α) Weight: xα e−x , α > −1 Standardization: Ln (x) = (−1) xn + · · · n! ∞ Γ(n + α + 1) 2 Norm: xα e−x [L(α) n (x)] dx = n! 0 dn 1 (α) {xn+α e−x } Rodrigues’ Formula: Ln (x) = n!xα e−xdxn∞ Generating Function: (1 − z)−α−1 exp

xz z−1

=



(α)

Ln (x)z n

n=0

Γ(n + α + 1) x/2 x≥0 e ; α>0 n!Γ(α + 1)   x≥0 (a) Γ(α+n+1) x/2 |Ln (x)| ≤ 2 − n!Γ(α+1) e ; −1 < α < 0

Inequality: |L(α) n (x) ≤

VI: Hermite Name: Hermite Symbol:Hn (x) Interval: [−∞, ∞] Differential Equation: y  − 2xy  + 2ny = 0 [n/2]  (−1)m n!(2x)n−2m Explicit Expression: Hn (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation:Hn+1 (x) = 2xHn (x) − 2nHn−1 (x) 2 Weight: e−x Standardization: Hn (1) = 2n xn + · · · ∞ 2 √ 2 e−x [Hn (x)] dx = 2n n! π Norm: −∞

2

n

2

−x d ) Rodrigues’ Formula: Hn (x) = (−1)n ex dx n (e ∞ n  2 z Generating Function: e−x +2zx = Hn (x) n! n=0 √ x2 /2 n/2 k2 n! k ≈ 1.086435 Inequality: |Hn (x)|e

H0 = 1 H1 = 2x H2 = 4x2 − 2

x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256

A-100

n! k ≈ 1.086435

Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials H0 = 1 x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 H1 = 2x x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 2 H2 = 4x − 2 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256 3 H3 = 8x − 12x x7 = (840H1 + 420H3 + 42H5 + H7 )/128 H4 = 16x4 − 48x2 + 12 x6 = (120H0 + 180H2 + 30H4 + H6 )/64 H5 = 32x5 − 160x3 + 120x x5 = (60H1 + 20H3 + H5 )/32 6 4 2 H6 = 64x − 480x + 720x − 120 x4 = (12H0 + 12H2 + H4 )/16 7 5 3 H7 = 128x − 1344x + 3360x − 1680x x3 = (6H1 + H3 )/8 H8 = 256x8 − 3584x6 + 13440x4 − 13440x2 + 1680 x2 = (2H0 + H2 )/4 H9 = 512x9 − 9216x7 + 48384x5 − 80640x3 + 30240x x = (H1 )/2 H10 = 1024x10 − 23040x8 + 161280x6 − 403200x4 + 302400x2 − 30240 1 = H0 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

=1 x6 = 720L0 − 4320L1 + 10800L2 − 14400L3 + 10800L4 − 4320L5 + 720L6 = −x + 1 x5 = 120L0 − 600L1 + 1200L2 − 1200L3 + 600L4 − 120L5 2 = (x − 4x + 2)/2 x4 = 24L0 − 96L1 + 144L2 − 96L3 + 24L4 3 2 = (−x + 9x − 18x + 6)/6 x3 = 6L0 − 18L1 + 18L2 − 6L3 4 3 2 = (x − 16x + 72x − 96x + 24)/24 x2 = 2L0 − 4L1 + 2L2 = (−x5 + 25x4 − 200x3 + 600x2 − 600x + 120)/120 x = L0 − L1 = (x6 − 36x5 + 450x4 − 2400x3 + 5400x2 − 4320x + 720)/720 1 = L0

P0 = 1 x10 = (4199P0 + 16150P2 + 15504P4 + 7904P6 + 2176P8 + 256P10 )/46189 P1 = x x9 = (3315P1 + 4760P3 + 2992P5 + 960P7 + 128P9 )/12155 P2 = (3x2 − 1)/2 x8 = (715P0 + 2600P2 + 2160P4 + 832P6 + 128P8 )/6435 3 P3 = (5x − 3x)/2 x7 = (143P1 + 182P3 + 88P5 + 16P7 )/429 4 2 P4 = (35x − 30x + 3)/8 x6 = (33P0 + 110P2 + 72P4 + 16P6 )/231 5 3 P5 = (63x − 70x + 15x)/8 x5 = (27P1 + 28P3 + 8P5 )/63 P6 = (231x6 − 315x4 + 105x2 − 5)/16 x4 = (7P0 + 20P2 + 8P4 )/35 7 5 3 P7 = (429x − 693x + 315x − 35x)/16 x3 = (3P1 + 2P3 )/5 8 6 4 2 P8 = (6435x − 12012x + 6930x − 1260x + 35)/128 x2 = (P0 + 2P2 )/3 P9 = (12155x9 − 25740x7 + 18018x5 − 4620x3 + 315x)/128 x = P1 P10 = (46189x10 − 109395x8 + 90090x6 − 30030x4 + 3465x2 − 63)/256 1 = P0 T0 = 1 x10 = (126T0 + 210T2 + 120T4 + 45T6 + 10T8 + T10 )/512 T1 = x x9 = (126T1 + 84T3 + 36T5 + 9T7 + T9 )/256 T2 = 2x2 − 1 x8 = (35T0 + 56T2 + 28T4 + 8T6 + T8 )/128 3 T3 = 4x − 3x x7 = (35T1 + 21T3 + 7T5 + T7 )/64 4 2 T4 = 8x − 8x + 1 x6 = (10T0 + 15T2 + 6T4 + T6 )/32 5 3 T5 = 16x − 20x + 5x x5 = (10T1 + 5T3 + T5 )/16 T6 = 32x6 − 48x4 + 18x2 − 1 x4 = (3T0 + 4T2 + T4 )/8 7 5 3 T7 = 64x − 112x + 56x − 7x x3 = (3T1 + T3 )/4 8 6 4 2 T8 = 128x − 256x + 160x − 32x + 1 x2 = (T0 + T2 )/2 9 7 5 3 T9 = 256x − 576x + 432x − 120x + 9x x = T1 T10 = 512x10 − 1280x8 + 1120x6 − 400x4 + 50x2 − 1 1 = T0 U0 = 1 x10 = (42U0 + 90U2 + 75U4 + 35U6 + 9U8 + U10 )/1024 U1 = 2x x9 = (42U1 + 48U3 + 27U5 + 8U7 + U9 )/512 2 U2 = 4x − 1 x8 = (14U0 + 28U2 + 20U4 + 7U6 + U8 )/256 U3 = 8x3 − 4x x7 = (14U1 + 14U3 + 6U5 + U7 )/128 4 2 U4 = 16x − 12x + 1 x6 = (5U0 + 9U2 + 5U4 + U6 )/64 5 3 U5 = 32x − 32x + 6x x5 = (5U1 + 4U3 + U5 )/32 U6 = 64x6 − 80x4 + 24x2 − 1 x4 = (2U0 + 3U2 + U4 )/16 U7 = 128x7 − 192x5 + 80x3 − 8x x3 = (2U1 + U3 )/8 8 6 4 2 U8 = 256x − 448x + 240x − 40x + 1 x2 = (U0 + U2 )/4 9 7 5 3 U9 = 512x − 1024x + 672x − 160x + 10x x = (U1 )/2 U10 = 1024x10 − 2304x8 + 1792x6 − 560x4 + 60x2 − 1 1 = U0

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Clebsch–Gordan coefficients 

j1 m1

×

j2 j m2 m

 k

'

 = δm,m1 +m2

(j1 + j2 − j)!(j + j1 − j2 )!(j + j2 − j1 )!(2j + 1) (j + j1 + j2 + 1)!


(−1)k (j1 + m1 )!(j1 − m1 )!(j2 + m2 )!(j2 − m2 )!(j + m)!(j − m)! . k!(j1 + j2 − j − k)!(j1 − m1 − k)!(j2 + m2 − k)!(j − j2 + m1 + k)!(j − j1 − m2 + k)!

1. Conditions: (a) Each of {j1 , j2 , j, m1 , m2 , m} may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j > 0, j1 > 0, j2 > 0 and j + j1 + j2 is an integer. (b) j1 + j2 − j ≥ 0. (c) j1 − j2 + j ≥ 0. (d) −j1 + j2 + j ≥ 0. (e) |m1 | ≤ j1 , |m2 | ≤ j2 , |m| ≤ j. 2. Special values:   j2 j j1 = 0 if m1 + m2 = m. (a) m m2 m   1 j1 0 j = δj1 ,j δm1 ,m . (b) m1 0 m   j 1 j2 j = 0 when j1 + j2 + j is an odd integer. (c) 0 0 0   j1 j j1 = 0 when 2j1 + j is an odd integer. (d) m1 m1 m   j1 j2 j : 3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to m1 m2 m   j2 j1 j (a) , −m2 −m1 −m   j2 j1 j , (b) (−1)j1 +j2 −j m m2 m   1 j1 j2 j , (c) (−1)j1 +j2 −j −m1 −m2 −m    j j2 j1 2j+1 j2 +m2 (d) (−1) , 2j1 +1 −m m2 −m1    j j2 j1 2j+1 (−1)j1 −m1 +j−m , (e) 2j1 +1 m −m2 m1    j2 j j1 2j+1 , (−1)j−m+j1 −m1 (f) 2j1 +1 m2 −m −m1    j1 j j2 2j+1 (−1)j1 −m1 , (g) 2j2 +1 m1 −m −m2    j j1 j2 2j+1 (h) (−1)j1 −m1 . 2j2 +1 m −m1 m2 By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch–Gordan coefficients may be put in the standard form j1 ≤ j2 ≤ j and m ≥ 0.

A-102

 m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

1

0

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

0

1 2

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1 2

1 2

j1 m1

√

1

m2

m

j1

j

−1

0

1

1

−1

0

1

2

− 12

0

1 2

3 2

− 12

1 2

1

1

− 12

1 2

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

2 2 √ 3 2 √ 2 2 √ 3 2

1 2 m2

j m



 m2

m

j1

j

≈ 0.707107

0

1

1

2

≈ 0.866025

1 2

0

1 2

3 2

≈ 0.707107

1 2

1 2

1

1

≈ 0.866025

1 2

1 2

1

2

1 2

1

1 2

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

2

1

0

1

1

√

1 ≈ 1.000000   j1 1 j m1 m2 m √ 2 2 √ 6 6 √ 2 2 3 4 √ 5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

j1 m1

≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.750000 ≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.816496 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.8164967 ≈ 0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

1

0

1

2

1

1 2

1 2

3 2

2 2 √ 2 2 √ − 42 √ 10 4 √ 30 6 √ 105 12 √ − 22 √ 6 6 √ 3 3

1

1 2

1

1

− 34

1

1 2

1

2

1

1

1 2

3 2

1

1

1

1

√

≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ −0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.912871 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.577350 ≈ −0.750000 ≈ 0.559017

10 4 √ − 22 √ 2 2

≈ 0.790569

1

≈ 1.000000

√

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

TeamLRN



5 4

1

A-103

1 j m2 m

≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.707107

≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the normal distribution For a standard normal random variable (Φ(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits µ − λσ µ−σ µ − 1.65σ µ − 1.96σ µ − 2σ µ − 2.58σ µ − 3σ µ − 3.09σ µ − 3.29σ x Φ(x) 2[1 − Φ(x)] x 1 − Φ(x)

3.09 10−3

µ + λσ µ+σ µ + 1.65σ µ + 1.96σ µ + 2σ µ + 2.58σ µ + 3σ µ + 3.09σ µ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20 3.72 10−4

1.645 0.95 0.10 4.26 10−5

1.960 0.975 0.05 4.75 10−6

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002 6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000

1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

A-104

5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

9 .0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

Common sample size calculations Parameter

Estimate

Sample size

µ

x ¯

n=

p

pˆ

n=

µ2 − µ2

x ¯1 − x ¯2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 )2 (σ12 + σ22 ) E2

p1 − p2

pˆ1 − pˆ2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 )2 (p1 q1 + p2 q2 ) E2

z

α/2

· σ 2

E (zα/2 )2 · pq E2

Common one sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

µ

n large, σ 2 known, or normality, σ 2 known

σ x ¯ ± zα/2 · √ n

µ

normality, σ 2 unknown

σ2

normality

p

binomial experiment, n large

s x ¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n   (n − 1)s2 (n − 1)s2 , χ2α/2,n−1 χ21−α/2,n−1

pˆ(1 − pˆ) pˆ ± zα/2 · n

Common two sample confidence intervals 100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

Parameter

Assumptions

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, σ12 , σ22 known or n1 , n2 large, independence, σ12 , σ22 known

(¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ± zα/2 · (¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ±

σ12

=

σ22

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, unknown

µ1 − µ2

normality, independence, σ12 = σ22 unknown

σ2 σ12 + 2 n1 n2

1 1 + n1 n2 (n1 − 1)s21 + (n2 − 1)s22 s2p = n1 + n2 −2 s2 s21 (¯ x1 − x ¯2 ) ± tα/2,ν · + 2 n n 1 2  

t α2 ,n1 +n2 −2 · sp

ν≈

s2 1 n1

2 (s2 1 /n1 ) n1 −1

+ +

s2 2 n2

2

2 (s2 2 /n2 ) n2 −1

µ1 − µ2

normality, n pairs, dependence

sd d¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n

p1 − p2

binomial experiments, n1 , n2 large, independence

(ˆ p1 − pˆ2 )±

pˆ2 (1 − pˆ2 ) pˆ1 (1 − pˆ1 ) zα/2 · + n1 n2

A-105

TeamLRN

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that F (t) =

    Γ n+1 x2 n+1 2  1 + dx − √ n n 2 nπΓ 2 −∞ for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, ∞; and for F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F (−t) = 1 − F (t) n/F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

.60 .325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253

.75 1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674

t

.90 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282

.95 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645

.975 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960

.99 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326

.995 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576

.9995 636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the “Statistical Tables” of R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is here published with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

χ2 F (χ)2 =

χ2

1

0

x!

A-106

n/F ∞

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ2 such that

χ2

1   x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 Γ n2 for n, the number of degrees √ of freedom, √ equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ2α , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χ2α = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 F (χ)2 =

0

where xα is the α-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F (χ2 ) can be written as 1 − F (χ2 ) =

 x −1

x=0 1 2 χ 2



e−λ λx x!

1 n. 2

with λ = and x = Thus the cumulative Chi-Square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n 

3 2 2 2 χα = n 1 − + zα 9n 9n n = degrees of freedom zα = the normal deviate (the value of x for which F (x) = the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F (x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 χ2.99 = 60[1 − 0.00370 + 2.326(0.06086)]3 = 88.4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom.

χ2

1   xn−2/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 Γ n2

F (χ2 ) = 0

( n F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412 .676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60 5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43 8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8

.010 .000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554 .872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23 5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26 8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.0

.025 .000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26 6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8

.050 .00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15 1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94 4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26 7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5

.100 .0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61 2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87 5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55 9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6

.250 .102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67 3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74 7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5 16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5

A-106 TeamLRN

.500 .455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3

.750 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8

.900 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3

.950 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8

.975 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0

.990 6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6 32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9

.995 7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9 48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7

PERCENTAGE POINTS, F -DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of F such that   F Γ m+n  m  2  n  mm/2 nn/2 xm−2/2 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ 2 0 for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F ; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F . The table also provides values corresponding to F (F )=.10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fα for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus 1 1 = = .164 F.05 (4, 7) = F.95 (7, 4) 6.09

A-107



F

F (F ) = 0 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

  Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .90 Γ m Γ 2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71

49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30

53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08

55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94

57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85

58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77

58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72

59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67

59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63

60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60

60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55

61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49

61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42

62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38

62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34

62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30

62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24

63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17

63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively.   F Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .95 F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ m 0 2 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

161.4 18.51 10.13 7.71 6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12 4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60 4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26 4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84

199.5 19.00 9.55 6.94 5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26 4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00

215.7 19.16 9.28 6.59 5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86 3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34 3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60

224.6 19.25 9.12 6.39 5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37

230.2 19.30 9.01 6.26 5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48 3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21

234.0 19.33 8.94 6.16 4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37 3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10

236.8 19.35 8.89 6.09 4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29 3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01

238.9 19.37 8.85 6.04 4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94

240.5 19.38 8.81 6.00 4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88

241.9 19.40 8.79 5.96 4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83

243.9 19.41 8.74 5.91 4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75

245.9 19.43 8.70 5.86 4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01 2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67

248.0 19.45 8.66 5.80 4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57

249.1 19.45 8.64 5.77 4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52

250.1 19.46 8.62 5.75 4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86 2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46

251.1 19.47 8.59 5.72 4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39

252.2 19.48 8.57 5.69 4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79 2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32

253.3 19.49 8.55 5.66 4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22

254.3 19.50 8.53 5.63 4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71 2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.51 139 1.25 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-108

TeamLRN



F

F (F ) = 0 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

  Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .975 Γ m Γ 2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

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120

∞

647.8 38.51 17.44 12.22 10.01 8.81 8.07 7.57 7.21 6.94 6.72 6.55 6.41 6.30 6.20 6.12 6.04 5.98 5.92 5.87 5.83 5.79 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.57 5.42 5.29 5.15 5.02

799.5 39.00 16.04 10.65 8.43 7.26 6.54 6.06 5.71 5.46 5.26 5.10 4.97 4.86 4.77 4.69 4.62 4.56 4.51 4.46 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.29 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.20 4.18 4.05 3.93 3.80 3.69

864.2 39.17 15.44 9.98 7.76 6.60 5.89 5.42 5.08 4.83 4.63 4.47 4.35 4.24 4.15 4.08 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.46 3.34 3.23 3.12

899.6 39.25 15.10 9.60 7.39 6.23 5.52 5.05 4.72 4.47 4.28 4.12 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.66 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.13 3.01 2.89 2.79

921.8 39.30 14.88 9.36 7.15 5.99 5.29 4.82 4.48 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.77 3.66 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.38 3.33 3.29 3.25 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 2.90 2.79 2.67 2.57

937.1 39.33 14.73 9.20 6.98 5.82 5.12 4.65 4.32 4.07 3.88 3.73 3.60 3.50 3.41 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.74 2.63 2.52 2.41

948.2 39.36 14.62 9.07 6.85 5.70 4.99 4.53 4.20 3.95 3.76 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.22 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.62 2.51 2.39 2.29

956.7 39.37 14.54 8.98 6.76 5.60 4.90 4.43 4.10 3.85 3.66 3.51 3.39 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2.53 2.41 2.30 2.19

963.3 39.39 14.47 8.90 6.68 5.52 4.82 4.36 4.03 3.78 3.59 3.44 3.31 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11

968.6 39.40 14.42 8.84 6.62 5.46 4.76 4.30 3.96 3.72 3.53 3.37 3.25 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.39 2.27 2.16 2.05

976.7 39.41 14.34 8.75 6.52 5.37 4.67 4.20 3.87 3.62 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.05 2.96 2.89 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.29 2.17 2.05 1.94

984.9 39.43 14.25 8.66 6.43 5.27 4.57 4.10 3.77 3.52 3.33 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.18 2.06 1.94 1.83

993.1 39.45 14.17 8.56 6.33 5.17 4.47 4.00 3.67 3.42 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.71

997.2 39.46 14.12 8.51 6.28 5.12 4.42 3.95 3.61 3.37 3.17 3.02 2.89 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.76 1.64

1001 39.46 14.08 8.46 6.23 5.07 4.36 3.89 3.56 3.31 3.12 2.96 2.84 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.57

1006 39.47 14.04 8.41 6.18 5.01 4.31 3.84 3.51 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.03 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.61 1.48

1010 39.48 13.99 8.36 6.12 4.96 4.25 3.78 3.45 3.20 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.80 1.67 1.53 1.39

1014 39.49 13.95 8.31 6.07 4.90 4.20 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.94 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.27

1018 39.50 13.90 8.26 6.02 4.85 4.14 3.67 3.33 3.08 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.64 1.48 1.31 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on mandndegrees of freedom, respectively.   F Γ m+n 2    n  mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx)−(m+n)/2 dx = .99 F (F ) = Γ 2 Γ m 0 2 ( n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s2 1 s2 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

15

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30

40

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120

∞

4052 98.50 34.12 21.20 16.26 13.75 12.25 11.26 10.56 10.04 9.65 9.33 9.07 8.86 8.68 8.53 8.40 8.29 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.95 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.68 7.64 7.60 7.56 7.31 7.08 6.85 6.63

4999.5 99.00 30.82 18.00 13.27 10.92 9.55 8.65 8.02 7.56 7.21 6.93 6.70 6.51 6.36 6.23 6.11 6.01 5.93 5.85 5.78 5.72 5.66 5.61 5.57 5.53 5.49 5.45 5.42 5.39 5.18 4.98 4.79 4.61

5403 99.17 29.46 16.69 12.06 9.78 8.45 7.59 6.99 6.55 6.22 5.95 5.74 5.56 5.42 5.29 5.18 5.09 5.01 4.94 4.87 4.82 4.76 4.72 4.68 4.64 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.51 4.31 4.13 3.95 3.78

5625 99.25 28.71 15.98 11.39 9.15 7.85 7.01 6.42 5.99 5.67 5.41 5.21 5.04 4.89 4.77 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.26 4.22 4.18 4.14 4.11 4.07 4.04 4.02 3.83 3.65 3.48 3.32

5764 99.30 28.24 15.52 10.97 8.75 7.46 6.63 6.06 5.64 5.32 5.06 4.86 4.69 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.99 3.94 3.90 3.85 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.70 3.51 3.34 3.17 3.02

5859 99.33 27.91 15.21 10.67 8.47 7.19 6.37 5.80 5.39 5.07 4.82 4.62 4.46 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.76 3.71 3.67 3.63 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.29 3.12 2.96 2.80

5928 99.36 27.67 14.98 10.46 8.26 6.99 6.18 5.61 5.20 4.89 4.64 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.93 3.84 3.77 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.12 2.95 2.79 2.64

5982 99.37 27.49 14.80 10.29 8.10 6.84 6.03 5.47 5.06 4.74 4.50 4.30 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.79 3.71 3.63 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.41 3.36 3.32 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.20 3.17 2.99 2.82 2.66 2.51

6022 99.39 27.35 14.66 10.16 7.98 6.72 5.91 5.35 4.94 4.63 4.39 4.19 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.68 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 2.89 2.72 2.56 2.41

6056 99.40 27.23 14.55 10.05 7.87 6.62 5.81 5.26 4.85 4.54 4.30 4.10 3.94 3.80 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.47 2.32

6106 99.42 27.05 14.37 9.89 7.72 6.47 5.67 5.11 4.71 4.40 4.16 3.96 3.80 3.67 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.66 2.50 2.34 2.18

6157 99.43 26.87 14.20 9.72 7.56 6.31 5.52 4.96 4.56 4.25 4.01 3.82 3.66 3.52 3.41 3.31 3.23 3.15 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.52 2.35 2.19 2.04

6209 99.45 26.69 14.02 9.55 7.40 6.16 5.36 4.81 4.41 4.10 3.86 3.66 3.51 3.37 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.37 2.20 2.03 1.88

6235 99.46 26.60 13.93 9.47 7.31 6.07 5.28 4.73 4.33 4.02 3.78 3.59 3.43 3.29 3.18 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 2.29 2.12 1.95 1.79

6261 99.47 26.50 13.84 9.38 7.23 5.99 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.94 3.70 3.51 3.35 3.21 3.10 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.20 2.03 1.86 1.70

6287 99.47 26.41 13.75 9.29 7.14 5.91 5.12 4.57 4.17 3.86 3.62 3.43 3.27 3.13 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.58 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.30 2.11 1.94 1.76 1.59

6313 99.48 26.32 13.65 9.20 7.06 5.82 5.03 4.48 4.08 3.78 3.54 3.34 3.18 3.05 2.93 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.02 1.84 1.66 1.47

6339 99.49 26.22 13.56 9.11 6.97 5.74 4.95 4.40 4.00 3.69 3.45 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.11 1.92 1.73 1.53 1.32

6366 99.50 26.13 13.46 9.02 6.88 5.65 4.86 4.31 3.91 3.60 3.36 3.17 3.00 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.80 1.60 1.38 1.00

=

S1 S2 /n, m

where s21 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common

2

variance σ and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-109

APPENDIX B: SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TeamLRN

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control.

A. Data Journals 1. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data – Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials science. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data – This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermophysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.html] 3. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics – This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [http://www.sciencedirect.com] 4. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables – This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.sciencedirect.com] 5. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion – This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin Of Alloy Phase Diagrams. [www.asm-intl.org.] 6. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences – Although not a true data journal, it contains many papers on the prediction of physical property data from molecular structure. It is published by the American Chemical Society. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jcisd8/index.html]

B. Data Centers This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in specific fields of science. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology – Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2. Thermodynamics Research Center – Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distributed in both print and electronic form. Address: Mailcode 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www.trc.nist.gov] . 3. Design Institute for Physical Property Data – Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially-important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu] . 4. Dortmund Data Bank – Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre – Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 250,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. 6. FIZ Karlsruhe – In addition to many bibliographic databases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related data on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 EggensteinLeopoldshafen, Germany [crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de]. 7. International Centre for Diffraction Data – Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of x-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic and organic crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [icdd.com]. 8. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics – Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9. Toth Information Systems – Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.tothcanada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center – Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/]. 11. Particle Data Group – International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains database of properties of fundamental particles, which is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center – Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U. S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov].

B-1

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project – Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry – Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State – Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/]

C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1. Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries – These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Dictionary of Natural Products, etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in CDROM format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary, has data on more than 450,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information, uses, and literature references. 2. Properties of Organic Compounds – Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds. The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and web access [www.chemnetbase.com]. 3. Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry – The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 18th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 5 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the CrossFire software [www.mdli.com]. 4. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry – A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein. In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.com]. 5. DECHEMA Chemical Data Series – DECHEMA distributes the DETHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available through in-house databases and via the Internet. [www.dechema.de]. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - Landolt-Börnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstein.com].

D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an extensive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1. American Institute of Physics Handbook – Although an old book, it contains much data that is still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2. Constants of Inorganic Substances - This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that does not make its way into most U. S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics – Now in the 84th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the web [hbcpnetbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002) 4. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds – This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases – This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Both Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6. Handbook of Physical Quantities – The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7. Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants – Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of representative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, UK, 1995)

B-2

TeamLRN

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) 8. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry – Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 1998. Also available on the web [www.knovel.com]. (John A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998) 9. Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties – This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 9. The Merck Index – Now in its 13th Edition (published in 2001), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short monograph on each compound gives information on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. Also available on CDROM [www.camsoft.com]. (Maryadele J. O’Neil, ed., Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001)

E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties Most of the web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of property data. There are also a few chemical directory sites, which are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interest. Web Site

Address

Comments

Acronyms and Symbols Advanced Chemistry Development

www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/ www.acdlabs.com

Alloy Center

www.asminternational.org/ alloycenter/ www.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/ amcsd.php csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/ www.mdli.com www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ ccdweb.exe www.chemfinder.com www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ www.chemnetbase.com

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Atomic Mass Data Center Beilstein Cambridge Structural Database Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary Chemfinder Chemical Acronyms Database

ChemIDplus ChemIndustry CHEMnetBASE ChemWeb Databases Coblentz Infrared Spectra CODATA Home Page Crystallography Open Database (COD) DECHEMA (DETHERM) DIPPR Pure Compound Database Dortmund Data Bank Enzyme Nomenclature Database FDM Reference Spectra Databases FIZ Chemie Berlin FIZ Karlsruhe - ICSD Fundamental Physical Constants Gmelin Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Hazardous Substances Data Bank IUPAC Home Page IUPAC Kinetics Data IUPAC Nomenclature Rules IUPAC Solubility Data Project Knovel.com

www.chemweb.com/databases/ www.galactic.com/coblentz/ www.codata.org www.crystallography.net www.dechema.de dippr.byu.edu www.ddbst.de www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ www.fdmspectra.com/ www.fiz-chemie.de crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de physics.nist.gov/constants www.mdli.com hbcpnetbase.com toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ htmlgen?HSDB www.iupac.org www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/ www.knovel.com

B-3

Free servcie; useful for indentifying acronyms for chemicals Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys Lattice constants of minerals See B.10 See C.3 See B.5 See C.1 Chemical directory, with links to several property databases Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms

Chemical directory Chemical directory Portal to C&H/CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. Portal to many databases IR spectra on CDROM Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constants Crystal data on 12,000 compounds See C.5 See B.3 See B.4 IUBMB nomenclature for enzymes Infrared, Raman, and mass spectra Portal to DETHERM (C.5) and Dortmund Data Bank (B.4) See B.6 CODATA fundamental constants See C.4 Web version of CRC Handbook Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or environmental importance See B.13 See B.13.b Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature See B.13.a Portal to Lange’s Handbook, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, etc.

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) Web Site Landolt-Börnstein MatWeb

Address www.landolt-boernstein.com www.matweb.com

Metals Crystallographic Data File NASA Chemical Kinetics Data National Center for Biotechnology Information National Nuclear Data Center National Toxicology Program NIST Atomic Spectra Database

www.tothcanada.com jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

NIST Ceramics Webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook NIST Data Gateway NIST Physical Reference Data NLM Gateway NMR Shift DB Particle Data Group Polymers — A Property Database Powder Diffraction File Properties of Organic Compounds Protein Data Bank SpecInfo Spectra Online STN Easy STN Easy-Europe STN Easy-Japan Syracuse Research Corporation Table of Isotopes Thermodynamics Research Center TOXNET Wiley Interscience

Comments See C.6 Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials See B.9 Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases

www.nndc.bnl.gov ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/ main_asd www.ceramics.nist.gov/webbook/ webbook.htm webbook.nist.gov srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd www.nmrshiftdb.org pdg.lbl.gov www.polymersdatabase.com/ icdd.com www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ pocweb.exe www.rcsb.org www.chemicalconcepts.com spectra.galactic.com/SpectraOnline/ stneasy.cas.org stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de stneasy-japan.cas.org esc.syrres.com/interkow/database.htm ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm www.trc.nist.gov toxnet.nlm.nih.gov www3.interscience.wiley.com/ reference.html

See B.12 Chemical health and safety data Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms and atomic ions See B.1 Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, x-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases NMR data submitted by users See B.11 Properties of commercial polymers See B.7 See C.2 See B.8 IR, NMR, and mass spectra IR, UV, NMR, Raman, and mass spectra (unreviewed) Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts)

Properties of environmental interest Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties See B.2 Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicals Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, etc.

B-4

TeamLRN